GIFT   OF 
MICHAEL  REESE 


:^ 


'##?l' 


I 


f 


THE 

READER'S    HANDBOOK 

OF 

ALLUSIONS,  REFERENCES,  PLOTS 
A^D   STORIES 

WITH     TWO     APPENDICES 
BY  THE  REV. 

E.  COBHAM    BREWER,  LL.D. 

TRINITY  HALL,  CAMBRIDGE 

AUTHOR  OF  "  DICTIONARY  OF  PURASB  AND  FAULK  "   AND   "GUIDE  TO  SCIBNCB." 


PHILADELPHIA 

J.    B.    LIPPINCOTT    &    CO. 

1  8  8  J 


TO  MT  DAnOHTIU, 

NELLIE    AND    AMT,^ 

Miiii  Uoltnne  is  IBcliicatcli 

BY  THEIR 
AFFECTIONATE    FATHER. 


I 


CONTENTS   OF   THE    VOLUME. 


I 


Animals  a^imitted  into  paradise,  p.  983 ;  animals  with  human  speech,  p,  1073. 

Athens,  the  violet-crowned  city,  p.  1070. 

Authors  and  dates  of  dramas,  opera>^,  and  oratorios,  Appendix  I. 

('hildren  of  precocious  genius,  p.  789 ;  calculating  boys,  p.  149. 

Curiosities  connected  with  dates,  dynasties,  names,  and  letters  (see  M). 

Dates  of  poems,  novels,  tales,  and  so  on,  of  our  best  authors,  Appendix  II 

Death  by  wild  horses,  p.  1102 ;  death  from  strange  causes,  p.  242. 

'Dying  words  of  historic  characters,  p.  282. 

jKlastic  tents',  ships,  horses,  and  carpets,  p.  983. 

End  of  the  world,  p.  1118 ;  an  endless  tale,  p.  515,  col.  2,  last  art. 

Errors  of  references  and  illustrations,  pp.  301-7  ;  anachronisms,  p.  34 ;  etc. 

Examinations,  stock  books  and  pieces  for,  p.  1009. 

Foote's  fivrrago  of  nonsense,  p.  727  ;  "  An  Austrian  army  .  .  ."  p.  719  ;  Tom 

Tusser's  T  totals,  p.  968 ;  Stornello  Verses,  p.  948 ;  "  The  cipher  you 

sigh  for,"  p.  190. 
Harmonious  blacksmith,  who,  and  where  he  lived,  p.  109G. 
Historical,  legendary,  dramatic,  and  other  parallels. 
Kings  of  Ireland,  p.  1049,  art.  Ulster  j  kings  of  England,  p.  517 ;  klu^,.. 

France, *p.  518  ;  surnames  of  kings,  pp.  511-15.     (See  SoVERElG^8.) 
'jcgonds,  such  as  "  The  Devil's  Dyke,"  Brighton,  p.  249 ;  the  "  Jackd^iw  ■/ 

Rheims,"  p.  826 ;  the  sinner  saved,  p.  915  ;  and  many  others. 
Lists  of  bogie  names,  p.  675;  of  noted  diamonds  and  nuggets,  dw: 

giants,  fools  and  jesters ;  favourites  of  great  men,  p.  573  ;  improvi 

kings  with  character  names,  pp.  511-15 ;  knights  ;  literary  inr. 

pp.  409-70 ;  of  lives  exceeding  100  years,  p.  564  ;  of  lord  mayors  w  i 

founded  noble  houses,  p.  626  ;  of  medical  quacks,  pp.  804-6  ; 

oaths  of  great  men,  relics,  revolutionary  songs,  ring  posies,  r^ 

the  sagas;  instances  of  spontaneous  combustion,  p.  938;  water  stri 

pp.  941;  strong  men,  pp.  949-50;  the  ill-fated  Stuarts,  p.  950,    v.;  ; 

monpes  to  death,  p.  954;  faraoiis  swimmers,  p.  964 ;  United  St'' 

America,  p.  30 ;  warning-giverc,  ^^ 


CONTENTS. 


Marriage  a  civil  contract  in  Shakespeare's  time  (see  Vincentio,  p.  1068). 

Men  with  tails,  jx  969 ;  men  turned  to  wolves,  p.  1114. 

Miracle-workers  or  Thaumaturgi,  p."  988. 

Musical  instruments  which  played  at  a  bidding,  p.  979. 

Names  and  characters  of  dramas,  novels,  tales,  romances,  epic  poems,  etc.    . 

Nine  tailors  make  a  man,  p.  970. 

Numbers  associated  with  great  names :  as  September  3  with  Cromwell,  p. 
222 ;  number  2  with  Napoleon,  p.  677 ;  number  7  with  Eienzi,  p.  892 ; 
number  88  with  the  Stuarts,  p.  951 ;  number  2  unlucky  in  the  English, 
dynasties,  p.  1045  ;  number  3,  pp.  997-99. 

Omens  of  evil  averted,  p.  1034. 

Painters  and  sculptors  who  have  rivalled  nature,  p.  721 ;  characteristics  of 
noted  artists,  pp.  721-22. 

Parallel  tales  :  as  Perrette  and  her  milk-pail,  p.  753  ;  Scogan's  jest,  p.  878 ; 
the  "  House  that  Jack  built,"  p.  456 ;  Parnell's  Hermit,  p.  440 ;  Wolsey's 
remark,  "  Had  I  but  served  my  God  .  .  ."  p.  891 ;  Shylock  and  Samp- 
son Ceneda,  p.  907  ;  sir  Piiilip  Sidney  at  Zutphen,  Alexander,  and  David, 
p.  908  ;  Ali  Baba  or  the  Forty  Thieves  and  Tycho  in  German  "  history," 
p.  1046  ;  Don  Quixote  and  the  flock  of  sheep,  p.  901 ;  William  Tell  and 
the  appl(?,  p.  980 ;  Trajan,  Hadrian,  and  Philip,  with  importunate 
women,  1022  ;  and  scores  of  others. 

Pests,  the  use  of,  p.  1054. 

Plots  of  plays,  the  stories  of  epic  poems,  ballads,  and  other  tales  in  verse  and 
prose.  Travellers*  tales,  p.  1023;  the  romance  of  famous  pictures:  a* 
Hogarth  ft  "Undertakers'  Arms,"  p.  606;  Doyle's  immortal  "Punch  and 
Toby,"  p.  1012  ;  and  many  others. 

Poets,  p.  778 ;  cluster  poets,  p.  775  ;  cyclic  poets,  p.  230. 

Pseudonyms,  epinyms,  nicknames,  titular  surnames,  names  of  similitude, 
initialisms,  pet  names  given  to  French  kings  (p.  618),  etc. 

Saints  who  are  patrons  of  diseases,  places,  and  trades,  pp.  .860-62, 

Science,  heresy  of,  p.  438 ;  men  of  science  persecuted,  p.  1111, 

Sex  changed,  p.  1115. 

Sleepers  or  men  not  dead,  but  only  biding  their  time,  pp.  919-2t). 

Slo-Fair,  Chichester,  p.  922. 

Snap,  Norwich  ;  another  at  Metz,  p.  925. 

Snow  Kings,  p.  927  ;  White  King,  p.  1098 ;  White  Queen,  p.  806. 

Sovereigns  of  England,  their  titles  and  superscriptions,  p.  849;  the  days  of 
their  death,  p.  933 ;  the  fatality  of  three  successors,  p.  517 ;   Saturday 
not  a  fatal  day,  pp.  871  and  933  ;  etc.     (See  Kings.) 
'  possessed  by  dumb  animals,  p.  1073 ;  given  to  conceal  thought,  p.  936 , 


CONTENTS. 


Stimulants  used  by  public  actors  and  orators,  p.  OiO. 

Stock  Exchange  nicknames,  p.  946. 

Street  nomeuclature. 

Striking  lines  of  noted  authors,  and  sayings  of  great  men. 

Superstitions  and  traditions  about  animals,  precious  stones,  etc.,  pp.  955-61. 

Thieves  screened  by  kings,  p.  992 ;  thieves  of  historic  note,  pp.  993-94 ;  the 

penitent  and  impenitent,  248. 
The  Timcfi  newspaper,  p.  1006. 

The  twelve  Table  Knights ;  twelve  Paladins ;  twelve  Wise  Masters ;  etc. 
Three  a  sacred  number,  pp.  997-99. 

Thirteen  precious  things,  p.  99;i ;  thirteen  unlucky,  p.  995. 
Titles  and  superscriptions  of  the  popes,  p.  785. 
Toad  w:ith  an  R,  p.  1012. 
Touching  for  the  king's  evil,  p.  1019. 
Transformations,  p.  1023. 
Trees  noted  for  specific  virtues  and  uses,  pp.  1025-31 ;  largest  in  the  world, 

p.  1025. 
Unlucky  possessions,  p.  1052. 

Vicarious  punishment  (art.  Zeleucus),  p.  1129;  whipping  boys,  p.  1096. 
Vulnerable  parts  of  difterent  heroes,  p.  1076  ;  invulnerability,  p.  474. 
Warning-givers,  pp.  1082-87. 
Waste  time  utilized,  p.  1088. 
Welsh  Triads,  pp.  999-1001. 
Wind  sold,  p.  1108. 
Wines  named  from  their  effects,  p.  1109;  three-men  wine,  p.  1109;  the 

rascal  who  drank  wine  out  of  a  boot,  p.  1040  (see  Tun). 
Women  changed  to  men;  made  of  flowers;  the  nine  worthy;  abandoned 

women,  p.  1115. 
Wooden  horse  of  Troy  and  parallel  stories,  p.  1117. 
V'isdom  honoured,  p.  1110;  wisdom  persecuted,  p.  1111. 

When  no  page  v  added,  look  under  the  word  with  a  capital  initial 


\^ 


n\^ 


:73ns ITT  I 

PREFACE. 


/'The  object  of  this  Handbook  is  to  supply  readers  and  speakers  with  a  lucid, 
but  very  brief  account  of  such  names  as  are  used  in  allusions  and  references, 
whether  by  poets  or  prose  writers, — to  furnish  those  who  consult  it  with 
the  plot  of  popular  dramas,  the  story  of  epic  poems,  and  the  outline  of 
well-known  tales.  Who  has  not  asked  what  such  and  such  a  book  is  about  r 
and  who  would  not  be  glad  to  have  his  question  answered  coixectly  in  a  few 
words  ?  When  the  title  of  a  play  is  mentioned,  who  has  not  felt  a  desire  to 
know  who  was  the  author  of  it?— for  it  seems  a  universal  practice  to  allude 
to  the  title  of  dramas  without  stating  the  author.  And  when  reference  is 
made  to  some  character,  who  has  uot  wished  to  know  something  specific  about 
the  person  referred  to?  The  object  of  this  Handbook  is  to  supply  these 
wants.  Thus,  it  gives  in  a  few  lines  the  story  of  Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey^ 
of  Virgil's  JEneid,  Lucan*s  Pharsalia,  and  the  Thebaid  of  Statins ;  of  Dante's 
Divine  Comedy^  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso,  and  Tasso's  Jervsalem  Delivered ; 
of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost  and  Paradise  Jiegained ;  of  Thomson's  Seasons ; 
of  Ossian's  tales,  the  Nibelungen  Lied  of  the  German  minnesingers,  the 
J^omance  of  the  Pose,  the  Lusiad  of  Camoens,  the  Loves  of  Theagenes  and 
Charicleia  by  Heliodorus  (fourth  century),  with  the  several  story  poems 
of  Chaucer,  Gov/er,  Piers  Plowman,  Hawes,  Spenser,  Drayton,  Phineas 
Fletcher,  Prior,  Goldsmith,  Campbell,  Southey,  Byron,  Scott,  Moore,  Tenny- 
son, Longfellow,  and  so  on.  Far  from  limiting  its  scopfl  tft  Xfwi'',  *^^  Hand- 
book tells,  with  similar  brevity,  the  stories  of  our  national  fairy  tales  and 
rom.ances,  such  novels  as  those  by  Charles  Dickens,  Vanity  Fair  by 
Thackeray,  the  Passelas  of  Johnson,  OuUiver*8  Travels  by  Swift,  the 
Serdimentdl  Journey  by  Sterne,  Don  Quixote  and  Gil  Blas^  Telernachus  by 
Fenelon,  and  Undine  by  De  la  Motte  Fouque.  Great  pains  have  been 
taken  with  the  Arthurian  stories,  whether  from  sir  T.  Malory's  colbction  or' 
from  the  Mabinogion,  because  Tennyson  has  brought  them  to  tlie  front 


PREFACE. 


in  his  Idylls  of  the  King ;  and  the  number  of  dramatic  plots  sketched  out 
is  many  hundreds. 

\^y  Another  striking  and  interesting  feature  of  the  book  is  the  revelation  of 
the  source  from  which  dramatists  and  romancers  have  derived  their  stories, 
and  the  strange  repetitions  of  historic  incidents.  Compare,  for  example,  the 
stratagem  of  the  wooden  horse  by  wl)ich  1'roy  was  taken,  with  those  of  Abu 
Obeidah  in  the  siege  of  Arrestan,  and  that  of  the  capture  of  Sark  from  the 
French,  p.  454.  Compare,  again,  Dido's  cutting  the  hide  into  strips,  with 
the  story  about  the  Yakutsks,  p.  164 ;  that  of  Komulus  and  Kemus,  with  tlie 
story  of  Tyro,  p.  843;  the  Shibboleth  of  Scripture  story,  with  those  of  the  . 
"Sicilian  Vespers,"  and  of  the  Danes  on  St.  Bryce's  Day,  p.  901 ;  the  story 
of  Pisistratos  and  his  two  sons,  with  that  of  Cosmo  de  Medici  and  his  two 
grandsons,  p.  771 ;  the  death  of  Marcus  Licinius  Crassus,  with  that  of 
Manlius  Nepos  Aquilius,  p.  392 ;  and  the  famous  "  Douglas  larder,"  with 
the  larder  of  Wallace  at  Ardrossan,  p.  269.  Witness  the  numerous  tales 
resembling  that  of  William  Tell  and  the  apple,  p.  980 ;  of  the  Pied  Piper  ot 
Hamelin,  p.  766 ;  of  Llewellyn  and  his  dog  Gelert,  p.  369;  of  bishop  Hatto 
and  the  rats,  p.  429 ;  of  Ulysses  and  Polyphemos,  p.  1050 ;  and  of  lord  Lovel's 
bride,  p.  571.  Witness,  again,  the  parallelisms  of  David  in  his  flight  from 
Saul,  and  that  of  Mahomet  from  the  Koreishites,  p.  937 ;  of  Jephtha  and  his 
daughter,  and  the  tale  of  Idomeneus  of  Crete,  or  that  of  Agamemnon  and 
Iphigenia,  p.  491 ;  of  Paris  and  Sextus,  p.  895 ;  Salome  and  Fulvia,  p.  864  ; 
St.  Patrick  preaching  to  king  O'Neil,  and  St.  Arecd  before  the  king  of 
Abyssinia,  p.  738 ;  with  scores  of  others  mentioned  in  this  Handbook. 

In  the  appendix  arc  added  two  lists,  which  will  l^  found  of  great  use : 
the  first  contains  the  date  and  author  of  the  several  dramatic  works  set 
down ;  and  tho  second,  the  date  of  the  divers  poems  or  novels  given  under 
their  author's  name. 

To  ensure  jccuracy,  every  work  alluded  to  in  this  large  volume  has  been 
reg^  perfiORa^  by  the  author  expressly  for  this  Handbook,  and  since  the 
compilation  was  commenced ;  for  although,  at  the  beginning,  a  few  others 
were  employed  for  the  sake  of  despatcli,  the  author  read  over  for  hims^ilf, 
while  the  sheets  were  passing  through  the  press,  the  works  put  into  their 
hands.  The  very  Baiaut«j:^|er)^nces  to  words  and  phrases,  book  and  chapter, 
act  and  sccuc-.  often  to  page  and  line,  will  be  sufficient  guarantee  to  the  reader 
that  this  assertion  is  not  overstated. 

The  work  is  in  o.  measure  novel,  and  cannot  fail  to  bo  useful.  It  is  owned 
that  Charles  Lamb  has  told,  and  told  well,  the  Tales  of  Shakespeare ;  but 
Charles  Lamb  has  occupied  more  pages  with  each  tale  than  the  Handbook 
has  lines.  It  is  also  true  that  an  "  Argument  '*  is  generally  attached  to  euch 
book  of  an  epic  story  ;  but  th«  reading  of  these  rhapsodies  is  like  reading  an 


I 


PREFACE. 


tndex — few  have  patience  to  wade  through  them,  and  fewer  still  obtain  there- 
from any  clear  idea  of  the  spirit  of  the  actors,  or  the  progress  of  the  story. 
Brevity  has  hi^gp  th<»  ^im  qf  thi"  TTq"/^^lnr.lr^  but  clearness  has  not  been 
Bficrificed  to  terseness ;  and  it  has  been  borne  in  mind  throughout  that  it 
i$  not  enough  to  state  a  fact, — it  must  be  stated  attractively,  and  the 
character  described  mtlst^bS""3rawn  characteristically,  if  the  reader  is  to 
appreciate  it,  and  feel  an  interest  in  what  he  reads. 

It  would  be  most  unjust  to  conclude  this  preface  without  publicly 
acknowledging  the  great  obligation  which  the  author  owes  to  the  printer's 
reader  while  the  sheets  were  passing  through  the  press.  He  seems  to  have 
entered  into  the  very  spirit  of  the  book ;  his  judgment  has  been  sound,  his 
queries  have  been  intelligent,  his  suggestions  invaluable,  and  even  some  of 
the  articles  were  supplied  by  him. 


Those  verses  introduced  but  not  signed,  or  signed  with  initials  only,  are  by  the  author  of  the 
Handbook,  They  are  the  Stomello  Verses,  p.  948 ;  Nones  and  Ides,  p.  689 ;  the  Seven  Wise  Men, 
p.  894;  the  Seven  Wondecs  of  the  "World,  p.  894;  and  the  following  translations:— Lucaif's  "Ser- 
pents," p.  759;  "Veni  Wakefield  perama;num,"  p.  373;  specimen  of  Tyrtjeos,  p.  1047 ;  "  Vos  non 
vobi3,"p.  1075;  "Roid'Yvctot,"p.  1126;  'Non  amo  to,"  p.  1126;  Marot's  epigram,  p.  569 ;  epigram 
on  a  \'ioUn,  p.  1070 ;  epigram  on  the  Fair  Rosamond,  p.  84*  v  the  Heidelberg  tun,  p.  lOtO ;  Disniaa  and 
Gesmas,  pp.  248,  375 ;  "  Roger  Bontemps,"  p.  839 ;  "  I^  bon  roi  Dagobert,"  p.  678 ;  "  Pauvre  Jacques," 
p.  741 ;  Virgil's  epitaph,  p.  1070;  "Cunctis  mare,"  p.  874;  "Nl  fallat  fatum,"  p.  879;  St.  Elmo, 
p.  859 ;  Baviad,  etc.,  pp.  85,  591 ;  several  oracular  responses  (see  PnorHECT,  p.  795 ;  W005SN 
Wai.i-s,  p.  1117  ;  etc.);  and  many  others.  The  chief  ot^ject  of  this  note  is  to  prevent  any  nselesa 
Kiarc/b  after  these  trifles. 


ITT 


t 


THE  READER'S  HANDBOOK, 


AA'RON,  a  Moor,  beloved  by  Tam'- 
ora,  queen  of  the"  Goths,  in  the  tragedy 
of  Titus  Andron'icus,  published  amongst 
the  plays  of  Shakespeare  (1593). 

(The  classic  name  is  Andronicus,  but 
the  character  of  this  play  is  purely 
fictitious.) 

Aaron  (St.),  a  British  martyr  of  the 
City  of  Legions  {Newport,  in  South 
Wales).  He  was  torn  limb  from  limb  by 
order  of  Maximian'us  Hercu'lius,  general 
in  Britain,  of  the  army  of  Diocle'tian. 
Two  churches  were  founded  in  the  City  of 
Legions,  one  in  honour  of  St.  Aaron  and 
one  in  honour  of  his  fellow-martyr,  St. 
Julius.  Newport  was  called  Caerleon  by 
the  British. 

. .  .  two  others  .  .  .  sealed  their  doctrine  with  their  blood  ; 
St.  Julius,  and  with  him  St.  Aaron,  have  tlieir  room 
At  Carleon,  suffering  death  by  Diocletian's  doom. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Aaz'iz  {3syL),  so  the  queen  of  Sheba 
or  Saba  is  sometimes  called  ;  but  in  the 
Koran  she  is  called  Balkis  (ch.  xxvii.). 

Abad'don,  an  angel  of  the  bottomless 
pit  (Eev.  ix.  11),  The  word  is  derived  from 
the  Hebrew,  abad,  "lost,"  and  means  the 
lost  one.  There  are  two  other  angels  intro- 
duced by  Klopstock  in  The  Messiah  with 
similar  names,  but  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  angel  referred  to  in 
Jiev.;  one  is  Obaddon,  the  angel  of  death, 
and  the  other  Abbad'ona,  the  repentant 
devil. 

Ab'aris,  to  whom  Apollo  gave  a 
golden  arrow,  on  which  to  ride  through 
the  air, — See  Dictionary  of  Phrase  ana 
Fable. 

Abbad'ona,  once  the  friend  of  Ab'- 
diel,  was  drawn  into  the  rebellion  of 
Satan  half  unwillingly.  In  hell  he  con- 
stantly bewailed  his  fall,  and  reproved 
Satan  for  his  pride  and  blasphemy.  He 
1 


openly  declared  to  the  infemals  that  he 
would  take  no  part  or  lot  in  Satan's 
scheme  for  the  death  of  the  Messiah,  and 
during  the  crucifixion  lingered  about  the 
cross  with  repentance,  hope,  and  fear. 
His  ultimate  fate  we  are  not  told,  but 
when  Satan  and  Adramelech  are  driven 
back  to  hell,  Obaddon,  the  angel  of  death, 
says — 

"  For  thee,  Abbadona,  I  have  no  orders.  How  long 
thou  art  jiermitted  to  remain  on  earth  I  know  not,  nor 
whether  thou  wilt  be  allowed  to  see  the  resurrection  of 
the  Lord  of  glory  .  .  .  but  be  not  deceived,  thou  canst 
not  view  Him  with  the  joy  of  the  redeemed."  "  Yet  let 
me  see  Him,  let  me  sec  Him  1 " — Klopstock,  The  ilesfiah, 
xiil 

Abberville  {Lord),  a  young  noble- 
man, 23  years  of  age,  who  has  for 
travelling  tutor  a  Welshman  of  65,  called 
Dr.  Druid,  an  antiquary,  wholly  igno- 
rant of  his  real  duties  as  a  guide  of  youth. 
The  young  man  runs  wantonly'  wild, 
squanders  his  money,  and  gives  loose  to 
his  passions  almost  to  the  verge  of  ruin, 
but  he  is  arrested  and  reclaimed  by  his 
honest  Scotch  bailiff  or  financier,  and  the 
vigilance  of  his  father's  executor,  Mr. 
Mortimer.  This  "fashionable  lover" 
promises  marriage  to  a  vulgar,  malicious 
city  minx  named  Lucinda  Bridgemore, 
but  is  saved  from  this  pitfall  also. — Cum- 
berland, The  Fashionable  Lover  (1780). 

Abdal-azis,  the  IMoorish  governor 
of  Spain  after  the  overthrow  of  king 
Koderick.  When  the  Moor  assumed 
regal  state  and  affected  Gothic  sovereignty, 
his  subjects  were  so  offended  that  they 
revolted  and  murdered  him.  He  married 
Egilona,  formerly  the  wife  of  Roderick. — 
Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xxii.  (1814). 

Ab'dalaz'iz  {Omar  hen),  a  caliph 
raised  to  "  Mahomet's  bosom"  in  reward 
of  his  great  abstinence  and  self-denial.— 
Herbelot,  690. 

He  was  by  no  means  scrupulous;  nor  did  he  think 
witii  the  caliph  Omar  ben  Abdalaziz  that  it  was  nec«»- 
sary  to  make  a  hell  of  this  world  to  enjoy  pwadiso  in  th* 
next.— W.  Beckford,  Yathck  (1786). 


ABDALDAR. 


ABSOLON. 


Abdal'dar,  on^  of  the  magicians  in 
tlie  Donidaniel  caverns,  "  under  the  roots 
of  the  ocean."  These  spirits  were  destined 
to  be  destroyed  by  one  of  the  race  of 
Hodei'rah  (3  syL),  so  they  p'irsecutcd 
the  race  even  to  death.  Only  one 
survived,  named  Thal'aba,  and  Abdaldar 
was  appointed  by  lot  to  find  him  out  and 
kill  him.  Ho  discovered  the  stripling  in 
an  Arab's  tent,  and  while  in  prayer  was 
about  to  stab  him  to  the  heart  with  a 
dagger,  when  the  angel  of  death  breathed 
on  him,  and  he  fell  dead  with  the  dagger 
in  his  hand.  Thalaba  drew  from  the 
magician's  finger  a  ring  which  gave  him 
commiind  over  tho,  spirits.  —  Southey, 
Thalaba  the  JJeetrvyer,  ii.  iii.  (1797). 

Abdalla,  one  of  sir  Brian  de  Bois 
Guilbert's  slaves. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivauho'e 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Ahdal'lah,  broUier  and  predecessor  of 
Giaf'fer  (2  suL),  pacha  of  Aby'dos.  He 
Avas  murdered  by  the  pacha. — Byron, 
JJride  of  Abydos. 

Abdallah  el  Hadgi,  Salad in's  en- 
voy.—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman  (time, 
Kichard  I.). 

Abdals  or  Santons^  a  class  of  re- 
ligionists who  pretend  to  be  inspired 
with  the  most  ravishing  niptures  of 
divine  love.  Regarded  with  great  vene- 
ration by  the  vulgar. — Olearius,  i.  971. 

Abde'risn  Laughter,  scoffing 
laughter,  so  called  from  Abdera,  the 
birtliplace  of  Democ'ritus,  the  scoffing  or 
laughing  philosopher. 

Ab'diel,  the  faithful  seraph  who 
withstood  Satan  when  he  urged  those 
under  him  to  revolt. 

.  . .  tho  seraph  Ahtliel,  faifhrul  found 
Among  Uie  t'uithless ;  fiiithful  onljr  ha 
Among  innumerable  false;  unmoved, 
tfnsliaken,  iinseduced,  unterrifled. 
Hu  loyalty  he  kept,  bis  lore,  his  zeal. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lott,  v.  ^596,  etc.  (1665). 

Abensberg  {Count),  the  father  of 
thirty-two  children.  When  Heinrich  II. 
made  his  progress  throu.^'h  Germany,  and 
other  courtiers  presented  their  offerings, 
the  count  brought  forward  his  thirty-two 
children,  "as  the  most  valuable  offering 
he  could  make  to  his  king  and  country." 

Abes'sa,  the  impersonation  of  abbeys 
and  convents  in  Spenser's  Faiiry  Qriecn^ 
i,  3.  She  ia  the  paramour  of  Kirk- 
rapine,  who  used  to  rob  churches  and 
poor-boxes,  and  bring  his  plunder  to 
Abessa,  daughter  of  Corceca  (Blindness 
of  Heart), 


Abney,  called  Young  Ahnt-yt  the 
friend  of  colonel  Albert  Lee,  a  royalist. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  the  Com- 
monwealth). 

Abon  Hassan,  a  young  merchant  of 
Bagdad,  and  hero  of  the  tale  called  *'  The 
Sleeper  Awakened,"  in  th^  Arabian  Nighti' 
Enttirtainments.  While  Abon  llasRan 
is  asleep  he  is  conveyed  to  the  palace  of 
Haroun-ol-Kaschid,  and  the  attendants 
are  ordered  to  do  everything  they  can  to 
make  him  fancy  himself  the  caliph.  He 
subsequently  becomes  the  caliph's  chief 
favourite. 

Shakespeare,  in  the  induction  of 
Taming  of  the  Shrcv\  befools  "  Chris- 
topher Sly"  in  a  sinnlar  way,  but  Sly 
thinks  it  was  "  nothincr  but  a  dream." 

Philippe  le  Bon,  duk»  of  Burgundy,  on 
his  marriage  with  Eleonora,  tried  the 
same  trick. — Burton,  Anatomy  of  Melan- 
choly, ii.  2,  4. 

Abra,  the  most  beloved  of  Solomon's 
concubines. 

Fruits  their  odciir  lost  and  meats  their  taste. 
If  gentle  Abra  hi.d  not  decked  the  feast ; 
Dishonoured  did  the  sparkling  «oblet  stand. 
Unless  received  from  gentle  Abra's  hand  ;  .  .  . 
Nor  could  my  soul  approve  tho  music's  tone 
Till  all  was  hushed,  and  Abrr.  sang  alone. 

Jl.  Prior,  Solomoit  (1664-1721). 

Ab'radas,  the  great  Macedonian 
pirate. 

Ahrad.^?,  the  great  Macedonian  plrat,  thought  every 
one  had  a  letter  of  mart  that  bare  sayles  In  the  ocean.— 
Greene,  I'enelope't  Web  (1601). 

A'braham's  Oflfering  (G^^n.  xxii.). 
Abraham  at  the  command  of  God  laid  his 
only  son  Isaac  upon  an  altar  to  sacrifice 
him  to  Jehovah,  when  his  hand  Avas  stayed 
and  a  ram  substituted  for  Isaac.  - 

So  Agamemnon  at  Aiilis  was  about  to 
offer  up  his  daughter  Iphigeni'a  at  the 
command  of  Artgmis  {Diana),  when 
Artemis  carried  her  off  in  a  cloud  and 
substituted  a  stag  instead. 

Abroe'omas,  the  lover  of  An'thia  in 
the  Greek  romance  of  Ephesi'aca,  by 
Xenophon  of  Ephesus  (not  the  historian). 

Ab'salom,  in  Dryden's  Absalom,  and 
Achitophel,  is  meant  for  the  duke  of 
Monmouth,  natural  son  of  Charles  II. 
{David).  Like  Absalom,  the  duke  was 
handsome  j  like  Absalom,  he  was  loved 
and  rebellious;  and  like  Absalom,  his 
rebellion  ended  in  his  death  (1649-1685). 

Ab'solon,  a  priggish  parish  clerk  in 
Chaucer's  Canterbury  Tales.  His  hair 
was  curled,  his  shoes  slashed,  his  hoaa 
red.    He  could  let  blood,  cut  hair,  and 


ABSOLUTE. 


ACHILLES. 


•have,  could  dance,  and  play  either  on 
the  ribible  or  the  gittern.  This  gay  spark 
paid  his  addresses  to  Mistress  Alison,  the 
young  wife  of  John,  a  rich  but  aged  car- 
penter; but  Alison  herself  loved  a  poor 
scholar  named  Nicholas,  a  lodger  in  the 
house.— The  Miller's  Tale  (1388). 

Absolute  {Sir  Anthony),  a  testy,  but 
warm-hearted  old  gentleman,  who  ima- 
gines that  he  possesses  a  most  angelic 
temper,  and  Avhen  he  quarrels  with  his  son, 
the  captain  fancies  it  is  the  son  who  is 
out  of  temper,  and  not  himself.  Smol- 
lett's "Matthew  Bramble"  evidently  sug- 
gested this  character.  William  Dowton 
(1764-1851)  was  the  best  actor  of  this 
part. 

Captain  Absolute,  son  of  sir  Anthony,  in 
love  with  Lydia  Languish,  the  heiress,  to 
whom  he  is  known  only  as  ensign  Bever- 
ley. Bob  Acres,  his  neighbour,  is  his 
rival,  and  sends  a  challenge  to  the  un- 
known ensign  ;  but  when  he  finds  that 
ensign  Beverley  is  captain  Absolute,  he 
declines  to  fight,  and  resigns  all  further 
claim  to  the  lady's  hand. — Sheridan,  T/ie 
Jiivals  (1775). 

When  you  saw  Jack  Palmers  in  "  captain  Absolute,"  you 
thought  you  could  trace  liis  promotion  to  some  lady  of 
quality,  wlio  fancied  the  handsome  fellow  in  his  top-knot. 
Mid  had  bought  liiui  a  comuussioa. — Ciiurles  Lanib. 

Abu'dah,  in  the  Tales  of  the  Genii,  by 
H.  llidlcy,  is  a  wealthy  merchant  of  Bag- 
dad, who  goes  in  quest  of  the  talisman  of 
Oroma'nes,  which  he  is  driven  to  seek  by 
a  little  old  hag,  who  haunts  him  every 
night  and  makes  his  life  wretched.  He 
finds  at  last  that  the  talisman  which  is  to 
free  him  of  this  hag  lamsctefice]  is  to 
"fear  God  and  keep  His  command- 
ments." 

Abu'dah,  in  the  drama  called  The  Siege 
of  Damascus,  by  John  Hughes  (1720),  is 
the  next  in  command  to  Caled  in  the 
Arabian  army  set  down  before  Damascus. 
Though  undoubtedly  brave,  he  prefers 
peace  to  war ;  and  when,  at  the  death  of 
Caled,  he  succeeds  to  the  chief  command, 
he  makes  peace  with  the  Syrians  on 
honourable  terms. 

Acade'raus,  an  Attic  hero,  whose 
garden  was  selected  by  Plato  for  the  place 
of  his  lectures.  Hence  his  disciples  were 
called  the  "Academic  sect." 

The  green  retreats  of  Academus. 

Akenside,  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  i. 

Aca'dia  {i.e.  Nova  Scotia),  so  called 
by  the  French  from  the  river  [^Shuben'V- 
acadie.  In  1621  Acadia  was  given  to  sir 
William  Alexander,  and  Its  name  changed ; 


and  in  1755  the  old  French  settlers  wera 
driven  into  exile  by  George  II.  Long- 
fellow has  made  this  the  subject  of  a  poem 
in  hexameter  verse,  called  Evan'geline 
(4  syl.). 

Acas'to  {Lord),  father  of  Seri'no, 
Casta'lio,  and  Polydore  ;  and  guardian  of 
Monimia  "the  orphan."  He  lived  to  see 
the  death  of  his  sons  and  his  ward. 
Polydore  ran  on  his  brother's  SAVord,  Cas- 
talio  stabbed  himself,  and  Monimia  took 
poison.— Otway,  The  Orphan  (1680). 

Accidente !  (4  syl.),  a  curse  and 
oath  much  used  in  Italy. 

Accidente!  coqui  vout  dire  en  bon  franfais  :  Puis-tu 
mourir  d'uccident,  sans  confession,  damnS.— ilous. 
About,  ToUa  fa  tale). 

Aces'tes  (3  syl.).  In  a  trial  of  skill 
AcesteSjthe  Sicilian,  discharged  his  arrow 
with  such  force  that  it  took  fire  from  the 
friction  of  the  air. —  The  JEneid,  Bk.  V. 

Like  Acestfes'  shaft  of  old, 
The  swift  thought  kindles  as  it  flies. 

Longfellow,  To  a  Child. 

Achates  \_A-ka'  -teze},  called  by  Virgil 
"  fidus  Achates."  The  name  has  become  a 
synonym  for  a  bosom  friend,  a  crony,  but 
is  generally  used  laughingly.-  TheyEneid. 

Ue,  like  Achates,  faithful  to  the  tomb. 

Byrou,  Don  Juan,  i.  159. 

Acher'ia,  the  fox,  went  partnership 
with  a  bear  in  a  bowl  of  milk.  Before 
the  bear  arrived,  the  fox  skimmed  off  the 
cream  and  drank  the  milk  ;  then,  filling 
the  bowl  with  mud,  replaced  the  cream 
atop.  Says  the  fox,  "  Here  is  the  bowl ; 
one  shall  have  the  cream,  and  the  other 
all  the  rest :  choose,  friend,  which  you 
like."  The  bear  told  the  fox  to  take  the 
cream,  and  thus  bruin  had  only  the  mud, 
— A  Basque  Tale. 

A  similar  tale  occurs  in  Campbell's 
Popular  Talesof  theWest  Hi<jhlands{\\i.Q%), 
called  "The  Keg  of  Butter."  The  wolf 
chooses  the  bottom  when  "  oats  "  were  the 
object  of  choice,  and  the  top  when  "pota- 
toes "  were  the  sowing. 

Kabelais  tells  the  same  tale  about  a 
farmer  and  the  devil.  Each  was  to  have 
on  alternate  years  what  grew  under  and 
over  the  soil.  The  farmer  sowed  turnips 
and  carrots  when  the  undersoil  produce 
came  to  his  lot,  and  barley  or  wheat  Avhen 
his  turn  was  the  over-soil  produce. 

Ac'heron,  the  "  River  of  Grief,"  and 
one  of  the  five  rivers  of  hell ;  hell  itself. 
(Greek,  -Axo^  pea>,  "  I  flow  with  grief.") 

Bad  Acheron  of  sorrow,  black  and  deep. 

MUton,  ParadUe  Lust,  ii.  578  (1G65). 

Achilles  (3  syl.),  tha  hero  of  the 


ADAM. 


6 


ADICIA. 


Adam^  a  faithful  retainer  in  the  family 
of  sir  Rowland  de  Boys.  At  the  age  of 
four  score,  he  voluntarily  accompanied 
his  young  master  Orlando  into  exile,  and 
offered  to  give  him  his  little  savings.  He 
has  given  birth  to  the  phrase,  "A  faithful 
Adam"  [or  man-servantl. — Shakespeare, 
As  You  Like  It  (1598). 

Adam's  Ale,  water. 
Adam's  Profession,  tillage,  gar- 
dening. 

When  Adam  delved  and  Eve  simian. 

Who  was  then  the  gentleman  ? 

Ray's  Proverbs. 
There  Is  no  ancient  gentleman  but  gardeners,  ditchers, 
and  grave-makers  ;  they  hold   up  Adam's    profession. — 
Sliakespeare,  JIamlet,  act  v.  sc.  1  (1596). 

Adami  Bell,  a  northern  outlaw,  noted 
for  his  archery.  The  name,  like  those  of 
Clym  of  theClough,  William  of  Cloudesly, 
Kobin  Hood,  and  Little  John,  is  synony- 
mous Avith  a  good  archer. 

Adam.as  or  Adamant,  the  mineral 
called  corun'dum,  and  sometimes  the  dia- 
mond, one  of  the  hardest  substances  known. 

Albrecht  was  as  firm  as  Adamsis. — Schmidt,  Germ. 
Hist,  (translated). 

Adam.astor,  the  Spirit  of  the  Cape, 
a  hideous  phantom,  of  unearthly  pallor, 
"erect  his  hair  uprose  of  withered  red, 
his  lips  were  black,  his  teeth  blue  and 
disjointed,  his  beard  haggard,  his  face 
scarred  by  lightning,  his  eyes  shot  livid 
fire,  his  voice  roared."  The  sailors 
trembled  at  sight  of  him,  and  the  fiend 
demanded  how  they  dared  to  trespass 
"where  never  hero  braved  his  rage  be- 
fore?" He  then  told  them  "  that  every 
year  the  shipwrecked  should  be  made  to 
deplore  their  foolhardiness." — Camoens, 
The  Lusiad,  v.  (1569). 

Adam.'ida,  a  planet  on  which  reside 
the  unborn  spirits  of  saints,  martyrs,  and 
believers.  U'riel,  the  angel  of  the  sun, 
was  ordered  at  the  crucifixion  to  interpose 
this  planet  between  the  sun  and  the  earth, 
so  as  to  produce  a  total  eclipse. 

Adamida,  in  obedience  to  the  divine  command,  flew 
amidst  overwhelming  storms,  rushing  clouds,  falUng 
mountains,  and  swelling  seas.  Uriel  stood  on  the  pole 
of  the  star,  but  so  lost  in  deep  contempl.ation  on  Golgoth.a, 
that  he  heard  not  the  wild  uproar.  On  coming  to  the 
region  of  the  sun,  Adamida  slackened  her  course,  and  ad- 
vancing before  the  sun,  covered  its  face  and  intercepted 
all  its  riiys. — Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  viiL  (1771). 

Adams  (John),  one  of  the  mutineers 
of  the  Bounti/  (1790),  who  settled  in 
Tahiti.  In  1814  he  was  discovered  as 
the  patriarch  of  a  colony,  brought  up 
with  a  high  sense  of  religion  and  strict 
regard  to  morals.  In  1839  the  colony 
was  voluntarily  placed  under  the  pro'- 
tection  of  the  British  Government. 


Adams  (Parson),  the  beau-ideal  of  a 
simple-minded,  benevolent,  but  eccentric 
country  clergyman,  of  unswerving  in- 
tegrity, solid  learning,  and  genuine  piety ; 
bold  as  a  lion  in  the  cause  of  truth,  but 
modest  as  a  girl  in  all  personal  matters  ; 
wholly  ignorant  of  the  world,  being  "m 
it  but  not  of  it." — Fielding,  Joseph  An- 
drctss  (1742). 

His  learning,  his  simplicity,  his  evangelical  purity  of 
mind  J.re  so  afJmirably  mingled  with  pedantry,  absence 
of  mind,  and  the  habit  of  athletic  .  .  .  exercises  .  .  .  that 
he  rajiy  be  s.afely  termed  one  of  the  richest  productions  of 
the  muse  of  fiction.  Like  don  Quixote,  parson  Ad.inis  is 
beaten  a  little  too  much  and  too  often,  but  the  cudgel  lights 
upon  his  shoulders  .  .  .  without  the  slightest  stain  to  his 
reputation.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

Adder  (deaf).  It  is  said  in  fable 
that  the  adder,  to  prevent  hearing  the 
voice  of  a  charmer,  lays  one  ear  on  the 
ground  and  sticks  his  tail  into  the  other. 

.  .  .  when  man  wolde  him  enchante. 
He  leyeth  downe  one  eare  all  flat 
Unto  the  grounde,  and  halt  it  fast ; 
And  eke  that  other  eare  als  faste 
He  stoppeth  with  his  taille  so  sore 
That  he  the  wordes,  Ijisse  or  more. 
Of  his  enchantiSment  ne  hereth. 
Gower,  Ve  Con/essione  Amantis,  i.  x.  (1482), 

Adder's  Tongue,  that  is,  oph'io- 
glos'sum. 

For  them  that  are  with  [by]  newts,  or  snakes,  or  ndden 

stung. 
He  seeketh  out  an  herb  that's  calidd  adder's  tongue. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Ad'dison  of  the  Worth,   Henry 

Mackenzie,  author  of  Tlie  Man  of  Feeling 
(1745-1831). 

Adelaide,  daughter  of  the  count  of 
Narbonne,  in  love  with  Theodore.  She 
is  killed  by  her  father  in  mistake  for 
another. — Robt.  Jephson,  Count  of  Nar- 
bonne (1782). 

Adeline  (Lady),  the  wife  of  lord 
Henry  Amun'deville  (4  syl.),  a  highly 
educated  aristocratic  lady,  with  all  the 
virtues  and  weaknesses  of  the  upper  ten. 
After  the  parliamentary  sessions  this 
noble  pair  filled  their  house  with  guests, 
amongst  which  were  the  duchess  of  Fitz- 

Fulke,  the  duke  of  D ,  Aurora  Raby, 

and  don  Juan  "the  Russian  envoy." 
The  tale  not  being  finished,  no  sequel  to 
these  names  is  given.  (For  the  lady's 
character,  see  xiv.  54-56.)— Byron,  Don 
Juan,  xiii.  to  the  end. 

Ad'emar  or  Adema'ro,  archbishop 
of  Poggio,  an  ecclesiastical  warrior  in 
Tasso's  Jerusalem  Delivered.— See  Dic- 
tionary of  Phrase  and  Fable. 

Adic'ia,  wife  of  the  soldan,  who  in- 
cites him  to  distress  the  kingdom  of 
Mercilla.  When  Mercilla  sends  her 
ambassador,  Samient,  to  negotiate  peace, 


ADICUS. 


ADOSINDA. 


Adicia,  in  violation  of  international  law, 
thrusts  her  [Saniient]  out  of  doors  like  a 
dog,  and  sets  two  knights  upon  her.  Sir 
Ar'tegal  comes  to  her  rescue,  attacks  the 
two  knights,  and  knocks  one  of  them 
from  his  saddle  with  such  force  that  he 
breaks  his  neck.  After  the  discomfiture 
of  the  soldan,  Adicia  rushes  forth  with  a 
knife  to  stab  Samient,  but,  being  inter- 
cepted by  sir  Artegal,  is  changed  into  a 
tigress.— Spenser,  Fa^ry  Queen,  v.  8 
(la96). 

%*The  ''soldan"  is  king  Philip  II.  of 
Spain;  "Mercilla"  is  queen  Elizabeth  ; 
"  Adicia"  is  Injustice  personified,  or  the 
bigotry  of  popery;  and  "  Samient"  the 
ambassadors  of  Ilolland,  who  went  to 
Philip  for  redress  of  grievances,  and 
were  most  iniquitously  detained  by  him 
as  prisoners. 

Ad'ieus,  Unrighteousness  personified 
in  canto  vii.  of  The  Purple  Inland 
(1633),  by  Phineas  Fletcher.  He  has 
eight  sons  and  daughters,  viz.,  Ec'thros 
{hatred),  Eris  {variance)  a  daughter, 
Zelcs  {emulation),  Thumos  (wrath), 
Erith'ius  {strife),  Dichos'tasis  {sedition), 
Envy,  and  Phon'os  {murder)  ;  all  fully 
described  by  the  poet.  (Greek,  adlkos, 
"an  unjust  man.") 

Adie  of  Aikenshaw,  a  neighbour 
of  the  Glendinnings. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Adme'tus,  a  king  of  Thessaly, 
husband  of  Alcestis.  Apollo,  being  con- 
demned by  Jupiter  to  serve  a  mortal  for 
twelve  months  for  slaying  a  Cyclops, 
entered  the  service  of  Admetus.  James 
R.  Lowell,  of  Boston,  U.S.,  has  a  poem 
on  the  subject,  called  The  Shepherd  of 
King  Admetus  (1819-        ). 

Ad'mirable  {The):  (1)  Aben-Esra, 
a  Spanish  rabbin,  born  at  Tole'do  (1119- 
1174).  (2)  James  Crichton  {Kry-ton), 
the  Scotchman  (1551-1573).  (3)  Roger 
Bacon,  called  "The  Admirable  Doctor" 
(1214-1292). 

Adolf,  bishop  of  Cologne,  was  de- 
voured by  mice  or  rats  in  1112.  (See 
Hatto.) 

Ad'ona,  a  seraph,  the  tutelar  spirit 
of  James,  the  "first  martyr  of  the 
twelve." — Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  iii. 
(1748). 

A'donbec  el  Hakim,  the  physi- 
cian, a  disguise  assumed  by  Saladin,  who 
yiaits    sir    Kenneth's    sick    squire,    and 


cures  him  of  a  fever. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Ado'nis,  a  beautiful  youth,  beloved 
by  Venus  and  Proser'pina,  who  quarrelled 
about  the  possession  of  him.  Jupiter,  to 
settle  the  dispute,  decided  that  the  boy 
should  spend  six  months  with  Venus  in 
the  upper  world  and  six  with  Proserpina 
in  the  lower.  Adonis  was  gored  to  death 
by  a  wild  boar  in  a  hunt. 

Shakespeare  has  a  poem  called  Venus 
and  Adonis.  Shelley  calls  his  elegy  on  the 
poet  Keats  Adona'is,  under  the  idea  that 
the  untimely  death  of  Keats  resembled 
that  of  Adonis. 

{Adonis  is  an  allegory  of  the  sun,  which 
is  six  months  north  of  the  horizon,  and 
six  months  south.  Thammuz  is  the  same 
as  Adonis,  arid  so  is  Osiris.) 

Ado'nis  Flower,  the  pheasant's 
eye  or  red  maithes,  called  in  French 
goute  de  sang,  and  said  to  have  sprung 
"from  the  blood  of  Adonis,  who  was 
killed  by  a  wild  boar. 

O  fleur,  si  chfcre  \  Cythdr6e, 
Ta  coroUe  fut,  en  imissant, 
Du  sang  d'Adonb  colorte. 

Anonyme. 

Adonis's  Q-arden.  It  is  said  that 
Adonis  delighted  in  gardens,  and  had  a 
magnificent  one.  Pliny  says  (xix.  4), 
"  Antiquitas  nihil  prius  mirata  est  quam 
Ilesperidum  hortos,  ac  regum  Adonidis 
et  Alcinoi." 

How  shall  I  honour  thee  for  this  success  ? 
Thy  promises  are  like  Adonis'  gardens. 
That  one  day  bloom'd,  and  fruitful  were  the  next. 
Shakespeare,  1  Ilenry  Yl.  act  i.  so.  6  (1589). 

An  Adonis  garden,  a  very  short-lived 
pleasure  ;  a  temporary  garden  •  of  cut 
flowers  ;  an  horticultural  or  floricultural 
show.  The  allusion  is  to  the  fennel  and 
lettuce  jars  of  the  ancient  Greeks,  called 
"Adonis'  gardens,"  because  these  plants 
were  reared  for  the  annual  festival  of 
Adonis,  and  were  thrown  away  when  the 
festival  was  over. 

Ad'oram,  a  seraph,  who  had  chargo 
of  James  the  son  of  Alphe'us. — Klopstock, 

The  Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Adosinda,  daughter  of  the  Gothic 
governor  o£  Auria,  in  Spain.  The  Moors 
having  slaughtered  her  parents,  husband, 
and  child,  preserved  her  alive  for  the 
captain  of  Alcahnian's  regiment.  She 
went  to  his  tent  without  the  least  resis- 
tance, but  implored  the  captain  to  give 
her  one  night  to  mourn  tlie  death  of  those 
so  near  and  dear  to  her.  To  this  he 
complied,  but  during  sleep  she  murdered 


ADRAMELECH. 


iEGEON. 


him  with  his  own  scymitar.  Roderick, 
disguised  as  a  monk,  laelped  her  to  bury 
the  dead  bodies  of  her  house,  and  then 
she  vowed  to  live  for  only  one  object, 
vengeance.  In  the  great  battle,  when  the 
Moors  were  overthrown,  she  it  was  who 
gave  the  word  of  attack,  "Victory  and 
Vengeance  !  " — Southey,  Roderick,  etc., 
iii.  (1814). 

Adram'elech  {ch=k),  oneofthefallen 
angels.  Milton  makes  him  overthrown  by 
U'riel  and  Raphael  (Paradise Lost,  vi.  3G5). 
According  to  Scripture,  he  was  one  of  the 
idols  of  Sepharvaim,  and  Shalmane'ser 
introduced  his  worship  into  Samaria. 
[The  word  means  "the  mighty  magnifi- 
cent king."] 

The  Sepbarvites  burnt  their  children  in  the  fire  to 
Adramelech.— 2  Kings  xvii.  31. 

Klopstock  introduces  him  into  The 
Messiah,  and  represents  him  as  surpassing 
Satcn  in  malice  and  guile,  ambition  and 
mischief.  He  is  made  to  hate  every  one, 
even  Satan,  of  whose  rank  he  is  jealous, 
and  whom  he  hoped  to  overthrow,  that  by 
putting  an  end  to  his  servitude  he  might 
become  the  supreme  god  of  all  the  created 
worlds.  At  the  crucifixion  he  and  Satan 
are  both  driven  back  te  hell  by  Obad'don, 
the  angel  of  death. 

Adraste'  (2  syL),  a  French  gentleman, 
who  enveigles  a  Greek  slave  named  Isi- 
dore from  don  Pfedre.  His  plan  is  this  :  He 
gets  introduced  as  a  portrait-painter,  and 
thus  imparts  to  Isidore  his  love  and 
obtains  her  consent  to  elope  with  him. 
He  then  sends  his  slave  Zaide  (2  si/l.)  to 
don  P^dre,  to  crave  protection  for  ill 
treatment,  and  Pfedre  promises  to  befriend 
her.  At  this  moment  Adraste  appears, 
and  demands  that  Zaide  be  given  up  to 
him  to  punish  as  he  thinks  proper. 
PMre  intercedes;  Adraste  seems  to  relent; 
and  Pedre  calls  for  Zaide.  Out  comes 
Isidore  instead,  with  Zaide's  veil. 
"  There,"  says  Pbdre,  "take  her  and  use 
her  well."  "I  will  do  so,"  says  the 
Frenchman,  and  leads  off  the  Greek 
slave. — Moliere,  Le  Sicilien  ou  L' Amour 
Feintre  (1667). 

A'dria,  the  Adriatic. 

Fled  over  Adria  to  the  Hesperian  fields  \Italii]. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  i.  520  (1665). 

Adrian'a,  a  wealthy  Ephesian  lady, 
who  marries  Antiph'olus,  twin-brother  of 
Antiphoius  of  Syracuse.  The  abbess 
^>miiia  is  her  mother-in-law,  but  she 
knows  it  not ;  and  one  day  when  she 
accuses  her  husband  of    infidelity,   she 


says  to  the  abbess,  if  he  is  unfaithful  it 
is  not  from  want  of  remonstrance,  "for 
it  is  the  one  subject  of  our  conversation. 
In  bed  I  will  not  let  him  sleep  for  speak- 
ing of  it ;  at  table  I  will  not  let  him  eat 
for  speaking  of  it ;  when  alone  with  him 
I  talk  of  nothing  else,  and  in  company  I 
give  him  frequent  hints  of  it.  In  a  word, 
all  my  talk  is  how  vile  and  bad  it  is  in 
him  to  love  another  better  than  he  loves 
his  wife  "  (act  v.  sc.  1). — Shakespeare, 
Comedy  of  Errors  (1593). 

Adria'no  de  Arma'do  (Don),  a 
pompous,  fantastical  Spaniard,  a  military 
braggart  in  a  state  of  peace,  as  Parolles 
(3  syl.)  was  in  Avar.  Boastful  but  poor,  a 
coiner  of  words  but  very  ignorant, 
solemnly  grave  but  ridiculously  awkward, 
majestical  in  gait  but  of  very  low  pro- 
pensities.— Shakespeare,  Love's  Labour 
Lost  (1594). 

(Said  to  be  designed  for  John  Florio, 
sumamed  "The  Resolute,"  a  philologist. 
Holof ernes,  the  pedantic  schoolmaster,  in 
the  same  play,  is  also  meant  in  ridicule  of 
the  same  lexicographer.) 

Adriat'ic  wedded  to  the  Doge.  The 
ceremony  of  wedding  the  Adriatic  to  the 
doge  of  Venice  was  instituted  in  1174  by 
pope  Alexander  III.,  who  gave  the  doge  a 
gold  ring  from  his  own  finger  in  token  of 
the  victory  achieved  by  the  Venetian 
fleet  at  Istria  over  Frederick  Barbarossa. 
The  pope,  in  giving  the  ring,  desired  the 
doge  to  throw  a  similar  one  into  the  sea 
every  year  on  Ascension-Day  in  comme- 
moration of  this  event.  The  doge'a 
brigantine  was  called  Bucentaur. 

You  may  remember,  scarce  five  years  are  i>ast 
Since  in  your  brigantine  you  sailed  to  see 
The  Adriatic  wedded  to  our  dulce. 

T.  Otway,  Venice  Preserved,  L  1  (1682). 

Ad'riel,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  the  earl  of  Mulgrave,  a 
royalist. 

Sharp-judging  Adriel,  the  Muses'  friend  ; 
Himself  a  muse.     In  sanhedrim's  debate 
True  to  his  prince,  but  not  a  slave  to  state ; 
Whom  David's  love  with  honours  did  adorn, 
That  from  his  disobedient  son  were  torn. 

PartL 

(John  Sheffield,  earl  of  Mulgrave  (1649- 
1721)  wrote  an  Ussay  on  Poetry.) 

.ffi'acus  king  of  QLno'pia,  a  man  of 
such  integrity  and  piety,  that  he  was 
made  at  death  one  of  the  three  judges  of 
hell.  The  other  two  were  Minos  and 
Rhadaman'thus. 

^ge'on,  a  huge  monster  with  100 
arms  and  50  heads,  who  with  his  brothers, 
Cottus  and  Gygcs,  conquered  the  Titans 


iEGEON. 


iENEID. 


by  hurling  at  them  300  rocks  at  once. 
Homer  says  ynen  call  him  "^ge'on,"  but 
by  the  gods  he  is  called  Bri'areus  (3  syL), 
(Milton  accents  the  word  on  the  first 
syllable,  and  so  does  Fairfax  in  his 
translation  of  Tasso. — See  Paradise  Lost, 
i.  746.) 

JEge'on,  a  merchant  of  Syracuse,  in 
Shakespeare's  Comedy  of  Errors  {IbQ'd). 

-Sigi'na,  a  rocky  island  in  the  Saronic 
gulf.  It  was  near  this  island  that  the 
Athenians  won  the  famous  naval  battle  of 
Sttl'aniis  over  the  fleet  of  Xerxes,  B.C. 
480.  The  Athenian  prows  were  decorated 
with  a  figure-head  of  Athe'nae  or  Minerva. 

And  of  old 
Rejoiced  the  virgin  from  the  brazen  prow 
Of  Athens  o'er  jEgina's  gloomy  surge 
.  .  .  o'erwhelming  all  the  Persian  promised  glory. 
Akenside,  llymn  to  the  A'aiadt. 

-ffilia  Lae'lia  Crispis,  an  inex- 
plicable riddle,  so  called  from  an  in- 
scription in  Latin,  preserved  in  Bologna, 
which  may  be  rendered  thus  into  English  : 

2ELIA  L^LIA  CRISPIS. 
Neither  man,  nor  woman,  nor  androg)me ; 
Neither  girl,  nor  boy,  nor  eld ; 
Neitlier  harlot  nor  virgin ; 
But  all  [of  thesej. 

Carried  off  neither  by  hunger,  nor  sword,  nor  poiion ; 

But  by  all  [of  them]. 
Neither  hi  heaven,  nor  in  the  water,  nor  in  the  earth  ; 

But  biding  everywhere. 

LUCIUS  AGATHO  PRISCUS. 
Neither  the  husband,  nor  lover,  nor  friend ; 
Neitlier  grieving,  nor  rejoicing,  nor  weeping ; 
But  all  [of  thesej— 

This— neither  a  pile,  nor  a  pyramid,  nor  a  sepulchre 

That  is  built,  he  knows  and  knows  not  [which  it  is]. 
It  is  a  sepulchre  containing  no  corpse  within  it ; 
It  is  a  corpse  with  no  sepulchre  containing  it  j 

But  the  corpse  and  the  sepulchre  are  one  and  the 
same. 
Jt  would  scarcely  ffuide  a  man  to  the  solution  of  the 
'•^lia  Lcelia  Crispis."— J.  W.  Draper. 

.Amelia,  a  lady  of  high  degree,  in  love 
with  Am'ias,  a  squire  of  inferior  rank. 
Going  to  meet  her  lover  at  a  trysting- 
place,  she  was  caught  up  by  a  hideous 
monster,  and  thrust  into  his  den  for  future 
food.  Belphoebe  (3  syl.)  slew  "the  caitiff  " 
and  released  the  maid  (canto  vii.). 
Prince  Arthur,  having  slain  Corflambo, 
released  Amias  from  the  durance  of 
Psea'na,  Corflambo's  daughter,  and  brought 
the  lovers  together  "  in  peace  and  settled 
rest"  (canto  ix.). — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
iv.  (1596). 

-SSmiria,  wife  of  .^ge'on  the  Syra- 
cusian  merchant,  and  mother  of  the  twins 
called  Antiph'olus.  When  the  boys  were 
shipwrecked,  she  was  parted  from  them 
and  taken  to  Ephesus.  Here  she  entered 
a  convent,   and  rose  to  be  the  abbess. 


Without  her  knowing  it,  one  of  her  twins 
also  settled  in  Ephesus,  and  rose  to  be 
one  of  its  greatest  and  richest  citizens. 
The  other  son  and  her  husband  ^Egeon 
both  set  foot  in  Ephesus  the  same  day 
without  the  knowledge  of  each  other,  and 
all  met  together  in  the  duke's  court,  when 
the  story  of  their  lives  was  told,  and  they 
became  again  united  to  each  other. — 
Shakespeare,  Comedy  of  ^rrors  (1593). 

-ffimon'ian  Arts,  magic,  so  called 
from  iEmon'ia  ( Thessaly),  noted  for  magic. 

The  jEmonian.  Jason  was  so  called 
because  his  father  was  king  of  iEmonia. 

.Sjne'as,  a  Trojan  prince,  the  hero  of 
Virgil's  epic  called  yEneid.  He  was  the 
son  of  Anchi'ses  and  Venus.  His  first 
wife  was  Creu'sa  (3  syl.),  by  whom  he  had 
a  son  named  Asca'nius  ;  his  second  wife 
was  Lavinia,  daughter  of  Latlnus  king  of 
Italy,  by  whom  he  had  a  posthumous  son 
called  iEne'as  Sylvius.  He  succeeded  his 
father-in-law  in  the  kingdom,  and  the 
Romans  called  him  their  founder. 

According  to  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth 
"  Brutus,"  the  first  king  of  Britain  (from 
whom  the  island  was  called  Britain),  was 
a  descendant  of  ^Eneas. 

^ne'id,  the  epic  poem  of  Virgil,  in 
twelve  books.  When  Troy  was  taken  by 
the  Greeks  and  set  on  fire,  iEne'as,  with  his 
father,  son,  and  wife,  took  flight,  with  the 
intention  of  going  to  Italy,  the  original 
birthplace  of  the  family.  The  wife  was 
lost,  and  the  old  father  died  on  the  way  ; 
but  after  numerous  perils  by  sea  and  land, 
J'^neas  and  his  son  Asca'nius  reached 
Italy.  Here  Latlnus,  the  reigning  king, 
received  the  exiles  hospitably,  and  pro- 
mised his  daughter  Lavin'ia  in  marriage 
to  iEneas ;  but  she  had  been  already 
betrothed  by  her  mother  to  prince  Turnus, 
son  of  Daunus,  king  of  Itu'tuli,  and 
Turnus  would  not  forego  his  claim. 
Latinus,  in  this  dilemma,  said  the  rivals 
must  settle  the  dispute  by  an  appeal  to 
arms.  Turnus  being  slain,  ^neas  married 
Lavinia,  and  ere  long  suceeded  his  father- 
in-law  on  the  throne. 

Book  I.  The  escape  from  Troy  ;  ^Eneas 
and  his  son,  driven  by  a  tempest  on  the 
shores  of  Carthage,  are  hospitably  enter- 
tained by  queen  Dido. 

II.  .^neas  tells  Dido  the  tale  of  the 
wooden  horse,  the  burning  of  Troy,  and 
his  flight  with  his  father,  wife,  and  son. 
The  wife  was  lost  and  died. 

III.  The  narrative  continued.  The 
perils  he  met  with  on  the  way,  and  the 
death  of  his  father. 


^.OLUS. 


10 


AGAMEMNON. 


IV.  Dido  falls  in  love  with  ^neas ; 
but  ho  steals  away  from  Carthage,  and 
Dido,  on  a  funeral  pyre,  puts  an  end  to  her 
life. 

V.  ^neas  reaches  Sicily,  and  celebrates 
there  the  games  in  honor  of  Anchises. 
This  book  corresponds  to  the  Iliad,  xxiii. 

VI.  ^Eneas  visits  the  infernal  regions. 
This  book  corresponds  to  Odyssey,  xi. 

VII.  Latinu%  king  of  Italy,  entertains 
i5<lneas,  and  promises  to  him  Lavinia  (his 
daughter)  in  marriage,  but  prince  Turnus 
had  been  already  betrothed  to  her  by  the 
mother,  and  raises  an  army  to  resist 
^neas. 

VIII.  Preparations  on  both  sides  for  a 
general  war. 

IX.  Turnus,  during  the  absence  of 
ililueas,  fires  the  ships  and  assaults  the 
camp.  The  episode  of  Nisus  and  Eury'- 
alus. 

X.  The  war  between  Turnus  and 
Jineas.  Episode  of  Mezentius  and  Lau- 
sus. 

XI.  The  battle  continued. 

XII.  Turnus  challenges  .^Eneas  to 
single  combat,  and  is  killed. 

N.B.— 1.  Tlie  story  of  Sinon  and  taking  of  Troy  i«  bor- 
rowed from  Pisander,  as  Macrobi  us  informs  ns. 

%  The  loves  of  Dido  and  ^neas  are  copied  from  those 
of  Medea  and  Jason,  in  Apolloniiis. 

a.  The  story  of  the  wooden  horse  and  the  burning  of 
Troy  are  from  Arcti'nus  of  Miletus. 

^'olus,  god  of  the  winds,  which  he 
keeps  imprisoned  in  a  cave  in  the  iEolian 
Islands,  and  lets  free  as  he  wishes  or  as 
the  over-gods  command. 

Was  I  for  this  nigh  wrecked  upon  the  sea, 

And  twics  by  awkward  wind  from  England's  bank 

Drove  back  again  unto  my  native  clime  J  .  .  . 

Yet  ^Eoliis  would  not  be  a  murderer, 

But  left  that  hateful  office  unto  thee. 

Shakespeaie,  2  Henry  VI.  act  v.  sc.  2  (1591). 

JEscula'pius,  in  Greek  Askle'pios, 

the  god  of  healing. 

What  says  my  iEsculapius  T  my  Galen  T  .  .  .  Ha !  is  he 

dead? 
Shakespeare,  Merry  Wiveto/  Windsor,  act  11.  sc.  3  (1601). 

.ffi'son,  the  father  of  Jason.  He  was 
restored  to  youth  by  Medea,  who  infused 
into  his  veins  the  juice  of  certain  herbs. 

Ir.  siich  a  night, 
Medea  gather'd  the  enchanted  herbs 
That  did  renew  old  ^son. 
Shakespeare,  Merchant  qf  Venice,  act  v.  sc.  1  (before  1598). 

^sop,  the  fabulist,  said  to  be  hump- 
backed ;  hence,  "an  yEsop"  means  a 
hump-backed  man.  The  young  son  of 
Henry  VI,  calls  his  uncle  Richard  of 
Gloster  "^Esop." — 3  Henry  VI.  act  v. 
gc,  5. 

.^sop  of  Arabia,  Lokman ;  and  Nas- 
■en  (fifth    century),    . 


JEsop  of  Englarui,  John  Gay  (1688- 
1732). 

J<:sop  of  France,  Jean  de  la  Fontaine 
(1621-1695). 

JEsop  of  Germany,  Gotthold  Ephraim 
Lessing  (1729-1781). 

^so])  of  India,  Bidpay  or  Pilpay 
(third  century  B.C.). 

Afer,  the  south-west  wind ;  Notus,  the 
full  south. 

Notus  and  Afer,  black  with  thundrous  clouds. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  x.  702  (1665). 

African  Magician  (The),  pretended 
to  Aladdin  to  be  his  uncle,  and  sent  the 
lad  to  fetch  the  "  wonderful  lamp  "  from 
an  underground  cavern.  As  Aladdin  re- 
fused to  hand  it  to  the  magician,  he  shut 
him  in  the  cavern  and  left  him  there. 
Aladdin  contrived  to  get  out  by  virtue  of 
a  magic  ring,  and  learning  the  secret  of 
the  lamp,  became  immensely  rich,  built  a 
superb  palace,  and  married  the  sultan's 
daughter.  Several  years  after,  the  African 
resolved  to  make  himself  master  of  the 
lamp,  and  accordingly  walked  up  and 
down  before  the  palace,  crying  inces- 
santly, "  Who  will  change  old  lamps  for 
new  ?  "  Aladdin  being  on  a  hunting  ex- 
cursion, his  wife  sent  a  eunuch  to  exchange 
the  "wonderful  lamp"  for  a  new  one; 
and  forthwith  the  magician  commanded 
"  the  slaves  of  the  lamp  to  transport  the 
palace  and  all  it  contained  into  Africa. 
Aladdin  caused  him  to  be  poisoned  in  a 
draught  of  wine. — Arabian  Nights  ( ' '  Alad- 
din or  The  Wonderful  Lamp"). 

Afrit  or  Afreet,  a  kind  of  Medusa 
or  Lamia,  the  most  terrible  and  cruel  of  all 
the  orders  of  the  deevs. — Herbelot,  &Q. 

From  the  hundred  chimneys  of  the  village. 

Like  the  Afreet  in  the  Arabian  story  [Introdiict.  Tale"], 

Smoky  columns  tower  aloft  into  the  air  of  amber. 

Longfellow,  The  Oolden  Hilestone. 

Agag,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absaloftn 
and  Achit'ophel,  is  sir  Edmondbury 
Godfrey,  the  magistrate,  who  was  found 
murdered  in  a  ditch  near  Primrose  Hill. 
Dr.  Gates,  in  the  same  satire,  is  called 
"  Corah." 

Corah  might  for  Agag's  murder  call. 

In  terms  as  coarse  as  Samuel  used  to  Saul. 

Parti 

Agamemnon,  king  of  the  Argiyes 
and  commander-in-chief  of  the  allied 
Greeks  in  the  siege  of  Troy.  Introducjid 
by  Shakespeare  in  his  Troilus  and  Crcs'- 
sida. 

Vixire  fortes  ante  Affameni'nona,  "There 
were  brave  men  before  Agamemnon ; "  we 
are  not  to  suppose  that  there  were  no 
great  and  good  men  in  former  times.     A 


AGANDECCA. 


11 


AGED. 


similar  proverb  is,  "There  are  hills  beyond 
Pentland  and  fields  beyond  Forth." 

Agandecca,  daughter  of  Starno  king 
of  Lochlin  [ScaTidinavia],  promised  in 
marriage  to  Fingal  king  of  Morven  [north- 
west of  Scotland] .  The  maid  told  Fingal 
to  beware  of  her  father,  who  had  set  an 
ambush  to  kill  him.  Fingal,  being  thus 
forewarned,  slew  the  men  in  ambush ;  and 
Starno,  in  rage,  murdered  his  daughter, 
who  was  buried  b}'  I"ingal  in  Ardven 
[Argyle]. 

The  daughter  of  the  snow  overheard,  and  left  the  hall 
of  her  se(Tet  sigh  She  came  iu  all  her  beauty,  like  the 
moon  from  the  cloud  of  the  east.  Loveliness  was  around 
her  as  light.  Her  step  was  like  the  music  of  songs. 
Slie  saw  the  youth,  and  loved  him.  He  was  the  stolen 
"sigh  of  her  soul.  Her  blue  eyes  rolled  in  secret  on  him, 
and  she  blessed  the  chief  of  Morven.— 0«ian  ("  Fingal." 
iii.). 

Aganip'pe  (4  syl.),  fountain  of  the 
Muses,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Helicon,  in 
Boeo'tia. 

From  Helicon's  harmonious  springs 

A  thousand  rills  their  mazy  progress  take. 

Gray,  Progrest  of  Poetry. 

Ag'ape  i^syl.)  the  fay.  She  had  three 
aons  at  a  birth,  Priamond,  Diamond,  and 
Triamond.  Being  anxious  to  know  the 
future  lot  of  her  sons,  she  went  to  the 
iabj-ss  of  Demogorgon,  to  consult  the 
^'  Three  Fatal  Sisters."  Clotho  showed  her 
the  threads,  which  "were  thin  as  those 
apun  by  a  spider."  She  begged  the  fates 
to  lengthen  the  life-threads,  but  they  said 
this  could  not  be  ;  they  consented,  how- 
ever, to  this  agreement — 

When  ye  shred  with  fatal  knife 
His  line  which  is  the  shortest  of  the  three, 
Eftsoon  his  life  may  pass  into  the  next ; 
And  when  the  next  shall  likewise  ended  be. 
That  both  their  lives  may  likewise  be  annext 
Unto  the  third,  that  his  may  be  so  trebly  wext. 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iv.  2  (1590). 

Agapi'da  {Fray  Antonio),  the  ima- 
ginary chronicler  of  The  Conquest  of 
Granada,  written  by  Washington  Irving 
(1829). 

Ag'aric,  a  genus  of  fungi,  some  of 
which  are  very  nauseous  and  disgusting. 

Th«t  nnelLs  as  foul  fleshed  agaric  in  tlie  holt  [forest]. 
Tennyson,  Uareth  and  Lynette. 

Agast'ya  (3  syl.),  a  dwarf  who  drank 
the  sea  dry.  As  he  was  walking  one  day 
with  Vishnoo,  the  insolent  ocean  asked 
the  god  who  the  pigmy  was  that  strutted 
by  his  side.  Vishnoo  replied  it  was  the 
patriarch  Agastya,  who  was  going  to 
restore  earth  to  its  true  balance.  Ocean, 
in  contempt,  spat  its  spray  in  the  pigmy's 
face,  and  the  sage,  in  revenge  of  this 
affront,  drank  the  waters  of  the  ocean, 
leaving  the  bid  quite  dry. — Maurice. 


Ag'atha,  daughter  of  Cuno,  and  the 
betrothed  of  Max,  in  Weber's  opera  of 
Der  Freischutz. — See  Dictionary  of  Phrase 
and  Fable. 

Agath-ocles  (4  syl.),  tyrant  of  Sicily. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  potter,  and  raised 
himself  from  the  ranks  to  become  general 
of  the  army.  He  reduced  all  Sicily  under 
his  power.  When  he  attacked  the  Car- 
thaginians, he  burnt  his  ships  that  liis 
soldiers  might  feel  assured  they  must 
either  conquer  or  die.  Agathocles  died 
of  poison  administered  by  his  grandson 
(B.C.  361-289). 

Voltaire  has  a  tragedy  called  Agathocle, 
and  Caroline  Pichlex  has  an  excellent 
German  novel  entitled  Agathocles. 

Agathon,  the  hero  and  title  of  a 
philosophic  romance,  by  C.  M.  Wieland 
(1733-1813).  This  is  considered  the  best 
of  his  novels,  though  some  prefer  his  Don 
Sylvio  de  Hosalva. 

Agdistes  (3  syl.),  the  mystagog  of 
the  Acrasian  bower,  or  the  evil  genius 
loot.  Spenser  says  the  ancients  call 
"Self"  the  Agdistes  of  man;  and  the 
Socratic  "  dcemon  "  was  his  Agdistes. 

They  In  that  place  him  "  Genius  "  did  call ; 
Not  that  celestial  power  .  .  .  sage  Antiquity 
Did  wisely  riiake,  and  good  Agdistes  call ; 
But  this  .  .  .  was  .  .  .  the  foe  of  life. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  12  (1590). 

Agdis'tis,  a  genius  of  human  form^ 
uniting  the  two  sexes,  and  born  of  the 
stone  Agdus  (q.v.).  This  tradition  has 
been  preserved  by  Pausanias. 

Agdus,  a  stone  of  enormous  size. 
Parts  of  this  stone  were  taken  by  Deu- 
calion and  Pyrrha  to  throw  over  their 
heads,  in  order  to  repeople  the  world 
desolated  by  the  Flood. — ^Arnobius. 

Age.  The  Age  of  the  Bisli/)ps,  accord- 
ing to  Hallam,  was  the  ninth  century. 

The  Age  of  the  Popes,  according  to 
Hallam,  was  the  twelfth  century. 

Varo  recognizes  Three  Ages :  1st.  From 
the  beginning  of  man  to  the  great  Flood 
(the  period  M'holly  unknown).  2nd.  From 
the  Flood  to  the  first  Olympiad  (the  mvthi- 
cal  period).  3rd.  From  the  first  Olynipiad 
to  the  present  time  (the  historical  period). 
—Varo,  Fragments,  219  (edit.  Scaliger). 

Aged  (The),  so  Wemmick's  father  is 
called.  He  lived  in  "  the  castle  at  Wal- 
worth." Wemmick  at  "the  castle  "  and 
Wemmick  in  business  are  two  "different 
beings." 

Wemmick's  house  was  a  Utt'e  wooden  cottage.  In  th« 
midst  of  plots  of  garden,  and  the  top  of  it  was  cut  out 


AGELASTES. 


1£ 


AGRAMANTE. 


unci  painted  like  a  battery  mounted  with  guns.  ...  It  was 
tlie  smallest  of  houses,  with  queer  Gothic  windows  (hy  far 
the  greater  part  of  them  sham),  and  a  Gothic  door,  almost 
too  small  to  get  in  at.  .  .  .  On  Sundays  he  ran  up  a  real 
flag.  .  .  .  The  bridge  was  a  plank,  and  it  crossed  a  cliasm 
about  four  feet  wide  and  two  deep.  ...  At  nine  o'clock 
every  night  "  the  gun  fired,"  the  gun  being  mounted  in  a 
separate  fortress  made  of  lattice-work.  It  was  protected 
from  the  weather  by  a  tarpaulin  .  .  .  umbrella.— C. 
Dickens,  Great  Expectations,  xxv.  (1860). 

Ag'elastes  {Michael),  the  cynic  philo- 
soplier. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of 
Far  is  (time,  Rufus). 

Ag^esila'us  (5  syl.).  Plutarch  tells 
us  that  Agesilaus,  king  of  Sparta,  was 
one  day  discovered  riding  cock-horse  on 
a  long  stick,  to  please  and  amuse  his 
children. 

A'gib  [King),  "The  Third  Calen- 
der" {Arabian  Nights'  Enter tai7iments). 
He  was  wrecked  on  the  loadstone  moun- 
tain, which  drew  all  the  nails  and  iron 
bolts  from  his  ship  ;  but  he  overthrew  the 
bronze  statue  on  the  mountain-top,  which 
was  the  cause  of  the  mischief.  Agib 
visited  the  ten  young  men,  each  of  whom 
had  lost  the  right  eye,  and  was  carried 
by  a  roc  to  the  palace  of  the  forty  prin- 
cesses, with  whom  he  tarried  a  j'ear.  The 
princesses  were  then  obliged  to  leave  for 
forty  days,  but  entrusted  him  with  the 
keys  of  the  palace,  Avith  free  permission 
to  enter  every  room  but  one.  On  the 
fortieth  day  curiosity  induced  him  to 
open  this  room,  where  he  saw  a  horse, 
which  he  mounted,  and  was  carried 
through  the  air  to  Bagdad.  The  horse 
then  deposited  him,  and  knocked  out  his 
right  eye  with  a  whisk  of  its  tail,  as  it 
had  done  the  ten  "  young  men "  above 
referred  to. 

Agitator  {The  Irish),  Daniel  O'Con- 
nell  (1775-1847). 

Agned  Cathregonion,  the  scene  of 
one  of  the  twelve  battles  of  king  Arthur. 
The  old  name  of  Edinburgh  was  Agned. 

Ebraucus,  a  man  of  great  stature  and  wonderful  strength, 
took  upon  him  the  government  of  Britain,  which  he  held 
forty  years.  ...  He  built  the  city  of  Alelud  [?  Dumbarton] 
and  the  town  of  Mount  Agned,  called  at  this  time  the 
"Ca=tle  of  Maidens,"  or  the  "Mountain  of  Sorrow."— 
Geoffrey,  British  Uiitory,  ix.  7. 

Agnei'a  (3  syL),  wifely  chastity,  sister 
of  Parthen'ia  or  maiden  chastity.  Agneia 
is  the  spouse  of  Encra'tes  or  temperance. 
Fully  described  in  canto  x.  of  The  Purple 
Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher  (1633). 
(Greek,  agneia,  "chastity.") 

Ag'nes,  daughter  of  Mr.  Wickfield 
the  solicitor,  and  David  Copperfield's  se- 
cond wife  (after  the  death  of  Dora,  "  his 
child  wife  ").    Agnes  is  a  very  pure,  self- 


sacrificing  girl,  accomplished,  yet  do- 
mestic.— C.  Dickens,  David  Copperfield 
(1849). 

Agnes,  in  IVIoliere's  Ue'cole  des 
Femmes,  the  girl  on  whom  Amolphe  tries 
his  pet  experiment  of  education,  so  as  to  . 
turn  out  for  himself  a  "model  wife,"  I 
She  was  brought  up  in  a  country  convent, 
where  she  was  kept  in  entire  ignorance 
of  the  difference  of  sex,  conventional 
proprieties,  the  difference  between  the 
love  of  men  and  women,  and  that 
of  girls  for  girls,  the  mysteries  of 
marriage,  and  so  on.  When  grown  to 
womanhood  she  quits  the  convent,  and 
standing  one  evening  on  a  balcony  a 
young  man  passes  and  takes  off  his  hat 
to  her,  she  returns  the  salute ;  he  bows  a 
second  and  third  time,  she  does  the  same ; 
he  passes  and  repasses  several  times, 
bowing  each  time,  and  she  does  as  she 
has  been  taught  to  do  by  acknowledging 
the  salute.  Of  course,  the  young  man 
{Horace)  becomes  her  lover,  whom  she 
marries,  and  M.  Amolphe  loses  his 
"model  wife."     (See  Pinchwife.) 

Elle  fait  V Agnes.  She  pretends  to  be 
wholly  unsophisticated  and  verdantly 
ingenuous. — French  Troverb  (from  the 
"Agnes"  of  Molibre,  L'e'cole  des  Femmes, 
1662). 

Agnes  {Black),  the  countess  of  March, 
noted  for  her  defence  of  Dunbar  against 
the  English. 

Black  Agnes,  the  palfry  of  Mary  queen 
of  Scots,  the  gift  of  her  brother  Moray, 
and  so  called  from  the  noted  countess 
of  March,  who  was  countess  of  Moray 
(Murray)  in  her  own  right. 

Agnes  {St.),  a  young  virgin  of 
Palermo,  who  at  the  age  of  thirteen  was 
martyred  at  Rome  during  the  Diocletian 
persecution  of  a.d.  304.  Prudence 
(Aurelius  Pnidentius  Clemens),  a  Latin 
Christian  poet  of  the  fourth  century,  has  a 
poem  on  the  subject.  Tintoret  and  Do- 
menichi'no  have  both  made  her  the 
subject  of  a  painting. —  IVie  Martyrdom 
of  St.  Agnes. 

St.  Agnes  and  the  Devil.  St.  Agnes, 
having  escaped  from  the  prison  at  Rome, 
took  shipping  and  landed  at  St.  Piran 
Arwothall.  The  devil  dogged  her,  but 
she  rebuked  him,  and  the  large  moor- 
stones  betAveen  St.  Piran  and  St.  Agnes, 
in  Cornwall,  mark  the  places  where  the 
devils  were  turned  into  stone  by  the  looks 
of  the  indignant  saint. — Pohvhele,  //ts- 
tory  of  Cornwall. 

Agraman'te    (4  syl.)    or    Ag'ra* 


AGRAWAIN. 


13 


AHMED. 


Xnant,  king'  of  the  Moors,  in  Orlando 
Innainorato,  by  Bojardo,..  and  Orlando 
Furioso,  by  Ariosto. 

Agrawain  (Sir)  or  Sir  Agravain, 
surnamed  "The  Desirous"  and  also  "The 
Haughty."  He  was  son  of  Lot  (king  of 
Orkney)  and  Margawse  half-sister  of  king 
Arthur.  His  brothers  were  sir  Gaw'ain, 
sir  Ga'heris,  and  sir  Gareth.  Mordred 
was  his  half-brother,  being  the  son  of 
king  Arthur  and  Margawse.  Sir  Agra- 
vain  and  sir  Mordred  hated  sir  Launcelot, 
and  told  the  king  he  was  too  familiar 
with  the  queen ;  so  they  asked  the  king 
to  spend  the  day  in  hunting,  and  kept 
watch.  The  queen  sent  for  sir  Launcelot 
to  her  private  chamber,  and  sir  Agravain, 
sir  Mordred,  and  twelve  others  assailed 
the  door,  but  sir  Launcelot  slew  them  all 
except  sir  Mordred,  who  escaped. — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii. 
142-145  (1470). 

Agrica'ne  (4  syl),  king  of  Tar- 
tary,  in  the  Orlando  Innamorato,  of 
"Bojardo.  He  besieges  Angelica  in  the 
castle  of  Albracca,  and  is  slain  in  single 
combat  by  Orlando.  He  brought  into 
the  field  2,200,000  troops. 

Such  forces  met  not,  nor  so  wide  a  camp, 
When  Agricin,  with  all  his  nortliern  powers, 

^■^  Besieged  All>racca. 

/^^  Milton,  Paradite  Regained,  iii.  (1671). 

^"^  %  's^A.g'rioa,  Lumpishness  personified ; 
a  "sullen  swain,  all  mirth  that  in 
himself  and  others  hated  ;  dull,  dead,  and 
leaden."  Described  in  canto  viii.  of 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(1635).     (Greek,  agrXos,  "a  savage.") 

Agrippina  was  granddaughter,  wife, 
sister,  and  mother  of  an  emperor.  She 
was  granddaughter  of  Augustus,  wife  of 
Claudius,  sister  of  Caligula,  and  mother 
of  Nero. 

***  Lam'pedo  of  Lacedaemon  was  daugh- 
ter, wife,  sister,  and  mother  of  a  king. 

Agripy'na  or  Ag'ripyne  (3  syl.), 
a  princess  beloved  by  the  "king  of 
Cyprus'  son,  and  madly  loved  by  Orleans." 
— Thomas  Dekker,  Old  Fortunatus  (a 
comedy,  1600). 

A'gue  (2  syl.).  It  was  an  old  super- 
stition that  if  the  fourth  book  of  the  Iliad 
was  laid  open  under  the  head  of  a  person 
suffering  from  Quartan  ague,  it  would  cure 
him  at  once.  Serenus  Sammon'icus  (pre- 
ceptor of  Gordian),  a  noted  physician,  has 
amongst  his  medical  precepts  the  follow- 
ing :— 

Moeonice  Iliados  quartum  suppoue  timenti. 

erase.  50. 


Ague-cheek  {Sir  Andrew),  a  silly 
old  fop  with  "  3000  ducats  a  year,"  very 
fond  of  the  table,  but  with  a  shrewd 
understanding  that  "beef  had  done  harm 
to  his  wit."  Sir  Andrew  thinks  himself 
"  old  in  nothing  but  in  understanding," 
and  boasts  that  he  can  "cut  a  caper, 
dance  the  coranto,  walk  a  jig,  and  take 
delight  in  masques,"  like  a  young  man. — 
Shakespeare,  Twelfth  Night  (1614). 

Woodward  (1737-1777)  always  sustained  "sir  Andrew 
Ague-cheek  "  with  infinite  droUeiy,  assisted  by  that  ex- 
pression of  "  rueful  dismay,"  which  gave  so  peculLir  a 
zest  to  his  Marplot. — Boaden,  Life  of  Siddont. 

Cliarles  Lamb  says  that  "Jem  White  saw  James  Dodd 
one  evening  in  Ague-cheek,  and  recognizing  him  next 
day  in  Fleet  Street,  took  off  his  hat,  and  s.tiuted  him  with 
"  Save  you,  sir  Andrew !  "  Dodd  simply  waved  his  band 
and  exclaimed,  "  Away,  fool ! " 

A'haback  and  Des'ra,  two  en- 
chanters, who  aided  Ahu'bal  in  his  rebel- 
lion against  his  brother  Misnar,  sultan  of 
Delhi.  Ahubal  had  a  magnificent  tent 
built,  and  Horam  the  vizier  had  one  built 
for  the  sultan  still  more  magnificent. 
When  the  rebels  made  their  attack,  the 
sultan  and  the  best  of  the  troops  were 
drawn  off,  and  the  sultan's  tent  was 
taken.  The  enchanters,  delighted  with 
their  prize,  slept  therein,  but  at  night  the 
vizier  led  the  sultan  to  a  cave,  and  asked 
him  to  cut  a  rope.  Next  morning  he 
heard  that  a  huge  stone  had  fallen  on  the 
enchanters  and  crushed  them  to  mummies. 
In  fact,  this  stone  formed  the  head  of  the 
bed,  where  it  was  suspended  by  the  rope 
which  the  sultan  had  severed  in  the 
night. — James  Ridley,  Tales  of  the  Genii 
("The  Enchanters'  Tale,"  vi.). 

Ahasue'rus,  the  cobbler  who  pushed 
away  Jesus  when,  on  the  way  to  exe- 
cution. He  rested  a  moment  or  two  at  his 
door.  "  Get  off !  Away  with  you  ! "  cried 
the  cobbler.  "Truly,  I  go  away,"  returned 
Jesus,  "  and  that  quickly ;  but  tarry  thou 
till  I  come."  And  from  that  time  Aha- 
suerus  became  the  "  wandering  Jew," 
who  still  roams  the  earth,  and  will  con- 
tinue so  to  do  till  the  "second  coming 
of  the  Lord."  This  is  the  legend  given 
by  Paul  von  Eitzen,  bishop  of  Schleswig 
(1547). — Greve,  Memoir  of  Paul  von 
Eitzen  (1744). 

Aher'man  and  Ar'gen,  the  f ormei 
a  fortress,  and  the  latter  a  suite  of  im- 
mense halls,  in  the  realm  of  Eblis,  where 
are  lodged  all  creatures  of  human  intelli- 
gence before  the  creation  of  Adam,  and 
all  the  animals  that  inhabited  the  earth 
before  the  present  races  existed, — W. 
Beckford,  Vathek  (1786). 

Ah'med  {Prince),  noted  for  the  tent 


AHOLIBAMAH. 


14 


ALADDIN. 


given  him  by  the  fairy  Parl-banou, 
which  would  cover  a  whole  army,  and 
yet  would  fold  up  so  small  that  it  might 
be  carried  in  one's  pocket.  The  same 
good  fairy  also  gave  him  the  apple  of 
Samarcand',  a  panacea  for  all  diseases. — 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments  ("Prince 
Ahmed,  etc."). 

***  Solomon's  carpet  of  green  silk  was 
large  enough  for  all  his  army  to  stand 
upon,  and  when  arranged  the  carpet  was 
wafted  with  its  freight  to  any  place  the 
king  desired.  This  carpet  would  also  fold 
into  a  very  small  compass. 

The  ship  Skidbladnir  had  a  similar  elastic 
virtue,  for  though  it  would  hold  all  the 
inhabitants  of  Valhalla,  it  might  be 
folded  up  like  a  sheet  of  paper. 

Bayard,  the  horse  of  the  four  sons  of 
Aymon,  grew  larger  or  smaller  as  one  or, 
more  of  the  four  sons  mounted  it.  (See 
Aymox.) 

Aholiba'mah,  granddaughter  of 
Cain,  and  sister  of  Anah.  She  was 
loved  by  the  seraph  Samias'a,  and  like 
her  sister  was  carried  off  to  another  planet 
Avhen  the  Flood  came. — Byron,  Heaven 
and  Earth, 

Proud,  imperious,  and  aspiring,  she  denies  that  she 
worahips  the  seraph,  and  declares  that  his  immortality  can 
bestow  no  love  more  pure  and  warm  than  her  own,  and 
she  expresses  a  conviction  that  there  is  a  ray  within  her 
•'  which,  though  forbidden  yet  to  shine,"  is  nevertheless 
lighted  at  the  same  ethereal  fire  as  his  own. — Finden, 
Byron  Beautiei. 

Ah'riman  or  Ahrima'nes  (4  5^/.), 
the  angel  of  darkness  and  of  evil  in  the 
Magian  system,  slain  by  Mithra. 

Ai'denn.  So  Poe  calls  Eden.  It  is 
a  reproduction  in  English  spelling  of  the 
Arabic  form  of  the  word. 

Tell  this  soul,  with  sorrow  laden, 
If  within  the  distant  Aidenn, 
It  shall  clasp  a  sainted  maiden, 
Whom  the  angels  name  Leuore. 

Edgar  Poe,  The  Raven. 

Aik'WOOd  {Ilingmi),  the  forester  of 
sir  Arthur  Wardour,  of  Knockwinnock 
Castle. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary. 

Aim'well  {Thomas,  viscount),  a 
gentleman  of  broken  fortune,  who  pays 
his  addresses  to  Dorin'da,  daughter  of 
lady  Bountiful.  He  is  very  handsome 
and  fascinating,  but  quite  "  a  man  of  the 
world."  He  and  Archer  are  the  two  beaux 
of  The  Beaux'  Strataijeia,  a  comedy  by 
George  Farquhar  (1705). 

I  thought  it  rather  odd  that  Holland  should  be  the 
only  "  mister "  of  the  party,  and  I  said  to  mysel',  as 
Gibbet  said  when  he  heard  that  "Aimwell  "  had  gone  to 
thurch,  "  That  looks  suspicious  "  (act  ii.  so.  2). — James 
Smith,  Mer/utirt,  Letter*,  etc.  (1840). 

:   Aircastle,  in   the  Cozeners^  by   S. 


Foote.  The  original  of  this  rambling 
talker  was  Gahagan,  whose  method  of 
conversation  is  thus  burlesqued  : 

A  ircastle :  "  Did  I  not  tell  you  what  parson  Prunello 
said  ?  I  remember,  Mrs.  Lightfoot  was  by.  She  had  been 
brought  to  bed  that  day  was  a  month  of  a  very  fine  boy— 
a  bad  birth  ;    for  Dr.  Seeton,  'vho  served  his  time  with 

Luke  Lancet,  of  Guise's ~  There  was  also  a  talk  about 

him  and  Nancy  the  daughter.  She  afterwards  married  Will 
Whitlow,  another  apprentice,  who  had  great  expec- 
tations from  an  old  uncle  in  the  Grenadiers ;  but  he  left  all 
to  a  distant  relation.  Kit  Cable,  a  midshipman  aboard 
the  Torbay.  She  was  lost  coming  home  in  the  channel. 
The  captain  was  taken  up  by  a  coaster  from   Bye,  loaded 

with  cheese "  [Now,  pray,  what  did  parson  Prunello 

sjiy?  This  is  a  pattern  of  Mrs.  Nickleby's  rambling 
gossip.] 

Air'lie  {The  carl  of),  a  royalist  in  the 
service  of  king  Charles  I.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Legend  of  Montrose. 

Airy  {Sir  George),  a  man  of  fortune, 
in  love  with  Miran'da,  the  ward  of  sir 
Francis  Gripe. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  The 
Busybody  (1709). 

A'jax,  son  of  (Jileus  [O.i'.lucel, 
generally  called  "the  less."  In  conse- 
quence of  his  insolence  to  Cassan'dra,  the 
prophetic  daughter  of  Priam,  his  ship 
was  driven  on  a  rock,  and  he  perished  at 
sea. — Homer,  Odyssey,  iv.  507  ;  Virgil, 
uEneid,  i.  41. 

A'jax  Tel'anion.  Sophocles  has  a 
tragedy  called  Ajax,  in  which  "the 
madman  "  scourges  a  ram  he  mistakes  for 
Ulysses.  His  encounter  with  a  flock  of 
sheep,  which  he  fancied  in  his  madness  to 
be  the  sons  of  Atreus,  has  been  men- 
tioned at  greater  or  less  length  by  several 
Greek  and  Roman  poets.  Don  Quixote 
had  a  similar  adventure.  This  Ajax  is 
introduced  by  Shakespeare  in  his  drama 
called    Troilus  and  Cressida.     (See  Ali- 

PHAUNON.) 

The  Tuscan  poet  [Ariosio]  doth  advance 
The  frantic  paladin  of  France  [Orlando  Furioto]; 
And  those  more  ancient  [HophocUs  and  Seneca]  do  en- 
hance 

AlcidSs  In  his  fury  [HercuUt  Pureni\; 
And  others,  Ajax  Telamon  ;— 
But  to  this  time  there  hath  been  none 
So  bedlim  as  our  Oberon  ; 

Of  whicU  1  dare  assure  you. 

M.  Drayton,  NympMdla  (1563-1631). 

Ajut  and  Anningait,  in  The  Ram- 
bier. 

Part,  like  Ajut,  never  to  return. 

Campbell,  Pleasure*  of  Hope,  11.  (1799). 

Ala'ciel,  the  genius  who  went  on  a 
voyage  to  the  two  islands,  Taciturnia  and 
Merryland  [London  and  Paris]. — De  la 
Dixmerie  Lisle  Taciturne  et  I'isle  En~ 
joue'e,  ou  Voijaqe  du  Genie  Alaciel  dans  les 
deux  lies  (175'9). 

Aladdin,  son  of  Mustafa  a  poor 
tailor,  of  China,  "  obstirate,  disobedient, 


ALADDIN. 


15 


ALASNAM. 


and  mischievous,"  wholly  abandoned  "  to 
indolence  and  licentiousness."  One  day 
an  African  magician  accosted  him,  pre- 
tending to  be  his  uncle,  and  sent  him  to 
bring  up  the  "wonderful  lamp,"  at  the 
same  time  giving  him  a  "ring  of  safety." 
Aladdin  secured  the  lamp,  but  would  not 
hand  it  to  the  magician  till  he  was  out  of 
the  cave,  whereupon  the  magician  shut 
him  up  in  the  cave,  and  departed  for 
Africa.  Aladdin,  wringing  his  hands  in 
despair,  happened  to  rub  the  magic  ring, 
when  the  genius  of  the  ring  appeared 
before  him,  and  asked  him  his  com- 
mands. Aladdin  requested  to  be  delivered 
from  the  cave,  and  he  returned  home. 
By  means  of  his  lamp,  he  obtained 
untold  wealth,  built  a  superb  palace,  and 
married  Badroul'boudour,  the  sultan's 
daughter.  After  a  time,  the  African 
magician  got  possession  of  the  lamp,  and 
caused  the  palace,  with  all  its  contents,  to 
be  transported  into  Africa.  Aladdin  was 
absent  at  the  time,  was  arrested  and 
ordered  to  execution,  but  Avas  rescued  by 
the  populace,  with  whom  he  was  an  im- 
mense favourite,  and  started  to  discover 
what  had  become  of  his  palace.  Happen- 
ing to  slip,  he  rubbed  his  ring,  and  when 
the  genius  of  the  ring  appeared  and  asked 
his  orders,  was  instantly  posted  to  the 
place  Avhere  his  palace  was  in  Africa. 
He  poisoned  the  magician,  regained  the 
lamp,  and  had  his  palace  restored  to  its 
original  place  in  China. 

Yes,  ready  money  is  Aladdin's  lamp. 

Byron,  Von  Juan,  xii.  12. 

Aladdin's  Lamp,  a  lamp  brought 
from  an  underground  cavern  in  "the 
middle  of  China."  Being  in  want  of 
food,  the  mother  of  Aladdin  began  to 
scrub  it,  intending  to  sell  it,  when  the 
genius  of  the  lamp  appeared,  and  asked 
her  what  were  her  commands.  Aladdin 
answered,  "I  am  hungry;  bring  me 
food  ;  "  and  immediately  a  banquet  was 
set  before  him.  Having  thus  become 
acquainted  with  the  merits  of  the  lamp, 
he  became  enormously  rich,  and  married 
the  sultan's  daughter.  By  artifice  the 
African  magician  got  possession  of  the 
lamp,  and  transported  the  palace  with  its 
contents  to  Africa.  Aladdin  poisoned  the 
magician,  recovered  the  lamp,  and  re- 
translated the  palace  to  its  original  site. 

Aladdin's  Palace  Windovcs.  At  the 
top  of  the  palace  was  a  saloon,  containing 
twenty-four  windows  (six  on  each  side), 
and  all  but  one  enriched  with  diamonds, 
rubies,  and  emeralds.  One  was  left  for 
the  aultan  to  complete,  but  all  the  jewel- 


lers in  the  empire  were  unable  to  make  one 
to  match  the  others,  so  Aladdin  com- 
manded "  the  slaves  of  the  lamp "  to 
complete  their  work. 

Aladdin's  Eing,  given  him  by  the 
African  magician,  "  a  preservative 
against  every  evil." — Arabian  Nights 
("  Aladdin  and  the  Wonderful  Lamp  "). 

Al'adine,  the  sagacious  but  cruel 
king  of  Jerusalem,  slain  by  Raymond.— 
Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Al'adine  (3  syl.),  son  of  Aldus  "a 
lustv  knight." — Spenser,  Faery  Queen^ 
vi.  3  (1596). 

Alaff,  Anlaf,  or  Olaf,  son  of 
Sihtric,  Danish  king  of  Northumberland 
(died  927).  \Vlien  ^:thelstan  lAthelstan'] 
took  possession  of  Northumberland,  Alatf 
fled  to  Ireland,  and  his  brother  Guthfrith 
or  Godfrey  to  Scotland. 

Our  English  Athelstan, 

In  tlie  Nortliumbrian  fields,  with  most  victorioas  might. 

Put  Alaff  and  his  powers  to  more  inglorious  flight. 

Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  xii.  (1612). 

A1  Araf,  the  great  limbo  between 
paradise  and  hell,  for  the  half  good. — Al 
Koran,  vii. 

Alar'con  king  of  Barca,  who  joined 
the  armament  of  Egypt  against  the  cru* 
saders,  but  his  men  were  only  half 
armed. — 'Xaa^.o,  Jerusalem  Delivered{lblb). 

Alaric  Cottin.  Frederick  the  Gieat 
of  Prussia  was  so  called  by  Voltaire. 
"  Alaric  "  because,  like  Alaric,  he  was  a 
great  warrior,  and  "Cottin"  because,  like 
Cottin,  satirized  by  Boileau,  he  was  a 
very  indifferent  poet. 

Alas'co,  alias  Dr.  Demktuius  Do- 
BOOiJius,  an  old  astiologer,  consulted  by 
the  earl  of  Leicester. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Alas'nam  {Prince  Zeyn)  possessed 
eight  statues,  each  a  single  diamond  on  a 
gold  pedestal,  but  had  to  go  in  search  of 
a  ninth,  more  valuable  than  them  all. 
This  ninth  was  a  lady,  the  most  beauti- 
ful and  virtuous  of  women,  "more  pre- 
cious than  rubies,"  who  became  his  wife. 

One  pure  and  perfect  [woman}  is  .  .  .  like  Alasn^m's 
lady,  worth  them  all.— Sir  Walter  Scott. 

Alasnam's  Mirror.  When  Alasnam  was 
in  search  of  his  ninth  statue,  the  king  of 
the  Genii  gave  him  a  test  mirror,  in  which 
he  was  to  look  when  he  saw  a  beauti- 
ful girl,  "if  the  glass  remained  pure 
and  unsullied,  the  damsel  would  be  the 
same,  but  if  not.  the  damsel  would  not 


ALASTOR. 


16 


ALBION. 


be  wholly  pure  in  body  and  in  mind." 
This  mirror  was  called  "the  touchstone 
of  virtue." — Arabian  Nights  ("  Prince 
Zeyn  Alasnam  "). 

Alas 'tor,  a  house  demon,  the  "  skele- 
ton in  the  closet,"  which  haunts  and 
torments  a  family.  Shelley  has  a  poem 
entitled  Alastor'or  the  Spirit  of  Soli- 
tvde. 

Cicero  says  he  meditated  killing  himself  that  he  mi^ht 
become  the  Alastor  of  Augustus,  wliom  he  hated.— Plu- 
tarch, Cicero,  etc.  ("  Parallel  Lives"). 

God  Ahnighty  mustered  up  an  arn>y  of  mice  against  the 
■rchbisljop  [llatto\  and  sent  them  to  persecute  him  as 
Lis  furious  Alastors.— Coryat,  Cruditict,  571. 

Al'ban  {St.)  of  Ver'ulam,  hid  his  con- 
fessor, St.  Am'phibal,  and  changing  clothes 
with  him,  suffered  death  in  his  stead. 
This  was  during  the  frightful  persecution 
of  Maximia'nus  Hercu'lius,  general  of 
Diocle'tian's  army  in  Britain,  when  1000 
Christians  fell  at  Lichfield. 

Alban— our  proto-martyr  called. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Alba'nia,  the  Scotch  Highlands,  so 
called  from  Albanact,  son  of  Brute,  the 
mythical  Trojan  king  of  Britain.  At  the 
death  of  Brute  "  Britain "  was  divided 
between  his  three  sons  :  Locrin  had  Eng- 
land ;  Albanact  had  Albania  (Scotland)  ; 
and  Kamber  had  Cambria  (  Wales), 

He  [A  rthur]  by  force  of  arms  Albania  overrun, 
Pursuing  of  the  Picts  beyond  mount  Caledon. 

Di-ayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Alha'nia  {Turkey  in  Asia).  It  means 
"the  mountain  region,"  and  properly  com- 
prehends Schirwan,  Daghestan,  and  Geor- 
gia.    In  poetry  it  is  used  very  loosely. 

Al'berick  of  Moktemar,  the  same 
as  Theodorick  the  hermit  of  Engaddi,  an 
exiled  nobleman.  He  tells  king  Richard 
the  history  of  his  life,  and  tries  to  dissuade 
him  from  sending  a  letter  of  defiance  to 
the  archduke  of  Austria. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Ihlisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Al'berick,  the  squire  of  prince  Richard 
(one  of  the  sons  of  Henry  II.  of  Eng- 
land).—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed  {time, 
Henry  II.). 

Albert,  commander  of  the  Britannia. 
Brave,  liberal,  and  just,  softened  and 
refined  by  domestic  ties  and  superior  in- 
formation. His  ship  was  dashed  against 
the  projecting  verge  of  Cape  Colonna,  the 
most  southern  point  of  Attica,  and  he 
perished  in  the  sea  because  Rodmond 
(second  in  command)  grasped  on  his  legs 
and  could  not  be  shaken  off. 

Tliough  tniined  in  boisterous  elements,  hi»  mind 
Was  yet  by  soft  humanity  refined  ; 
Each  .loy  of  wedde<i  love  at  home  he  knew. 
Abroad,  confessed  tlie  father  of  bis  crew.  .  . 


His  genius,  ever  for  th'  event  prepared. 

Hose  witli  the  storm,  and  all  its  dangers  shared. 

Falconer,  The  Shijrunreck,  i.  2  (1756). 

Albert,  father  of  Gertrude,  patriarch 
and  judge  of  Wyo'ming  (called  by  Camp- 
bell Wy'oming).  Both  Albert  and  his 
daughter  were  shot  by  a  mixed  force  of 
British  and  Indian  troops,  led  by  one 
Brandt,  who  made  an  attack  on  the  settle- 
ment, put  all  the  inhabitants  to  the  sword, 
set  fire  to  the  fort,  and  destroyed  all  the 
houses. — Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming 

Albert,  in  Goethe's  romance  called  The 
Sorrows  of  Werther,  is  meant  for  his 
friend  Kestner.  He  is  a  young  German 
farmer,wlio  married  CharlotteBufF(caned 
"  Lotte"  in  the  novel),  with  whom  Goethe 
was  in  love.  Goethe  represents  himself 
under  the  name  of  Werther  {q.  v.). 

Albert  of  Gei'erstein  {Count), 
brother  of  Arnold  Biederman,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  "  Secret  Tribunal."  He  some- 
times appears  as  a  "black  priest  of  St. 
Paul's,"  and  sometimes  as  the  "monk  of 
St.  Victoire." — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Albertaz'zo  married  Alda,  daughter 
of  Otho,  duke  of  Saxony.  His  sons 
were  Ugo  and  Fulco.  From  this  stem 
springs  the  Royal  Family  of  England. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Albia'zar,  an  Arab  chief,  who  joins 
the  Egyptian  armament  against  the  cru- 
saders. 

A  chief  in  rapine,  not  In  knighthood  bred. 

Tasio,  Jerusalem  Delieered,  xvii.  (1575). 

Albin,  the  primitive  name  of  the 
northern  part  of  Scotland,  called  by  the 
Romans  "  Caledo'nia."  This  was  the  part 
inhabited  by  the  Picts.  The  Scots  mi- 
grated from  Scotia  {north  of  Ireland), 
and  obtained  mastery  under  Kenneth 
Macalpin,  in  843. 

Green  Albin,  what  though  he  no  more  survey 
Thy  ships  at  anchor  on  the  quiet  shore. 
Thy  pellochs  [porpoises]  rolling  from  the  mountain  bajr. 
Thy  lone  sepulchral  cairn  upon  the  moor. 
And  distant  isles  that  hear  the  loud  Corbrechtan  roar. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyorning,  i.  5  (1809). 

AlTbion.  In  legendary  history  this 
word  is  variously  accounted  for.  One 
derivation  is  from  Albion,  a  giant,  son  of 
Neptune,  its  first  discoverer,  who  ruled 
over  the  island  for  forty-four  years. 

Another  derivation  is  Al'bia,  eldest 
of  the  fifty  daughters  of  Diocle'sian  king 
of  Syria.  These  fifty  ladies  all  married 
on  the  same  day,  and  all  murdered  their 
husbands  on  the  wedding  night.     By  way 


ALBORAK. 


17 


ALCHEMIST. 


of  punishment,  they  were  cast  adrift  in  a 
ship,  unmanned,  but  the  wind  drove  the 
vessel  to  our  coast,  where  these  Syrian 
damsels  disembarked.  Here  they  lived 
the  rest  of  their  lives,  and  married  with 
the  aborigines,  "a  lawless  crew  of  devils." 
Milton  mentions  this  legend,  and  naively 
adds,  "  itis  too  absurd  and  unconscionably 
gross  to  be  believed."  Its  resemblance  to 
the  fifty  daughters  of  Dan'aos  is  palpable. 

Drayton,  in  his  Pohjolbion,  says  that 
Albion  camo  from  Rome,  was  "the  first 
martyr  of  the  land,"  and  dying  for  the 
faith's  sake,  left  his  name  to  the  country, 
where  Offa  subsequently  reared  to  him 
"a  rich  and  sumptuous  shrine,  with  a 
monastery  attached." — Song  xvi. 

Albion,  king  of  Briton,  when  O'beron 
held  his  court  in  what  is  now  called  "Ken- 
sington Gardene."  T.  Tickellhas  a  poem 
upon  this  subject. 

Albion  wars  tvith  Jove's  Son.  Albion, 
son  of  Neptune,  wars  with  Her'cules,  son 
of  Jove.  Neptune,  dissatisfied  with  the 
share  of  his  father's  kingdom,  awarded  to 
him  by  Jupiter,  aspired  to  dethrone  his 
brother,  but  Hercules  took  his  father's 
part,  and  Albion  was  discomfited. 

Since  Albion  wielded  arms  against  the  son  of  Jove. 
M.  Di-ayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Albo'rak,  the  animal  brought  by 
Gabriel  to  convey  Mahomet  to  the  seventh 
heaven.  It  had  the  face  of  a  man,  the 
cheeks  of  a  horse,  the  wings  of  an  eagle, 
and  spoke  with  a  human  voice. 

Albrac'ca,  a  castle  of  Cathay  (China), 
to  which  Angel'ica  retires  in  grief  when 
she  finds  her  love  for  Rinaldo  is  not  re- 
ciprocated. Here  she  is  besieged  by 
Ag'ricane  king  of  Tartary,  who  is  re- 
solved to  win  her. — Bojardo,  Orlando 
Innamorato  (1495). 

Albracca's  Damsel,  Angel'ica.  (See 
above.) — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1616). 

Alburaa'zar,  Arabian  astronomer 
(776-885). 

Chaunteclere,  our  cocke,  must  tell  what  is  o'clocke. 
By  the  astrologye  that  he  hath  naturally 
Conceyiied  and  caught ;  for  he  was  never  taught 
By  Albuma2.ar,  the  astronomer. 
Nor  by  Ptholomy,  prince  of  astronomy. 

J.  Skelton,  Philip  Sparow  (tline,  Henry  VIII.). 

Alcai'ro,  the  modern  name  of  Mem- 
phis (Egypt). 

Not  Babylon 
Nor  great  Aleairo  such  magnificence 
Equalled,  in  all  their  glories. 

MUton,  Paradise  Lost,  i.  717  (166«). 

Alceste  (3  syl.)  or  Alcestis,  wife  of 
Admetus.  On  his  wedding  day  Admetus 
neglected  to  offer  sacrifice  to  Diana,  but 


Apollo  induced  the  Fates  to  spare  his 
life,  if  he  could  find  a  voluntary  substi- 
tute. His  bride  offered  to  die  for  him, 
but  Hercules  brought  her  back  from  the 
world  of  shadoAVS. 

***  Euripides  has  a  Greek  tragedy  on 
the  subject  (Alcestis)  ;  Gluck  has  an  opera 
(Alceste)  libretto  by  Calzabigi  (1765)  ; 
Philippi  Quinault  produced  a  French 
tragedy  entitled  Alceste,  in  1674 ;  and 
Lagrange-Chancel  in  1694  produced  a 
French  tragedy  on  the  same  subject. 

Alceste'  (2  syl.),  the  hero  of  Molibre's 
comedy  Le  Misanthrope  (1666),  not  un- 
like Timon  of  Athens,  by  Shakespeare. 
Alceste  is  in  fact  a  pure  and  noble  mind 
soured  by  perfidy  and  disgusted  with 
society.  Courtesy  seems  to  him  the  vice 
of  fops,  and  the  usages  of  civilized  life  no 
better  than  hypocrisy.  Alceste  pays  his 
addresses  to  Celimfene,  a  coquette. 

Alceste  is  an  upright,  manly  character,  but  rude  and  im- 
patient, even  of  the  ordinary  civilities  of  life. — Sir  Walter 
Scott. 

Alces'tis  or  Alces'tea  (3  syl.), 
daughter  of  Pel'ias  and  wife  of  Adme'tus, 
who  gave  herself  up  to  death  to  save  the 
life  of  her  husband.  Hercules  fetched  her 
from  the  grave,  and  restored  her  to  her 
husband.  Her  story  is  told  by  Wm. 
Morris,  in  The  Earthly  Paradise  (June). 

***  Longfellow,  in  The  Golden  Legend, 
has  a  somewhat  similar  story  :  Henry  of 
Hohenock  was  like  to  die,  and  was  told 
he  would  recover  if  he  could  find  a 
maiden  willing  to  lay  down  her  life  for 
him.  Elsie,  the  daughter  of  Gottlieb 
(a  tenant  farmer  of  the  prince),  vowed 
to  do  so,  and  followed  the  prince  to 
Salerno,  to  surrender  herself  to  Lucifer ; 
but  the  prince  rescued  her,  and  made 
her  his  wife.  The  excitement  and  exer- 
cise cured  the  indolent  young  prince. 

Al'chemist  (The),  the  last  of  the 
three  great  comedies  of  Ben  Jonson  (1610). 
The  other  two  are  Vol' pone  (2  syl.), 
(1605),  and  The  Silent  Woman  (1609). 
The  object  of  The  Alchemist  is  to  ridicule 
the  belief  in  the  philosopher's  stone 
and  the  elixir  of  life.  The  alchemist 
is  "Subtle,"  a  mere  quack;  and  "sir 
Epicure  Mammon  "  is  the  chief  dupe,  who 
supplies  money,  etc.,  for  the  "transmu- 
tation of  metal."  "Abel  Drugger  "  a 
tobacconist,  and  "  Dapper "  a  lawyer's 
clerk,  are  two  other  dupes.  "Captain 
Face,"  alias  "Jeremy,"  the  house-servant 
of  "  Lovewit,"  and  "  Dol  Common"  are 
his  allies.  The  whole  thing  is  blown  up 
by  the  unexpected  return  of  "  Lovewit." 


ALCIBIADES. 


18 


ALDABELLA. 


Alcibi'gides  (5  syL),  the  Athenian 
general.  Being  banished  by  the  senate,  he 
marches  against  the  city,  and  the  senate, 
being  unable  to  offer  resistance,  open 
the  gates  to  hina  (r.c.  450-^04).  This 
incident  is  introduced  by  Shakespeare  in 
Timon  of  Athens. 

Alci blades  has  furnished  Otway  with 
the  subject  of  an  English  tragedy  (1672), 
and  J.  G.  de  Canipistron  with  one  in 
French  (Alcibiade,  1683). 

Alcibi'ades'  Tables  represented  a 
god  or  goddess  outwardly,  and  a  Sile'nus, 
or  deformed  piper,  within.  Erasmus  has 
a  curious  dissertation  on  these  tables 
(Adage,  667,  edit.  R.  Stephens) ;  hence 
emblematic  of  falsehood  and  dissimula- 
tion. 

Whoso  wants  virtue  is  compared  to  these 
Fiilse  tables  wrouglit  by  Alcibiades  ; 
Which  noted  well  of  aJl  were  found  t'vc  Viin 
Most  fair  without,  but  most  deformed  within. 
Wm.  Browne,  Britannia't  J'astorals,  i.  (1613). 

Alci'des,  Hercules,  son  of  Alcteus; 
any  strong  and  valiant  hero.  The  drama 
called  Hercules  Furens  is  by  Eurip'ides. 
Seneca  has  a  tragedy  of  the  same  title. 

Tlie  Tuscan  poet  [A  rionto]  doth  .idvance 
The  frantic  paladin  of  France  [Orlando  Furioso]; 
And  those  more  ancient  do  enhance 
AlcidSs  in  his  fury. 

M.  Drayton,  NympMdia  (1563-1631). 
Where  is  the  great  Alcides  of  the  field. 
Valiant  lord  Talbot,  earl  of  Shrewsbury? 
Shakespeare,  1  Henry  VI.  act  iv.  sc.  7  (1589). 

Alci'na,  Carnal  Pleasure  personified. 
In  Bojardo's  Orlando  Innamorato  she 
is  a  fairy,  who  carries  off  Astolfo.  In 
Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso  she  is  a  kind 
of  Circe,  whose  garden  is  a  scene  of 
enchantment.  Alcina  enjoys  her  lovers 
for  a  season,  and  then  converts  them  into 
trees,  stones,  wild  beasts,  and  so  on,  as 
her  fancy  dictates. 

Al'ciph.roii  or  The  Minute  Philoso- 
pher, the  title  of  a  work  by  bishop 
Berkeley,  bo  called  from  the  name  of  the 
chief  speaker,  a  freethinker.  The  object 
of  this  work  is  to  expose  the  weakness  of 
infidelity. 

Al'ciphron,  "the  epicurean,"  the  hero 
of  T.  Moore's  romance  entitled  The 
Epicurean. 

XiVe  Alciphron,  we  swing  in  air  and  darkness,  and  know 
not  whither  the  wind  blows  us.— Putnam'*  Magazine. 

Alcme'na.  (in  Molibre,  Alcrnene),  the 
wife  of  Amphitryon,  general  of  the  The- 
ban  army.  While  her  husband  is  absent 
warring  against  the  Telebo'ans,  Jupiter 
assumes  the  form  of  Amphitrj'on ;  but 
Amphitryon  himself  returns  home  the 
next  day,  and  grsat  confusion  arises  be- 


tween the  false  and  tnie  Amphitryon, 
which  is  augmented  by  Mercury,  who 
personates  Sos'ia,  the  slave  of  Amphi- 
tryon. By  this  amour  of  Jupiter,  Alc- 
mena  becomes  the  mother  of  Her'cules. 
Plautus,  Moll  ere,  and  Drj^den  have  all 
taken  this  plot  for  a  comedy  entitled 
Amphitryon. 

Alcofri'bas,  the  name  by  which 
Rabelais  was  called,  after  he  came  out  of 
the  prince's  mouth,  where  he  resided  for 
six  months,  taking  toll  of  every  morsel  of 
food  that  the  prince  ate.  Pantag'ruel 
gave  "  the  merry  fellow  the  lairdship  of 
Salmigondin." — Rabelais,  Fantagruel,  ii. 
32  (1633). 

Arcolomb,  "  subduer  of  hearts," 
daughter  of  Abou  Aibouof  Damascus,  and 
sister  of  Ganem.  The  caliph  Haroun-al- 
Raschid,  in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  commanded 
Ganem  to  be  put  to  death,  and  his  mother 
and  sister  to  do  penance  for  three  days  in 
Damascus,  and  then  to  be  banished  from 
Syria.  The  two  ladies  came  to  Bagdad, 
and  were  taken  in  by  the  charitable  syn- 
dec  of  the  jewellers.  AVhen  the  jealous 
fit  of  the  caliph  was  over  he  sent  for  the 
two  exiles.  Alcolomb  he  made  his  wife, 
and  her  mother  he  married  to  his  vizier. 
— Arabian  Nights  ("  Ganem,  the  Slave  of 
Love  "). 

Alcy'on,  "the  wofullestman  alive," 
but  once  "  the  jolly  shepherd  swain  that 
wont  full  merrily  to  pipe  and  dance,"  near 
where  the  Severn  flows.  One  day  he  saw 
a  lion's  cub,  and  brought  it  up  till  it  fol- 
lowed him  about  like  a  dog ;  but  a  cruel  satyr 
shot  it  in  mere  wantonness.  By  the  lion's 
cub  he  means  Daphne,  who  died  in  her 
prime,  and  the  cruel  satyr  is  death.  He 
said  he  hated  everything — the  heaven,  the 
earth,  fire,  air,  and  sea,  the  day,  the  night ; 
he  hated  to  speak,  to  hear,  to  taste  food,  to 
see  objects,  to  smell,  to  feel ;  he  hated 
man  and  woman  too,  for  his  Daphne  lived 
no  longer.  What  became  of  this  doleful 
shepherd  the  poet  could  never  ween. 
Alcyon  is  sir  Arthur  Gorges. — Spenser, 
Daphaida  (in  seven  fyttes,  1590). 

And  there  is  that  Alcyon  t>ent  to  mourn. 
Though  fit  to  frame  an  everlasting  ditty, 

Whose  gentle  sprite  for  Daphne's  death  doth  turn 
Sweet  Lays  of  love  to  endless  plaints  of  pity, 
Spenser,  Colin  Clout's  Come  JJome  Again  (1591). 

Alcy'one  or  Halcyone  (4  sy/.), 
daughter  of  i5']f)lus,  who,  on  hearing  of 
her  husband's  death  by  shipwreck,  threw 
herself  into  the  sea,  and  was  changed  to  a 
kingfisher.     (See  Halcyox  Days.) 

Aldabel'la,  wife  of  Orlando,  sister  of 


ALDABELLA. 


19 


ALESSIO. 


Oliver,  and  daughter  of  Monodan'tes. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso,  etc.  (1516). 

Aldabella,  a  marchioness  of  Florence, 
very  beautiful  and  fascinating,  but  arro- 
gant and  heartless.  She  used  to  give 
entertainments  to  the  magnates  of  Flo- 
rence, and  Fazio  was  one  who  spent 
most  of  his  time  in  her  society.  Bian'ca 
his  wife,  being  jealous  of  the  marchioness, 
accused  him  to  the  duke  of  being  privy 
to  the  death  of  Bartoldo,  and  for  this 
offence  Fazio  was  executed.  Bianca  died 
broken-hearted,  and  Aldabella  was  con- 
demned to  spend  the  rest  of  her  life  in  a 
nunnery. — DeanMilman,  Fazio  (a  tragedy, 
1815). 

Alden  (John),  one  of  the  sons  of  the 
Pilgrim  fathers,  in  love  with  Priscilla,  the 
beautiful  puritan.  Miles  Standish,  a  bluff 
old  soldier,  wishing  to  marry  Priscilla, 
asked  John  Alden  to  go  and  plead  for 
him  ;  but  the  maiden  answered  archly, 
"Why  don't  you  speak  for  yourself, 
John  "  Soon  after  this,  Standish  being 
reported  killed  by  a  poisoned  arrow,  John 
spoke  for  himself,  and  the  maiden  con- 
sented. Standish,  however,  was  not  killed, 
but  only  wounded  ;  he  made  his  reappear- 
ance at  the  wedding,  where,  seeing  how 
matters  stood,  he  accepted  the  situation 
with  the  good-natured  remark  : 
If  you  would  be  served  you  must  serve  yourself;  and 

moreover 
No  man  can  gather  cherries  in  Kent  at  the  season  of 
Christmas. 

Longfellow,  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  ix. 

Aldiborontephoscophornio  [Al'- 
dibo-ron'te-fos'co-for'nio],  a  character  in 
Chrononkotonthologos,  by  11.  Carey. 

(Sir  Walter  Scott  used  to  call  James  Bal- 
lantyne,  the  printer,  this  nickname,  from 
his  pomposity  and  formality  of  speech.) 

Al'diger,  son  of  BuoVo,  of  the  house 
of  Olarmont,  brother  of  Malagi'gi  and 
Vivian. — ^Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Al'dine  (2  sy^.),  leader  of  the  second 
squadron  of  Arabs  which  joined  the 
Egyptian  armament  against  the  crusaders. 
Tasso  says  of  the  Arabs,  "Their  accents 
were  female  and  their  stature  diminu- 
tive "  (xvii.). — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered 
(1675). 

Al'din^ar  {Sir),  steward  of  queen 
Eleanor,  wife  of  Henry  II.  He  impeached 
the  queen's  fidelity,  and  agreed  to  prove 
his  charge  by  single  combat ;  but  an 
angel  (in  the  shape  of  a  little  child) 
established  the  queen's  innocence.  This 
is  probably  a  blundering  version  of  the 


story    of    Gunhilda    and    the    emperov 
Henry. — Percy,  Eeliques,  ii.  9. 

Aldo,  a  Caledonian,  was  not  invited  by 
Fingal  to  his  banquet  on  his  return  to 
Morven,  after  the  overthrow  of  Swaran, 
To  resent  this  affront,  he  went  over  to 
Fingal's  avowed  enemy,  Erragon  king  of 
Sora  (in  Scandinavia),  and  here  Lorna,  the 
king's  wife,  fell  in  love  with  him.  The 
guilty  pair  fled  to  Morven,  which  Erragon 
immediately  invaded.  Aldo  fell  in  single 
combat  with  Erragon,  Lorna  died  of 
grief,  and  Erragon  was  slain  in  battle  by 
Gaul,  son  of  Morni. — Ossian  ("The  Battle 
of  Lora  "). 

Aldrovand  {Father),  chaplain  of  sir 
Raymond  Berenger,  the  old  Norman 
warrior.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  II.). 

Aldrick  the  Jesuit,  confessor  of 
Charlotte  countess  of  Derby. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Feveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

Aldus,  father  of  Al'adine  (3  syl.),  the 
"  lusty  knight." — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
vi.  3  (1596). 

Alea,  a  warrior  who  invented  dice  at 
the  siege  of  Troy ;  at  least  so  Isidore  of 
Seville  says.  Suidas  ascribes  the  inven- 
tion to  Palamedes. 

Alea  est  ludus  tabulae  inventa  a  GraDcis,  in  otio  Trojan! 
belli,  a  quodam  niilite,  nomine  Alea,  a  quo  ct  ars  nonien 
accepit. — Isidorus,  Orig.  xviii.  57. 

Alector'ia,  a  stone  extracted  from  a 
cajion.  It  is  said  to  render  the  wearer 
invisible,  to  allay  thirst,  to  antidote 
enchantment,  and  ensure  love. — Mirror  of 

Stones. 

Alee'tryon,  a  youth  set  by  Mars  to 
guard  against  surprises,  but  he  fell  asleep, 
and  Apollo  thus  surprised  Mars  and 
Venus  in  each  others'  embrace.  Mars  in 
anger  changed  the  boy  into  a  cock. 

And  from  out  the  neighbouring  farmyard 
Loud  the  coclcAJectryon  crowed. 

Longfellow,  Pegasus  in  Pound. 

A'leph,  the  nom  de  plume  of  the  Rev. 
William  Harvey,  of  Belfast  (1808-        ). 

Ale'ria.  one  of  the  Amazons,  and  the 
best  beloved  of  the  ten  wives  of  Guido  the 
Savage. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Alessio,  the  young  man  with  whom 
Lisa  was  living  in  concubinage,  when 
Elvi'no  promised  to  marry  her.  Elvino 
made  the  promise  out  of  pique,  because 
he  thought  Ami'na  was  not  faithful  to 
him,  but  when  he  discovered  his  error  he 
returned  to  his  first  love,  and  left  Lisa  to 


ALETHES. 


20 


ALFADER. 


marry  Alessio,  with  whom  she  had  been 
previously  cohabiting. — Bellini's  opera, 
La  Sonnanibula  (1831). 

Ale'thes  (3  syl.),  an  ambassador  from 
Egypt  to  king  Al'adine  (3  syl.)  ;  subtle, 
false,  deceitful,  and  full  of  wiles. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem  Delivered  (1675). 

Alexander  the  Great,  a  tragedy 
by  Nathaniel  Lee  (1678).  In  French  we 
have  a  novel  called  Roman  d' Alexandre, 
by  Lambert-H-cors  (twelfth  century),  and 
a  tragedy  by  Racine  (1G65). 

This  was  a  favourite  part  with  T.  Betterton  (\Si5- 
1710),  Win.  Mouiitford  (16C0-169-2).  H.  Norris  (1665- 
1734);  C.  Ilulet  (1701-1736),  and  Spranser  Barry  (1710- 
1777);  but  J.  W.  Croker  says  that  J.  P.  Keinble,  in 
"Hamlet,"  "Coriolanus."  "Alexander,"  and  "Cato," 
excelled  all  his  predecessors. — Boswell's  Johngon. 

Alexander  an  Athlete.  Alexander, 
being  asked  if  he  would  run  a  course 
at  the  Olympic  games,  replied,  "Yes,  if 
my  competitors  are  all  kings." 

The  Albanian  Alexander,  George 
Castriot  {Scanderheg  or  Iscander  beq, 
1404-1467). 

The  Persian  Alexander,  Sandjar  (1117- 
1168). 

Alexander  of  the  North,  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden  (1682-1718). 

Alexander  deformed. 

Amnion's  great  son  one  shoulder  had  too  high. 

Pope,  Prologue  to  the  Satires,  117, 

Alexander  and  Homer.  WTien  Alex- 
ander invaded  Asia  Minor,  he  offered  up 
sacrifice  to  Priam,  and  then  went  to  visit 
the  tomb  of  Achilles.  Here  he  exclaimed, 
*'  0  most  enviable  of  men,  who  had 
Homer  to  sing  thy  deeds  !  " 

Which  made  the  Eastern  conqueror  to  cry, 
"O  fortunate  young  man  !  whose  virtue  found 
So  brave  a  trump  thy  noble  deeds  to  sound." 

Spenser,  The  Ruins  of  Time  (1591). 

Alexander  and  Paivne'nio.  When 
Darius,  king  of  Persia,  offered  Alexander 
his  daughter  Stati'ra  in  marriage,  with  a 
dowrj^  of  10,000  talents  of  gold,  Parmenio 
said,  "  I  would  accept  the  offer,  if  I  were 
Alexander."  To  this  Alexander  rejoined, 
*'  So  would  I,  if  I  were  Parmenio." 

On  another  occasion  the  general  thought 
the  king  somewhat  too  lavish  in  his 
gifts,  whereupon  Alexander  made  answer, 
"  I  consider  not  what  Parmenio  ought  to 
receive,  but  what  Alexander  ought  to 
give." 

Alexander  and  Ferdiccas.  When  Alex- 
ander started  for  As'ia  he  divided  his 
possessions  among  his  friends.  Perdiccas 
asked  what  he  had  left  for  himself. 
"Hope,"  said  Alexander.  "If  hope  is 
enough    for    Alexander, "    replied    the 


friend,  "it  is  enough  for  Perdiccas  also  ;" 
and  declined  to  accept  anything. 

Alexander  and  Raphael.  Alexander 
encountered  Raphael  in  a  cave  in  the 
mountain  of  Kaf,  and  being  asked  what 
he  was  in  search  of,  replied,  "  The  water  of 
immortality."  "Whereupon  Raphael  gave 
him  a  stone,  and  told  him  when  he  found 
another  of  the  same  weight  he  would 
gain  his  wish.  "  And  how  long,"  said 
Alexander,  "have I  to  live ? "  The  angel 
replied,  "  Till  the  heaven  above  thee  and 
the  earth  beneath  thee  are  of  iron."  Alex  • 
ander  now  went  forth  and  found  a  stone 
almost  of  the  weight  required,  and  in  order 
to  complete  the  balance,  added  a  little 
earth  ;  falling  from  his  horse  at  Ghur  he 
was  laid  in  his  armour  on  the  ground,  and 
his  shield  was  set  up  over  him  to  ward  off 
the  sun.  Then  understood  he  that  he 
would  gain  immortality  when,  like  the 
stone,  he  was  buried  in  the  e^rth,  and  that 
his  hour  was  come,  for  the  earth  beneath 
him  was  iron,  and  his  iron  buckler  was 
his  vault  of  heaven  above.     So  he  died. 

Alexander  and  the  Robber,  When 
Dion'ides,  a  pirate,  was  brought  before 
Alexander,  he  exclaimed,  "Vile  brigand  ! 
how  dare  you  infest  the  seas  with  your 
misdeeds?"  "And  you,"  replied  the 
pirate,  "  by  what  right  do  you  ravage  the 
world?  Because  I  have  only  one  ship, 
I  am  called  a  brigand,  but  you  who  have 
a  whole  fleet  are  termed  a  conqueror." 
Alexander  admired  the  man's  boldness, 
and  commanded  him  to  be  set  at  liberty. 

Alexander's  Beard,  a  smooth  chin,  or 
a  very  small  beard.  It  is  said  that  Alex- 
ander the  Great  had  scarcely  any  beard 
at  all. 

Disgraced  yet  with  Alexander's  bearde. 

G.  Gascoigne,  The  Steele  Olas  (died  1577). 

Alexander's  Runner,  Ladas. 

Alexan'dra,  daughter  of  Oronthea, 
queen  of  the  Am'azons,  and  one  of  the 
ten  wives  of  Elba'nio.  It  is  from  this 
person  that  the  land  of  the  Amazons  was 
called  Alexandra. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Fu- 
rioso  (1516). 

Alexan'drite  (4  syl.),  a  species  of 
beryl  found  in  Siberia.  It  shows  the 
Russian  colours  (green  and  red),  and  is 
named  from  the  emperor  Alexander  of 
Russia. 

Alex'is,  the  wanton  shepherd  in  The 
Faithful  Shepherdess,  a  pastoral  drama  by 
John  Fletcher  (1610). 

Alfa'der,  the  father  of  all  the  Asen 
(deities)    of     Scandinavia,    creator    and 


ALFONSO. 


21 


ALICIA. 


governor  of  the  universe,  patron  of  arts 
and  magic,  etc. 

Alfonso,  father  of  Leono'ra  d'Este, 
and  duke  of  Ferrara.  Tasso  the  poet  fell 
in  love  with  Leonora.  The  duke  confined 
him  as  a  lunatic  for  seven  years  in  the 
asylum  of  Santa  Anna,  but  at  the  expira- 
tion of  that  period  he  was  released  through 
the  intercession  of  Vincenzo  Gonzago, 
duke  of  Mantua.  Byron  refers  to  this  in 
his  Childe  Harold,  iv.  86. 

Alfonso  XL  of  Castile,  whose  ''favour- 
ite" was  Leonora  de  Guzman. — Donizetti, 
La  Favor ita  (an  opera,  1842). 

Alfon'so  (Don),  of  Seville,  a  man  of  60 
and  husband  of  donna  Julia  (twenty-seven 
years  his  junior),  of  whom  he  was  jealous 
without  cause. — Byron,  L>on  Juan,  i. 

Alfon'so,  in  Walpole's  tale  called  The 
Castle  of  Otranto,  appears  as  an  appari- 
tion in  the  moonlight,  dilated  to  a  gigantic 
form  (1769). 

Alfred  as  a  Gleeman.  Alfred, 
wishing  to  know  the  strength  of  the 
Danish  camp,  assumed  the  disguise  of  a 
minstrel,  and  stayed  in  the  Danish  camp 
for  several  daj's,  amusing  the  soldiers 
with  his  harping  and  singing.  After  he 
had  made  himself  master  of  all  he  re- 
quired, he  returned  back  to  his  own  place. 
— William  of  Malmesbury  (twelfth  cen- 
tury). 

William  of  Malmesbury  tells  a  similar 
story  of  Anlaf,  a  Danish  king,  who,  he 
says,  just  before  the  battle  of  Brunan- 
burh,  in  Northumberland,  entered  the 
camp  of  king  Athelstan  as  a  gleeman, 
harp  in  hand;  and  so  pleased  was  the 
English  king  that  he  gave  him  gold. 
Anlaf  would  not  keep  the  gold,  but  buried 
it  in  the  earth. 

Algarsife  (3  syl.)  and  Cam'ballo,  sons 
of  Cambuscan'  king  of  Tartary,  and 
Elfgta  his  wife.  Algarsife  married 
Theodora. 

I  speak  of  Algarsife, 
How  that  he  won  Theodora  to  his  wife. 

Chaucer,  The  Squire')  Tale. 

_  Al'gebar'  {'Hhe  giant").  So  the  Ara- 
bians call  the  constellation  Orion. 

Begirt  with  many  a  blazing  star, 
Stood  the  great  giant  Algebar — 
Orion,  hunter  of  the  beast. 

Longfellow,  Tke  Occultation  of  Orion. 

Ali,  cousin  and  son-in-law  of  Ma- 
homet. The  beauty  of  his  eyes  is  pro- 
verbial in  Persia.  Ayn  Hali  ("eyes  of 
Ali")  is  the  highest  compliment  a  Persian 
can  pay  to  beauty. — Chardin. 


Ali  Baba,  a  poor  Persian  wood- 
carrier,  who  accidentally  learns  the  magic 
words,  "Open  Sesame!"  " Shut  Sesame  ! " 
by  which  he  gains  entrance  into  a  vast 
cavern,  the  repository  of  stolen  wealth 
and  the  lair  of  forty  thieves.  He  makes 
himself  rich  by  plundering  from  these 
stores  ;  and  by  the  shrewd  cunning  of 
Morgiana,  his  female  slave,  the  captain 
and  his  whole  band  of  thieves  are  extir- 
pated. In  reward  of  these  services,  Ali 
Baba  gives  Morgiana  her  freedom,  and 
marries  her  to  his  own  son. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Ali  Baba  or  the  Forty  Thieves  "). 

Alias.  "You  have  as  many  aliases 
as  Robin  of  Bagshot."  (See  Robin  ow 
Bagshot.) 

Al'ice  (2  syl.),  sister  of  Valentine,  m 
3fons.  Thomas,  a  comedy  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  (1619). 

Al'ice  (2  syl.),  foster-sister  of  Robert  le 
Diable,  and  bride  of  Rambaldo,  the  Nor- 
man troubadour,  in  Meyerbeer's  opera  of 
Roberto  il  Diavolo.  She  comes  to  Palermo 
to  place  in  the  duke's  hand  his  mother's 
"will,"  which  he  is  enjoined  not  to  read 
till  he  is  a  virtuous  man.  She  is  Robert's 
good  genius,  and  when  Bertram,  the 
liend,  claims  his  soul  as  the  price  of  his 
ill  deeds,  Alice,  by  reading  the  will,  re'- 
claims  him. 

Al'ice  (2  syl.),  the  serv-ant-girl  of  dame 
Whitecraft,  wife  of  the  innkeeper  at  Al- 
tringham. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Al'ice,  the  miller's  daughter,  a  story  of 
happy  first  love  told  in  later  years  by 
an  old  man  who  had  married  the  rustic 
beauty.  He  was  a  dreamy  lad  when  he 
first  loved  Alice,  and  the  passion  roused 
him  into  manhood.  (See  Rose.) — Tenny- 
son, The  Miller's  Datighter. 

Al'ice  {Tlie  Lady),  widow  of  Walter 
knight  of  Avenel  (2  sy/.).— Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Al'ice  [Gray],  called  "Old  Alice  Gray," 
a  quondam  tenant  of  the  lord  of  Ravens- 
wood.  Lucy  Ashton  visits  her  after  the 
funeral  of  the  old  lord.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time,  William 
IIL). 

Alichi'no,  a  devil  in  Dante's  Lnferno. 

Alicia  gave  her  heart  to  Mosby,  but 
married  Arden  for  his  position.  As  a 
wife,  she  played  falsely  with  her  hus- 
band, and  even  joined  Mosby  in  a  plot  to 
murder  him.     Vacillating  between  love 


ALICIA. 


22 


ALKEN. 


for  Mosby  and  respect  for  Arden,  she 
repents,  and  goes  on  sinning ;  wishes  to 
get  disentangled,  but  is  overmastered  by 
Mosby's  stronger  will.  Alicia's  passions 
impel  her  to  evil,  but  her  judgment  ac- 
CTises  her  and  prompts  her  to  the  right 
course.  She  halts,  and  parleys  with  sin, 
like  Balaam,  and  of  course  is  lost. — Anon., 
Arden  of  Fever  sham  (1692). 

Alic'ia,  "a  laughing,  toying,  wheed- 
ling, whimpering  she,"  who  once  held 
lord  Hastings  under  her  distafF,  but  her 
annoying  jealousy,  "vexatious  days,  and 
jarring,  joyless  nights,"  drove  him  away 
from  her.  Being  jealous  of  Jane  Shore, 
she  accused  her  to  the  duke  of  Gloster  of 
alluring  lord  Hastings  from  his  allegiance, 
and  the  lord  protector  soon  trumped  up  a 
charge  against  both  ;  the  lord  chamberlain 
he  ordered  to  execution  for  treason,  and 
Jane  Shore  he  persecuted  for  witchcraft. 
Alicia  goes  raving  mad. — Rowe,  Jane 
Shore  (1713). 

The  king  of  Denmark  went  to  see  Mrs.  Bellamy  play 
"Alicia."  and  fell  into  a  sound  sleep.  The  angry  lady  had 
to  say,  "  0  thou  false  lord  1 "  and  she  drew  near  to  the 
slumbering  monarch,  and  shouted  the  words  into  tlie 
royal  box.  The  king  started,  rubbed  his  eyes,  and  re- 
marked that  he  would  not  have  such  a  woman  for  his 
wife,  though  she  had  no  end  of  kingdoms  for  a  dowry. — 
Cornhill  Magazine  (1863). 

Alic'ia  (The  lady),  daughter  of  lord 
Waldemar  Fitzarse. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivan- 
hoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Alick  [Poi.woRTii],  one  of  the  ser- 
vants of  Waverley.  —  Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Alifan'faron,  emperor  of  the  island 
Trap'oban,  a  Mahometan,  the  suitor  of 
Pentap'olin's  daughter,  a  Christian.  Pen- 
tapolin  refused  to  sanction  this  alliance, 
and  the  emperor  raised  a  vast  army  to 
enforce  his  suit.  This  is  don  Quixote's 
solution  of  two  flocks  of  sheep  coming  in 
opposite  directions,  which  he  told  Sancho 
were  the  armies  of  Alifanfaron  and  Pen- 
tapolin. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote^  I.  iii.  4 
(1605). 

Ajax  the  Greater  had  a  similar  encoun- 
ter.    (See  Ajax.) 

Alin'da,  daughter  of  Alphonso,  an 
irascible  old  lord  of  Sego'via. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim  (1621). 

(Alinda  is  the  name  assumed  by  young 
Archas  when  he  dresses  in  woman's  attire. 
This  young  man  is  the  son  of  general 
Archas,  "  the  loyal  subject"  of  the  great 
duke  of  Moscovia,  in  a  drama  by  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  called  The  Loyal  Sub- 
ject, 1618.) 


Aliprando,  a  Christian  knight,  who 
discovered  the  armour  of  Rinaldo,  and 
took  it  to  Godfrey.  Both  inferred  that 
Rinaldo  had  been  slain,  but  were  mis- 
taken.— Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Al'iris,  sultan  of  Lower  Buchar'ia, 
who,  under  the  assumed  name  of  Fer'- 
amorz,  accompanies  Lalla  Rookh  from 
Delhi,  on  her  way  to  be  married  to  the 
sultan.  He  wins  her  love,  and  amuses 
the  tedium  of  the  journey  by  telling  her 
tales.  When  introduced  to  the  sultan, 
her  joy  is  unbounded  on  discovering  that 
Feramorz  the  poet,  who  has  won  her 
heart,  is  the  sultan  to  whom  she  is  be- 
trothed.— T.  Moore,  Lalla  Rookh. 

Alisaunder  {Sir),  sumamed  Lou- 
FELIX,  son  of  the  good  prince  Boudwine 
and  his  wife  An 'glides  (3  syl.).  Sir 
Mark,  king  of  Cornwall,  murdered  sir 
Boudwine,  who  was  his  brother,  while 
Alisaunder  was  a  mere  child.  When 
Alisaunder  was  knighted,  his  mother  gave 
him  his  father's  doublet,  "bebled  with  old 
blood,"  and  charged  him  to  revenge  his 
father's  death.  Alisaunder  married  Alis 
la  Beale  Pilgrim,  and  had  one  son  called 
Bellen'gerus  le  Beuse.  Instead  of  ful- 
filling his  mother's  charge,  he  was  him- 
self "falsely  and  feloniously  slain"  by 
king  Mark. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
King  Arthur,  ii.  119-125  (1470). 

Al'ison,  the  young  wife  of  John,  a 
rich  old  miserly  carpenter.  Absolon,  a 
priggish  parish  clerk,  paid  her  attention, 
but  she  herself  loved  a  poor  scholar  named 
Nicholas,  lodging  in  her  husband's  house. 
Fair  she  was,  and  her  body  lithe  as  a 
weasel.  She  had  a  roguish  eye,  small 
eyebrows,  was  "long  as  a  mast  and  up- 
right as  a  bolt,"  more  "  pleasant  to  look 
on  than  a  flowering  pear  tree,"  and  her 
skin  "was  softer  than  the  wool  of  a 
wether." — Chaucer,  "The  Miller's  Tale" 
[Canterbury  Tales,  1388). 

Al'ison,  in  sir  W.  Scott's  Kenilworth,  is 
an  old  domestic  in  the  service  of  the  earl 
of  Leicester  at  Cumnor  Place. 

Al  Kadr  {The  Night  of).  The  97th 
chapter  of  the  Koran  is  so  entitled.  It 
was  the  night  on  which  Mahomet  received 
from  (jabriel  his  first  revelation,  and  was 
probably  the  24th  of  Ramadan. 

Verily  we  sent  down  the  Kor^n  in  the  night  of  Al  Kadr. 
— A I  Kordn,  xcvii. 

AlTsen,  an  old  shepherd,  who  instnicts 
Robin  Hood's  men  how  to  find  a  witch, 


ALKOREMMI. 


23 


ALL-FAIR. 


and  how  she  is  to  be  hnuted. — Ben  Jon- 
Bon,  The  Sad  Shepherd  (1637). 

Alkoremmi,  the  palace  built  by  the 
Motassem  on  the  hill  of  "  Pied  Horses." 
His  son  Vathek  added  five  wings  to  it, 
one  for  the  gratification  of  each  of  the 
five  senses. 

L  The  Eternat^  Banquet,  in  which 
were  tables  covered  both  night  and  day 
with  the  most  tempting  foods. 

n.  The  Nectau  of  the  Soul,  filled 
with  the  best  of  poets  and  musicians. 

IIL  The  Delight  of  the  Eyes,  filled 
with  the  most  enchanting  objects  the  eye 
could  look  on. 

IV.  The  Palace  of  Perfumes,  which 
was  always  pervaded  with  the  sweetest 
odours. 

v.  The  Retreat  of  Joy,  filled  with 
the  loveliest  and  most  seductive  houris. — 
W.  Beckford,  Vathek  (1784). 

All's  Well  that  Ends  Well,  a 

comedy  by  Shakespeare  (1598).  The 
hero  and  heroine  are  Bertram  count  of 
Rousillon,  and  Ilel'cna  a  physician's 
daughter,  who  are  married  by  the  com- 
mand of  the  king  of  France,  but  part 
because  Bertram  thought  the  lady  not 
sufficiently  well-born  for  him.  Ulti- 
mately, however,  all  ends  well.  (See 
Helena.) 

The  story  of  this  play  is  from  Painter's 
Gil  let  ta  of  Narhon. 

All  the  Talents  Administration, 
formed  by  lord  Greville,  in  1806,  on  the 
death  of  William  Pitt.  The  members 
were  lord  Greville,  the  earl  Fitzwilliam, 
viscount  Sidniouth,  Charles  James  Fox, 
earl  Spencer,  William  Windham,  lord 
Erskine,  sir  Charles  Grey,  lord  Minto, 
lord  Auckland,  lord  Moira,  Sheridan, 
Richard  Fitzpatrick,  and  lord  Ellen- 
borough.     It  was  dissolved  in  1807. 

On  "  all  the  talents  "  vent  your  venal  spleen. 
Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  lieviewert. 

Allan,  lord  of  Ravenswood,  a  decayed 
Scotch  nobleman. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time,  William 
IIL). 

Avian  (Mrs.),  colonel  Mannering's 
housekeeper  at  Woodburne. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Al'lan  [Breck  Cameron],  the  ser- 
geant sent  to  arrest  Hainish  Bean 
ilcTavish,  by  whom  he  is  shot. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Highland  Widow  (time,  George 

n.). 

AllaxL-a-Dale,  one  of  Robiu  Hood's 


men,   introduced    by    sir    W.    Scott    in 
Ivanhoe.     (See  Allin-a-Dale.) 

Allegory  for  Alligator,  a  mala- 
propism. 

She's  as  headstrong  as  an  allegory  on  the  banks  of  the 
NUe. 

Sheridan,  The  lilvalt,  ill.  2  (1776). 

Alle'gre  (3  syl.),  the  faithful  servant 
of  Philip  Chabot.  When  Chabot  was 
accused  of  treason,  Allegre  was  put  to  the 
rack  to  make  him  confess  something  to 
his  master's  damage,  but  the  brave  fellow 
was  true  as  steel,  and  it  was  afterwards 
shown  that  the  accusation  had  no  foun- 
dation but  jealousy. — G.  Chapman  and 
J.  Shirley,  The  Tragedy  of  Thilip  Chabot, 

Allelu'jah,  wood-sorrel,  so  called  by 
a  corruption  of  its  name,  Juliola,  where- 
by it  is  knowTi  in  the  south  of  Italy. 
Its  official  name,  Luzula,  is  another  shade 
of  the  same  word. 

AUemayne  (2  syL),  Germany,  from 
the  French  Allemagne.  Also  written 
Allemain. 

Tliy  faithful  bosom  swooned  with  pain, 
O  loveliest  maiden  of  Alle'mayne. 

Campbell,  The  Brave  Roland. 

Allen  {Ralph),  the  friend  of  Pope, 
and  benefactor  of  Fielding. 

Let  humble  Allen,  with  an  awkward  shame, 
Do  good  by  stealth,  and  blush  to  find  it  fame. 

Pope. 

Allen  (Lonrj),  a  soldier  in  the  "  guards  " 
of  king  Richard  I.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
'Talisman. 

Allen  {Major),  an  officer  in  the  duke  of 
Monmouth's  army. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Alley  (Tlie),  i.e.  the  Stock  Ex- 
change Alley  (London). 

John  Kive,  after  many  active  years  in  tlie  Alley,  retired 
to  the  Continent ;  and  died  at  the  age  of  118. — Old  and 
Jfew  London, 

All-Fair,  a  princess,  who  was  saved 
from  the  two  lions  (which  guarded  the 
Desert  Fairy)  by  the  Yellow  Dwarf,  on 
condition  that  she  would  become  hi3 
wife.  On  her  return  home  she  hoped  to 
evade  this  promise  by  marrying  the  brave 
king  of  the  Gold  Mines,  but  on  the  wed- 
ding day  Yellow  Dwarf  carried  -her 
off:  on  a  Spanish  cat,  and  confined  her  in 
Steel  Castle.  Here  Gold  Mine  came  to 
her  rescue  with  a  magic  sword,  but  in  his 
joy  at  finding  her,  he  dropped  his  sword, 
and  was  stabbed  to  the  heart  with  it 
by  Yellow  Dwarf.  All-Fair,  falling  on 
the  body  of  her  lover,  died  of  a  broken 


ALLIN-A-DALE. 


24 


ALMEYDA. 


heart.  The  syren  changed  the  dead 
lovers  into  two  palm  trees. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("The  Yellow 
Dwarf,"  1682). 

Allin-a-Dale  or  Allen-a-Dale,  of 

Nottinghamshire,  was  to  be  married  to  a 
lady  who  returned  his  love,  but  her 
parents  compelled  her  to  forego  young 
Allin  for  an  old  knight  of  wealth.  Allin 
toid  his  tale  to  Robin  Hood,  and  the  bold 
forester,  in  the  disguise  of  a  harper,  went 
to  the  church  where  the  wedding  cere- 
mony was  to  take  place.  When  the 
wedding  party  stepped  in,  Robin  Hood 
exclaimed,  "This  is  no  fit  match;  the 
bride  shall  be  married  only  to  the  man  of 
her  choice."  Then  sounding  his  horn 
Allin-a-Dale  with  four  and  tAventy  bow- 
men entered  the  church.  The  bishop 
refused  to  marry  the  woman  to  Allin  till 
the  banns  had  been  asked  three  times, 
whereupon  Robin  pulled  off  the  bishop's 
gown,  and  invested  Little  John  in  it,  who 
asked  the  banns  seven  times,  and  per- 
formed the  ceremony. — Robin  Hood  and 
Allin-a-Dale  (a  ballad). 

AUnut  {Noll),  landlord  of  the  Swan, 
Lambythe  Ferry  (1625). 

Grace  AUnut,  his  wife. 

Oliver  AUnut,  the  landlord's  son. — 
Sterling,  John  Felton  (1862). 

AUworth  {Lady),  stepmother  to 
Tom  Allworth.  Sir  Giles  Overreach 
thought  she  would  marry  his  nephew 
Wellborn,  but  she  married  lord  Lovel. 

Tom  Allworth,  stepson  of  lady  All- 
worth,  in  love  with  Margaret  Overreach, 
whom  he  marries. — Massinger,  A  New 
Way  to  pay  Old  Debts  (1625). 

The  first  api)earance  of  Thomas  King  was  "Allworth," 
on  the  lyth  October,  1748.— Boaden. 

All'^worthy,  in  Fielding's  Tom 
Jones,  a  man  of  sturdy  rectitude,  large 
charity,  infinite  modesty,  independent 
spirit,  and  untiring  philanthropy,  with 
an  utter  disregard  of  money  or  fame. 
Fielding's  friend,  Ralph  Allen,  was  the 
academy  figure  of  this  character. 

Alma  {the  human  soid),  queen  of 
"Body  Castle,"  which  for  seven  years 
was  beset  by  a  rabble  rout.  Spenser 
says,  "  The  divine  part  of  man  is 
circular,  and  the  mortal  part  triangidar." 
Arthur  and  sir  Guyon  were  conducted  by 
Alma  over  "  Body  Castle." — Spenser, 
Faiiry  Queen,  ii.  9  (1590). 

Alinain,  Germany,  in  French  AUe- 
niagne. 


Almansor  ("Me  invincible"),  a  title 
assumed  by  several  Mussulman  princes,  as 
by  the  second  caliph  of  the  Abbasside 
dynasty,  named  Abou  Giafar  Abdallah 
{the  invincible,  or  al  mansor).  Also  by  the 
famous  captain  of  the  Moors  in  Spain, 
named  Mohammed.  In  Africa,  Yacoub- 
al-Modjahed  was  entitled  "a/  mansor,''^  a 
royal  name  of  dignity  given  to  the  kings 
of  Fez,  Morocco,  and  Algiers. 

Tlie  kingdoms  of  Almansor,  Fez,  and  Sus, 
Marocco  and  Algiers. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  x\.  403  (1065). 

Almanzor,  the  caliph,  wishing  to 
found  a  city  in  a  certain  spot,  was  told  by 
a  hermit  named  Bagdad  that  a  man 
called  Moclas  was  destined  to  be  its 
founder.  "  I  am  that  man,"  said  the 
caliph,  and  he  then  told  the  hermit  how  in 
his  boyhood  he  once  stole  a  bracelet  and 
pawned  it,  whereupon  his  nurse  ever  after 
called  him  "  Moclas  "  {thief).  Almanzor 
founded  the  city,  and  called  it  Bagdad, 
the  name  of  the  hermit. — Marigny. 

Alman'zor,  in  Dryden's  tragedy  of  The 
Conquest  of  Grana'da. 

Alman'zor,  lackey  of  Madelon  and  her 
cousin  Cathos,  the  affected  fine  ladies  in 
Molibre's  comedy  of  Zes  Pre'cieuses 
Ridicules  (1659). 

Almavi'va  {Count  and  countess). 
The  count  is  a  libertine  ;  the  countess  is 
his  wife.— T.  Holcroft,  The  Follies  of  a 
Day  (1745-1809). 

Alme'ria,  daughter  of  Manuel  king 
of  Grana'da.  While  captive  of  Valentia, 
prince  Alplionso  fell  in  love  with  her,  and 
being  compelled  to  flight,  married  her ; 
but  on  the  very  day  of  espousal  the  ship 
in  which  they  were  sailing  "was  wrecked, 
and  each  thought  the  other  had  perished. 
Both,  however,  were  saved,  and  met 
unexpectedly  on  the  coast  of  Gra- 
nada, to  which  Alphonso  was  brought 
as  a  captive.  Here  Alphonso,  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Osmyn,  was  imprisoned, 
but  made  his  escape,  and  at  the  head 
of  an  army  invaded  Granada,  found 
Manuel  dead,  and  "the  mournful  bride" 
became  converted  into  the  joyful  wife. — 
W.  Congreve,  The  Mourning  Bride  (1697). 

Almes'bury  (3  syl.).  It  was  in  a 
sanctuary  of  Almesbury  that  queen 
Guenever  took  refuge,  after  her  adul- 
terous passion  for  sir  Lancelot  was  made 
known  to  the  king.  Here  she  died,  but 
her  body  was  buried  at  Glastonbury. 

Almey'da,  the  Portuguese  governor 


ALMIRODS. 


25 


ALP. 


of  India.  In  his  engagement  with  the 
united  fleets  of  Cambaya  and  Egypt,  he 
had  his  legs  and  thighs  shattered  by  chain- 
shot,  but  instead  of  retreating  to  the 
back,  he  had  himself  bound  to  the  ship- 
mast,  where  he  "waved  his  sword  to 
cheer  on  the  combatants,"  till  he  died 
from  loss  of  blood. 

Similar  stories  are  told  of  admiral 
Benbow,  Cynwgeros  brother  of  the  poet 
^schylos,  Jaafer  who  carried  the  sacred 
banner  of  "the  prophet"  in  the  battle 
of  Muta,  and  of  some  others. 

Whirled  by  the  cannons'  rage,  in  shivers  torn, 
His  thighs  far  scattered  o'er  the  waves  are  borne  ; 
Bound  to  the  mast  the  godlike  hero  stands, 
Waves  his  proud  sword  and  cheers  his  woeful  bands : 
Tho'  winds  and  seas  their  wonted  aid  deny. 
To  yield  he  knows  not ;  but  he  knows  to  die. 

Camoens,  Lusiad,  x.  (1569). 

Almirods  {The)^  a  rebellious  people, 
who  refused  to  submit  to  prince  Pan- 
tag'ruel  after  his  subjugation  of  Anar- 
chus  king  of  the  Dipsodes  (2  syl.).  It 
was  while  Pantagruel  was  marching 
against  these  rebels  that  a  tremendous 
shower  of  rain  fell,  and  the  prince,  putting 
out  his  tongue  "  half-way,"  sheltered  his 
whole  army. — Rabelais,  Pantagruel,  ii.  32 
(1533). 

Alnas'char,  the  dreamer,  the  "bar- 
ber's fifth  brother."  He  invested  all  his 
money  in  a  basket  of  glassware,  on  which 
he  was  to  gain  so  much,  and  then  to  in- 
vest again  and  again,  till  he  grew  so  rich 
that  he  would  marry  the  vizier's  daughter 
and  live  in  grandeur ;  but  being  angry 
with  his  supposed  wife,  he  gave  a  kick 
with  his  foot  and  smashed  all  the  ware 
which  had  given  birth  to  his  dream  of 
wealth. — T^  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments. 

Echep'ron's  fable  of  The  Shoemaker  and 
a  Ifa'poth  of  Milk,  in  Rabelais ;  The 
Milkmaid  and  her  Pail  of  Milk,  Dodsley  ; 
and  Perrette  et  le  Pot  au  Lait,  by  La 
Eontaine,  are  similar  fables.  La  Fon- 
taine's fable  is  a  poetical  version  of  one 
of  iEsop's. 

I'he  Alnaschar  of  Modern  Literature, 
S.  T,  Coleridge,  so  called  because  he  was 
constantly  planning  magnificent  literary 
enterprises  which  he  never  carried  out 
(1772-1884). 

Alnec'ma  or  Alnecmacht,  ancient 
name  of  Connaught. 

In  Alnecnia  was  the  warrior  honoured,  the  first  of  the 
race  of  Bolga  [the  Belgce  of  Sout/t  Ireland]. — Otsian 
(•'  Temora,"  ii.). 

Aloa'din  (4  syl.), -a  sorcerer,  who  made 
for  himself  a  palace  and  garden  in  Arabia 
called  "The  Earthly  Paradise."  Thalaba 
2 


slew  him  with  a  club,  and  the  scene  of  en- 
chantment disappeared. — Southey,  Tha- 
laba the  Destroyer,  vii.  (1797). 

A.  Ii.  O.E.  (that  is,  A  L[ady]  0[f] 
E[ngland]),  Miss  Charlotte  Tucker,  from 
1854. 

Alon'so,  king  of  Naples,  father  of 
Ferdinand  and  brother  of  Sebastian,  in 
The  Tempest,  by  Shakespeare  (1609). 

Alonzo  the  brave,  the  name  of  a  ballad 
by  M.  G.  Lewis.  The  fair  Imogine  was 
betrothed  to  Alonzo,  but  during  his  ab- 
sence in  the  wars  became  the  bride  of 
another.  At  the  wedding-feast  Alonzo's 
ghost  sat  beside  the  bride,  and,  after  re- 
buking her  for  her  infidelity,  carried  her 
off  to  the  grave. 

Alonzo  the  brave  was  the  name  of  the  knight ; 
The  maid  was  the  fair  Imogine. 

M.  G.  I-ewis. 

Alon'zo,  a  Portuguese  gentleman,  the 
sworn  enemj'  of  the  vainglorious  Duarte 
(3  syl.),  in  the  drama  called  l^ie  Custom 
of  the  Country,  by  Beaumont  and  Flet- 
cher (1647). 

Alonzo,  the  husband  of  Cora.  He  is  a 
brave  Peruvian  knight,  the  friend  of  Rolla, 
and  beloved  by  king  Atali'ba.  Alonzo, 
being  taken  prisoner  of  war,  is  set  at 
liberty  by  Rolla,  who  changes  clothes 
with  him.  At  the  end  he  fights  with 
Pizarro  and  kills  him. — Sheridan,  Pizarro 
(altered  from  Kotzebue). 

Alonzo  {Don),  "  the  conqueror  of  Afric," 
friend  of  don  Carlos,  and  husband  of 
Leonora.  Don  Carlos  had  been  betrothed 
to  Leonora,  but  out  of  friendship  resigned 
her  to  the  conqueror.  Zanga,  the  Moor, 
out  of  revenge,  persuaded  Alonzo  that  his 
wife  and  don  Carlos  still  entertained  for 
each  other  their  former  love,  and  out  of 
jealousy  Alonzo  has  his  friend  put  to 
death,  while  Leonora  makes  away  with 
herself.  Zanga  now  informs  Alonzo  that 
his  jealousy  was  groundless,  and  mad  with 
grief  he  kills  himself. — Edw.  Young,  The 
Revenge  (1721). 

Alonzo  Fernandez  de  Avella- 
neda,  author  of  a  spurious  Don  Quixote, 
who  makes  a  third  sally.  This  was  pub- 
lished during  the  lifetime  of  Cervantes, 
and  caused  him  great  annoyance. 

Alp,  a  Venetian  renegade,  who  was 
commander  of  the  Turkish  army  in  the 
siege  of  Corinth.  He  loved  Francesca, 
daughter  of  old  Minotti,  governor  of 
Corinth,  but  she  refused  to  marry  a  rene- 
gade and  apostate.    Alp  was  shot  in  the 


ALPH. 


26 


ALTAMONT. 


siege,  and  Francesca  died  of  a  broken 
heart. — Byron.  Sieje  of  Corinth. 

Alpll,  a  river  in  Xanadu,  mentioned 
by  Coleridge  in  his  Kuhla  Khan.  The 
name  is  an  invention  of  Coleridge's  : 

in  Xanadu  did  Kubla  Khan 

A  stately  pleasure-dome  decree, 
Where  Alph,  the  sacred  river,  ran, 
Thro'  caverns  measureless  to  man, 
Down  to  a  sunless  sea. — Kuhla  Khan._ 

Alphe'us  (3  syL),  a  magician  and 
prophet  in  the  army  of  Charlemagne, 
slain  in  sleep  by  Clorida'no.— Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (151G). 

Alphe'us  (3  syl.),  of  classic  story,  being 
passionately  in  love  with  Arethu'sa,  pur- 
sued her,  but  she  fled  from  him  in  a 
fright,  and  was  changed  by  Diana  into 
a  fountain,  which  bears  her  name. 

Alphon'so,  an  irascible  old  lord  in 
The  Pilijrim,  a  comedy  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  (1621). 

Alphon'so  king  of  Naples,  deposed  by 
his  brother  Frederick.  Sora'no  tried  to 
poison  him,  but  did  not  succeed.  Ulti- 
mately he  recovered  his  crown,  and  Fred- 
erick and  Sorano  were  sent  to  a  monastery 
for  the  rest  of  their  lives. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  A  Wife  for  a  Morith  (1624). 

Alphonso,  son  of  count  Pedro  of  Canta- 
bria,  afterwards  king  of  Spain.     He  was 

flighted  to  Hermesind,  daughter  of  lord 
'elayo. 

The  young  Alphonso  was  in  truth  an  heir 

Of  nature's  larj^est  patrimony  ;  rich 

In  form  and  feature,  growing  strength  of  limb, 

A  gentle  heart,  a  soul  affectionate, 

A  joyous  spirit,  filled  with  generous  thoughts. 

And  genius  heightening  and  ennobling  all. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  viil.  (1814). 

Alpleich  or  Elfenreigen,  the  weird 
spirit-song,  or  that  music  which  some 
liear  before  death.  Fabcr  refers  to  it  in 
his  "  Pilgrims  of  the  Night" — 

Hark,  hark,  my  soul  1    Angelic  songs  are  swelling. 

And  Pope,  in  the  Dying  Christian  to  his 
Soul,  when  he  says — 

Hark  !  they  whisper,  angels  say, 
Sister  spirit,  come  away  I 

Alps-Vinegar.  It  is  Livy  who  says 
that  Hannibal  poured  hot  vinegar  on  the 
,Alps  to  facilitate  his  passage  over  the 
inountains.  Where  did  he  get  the  vinegar 
from?  And  as  for  the  fire,  Polybius 
says  there  was  no  means  of  heating  the 
vinegar,  not  a  tree  for  fire-wood. 

Alqui'fe  (3  syl.),  a  famous  enchanter 
in  Amddis  of  Gaul,  by  Vasco  de  Lobeira, 
of  Oporto,  who  died  1403. 

La  None  denounces  such  beneficent  enchanters  as  Al- 
qnlfit  ikiul  IJrganda,  because  they  serve  "as  a  rindicatiou 


of  those  who  traffic  with  the  powers  of  darknesa. Fi'ands 

de  la  None,  Discour$es,  87  (1537). 

Al  Rakim  [rah.keem'].  The  meaning 
of  this  word  is  very  doubtful.  Some  say  it 
is  the  mountain  or  valley  of  the  cave'  of 
the  seven  sleepers.  Others  think  it  is 
the  name  of  the  dog  shut  up  in  the  cave 
with  them  ;  but  probably  it  is  a  stone  or 
metal  tablet  set  up  near  the  cave,  con- 
taining the  names  of  the  seven  sleepers 
and  their  dog  Katmir'. — Sale,  Al  Koran, 
xviii.  note. 

Alrinaeh,  the  danion  who  causes 
shipwrecks,  and  presides  over  storms  and 
earthquakes.  When  visible  it  is  always 
in  the  form  .and  dress  of  a  woman. — 
Eastern  Mythology. 

Alsa'tia,  the  Whitefriars'  sanctuary 
for  debtors  and  law-breakers.  The  name 
is  taken  from  Alsatia  {Alsace,  in  France), 
a  seat  of  war  and  lawlessness  when 
king  James's  son-in-law  was  the  prince 
Palatine.  Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  The  For- 
tunes of  Nigel,  has  graphically  described 
the  life  and  state  of  this  rookery,  but  is 
greatly  indebted  to  Shadwell's  comedy, 
7.7i€  Squire  of  Alsatia. 

Alscrip  (Miss),  "the  heiress,"  a  vulgar 
parvenue,  affected,  conceited,  ill-natured, 
and  ignorant.  Having  had  a  fortune  left 
her,  she  assumes  the  airs  of  a  woman  of. 
fashion,  and  exhibits  the  follies  without 
possessing  the  merits  of  the  upper  ten. 

Mr.  Alscrip,  the  vulgar  father  of  "  the 
heiress,"  who  finds  the  grandeur  of  sud- 
den wealth  a  great  bore,  and  in  his  new 
mansion,  Berkeley  Square,  sighs  for  the 
snug  comforts  he  once  enjoyed  as  scrive- 
ner in  Furnival's  Inn. — General  Burgoyne, 
The  Heiress  (1781). 

Al  Sirat',  an  imaginary  bridge  be- 
tween earth  and  the  Mahometan  paradise, 
not  so  Avide  as  a  spider's  thread.  Those 
laden  with  sin  fall  over  into  the  abyss 
below. 

Al'tamont,  a  young  Genoese  lord,  who 
marries  Calista,  daughter  of  lord  Sciol'to 
(3  syl.).  On  his  wedding  day  he  discovers 
that  his  bride  has  been  seduced  by  Lotha'- 
rio,  and  a  duel  ensues,  in  which  Lothario 
is  killed,  whereupon  Calista  stabs  herself, 
— N.  Rowe,  The  Fair  Fenitent  (1703). 

%*  Rowe  makes  Sciolto  three  syllables 
always. 

[John  Quick]  commenced  his  career  at  Fulham,  where 
he  performed  the  character  of  "Altamont,"  which  he  acted 
80  much  to  the  satisfaction  of  the  manager  that  he  desired 
his  wife  to  set  down  young  Quick  a  whole  share,  which,  at 
the  close  of  the  performance,  amounted  to  three  abiUiD0k 
—Memoir  of  John  Quick  (ISai). 


ALTAMORUS. 


27 


AMADIS  OF  GREECE. 


Altamo'rus,  king  of  Samarcand', 
who  j  oined  the  Egyptian  armament  against 
the  crusaders.  He  surrendered  himself 
to  Godfrey  (bk.  xx.). — Tasso,  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1576). 

Althaea's  Brand.  The  Fates  told 
Althaea  that  her  son  Melea'ger  would  live 
just  as  long  as  a  log  of  wood  then  on  the 
fire  remained  unconsumed.  Altha?a  con- 
trived to  keep  the  log  luiconsumed  for 
many  years,  but  when  her  son  killed  her 
two  brothers,  she  threw  it  angrily  into  the 
fire,  where  it  was  quickly  consumed,  and 
Meleager  expired  at  the  same  time. — Ovid, 
Metaph.  viii.  4. 

The  fatal  brp.nd  Althsea  burned. 
Shakespeare,  2  Uenry  Vl.  act  i.  sc.  1  (1581). 

(Shakespeare  says  (2  Henry  IV.  act  ii. 
sc.  2),  Althaea  dreamt  "  she  was  delivered  of 
a  fire-brand."  This  is  a  mistake.  It  was 
Hecuba  who  so  dreamt.  The  story  of 
Althaea  and  the  fire-brand  is  given  above.) 

Althe'a  ( The  divine),  of  Richard  Love- 
lace, was  Lucy  Sacheverell,  called  by  the 
poet,  Lucretia. 

When  love  with  unconfinM  wings 

Hovers  within  my  gates, 
And  my  divine  Althea  brings 

To  whisper  at  my  grates.  .  .  . 

(The  "grates"  here  referred  to  were 
those  of  a  prison  in  which  Lovelace  was 
confined  by  the  Long  Parliament,  for  his 
petition  from  Kent  in  favour  of  the  king.) 

Altieido'ra,  one  of  the  duchess's 
servants,  who  pretends  to  be  in  love  with 
don  Quixote,  and  serenades  him.  The 
don  sings  his  response  that  he  has  no 
other  love  than  what  he  gives  to  his 
Dulcin'ea,  and  while  he  is  still  singing 
he  is  assailed  by  a  string  of  cats,  let  into 
the  room  by  a  rope.  As  the  knight  was 
leaving  the  mansion,  Altisidora  accused 
him  of  having  stolen  her  garters,  but 
when  the  knight  denied  the  charge,  the 
damsel  protested  that  she  said  so  in  her 
distraction,  for  her  garters  were  not  stolen. 
"I  am  like  the  man,"  she  said,  "looking 
for  his  mule  at  the  time  he  was  astride  its 
back." — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  IL  iii. 
9,  etc. ;  iv.  5  (1615). 

Al'ton  (Miss),  alias  Miss  Clifford,  a 
sweet,  modest  young  lady,  the  companion 
of  Miss  Alscrip,  "the  heiress,"  a  vulgar, 
conceited  parvenue.  Lord  Gayville  is 
expected  to  marry  "  the  heiress,"  but 
detests  her,  and  loves  Miss  Alton,  her 
humble  companion.  It  turns  out  that 
£2000  a  year  of  "  the  heiress's  "  fortune 
belongs  to  Mr.  Clifford  (Miss  Alton's 
brother),  and  is  by  him  settled  on  his 


sister.  Sir  Clement  Flint  destroys  this 
bond,  whereby  the  monej'  returns  to  Clif- 
ford, who  marries  lady  Emily  Gayville, 
and  sir  Clement  settles  the  same  on  his 
nephew,  lord  Gayville,  who  marries  Miss 
Alton. — General  Burgoyne,  2Vie  Heiress 
(1781). 

Al'ton  Locke,  tailor  and  poet,  a 
novel  by  the  Rev.  Charles  Kingsley 
(1850).  This  novel  won  for  the  author 
the  title  of  "  The  Chartist  Clergyman." 

Alzir'do,  kingof  Trem'izen,  in  Africa, 
overthrown  by  Orlando  in  his  march  to 
join  the  allied  army  of  Ag'rauuint. — ■ 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Am'adis  of  Gaul,  a  love-child  of 
king  Per'ion  and  the  princess  Eli/.e'na. 
He  is  the  hero  of  a  famous  prose  romance 
of  chivalry,  the  first  four  books  of  which 
are  attributed  to  Lobeira,  of  Portugal 
(died  1403).  These  books  were  trans- 
lated into  Spanish  in  1400  by  Montal'vo, 
who  added  the  fifth  book.  The  five  were 
rendered  into  French  by  Herberay,  who 
increased  the  series  to  twenty-four  books. 
Lastly,  Gilbert  Saunier  added  seven  more 
volumes,  and  called  the  entire  series  Le 
Roman  des  Romans. 

Whether  Amadis  was  French  or  British 
is  disputed.  Some  maintain  that  "Gaul" 
means  Wales,  not  France  ;  that  Elizena 
was  princess  of  Brittany  (Bretagne),  and 
that  Perion  was  king  of  Gaul  ( Wales),  not 
Gaul  {France). 

Amadis  de  Gaul  was  a  tall  man,  of  a  fair  complexien, 
his  aspect  something  between  mild  aad  austere,  and  hail 
a  handsome  black  beard.  He  was  a  person  of  very  few 
words,  was  not  easily  provoked,  and  was  soon  appeased. — 
Cervantes,  Don  Quijcote,  II.  i.  1  (1P15). 

(William  Stewart  Rose  has  a  poem  in 
three  books,  called  Amadis  of  Gaul.) 

As  Arthur  is  the  central  figure  of 
British  romance,  Charlemagne  of  French, 
and  Diderick  of  German,  so  Amadis  is 
the  central  figure  of  Spanish  and  Portu- 
guese romance ;  but  there  is  this  difference 
— the  tale  of  Amadis  is  a  connected  whole, 
terminating  with  his  marriage  with 
Oria'na,  the  intervening  parts  being  only 
the  obstacles  he  encountered  and  over- 
came in  obtaining  this  consummation.  In 
the  Arthurian  romances,  and  those  of  the 
Charlemagne  series,  we  have  a  number  of 
adventures  of  diflFerent  heroes,  but  there 
is  no  unity  of  purpose,  each  set  of  adven- 
tures is  complete  in  itself. 

(Southey  the  poet  has  an  admirable 
abridgment  of  Amadis  of  Gaul,  and  also 
of  Palmer  in  of  England.) 

Am'adis  of  Greece,  a  supplemental 
part  of  Amadis  of  Gaul,  by  Felic^a'no  de 


AMAIMON. 


28 


AMARANTH. 


Silva.  There  are  also  several  other  Ama- 
discs — as  Amadis  of  Colchis,  Amadis  of 
Trebisond,  Amadis  of  Cathay,  but  all  these 
are  verj-  inferior  to  the  original  Amadis 
of  Gaul. 

The  ancient  fables,  who^e  relickes  doe  yet  remain, 
namely,  Lancelot  of  the  Lake,  IHerccforest,  Tristram, 
Giron  the  Courteous,  etc.,  doe  beare  witnesse  of  this  otide 
vauitie.  Herewith  were  men  fed  for  the  space  of  500 
yeeres,  until!  our  language  growing  more  polished,  and 
our  minds  more  ticklish,  they  were  driven  to  invent  some 
novelties  wherewith  to  delight  us.  Thus  came  ye  bookes 
of  Amjvdis  Into  light  among  us  in  this  last  age.— Francis 
de  la  Noue,  DUeoursM,  87  (1587). 

Amai'mon  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal devils.  Asmode'iis  is  one  of  his 
lieutenants.  Shakespeare  twice  refers  to 
him,  in  1  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  4,  and  in  The 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  ii.  sc.  2. 

Amal'ahta,  son  of  Erill'yab  the 
deposed  queen  of  the  Hoamen  (2  syl.),  an 
Indian  tribe  settled  on  the  south  of  the 
Missouri.  He  is  described  as  a  bnital 
savage,  wily,  deceitful,  and  cruel.  Amal- 
ahta  "wished  to  marry  the  princess  Goer'- 
vyl,  Madoc's  sister,  and  even  seized  her 
by  force,  but  was  killed  in  his  flight. — 
Southey,  Madoc,  ii.  16  (1805). 

Am.alth89'a,  the  sibyl  who  offered  to 
sell  to  Tarquin  nine  books  of  prophetic 
oracles.  When  the  king  refused  to  give 
her  the  price  demanded,  she  went  away, 
burnt  three  of  them,  and  returning  to  the 
king,  demanded  the  same  price  for  the 
remaining  six.  Again  the  king  declined 
the  purchase.  The  sibyl,  after  burning 
three  more  of  the  volumes,  demanded 
the  original  sum  for  the  remaining  three. 
Tarquin  paid  the  money,  and  Amalthaea 
was  never  more  seen.  Aulus  Gellius 
says  that  Amalthaea  burnt  the  books  in 
the  kinjj's  presence.  Pliny  affirms  that 
the  original  number  of  volumes  was  only 
three,  two  of  which  the  sibyl  burnt,  and 
the  third  was  purchased  by  king  Tarquin. 

Amalthe'a,  mistress  of  Ammon  and 
mother  of  Bacchus.  Ammon  hid  his 
mistress  in  the  island  Nysa  (in  Africa), 
in  order  to  elude  the  vigilance  and 
jealousy  of  his  wife  Rhea.  This  account 
(given  by  Diodorus  Sic'ulus,  bk.  iii., 
and  by  sir  Walter  Raleigh  in  his  History 
of  the  World,  I.  vi.  6)  differs  from  the 
ordinary  story,  which  makes  Sem'ele  the 
mother  of  Bacchus,  and  Rhea  his  nurse. 
(Ammon  is  Ham  or  Cham,  the  son  of 
Noah,  founder  of  the  African  race.) 

.  .  .  that  Nyseian  lie. 
Girt,  with  the  river  Triton,  where  old  Cham 
(Whom  Gentiles  Ammon  call,  and  Libyan  Jove) 
Hid  Amalthea  and  her  florid  son, 
Young  Bacchus,  from  his  stepdanie  Ehea's  eye. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Logt.  iv.  275  (lti65). 


Amanda,  wife  of  Loveless.  Lord 
Foppington  pays  her  amorous  attentions, 
but  she  utterly  despises  the  conceited 
coxcomb,  and  treats  him  with  contumely. 
Colonel  Townly,  in  order  to  pique  his 
lady-love,  also  pays  attention  to  Love- 
less's  wife,  but  she  repels  his  advances 
with  indignation,  and  Loveless,  who  over- 
hears her,  conscious  of  his  own  short- 
comings, resolves  to  reform  his  ways,  and, 
"forsaking  all  other,"  to  remain  true  to 
Amanda,  "so  long  as  they  both  should 
live." — Sheridan,  A  Trip  to  Scarhorowjh. 

Aman^da,  in  Thomson's  Seasons,  is 
meant  for  Miss  Young,  who  married 
admiral  Campbell. 

And  thou,  Amanda,  come,  pride  of  my  song  I 
Formed  by  the  Graces,  loveliness  itself. 

"  Spring,"  480,  481  (1728). 

Amanda,  the  victim  of  Peregine  Pickle's 
seduction,  in  Smollett's  novel  of  Peregine 
Fickle  (1751). 

Am'ara  {Mount),  a  place  where  the 
Abassinian  kings  kept  their  younger  sons, 
to  prevent  sedition.  It  was  a  perfect 
paradise  enclosed  with  alabaster  rocks, 
and  containing  thirty-four  magnificent 
palaces. — Heylin,  Microcosmus  (1627). 

Where  the  Abassin  kings  their  issue  guard, 
Mount  Amara,  ...  by  some  supposed 
True  paradise  under  the  Ethiop  line. 
By  Nilus  Ihie,  enclosed  with  shinhig  rock 
A  whole  day's  journev  high. 

Milton,  J'aradise  Lost,  iv.  280,  etc.  (1665). 

("The  Ethiop  line"  means  the  equi- 
noctial line.) 

Amaran'ta,  wife  of  Bar'tolus,  the 
covetous  lawyer.  She  was  wantonly 
loved  by  Leandro,  a  Spanish  gentleman. 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Spanish 
Curate  (1622). 

Am'aranth.  There  are  numerous 
species  of  this  flower;  those  best  known 
are  called  prince's  feather  and  love  lies 
a-bleediiig,  both  crimson  flowers.  The 
bloody  amaranth  and  the  clustered  ama- 
ranth also  bear  red  flowers  ;  but  there  is 
a  species  called  the  melancholy  amaranth 
which  has  a  purple  velvety  flower.  All 
retain  their  colours  pretty  well  to  the  last, 
and  the  flowers  end\ire  for  a  long  time. 
The  name  is  derived  from  the  Greek 
word  amarantos — i.  e.  "everlasting." 
Pliny  says  (xxi.  11)  that  the  flowers  of 
the  amaranth  recover  their  colour  by  be- 
ing sprinkled  with  water. 

Immortal  amaranth,  a  flower  which  once 

In  paradise,  fast  by  the  Tree  of  Life, 

Began  to  blooui.  ...  With  these  .  .  .  the  spirits  e'ect 

Bind  their  respleudent  locks. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  353,  etc.  (1665) 


AMARANTH. 


AMBROSE. 


Longfellow,  by  a  strange  error,  cro'jf ns  the 
angel  of  death  -with  amaranth,  with  which 
(as  Milton  says)  "  the  spirits  elect  bind 
their  resplendent  locks,"  and  his  angel  of 
life  he  crowns  with  asphodel,  the  flower 
of  Pluto  or  the  grave. 

He  who  wore  the  crown  of  asphodels  .  .  . 
[said!  "  My  errand  Is  not  death,  but  life  "... 
[but]  The  angel  with  the  amaranthine  wreath 

Whispered  a  word,  that  had  a  sound  lil<e  death. 
Longfellow,  The  Two  Angel*. 

Am'aranth  {Lady),  in  Wild  Oats,  by 
John  O'Keefe,  a  famous  part  of  Mrs. 
Pope  (1740-1797). 

Amarillis,  a  shepherdess  in  love 
with  Per'igot  {t  sounded),  but  Perigot 
loved  Am'oret.  In  order  to  break  off  this 
affection,  Amarillis  induced  "the  sullen 
shepherd"  to  dip  her  in  "the  magic  well," 
whereby  she  became  transformed  into  the 
perfect  resemblance  of  her  rival,  and  soon 
effectually  disgusted  Perigot  with  her 
bold  and  wanton  conduct.  When  after- 
wards he  met  the  true  Amoret,  he  repulsed 
her,  and  even  wounded  her  with  intent  to 
kill.  Ultimately,  the  trick  was  dis- 
covered by  Cor'in,  "the  faithful  shep- 
herdess," and  Perigot  was  married  to  his 
true  love. — John  Fletcher,  The  Faithful 
Shepherd  (IGIO). 

Amaryllis,  in  Spenser's  pastoral 
Colin  ClouVs  Came  Home  Again,  is  the 
countess  of  Derby.  Her  name  was  Alice, 
and  she  was  the  youngest  of  the  six 
daughters  of  sir  John  Spenser,  of  Al- 
thorpe,  ancestor  of  the  noble  houses  of 
Spenser  and  Marlborough.  After  the 
death  of  the  earl,  the  widow  married  sir 
Thomas  Egerton,  keeper  of  the  Great 
Seal  (afterwards  baron  of  Ellesmere  and 
viscount  Brackley).  It  was  for  this  very 
lady,  during  her  widowhood,  that  Milton 
wrote  his  Ar' cades  (3  syl.). 

No  less  praiseworthy  are  the  sisters  three, 
The  honour  of  the  noble  family 
Of  which  I  meanest  boast  myself  to  be  .  .  . 
Phyllis,  Charyllis,  and  sweet  Amaryllis  : 
Phyllis  the  fair  is  eldest  of  the  three. 
The  next  to  her  is  bountiful  Charyllis, 
But  Amaryllis  highest  in  degree. 
Spenser,  Colin  Clout't  Come  Home  Again  (1S94). 

Am'asisi,  Amdsis,  or  Aah'mes  (3  syl.), 
founder  of  the  eighteenth  Egyptian 
dynasty  (b.c.  1610).  Lord  Brooke  at- 
tributes to  him  one  of  the  pyramids.  The 
three  chief  pyramids  are  usually  ascribed 
to  Suphis  (or  Cheops),  Sen-Suphis  (or 
Cephrenes),  and  Mencheres,  all  of  the 
fourth  dynasty. 

Amiisis  and  Cheops  how  can  time  forgive. 
Who  in  their  useless  pyramids  would  live  ? 

Lord  Brooke,  Peace, 

Amateur    {An).      Pierce   Egan  the 


younger  published  under  this  pseudonym 
his  Heal  Life  in  London,  or  The  Bamhles 
and  Adventures  of  Bob  Tally-ho,  Esq., 
and  his  Cousin,  the  Hon.  Tom  Dashall, 
through  the  Metropolis  (1821-2). 

Amaurots  {The),  a  people  whose 
kingdom  was  invaded  by  the  Dipsodes 
(2  syl.),  but  Pantag'ruel,  coming  to  their 
defence,  utterly  routed  the  invaders. — 
Rabelais,  Pantagruel,  ii.  (1533). 

Am.a'via,  the  personification  of  In- 
temperance in  grief.  Hearing  that  her 
husband,  sir  Mordant,  had  been  enticed 
to  the  Bower  of  Bliss  by  the  enchantress 
Acra'sia,  she  went  in  quest  of  him,  and 
found  him  so  changed  in  mind  and  body 
she  could  scarcely  recognize  him  ;  how- 
ever, she  managed  by  tact  to  bring  him 
away,  but  he  died  on  the  road,  and 
Amavia  stabbed  herself  from  excessive 
grief. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  1 
(1590). 

Araazo'na,  a  fairy,  who  freed  a 
certain  country  from  the  Ogri  and  the 
Blue  Centaur.  When  she  sounded  her 
trumpet,  the  sick  were  recovered  and  be- 
came both  young  and  strong.  She  gave 
the  princess  Carpil'lona  a  bunch  of  gilli- 
flowers,  which  enabled  her  to  pass  un- 
recognized before  those  who  knew  her 
well. — Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairij  Tales 
("The  Princess  Carpillona,"  1G82). 

Amazo'nian  Chin,  a  beardless  chin, 
like  that  of  the  Amazonian  women. 
Especially  applied  to  a  beardless  young 
soldier. 

When  with  his  Amazonian  chin  he  drove 
The  bristled  lips  before  him. 

Shakespeare,  Coriolunus,  act  i!.  sc.  2  (1609). 

Am.bassadors  at  foreign  courts. 

Legatus  est  vir  bonus  percgre  missus  ad  mentiendum 
reipublicsB  causa.— Sir  Henry  Wotton  (1610). 

Am.ber,  said  to  be  a  concretion  of 
birds'  tears,  but  the  birds  were  the  sisters  of 
Melea'ger,  called  Meleag'rides,  Avho  never 
ceased  weeping  for  their  dead  brother. — 
Pliny,  Natural  History,  xxxvii.  2,  11. 

Around  thee  shall  glisten  the  loveliest  amber. 
That  ever  the  sorrowing  sea-birds  have  wept. 

T.  Moore,  Fire-  Worshippers. 

Am.'brose  (2  syl.),  a  sharper,  who 
assumed  in  the  presence  of  Gil  Bias  the 
character  of  a  devotee.  He  was  in  league 
with  a  fellow  who. assumed  the  name  of 
don  Raphael,  and  a  young  woman  who 
called  herself.  Camilla,  cousin  of  donna 
Mencia.  These  three  sharpers  allure  Gil 
Bias  to  a  house  which  Camilla  says  is  hers, 
fleece  him  of  his  ring,  his  portmanteau, 
and  his  money,  decamp,  and  leave  him  tc 


AMBROSE. 


30 


AMERICA. 


find  out  that  the  hoiise  is  only  a  hired 
lodging. — Lesage,  Gil  Bias,  i.  15,  16 
(1716). 

(This  incident  is  borrowed  from  Es- 
pinel's  romance  entitled  Vida  de  Uscudero, 
marcos  de  Obregon,  1618.) 

Am'brose  (2  sj/L),  a  male  domestic  ser- 
vant waiting  on  Miss  Seraphine  and 
Miss  Angelica  Arthuret. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
lledyaxintlet  (time,  George  II.). 

Ambrose  {Brother),  a  monk,  who  at- 
tended the  prior  Aymer,  of  Jorvaulx 
Abbey. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Am'hrosius  {Father)  abbot  of  Kenna- 
quhair,  is  Edward  Glendinning,  brother  of 
sir  H albert  Glendinning  (the  knight  of 
Avenel).  He  appears  at  Kinross,  dis- 
guised as  a  nobleman's  retainer. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  IVie  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Amelia,  a  model  of  conjugal  affec- 
tion, in  Fielding's  novel  so  called.  It  is 
said  that  the  character  was  modelled 
from  his  own  wife.  Dr.  Johnson  read 
this  novel  from  beginning  to  end  without 
once  stopping. 

Amelia  is  perhaps  the  only  hook  of  which,  being 
printed  off  betimes  one  morning,  a  new  eiiition  was 
called  for  before  night-  The  chanwter  of  Amelia  is  the 
most  pleasing  heroine  of  all  the  romances. — Dr.  Johnson. 

Ame'lia,  in  Thomson's  Seasons,  a  beauti- 
ful, innocent  young  woman,  overtaken  by 
a  storm  while  walking  with  her  trotli- 
plight  lover,  Cel'adon,  "  with  equal  virtue 
formed,  and  equal  grace.  Hers  the 
mild  lustre  of  the  blooming  morn,  and 
his  the  radiance  of  the  risen  day." 
Amelia  grew  frightened,  but  Celadon 
said,  "  'Tis  safety  to  be  near  thee,  sure  ; " 
when  a  flash  of  lightning  struck  her 
dead  in  his  arms. — "  Summer"  (1727). 

Ame'lia,  in  Schiller's  tragedy  of  The 
Robbers. 

Or  they  will  learn  how  generous  worth  sublimes 
The  robber  Moor,  and  pleads  for  all  his  crimes ; 
How  poor  Amelia  kissed  with  many  a  tear 
His  hand,  blood-stained,  but  ever,  ever  dear. 

Campbell,  Pleasures  of  Hope,  li.  (1799). 

Amelot  (2  syl.),  the  page  of  sir  Da- 
mian  de  Lacy. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Be- 
trothed (time,  Henry  II.). 

America.  Names  of  cities  and  States 
in  the  United  States,  whence  derived: — • 

Alabama,  an  Indian  word,  meaning 
"  Here  we  rest."  It  was  the  exclamation 
of  an  Indian  chief,  and  alluded  to  its 
well-stocked  hunting-grounds. 

Annap'olis  (Maryland),  so  named  from 
queen  Anne,  in  whose  reign  it  was  con- 
Btituted  the  seat  of  local  government. 


Asto'ria  (Oregon),  so  called  from  Mr. 
Astor,  merchant,  of  New  York,  who 
founded  here  a  fur-trading  station  in 
1811.  The  adventure  of  this  merchant 
forms  the  subject  of  Washington  Irving's 
Astoria. 

Bal'timore  (3  ^yl.),  in  Maryland,  is  so 
called  from  lord  Baltimore,  who  led  a 
colony  to  that  state  in  1634. 

Boston  (Massachusetts),  so  called  from 
Boston  in  Lincolnshire,  whence  many  of 
the  original  founders  emigrated. 

Carolina  {North  and  South),  named  in 
compliment  to  Carolus  II.  (Charles  II.), 
who  granted  the  Avhole  country  to  eight 
needy  courtiers. 

Carson  Citi^  (Oregon),  commemorates 
the  name  of  Kit  Carson,  the  Kocky  Moun- 
tain trapper  and  guide,  who  died  in  1871. 

Charleston  (South  Carolina),  founded 
in  1670,  and  named  after  Charles  II. 

Del'aware  (3  sijl.)  is  the  name  of  an 
Indian  tribe  with  whom  William  Penn 
chiefly  negociated. 

Ktyr'ida,  discovered  by  the  Spaniards 
on  Palm  Sunday,  and  thence  called 
\_Pasqiui]  Florida. 

Geor'gia,  named  in  honour  of  George 
II.,  in  whose  reign  the  first  settlement 
there  was  made. 

Harrisburq  (Pennsylvania),  named 
from  Mr.  Harris,  by  whom  it  was  first 
settled  in  1733,  under  a  grant  from  the 
Penn  family. 

Indiana,  so  named  from  the  number  of 
Indians  which  dwelt  there  (1801). 

Louisiana,  so  named  by  M.  de  la  Sale 
(1682),  in  honour  of  Louis  XIV.  of 
France. 

Maine,  so  called  (1638)  from  the  French 
province  of  the  same  name. 

Maryland,  so  named  by  lord  Baltimore 
(1633),  in  compliment  to  Henrietta- 
Maria,  the  wife  of  Charles  I.  of  England. 

Nevada,  so  called  from  the  Sierra 
Nevada  mountain-chain. 

New  Hampshire,  previously  called  La- 
conia.  It  received  its  present  name  from 
J.  Mason,  governor  of  Hampshire,  to 
whom  it  was  conceded  in  1629. 

New  Jersey,  so  called  in  honour  of  sir 
G.  Carteret,  who  had  defended  Jersey 
against  the  parliamentary  forces  in  1664. 

New  York,  previously  called  New  Am- 
sterdam. It  received  its  present  name 
(1664)  in  compliment  to  James  duke  of 
York  (afterwards  James  II.). 

Pennsylvania  ("the  Penn  Forest"),  so 
called  from  William  Penn,  who,  in  1681, 
gave  to  the  state  its  constitution. 

Texas  {i.e.  "the  place  of  pro-tection"), 


AMERICA. 


31 


AMIDAS. 


BO  called  in  1817,  because  general  Lalle- 
mant  gave  there  "protection"  to  a  colony 
of  French  refugees. 

Vermont  (i.e.  "Verts  Monts"),  so  called 
from  the  Green  Mountains,  which  traverse 
the  state. 

Virginia,  so  called  (1584)  by  sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  in  compliment  to  Elizabeth, 
•'  the  virgin  queen." 

*»*  Illinois,  Iowa,  Kansas,  Kentucky, 
Michigan  ("a  lake"),  Minnesota  ("laugh- 
ing waters"),  Mississippi  ("sea  of 
waters"),  Missouri,  Nebraska,  Ohio,  Ore- 
gon, and  Wisconsin,  are  names  of  rivers. 

America.  Nicknames  of  the  United 
States'  inhabitants  : — Alabama,  lizards  ; 
Arkan'sas,  tooth-picks ;  Calif orn'ia,  gold- 
hunters  ;  Colora'do,  rovers  ;  Connec'ticut, 
wooden  nutmegs  ;  Del'aware,  musk-rats  ; 
Flor'ida,  fly-up-the-creeks ;  Geor'gia, 
buzzards ;  Illinois,  suckers ;  Indiana, 
hoosiers ;  Iowa,  hawk-eyes ;  Kansas, 
jay-hawkers  ;  Kentucky,  corn-crackers ; 
Louisiana,  Creoles  ;  Maine,  foxes  ; 
Maryland,  craw -thumpers ;  Mich'igan, 
wolverines  ;  Minnesot'a,  gophers  ;  Mis- 
sissip'pi,  tadpoles ;  Missou'ri,  pukes ; 
Nebras'ka,  bug-eaters ;  Neva'da,  sage 
hens ;  New  Hampshire,  granite  boj^s  ; 
New  Jersey,  blues  or  clam-catchers ; 
New  York,  knickerbockers;  North  Caro- 
li'na,  tar-boilers  and  tuckoes ;  Ohio, 
buck-eyes  ;  Or'egon,  web-feet  a7id  hard- 
cases  ;  Pennsylva'nia,  Pennanites  and 
leather-heads  ;  Rhode  Island,  gun-flints  ; 
South  Caroli'na,  weasels ;  Tennessee', 
whelps ;  Texas,  beef -heads  ;  Vermont, 
Green  Mountain  boj's ;  Virgin'ia,  beadies ; 
Wisconsin,  badgers. 

Amethyst  is  said  to  dispel  drunken- 
ness. 

Ameu'ti,  the  heaven  of  Egyptian 
mythology. 

Open  the  gate  of  heaven  .  .  .  open  the  gate  of  the 
starry  region  ;  open  the  gate  of  Anieutl  \— Inscription 
on  the  mummy  opened  by  Pettigrew,  in  1836. 

Am'giad,  son  of  Camaralzaman  and 
Badoura,  and  half-brother  of  Assad  (son 
of  Camaralzaman  and  Haiatal'nefous). 
Each  of  the  two  mothers  conceived  a  base 
passion  for  the  other's  son,  and  when  the 
young  princes  revolted  at  their  advances, 
accused  them  to  their  father  of  designs 
upon  their  honour.  Camaralzaman  or- 
dered his  emir  Giondar  to  put  them  both 
to  death,  but  as  the  young  men  had  saved 
him  from  a  lion  he  laid  no  hand  on  them, 
but  told  them  not  to  return  to  their 
father's  dominions.  They  wandered  oti 
for  a  time,  and    then  parted,    but    both 


reached  the  same  place,  which  was  a  city 
of  the  Magi.  Here  by  a  strange  ad- 
venture Amgiad  was  made  vizier,  while 
Assad  was  thrown  into  a  dungeon,  where 
he  was  designed  as  a  sacrifice  to  the  fire- 
god.  Bosta'na,  a  daughter  of  the  old 
man  who  imprisoned  Assad,  released 
him,  and  Amgiad  out  of  gratitude  made 
her  his  wife.  After  which  the  king,  whc 
was  greatly  advanced  in  years,  appointed 
him  his  successor,  and  Amgiad  used  his 
best  efforts  to  abolish  the  worship  of  fire 
and  establish  "  the  true  faith." — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Amgiad  and  Assad  "). 

Amhara,  the  kingdom  in  which  was 
the  "happj--  valley,"  where  the  Abys- 
sinian princes  were  doomed  to  live.  The 
valley  was  encompassed  by  mountains, 
and  had  but  one  entrance,  which  was 
under  a  cavern,  concealed  by  woods  and 
closed  by  iron  gates. — Dr.  Johnson, 
liasselas  (1759). 

Am'ias,  a  squire  of  low  degree,  be- 
loved by  iEmilia.  They  agreed  to  meet 
at  a  given  spot,  but  on  their  way  thither 
both  were  taken  captives — Amias  by 
Corflambo,  and  Emilia  by  a  man 
monster.  ^Emilia  was  released  by  Bel- 
phcebe  (3  syl.),  who  slew  "the  caitiff;  " 
and  Amias  by  prince  Arthur,  who  slew 
Corflambo.  The  two  lovers  were  then 
brought  together  by  the  prince  "  in  peace 
and  settled  rest." — Spenser,  Faiiry  Queen, 
IV.  7,  9  (1596). 

Am'idas,  the  younger  brother  of 
Brac'idas,  sons  of  Mile'sio  ;  the  former 
in  love  with  the  dowerless  Lucy,  and  the 
latter  with  the  wealthy  Philtra.  The 
two  brothers  had  each  an  island  of  equal 
size  and  value  left  them  by  their  father, 
but  the  sea  daily  added  to  the  island  of  the 
younger  brother,  and  enroached  on  that 
belonging  to  Bracidas.  "When  I'hiltra 
saw  that  the  property  of  Ami  das  was 
daily  increasing,  she  'forsook  the  elder 
brother  and  married  the  wealthier  ;  while 
Lucy,  seeing  herself  jilted,  threw  herself 
into  the  sea.  A  floating  chest  attracted 
her  attention,  she  clung  to  it,  and  was 
drifted  to  the  wasted  island.  It  was 
found  to  contain  great  riches,  and  Lucy 
gave  its  contents  and  herself  to  Bracidas. 
Amidas  claimed  the  chest  as  his  own  by 
right,  and  the  question  in  dispute  was  sub- 
mitted to  sir  Ar'tegal.  The  wise  arbiter 
decided,  that  whereas  Amidas  claimed  as 
his  own  all  the  additions  given  to  his 
island  by  the  sea,  Lucy  might  claim  as 
her  own  the  chest,  because  the  sea  had 


AMIEL. 


32 


AMMONIAN  HORN. 


given  it  to  her. — Spenser,  Fmry  Queen, 
V.  4  (159G). 

Ain'iel,  in  Dry  den's  Absalom  and 
Ac/dtophel,  is  meant  for  s*r  Edward 
Seymour,  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons.— (2  Sam.  xxiii.  34.) 

Who  can  Amiel's  praise  refuse? 
Of  ancient  race  by  birth,  but  nobler  yet 
In  his  own  worth,  and  without  title  great 
The  sanhedrim  long  time  as  chief  he  ruled. 
Their  reason  guided,  and  their  passion  cooled. 
Part  i. 

A'min  (Prince),  son  of  the  caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid  ;  he  maried  Am'ine, 
sister  of  Zobeide  (3  syL),  the  caliph's 
wife. — Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments 
("The  History  of  Amine"). 

Ami'na,  an  orphan,  who  walked  in 
her  sleep.  She  was  betrothed  to  Elvi'no, 
a  rich  farmer,  but  being  found  the  night 
before  the  wedding  in  the  chamber  of 
count  Eodolpho,  Elvino  looked  upon  her 
as  a  harlot.  The  count  remonstrated 
with  the  young  farmer,  and  while  they 
were  talking,  the  orphan  was  seen  to  get 
out  of  a  window  and  walk  along  the  nar- 
row edge  of  a  mill-roof  while  the  great 
wheel  was  rapidly  revolving  ;  she  then 
crossed  a  crazy  old  bridge,  and  came  into 
the  same  chamber.  Here  she  awoke,  and, 
seeing  Elvino,  threw  her  arms  around 
him  so  lovingly,  that  all  his  doubts 
vanished,  and  he  married  her. — Bellini, 
La  SonnambvUa  (an  opera,  1831). 

Am'ine  (3  syl.),  half-sister  of  Zo- 
bei'de  (3  syl.),  and  wife  of  Amin,  the 
caliph's  son.  One  day  she  went  to  pur- 
chase a  robe,  and  the  seller  told  her  he 
would  charge  nothing  if  she  would  suffer 
him  to  kiss  her  cheek.  Instead  of  kis- 
sing he  bit  it,  and  Amine,  being  asked  by 
her  husband  how  she  came  by  the  wound, 
so  shuffled  in  her  answers  that  he  com- 
manded her  to  be  put  to  death,  a 
sentence  he  afterwards  commuted  to 
scourging.  One  day  she  and  her  sister 
told  the  stories  of  their  lives  to  the  caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid,  when  Amin  became 
reconciled  to  his  wife,  and  the  caliph 
married  her  half-sister. — Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments  ("History  of  Zobeide 
and  History  of  Amine  "). 

Am'ine  (3  syl.)  or  Am'ines  (3 
syl.),  the  beautiful  wife  of  Sidi  Nouman. 
Instead  of  eating  her  rice  with  a  spoon, 
she  used  a  bodkin  for  the  purpose,  and 
carried  it  to  her  mouth  in  infinitesimal 
portions.  This  went  on  for  some  time, 
till  Sidi  Nouman  determined  to  ascertain 
on  what  his  wife  really  fed,  and  to  his 


horror  discovered  that  she  was  a  ghoul, 
who  went  stealthily  by  night  to  the 
cemetery,  and  feasted  on  the  fresh-buried 
dead. — Arabian  Nights  ("History  of  Sidi 
Nouman  "). 

One  of  the  Amines'  sort,  who  pick  up  their  grains  of 
food  with  a  bodltin.— O.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat  of  tite 
Breakfaa-Tabie. 

Amin'tor,  a  young  nobleman,  the 
troth-plight  husband  of  Aspatia,  but  by 
the  king's  command  he  marries  Evad'ne 
(3  syl.).  This  is  the  great  event  of  the 
tragedy  of  which  Amintor  is  the  hero. 
The  sad  story  of  Evadne,  the  heroine, 
gives  name  to  the  play. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  MaicTs  Tragedy  (1610). 

(Till  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  the  kings 
of  England  claimed  the  feudal  right  of 
disposing  in  marriage  any  one  who  owed 
them  feudal  allegiance.  In  All's  Well 
that  Ends  Well,  Shakespeare  makes  the 
king  of  France  exercise  a  similar  right, 
when  he  commands  Bertram,  count  of 
Rousillon,  to  marry  against  his  will  HeV- 
ena,  the  physician's  daughter.) 

Amis  the  Priest,  the  hero  of  a  comic 
German  epic  of  the  13th  century,  repre- 
sented as  an  Englishman,  a  man  of  great 
wit  and  humour,  but  ignorant  and  hypo- 
critical. His  popularity  excites  the  en- 
vy of  the  superior  clergy,  who  seek  to  de- 
pose him  from  the  priesthood  by  making 
public  exposition  of  his  ignorance,  but 
by  his  quickness  at  repartee  he  always 
manages  to  turn  the  laugh  against  them. 
Ascribed  to  Strieker  of  Austria. 

Amlet  {Eichard),  the  gamester  in 
Vanbrugh's  Confederacy  (1695).  He  is 
usually  called  "Dick." 

I  saw  Miss  Pope  for  the  second  time,  in  the  year  1790, 
in  the  character  of  "Flippanta,"  John  Palmer  being 
"Dick  Amlet,"  and  Mrs.  Jordan  " Coriiina."^Janie8 
Smith. 

Mrs.  Amlet,  a  rich,  vulgar  trades- 
woman, mother  of  Dick,  of  whom  she  is 
very  proud,  although  she  calls  him  a  "sad 
scapegrace,"  and  swears  "he  will  bo 
hanged."  At  last  she  settles  on  him 
£10,000,  and  he  marries  Corinna, 
daughter  of  Gnpe  the  rich  scrivener. 

Ammo'nian  Horn  ( The),  the  cornu- 
copia. Ammon  king  of  Lib'ya  gave 
to  his  mistress  Amalthe'a  (mother  ol 
Bacchus)  a  tract  of  land  resembling  a 
ram's  horn  in  shape,  and  hence  called  the 
"  Ammonian  horn  "  (from  the  giver),  the 
^^ Am^ilthe'an  horn"  (from  the  receiver), 
and  the  '■'■  llisperian  horn  "  (from  its  local- 
ity) .     Almathea  also  personifies  fertility. 


AMMON'S  SON. 


33 


AMPHITRYON. 


(Ammon  is  Hara,  son  of  Noah,  founder  of 
the  African  race.)     (See  Amalthea.) 

fHere]  Amaltliea  pours. 
Well  pleased,  the  wealth  of  that  Aniinonian  horn. 
Her  dower. 

Akeuside,  Bymn  to  the  Naiads. 

Am'mon's  Son.  Alexander  the 
Great  call(;d  himself  the  son  of  the  god 
Ammon,  but  others  call  him  the  son  of 
Philip  of  Macedon.    . 

Of  food  I  think  with  Philip's  son,  or  rather 
Amniou's  (ill  pleased  with  one  world  and  one  father). 
Byro^i,  Von  Juan,  v.  3L 

(Alluding  to  the  tale  that  when  Alex- 
ander had  conquered  the  whole  world,  he 
wept  that  there  was  no  other  world  to 
conquer.) 

A'mon's  Son  is  Einaldo,  eldest 
son  of  Anion  or  Aymon  marquis  d'Este, 
and  nephew  of  Charlemagne. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Amoret'ta  or  Am'oret,  twin-bom 
with  Belphoebe  (3  si/l.),  their  mother 
being  Chrysog'one  (4  syl.).  While  the 
motiur  and  her  two  babes  were  asleep, 
Diana  took  one  (Belphoebe)  to  bring  up, 
and  Venus  the  other.  Venus  committed 
Amorotta  to  the  charge  of  Psyche 
(2  syl.),  and  Psyche  tended  her  as  lovingly 
as  she  tended  her  own  daughter  Pleasure, 
"to  whom  she  became  the  companion." 
When  grown  to  marriageable  estate, 
Amoretta  was  brought  to  Fairyland,  and 
wounded  many  a  heart,  but  gave  her  own 
only  to  sir  Scudamore  (bk.  iii.  6).  Being 
seized  by  Bu'sirane,  an  enchanter,  she  was 
kept  in  durance  by  him  because  she  would 
not  "her  true  love  deny ; "  but  Britomart 
delivered  her  and  bound  the  enchanter 
(bk.  iii.  11,  12),  after  which  she  became 
the  tender,  loving  wife  of  sir  Scudamore. 

Arnoret  is  the  type  of  female  loveliness 
and  wifely  affection,  soft,  warm,  chaste, 
gentle,  and  ardent ;  not  sensual  nor  yet 
platonic,  but  that  living,  breathing, 
warm-hearted  love  which  fits  woman  for 
the  fond  mother  and  faithful  wife. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  (1690). 

Am'oret,  a  modest,  faithful  shep- 
herdess, who  plighted  her  troth  to  Per'igot 
{t  sounded)  at  the  "Virtuous  Well." 
The  wanton  shepherdess  Amarillis,  having 
by  enchantment  assumed  her  appearance 
and  dress,  so  disgusted  Perigot  with  her 
bold  ways,  that  he  lost  his  love  for  the  true 
Amoret,  repulsed  her  with  indignation, 
and  tried  to  kill  her.  The  deception  was 
revealed  by  Cor'in,  "  the  faithful  shep- 
herdess," and  the  lovers  being  reconciled, 
were  happih"-  married. — John  Fletcher, 
The  Fad njuf  Shepherdess  (before  1611). 


Amour'y  {Sir  Giles),  the  Grand* 
Master  of  the  Knights  Templars,  who 
conspires  with  the  marquis  of  Mont- 
serrat  against  Richard  I.  Saladin  cuts  off 
the  Templar's  head  while  in  the  act  of 
drinking. — Sir  W.  Scott,  27ie  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Am'perzand,  acorruption  oiAnd-as^ 
and,  i.e.  "  »fe-as-and."  The  symbol  is  the 
old  Italian  monogram  et  ("and"),  made 
thus  6*,  in  which  the  first  part  is  the  letter 
e  and  the  flourish  at  the  end  the  letter  t. 

State  epistles,  so  dull  and  so  grand, 
Mustn't  contain  the  sliortenetl  "  and." 
O  my  nice  little  araperzand  1 
Nothing  that  Cadmus  ever  planned 
Equals  my  elegant  amperzaiid. 

Quoted  in  Jfotes  and  QuerieM  (May  5,  1877). 

(Cadmus  invented  the  original  Greek 
alphabet.) 

Ani'phibal  (St.),  confessor  of  St. 
Alban  of  Venilam.  When  Maximia'nua 
Hercu'lius,  general  of  Diocle'tian's  army 
in  Britain,  pulled  down  the  Christian 
churches,  burnt  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and 
put  to  death  the  Christians  with  unflagging 
zeal,  Alban  hid  his  confessor,  and  ottered 
to  die  for  him. 

A  thousand  other  saints  whom  Amphibal  had  taught  .  .  . 
Were  sl.ain  where  Liulifield  is,  whose  name  doth  rightly 

sound 
(There  of  those  Christians  slain),  "  Dead-fleld  "  or  burying* 

ground. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxlv.  (1622). 

Amphi'on  is  said  to  have  built 
Thebes  by  the  music  of  his  lute.  Tenny- 
son has  a  poem  called  Amphion,  a  skit 
and  rhyming  jeu  d'esprit. 

Amphion  there  the  lond  creating  lyre 
Strikes,  and  behold  a  sudden  Thebes  aspire. 

Pope,  Tample  of  Fame. 

Amphis-baena,  a  reptile  which  could 
go  head  foremost  either  way,  because  it 
had  a  head  at  each  extremity.  Milton 
uses  the  word  in  Paradise  Lost,  x.  524, 
(Greek,  ampi  baino,  "  I  go  both  ways.") 

The  amphis-baena  doubly  armed  appears. 
At  either  end  a  threatening  head  she  rears. 

Rowe,  Pharsalia,  ix.  65)6,  etc.  (by  Lucan). 

Amphitryon,  a  Theban  general, 
husband  of  Alcme'ne  (3  syl.).  While 
Amphitryon  was  absent  at  war  with 
Pter'elas  king  of  the  Tel'eboans,  Jupiter 
assumed  his  form,  and  visited  Alcnien^, 
who  in  due  time  became  the  mother 
of  Her'cules.  Next  day  Amphitryon  re- 
turned, having  slain  Pterelas,  and  Alcmeno 
was  surprised  to  see  him  so  soon  again. 
Here  a  great  entanglement  arose,  Alc- 
niene  telling  her  husband  he  visited  her 
last  night,  and  showing  him  the  ring  he 
gave  her,  and  Amphitryon  declaring  he 
was  with  the  arinv.     This  confusion  is 


AMREET. 


34 


ANACHRONISMS. 


still  further  increased  by  his  slave  Sos'ia» 
who  went  to  take  to  Alcniene  the  news  of 
victory,  but  was  stopped  at  the  door  of 
the  house  by  Mercury,  who  had  assumed 
for  the  nonce  Sosia's  form,  and  the  slave 
could  not  make  out  whether  he  was 
himself  or  not.  This  plot  has  l)een  made 
a  comedy  by  Plautus,  Moliere,  and 
Dry  den. 

The  scenes  which  Plautus  drew,  to-night  we  show, 
Touched  by  Moliire,  by  Dryden  taught  to  glow. 

Prologue  to  JIawksworth's  version. 

As  an  Aniphitr>'on  chez  qui  Von  dine,  no  one  knows 
belter  than  Ouid^  the  uses  of  a  rechercld  dinner. — E.  Y»tes, 
Celebrities,  xix. 

*^ Amphitryon" :  Le  veritable  Amphi- 
tryon est  P Amphitryon  oil  Von  dine  ("  The 
master  of  the  feast  is  the  master  of  the 
liouse  ").  While  the  confusion  was  at  its 
height  between  the  false  and  true  Amphi- 
tryon, Socie  [Sosia]  the  slave  is  requested 
to  decide  which  was  which,  and  replied — 

Je  lie  me  tromiK>is  pas,  messieurs ;  ce  mot  temiiue 
Toute  rirr^solution  ; 
Le  veritable  Amphitryon 
Est  I'Amplutryon  oii  Ton  dine. 

Molidre,  Amphitryon,  iii.  5  (1668). 
Demosthenes  and  Cicero 

Are  doubtless  stately  names  to  hear, 
But  that  of  good  Ampliitryon 
Sounds  far  more  pleasant  to  my  ear. 

M.  A.  D6saugiers  (X772-1827), 

Amree't,  the  drink  which  imparts 
immortality,  or  the  Water  of  Immortality. 
It  is  obtained  by  churning  the  sea,  either 
with  the  mountain  Meroo  or  with  the 
mountain  Mandar. — Mahahharat, 

"  Bring  forth  the  Amreeta-ciip ! "  Kehama  cried 

To  Yamen,  rising  sternly  in  his  pride ; 

"  It  is  within  the  marble  sepulchre."  .  .  . 

"  Take  I  drink !  "  with  accents  dread  the  spectre  said. 

"  For  thee  and  Kailgal  hath  it  been  assigned. 

Ye  only  of  the  children  of  mankind." 

Southey,  Curse  of  Kehama,  xxiv.  13  (1809). 

Ani'ri,  in  Absalom  and  Achitophel, 
by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is  Heneage  Finch, 
carl  of  Nottingham  and  lord  chancellor. 
He  is  called  "The  Father  of  Equity" 
(1621-1682). 

To  whom  the  double  blessing  did  belong, 
With  Moees'  ln:-pi]Rtion,  Aaron's  tongue. 

Part  ii. 

Amun'deville  (Lord  Henry),  one  of 
the  "  British  privy  council."  After  the 
sessions  of  parliament  ho  retired  to  his 
country  seat,  where  he  entertained  a  select 
and  numerous  party,  amongst  which  were 
the  duchess  of  Fitz-Fulke,  Aurora  Raby, 
and  don  Juan  "  the  Russian  envoy." 
His  wife  was  lady  Adeline.  (His  character 
is  given  in  xiv.  70, 71.) — Byron,  Don  Juan, 
xiii.  to  end. 

Am'urath  III.  sixth  emperor  of  the 
Turks.  He  succeeded  his  father,  Selim  II., 
and  reigned  1674-1695.  His  first  act  was 
to  invite  all  his  brothers  to  a  banquet,  and 


strangle  them.  Henry  IV.  alludes  to  this 
when  he  says — 

This  is  the  English,  not  the  Turkish  court; 
Not  Amurath  an  Amurath  succeeds. 
But  Harry,  Harry. 

Sbakespeare,  2  Henry  lY.  act  r.  so.  2  (1598). 

Amusements    of   Kings.     The 

great  amusement  of  ArStas  of  Arabia 
Petraea,  was  currying  horses ;  oiArtaba'nus 
of  Persia,  was  mole-catching ;  of  Domitian 
of  Rome,  was  catching  flies ;  of  Ferdinand 
VII.  of  Spain,  was  embroidering  petti- 
coats ;  of  Loiiis  XVI.  clock  and  lock 
making ;  of  George  IV,  the  game  of 
patience. 

Amyn'tas,  in  Colin  ClouVs  Come 
Home  Again,  by  Spenser,  is  Ferdinando 
earl  of  Derby,  who  died  1594. 

Amyntas,  flower  of  shepherd's  pride  forlorn. 
He,  whilst  he  Iiv6d,  was  the  noblest  swaiu 
That  ever  pii)M  on  an  oaten  quill. 
Spenser,  Colin  Clout'*  Come  Home  Again  (1591). 

Amyn'tor.    (See  Amixtor.) 

A'mys  and  Amyl'ion,  the  Damon 
and  Pythias  of  mediieval  romance. — See 
Ellis's  Specimens  of  Early  English  Metrical 
Eomances. 

Anab'asis,  the  expedition  of  the 
younger  Cyrus  against  his  brother  Arta- 
xerxes,  and  the  retreat  of  his  "  ten 
thousand"  Greeks,  described  by  Xen'- 
ophon  the  Greek  historian. 

Your  chronicler  in  writing  this 
Had  in  his  mind  th'  Anabasis. 
Longfellow,  The  Wayside  Inn  (an  interlude). 

Anacharsis  [Clootz].  Baron  Jean 
Baptiste  Clootz  assumed  the  prenom/;  of 
Anacharsis,  from  the  Scythian  so  called, 
who  travelled  about  Greece  and  other 
countries  to  gather  knowledge  and  im- 
prove his  own  countrymen.  The  baron 
wished  by  the  name  to  intimate  that  his 
own  object  in  life  was  like  that  of  Ana- 
charsis (1755-1794). 
Anachronisms.  (See  Errors.) 
Chaucer,  in  his  tale  of  Troilus,  at  the 
siege  of  Troy,  makes  PandSrus  refer  to 
liooin  Hood. 

And  to  hunselfe  ful  soberly  he  saied. 
From  hasellwood  there  jolly  Kobin  plaied. 

Book  V. 

Giles  Fletcher,  in  Christ's  Victorg, 
pt.  ii.  makes  the  Tempter  seem  to  be 
"a  good  old  hermit  or  palmer,  travelling 
to  see  some  saint,  and  tellirig  his  beads  1 1 " 

Lodge,  in  The  True  Tragedies  of 
Marius  and  Sylla  (1594),  mentions  "the 
razor  of  l^alermo "  and  "St.  Paul's 
steeple,"  and  introduces  Frenchmen  who 
"  for  forty  crowns  "  undertake  to  poison 
the  Roman  consul. 


ANACHRONISMS. 


ANAGRAMS. 


MoRGLAY  makes  Dido  tell  ^neas  that 
she  should  have  been  contented  with  a 
son,  even  "if  he  had  been  a  cockney 
dandiprat "  (1582). 

ScHiLLEK,  in  his  Ficcolomini,  speaks 
of  lightning  conductors.  This  was  about 
160  years  before  they  were  invented. 

Shakespeare,  in  his  Coriolanus  (act  ii. 
80.  1),  makes  Menenius  refer  to  (ja/cw  above 
600  years  before  he  was  born. 

Cominius  alludes  to  lioman  plays,  but 
no  such  things  were  known  for  250  years 
afier  the  death  of  Cominius. — Coriolanus, 
act  ii.  sc.  2. 

Brutus  refers  to  the  *^  Marcian  waters 
brought  to  Rome  by  Censorinus."  This 
was  not  done  till  300  years  afterwards. 

In  Hamlet,  the  prince  Hamlet  was 
educated  at  Wittemberg  School,  which  was 
not  founded  till  1502 ;  whereas  Saxo- 
Germanicus,  from  whom  Shakespeare  bor- 
rowed the  tale,  died  in  1204.  Hamlet 
was  30  years  old  when  his  mother  talks 
of  his  going  back  to  school  (act  i.  sc.  2). 

In  1  Henry  JV.  the  carrier  complains 
that  "the  turkeys  in  his  pannier  are  quite 
starved  "  (act  ii.  sc.  5),  whereas  turkeys 
came  from  America,  and  the  New  World 
was  not  even  discovered  for  a  century 
after.  Again  in  Henry  V.  Gower  is  made 
to  say  to  Fluellen,  "  Here  comes  Pistol, 
swelling  like  a  turkey-cock"  (act  v.  sc.  1). 

In  Julius  Ccesar,  Brutus  says  to 
Cassius,  "  Peace,  count  the  clock."  To 
which  Cassius  replies,  "  The  clock  has 
Btricken  three."  Clocks  were  not  known 
to  the  Romans,  and  striking-clocks  were 
not  invented  till  some  1400  years  after 
the  death  of  Caesar. 

Virgil  places  iEneas  in  the  port 
Vclinus,  which  was  made  by  Curius 
Dentatus. 

This  list  with  very  little  trouble 
might  be  greatly  multiplied.  The  hotbed 
of  anachronisms  is  medieval  romance; 
there  nations,  times,  and  places  are  most 
recklessly  disregarded.  This  may  be 
instanced  by  a  few  examples  from 
Ariosto's  great  poem  Orlando  Furioso. 

Here  we  have  Charlemagne  and  his 
paladins  joined  by  J^Ldward  king  of 
England,  Richard  earl  of  Warwick,  Henry 
duke  of  Clarence,  and  the  dukes  of 
York  and  Gloucester  (bk.  vi.).  We  have 
cannons  employed  by  Cymosco  king  of 
Friza  (bk.  iv.),  and  also  in  the  siege  of 
Paris  (bk.  vi.}.  We  have  the  Moors 
established  in  Spain,  whereas  they  were 
not  invited  over  by  the  Saracens  for 
nearly  300  years  after  Charlemagne's 
death.    In  bk.  xvii.  we  have  Prester  John, 


who  died  in  1202 ;  and  in  the  last  three 
books  we  have  Constantine  the  Great,  who 
died  in  337. 

Anac'reon,  the  prince  of  erotic  and 
bacchanalian  poets,  insomuch  that  songs 
on  these  subjects  are  still  called  Anac- 
reon'tic  (n.c.  563^78). 

Anacreon  of  Painters,  Francesco  Al- 
bano  or  Alba'ni  (1578-lGGO). 

Anacreon  of  the  Guillotine,  Bertrand 
Barbre  de  Vieuzac  (1755-1841). 

Anacreon  of  the  Temple,  Guillaume 
Amfrye,  abbe  de  Chaulieu  (1639-1720). 

Anacreon  of  the  I'welfth  Century, 
Walter  Mapes,  "The  Jovial  Toper."  His 
famous  drinking  song,  "Meum  est  pro- 
positum  .  .  ."has  been  translated  by  Leigh 
Hunt  (1150-11%). 

The  French  Anacreon.  1.  Pontus  de 
Thiard,  one  of  the  "  Pleiad  poets " 
(1521-1605).  2.  P.  Laujon,  perpetual  pre- 
sident of  the  Caveau  Moderne,  a  Paris 
club,  noted  for  its  good  dinners,  but  every 
member  was  of  necessity  a  poet  (1727- 
1811). 

The  Persian  Anacreon,  Mahommed 
Hafiz.  The  collection  of  his  poems  is 
called  The  Divan  (1310-1389). 

The  Sicilian  Anacreon,  Giovanni  Meli 
(1740-1815). 

Aneicreon  Moore,  Thomas  Moore 
of  Dublin  (1780-1852),  poet,  called  "  Anac- 
reon," from  his  translation  of  that  Greek 
poet,  and  his  own  original  anacreontic 
songs. 

Described  by  Mahomet  and  Anacreon  Moore. 

Byron,  J}on  Juan,  i.  104. 

Anadems,  crowns  of  flowers. 

With  fingers  neat  and  fine 
Brave  anadems  they  make. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xv.  (1612), 

Anagnus,  Inchastity  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(canto  vii.).  He  had  four  sons  by  Caro, 
named  Maechus  (adultery),  Pornei'us  (forni- 
cation), Acath'arus,  and  Asel'ges  (lascivious- 
ness),  all  of  whom  are  fully  described  by  the 
poet.  In  the  battle  of  Mansoul  (canto  xi.) 
Anagnus  is  slain  by  .Agnei'a  (wifely 
chastity),  the  spouse  of  Encra'tes  (tem- 
perance) and  sister  of  Parthen'ia  (mai- 
denly  chastity.  (Greek,  an-agnos,  "im- 
pure.")   (1633.) 

Anagrams. 

Charles  James  Stuart  (James  I.). 
Claims  Arthur's  Seat. 

Dame  Eleanor  Davies  (prophetess  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  I.).  Accer  so  mad  a 
ladie. 


ANAH. 


ANCOR. 


HoKATio  Nelson.    Honor  est  Nilo. 

Makie  Touciiet  (mistress  of  Charles 
IX.).  Je  chaiine  tout  (made  by  Henri  IV.). 

Pilate's  question,  Quid  est  Veritas  ? 
Est  vir  qui  adest. 

Sir  Koger  Charles  Doughty  Tich- 
liOHNE,  Baronet.  You  horrid  butcher^ 
Orton,  biggest  rascal  here. 

A'nah,  granddaughter  of  Cain  and 
sister  of  Aholiba'mah.  Japhet  loved  her, 
hut  she  had  set  her  heart  on  the  seraph 
Azaz'iel,  who  carried  her  off  to  another 
planet  when  the  Flood  came. — Byron, 
Jleaven  and  Earth. 

Anah  and  Aholibamah  are  very  different  characters: 
Anah  is  soft,  gentle,  and  submissive ;  her  sister  is  proud, 
imperious,  and  aspiring ;  tlie  one  loving  in  fear,  the 
other  in  ambition.  Slie  fe4»rs  that  her  love  malies  her 
"iieart  prow  impious,"  and  that  slie  worships  the  seraph 
rallier  than  the  Creator.— Ed.  Lyttou  Bulwer  (Lord 
Lyttou). 

Anak  of  Publishers,  so  John 
Murray  was  called  by  lord  Byron  (1778- 
1848). 

An'akiin  or  Anak,  a  giant  of  Pales- 
tine, whose  descendants  were  terrible  for 
their  gigantic  stafcure.  The  Hebrew 
spies  said  that  they  themselves  were 
mere  grasshoppers  in  comparison  of  them. 

I  felt  the  thews  of  Anakim, 
The  pulses  of  a  Titan's  heart. 

Tennyson,  In  Memoriam,  ill. 

(The  Titans  were  giants,  who,  ac- 
cording to  classic  fable,  made  war  with 
Jupiter  or  Zeus,  1  syl.) 

Anamnes'tes  (4  syl),  the  boy  who 
waited  on  Eumnestes  (Memory).  Eum- 
nestes  was  a  very  old  man,  decrepit  and 
half  blind,  a ' '  man  of  infinite  remembrance, 
who  things  foregone  through  many  ages 
held,"  but  when  unable  to  "  fet"  what  he 
wanted,  was  helped  by  a  little  boy 
yclept  Anamnestes,  who  sought  out  for 
him  what  "was  lost  or  laid  amiss." 
(Greek,  eumnestis,  "good  memory;" 
anamnestis,  "research  or  calling  up  to 
mind.") 

And  oft  when  things  were  lost  or  laid  amiss, 
That  boy  them  sought  and  unto  him  did  lend  ; 
Tlierefore  he  Anamnestes  clepfid  is, 
And  that  old  man  Eumnestes. 

Spenser,  faery  Queen,  iL  9  (1590). 

Anani'as,  in  The  Alchemist,  a  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson  (1610). 

Benjamin  Johnson  (1651-1742)  .  .  .  seemed  to  be 
proud  to  wear  the  poet's  double  name,  and  was  particu- 
larly great  in  all  that  author's  plays  that  were  usually 
performed,  viz.,  "  Wasp,"  "  Corbaccio,"  "  Morose,"  and 
"  AnauLlS."— Clietwood. 

("Wasp"  in  Bartholomew  Fair,  "Cor- 
baccio" in  The  Fox,  "Morose"  in  The 
Silent  Woman,  all  by  B.  Jonson.) 

Anarchus,   king   of  the   Dipsodes 


(2  syl.),  defeated  by  Pantag'ruel,  who 
dressed  him  in  a  ragged  doublet,  a  cap 
with  a  cock's  feather,  and  married  him  to 
"an  old  lantern-carrying  hag."  The  prince 
gave  the  wedding  feast,  which  consisted 
of  garlic  and  sour  cider.  His  wife,  being 
a  regular  termagant,  "did  beat  him  like 
plaster,  and  the  ex-tyrant  did  not  dare 
call  his  soul  his  own." — Rabelais,  Fan- 
tagruel,  ii.  31  (1533). 

Anasta'sius,  the  hero  of  a  novel 
called  Memoirs  of  Anastasius,  by  Thomas 
Hope  (1770-1831),  a  most  brilliant  and 
powerful  book.  It  is  the  autobiography 
of  a  Greek,  who,  to  escape  the  consequences 
of  his  crimes  and  villainies,  becomes  a 
renegade,  and  passes  through  a  long  series 
of  adventures. 

Fiction  has  but  few  pictures  which  will  bear  comparison 
with  that  of  Aiiastasius,  sitting  on  the  steps  of  tli« 
lazaretto  of  Trieste,  with  his  dying  boy  in  his  arms.— 
Encyc.  Brit.  Art.  "  Romance." 

Anastasius  Griin,  the  nom,  d6 
plume  of  Anton  Alexander  von  Auersperg, 
a  German  poet  (1806-1876). 

Anasterax,  brother  of  Niquee  [ne.- 
kayl,  with  whom  he  lives  in  incestuous 
intercourse.  The  fairy  Zorphee,  in  order 
to  withdraw  her  god-daughter  from  this 
alliance,  enchanted  her. — Amadis  de  Gaul. 

Anaxar'te  (4  syl.),  the  Am'adis  of 
Greece,  a  supplemental  part  of  the  Por- 
tuguese romance  called  Amadis  of  Gaul 
[Wales].  The  supplemental  romance 
was  written  by  Feliciano  de  Silva. 

An'cho,  a  Spanish  brownie,  who  haunts 
the  shepherds'  huts,  warms  himself  at 
their  fires,  tastes  their  clotted  milk  and 
cheese,  converses  with  the  family,  and  is 
treated  with  familiarity  mixed  with  terror. 
The  Ancho  hates  church  bells. 

Anchors.  A  frigate  has  six: — (1) 
the  cock-hill  anchor,  forward ;  (2)  the 
kedger,  aft ;  (3)  the  flood  anchor,  towards 
the  open ;  (4)  the  ebb  anchor ;  (5)  the 
bower  anchor,  to  starboard  ;  (6)  the  sheet 
anchor,  to  larboard  or  port. 

Ancient  Mariner  {The),  by -Cole- 
ridge. For  the  crime  of  having  shot  an 
albatross  (a  bird  of  good  omen  to  s^- 
men)  terrible  sufferings  are  visited  upon 
him,  which  are  finally  remitted  through 
his  repentance ;  but  he  is  doomed  to  wa«* 
der  over  the  earth  and  repeat  his  story  to 
others  as  a  warning  lesson. 

An'cor,  a  river  of  Leicestershire,  run- 
ning through  Harshul,  where  Michael 


AND  ARE  YE  SURE. 


87 


ANDRONICUS. 


Drayton  was  born.    Hence  Wm.  Browne 
calls  him  the  shepherd, 

Who  on  the  banks  of  Ancor  tuned  his  pipe. 

UrUannia's  I'oitoraU,  L  5  (1613). 

And  are  ye  sure .  .  .  (See  But  .  .  .) 

An'derson  (Eppie),  a  servant  at  the 
inn  of  St.  Ronan's  Well,  held  by  Meg 
Dods.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  lionan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Andre  (2  syL),  Petit- Andre' and  Trois 
Echelles  are  the  executioners  of  Louis  XL 
of  France.  They  are  introduced  by  sir 
W.  Scott,  both  in  Quentin  Durward  and 
in  Anne  of  Geierstein. 

Andre,  the  hero  and  title  of  a  novel 
by  George  Sand  (Mde,  Dudevant).  This 
novel  and  that  called  Conswlo{4:  syl.)  are 
considered  her  best  (1804-1876). 

An'drea  Perra'ra,  a  sword,  so 
called  from  a  famous  Italian  sword- 
maker  of  the  name.  Strictly  speaking, 
onl)^  a  broad-sword  or  claymore  should  be 
so  called. 

There's  nae  sic  thing  as  standing  a  Highlander's  Andrew 
Ferara ;  they  will  slaughie  aff  a  fallow's  head  at  a  dash 
glap.— C.  Macklin,  Love  d-la-mode  (1779). 

Andre'os,  Fortitude  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(canto  X.).  "  None  fiercer  to  a  stubborn 
enemy,  but  to  the  yielding  none  more 
sweetly  kind."  (Greek,  andrla  or  andreia, 
"manliness.") 

An'drew,  gardener,  at  Ellangowan, 
to  Godfrey  Bertram  the  laird. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  IL). 

Andrews,  a  private  in  the  royal  army 
of  the  duke  of  Monmouth. — SirW.  Scott, 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II. ). 

Andrews  (Joseph),  the  hero  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  Fielding.  He  is  a  footman 
who  marries  a  maid-servant.  Joseph 
Andrews  is  a  brother  of  [Richardson's] 
"Pamela,"  a  handsome,  model  young 
man. 

The  accounts  of  Joseph's  bravery  and  good  qualities, 
his  voice  too  musical  to  halloa  to  the  dogs,  his  bravery  in 
riding  races  for  the  gentlemen  of  the  county,  and  his 
constancy  in  refusing  bribes  and  temptation,  have 
something  refreshing  in  their  naiveti  and  freshness,  and 
prepossess  one  in  favour  of  that  handsome  young  hero. 
— Thackeray. 

Androclus  and  the  Lion.    An- 

droclus  was  a  runaway  Roman  slave,  who 
took  refuge  in  a  cavern.  A  lion  entered, 
and  instead  of  tearing  him  to  pieces, 
lifted  up  its  fore  paw  that  Androclus  might 
extract  from  it  a  thorn.  The  fugitive, 
being  subsequently  captured,  was  doomed 
to  fight  with  a  lion  in  the  Roman  arena, 
and  it  so  happened  that  the  very  same 


lion  was  let  out  against  him  ;  it  instantly 
recognized  its  benefactor,  and  began  t'c 
fawn  upon  him  with  every  token  of 
gratitude  and  joy.  The  story  being  told 
of  this  strange  behaviour,  Androclus  was 
forthwith  set  free. 

A  somewhat  similar  anecdote  is  told  of 
sir  George  Davis,  English  consul  at 
Florence  at  the  beginning  of  the  present 
century.  One  day  he  went  to  see  the 
lions  of  the  great  duke  of  Tuscany. 
There  was  one  which  the  keepers  could 
not  tame,  but  no  sooner  did  sir  George 
appear,  than  the  beast  manifested  every 
symptom  of  joy.  Sir  George  entered 
the  cage,  when  the  creature  leaped  on  his 
shoulder,  licked  his  face,  wagged  its  tail, 
and  fawned  like  a  dog.  Sir  George  told 
the  great  duke  that  he  had  brought  up 
this  lion,  but  as  it  grew  older  it  became 
dangerous,  and  he  sold  it  to  a  Barbary 
captain.  The  duke  said  he  bought  it  of 
the  same  man,  and  the  mystery  was 
cleared  up. 

Andromache  lAn.drom'.a.ky'], -widow 
of  Hector.  At  the  downfall  of  Troy  both 
she  and  her  son  Asty'anax  were  allotted 
to  Pyrrhus  king  of  Epirus,  and  Pyrrhus 
fell  in  love  with  her,  but  she  repelled  his 
advances.  At  length  a  Grecian  embassy, 
led  by  Orestes  son  of  Agamemnon, 
arrived,  and  demanded  that  Astyanax 
should  be  given  up  and  put  to  death,  lest 
in  manhood  he  should  attempt  to  avenge 
his  father's  death.  Pyrrhus  told  Andro- 
mache that  he  would  protect  her  son  in 
defiance  of  all  Greece  if  she  would  become 
his  wife,  and  she  reluctantly  consented 
thereto.  While  the  marriage  ceremonies 
were  going  on  the  ambassadors  rushed  on 
Pyrrhus  and  slew  him,  but  as  he  fell  he 
placed  the  crown  on  the  head  of  Andro- 
mache, who  thus  became  the  queen  of 
Epirus,  and  the  ambassadors  hastened  to 
their  ships  in  flight. — Ambrose  Philips, 
The  Distressed  Mother  (1712). 

*^*  Andromache  was  a  favourite  part 
with  Charlotte  Clarke,  daughter  of  Colley 
Gibber  (1710-17G0),  and  with  Mrs.  Yates 
(1737-1787). 

Androni'ca,  one  of  Logistilla's  hand- 
maids, noted  for  her  beauty. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (151G). 

Androni'cus  (Titus),  a  noble  Roman 
general  against  the  Goths,  father  of  La- 
vin'ia.  In  the  play  so  called,  published 
amongst  those  of  Shakespeare,  the  word 
all  through  is  called  Andron'icus  (1593). 

Marcus  Andronicus,  brother  of  Titus, 
and  tribune  of  the  people. 


ANDROPHILUS. 


38 


ANGELIQUE. 


Androph'ilus,  Philanthropy  per- 
sonified in  The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas 
Fletcher  (1633).  Fully  described  in 
canto  X.  (Greek,  Andro-philos,  *'  a  lover 
of  mankind.") 

An'eal  (2  syl.),  daughter  of  Mati'ni, 
who  loves  Djabal,  and  believes  him  to  be 
'*  hakeem' "  (the  incarnate  god  and 
founder  of  the  Druses)  returned  to  life 
for  the  restoration  of  the  people  and 
their  return  to  Syria  from  exile  in  the 
Spo'rades.  When,  however,  she  discovers 
his  imposture,  she  dies  in  the  bitterness 
of  her  disappointment. — Robert  Browning, 
The  lie  turn  of  the  Drupes. 

Angel.  When  the  Rev.  Mr.  Patten, 
vicar  of  Whitstable,  tvas  dying,  the  arch- 
bishop of  Canterbury  sent  him  £10  ;  and 
the  wit  said,  "Tell  his  grace  that  now  I 
own  him  to  be  a  man  of  God,  for  I  have 
seen  his  angels." 

To  write  like  an  Angel,  that  is  like 
Angel  [Vergccios] ,  a  Greek  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  noted  for  his  caligraphy. 

L'ange  de  Dieu,  Isabeau  la  belle,  the 
"inspired  prophet-child"  of  the  Cami- 
sards. 

Angels  {Orders  of).  According  to 
Dionysius  the  Areop'agite,  the  angels  are 
divided  into  nine  orders :  Seraphim  and 
Cherubim,  in  the  first  circle ;  Thrones 
and  Dominions,  in  the  second  circle ; 
Virtues,  Powers,  Principalities,  Arch- 
angels, and  Angels,  in  the  thi7^d  circle. 

Novem  angelorum  ordines  dicimus,  quia  videlicet  esse, 
testaiite  siicro  eloquio,  scimiis  Angelos,  Archangelos,  Vir- 
tutes,  Potestates,  Principatus,  Doniinationes,  Thronos, 
Cherubim,  atque  Seraphim.— St.  Gregory  the  Great, 
JJontUy  34 

(See  Hymns  Ancient  and  Modern,  No. 
253,  ver.  2,  3.) 

Angels'  Visits.  Norris  of  Bemerton 
(1G67-1711)  wrote — those  joys  which 

Soonest  take  their  flight 
Are  the  most  exquisite  and  strong. 
Like  angels'  visits,  short  and  bright 

Robert  Blair,  in  1743,  wrote  in  his  poem 
called  The  Grave,  "in  visits" 

Like  those  of  angels,  short  and  far  between. 

Campbell,  in  1799,  appropriated  the 
simile,  but  without  improving  it,  wrote — 

Like  angeU'  visits,  few  and  far  between. 

Angelica,  in  Bojardo's  Orlando  In- 
namorato  (1495),  is  daughter  of  Gal'aphron 
king  of  Cathay.  She  goes  to  Paris,  and 
Orlando  falls  in  love  with  her,  forgetful 
of  wife,  sovereign,  country,  and  glory. 
Angelica,  on  the  other  hand,  disregards 
Orlando,  but  passionately  loves  Rinaldo, 


who  positively  dislikes  her.  Angelica 
and  Rinaldo  drink  of  certain  fountains, 
when  the  opposite  effects  are  produced  in 
their  hearts,  for  then  Rinaldo  loves  Ange- 
lica, while  Angelica  loses  all  love  for 
Rinaldo. 

Angelica,  in  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso, 
(151G)  is  the  same  lady,  who  marries 
Medoro,  a  young  Moore^  and  returns  to 
Cathay,  where  Medoro  succeeds  to  the 
crown.  As  for  Orlando,  he  is  driven  mad 
by  jealousy  and  pride. 

The  fairest  of  her  sex,  Angjelica. 

.  .  .  Sought  by  many  prowest  knights, 

Both  painim  and  the  peers  of  Chjirleniagne. 

Milton,  Paradise  Jiegained,  iii.  (1671). 

Angelica  {The  princess),  called  "The 
Lady  of  the  Golden  ToAver."  The  loves 
of  Parisme'nos  and  Angelica  form  an 
important  feature  of  the  second  part  of 
Farismus  Prince  of  Bohemia,  by  Emanuel 
Foord  (1598). 

Angel'ica,  _a.n  heiress  with  whom  Va- 
lentine Legend  is  in  love.  For  a  time 
he  is  unwilling  to  declare  himself  because 
of  his  debts ;  but  Angelica  gets  possession 
of  a  bond  for  £4000,  and  tears  it.  The 
money  difliiculty  being  adjusted,  the 
marriage  is  arranged  amicably. — W.  Con- 
gieve.  Love  for  Love  (1695). 

[Mrs.  Anne  Bracegirdle]  equally  delighted  In  melting 
tenderness  and  playful  coquetry,  in  "Statira"  or  "  MiHa- 
mant ;"  and  even  at  an  advanced  age,  when  she  played 
"  Angelica."— C.  Dibden. 

Angelica,  the  troth-plight  wife  of  Valere, 
"  the  gamester."  She  gives  him  a  pic- 
ture, and  enjoins  him  not  to  part  with  it 
on  pain  of  forfeiting  her  hand.  How- 
ever, he  loses  it  in  play,  and  Angelica  in 
disguise  is  the  winner  of  it.  After  much 
tribulation,  Valere  is  cured  of  his  vice, 
and  the  two  are  happily  united  by  marriage. 
— Mrs.  Centlivre,  The  Gamester  (1705). 

Angeli'na,  daughter  of  lord  Lewis, 
in  the  comedy  called  The  Elder  Brother^ 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1637). 

Angelina,  daughter  of  don  Channo. 
Her  father  wanted  her  to  marry  Clodio, 
a  coxcomb,  but  she  preferred  his  elder 
brother  Carlos,  a  bookworm,  with  whom 
she  eloped.  They  were  taken  captives 
and  carried  to  Lisbon.  Here  in  due  time 
they  met,  the  fathers  who  went  in  search 
of  them  came  to  the  same  spot,  and  as 
Clodio  had  engaged  himself  to  Elvira  of 
Lisbon,  the  testy  old  gentlemen  agreed  to 
the  marriage  of  Angelina  with  Carlos. — 
C.  Cibber,  Love  Makes  a  Man. 

Angelique'  (3  si/L),  daughter  of  Argan 
the  malade  imaginaire.    Her  lover  is  Cleante 


ANGEUQUE. 


ANGUISANT. 


(2  syL).  In  order  to  prove  whether  his 
■wife  or  daughter  loved  him  the  better, 
Argan  pretended  to  be  dead,  whereupon 
the  wife  rejoiced  greatly  that  she  was 
relieved  of  a  "disgusting  creature,"  hated 
by  every  one ;  but  tlie  daughter  grieved  as 
if  her  heart  would  break,  rebuked  herself 
for  her  shortcomings,  and  vowed  to  devote 
the  rest  of  her  life  in  prayer  for  the  repose 
of  his  soul.  Argan,  being  assured  of  his 
daughter's  love,  gave  his  free  consent  to 
her  marriage  with  Cle'ante.  —  Molifere, 
Malade  Imaginaire  (1673). 

Angelique,  the  aristocratic  wife  of  George 
Dandin,  a  French  commoner.  She  has  a 
liaison  with  a  M.  Clitandre,  but  always 
contrives  to  turn  the  tables  on  her  hus- 
band. George  Dandin  first  hears  of  a 
rendezvous  from  one  Lubin,  a  foolish 
servant  of  Clitandre,  and  lays  the  affair 
before  M.  and  Mde.  Sotenville,  his  wife's 
parents.  The  baron  with  George  Dandin 
call  on  the  lover,  who  denies  the  accu- 
sation, and  George  Dandin  has  to  beg 
pardon.  Subsequently,  he  catches  his 
wife  and  Clitandre  together,  and  sends  at 
once  for  M.  and  Mde.  Sotenville  ;  but 
Angelique,  aware  of  their  presence,  pre- 
tends to  denounce  her  lover,  and  even 
takes  up  a  stick  to  beat  him  for  the  **  in- 
sult offered  to  a  virtuous  wife  ; "  bo  again 
the  parents  declare  their  daughter  to  be 
the  very  paragon  of  women.  Lastly, 
George  Dandin  detects  his  wife  and  Cli- 
tandre together  at  night-time,  and  succeeds 
in  shutting  his  wife  out  of  her  room  ;  but 
Angelique  now  pretends  to  kill  herself, 
and  when  George  goes  for  a  light  to  look 
for  the  body,  she  rushes  into  her  room 
and  shuts  him  out.  At  this  crisis  the 
parents  arrive,  when  Angelique  accuses 
her  husband  of  being  out  all  night  in  a 
debauch ;  and  he  is  made  to  beg  her  pardon 
on  his  knees. — Molicre,  George  Vandln 
(16G8). 

An'gelo,  in  Measure  for  Measure^  lord 
deputy  of  Vienna  in  the  absence  of  Vin- 
centio  the  duke.  His  betrothed  lady  is 
Maria'na.     Lord  Angelo  conceived  a  base 

Eassion  for  Isabella,  sister,  of  Claudio,  but 
is  designs  were  foiled  by  the  duke,  who 
compelled  him  to  marry  Mariana. — 
Shakespeare  (1G03). 

An'gelo,  a  gentleman,  friend  to  Julio  in 
The  Captain,  a  drama  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  (1613). 

Anger  .  .  .  the  Alphabet.    It  was 

Athcnodo'rus    the    Stoic    who    advised 


Augustus  to  repeat  the  alphabet  when  he 
felt  inclined  to  give  way  to  anger. 

Un  certain  Grec  disait  i  I'enipereur  Aiignste, 
Comme  une  instruction  utile  nutant  que  juste. 
Que,  lorsqu'  une  aventure  en  colore  nous  met, 
Nousdevons,  avant  tout,  dire  notre  alpliabet, 
Afln  que  dans  ce  temps  la  bile  se  tempore, 
£t  qu'on  ne  fasse  rien  que  Ton  ne  doive  faire. 

Molidre,  L'&cole  del  Femtnet,  IL  4  (1663) 

Angioli'na  (4  s.y/.),  daughter  of 
LorediTna,  and  the  young  wife  of  Mari'no 
Faliero,  the  doge  of  Venice.  A  patrician 
named  Michel  Steno,  having  behaved  in- 
decently to  some  of  the  women  assembled 
at  the  great  civic  banquet  given  by  the 
doge,  was  kicked  out  of  the  house  by 
order  of  the  doge,  and  in  revenge  wrote 
some  scurrilous  lines  against  the  doga- 
ressa.  This  insult  was  referred  to  "  The 
Forty,"  and  Steno  was  sentenced  to  two 
months'  imprisonment,  which  the  doge 
considered  a  very  inadequate  punishment 
for  the  offence. — Byron,  Marino  Faliero. 

The  character  of  the  calm,  pure-spirited  Angiolina  la 
developed  most  admirably.  Tlie  great  difference  between 
her  temper  and  that  of  her  fiery  husband  is  vividly  por- 
trayed, but  not  less  vivKlly  touched  is  that  strong  bond  <>( 
union  which  exists  in  tlie  common  nobleness  of  their  deep 
natures.  There  is  no  spark  of  jealousy  in  the  old  man's 
thoughts.  He  does  not  exisect  the  fervour  of  youthful 
passion  in  his  young  wiie ;  but  he  finds  what  is  far  t)«tter— 
the  festrless  confidence  of  one  so  innocent  tliat  she  can 
scarcely  believe  in  the  existence  of  guilt.  .  .  .  She  tliinka 
Steno's  greatest  punishment  will  be  "  the  bluslies  of  his 
privacy." — Lockhart. 

Anglan'te*s  Lord,  Orlando,  who 
was  lord  of  Anglanto  and  knight  of 
Brava. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

An'glesey,  i.e.  Angles  eh-land  (the 
island  of  the  English).  Edwin  king  of 
Northumberland,  "warred  Avith  them  that 
dwelt  in  the  Isle  of  Mona,  and  they 
became  his  servants,  and  the  island  was 
no  longer  called  Mona,  but  Anglesey,  the 
isle  of  the  English." 

An'glides  (3  syl.),  wife  of  good  prince 
Boud'wine  (2  sgL),  brother  to  sir  ISIark 
king  of  Cornwall  ("the  falsest  traitor 
that  ever  was  born").  When  king  Mark 
slew  her  husband,  Anglides  and  her  son 
Alisaunder  made  their  escape  to  Magounce 
{i.e.  Arundel),  where  she  lived  in  peace, 
and  brought  up  her  son  till  he  received 
the  honour  of  knighthood. — SirT.  Malory, 
Hist,  of  Fr.  Arthur,  ii.  117,  118  (1470). 

An'glo-ma'nia,  generally  applied  to 
a  French  or  German  imitation  of  the 
manners,  customs,  etc.,  of  the  English. 
It  prevailed  in  France  some  time  before 
the  first  Revolution,  and  was  often  ex- 
tremely ridiculous. 

An'guisant,  king  of  Erin  {Ireland), 
subdued  by  king  A  rthur,  fighting  in  behalf 


ANGULE. 


40 


ANNIE  WINNIE. 


of  Leod'ogran  king  of  Cam'eliard  (3  syl.). 
■ — Tennyson,  Coming  of  King  Arthur. 

Angule  ('S'^.))  bishop  of  London,  put 
to  death  by  Maximia'nus  Hercu'lius, 
Koman  general  in  Britain  in  the  reign  of 
Diocletian. 

St.  Angule  put  to  death,  one  of  our  holiest  men, 
At  Loadou,  of  that  see  the  godly  bishop  then. 

Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Angurva'del,  Frithiof's  sword,  in- 
scribed with  Runic  characters,  which 
bla/ed  in  time  of  war,  but  gleamed  dimly 
in  time  of  peace. 

Animals  admitted  to  Heaven. 

According  to  the  Moslem's  creed,  ten 
animals  are  admitted  into  paradise  besides 
man.  1.  The  dog  Kratim,  of  the  seven 
sleepers  of  Ephesus.  2.  Balaam's  ass, 
which  reproved  the  disobedient  prophet. 
3.  Solomon's  ant,  which  reproves  the 
sluggard.  4.  Jonah's  Avhale.  5.  The 
ram  of  Ismael,  caught  by  the  horns,  and 
offered  in  sacrifice  instead  of  Isaac. 
7.  The  camel  of  Saleb.  8.  The  cuclcoo 
ofBelkis.  9.  The  ox  of  Moses.  10.  The 
animal  called  Al  Borak,  which  conveyed 
Mahomet  to  heaven. 

The  following  are  sometimes  added  or 
substituted : — The  ass  on  which  our  Saviour 
rode  into  Jerusalem ;  the  ass  on  which  the 
queen  of  Sheba  rode  when  she  visited 
Solomon. 

Anjou  (rA<?  Fair  Maid  of),  lady  Edith 
Plantagenet,  who  married  David  earl  of 
Huntingdon  (a  royal  prince  of  Scotland). 
Edith  was  a  kinswoman  of  Richard  Coeur 
de  Lion,  and  an  attendant  on  queen 
Berengaria. 

*#*  Sir  Walter  Scott  has  introduced 
her  in  The  Talisman  (1826). 

Ann  ( The  princess) ,  lady  of  Beaujeu. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Qtientin  Durward  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Anna  {Donna),  the  lady  beloved  by 
don  Otta'vio,  but  seduced  by  don  Gio- 
vanni.— Mozart's  opera,  Don  Giovanni 
(1787). 

An'nabel,  in  Absalom  and  Achi- 
tophel,  by  Dryden,  is  the  duchess  of 
Monmouth,  whose  maiden  name  was 
Anne  Scott  (countess  of  Buccleuch).  She 
married  again  after  the  execution  of  her 
faithless  husband. 

With  secret  joy  indulgent  David  [CJiarles  II."]  viewed 

His  youthful  Image  in  his  son  renewed  ; 

To  all  his  wishes  nothing  he  denied. 

And  made  tlic  charming  Annabel  his  bride. 

PartL 

An'naple    [Bailzou],  Effie  Dean's  | 


"  monthly  "  nurse. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Beart 
of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

An'naple,  nurse  of  Hobbie  Elliot  of  the 
Heugh-foot,  a  young  farmer. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Black  Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Anne  (Sister),  the  sister  of  Fat'ima 
the  seventh  and  last  wife  of  Blue  Beard. 
Fatima,  having  disobeyed  her  lord  by 
looking  into  the  locked  chamber,  is 
allowed  a  short  respite  before  execution. 
Sister  Anne  ascends  the  high  tower  of  the 
castle,  with  the  hope  of  seeing  her  brothers, 
who  were  expected  to  arrive  every  mo- 
ment. Fatima,  in  her  agony,  keeps  ask- 
ing "sister  Anne"  if  she  can  see  them, 
and  Blue  Beard  keeps  crying  out  for  F.a- 
tima  to  use  greater  despatch.  As  the 
patience  of  both  is  exhausted,  the  brothers 
arrive,  and  Fatima  is  rescued  from  death. 
— Charles  Perrault,  La  Barfjc  Bleue. 

Anne,  own  sister  of  king  Arthur. 
Her  father  was  Uther  the  pendragon,  and 
her  mother  Ygerna,  widow  of  Gorlois. 
She  was  given  by  her  brother  in  marriage 
to  Lot,  consul  of  Londonesia,  and  after- 
wards king  of  Norway. — Geoffrey,  British 
History,  viii.  20,  21. 

%*  in  Arthurian  romance  this  Anne 
is  called  Margawse  {History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  2)  ;  Tennyson  calls  her  Belli- 
cent  (Gareth  and  Lynette).  In  Arthurian 
romance  Lot  is  always  called  king  of 
Orkney. 

Anne.  Queen  Anne^s  Fan.  Your  thumb 
to  your  nose  and  fingers  spread. 

Annette,  daughter  of  Mathis  and 
Catherine,  the  bride  of  Christian,  captain 
of  the  patrol.— J.  E.  Ware,  The  Folish 
Jew. 

Annette  and  Lubin,  by  Marmon- 
tel,  imitated  from  the  Daphnis  and  Chloe 
of  Longos  (q.v.). 

An'nic  Lau'rie,  eldest  of  the  three 
daughters  of  sir  Robert  Laurie,  of  Max- 
welton.  In  1709  she  married  James  Fer- 
gusson,  of  Craigdarroch,  and  was  the 
mother  of  Alexander  Fergusson,  the  hero 
of  Burns's  song  The  Whistle.  The  song 
of  Annie  Laurie  was  written  by  William 
Douglas,  of  Fingland,  in  the  stewardry  of 
Kirkcud'bright,  hero  of  the  song  Willie 
was  a  Wanton  Wag.     (See  Whistle.) 

An'nie  "Win'nie,  one  of  the  old 
sibyls  at  Alice  Gray's  death ;  the  other 
was  Ailsie  Gourlay. — Sir  W.  Scott,  17te 
Bride  of  Lammennoor  (time,  William 
III.). 


ANNIR. 


41 


ANTHONIO. 


Annir,  king  of  Inia-thona  (an  island 
of  Scandinavia).  He  had  two  sons  (Argon 
and  Ruro)  and  one  daughter.  One  day 
Cor'malo,  a  neighbouring  chief,  came  and 
begged  the  honour  of  a  tournament. 
Argon  granted  the  remiest,  and  overthrew 
him,  which  so  vexed  Cormalo  that  during 
a  hunt  he  shot  both  the  brothers  secretly 
with  his  bow.  Their  dog  Rana  ran  to 
the  palace,  and  howled  so  as  to  attract 
attention  ;  whereupon  Annir  followed  the 
hound,  and  found  both  his  sons  dead, 
and  on  his  return  he  further  found  that 
Cormalo  had  carried  oflE  his  daughter. 
Oscar,  son  of  Ossian,  led  an  army  against 
the  villain,  and  slew  him  ;  then  liberating 
the  young  lady,  he  took  her  back  to  Inis- 
thona,  and  delivered  her  to  her  father. — 
Ossian  ("The  War  of  Inis-thona "). 

An'nophel,  daughter  of  Cas'silane 
(3  syl.)  general  of  Candy. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Laws  of  Candy  (1647). 

Anselm,  prior  of  St.  Dominic,  the 
confessor  of  king  Henry  IV. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

Anselme  (2  syl.),  father  of  Valfere 
(2  syl.)  and  Mariane  (3  syl.).  In  reality 
he  is  don  Thomas  d'Alburci,  of  Naples. 
The  family  were  exiled  from  Naples  for 
political  reasons,  and  being  shipwrecked 
were  all  parted.  Valfere  was  picked  up 
by  a  Spanish  captain,  who  adopted  him ; 
Mariane  fell  into  the  hands  of  a  corsair, 
who  kept  her  a  captive  for  ten  years,  when 
she  effected  her  escape ;  and  Anselme 
wandered  from  place  to  place  for  ten 
years,  when  he  settled  in  Paris,  and 
intended  to  marrj'.  At  the  expiration  of 
sixteen  years  they  all  met  in  Paris  at  the 
house  of  Har'pagon,  the  miser.  Valbre 
was  in  love  with  Elise  (2  syl.),  the 
miser's  daughter,  promised  by  Harpagon 
in  marriage  to  Anselme  ;  and  Mariane, 
affianced  to  the  miser's  sonCldante  (2  syl.), 
was  sought  in  marriage  by  Harpagon, 
the  old  father.  As  soon  as  Anselme 
discovered  that  Valfere  and  ^Mariane  were 
his  own  children,  matters  were  soon  amic- 
ably arranged,  the  young  people  married, 
and  the  old  ones  retired  from  the  unequal 
contest.— Moliere,  L'Avare  (1667). 

Anselmo,  a  noble  cavalier  of 
Florence,  the  friend  of  Lothario.  An- 
ielmo  married  Camilla,  and  induced  his 
friend  to  try  to  corrupt  her,  that  he  might 
rejoice  in  her  incorruptible  fidelity. 
Lothario  unwillingly  undertook  the  task, 
and  succeeded  but  too  well.    For  a  time 


Anselmo  was  deceived,  but  at  length 
Camilla  eloped,  and  the  end  of  the  silly 
affair  was  that  Anselmo  died  of  grief, 
Lothario  was  slain  in  battle,  and  Camilla 
died  in  a  convent. — Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  I.  iv.  5,  6  5  Fatal  Curiosity  (1605). 

An'ster  (Hob),  a  constable  at 
Kinross  village. — Sir  W.  Scott,  2'he 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Ant.  Ants'  eggs  are  an  antidote  to 
love. 

Ants  never  sleep.  Emerson  says  this 
is  a  "  recently  observed  fact." — Nature, 
iv. 

Ants  have  mind,  etc,  "  In  formica  non 
modo  sensus,  sed  etiam  mens,  ratio, 
memoria." — Pliny. 

Ant  (Solomon's),  one  of  the  ten  ani- 
mals admitted  into  paradise,  according 
to  the  Koran,  ch.  xxvii.   (See  Animals.) 

Ants  lay  tip  a  store  for  the  winter. 
This  is  an  error  in  natural  history, 
as  ants  are  torpid  during  the  winter. 

Antae'os,  a  gigantic  wrestler  of 
Libya  (or  Irassa).  His  strength  was 
inexhaustible  so  long  as  he  touched  the 
earth,  and  was  renewed  every  time  he  did 
touch  it.  Her'cules  killed  him  by  lifting 
bin:  up  from  the  earth  and  squeezing  him 
to  death.     (See  Malegeu.) 

As  when  earth's  son  Antaeus  .  .  in  Irassa  strove 
Willi  Jove's  Alcidfis,  and  oft  foiled,  still  rose, 
Receiving  from  his  niotlier  earth  new  strength. 
Fresh  from  his  fall,  and  fiercer  grapple  joined, 
Throttled  at  length  i'  the  air,  expired  and  fell. 

Milton,  Paradite  Regained,  iv.  (1671). 

***  Similarly,  when  Bernardo  del 
Carpio  assailed  Orlando  or  Rowland 
at  Roncesvalles,  as  he  found  his  body  was 
not  to  be  pierced  by  any  instrument  of 
war,  he  took  him  up  in  his  arms  and 
squeezed  him  to  death. 

N.B. — The  only  vulnerable  part  of  Or- 
lando was  the  sole  of  his  foot. 

Ante'nor,  a  traitorous  Trojan  prince, 
related  to  Priam.  He  advised  Ulysses  to 
carry  away  the  palladium  from  Troy,  and 
when  the  wooden  horse  was  built  it  was 
Antenorwho  urged  the  Trojans  to  make  a 
breach  in  the  wall  and  drag  the  horse 
into  the  city. — Shakespeare  has  intro- 
duced him  in  Troilus  and  Cressida  (1602). 

Anthi'a,  the  lady  beloved  by  Abroc'- 
omas  in  the  Greek  romance  called 
De  Amoribus  Anthice  et  Abrocomce,  by 
Xenophon  of  Ephesus,  who  lived  in  the 
fourth  Christian  century.  (This  is  not 
Xenophon  the  historian,  who  lived  B.C. 
444-369.) 

Anthonio,  "the  merchant   of   Ve- 


ANTHONIO. 


42 


ANTIOPE. 


nice,"  in  Shakespeare's  drama  so  called 
(1698).  Anthonio  borrows  of  Shylock, 
a  Jew,  3000  ducats  for  three  months, 
to  lend  to  his  friend  Bassanio.  The  con- 
ditions of  the  loan  were  these :  if  the 
money  was  paid  within  the  time,  only  the 
principal  should  be  returned  ;  but  if  not, 
the  Jew  should  be  allowed  to  cut  from 
Anthonio's  body  "a pound  of  flesh."  As 
the  ships  of  Anthonio  were  delayed  by 
contrary  winds,  he  was  unable  to  pay 
within  the  three  months,  and  Shylock 
demanded  the  forfeiture  according  to  the 
bond.  Portia,  in  the  dress  of  a  law- 
doctor,  conducted  the  case,  and  when  the 
Jew  was  about  to  cut  the  flesh,  stopped 
him,  saying — (1)  the  bond  gave  him  no 
drop  of  blood ;  and  (2)  he  must  take 
neither  more  nor  less  than  an  exact 
pound.  If  he  shed  one  drop  of  blood  or 
if  he  cut  more  or  less  than  an  exact 
pound,  his  life  would  be  forfeit.  As  it 
was  quite  impossible  to  comply  with 
these  restrictions,  the  Jew  was  nonsuited, 
and  had  to  pay  a  heavy  fine  for  seeking 
the  life  of  a  citizen. 

Antho'nio,  the  usurping  duke  of  Milan, 
and  brother  of  Pros'pero  (the  rightful 
duke,  and  father  of  Miranda). — Slaake- 
Bpeare,  The  Tempest  (1609). 

Antho'nio,  father  of  Protheus,  and 
suitor  of  Julia. — Shakespeare,  The  Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1694). 

An'thony,  an  English  archer  in  the 
cottage  of  farmer  Dickson,  of  Douglas- 
dale. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle  Dangerous 
(time,  Henrj'  I.). 

An'thony,  the  old  postillion  at  Meg 
Dods's,  the  landlady  of  the  inn  at  St. 
Konan's  Well. — Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Antid'ius,  bishop  of  Jaen,  martj-^red 
by  the  Vandals  in  411.  One  day,  seeing 
the  devil  writing  in  his  pocket-book  some 
sin  committed  by  the  pope,  he  j  limped  upon 
his  back  and  commanded  his  Satanic  ma- 
jesty to  carry  him  to  Kome.  The  devil 
tried  to  make  the  bishop  pronounce  the 
name  of  Jesus,  which  would  break  the 
spell,  and  then  the  devil  would  have  tossed 
his  unwelcome  burden  into  the  sea,  but  the 
bishop  onl)''  cried,  "  Gee  up,  devil !  "  and 
when  he  reached  Rome  he  was  covered 
with  Alf »ine  snow.  The  chronicler  naively 
adds,  "  the  hat  is  still  shown  at  Rome  in 
confirmation  of  this  miracle." — General 
Chronicle  of  Kmj  Alphonso  the  Wise. 

Antig'one    (4    sijl,)^    daughter   of 


CE'dipos  and  Jocas'tc,  a  noble  maiden, 
with  a  truly  heroic  attachment  to  her 
father  and  brothers.  When  Qi^dipos  had 
blinded  himself,  and  was  obliged  to  quit 
Thebes,  Antigone  accompanied  him,  and 
remained  with  him  till  his  death,  when 
she  returned  to  Thebes.  Creon,  the  king, 
had  forbidden  any  one  to  bury  Polyni'ces, 
her  brother,  who  had  been  slain  by  his 
elder  brother  in  battle  ;  but  Antigone,  in 
defiance  of  this  prohibition,  buried  the 
dead  body,  and  Creon  shut  her  up  in  a 
vault  under  ground,  where  she  killed 
herself.  Haeman,  her  lover,  killed  him- 
self also  by  her  side.  Sophocles  has  a 
Greek  tragedy  on  the  subject,  and  it  has 
been  dramatized  for  the  English  stage. 

Then  suddenly— oh  !  .  .  .  what  a  revelation  of  beauty  ! 
forth  stepped,  walking  in  brightness,  the  most  faultless  of 
Grecian  niarliles.  Miss  Helen  Faucet  as  "Antigonfi." 
What  perfection  of  Athenian  sculpture  I  the  noble 
figure,  the  lovely  arms,  the  fluent  drapery!  What  an 
unveiling  of  the  statuesque  I  .  .  .  Perfect  in  form ;  perfect 
iu  attitude.— De  Quincey  (1845). 

The  Modern  Antigone,  Marie  Th(^rfese 
Charlotte  duchcsse  d'Angouleme,  daugh- 
ter of  Louis  XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette 
(1778-1851). 

Antig'onus,  a  Sicilian  lord,  com- 
manded by  king  Leontcs  to  take  his 
infant  daughter  to  a  desert  shore  and  leave 
her  tc  perish.  Antigonus  was  driven  by  a 
storm  to  the  coast  of  Bohemia,  where  he 
left  the  babe  ;  but  on  his  way  back  to 
the  ship,  he  was  torn  to  pieces  by  a 
bear. — Shakespeare,  The  Winter's  Tale 
(1G04). 

Antig'onus  (King),  an  old  man  with  a 
young  man's  amorous  passions.  He  is 
one  of  the  four  kings  who  succeeded  to 
the  divided  empire  of  Alexander  the 
Great. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Humorous  Lieutenant  (1647). 

Antin'ous  (4  syl.),  a  page  of  Had- 
rian the  Roman  emperor,  noted  for  his 
beauty. 

Antin'ous  (4  syl.),  son  of  Cas'silanc 
(3  syl.)  general  of  Candy,  and  brother 
of  An'nophel,  in  The  Laws  of  Candy,  a 
drama  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1647). 

Anti'ochus,  emperor  of  Greece,  who 
sought  the  life  of  Per'iclcs  prince  of  Tyre, 
but  died  without  eifecting  his  desire. — 
Shakespeare,  Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre 
(1608). 

Anti'ope  (4  syl.),  daughter  of 
Idom'eueus  (isyl.),  for  whom  Telein'achus 
had  a  tendre.  IMcntor  approved  his 
choice,  and  assured  Telemachus  that  the 
ladv  was  designed  for  him  by  the  gods. 


ANTIPHOLUS. 


48 


ANTONY. 


Her  charms  were  '*  the  glowing  modesty 
of  her  countenance,  her  silent  diffidence, 
and  her  sweet  reserve ;  her  constant  at- 
tention to  tapestry  or  to  some  other  useful 
and  elegant  employment ;  her  diligence 
in  household  affairs,  her  contempt  of 
finery  in  dress,  and  her  ignorance  of  her 
own  beauty."  Telemachus  says,  "  She 
encourages  to  industry  by  her  example, 
sweetens  labour  by  the  melody  of  her 
voice,  and  excels  the  best  of  painters  in 
the  elegance  of  her  embroidery." — 
Fenelon,  Te'le'maque,  xxii.  (1700). 

He  {Paut\  fancied  he  had  found  In  Virginia  the 
wisdom  of  Antiot)e  with  the  luisfortuiies  and  tlie 
temlerness  of  Euclijiris.— Bernardia  de  St.  Pierre,  Paul 
and  Virginia  (1788). 

Antiph'olus,  the  name  of  two 
brothers,  twins,  the  sons  of  iEge'on  a 
merchant  of  Syracuse.  The  two  brothers 
were  shipwrecked  in  infancy,  and,  being 
picked  up  by  different  cruisers,  one  was 
carried  to  Syracuse,  and  the  other  to 
Ephesus.  The  Ephesian  entered  the 
service  of  the  duke,  and,  being  fortunate 
enough  to  save  the  duke's  life,  became  a 
great  man  and  married  well.  The  Syra- 
cusian  Antipholus,  going  in  search  of 
his  brother,  came  to  Ephesus,  where  a 
series  of  blunders  occurs  from  the  won- 
derful likeness  of  the  two  brothers  and 
their  two  servants  called  Dromio.  The 
confusion  becomes  so  great  that  the 
Ephesian  is  taken  up  as  a  mad  man.  It 
so  happened  that  both  brothers  appeared 
before  the  duke  at  the  same  time  ;  and 
the  extraordinary  likeness  being  seen  by 
all,  the  cause  of  the  blunders  was  evident, 
and  everything  was  satisfactorily  ex- 
plained.— Shakespeare,  Comedy  of  Errors 
(1593). 

Antiph'ony,  alternate  singing  of 
opposite  choirs,  as  when  psalms  are 
intoned  in  cathedrals. 

Oh  1  never  more  for  me  shall  winds  intone 
With  all  your  tops  a  vast  an  ti phony. 

Robert  Browuiug,  A  Blot  on  the  'tevUehttm. 

Anton  {Sir).  Tennyson  says  that 
Merlin  gave  Arthur,  when  an  infant,  to  sir 
Anton  and  his  lady  to  bring  up,  and  they 
brought  him  up  as  their  own  son.  This 
does  not  correspond  with  the  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  which  states  that  he  was 
committed  to  the  care  of  sir  Ector  and 
his  lady,  whose  son,  sir  Key,  is  over 
and  over  again  called  the  prince's  foster- 
brother.  'I'he  History  furthermore  states 
that  Arthur  made  sir  Key  his  seneschal 
because  he  was  his  foster-brother. 

So  the  child  w.'is  delivered  unto  Merlin,  and  he  bans 
bitii  forth  unto  sir  Ector,  and  niatle  a  holy  man  christen 


him,  and  named  him  "  Anhur."    And  so  sir  Ector's  wife 
nourished  him  with  her  own  breast. — Part  1.  3. 

So  sir  Ector  rode  to  the  justs,  and  with  him  rode  t\t 
Key,  his  son.  and  young  Arthur  that  was  his  nourished 
brother.— Ditto. 

"  Sir,"  said  sir  Ector,  "  I  will  ask  no  more  of  you  but 
that  you  will  make  my  son,  sir  Key,  your  foster- 
brother,  seneschal  of  all  your  lands."  "  Tliat  shall  be 
done,"  said  Arthur  (ch.  4).— Sir  T.  Malory,  Jliitory  of 
Prince  Arthur  (UHi). 

Anton,  .pne  of  Henrv  Smith's  men  in 
The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Anto'niad,  the  name  of  Cleopatra's 
ship  at  the  battle  of  Actium,  so  named 
in  compliment  to  Mark  Antony. — Plu- 
tarch. 

Anto'nio,  a  sea  captain  who  saved 
Sebastian,  the  brother  of  Vi'ola,  when 
wrecked  off  the  coast  of  Illvria. — 
Shakespeare,  Twelfth  Night  (1614)'. 

Anto'nio,  the  Swiss  lad  who  acts  as 
the  guide  from  Lucern,  in  sir  W.  Scott's 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Anto'nio,  a  stout  old  gentleman,  kins- 
man of  Petruccio,  governor  of  Bologna. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Chances 
(a  comedy,  before  1621). 

Antonio  (Don),  father  of  Carlos  a 
bookworm,  and  Clodio  a  coxcomb ;  a 
testy,  headstrong  old  man.  He  wants 
Carlos  to  sign  away  his  birthright  in 
favour  of  his  younger  brother,  to  whom 
he  intends  Angelina  to  be  married  ;  but 
Carlos  declines  to  give  his  signature,  and 
elopes  with  Angelina,  whom  he  marries, 
while  Clodio  engages  his  troth  to  Elvira 
of  Lisbon. — C.  Gibber,  Love  Makes  a 
Man. 

Antonio  (Hon),  in  love  with  Louisa,  the 
daughter  of  don  Jerome  of  Seville.  A 
poor  nobleman  of  ancient  family. — 
Sheridan,  The  Duenna  (1778). 

Antonomas'ia  (The  princess), 
daughter  of  Archipiela,  king  of  Candaya, 
and  his  wife  Maguncia.  She  married 
don  Clavijo,  but  the  giant  Malambru'no, 
by  enchantment,  changed  the  bride  into  a 
brass  monkey,  and  her  spouse  into  a 
crocodile  of  some  unknown  metal.  Dor. 
Quixote  mounted  the  wooden  horse 
Clavileno  the  Winged,  to  disenchant  the 
lady  and  her  husband,  and  this  he 
effected  *'  simply  by  making  the 
attempt." — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II. 
iii.  4,  5  (1615). 

Antony  (Saint)  lived  in  a  cavern  on 


ANTONY  AND  CiESAR. 


44 


APOLLO. 


the  summit  of  Cavadonga,  in  Spain,  and 
was  perpetually  annoyed  by  devils. 

Old  St  Antonius  from  the  hell' 
Of  bis  bewildered  phantasy  saw  fiends 
In  actual  vision,  a  foul  throng  grotesque 
Of  all  horrific  shapes  and  forms  obscene, 
Crowd  in  broad  day  l)efore  his  open  eyes. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xvi.  (1814). 

An'tony  and  Caesar.  Macbeth 
says  that  "  under  I3anquo  his  own 
genius  was  rebuked  [or  snubbed],  as  it  is 
said  Mark  Antony's  was  by  Caesar" 
(act  iii.  sc.  1),  and  in  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra this  passage  is  elucidated  thus — 

Thy  daemon,  that's  Ihy  spirit  which  keeps  thee,  is 
Mohle,  courageous,  high,  unmatchable. 
Where  Caisar's  is  not ;  but  near  him  thy  angel 
Becomes  a  fear,  as  being  o'erpowered. 

Act  il  sc.  S. 

An'vil  ( The  Literary) .  Dr.  Mayo  was 
so  called,  because  he  bore  the  hardest 
blows  of  Dr.  Johnson  without  flinching. 

Aodh.,  last  of  the  Culdees,  or  primitive 
clergj-  of  lo'na,  an  island  south  of 
Staff  a.  His  wife  was  Keullu'ra.  Ulv- 
fa'gre  the  Dane,  having  landed  on  the 
island  and  put  many  to  the  SAVord,  bound 
Aodh  in  chains  of  iron,  then  dragging 
him  to  the  church,  demanded  where  the 
"treasures  were  concealed."  A  mys- 
terious figure  now  appeared,  which  not 
only  released  the  priest,  but  took  the 
Dane  by  the  arm  to  the  statue  of  St. 
Columb,  which  fell  on  him  and  crushed 
him  to  death.  After  this  the  "saint" 
gathered  the  remnant  of  the  islanders 
together,  and  went  to  Ireland. — Campbell, 
JieiUlwa. 

Aon'ian  Mount  (27je),  in  Boeo'tia, 
the  haunt  of  the  Muses.  Milton  says  his 
Muse  is  to  soar  above  "the  Aonian 
mount,"  i.e.  above  the  flight  of  fable  and 
classic  themes,  because  his  subject 
was  "Jehovah,  lord  of  all." — Paradise 
Lost,  i.  16  (1665). 

Ape  (1  syl.),  the  pseudonym  of  M. 
Pellegrini,  the  caricaturist  of  Vanity 
Fair.  Dr.  Johnson  says  "  to  ape  is  to 
imitate  ludicrously ;"  whence  the  adoption 
of  the  name. 

Apes.    To  lead  Apes  in  Hell,  to  die  an 
f^^  old  maid.     Thus  Fadladin'ida    says    to 

f^TlTwcl?;  Tatlanthe  (3  syl.)— 

S  linkjiAi,  P'ty  *h**^  yo"  who've  served  so  long  and  well 

r>jj^  .        giiould  die  a  virgin,  and  lead  apes  in  hell  ; 
•^'U*4ii«t  j/      Choose  for  yourself,  dear  girl,  our  empire  round, 
/Ai  5  %Z««-^''"'  portion  ix  twelve  hundred  thousjind  pound. 

H.  Carey,  Chrononhotonthologot. 
6i<v-l,  5^/  -      Women,  dying  maids,  lead  apes  in  hell. 

The  Loridon  Prodigal.  L  2. 

Apelles   and  the   Cobbler.    A 

cobbler  found  fault  with  the  shoe-latchet 
of  one  of  Apelles'  paintings,  and  the  artist 


rectified  the  fault.  The  cobbler,  thinking 
himself  very  wise,  next  ventured  to 
criticize  the  legs  ;  but  Apelles  said,  Ne 
sutor  ultra  crepldum  ("  Let  not  the 
cobbler  go  beyond  his  last  "). 

Within  that  range  of  criticism  where  all  are  equally 
judges,  and  where  Crispin  is  entitled  to  dictate  to 
Apelles. — Encyc.  Brit.  Art.  "  Romance." 

Apelles.  When  his  famous  painting  of 
Venus  rising  out  of  the  sea  (hung  by 
Augustus  in  the  temple  of  Julius  Caesar) 
was  greatly  injured  by  time,  Nero  re- 
placed it  by  a  copy  done  by  Dorotheus. 
This  Venus  by  Apelles  is  called  "  Venus 
Anadyom'ene,"  his  model  (according  to 
tradition)  being  Campaspe  (afterwards 
his  wife). 

Apeman'tus,  a  churlish  Athenian 
philosopher,  who  snarled  at  men 
systematically,  but  showed  his  cynicism 
to  be  mere  affectation,  when  Timon 
attacked  him  with  his  own  weapons. — 
Shakespeare,  Timon  of  Athens  (1600), 

Their  affected  melancholy  showed  like  the  cynicism  of 
Apemantus,  contrasted  with  the  real  misanthropy  of 
Timon.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

Apic'ius,  an  epicure  in  the  time  of 
Tiberius.  He  wrote  a  book  on  the  ways 
of  provoking  an  appetite.  Having  spent 
£800,000  in  suppljung  tho  delicacies 
of  the  table,  and  having  otify  £80,000 
left,  he  hanged  himself,  not  thinking  it 
possible  to  exist  on  such  a  wretched 
pittance.  Apicia,  however,  became  a 
stock  name  for  certain  cakes  and  sauces, 
and  his  name  is  still  proverbial  in  all 
matters  of  gastronomy. 

There  was  another  of  the  name  in  the 
reign  of  Trajan,  who  wrote  a  cooking 
book  and  manual  of  sauces.  m 

No  Brahmin  could  abominate  your  meal  more  than  I  do. 
Hirtius  and  Apicius  would  have  blushed  for  it.  Mark 
Antony,  who  roasted  eight  whole  boars  for  supper,  never 
massacred  more  at  a  meal  than  yon  have  done.— Cimiber- 
land.  The  Fashionable  Lover,  u  1  (1780). 

Apollo,  the  sun,  in  Homeric  mytho- 
logy 18  the  embodiment  of  practical 
wisdom  and  foresight,  of  swift  and  far- 
reaching  intelligence,  and  hence  of 
poetry,  music,  etc. 

The  Apollo  Belvidere,  that  is,  the  Apollo 
preserved  in  the  Belvidere  gallery  of  the 
Vatican,  discovered  in  1 503  amidst  the  ruins 
of  An'tium,  and  purchased  by  pope  Julius 
II.  It  is  supposed  to  be  the  work  of 
Cal'amis,  a  Greek  sculptor  of  the  fifth 
century  b.c. 

The  Apollo  of  Actium  was  a  gigantic 
statue,  which  served  for  a  beacon. 

The  Apollo  of  Rhodes,  usually  called  the 
colossus,  was  a  gigantic  bronze  statue,  150 


APOLLYON. 


45 


AQUILINE. 


feet  high,   made  by  Chares,  a  pupil  of 
Lysippus,  and  set  up  b.c.  300. 

Animals  consecrated  to  Apollo,  the  cock, 
the  crow,  the  grasshopper,  the  hawk,  the 
raven,  the  swan,  and  the  wolf. 

ApoU'yon,  king  of  the  bottomless 

?it ;  introduced  by  Bunyan  in  his 
HlgrinCs  Progress.  ApoUyon  encounters 
Christian,  by  whom,  after  a  severe 
contest,  he  is  foiled  (1678). 

Apostle  or  Patron  Saint  of — 

Abvssinians,  St  Frumentius  (died  360).  HU  day, 
October  27. 

AI,HS,  Feltx  Neff  (1798-1829). 

A.NTiocH,  St.  Marsaret  (died  275).    Her  day,  July  20. 

Ardennes,  St.  Hubert  (65r>-730). 

Armenians,  Gregory  of  Armenia  (256-3.31). 

Cagliabi  (Sardinia),  St.  Efisio. 

Corfu,  St.  Spiridion  (fourtlj  century).  Hig  day,  Decem- 
ber 14. 

English,  St.  Augustln  (died  607^;  St.  George  (died  290). 

Ethkihia,  St.  Frumentius  (died  360).  His  day,  Octo- 
ber 27. 

Franconia,  St.  Kilian  (died  689).     His  day,  July  8. 

Free  Tbadb,  Richard  Cobden  (1804-1865). 

French.  St.  Denis  (died  272).    His  day,  October  9. 

Frisians,  St.  Wilbrod  (657-738). 

Gauls,  St.  Irenw'us  (130-200) ;  St.  Martin  (316-397). 

Gentills,  St.  Paul  (died  66).  His  days,  June  29, 
January  25. 

Georgia,  St.  Nino. 

Germany,  St.  Boniface  (680-755).    His  day,  June  5. 

Highlanders,  St.  Colomb  (521-597).    His  day,  June  9. 

Hungarians,  St.  Anastasius  (died  628).  His  day, 
January  23. 

Indians,  Bartolom^  de  Las  Casas  (1474-1566) ;  Rev.  Joliu 
Eliot  (1603-1690). 

Indies,  St.  Francis  Xavier  (1506-1552).  His  day,  Decem- 
ber 3. 

Infidelity,  Voltaire  (1694-1778). 

Irish,  St.  Patrick  (372-493).     His  day,  March  17. 

Liberty,  Tliomas  Jefferson,  third  president  of  the  U.S. 
(1743-1826). 

London,  St.  Paul;  St.  Michael.  Days,  January  25; 
September  29. 

Netherlands,  St.  Armand  (589-679). 

North,  St  Ansgar  (801-S64) ;  Bernard  Gilpin  (1517-1683). 

Padua,  St  Anthony  (1195-1231).     His  day,  June  13. 

Paris,  St.  Genevieve  (419-512).    Her  day,  January  3. 

Peak,  W.  B-igshaw,  so  called  from  his  missionary  labours 
in  Derbyshire  (1628-1702). 

PiCTS,  St  Ninian. 

Scottish  Refor.mkrs,  John  Knox  (1505-1572). 

Sicily  (the  tutelary  deity  is)  Cer6s. 

Slaves,  St.  Cyril  (died  868).    His  day,  February  14. 

Spain,  St  James  the  Greater  (died  44).    His  day,  July  24. 

Tejiherance.   Father  Mathew  (1790-1856). 

Venice,  St.  Mark ;  St  Pantaleon ;  St.  Andrew  Justinlani. 
St.  Mark's  day,  April  25 ;  St.  Pantaleon's,  July  27. 

Yorkshire,  St  Pauli'nus.  bishop  of  York  (597-644). 

Wales,  St  David  (480-544).    His  day,  M.vch  1. 

Apostle  of  Free  Trade,  Richard 
Cobden  (1804-1865).  John  Bright  is 
also  so  called  (1811-        ). 

Apostolic  Fathers  {Tlie  Five): 
Clement  of  Rome,  BarnSbas,  Hermas, 
Igna'tius,  and  Polycarp.  All  contem- 
porary with  the  apostles. 

Ap'petiser.  A  Scotchman  being  told 
that  the  birds  called  kittiewiaks  were  ad- 
mirable appetisers,  ate  six  of  them,  and 
then  complained  "he  was  no  hungrier 
than  he  was  before." 

Apple  {Prince  Ahmed' s)^  a  cure  for 


every  disorder. — Arabian  Nights'  Enter- 
tainments ("Ahmed  and  Pari-banou"). 

The  Singing  Apple,  the  perfect  em- 
bellisher of  wit.  It  would  persuade  by 
its  smell  alone,  and  would  enable  the 
possessor  to  write  poetr}'  or  prose,  to 
make  people  laugh  or  cry,  and  discoursed 
such  excellent  music  as  to  ravish  every 
one. — Countess  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales 
("  Chery  and  Fairstar,"  1682). 

Apples  of  Sodom  (called  by  Wit- 
man,  oranges)  are  the  yellow  fruit  of 
the  osher  or  ashey  tree.  Tacitus  {His- 
tory, v.  7)  and  Josephus  both  refer  to 
these  apples.  Thevenot  says,  "  The 
fruit  is  lovely  [externally],  but  within  is 
full  of  ashes." 

The  fruit  of  the  osher  or  ashey  tree,  called  "  Apples  or 
Oranges  of  Sodom,"  resembles  a  smooth  apple  or  orange, 
hangs  in  clusters  of  three  or  four  on  a  branch,  and  is  of 
a  yellow  colour  when  ripe.  Upon  being  struck  or 
pressed,  it  explodes  with  a  puff,  and  is  reduced  to  the 
rind  and  a  few  fibres,  being  chiefly  filled  with  air.— 
Gallery  of  Geography,  811. 

Like  to  the  apples  on  the  Dead  Sea  shore, 

All  ashes  to  the  taste. 

Byron,  Childe  ITarold,  Hi.  34. 

Appul'durcombe  (4  syl.),  the 
Isle  of  Wight.  The  word  is  a  com- 
pound of  apuldre-combe  ("  valley  of  apple 
trees  "),  and  not  y  pul  dur  y  cum  ("  thfe 
lake  in  the  valley  "). 

April  Pool.  One  of  the  favour- 
ite London  jokes  was  to  send  green- 
horns to  the  Tower,  "to  see  the  lions 
washed." — See  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and 
Fable. 

April  Showers.  April  showers 
bring  May  flowers. 

Sweet  April  showers  do  spring  May  flowers. 
T.  Tusser,  500  Points  of  Good  Uuibandry,  xxxix.  (1557). 

Aquarius,  Sagittarius.  IMrs. 
Browning  says  that  "  Aquarius  "  is  a 
symbol  of  man  bearing,  and  "  Sagit- 
tarius "  of  man  combatting.  The  passive 
and  active  forms  of  human  labour. 

Eve.      Two  phantasms  of  two  men. 

Adam.   One  that  sustains. 

And  one  that  strives,  so  the  ends 
Of  manhood's  curse  of  lalwur.  ' 

E.  B.  Browning,  A  Drama  of  Exile  (1851). 

A'quilant,  son  of  Olive'ro  and 
Sigismunda  ;  a  knight  in  Charlemagne's 
army.  He  was  called  "Wac/^,"  and  his 
brother  Gryphon  '■'■  white,''- trom  the  colour 
of  their  armour. — Ariosto,  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

A'quiline  (3  syl.),  Raymond's  steed, 
whose  sire  was  the  wind. — Tasso,  Jeru- 
salem Delivered,  vii.  (1575). 

(Soiinus,  Columella,  and  Varro  relate 
how  the  Lusitaniau  marea  "with  open 


AQUINIAN  SAGE. 


46 


ARC. 


mouth  against  the  breezes  held,  receive 
the  gales  with  warmth  prolific  filled,  and 
thus  inspired,  their  swelling  wombs  pro- 
duce the  wondrous  offspring." — See  also 
Virgil,  Georyics,  iii.  266-283. 

Aquin'ian  Sage.  Juvenal  is  so 
called,  because  he  was  born  at  Aqui'num, 
in  Latium  (fl.  a.d.  100). 

Arabel'la,  an  heiress  left  under  the 
guardianship  of  justice  Day.  Abel  Day, 
the  son  of  justice  Day,  aspires  to  her  hand 
and  fortune,  but  she  confers  both  with 
right  good  will  on  captain  Manly. — T. 
Knight,  2'he  Honest  Thieves. 

AraHbia  Fe'lix  {^^Arahy  the  blest"). 
This  name  is  a  blunder  made  by  British 
merchants,  who  supposed  that  the  precious 
commodities  of  India  bought  of  Arab 
traders  were  the  produce  of  Arabia. 

AraTbian  Bird  {The)^  the  phoenix,  a 
marvellous  man,  one  sui  generis. 

O  Antony  1  O  thou  Arabian  bird ! 
Shakespeare,  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  iii.  sc.  2. 

Arach'ne  (3  syl.),  a  spider,  a  weaver. 
"  Arachne's  labours,"  spinning  or  weav- 
ing. Arachne  was  a  Lydian  maiden,  who 
challenged  Minerva  to  compete  with  her 
in  needle  tapestry,  and  Minerva  changed 
her  into  a  spider. 

No  orifice  for  a  point 
As  subtle  as  Arachnfe's  broken  woof 
To  enter. 
Shakespeare,  'JroUus  and  Cressida,  act  v.  sc.  2  (1602). 

A'raf  (vl/),  a  sort  of  limbo  between 
paradise  and  jehennam,  for  those  who 
die  without  sufficient  merit  to  deserve  the 
former,  and  without  sufficient  demerit  to 
deserve  the  latter.  Here  lunatics,  idiots, 
and  infants  go  at  death,  according  to  the 
Koran. 

Ar'afat  (Mount),  a  granite  hill,  fifteen 
miles  south-east  of  Mecca,  where  Adam, 
conducted  by  Gabriel,  met  Eve,  after  a 
punitive  separation  of  200  years.  Every 
pilgrim  to  this  mount  enjoys  the  privileges 
of  a  Hadji. 

*  Aragnol,  the  son  of  Arachne  (the 
"most  fine-fingered  of  all  workmen," 
turned  into  a  spider  for  presuming  to 
challenge  Miner\-a  to  a  contest  in  needle- 
work). Aragnol  entertained  a  secret  and 
deadly  hatred  against  prince  Clarion,  son 
of  Muscarol  the  fly-king ;  and  weaving 
a  curious  net,  soon  caught  the  gay  young 
flutterer,  and  gave  him  his  death-wound 
by  piercing  him  under  the  left  wing, — 
Spenser,  Muiopotmos  or  The  Butterfly's 
Fate  (1590). 

Aramin'ta,  the  wife  of  Moneytrap, 


and  friend  of  Clarissa  (wife  of  Gripe 
the  scrivener). — Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  The 
Confederacy  (1695). 

Aranza  {The  duke  of).  He  marries 
Juliana,  eldest  daughter  of  Balthazar. 
She  is  so  haughty,  arrogant,  and  over- 
bearing, that  after  the  marriage  he  takes 
her  to  a  mean  hut,  which  he  calls  his 
home,  and  pretends  to  be  only  a  peasant 
who  must  work  for  his  living,  and  gives 
his  bride  the  household  duties  to  perform. 
She  chafes  for  a  time,  but  firmness, 
manliness,  and  affection  win  the  day  ; 
and  when  the  duke  sees  that  she  loves 
him  for  himself,  he  leads  her  to  his 
castle,  and  reveals  to  her  that  the  peasant 
husband  is  after  all  the  duke  of  Aranza. — 
J.  Tobin,  The  Jloneytnoon  (1804). 

Ar'aphil  or  Ar'aphill,  the  poetic 
pseudonym  of  Wm.  Habington.  His 
lady-love,  Miss  Lucy  Herbert,  he  calls 
Castara. 

Aras'pes  (3  syt.),  king  of  Alexandria, 
who  joined  the  Egyptian  armament 
against  the  crusaders. — Tasso,  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1575). 

Arba'ces  (3  syL),  king  of  Ibe'ria,  in 
the  drama  called  A  King  or  no  King^  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1619). 

Arbate  (2  syL),  governor  of  the  prince 
of  Ithaca,  in  Moliere's  comedy  La  Prin- 
cesse  d' Elide  (1664).  In  his  speech  to 
"Eurylc"  prince  of  Ithaca,  persuading 
him  to  love,  he  is  supposed  to  refer  to 
Louis  XIV.,  then  26  years  of  age. 

Je  diral  que  I'amour  sied  bien  4  vos  pareil  .  .  . 
Et  qu'il  est  nialais^  que,  sans  6tre  amoreux, 
Un  jeune  prince  soit  et  grand  et  gduiSreux. 

Acti.1. 

Arbate,  in  Racine's  drama  of  Mithri- 
date  (1673). 

ArTbiter  -Sll'igantise.  C.  Petro'- 
nius  was  appointed  dictator-in-chief  of 
the  imperial  pleasures  at  the  court  of 
Nero,  and  nothing  was  considered  comme 
il  faut  till  it  had  received  the  sanction  of 
this  Roman  beau  Bruimnel. 

Behold  the  new  Pefronius  of  the  day, 
The  arbiter  of  jileasure  and  of  play. 
Byron,  KwjlUh,  Ihtrils  and  Scottish  Jieviewert. 

Arbre  Sec,  a  tree  supposed  to  have 
dried  up  and  withered  when  our  Lord  was 
crucified. — Mediceval  Tradition. 

Arbre  Sol  foretold,  with  audible 
voice,  the  place  and  manner  of  Alexander's 
death.  It  figures  in  all  the  fabulous 
legends  of  Alexander. 

Arc  (Joan  of),  or  Jeanne  la  Pucelley 
the  "  Maid  of  Orleans,"  daughter  of  a 


ARCADES  AMBO. 


47 


ARCIIY  M«SARCASM. 


rustic  of  Domremy,  near  Vaucouleurs,  in 
France.  She  was  servant  at  an  inn  when 
she  conceived  the  idea  of  liberating  France 
from  the  English.  Having  gained  ad- 
mission to  Charles  VII.,  she  was  sent  by 
him  to  raise  the  siege  of  Orleans,  and 
actually  succeeded  in  so  doing.  Schiller 
has  a  tragedy  on  the  subject,  Casimir 
Delavigne  an  elegy  on  her,  Southey  an 
epic  poem  on  her  life  and  death,  and 
Voltaire  a  burlesque. 

In  regard  to  her  death,  M.  Octave 
Delepifere,  in  his  Daute  Historique,  denies 
the  tradition  of  her  having  been  burnt  to 
death  at  Rouen ;  and  Vignier  discovered 
in  a  family  muniment  chest  the  "contract 
of  marrijige  between"  Robert  des  Armoise, 
kniglit,  and  Jeanne  d'Arc,  surnamed  "The 
JSIaid  of  Orleans." 

Ar'cades  Ambo,  both  fools  alike ; 
both  "  sweet  innocents  ;  "  both  alike 
eccentric.  There  is  nothing  in  the  cha- 
racter of  Corydon  and  Thyrsis  (Virgil's 
Uclof/ue,  vii.  4)  to  justify  this  disparaging 
application  of  the  phrase.  All  Virgil 
says  is  they  were  both  "in  the  flower  of 
their  youth,  and  both  Arcadians,  both 
equal  in  setting  a  theme  for  song  or  cap- 
ping it  epigrammatically ; "  but  as  Ar- 
cadia was  the  least  intellectual  part  of 
Greece,  an  "Arcadian"  came  to  signify  a 
dunce,  and  hence  "Arcades  ambo"  re- 
ceived its  present  acceptation. 

Arca'dia,  a  pastoral  romance  by  sir 
Philip  Sidney,  in  imitation  of  the  Dian'a 
of  Montemayor  (sixteenth  century). 

Arcala'us  (4  syl.),  an  enchanter  who 
bound  Am'adis  de  Gaul  to  a  pillar  in  his 
courtyard,  and  administered  to  him  200 
stripes  with  his  horse's  bridle. — Airutdis 
de  Gaul  (fifteenth  century). 

Arca'nes  (3  syL),  a  noble  soldier, 
friend  of  Cas'silane  (3  syL)  general  of 
Candy. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Laws  of  Candy  (1647). 

Archan'gel.  Burroughs,  the  puritan 
preacher,  called  Cromwell  "the  arch- 
angel that  did  battle  with  the  devil." 

Archas,  "the  loyal  subject"  of  the 
great  duke  of  Moscovia,  and  general  of 
the  Moscovites.  His  son  is  colonel  Theo- 
dore. 

Young  Archas,  son  of  the  general. 
Disguised  as  a  woman,  he  assumes  the 
name  of  Alinda. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Loyal  Subject  (1G18). 

Archbish'op  of  Grana'da  told  his 
secretary,  Gil  Bias,  when  he  hired  him, 
"Whenever  thou  shalt  perceive  my  pen 


smack  of  old  age  and  my  genius  flag, 
don't  fail  to  advertise  me  of  it,  for  I  don't 
trust  to  my  own  judgment,  which  may  be 
seduced  by  self-love."  After  a  fit  of 
apoplexy,  Gil  Bias  ventured  in  the  most 
delicate  manner  to  hint  to  his  grace  that 
"his  last  discourse  had  not  altogether 
the  energy  of  his  former  ones."  To  this 
the  archbishop  replied,  "You  are  yet  too 
raw  to  make  proper  distinctions.  Know, 
child,  that  I  never  composed  a  better 
homily  than  that  which  you  disapprove. 
Go,  tell  my  treasurer  to  give  you  100 
ducats.  Adieu,  Mr.  Gil  Bias ; '  I  wish 
you  all  manner  of  prosperity,  with  a  little 
more  taste." — Lesage,  Gil  Blas^  vii.  3 
(1715). 

Ar'cher  (Francis),  friend  of  Aimwell, 
who  joins  him  in  fortune-hunting.  These 
are  the  two  "beaux."  Thomas  viscount 
Aimwell  marries  Dorinda,  the  daughter 
of  lady  Bountiful.  Archer  hands  tlie 
deeds  and  property  taken  from  the  high- 
waymen to  sir  Charles  Freeman,  who 
takes  his  sister,  Mrs.  Sullen,  under  his 
charge  again. — George  Farquhar,  The 
Beaux'  Stratagem  (1707). 

Areh'ibald  (John),  attendant  on  the 
duke  of  Argyle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Jleart 
of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Archima'go,  the  reverse  of  holiness, 
and  therefore  Satan  the  father  of  lies 
and  all  deception.  Assuming  the  guise 
of  the  Red  Cross  Knight,  he  deceived 
Una;  and  under  the  guise  of  a  hermit,  he 
deceived  the  knight  himself.  Archimagu 
is  introduced  in  bks.  i.  andii.  of  Spenser's 
Faery  Queen.    The  poec  aays : 

...  lie  coulil  tak« 
As  many  forms  and  shapes  In  seeming  wise 
As  ever  Proteus  to  himself  could  mal^ : 
Sometimes  a  fowl,  sometimes  a  lUh  in  lake, 
Now  like  a  fox,  now  like  a  dragon  fell. 

Spenser,  The  Faery  Queen,  I.  ii.  10  (1590) 

Ar'chy  M'Sar'casm  (Sir),  "a proud 
Caledonian  knight,  whose  tongue,  like  the 
dart  of  death,  spares  neither  sex  nor  age  . . . 
His  insolence  of  family  and  licentious- 
ness of  wit  gained  him  the  contempt  of 
every  one"  (i.  1),  Sir  Archy  tells  Char- 
lotte, "  In  the  house  of  M'Sarcasm  are 
twa  barons,  three  viscounts,  six  earls,  ane 
marquisate,  and  twa  dukes,  besides  baro- 
nets and  lairds  oot  o'  a'  reckoning  "  (i.  1). 
He  makes  love  to  Charlotte  Goodchild, 
but  supposing  it  to  be  true  that  she 
has  lost  her  fortune,  declares  to  her  that 
he  has  just  received  letters  "  frae  the 
dukes,  the  marquis,  and  a'  the  dignitaries 
of  the  family  .  .  .  expressly  prohibiting 
his  contaminating  the  blood  of  M'Sarcasm 


ARCHYTAS. 


48 


ARETHUSA. 


wL'  onything  sprung  from  a  hogshead  or 
a  coonting- house"  (ii.  1). 

Tlie  man  ha*  something  droll,  something  ridiculous  In 
him.  His  abominable  Scotch  accent,  his  grotesque  visage 
almost  bnried  in  snuff,  the  roll  of  his  eyes  and  twist  of  his 
mouth,  his  strange  Inhuman  laugh,  his  tremendous  peri- 
wig, and  his  manners  altogether— why,  one  might  take  him 
for  a  mountebank  docfjr  at  a  Dutch  fair.— C.  Macklin, 
tovc  d-la-mode,  i.  1  (1779). 

Sir  Archy^s  Great-grandmother.  Sir 
,Archy  M' Sarcasm  insisted  on  fighting  sir 
'Callaghau  O'Brallaghan  on  a  point  of 
ancestry.  The  Scotchman  said  that  the 
Irish  are  a  colony  from  Scotland,  "an 
outcast,  a  mere  ootcast."  The  Irishman 
retorted  by  saying  that  "one  Mac  Fergus 
O'Brallaghan  went  from  Carrickfergus, 
and  peopled  all  Scotland  with  his  own 
hands."  Charlotte  [Goodchild]  inter- 
posed, and  asked  the  cause  of  the  con- 
toTition,  whereupon  sir  Callaghan  replied, 
.*'  Madam,  it  is  about  sir  Archy's  great- 
grandmother." — C.  Mackliu,  Love  a-la- 
inode,  i.  1  (1779). 

We  shall  not  now  stay  to  quarrel  about  sir  Archy's 
great  grandmother.— Macpherson,  Dmertation  upon 
Omian. 

Archy'tas  of  Tarentum  made  a 
wooden  pigeon  that  could  fly;  and  Regio- 
monta'nus,  a  German,  made  a  wooden 
eagle  that  flew  from  Koenigsberg  to  meet 
the  emperor,  and,  having  saluted  him, 
returned  whence  it  set  out  (1436-147G). 

This  engine  may  be  contrived  from  the  same  principles 
by  which  Archyt^is  made  a  wooden  dove,  and  Kegiomon- 
tanus  a  wooden  eagle.— Dr.  Jolm  Wilkins  (1614-1672). 

Ar'cite  (2  syl.)  and  Pal'amon,  two 
Theban  knights,  captives  of  duke  The- 
seus, who  used  to  see  from  their  dungeon 
window  the  duke's  sister-in-law,  Emily, 
taking  her  airing  in  the  palace  garden, 
and  fell  in  love  with  her.  Both  captives 
having  gained  their  liberty,  contended 
for  the  lady  by  single  combat.  Arcite 
was  victor,  but  being  thrown  from  his 
horse  was  killed,  and  Emily  became  the 
bride  of  Palamon. — Chaucer,  Canterbury 
Tales  ("The  Knight's  Tale,"  1388). 

Richard  Edwards  in  1566  produced  a 
drama  entitled  Falamon  and  Arcite, 

Arcit'enens,  the  zodiacal  sign  called 
the  Archer. 

Sunt  Aries,  Taurus,  Gemini,  Cancer,  Leo,  Virgo, 
Libra^ue,  Scorpius,  Arcitenens,  Caper,  Amphora,  Pisces. 

Ar'den  {Enoch)  ^  the  hero  of  a  poetic 
tale  by  Tennj^son.  He  is  a  seaman 
wrecked  on  a  desert  island,  Svho  returns 
home  after  the  absence  of  several  years, 
and  finds  his  wife  married  to  another. 
Seeing  her  both  happy  and  prosperous, 
Enoch  resolv,es  not  to  mar  her  domestic 
peace,  so  he  leaves  her  undisturbed,  and 
dies  of  a  broken  heart. 


Ar'den  of  Fev'ersham,  a  noble  cha- 
racter, honourable,  forgiving,  affectionate, 
and  modest.  His  wife  Alicia  in  her  sleep 
reveals  to  him  her  guilty  love  for  Mosb}', 
but  he  pardons  her  on  condition  that 
she  will  never  see  the  seducer  again. 
Scarcely  has  she  made  the  promise 
when  she  plots  with  Mosby  her  hus- 
band's murder.  In  a  planned  street- 
scufile,  Mosby  pretends  to  take  Arden's 
part,  and  thus  throws  him  off  his 
guard.  Arden  thinks  he  has  wronged 
him,  and  invites  him  to  his  house,  but 
Mosby  conspires  with  two  hired  ruffians 
to  fall  on  his  host  during  a  game  of 
draughts,  the  right  moment  being  signified 
by  Mosby's  saying,  "  Now  I  take  you." 
Arden  is  murdered  ;  but  the  whole  gang 
is  apprehended  and  brought  to  justice. 

(This  drama  is  based  on  a  murder 
which  took  place  in  1551.  Ludwig  Tieck 
has  translated  the  plaj'  into  German,  as  a 
genuine  production  of  Shakespeare.  Some 
ascribe  the  play  to  George  Lillo,  but 
Charles  Lamb  gives  1592  as  the  date  of 
its  production,  and  says  the  autL^r  is 
unknown.) 

Ardenne  {Water  of).  This  watvx 
had  the  power  of  converting  love  to  hate. 
The  fountain  was  made  by  Merlin,  to  cure 
sir  Tristram  of  his  love  for  Isolt  (but  sir 
Tristram  never  drank  of  it).  It  is  men- 
tioned by  Bojardo  in  Orlando  Innamorato. 
Nepenthe  (3  syl.)  had  the  contrary  effect, 
viz.,  turning  hatred  to  love.     (See  Ne- 

PKXTHE.) 

.  .  .  that  same  water  of  Ardenne, 
The  which  Rinaldo  drank  in  happy  hour, 
Described  V)y  that  famous  Tuscan  pen. 
...  It  had  the  power  to  change  the  hearts  of  men 
Fro'  love  to  hate. 

Spenser,  The  Faery  Queen,  iv.  3  (1596). 

Ardven,  west  coast  of  Scotland 
(Argyleshire  and  its  vicinity). 

"  Go," .  . .  said  Starno ;  "  go  to  Ardven's  sea-surrounded 
rocks.  Tell  the  king  of  Selma  [Finyal,  the  capital  of 
whose  kingdom  ioas  Selma]  ...  I  give  to  him  my  daugh- 
ter, the  loveliest  maid  that  ever  heaved  a  breast  of  snow. 
Her  amis  are  white  as  the  foam  of  my  waves.  Her  soul 
is  generous  and  mild."— 0«sian  ("  Fingal,"  ill.). 

Areous'ki,  the  Indian  war-god,  war, 
tumult. 

A  cry  of  Areouski  broke  our  sleep. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  i.  16  (1809). 

Arethu'sa,  daughter  of  the  king 
Messi'na,  in  the  drama  called  Philaster  or 
Love  Lies  a-bleeding,  by  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher  (1638). 

Arcthusa,  a  nymph  pursued  by  Al- 
pheos  the  river-god,  and  changed  into  a 
fountain  in  the  island  of  Ortygia  ;  but 
the  river-god  still  pursued  her,  and 
mingled  his   stream  with   tht  fountain, 


ARETHUSE. 


49 


ARGILLAN. 


and   novr,   "like   friends    once    parted 

Srovm  single-hearted,"  they  leap  and 
ow  and  slumber  together,  "like  spirits 
that  love  but  live  uo  more." 

V  This  fable  has  been  exquisitely- 
turned  into  poetry  by  Percy  B.  Shelley 
(Arethusa,  1820). 

Arcthu'se  (4  syl),  a  Syracusian 
fountain,  especially  noted  because  the 
poet  Thioc'ritos  was  born  on  its  banks. 
Milton  alludes  to  it  in  his  Lyc'idas,  v.  86. 

Argali'a,  brother  of  Angel'ica,  in 
Ariostys  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Ar'gan,  the  malade  imaginaire  and 
father  of  Angelique.  He  is  introduced  tax- 
ing his  apothecary's  bills,  under  the  con- 
viction that  he  cannot  afford  to  be  sick 
at  the  prices  charged,  but  then  he  notices 
that  he  has  already  reduced  his  bills 
during  the  current  month,  and  is  not  so 
well.  He  first  hits  upon  the  plan  of 
marrying  Angelique  to  a  young  doctor, 
but  to  this  the  lady  objects.  His  brother 
suggests  that  Argan  himself  should  be 
his  own  doctor,  and  when  the  invalid 
replies  he  has  not  studied  either  diseases, 
drugs,  or  Latin,  the  objection  is  over- 
ruled by  investing  the  "  malade "  in  a 
doctor's  cap  and  robe.  The  piece  con- 
cludes with  the  ceremonial  in  macaronic 
Latin. 

*^*  When  Argan  asks  his  doctor  how 
many  g  »uns  of  salt  he  ought  to  eat  with 
an  egg,  the  doctor  answers,  "  Six,  huit, 
dix,  etc.,  par  les  nombres  pairs,  comme 
dans  les  me'dicaments  par  los  nombres 
impairs." — Moliere,  Le Malade Imaginairc, 
ii.  9  (1673). 

Argan'te  (3  syL),  a  giantess  called 
"  the  very  monster  and  miracle  of  lust." 
She  and  her  twin-brother  OUyphant  or 
Oliphant  were  the  children  of  Typhoe'us 
and  Earth.  Argante  used  to  carry  off 
young  men  as  her  captives,  and  seized 
"  the  Squire  of  Dames  "  as  one  of  her 
victims.  The  squire,  who  was  in  fact 
Britomart  (the  heroine  of  chastity),  was 
delivered  by  sir  Sat'yrane  (3  syL). — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  7  (1590). 

Argante'  (2  syL),  father  of  Octave  (2 
syl.)  and  Zerbinette  (3  syL).  He  pro- 
mises to  give  his  daughter  Zerbinette  to 
liCandre  (2  syL),  the  son  of  his  friend 
Ge'ronte  (2  syL) ;  but  during  his  absence 
abroad  the  young  people  fall  in  love 
unknown  to  their  respective  fathers. 
Both  fathers  storm,  and  threaten  to  break 
off  the  engagement,  but  are  delighted 
beyond  measure  when  they  discover  that 


the  choice  of  the  young  people  has  un- 
knowingly coincided  with  their  oAvn.— 
Molibre,  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin  (1671). 

(Thomas  Otway  has  adapted  this  play 
to  the  English  stage,  and  called  it  The 
Cheats  of  Soapin.  "  Argante  "  he  calls 
Thrifty;  "Ge'ronte"  is  Gripe;  "Zerbi- 
nette" he  calls  Lucia;  and  "Leandre" 
he  Anglicises  into  Leander.) 

Argan'tes  (3  syL),  a  Circassian  of 
high  rank  and  undoubted  courage,  but 
fierce  and  a  great  detester  of  the  Naza- 
renes.  Argantes  and  Solyman  were  un- 
doubtedly the  bravest  heroes  of  the 
infidel  host.  Argantes  was  slain  by 
Rinaldo,  and  Solyman  by  Tancred.— 
Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Bonaparte  stood  before  the  deputies  like  the  Argantds 
of  Italy's  heroic  poet.— Sir  W.  Scott 

Ar'genis,  a  political  romance  by 
Barclay  (1621). 

Ar'genk  {The  halls  of).  Here  are 
portrayed  all  the  various  creatures  that 
inhabited  this  earth  before  the  creation  of 
Adam.— W.  Beckford,  Vathek  (1784). 

Ar'gentile  (3  syL),  daughter  of  king 
Adelbnght,  and  ward  of  Edel.  Curan,  a 
Danish  prince,  in  order  to  woo  her,  became 
a  drudge  in  her  house,  but  being  obliged 
to  quit  her  service,  became  a  shepherd. 
Edel,  the  guardian,  forcing  his  suit  on 
Argentile,  compelled  her  to  flight,  and 
she  became  a  neatherd's  maid.  In  this 
capacity  Curan  wooed  and  won  her. 
Edel  was  forced  to  restore  the  possessions 
of  his  ward,  and  Curan  became  king  of 
Northumberland.  As  for  Edel,  he  was 
put  to  death. — William  Warner,  Albion's 
England  (1586). 

Ar'gentin  {Le  sieur  cf),  one  of  the 
officers  of  the  duke  of  Burgundy. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Arge'o,  baron  of  Servia  and  husband 
of  Gabrina.  (See  Dictionary  of  Phrase 
and  Fable.) — ^Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Arges'tes  (3  syL),  the  west  wind. 

Wing6d  Argestes,  falre  Aurora's  sonne. 
Licensed  that  (My  to  leave  his  dungeon. 
Meekly  attended. 
Wm.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals,  11.  5  (1613). 

Arges'tes  (3  syL),  the  north-east  wind  ; 
Cae'cias,  the  north-west ;  Bo'reas,  the  full 
north. 

Boreas  and  Csecias  and  Argestes  loud 
.  .  .  rend  the  woods,  and  9e;is  upturn. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  x.  69»,  etc.  (1665). 


Ar'gillan, 
knight,  born  on  the  banks  of  the  Trent, 


haughty,      turbulent 

iks      '    ' 


ARGON  AND  EURO. 


60 


ARIMASPIANS. 


He  induced  the  Latians  to  revolt,  was 
arrested,  made  his  escape,  but  was  ulti- 
mately slain  in  battle  by  Solyman. — 
Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered^  viii.  ix. 
(1675). 

Argon  and  Ruro,  the  two  sons  of 
Annin  king  of  Inis-thona,  an  island  of 
Scandinavia.  Cor'malo,  a  neighbouring 
chief,  came  to  the  island,  and  asked  for 
the  honour  of  a  tournament.  Argon 
granted  the  request,  and  overthrew  him, 
and  this  so  vexed  Cormalo  that  during  a 
hunt  he  shot  both  the  brothers  with  his 
bow.  Their  dog  Kuno,  running  to  the 
hall,  howled  so  as  to  attract  attention,  and 
Annin,  following  the  hound,  found  hJ3 
two  sons  both  dead.  On  his  return  he 
discovered  that  Cormalo  had  run  off  with 
his  daughter.  Oscar,  son  of  Ossian,  slew 
Cormalo  in  fight,  and  restored  the  daugh- 
ter to  her  father. — Ossian  ("The  War  of 
Inis-thona"), 

Arg'uri  (in  Russian  Armenia),  tra- 
ditionally where  Noah  first  planted  the 


aitionally 
vine.   {Ar 


rgh  urri,  "he  planted  the  vine.") 

Ar'gus,  the  turf-writer,  was  Irwin 
Willes,  who  died  in  1871. 

Argyle'  (Mac  Galium  More,  duke  of), 
in  the  reign  of  George  I.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Hob  Hoy  (1818). 

Mac  Callum  More,  marquii  of  Argple,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  I. ,  wasroinmander  of  the  parliameutary  forces,  and 
Is  culled  "  Oillespie  Griimach  ;  "  hedi^guites  himself,  and 
assumes  the  name  of  Murdoch  Campbell.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Legend  of  Montrose  (1819). 

(Duke  and  duchess  of  Argyle  are  intro- 
duced also  in  the  Heart  of  Midlothian,  by 
sir  W.  Scott,  1818.) 

Ariad'ne  (4  syl.),  daughter  of  Minos 
king  of  Crete.  She  gave  Thesoiis  a  clew 
of  thread  to  guide  him  out  of  the  Cretan 
labyrinth.  Theseus  married  his  deliverer, 
but  when  he  arrived  at  Naxos  {Dia)  for- 
sook her,  and  she  hung  herself. 

Surely  it  is  an  Ariadnfi.  .  .  .  There  is  dawning  woman- 
hood in  every  line ;  but  she  knows  notlung  of  Naxos.— 
OmAiiL,  Ariadni,  i.  1. 

Aria'na,  an  ancient  name  of  Khoras- 
san,  in  Persia. 

Ar'ibert,  king  of  the  Lombards  (653- 
6G1),  left  "  no  male  pledge  behind,"  but 
only  a  daughter  named  Rhodalind,  whom 
he  wished  duke  Gondibert  to  marry,  but 
the  duke  fell  in  love  with  Bertha,  daugh- 
ter of  As'tragon,  the  sage.  The  tale 
being  unfinished,  the  sequel  is  not  known. 
— Sir  W.  Davenant,  Gondibert  {6.\q^  16G8). 

Arico'nium,  Kenchester,  in  Here- 
ford, on  the  Ine.    Here  Offa  had  a  palace. 


In  poetry,  Ariconium  means  Hereford* 
shire,  noted  for  its  wool. 

1  [nermei\  conduct 
The  English  merchant,  with  the  buxom  fleece 
Of  fertile  Ariconium,  while  I  clothe 
Sanuatian  lungs  [Poland  and  Kuisid], 

Akeu^dde,  Uymn  to  the  Jfaiadt. 

Arideus  [A.ree'.de.us'],  a  herald  in 
the  Christian  army. — Tasso,  Jerxisalem 
Deliv^i-ed  (1576). 

A'riel,  in  The  Tempest,  an  airy  spirit, 
abb',  ic  assume  any  shape,  or  even  to  be- 
come in\isible.  He  was  enslaved  to  the 
witch  Syc'orax,  mother  of  Cal'iban,  who 
overtasked  the  little  thing,  and  in  punish- 
ment for  not  doing  what  was  beyond  his 
strength,  imprisoned  him  for  twelve  years 
in  the  rift  of  a  pine  tree,  where  Caliban 
delighted  to  torture  him  with  impish 
cruelty.  Prospero,  duke  of  Milan  and 
father  of  Miranda,  liberated  Ariel  from 
the  pine-rift,  and  the  grateful  spirit  serv^ed 
the  duke  for  sixteen  years,  when  he  was 
set  free. 

And  like  Ariel  in  the  cloven  pine  tree, 
For  its  freedom  groans  and  sighs. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Milettone, 

A'riel,  the  sylph  in  Pope's  liape  of  the 
Lock.  The  impersonation  of  "fine  life" 
in  the  abstract,  the  nice  adjuster  of  hearts 
and  necklaces.  When  disobedient  he  is 
punished  by  being  kept  hovering  over 
the  fumes  of  the  chocolate,  or  is  trans- 
fixed with  pins,  clogged  with  pomatums, 
or  wedged  in  the  eyes  of  bodkins. 

A'riel,  one  of  the  rebel  angels.  The 
word  means  "the  Lion  of  God."  Abdiel 
encountered  him,  and  overthrew  him. — 
Milton,  Fardise  Lost,  vi.  371  (1665). 

Ariman'es  (4  syl.),  the  prince  of  the 
powers  of  evil,  introduced  by  Byron  in  his 
drama  called  Manfred.  The  Persians 
recognized  a  poM'er  of  good  and  a  power 
of  evil :  the  former  Yezad,  and  the  latter 
Ahriman  (in  Greek,  Oroma'zes  and  Ari- 
man'nis) .  These  two  spirits  are  ever  at  war 
with  each  other.  Oromazes  created  twenty- 
four  good  spirits,  and  enclosed  them  in  an 
egg  to  be  out  of  the  power  of  Arimanes  ; 
but  Arimanes  pierced  the  shell,  and  thus 
mixed  evil  with  every  good.  However, 
a  time  will  come  when  Arimanes  shall  be 
subjected,  and  the  earth  will  become  a 
perfect  paradise. 

Arimas'pians,  a  one-eyed  people  of 
Scythia,   who  adorned  their   hair   with 

gold.  As  gold  mines  were  guarded  by 
Gryphons,  there  were  perpetual  conten- 
tions between  the  Arimaspians  and  the 
Gryphons.     (See  Gryphon.) 

Arimaspi,  quos  diximus  uno  oculo  in  fronte  media  1» 


ARIOCH. 


51 


ARISTOMENES. 


signes;  quibus  assldue  bellum  esse  circa  metalla  cum 
gryphis,  feraruni  volucrl  genere,  quale  vulgo  traditur, 
eruente  ex  cuniculis  aurum,  mire  cupiditate  et  ferls  custo- 
dientibus,  et  Ariiiiaspii;  rapieiitibus,  inuiti,  sed  niaxiiiie 
Ulustres  Herodotus  et  Aristeas  Proconnesius  scribunt.— 
I'Uny,  Nat.  Hitt.  vli.  2. 

Ar'ioch  ("a  fierce  lion'"),  one  of  the 
fallen  angels  overthrown  by  Abdiel. — 
Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  371  (1G65). 

Ariodan'tes  (5  syL),  the  beloved  of 
Geneu'ra,  a  Scotch  princess.  Geneura 
being  accused  of  incontinence,  Ariodantes 
stood  forth  her  champion,  vindicated  her 
innocence,  and  married  her. — ^Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Ari'on.  William  Falconer,  author  of 
The  Shipwreck,  speaks  of  himself  under 
this  nom  de  plume  (canto  iii.).  He  was 
sent  to  sea  when  a  lad,  and  says  he  was 
eager  to  investigate  the  "  antiquities  of 
foreign  states."  He  was  junior  officer  in 
the  Britannia,  which  was  wrecked  against 
the  projecting  verge  of  cape  Colonna,  the 
most  southern  point  of  Attica,  and  was 
the  only  officer  who  survived. 

Tliy  woes,  Arion,  and  thy  simple  tale 

O'er  all  the  hearts  shall  triumph  and  prevail. 

Campbell,  i'lecuures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Ari'on,  a  Greek  musician,  who,  to  avoid 
being  murdered  for  his  wealth,  threw 
himself  into  the  sea,  and  was  carried  to 
Tae'naros  on  the  back  of  a  dolphin. 

Ari'on,  the  wonderful  horse,  which  Her- 
cules gave  to  Adrastos.  It  had  the  gift 
of  human  speech,  and  the  feet  on  the  right 
Bide  were  the  feet  of  a  man. 

(One  of  the  masques  in  sir  "VV.  Scott's 
Kenilworth  is  called  "  Arion.") 

.  Ario'sto  of  t;he  Worth,  sir  Walter 
Scott  (1771-1832). 

And,  like  the  Ariosto  of  the  North, 
Saiig  ladye-love  and  war,  romance  and  knightly  worth. 
Byron,  Childe  llaro:d,  iv.  40. 

.Aristse'us,  protector  of  vines  and 
olives,  huntsmen  and  herdsmen.  He  in- 
structed man  also  in  the  management  of 
bees,  taught  him  by  his  mother  Cyrene. 

In  such  a  palace  Aristseus  found 
Cyrenfi,  when  he  bore  the  plaintive  tale 
Of  his  lost  bees  to  her  maternal  ear. 
Cowper,  The  Ice  Palace  of  Anne  of  Jitistia. 

Aristar'chus,  any  critic.  Aristar- 
chus  of  Samothrace  was  the  greatest  critic 
of  antiquity.  His  labours  were  chiefly 
directed  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  of  Homer. 
He  divided  them,  into  twenty -four  books 
each,  marked  every  doubtful  line  Avith  an 
obelos,  and  every  one  he  considered 
especially  beautiful  with  an  asterisk. 
(Fl.  B.C.  156  ;  died  aged  72.) 

The  whole  region  of  belles  lettres  fell  under  my  inspec- 
Itoa  .  .  .  There,  sirs,  like  another  Aristarch.  1  dealt  out 


"How,  friend,"  replied  the  archbishop,  "has  it  [tTis 
homily]  met  with  any  Aristarchus  [severe  critic!?" — 
Lesage,  GU  Bias,  vii.  4  U715). 

Ariste  (2  syL),  brother  of  Chrysalc 
(2  syL),  not  a  savant,  but  a  practical 
tradesman.  He  sympathizes  with  Hen- 
riette,  _  his  womanly  niece,  against  his 
sister-in-law  Philaminte  (3  syf.)  and  her 
daughter  Armande  (2  syL),  who  are 
femmes  savantes. — Molibre,  Les  Femmea 
Savantes  (1672). 

Ariste'as,  a  poet  who  continued  to 
appear  and  disappear  alternately  for  above 
400  years,  and  who  visited  all  the  mythi- 
cal nations  of  the  earth.  When  not  in 
the  human  form,  he  took  the  form  of  a 
stag. — Greek  Legend. 

Aristi'des  (The  British),  Andrew 
Marvell,  an  influential  member  of  the 
House  of  Commons  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II.  He  refused  every  offer  of  promotion, 
and  a  direct  bribe  tendered  to  him  by  the 
lord  treasurer.  Dyinjj  in  great  poverty, 
he  was  buried,  like  Aristides,  at  the  pubUc 
expense  (1620-1678). 

Aristip'pos,  a  Greek  philosopher  of 
Cyre'ne,  who  studied  under  Soc'rates,  and 
set  up  a  philosophic  school  of  his  own, 
called  "he'donism"  (t,6ovi],  "pleasure"). 

*^*  C.  M.  Wieland  has  an  historic 
novel  in  German,  called  Aristippxis,  in 
which  he  sets  forth  the  philosophical 
dogmas  of  this  Cyrenian  (1733-1813). 

An  axiom  of  Aristippos  was  Omnis 
Aristippum  decuit  color,  et  status,  et  res 
(Horace,  Fpist.  i.  17,  23)  ;  and  his  great 
precept  was  Mihi  res,  non  me  rebus  svb~ 
jungere  (Horace,  Fpist.  i.  1,  18). 

I  am  a  sort  of  Aristippus,  and  can  equally  accommodate 
myself  to  company  and  solitude,  to  affluence  and  frugality. 
' GU  lilas.  V.  12  (1716). 


Aristobu'lus,  called  by  Drayton 
Aristob'ulus  {Horn.  xvi.  10),  and  said  to 
be  the  first  that  brought  to  England  the 
"glad  tidings  of  salvation."  He  was 
murdered  by  the  Britons. 

The  first  that  ever  told  Christ  cruciiied  to  us, 
IJy  Paul  and  Peter  sent,  just  Aristob'ulus  .  .  . 
By  the  Britons  murdered  was. 

DKiyton,  Polj/olbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Aristom'enes  (5  syl.),  ayoungMes- 
senian  of  the  royal  line,  the  "  Cid  "  of 
ancient  Messe'nia.  On  one  occasion  he 
entered  Sparta  by  night  to  suspend  a 
shield  from  the  temple  of  Pallas.  On 
the  shield  were  inscribed  these  words : 
"  Aristomenes  from  the  Spartan  spoils 
dedicates  this  to  the  goddess." 

*«*  A  similar  tale  is  told  of  Fernando 


ARISTOPHANES. 


52 


ARMSTRONG. 


Perez  del  Pulgar,  when  serving  under 
Ferdinand  of  Castile  at  the  siege  of 
Grana'da.  AVith  fifteen  companions  he 
entered  Granada,  then  in  the  power  of  the 
Moors,  and  nailed  to  the  door  of  the 
principal  mosque  with  his  dagger  a  tablet 
inscribed  "  Ave  Maria !  "  then  galloped 
back,  before  the  guards  recovered  from 
their  amazement. — Washington  Irving, 
Conquest  of  Granada,  91, 

Aristoph'anes  (5  syL),  a  Greek 
who  wrote  fifty-four  comedies,  eleven  of 
which  have  survived  to  the  present  day 
(B.C.  444-380).  He  is  called  "The  Prince 
of  Ancient  Comedy,"  and  Menader 
"The  Prince  of  New  Comedy"  (b.c. 
342-291). 

The  English  or  Modern  Aristophanes, 
Samuel  Foote  (1722-1777). 

2'he  French  Aristophanes,  J.  Baptiste 
Poquelin  de  Molibre  (1622-1673). 

Aristotle.  The  mistress  of  this 
philosopher  was  Hepyllis ;  of  Plato, 
Archionassa ;  and  of  Epicurus,  Leontium. 

Aristotle  of  China,  Tehuhe,  who  died 
A.D.  1200,  called  "The  Prince  of  Science." 

Aristotle  of  Christianity,  Thos.  Aqui'nas, 
who  tried  to  reduce  the  doctrines  of  faith 
to  syllogistic  formulae  (1224-1274). 

Aristotle  of  the  Nineteenth  Century, 
George  Cuvier,  the  naturalist  (1769-1832). 

Ar'istotle  in  Love.  Godfrey  Gobi- 
lyve  told  sir  Graunde  Amoiire  that  Aris- 
totle the  philosopher  Avas  once  in  love,  and 
the  lady  promised  to  listen  to  his  prayer 
if  he  would  grant  her  request.  The  terms 
being  readily  accepted,  she  commanded 
him  to  go  on  all  fours,  and  then,  putting 
a  bridle  into  his  mouth,  mounted  on  his 
back,  and  drove  him  about  the  room  till 
he  was  so  angry,  weary,  and  disgusted, 
that  he  was  quite  cured  of  his  foolish  at- 
tachment.— Stephen  Hawes,  The  Pastime 
of  Plesure,  xxix.  (1555). 

Armado  {Don  Adriano  de),  a  pom- 
pous, affected  Spaniard,  called  "a  re- 
fined traveller,  in  all  the  world's  new 
fashion  planted,  that  had  a  mint  of 
phrases  in  his  brain.  One  whom  the 
music  of  his  own  vain  tongue  did  ravish." 
This  man  was  chosen  by  Ferdinand,  the 
king  of  Navarre,  when  he  resolved  to 
spend  three  years  in  study  with  three 
companions,  to  relate  in  the  interim  of 
his  studies  "  in  high-born  words  the 
worth  of  many  a  knight  from  tawny 
Spain  lost  in  the  world's  debate." 

His  hatnour  is  lofty,  liis  discourse  peremptor>",  h's 
tongue  filed,  hi«  eye  ambitious,  his  gait  inajestical,  and 


his  general  behaviour  vain,  ridiculous,  and  thrasonlcaL  . . . 
He'draweth  out  the  thread  of  liis  verbosity  finer  than  tb9 
staple  of  tiis  argument. — Sliakesi>eare,^ve'4  Labour's  Loit, 
act  V.  sc  1  (15i>4). 

Armande  (2  syl.),  daughter  of  Chry- 
sale  (2  syl.)  and  sister  of  Henriette. 
Armande  is  a  femme  savante,  and  Hen- 
riette a  "thorough  woman."  Both  love 
Clitandre,  but  Armande  loves  him  pla- 
tonicly,  while  Henriette  loves  him  with 
womanly  affection.  Clitandre  prefers  the 
younger  sister,  and  after  surmounting  the 
usual  obstacles,  marries  her. — Moliere, 
Les  Femmes  Savantes  (1672). 

Armi'da,  a  sorceress,  who  seduces 
Rinaldo  and  other  crusaders  from  the  siege 
of  Jerusalem .  Rinaldo  is  conducted  by  her 
to  her  splendid  palace,  where  he  forgets  his 
vows,  and  abandons  himself  to  sensual 
joys.  Carlo  and  Ubaldo  are  sent  to  bring 
him  back,  and  he  escapes  from  Armida ; 
but  she  follows  him,  and  not  being  able 
to  allure  him  back  again,  sets  fire  to  her 
palace,  rushes  into  the  midst  of  the  fight, 
and  is  slain. 

[Julia's]  small  hand 
Withdrew  itself  from  his,  but  left  behind 
A  little  pressure  .  .  .  but  ne'er  magician's  wand 
Wrouglit  change  with  all  Armida's  fairy  art. 
Like  what  this  light  touch  left  on  Juan's  heart 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  71, 

When  the  3'"oung  queen  of  Frederick 
William  of  Prussia  rode  about  in  military 
costume  to  incite  the  Prussians  to  arms 
against  Napoleon,  the  latter  wittily  said, 
"  She  is  Armida  in  her  distraction  setting 
fire  to  her  own  palace." 

(Both  Ghick  and  Rossini  have  taken 
the  story  of  Armida  as  the  subject  of  an 
opera.) 

Armida's  Girdle.  Armida  had  an  en- 
chanted girdle,  which,  "in  price  and 
beauty,"  surpassed  all  her  other  orna- 
ments ;  even  the  cestus  of  Venus  was  less 
costly.  It  told  her  everything;  "and 
when  she  would  be  loved,  she  wore  the 
same." — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  ( 1575) . 

Arm'strong  (John),  called  "The 
Laird's  Jock."  He  is  the  laird  of  Man- 
gerton.  This  old  warrior  witnesses  a 
national  combat  in  the  valley  of  Liddes- 
dale,  between  his  son  (the  Scotch  chief- 
tain) and  Foster  (the  English  champion), 
in  which  young  Armstrong  is  overthrown. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  I^aird's  Jock  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Armstrong  {Grace),  the  bride-elect  of 
Hobbie  Elliot  of  the  hcugh-foot,  a  >-oung 
farmer.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Black  Dwarf 
(time,  Anne). 

Armstrong    {Archie),    court   jester   to 


ARNAUT. 


53 


ARROW  SHOT  A  MILE. 


James  I.,  introduced  in  The  Fortunes  of 
Kigel,  by  sir  Walter  Scott  (1822). 

Ar'naut,  an  Albanian  mountaineer. 
The  word  means  "a  brave  man." 

Stained  with  tlie  best  of  Arnaut  blood. 

Byron,  The  Giaour,  526. 

Amheim  (2  syl.).  The  baron  Her- 
man von  Arnlieimy  Anne  of  Geierstoin's 
grandfather. 

SMla  of  Amheim,  Anne's  mother. 

The  baroness  of  Amheim,  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Ar'no,  the  river  of  Florence,  the  birth- 
place of  both  Dante  and  Boccaccio. 

At  List  the  Muses  rose  .  .  .  and  scattered  ...  as  they 

flew 
Tlieir  blooming  WTeaths  from  fair  Valclusa'3  bower* 

[Petrarch], 
To  Aruo's  myrtle  border. 

Akenside,  Pleaturet  of  Imagination,  il. 

Ar'nold,  the  deformed  son  of  Bertha, 
who  hates  him  for  his  ugliness.  Weary 
of  life,  he  is  about  to  make  away  with 
himself,  when  a  stranger  accosts  him,  and 
promises  to  transform  him  into  any  shape 
he  likes  best.  He  chooses  that  of  Achilles, 
and  then  gqes  to  Rome,  where  he  joins 
the  besieging  army  of  Bourbon.  During 
the  siege,  Arnold  enters  St.  Peter's  of 
Rome  just  in  time  to  rescue  Olimpia,  but 
the  proud  beauty,  to  prevent  being  taken 
captive  by  him,  flings  herself  from 
the  high  altar  on  the  pavement,  and  is 
taken  up  apparently  lifeless.  As  the 
drama  was  never  completed,  the  sequel 
is  not  known. — Byron,  Tlui  Deformed 
Transformed. 

Ar'nold,  the  torch-bearer  at  Rotherwood. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Ar'nold  of  Benthuysen,  disguised  as  a 
beggar,  and  called  "  Ginks." — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Beggar's  Bush  (1622). 

Arnoldo,  son  of  Melchtal,  patriot  of 
the  forest  cantons  of  Switzerland.  He 
was  in  love  with  Mathilde  (3  syl.),  sister 
of  Gessler,  the  Austrian  governor  of  the 
district.  When  the  tyranny  of  Gessler 
drove  the  Swiss  into  rebellion,  Arnoldo 
joined  the  insurgents,  but  after  the  death 
of  Gessler  he  married  Mathilde,  whose 
life  he  had  saved  when  it  was  imperilled 
by  an  avalanche. — Rossini,  Guglielmo  Tell 
(1829). 

Arnol'do,  a  gentleman  contracted  to 
Zeno'cia,  a  chaste  lady,  dishonourably 
pursued  by  the  governor,  count  Clodio. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Custom  of 
the  Counlry  (1647). 


Ar'nolphe  (2  syl.),  a  man  of  wealth, 
who  has  a  crotchet  about  the  proper  train- 
ing of  girls  to  make  good  wives,  and  tries 
his  scheme  on  Agnes,  whom  he  adopts 
from  a  peasant's  hut,  and  whom  he  in- 
tends in  time  to  make  his  wife.  She  is 
brought  up,  from  the  age  of  four  years, 
in  a  country  convent,  where  difference 
of  sex  and  the  conventions  of  society  are 
wholly  ignored  ;  but  when  removed  from 
the  convent  Agnes  treats  men  like  school- 
girls, nods  to  them  familiarly,  kisses 
them,  and  plays  with  them.  Being  told 
by  her  guardian  that  married  women  have 
more  freedom  than  maidens,  she  asks  him 
to  marry  her ;  however,  a  young  man 
named  Horace  falls  in  love  with  her,  and 
makes  her  his  wife,  so  Arnolphe  after  all 
profits  nothing  by  his  pains. — Molibre, 
Ve'cole  des  Femmes  (1662). 

Dans  nn  petit  couvent  loin  de  toute  pratique 

Je  le  fls  Clever  selon  ma  politique 

C'est-i-dire,  ordonnant  quels  soins  on  emploieroft 


Ar'not  {Andrew),  one  of  the  yeomen 
of  the  Balaf re  [Ludovic  Lesly] . — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Aron'teus  (4  syl.),  an  Asiatic  king, 
who  joined  the  Egyptian  armament 
against  the  crusaders. — Tasso,  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1675). 

Aroun'dight,  the  sword  of  sir  Lan- 
celot of  the  Lake. 

Arpa'sia,  the  betrothed  of  Mone'ses, 
a  Greek,  but  made  by  constraint  the  bride 
of  Baj'azefc  sultan  of  Turkey.  Bajazet 
commanded  Moneses  to  be  bow-strung  in 
the  presence  of  Arpasia,  to  frighten  her 
into  subjection,  but  she  died  at  the  sight. 
— N.  Rowe,  lamerlane  (1702). 

Ar'rant  Knave  {An),  a  corruption 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  nearo-cndpa  ("great 
knave  ").  Similarly,  nearo-bregd  ("  great 
fear") ;  nearo-grdp  ("great  grip")  ;  nearO" 
wrence  ("great  deceit"),  etc. 

Ar'rot,  the  weasel  in  the  beast-epic  of 
Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Arro-w  Festival  {The),  instituted 
by  Zoroaster  to  commemorate  the  flight 
of  the  arrow  shot  from  the  top  of  the 
Peak  of  Dcmavend,  in  Persia,  with  such 
miraculous  prowess  as  to  reach  the  banks 
of  the  Oxus,  causing  the  whole  intervening 
country  to  be  ceded  to  Persia. 

Ayvow  shot  a  Mile.    Robin  Hood 


ARSACES. 


54 


ARTEMISIA, 


and  Little  John  "  frequently  shot  an  arrow 
a  measured  mile"  (1760  yards). 

Tradition  informs  us  that  in  one  of  Itobin  Hood's  pere- 
grinations, attended  by  Little  John,  he  went  to  dine  at 
Whitby  Abbey  with  the  abbot  Richard  .  .  .  they  went  to 
the  top  of  the  abbey,  and  ea*^h  of  them  shot  an  arrow, 
whicli  fell  not  far  from  Whitby-laths,  and  a  pillar  was  set 
up  by  the  abbot  where  each  arrow  was  found  .  .  .  both 
fell  more  than  a  measured  mile  from  the  abbey. — Charl- 
iton,  History  of  Whitby,  York,  146. 

^  Ar'saees  (3  syL),  the  patronymic 
name  of  the  Persian  kings,  from  Arsaces, 
their  great  monarch.  It  was  generally 
added  to  some  distinctive  name  or  appel- 
lation, as  the  Roman  emperors  added  the 
name  of  CaBsar  to  their  own. 

Cujus  memorise  hunc  honorem  Parthi  tribuerunt  ut 
onines  exinde  reges  suos  Arsilcis  nomine  nuucupent.— 
Justin,  HUtoriarm  Philippics,  xli. 

Arse'tes  (3  syL),  the  aged  eunuch 
who  brought  up  Clorinda,  and  attended  on 
her. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Ar'taban,  the  French  type  of  nobi- 
liary pride. 

Ar'tamenes  (3  syl.)  or  Le  Grand 
Cyrus,  a  "long-winded  romance,"  by 
Mdlle.  Scuderi  (1607-1701). 

Artaxam'inous,  king  of  Utopia, 
married  to  Griskinissa,  whom  he  wishes 
to  divorce  for  Distaffi'na.  But  Distaffina 
is  betrothed  to  general  Bombastes,  and 
when  the  general  finds  that  his  "fond 
one  "  prefers  "  half  a  crown  "  to  himself, 
he  hates  all  the  world,  and  challenges  the 
whole  race  of  man  by  hanging  his  boots 
on  a  tree,  and  daring  any  one  to  displace 
them.  The  king,  coming  to  the  spot,  reads 
the  cnallenge,  and  cuts  the  boots  down, 
whereupon  Bombastes  falls  on  his  majesty, 
and  "  kills  him,"  in  a  theatrical  sense,  for 
the  dead  monarch,  at  the  close  of  the  bur- 
letta,  joins  in  the  dance,  and  promises, 
if  the  audience  likes,  "to  die  again  to- 
morrow."— W.  B.  Rhodes,  Bombastes 
Furioso. 

Ar'tcMla  Mur'tcMla,  the  magic 
words  which  "  Fourteen  "  was  required  to 
pronounce  when  he  wished  to  get  any 
specific  object  "into  his  sack." — A  Basque 
Legend.     (See  Fouktken.) 

Ar'tegal  or  Arthegal  {Sir),  son  of 
Gorlois  prince  of  Cornwall,  stolen  in 
infancy  by  the  fairies,  and  brought  up  in 
Fairyland.  Brit'omart  saw  him  in  Venus's 
looking-glass,  and  fell  in  love  with  him. 
She  married  him,  and  became  the  mother 
of  Aurelius  Conan,  from  whom  (through 
Cadwallader)  the  Tudor  dynasty  derives 
descent.  The  wanderings  of  Britomart, 
as  a  lady  knight-errant  and  the  imper- 
Bonation  of  chastity,   is  the  subject  'of 


bk.  jii.  of  the  Faeri/  Queen ;  and  the 
achievements  of  sir  Artegal,  as  the  im- 
personation of  justice,  is  the  subject  of 
bk.  v. 

Sir  Artegal's  first  exploit  was  to  decide 
to  which  claimant  a  living  woman  be- 
longed. This  he  decided  according  to 
Solomon's  famous  judgment  respecting 
"the  living  and  dead  child"  (canto  1). 
His  next  was  to  destroj-  the  corrupt 
practice  of  bribery  and  toll  (canto  2). 
His  third  was  the  exposing  of  Bragga- 
doccio  and  his  follower  Trompart  (canto 
3).  He  had  then  to  decide  to  which 
brother  a  chest  of  money  found  at  sea 
belonged,  whether  to  Bracldas  or  Am'idas ; 
he  gave  judgment  in  favour  of  the  former 
(canto  4).  He  then  fell  into  the  hands 
of  Rad'igund  queen  of  the  Amazons,  and 
was  released  by  Britomart  (cantos  5  and 
6),  who  killed  Radigund  (canto  7).  His 
last  and  greatest  achievement  was  the 
deliverance  of  Ire'na  {Ireland)  from 
Grantorto  {rebellion),  whom  he  slew 
(canto  12). 

N.B. — This  rebellion  was  that  called  the 
earl  of  Desmond's,  in  1580.  Before  bk.  ir. 
6,  Artegal  is  spelt  Arthegal,  but  never 
afterwards. 

***  ' '  Sir  Artegal  "is  meant  for  lord  Gray 
of  Wilton,  Spenser's  friend.  He  was  sent 
in  1580  into  Ireland  as  lord-lieutenant, 
and  the  poet  was  his  secretary.  The 
marriage  of  Artegal  with  Britomart 
means  that  the  justice  of  lord  Gray  was 
united  to  purity  of  mind  or  perfect  in- 
tegrity of  conduct. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
v.  (1596). 

Artemis'ia,  daughter  of  LygdSmis 
and  queen  of  CarTa.  With  five  ships  she 
accompanied  Xerxes  in  his  invasion  of 
Greece,  and  greatly  distinguished  herself 
in  the  battle  of  SalSmis  by  her  prudence 
and  courage.  (This  is  not  the  Artemisia 
who  built  the  Mausoleum.) 

Our  statues  .  .  .  she 

The  foundress  of  the  Babylonian  wall  [Semiramit]; 

The  Cariau  Artemisia  strong  in  war. 

Tennyson,  The  Princest,  ii. 

Artemis'ia,  daughter  of  Hecatomnus 
and  sister-wife  of  IMauso'lus.  Arte- 
misia was  queen  of  Caria,  and  at  the 
death  of  her  fraternal  husband  raised  a 
monument  to  his  memory  (called  a  mau- 
sole'um),  which  was  one  of  the  "  Seven 
Wonders  of  the  World."  It  was  built  by 
four  different  architects :  Scopas,  Timo- 
theus,  Leochares,  and  Bruxis. 

This  made  the  four  rare  masters  which  began 
Fair  Artemysia's  husband's  dainty  tomb 

(When  death  took  her  before  the  work  was  donc^ 
And  so  bereft  them  of  all  hopes  to  come), 


ARTFUL  DODGER. 


65 


ARTHUR. 


That  they  would  yet  their  own  work  perfect  make 

K-ea  for  their  workes,  and  their  self-S'^^ies  avke 

lord  Brooke,  An  hviuiry  upon  Fame,  etc.  (1554-lbJ8J. 

Artful  Dodger,  the  sobriquet  of  John 
Dawkins,  a  young  thief,  up  to  every  sort 
of  dodge,  and  a  most  marvellous  adept  in 
villainy.— Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Arthgallo,  a  mythical  British  king, 
brother  of  Gorbonian,  his  predecessor  on 
the  throne,  and  son  of  Mor'vidus,  the 
tyrant  who  was  swallowed  by  a  sea- 
monster.  Arthgallo  was  deposed,  and 
his  brother  El'idure  was  advanced  to  the 
throne  instead.— Geoffrey,  British  History, 
iii.  17  (1142). 

Arthur  (ICing),  parentage  of.  His 
father  was  Uther  the  pendragon,  and  his 
mother  Ygerne  (3  syl.),  widow  of  Gorlois 
duke  of  Cornwall.  But  Ygerne  had  been 
a  widow  only  three  hours,  and  knew  not 
that  the  duke  was  dead  (pt.  i.  2),  and 
her  m.arriage  with  the  pendragon  was 
not  consummated  till  thirteen  days  after- 
wards. When  the  boy  was  born  Merlin 
took  him,  and  he  was  brought  up  as  the 
foster-son  of  sir  Ector  (Tennyson  says  "sir 
Anton"),  till  Merlin  thought  proper  to 
announce  him  as  the  lawful  successor  of 
Uther,  and  had  him  crowned.  Uther  lived 
two  years  after  his  marriage  with  Ygerne. 
—Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
i.  2,  6  (1470). 

Wherefore  Merlin  took  the  child 
And  gave  him  to  sir  Anton,  an  old  knight 
And  ancient  friend  of  Utlier ;  and  liis  wife 
Nursed  the  young  prince,  and  reared  him  with  her  own. 
Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

Coming  of  Arthur.  Leod'ogran,  king  of 
Cam'eliard  (3  syl.),  appealed  to  Arthur  to 
assist  him  in  clearing  his  kingdom  of 
robbers  and  wild  beasts.  This  being 
done,  Arthur  sent  three  of  his  knights 
to  Leodogran,  to  beg  the  hand  of  his 
daughter  Guenever  in  marriage.  To  this 
Leodogran,  after  some  little  hesitation, 
agreed,  and  sir  Lancelot  was  sent  to  escort 
the  lady  to  Arthur's  court. 

Arthur  not  dead.  According  to  tra- 
dition Arthur  is  not  dead,  but  rests  in 
Glastonbury,  "  till  he  shall  come  again 
full  twice  as  fair,  to  rule  over  his  people." 
(See  Barbarossa.) 

According  to  tradition.  Arthur  never  died,  but  was 
converted  into  a  raven  by  enciiantnient,  and  will,  in  the 
fulness  of  time,  apiiear  again  in  his  original  shape,  to 
recover  his  throne  and  sceptre.  For  this  reiison  there  is 
never  a  raven  killed  in  England.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote, 
I.  li.  5  (1605). 

Arthur'' s  Twelve  Battles  (or  victories 
over  the  Saxons).  1.  The  battle  of  the 
river  Glem  {i.e.  the  glen  of  Northumber- 
land).    2  to  5.  The  four  battles  of  the 


Duglas  (which  falls  into  the  estuary  of 
the  Ribble).  6.  The  battle  of  Bassa,  said 
to  be  Bashall  Brook,  which  joins  the 
Ribble  near  Clithero.  7.  The  battle  of 
Celidon,  said  to  be  Tweeddale.  8.  The 
battle  of  Castle  Gwenion  {i.e.  Caer  Wen, 
in  Wedale,  Stow).  9.  The  battle  of 
Caerleon,  i.e.  Carlisle  ;  which  Tennyson 
makes  to  be  Caerleon-upon-Usk.  10.  The 
battle  of  Trath  Treroit,  in  Anglesey,  some 
say  the  Solway  Frith.  11.  The  battle  of 
Agned  Cathregonion  {i.e.  Edinburgh). 
12.  The  battle  of  Badon  Hill  {i.e.  the 
Hill  of  Bath,  now  Bannerdown). 

Then  bravely  chanted  they 
The  several  twelve  pitclied  fleldi  he  [,Arthur]  with  t»n» 
Saxons  fought.  „„,„> 

M.  Drayton,  PolyolUon,  Iv.  (1612). 

Arthur,  one  of  the  Nine  Worthies.  Three 
were  Gentiles :  Hector,  Alexander,  and 
Julius  Caesar  ;  three  were  Jews  :  Joshua, 
David,  and  Judas  Maccabaeus ;  three  were 
Christians:  Arthur,  Charlemagne,  and 
Godfrev  of  Bouillon. 

Arthur's  Foster-Father  and  Mother,  sir 
Ector  and  his  lady.  Their  son,  sir  Key 
(his  foster-brother),  was  his  seneschal  or 
steward.— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  3,  8  (1470). 

N.B. — ^Tennyson  makes  sir  Anton  the 
foster-father  of  Arthur. 

Arthur's  Butler,  sir  Lucas  or  Lucan,  son 
of  duke  Corneus  ;  but  sir  Griflet,  son  of 
Cardol,  assisted  sir  Key  and  sir  Lucas  "in 
the  rule  of  the  service." — History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  8  (1470). 

Arthur's  Sisters  [half-sisters],  Mor- 
gause  or  Margawse  (wife  of  king  Lot)  ; 
Elain  (wife  of  king  Nentres  of  Carlot)  ; 
and  Morgan  le  Fay,  the  "great  dark  of 
Nigromancy,"  who  wedded  king  Vrience, 
of  the  land  of  Core,  father  of  Ewayns  le 
Blanchemaj'ne.  Only  the  last  had  the 
same  mother  (Ygraine  or  Ygerne)  as  the 
king. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  2. 

Arthur's  So7is — Urien,  Llew,  and  Arawn. 
Borre  was  his  son  by  Lyonors,  daughter 
of  the  earl  Sanam. — History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  15.  Mordred  was  his  son  by 
Elain,  wife  of  king  Nentres  of  Carlot. 
In  some  of  the  romances  collated  by  sir 
T.  Malory  he  is  called  the  son  of  IMar- 
gause  and  Arthur ;  Margause  being  called 
the  wife  of  king  Lot,  and  sister  of  Arthur. 
This  incest  is  said  to  have  been  the  cause 
of  Mordred's  hatred  of  Arthur. — Pt.  i. 
17,  36,  etc. 

Arthur's  Drinkinfj-Horn.  No  one  could 
drink  from  this  horn  who  was  either 
unchaste  or  unfaithful. — Lai  du  Corn  and 
Morte  d' Arthur,     (See  Chastity.) 


ARTHUR. 


56 


ARTHURET. 


Arthur's  Shield,  Fridwin.  Geoffrey  calls 
it  Priwen,  and  says  it  was  adorned  with 
the  picture  of  the  Virgin  Mary. — British 
Mistonj,  ix.  4  (1142). 

Arthur's  Spear,  Rone.  Geoffrey  calls  it 
Ron.  It  was  made  of  ebony. — British 
History,  ix.  4  (1142). 

His  spere  he  nom  an  honde  tha  Ron  wes  ihaten. 
Layamon,  Brut,  (twelfth  century). 

Arthur's  Sword,  Escal'ibur  or  Excal'iber. 
Ge<iffrey  calls  it  Calibum,  and  says  it  was 
made  in  the  isle  of  Avallon. — British 
History,  ix.  4  (1142). 

The  temper  of  his  sword,  the  tried  Escalabour, 

The  bigness  and  tlie  lengtJi  of  Uone,  Ills  noble  spear, 

With  Pridwiu,  his  great  shield. 

Drayton,  PolyolUon,  iv.  (1612). 

Arthurs  Round  Table.  It  contained 
seats  for  150  knights.  Three  were  re- 
served, two  for  honour,  and  one  (called 
the  "siege  perilous")  for  sir  Galahad, 
destined  to  achieve  the  quest  of  the 
sangreal.  If  any  one  else  attempted  to 
sit  in  it,  his  death  was  the  certain  penalty. 

*#*  There  is  a  table  so  called  at  Win- 
chester, and  Henry  VIII.  showed  it  to 
Franpis  I.  as  the  very  table  made  by 
Merlin  for  Uther  the  pendragon. 

And  for  great  Arthur's  seat,  her  Winchester  prefers, 
Whose  old  round  table  yet  she  vaunteth  to  be  hers. 
M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  ii.  (1612). 

Arthur  (King),  in  the  burlesque  opera 
of  Tom  Thunih,  has  Dollallolla  for  his 
queen,  and  Huncamunca  for  his  daughter. 
This  dramatic  piece,  by  Henry  Fielding, 
the  novelist,  was  produced  in  1730,  but 
was  altered  by  ELane  O'Hara,  author  of 
Midas,  about  half  a  century  later. 

Arthur's  Harp,  aLyrse,  which  forms 
a  triangle  with  the  role-star  and  Arcturus. 

Dost  thou  know  the  star 

We  call  the  "  Harp  of  Arthur,"  up  in  heaven  t 

Tennyson,  The  LcM  Tournament. 

Arthur's  Seat,  the  hill  which  over- 
hangs Edinburgh. 

Nor  hunt    the    bloodhounds   back  to  Arthur's    scat 
iKdinburgh^t 

Byron,  English  Bardt  and  Scotch  Heviewert. 

Arthurian  Romances. 

King  Arthur  and  the  Rourid  Table,  a 
romance  in  verse  (109(5). 

Tlic  Holy  Graal  (in  verse,  1100). 

Titvref,  or  The  Guardian  of  the  Holy 
Graal,  by  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach. 
Titurel  founded  the  temple  of  Graal- 
burg  as  a  shrine  for  the  holy  graal. 

I'he Romance  of  Pnrzival, -prince  of  the 
race  of  the  kings  of  Graalburg.  By  Wolf- 
ram of  Eschenbach  (in  verse).  This  ro- 
mance (written  about  1206)  was  partly 
founded  upon  a  French  poem  by  Chre- 
tien de  TTOyaSjParceval  le  Gallois,  (1170). 


Launcelot  of  the  Lake,  by  Ulrich  of 
Zazikoven,  contemporary  with  Williaiu 
Rufus. 

Wigalois  or  The  Knight  of  the  Wheel, 
by  Wimd  of  Graffenberg.  This  adven- 
turer leaves  his  mother  in  Syria,  and 
goes  in  search  of  his  father,  a  knight  of 
the  Round  Table. 

Twain  or  IVie  Knight  of  the  Lion,  and 
Ereck,  by  Hartmann  von  der  Aue  (thir- 
teenth century). 

Tristan  and  Yseult  (in  verse,  by  Master 
Gottfried  of  Strasburg  (thirteenth  cen- 
tury). This  is  also  the  subject  of  Luc  du 
Gast's  prose  romance,  which  was  revised 
by  Elie  de  Borron,  and  turned  into  verse 
by  Thomas  the  Rhymer,  of  Erceldoune, 
under  the  title  of  the  Romance  of  Tris- 
tram. 

Merlyn  Ambroise,  bj'  Robert  de  Borron. 

Roman  des  diverses  Quetes  de  St.  Graal, 
by  Walter  Mapes  (prose). 

A  Life  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  by 
Robert  de  Borron. 

La  Mort  d  Artur,  by  Walter  Mapes. 

The  Idylls  of  the  King,  by  Tennyson,  in 
blank  verse,  containing  "The  Coming  of 
Arthur,"  "  Gereth  and  Lynette,"  "  Geraint 
and  Enid,"  "Merlin  and  Vivien,"  "  Lan- 
celot and  Elaine,"  "The  Holy  Graal," 
"  I'eleas  and  Ettarre  "  (2  syl.),  "  The  Last 
Tournament,"  "  Guinevere"  (3  syl.),  and 
"The  Passing  of  Arthur,"  which  is  the 
"  Morte  d'Arthur"  with  an  introduction 
added  to  it. 

(The  old  Arthurian  Romances  have 
been  collated  and  rendered  into  English 
by  sir  Thomas  Malory,  in  three  parts. 
Part  i.  contains  the  early  historj'  of  Arthur 
and  the  beautiful  allegory  of  Gareth  and 
Linet ;  part  ii.  contains  the  adventures 
of  sir  Tristram  ;  and  part  iii.  the  adven- 
tures of  sir  Launcelot,  with  the  death  of 
Arthur  and  his  knights.  Sir  Frederick 
Madden  and  J.  T.  K.  have  also  contributed 
to  the  same  series  of  legends.) 

*^*  Sources  of  the  A)4hurian  Romances. 
The  prose  series  of  romances  called 
Arthurian,  owe  their  origin  to:  1.  The 
legendary  chronicles  composed  in  Wales 
or  Brittany,  such  as  De  Excidio  Britannice 
of  Gildas.  2.  The  chronicles  of  Nennius 
(ninth  centurj").  3.  The  Armoric  collec- 
tions of  Walter  [Cale'nius]  or  Gauliter, 
archdeacon  of  Oxford.  4.  The  Chronlam 
site  Historia  Britoaum  of  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth.  5.  Floating  traditions  and 
metrical     ballads    and    romances.      (See 

CHARLEMAfiXE.) 

Ar'thuret  {Miss  Scraphina  the  papist 
and  Miss  Angelica),  two  sisters  in  sir 


ARTS  AND  GENIUS. 


67 


ARYAN  LANGUAGES. 


W.  Scott's  novel  called  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Arts  {The  fine)  and  Genius.  Sir 
Walter  Scott  was  ^wholly  ignorant  of 
pictures,  and  quite  indifferent  to  music. 
Wordsworth  cared  nothing  for  paintings, 
and  music  gave  hira  positive  discomfort. 
Sir  Robert  Peel  detested  music.  Byron 
and  Tasso  cared  nothing  for  architecture, 
and  Byron  had  no  ear  for  music.  Mde.de 
Stael  could  not  appreciate  scenery.  Pope 
and  Dr.  Johnson,  like  Scott  and  Byron, 
had  no  ear  for  music,  and  could  scarcely 
discern  one  tune  from  another ;  Pope 
preferred  a  street  organ  to  Handel's 
Messiah. 

Ar'turo  (lord  Arthur  Talbot),  a 
cavalier  affianced  to  Elvi'ra  "  the  puritan," 
daughter  of  lord  Walton.  On  the  day 
appointed  for  the  wedding,  Arturo  has  to 
aid  Enrichetta  {Henrietta,  widow  of 
Charles  I.)  in  her  escape,  and  Elvira, 
supposing  he  is  eloping  with  a  rival, 
temporarily  loses  her  reason.  On  his 
return,  Arturo  explains  the  circumstances, 
and  they  vow  never  more  to  part.  At 
this  juncture  Arturo  is  arrested  for  treason, 
and  led  away  to  execution  ;  but  a  herald 
announces  the  defeat  of  the  Stuarts,  and 
free  pardon  of  all  political  offenders, 
whereupon  Arturo  is  released,  and  marries 
"  the  fair  puritan." — Bellini's  opera,  I 
Puritani  (1834). 

Ar'turo  [Bucklaw]  .  So  Frank  Hayston 
is  called  in  Donizetti's  opera  of  Liicia  di 
Lammermoor  (1835).     (See  Hayston.) 

Ar'undel,  the  steed  of  sir  Bevis  of 
Southampton,  given  him  by  his  wife 
Josian,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Armenia. 
— Drayton,  Folyolbion,  ii.  (1612). 

Arundel  Castle,  called  Magounce 
(2syl.). 

She  [Afij/lidet]  came  to  a  castle  that  was  called  Ma- 
gounce, and  now  is  called  Ai-undeU,  in  Southsea. — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  118  (1470). 

Ar'valan,  the  wicked  son  of  Keha'ma, 
slain  by  Ladur'lad  for  attempting  to 
dishonour  his  daughter  Kail'yal  (2  syL). 
After  this,  his  spirit  became  the  relent- 
less persecutor  of  the  holy  maiden,  but 
holiness  and  chastitj'  triumphed  over  sin 
and  lust.  Thus  when  Kailyal  was  taken 
to  the  bower  of  bliss  in  paradise,  Arvalan 
borro'ved  the  dragon-car  of  the  .witch 
Lor'nmite  (3  syl.)  to  carry  her  off ;  but 
when  the  dragons  came  in  sight  of  the 
holy  place  they  were  unable  to  mourt, 
and  went  perpetually  downwards,  till 
Arvalan  was  dropped  into  an  ice-rift  of 


perpetual  snow.  When  he  presented 
himself  before  her  in  the  temple  of  Jaga- 
naut,  she  set  fire  to  the  pagoda.  And 
when  he  caught  the  maiden  waiting  for 
her  father,  who  was  gone  to  release  the 
glendoveer  from  the  submerged  city  of 
Bal}',  Baly  himself  came  to  her  rescue. 

"  Help,  help,  Kehania !  help ! "  he  cried. 
But  Baly  tarried  not  to  abide 
That  mightier  power.    With  irresistible  feet 
He  stampt  and  cleft  the  earth.    It  opened  wide. 
And  gave  him  w.iy  to  his  own  judgment-seat. 
Down  like  a  plummet  to  the  world  below 
He  sank  ...  to  punishment  deserved  and  endless  woe. 
Southey,  Curge  of  Kehama,  xvii.  12  (1809). 

Arvi'da  {Prince),  a  noble  friend  of 
Gustavus  Vasa.  Both  Arvida  and  Gus- 
tavus  are  in  love  with  Christi'na,  daughter 
of  Christian  II.  king  of  Scandinavia. 
Christian  employs  the  prince  to  entrap 
Gustavus,  but  when  he  approaches  him 
the  better  instincts  of  old  friendship  and 
the  nobleness  of  Gustavus  prevail,  so  that 
Arvida  not  onl}--  refuses  to  betray  his 
friend,  but  even  abandons  to  him  all 
further  rivalry  ia  the  love  of  Christina. — 
H.  Brooke,  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Arvir'agus,  the  husband  of  Do'Vi^en. 
Aurelius  tried  to  win  her  love,  but  Dongen 
made  answer  that  she  Avould  never  listen 
to  his  suit  till  the  rocks  that  beset  the 
coast  were  removed,  "  and  there  n'is  no 
stone  y-seen."  By  the  aid  of  magic, 
Aurelius  caused  all  the  rocks  of  the  coast 
to  disappear,  and  Dorigen's  husband 
insisted  that  she  should  keep  her  word. 
When  Aurelius  saw  how  sad  she  was,  and 
was  told  that  she  had  come  in  obedience 
to  her  husband's  wishes,  he  said  he  would 
rather  die  than  injure  so  true  a  wife  and 
noble  a  gentleman. — Chaucer,  Canterbury 
Tales  ("^The  Franklin's  Tale,"  1388). 

(This  is  substantially  the  same  as 
Boccaccio's  tale  of  Dianora  and  Gilberto, 
day  X.  5.     See  Dianora.) 

Arvir'agus,  younger  son  of  Cym'beline 
(3  syl.)  king  of  Britain,  and  brother  of 
Guide'rius.  The  two  in  early  childhood 
were  kidnapped  by  Bela'rius,  out  of  re- 
venge for  being  unj  ustly  banished,  and  were 
brought  up  by  him  in  a  cave.  When  they 
were  grown  to  manhood,  Belarius,  having 
rescued  the  king  from  the  Romans,  was 
restored  to  favour.  He  then  introduced 
the  two  young  men  to  Cymbeline,  and 
told  their  story,  upon  which  the  king  was 
rejoiced  to  iind  that  his  two  sons  whom 
he  thought  dead  were  both  living.— 
Shakespeare,  Cymbeline  (1G05). 

Aryan  Languages  {The)— 
1.  Sanskrit,  wlience  Ilindustanee, 
1   2.  Zend,  ,,       Persian. 


AS  YOU  LIKE  IT. 


58 


ASGIL'S  TRANSLATION. 


3.  Greek,  whence  Romaic. 

4.  Latin,       „       Italian,  French,  Spanish, 

Portuguese,  Waliachian 
{Romance). 

5.  Keltic,      ,,      Welsh,  Irish,  Gaelic. 

6.  Gothic,     „      Teutonic,  English,  Scan- 

dinavian. 

7.  Slavonic,  ,,    ^European  Russian,  and 

Austrian. 

As  Yoii  Like  It,  a  comedy  by  Shake- 
upeare.  One  of  the  French  dukes,  being 
driven  from  his  dukedom  by  his  brother, 
went  with  certain  followers  to  the  forest 
of  Arden,  where  they  lived  a  free  and  easy 
life,  chief!}''  occupied  in  the  chase.  The 
deposed  duke  had  one  daughter,  named 
Rosalind,  whom  the  usurper  kept  at 
court  as  the  companion  of  his  own 
daughter  Celia,  and  the  two  cousins  were 
very  fond  of  each  other.  At  a  wrestling 
match  Rosalind  fell  in  love  Avith  Orlando, 
who  threw  his  antagonist,  a  giant  and 
professional  athlete.  The  usurping  duke 
(Frederick)  now  banished  her  from  the 
court,  but  her  cousin  Celia  resolved  to  go 
to  Arden  with  her ;  so  Rosalind  in  boy's 
clothes  (under  the  name  of  Ganimod),  and 
Celia  as  a  rustic  maiden  (under  the  name 
of  Alie'na),  started  to  find  the  deposed 
duke.  Orlando  being  driven  from  home 
by  his  elder  brother,  also  went  to  the 
forest  of  Arden,  and  was  taken  under  the 
duke's  protection.  Here  he  met  the 
ladies,  and  a  double  marriage  was  the 
result — Orlando  married  Rosalind,  and 
his  elder  brother  Oliver  married  Celia. 
The  usurper  retired  to  a  religious  house, 
and  the  deposed  duke  was  restored  to  his 
dominions. — (1598.) 

Asaph.  So  Tate  calls  Dryden  in 
Absalom  and  Achitophel. 

While  Jiidah's  throne  and  Zion's  rock  stand  fast, 
The  song  of  Asaph  and  his  fame  shali  last. 


{St.),  a  British  [i.e.  Welsh'] 
monk  of  the  sixth  century,  abbot  of  Llan- 
Elvy,  which  changed  its  name  to  St. 
Asaph,  in  honour  of  him. 

So  bishops  can  she  bring,  of  which  her  saints  shall  be : 
As  Asaph,  who  first  gave  that  mime  unto  that  see. 

Drayton,  I'otyolbwi,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Ascal'aplios,  son  of  AchSron,  turned 
into  an  owl  for  tale-telling  and  trying  to 
make  mischief. — Greek  Fable. 

Asca'nio,  son  of  donHenriqre  (2  syl.)^ 
in  the  comedy  called  The  Spanish  Curate^ 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1G22). 

As'capart  or  As'cupart,  an  enormous 
giant,  thirty  feet  high,  who  carried  off  sir 
Bevis,  his  wife  Jos'ian,  his  sword  Morglay, 


and  his  steed  Ar'undel,  under  his  arm. 
Sir  Bevis  afterwards  made  Ascapart  his 
slave,  to  run  beside  his  horse.  The  effigy 
of  sir  Bevis  is  on  the  city  gates  of  South- 
ampton.— Drayton,  Folyolbion,  ii.  (1612). 

He  was  a  man  whose  huge  stature,  thews,  sinews,  and 
bulk  .  .  .  would  have  enabled  him  to  enact  "Colbrand," 
"  Ascapart,"  or  any'other  giant  of  romance,  without  raising 
himself  nearer  to  heaven  even  by  the  altitude  of  a  chopin.— 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

Those  Ascaparts,  men  big  enough  to  throw 
Charing  Cross  for  a  bar. 

Dr.  Donne  (157a-1631). 

Thus  imitated  by  Pope  (1G88-1744)— 

Each  man  an  Ascapart  of  strength  to  toss 

For  quoits  botii  Temple  Bar  and  Charing  Cross. 

Ascraa'an  Sage,  or  Ascrcean  poet, 
Hesiod,  who  was  born  at  Ascra,  inBoeo'tia, 
Virgil  calls  him  "  The  Old  Ascriean." 

Hos  tibi  dant  calamos,  en  accipe,  Musaa 
Ascrceo  quos  ante  seal. 

£cl.  vil.  70. 

As'ebie  (3  syL),  Irreligion  personified 
in  The  Purple  Island  (1633),  by  Phineas 
Fletcher  (canto  vii.).  He  had  four  sons : 
Idol'atros  (idolatry),  Phar'makeus  (3  syl.) 
{witchcraft),  Hseret'icus,  and  Hypocrisy; 
all  fully  described  by  the  poet.  (Greek, 
asebeia,  "impiety.") 

Asel'ges  (3  syl.),  Lasciviousness  per- 
sonified. One  of  the  four  sons  of  Anag'- 
nus  {inchastity),  his  three  brothers  being 
Maechus  {adultery),  Pornei'us  {fornication), 
and  Acath'arus.  Seeing  his  brother  Por- 
neius  fall  by  the  spear  of  Parthen'ia 
{maidenly  chastity),  Aselges  rushes  for- 
ward to  avenge  his  death,  but  the  martial 
maid  caught  him  with  her  spear,  and 
tossed  him  so  high  i'  the  air  "that  he 
hardly  knew  whither  his  course  was 
bent."  (Greek,  asSlges,  "  intemperate, 
wanton.")— Phineas  Fletcher,  The  Purple 
Island,  xi.  (1633). 

As'en,  strictly  speaking,  are  only  the 
three  gods  next  in  rank  to  the  twelve 
male  Asir ;  but  the  word  is  not  un- 
frequently  used  for  the  Scandinavian 
deities  generally. 

As'gard,  the  fortress  of  the  As'en 
or  Scandinavian  deities.  It  is  situate  in 
the  centre  of  the  universe,  and  is  accessible 
only  by  the  rainbow  bridge  {Bi frost). 
The  river  is  Nornor,  overshadowed  by 
the  famous  ash  tre»Ygdrasil'. 

As'gil's  Translation.  John  Asgill 
wrote  a  book  on  the  possibility  of  man 
being  translated  into  eternal  life  without 
tasting  death.  The  book  in  1707  was 
condemned  to  be  burnt  by  the  common 
hangman. 

Here's  no  depending  upon  old  women  in  my  country, . , . 
and  a  nuui  may  as  safely  trust  to  Asgila  translation  as  ta 


ASHFIELD. 


69 


ASPATIA. 


hla  great-grandmother  not  niarrying.— Mrs.  Centlivro,  The 
Busybody,  iL  3  (1709). 

Ash'field  {Fanner),  a  truly  John 
Bull  farmer,  tender-hearted,  noble-minded 
but  homely,  generous  but  hot-tempered. 
He  loves  his  daughter  Susan  with  the 
love  of  a  woman.  His  favourite  ex- 
pression is  "  Behave  pratty,"  and  he 
himself  always  tries  to  do  so.  His 
daughter  Susan  marries  Robert  Handy, 
the  son  of  sir  Abel  Handy. 

Danie  Ashfield,  the  farmer's  wife,  whose 
bete  noire  is  a  neighbouring  farmer  named 
Grundy.  What  Mrs.  Grundy  will  say, 
or  what  Mrs.  Grundy  will  think  or  do,  is 
dame  Ashfield's  decalogue  and  gospel  too. 

Susan  Ashfield,  daughter  of  farmer  and 
dame  Ashfield.— Thorn.  Morton,  Speed 
the  Plough  (1764-1838). 

Ash'ford  (Isaac),  "a  wise,  good 
man,  contented  to  be  poor." — Crabbe, 
Parish  Register  (1807). 

Ash'taroth,  a  general  name  for  all 
Syrian  goddesses.     (See  Astokktii.) 

IThey]  had  general  names 
Of  Baalim  and  Asht.vroth :  those  male. 
These  feminine. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lout.  i.  422  (1665). 

Ash'ton  (Sir  William),  the  lord 
keeper  of  Scotland,  and  father  of  Lucy 
Ashton. 

Lady  Eleanor  Ashton,  wife  of  sir  Wil- 
liam. 

Colonel  Sholto  Douglas  Ashton,  eldest 
son  of  sir  William. 

Lucij  Ashton,  daughter  of  sir  William, 
betrothed  to  Edgar  (the  master  of  Ravens- 
wood)  ;  but  being  compelled  to  marry 
Frank  Hayston  (laird  of  Bucklaw),  she  tries 
to  murder  him  in  the  bridal  chamber,  and 
becomes  insane.  Lucy  dies,  but  the  laird 
recovers. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Bride  of 
Lammermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

(This  has  been  made  the  subject  of  an 
opera  by  Donizetti,  called  Lucia  di  Lam- 
mermoor, 1835.) 

Asia,  the  wife  of  that  Pharaoh  who 
brought  up  Moses.  She  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Mozahem.  Her  husband  tor- 
tured her  for  believing  in  Moses;  but 
she  was  taken  alive  into  Paradise. — 
Sale,  Al  Kor&n,  xx.,  note,  and  Ixvi., 
note. 

Mahomet  says,  "  Among  women  four 
have  been  perfect :  Asia,  wife  of  Pha- 
raoh ;  Mary,  daughter  of  Imran ;  Kha- 
iijah,  the  prophet's  first  wife ;  and 
Fatima,  his  own  daughter." 

As'ir,  the  twelve  chief  gods  of  Scandi- 


naN^an  mythology — Odin,  Thor,  Baldr, 
Niord,  Frey,  Tyr,  Bragi,  Heimdall, 
Vidar,  Vali,  Ullur,  and  Forseti. 

Sometimes  the  goddesses — Frigga, 
Freyja,  Idu'na,  and  Saga,  are  ranked 
amongst  the  Asir  also. 

As'raadai  (3  syl.),  the  same  as  Asmo- 
de'us  (4  sijL),  the  lustful  and  destroying 
angel,  who  robbed  Sara  of  her  seven  hus- 
bands (Tohit  iii.  8).  Milton  makes  hira 
one  of  the  rebellious  angels  overthrown 
by  Uriel  and  Ra'phael.  Hume  says  the 
word  means  "the  destroyer. '' — Paradise 
Lost,  vi.  365  (1665). 

Asmode'us  (4  syl.),  the  demon  of 
vanity  and  dress,  called  in  the  Talmud 
"king  of  the  devils."  As  "dress"  is 
one  of  the  bitterest  evils  of  modern  life, 
it  is  termed  "  the  Asmodeus  of  domestic 
peace,"  a  phrase  employed  to  express  any 
"skeleton"  in  the  house  of  a  private 
family. 

In  the  book  of  Tohit  Asmodeus  falls  in 
love  with  Sara,  daughter  of  Rag'uel,  and 
causes  the  successive  deaths  of  seven 
husbands  each  on  his  bridal  night,  but 
when  Sara  married  Tobit,  Asmodeus 
was  driven  into  Egypt  by  a  charm  made 
of  the  heart  and  liver  of  a  fish  burnt  on 
perfumed  ashes. 

(Milton  throws  the  accent  on  the  third 
Byl.,  Tennyson  on  the  second.) 

Better  pleased 
Than  Asmodeus  with  the  fishy  fume. 

Milton,  ParadUe  lost,  Ir.  168. 
Abaddon  and  Asmodt'us  caught  at  me. 

Tennyson,  St.  Hiineon  StylUSl. 

Asmode'us,  a  "diable  bon-homme," 
with  more  gaiety  than  malice  ;  not  the 
least  like  Mephistopheles.  He  is  the 
companion  of  Cle'ofas,  whom  he  carries 
through  the  air,  and  shows  him  the  inside 
of  houses,  where  they  see  what  is  being 
done  in  private  or  secrecy  without  being 
seen.  Although  Asmodeus  is  not  malig- 
nant, yet  with  all  his  "wit,  acuteness,  and 
playful  malice,  we  never  forget  the  fiend. 
Le  Sage,  Le  Diable  Boitevx. 

(Such  was  the  popularity  of  the  Diable 
Boiteiix,  that  two  young  men  fought  a 
duel  in  a  bookseller's  shop  over  the  only 
remaining  copy,  an  incident  worthy  to  be 
recorded  by  Asmodeus  himself.) 

Miss  Austen  gives  us  just  such  a  picture  of  domestic  life 
as  Asmodeus  would  present  could  he  remove  the  roof  <if 
nuiny  an  English  hame.—Encyo.  lirit  Art.  "  KomaiK  e." 

Aso'tus,  Prodigality  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island  (lGo3),  by  Phineas 
Fletcher,  fully  described  in  canto  viii. 
(Greek,  asdios,  "a  profligate.") 

Aspa'tia,  a  maiden  the  very  ideal  of 


ASPHALTIC  POOL. 


60 


ASSIDOS. 


ill-fortune  and  wretchedness.  She  is  the 
troth-plight  wife  of  Amintor,  but  Amin- 
tor,  at  the  king's  request,  marries 
Evad'no  (3  syl.).  Women  point  with 
scorn  at  the  forsaken  Aspatia,  but  she 
boars  it  all  with  patience.  The  pathos  of 
her  speeches  is  most  touching,  and  her 
death  forms  the  tragical  event  which 
gives  name  to  the  drama. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Maid's  Tragedy  (1610). 

Asphal'tic  Pool  {The),  the  Dead 
Sea,  so  called  from  the  asphalt  or  bitu'- 
men  abounding  in  it.  The  river  Jordan 
empties  itself  into  this  "  pool." — Milton, 
Taradise  Lost,  i.  411  (1665). 

As'phodel,  in  the  language  of  flowers, 
means  "regret."  It  is  said  that  the  spirits 
of  the  dead  sustain  themselves  with  the 
roots  of  this  flower.  It  was  planted  by 
the  ancients  on  graves,  and  both  Theo- 
philus  and  Pliny  state  that  the  ghosts 
beyond  AchCron  roam  through  the  mea- 
dows of  Asphodel,  in  order  if  possible  to 
reach  the  waters  of  Lethe  or  Oblivion. 
The  Asphodel  was  dedicated  to  Pluto. 
Longfellow  strangely  enough  croAvns  his 
angel  of  death  with  amaranth,  with  which 
the  "  spirits  elect  bind  their  resplendent 
locks,"  and  his  angel  of  life  with  aspho- 
del, the  flower  of  "regret "and  emblem 
of  the  grave. 

Ke  who  wore  the  crown  of  asphodels  .  .  . 
[said]  '•  My  errand  is  not  death,  but  life"  .  .  . 
[butj  The  angel  with  the  amaranthine  wreath 

Wliispered  a  word,  that  had  a  sound  lilse  death. 
Longfellow,  The  Two  A  ngels. 

As'pramont,  a  place  mentioned  by 
Ariosto  in  his  Orlando  Furioso,  in  the 
department  of  the  Meuse  (1516). 

Jousted  in  Aspraniont  and  Mont'alban  [Montavban]. 
Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  i.  583  (1665). 

As'praTiionte  (3  syl.),  in  sir  W. 
Scott's  Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time, 
Kufus). 

The  old  knight,  father  of  Brenhilda. 

2'he  lady  of  Aspramonte,  the  knight's 
wife. 

Brenhilda  of  Aspramonte^  their  daugh- 
ter, wife  of  count  Eobert. 

As'rael  or  Az'iael,  an  angel  of 
death.  He  is  immeasurable  in  height, 
insomuch  that  the  space  between  his  eyes 
equals  a  70,000  days'  journey. — Moham- 
medan Mythology. 

Ass  {An),  emblem  of  the  tribe  of 
Issachar.  In  the  old  church  at  Totnes  is 
a  stone  pulpit,  divided  into  compartments, 
containing   shields   decorated   with   the 


several  emblems  of  the  Jewish  tribes,  ol 
which  this  is  one. 

Issachar  is  a  strong  ass,  couching  down  between  two 
burdens.— een.  xlix.  14 

Ass.  Three  of  these  animals  are  by 
different  legends  admitted  into  heaven: 

1.  The  ass  on  M'hich  Christ  rode  on  His 
journe}^  to  Jerusalem  on  the  day  of  palms. 

2.  The'  ass  on  which  Balaam  rode,  and 
which  reproved  the  prophet,  "speaking 
with  the  voice  of  a  man."  3.  The  ass  of 
Aaz'is  queen  of  Sheba  or  Saba,  who  came 
to  visit  Solomon.    (See  Animals,  p.  40.) 

Ass's  Ears.  Midas  was  chosen  to  decide 
a  trial  of  musical  skill  between  Apollo 
and  Pan.  The  Phrygian  king  gave  his 
verdict  in  favour  of  Pan,  whereupon 
Apollo  changed  his  ears  to  those  of  an 
ass.  The  servant  who  used  to  cut  the 
king's  hair,  discovering  the  deformity, 
was  afraid  to  whisper  the  secret  to  any 
one,  but  not  being  able  to  contain  himself, 
dug  a  hole  in  the  earth,  and,  putting  his 
mouth  into  it,  cried  out,  "  King  Midas 
has  ass's  ears."  He  then  filled  up  the  hole, 
and  felt  relieved.  Tennyson  makes  the 
barber  a  woman. 

No  livelier  than  the  dame 
That  whispered  "  Asses'  ears  "  [sicj  among  the  sedge, 
"My  sister." 

The  Princes*,  ii. 

As'sad,  son  of  Camaral'zaman  and 
Haiatal'nefous  (5  syl.),  and  half-brother 
of  Amgiad  (son  of  Camaralzaman  and 
Badoura).  Each  of  the  two  mothers 
conceived  a  base  passion  for  the  other's 
son,  and  when  the  young  men  repulsed 
their  advances,  accused  them  to  their 
father  of  gross  designs  upon  their  honour. 
Camaralzaman  commanded  his  vizier  to 
put  them  both  to  death ;  but  instead  of 
doing  so,  he  conducted  them  out  of  the 
city,  and  told  them  not  to  return  to  their 
father's  kingdom  (the  island  of  Ebony). 
They  wandered  on  for  ten  days,  when 
Assad  went  to  a  city  in  sight  to  obtain 
provisions.  Here  he  was  entrapped  by  an 
old  fire-worshipper,  who  offered  him  hos- 
pitality, but  cast  him  into  a  dungeon,  in- 
tending to  offer  him  up  a  human  victim 
on  the  "mountain  of  fire."  The  ship  in 
which  he  was  sent  being  driven  on  the 
coast  of  queen  Margiana,  Assad  was  sold 
to  her  as  a  slave,  but  being  recaptured  was 
carried  back  to  his  old  dungeon.  Here 
Bosta'na,  one  of  the  old  man's  daughters, 
took  pity  on  him,  and  released  him,  and 
ere  long'Assad  married  queen  Margiana, 
while  Amgiad,  out  of  gratitude,  married 
Bostana.— ^ra6ian  Nights  ("Amgiad  and 
Assad  "). 

As'sidos,  a  plant  in  the  country  of 


ASSISE. 


61 


ASTREE. 


Prester  John,  It  not  only  protects  the 
w^earer  from  evil  spirits,  but  forces  every 
spirit  to  tell  its  business. 

Assise  (in  feudal  times),  toute  chose 
qui  Ton  a  vue  user  et  accoustumer  et 
deliverer  en  cour  du  roiaume. — Clef  des 
Assises. 

Astag'oras,  a  female  fiend,  who  has 
the  poAver  of  raisings  storms. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem  Delivered  (1576). 

Astar'te  (3  syL),  the  Phoenician 
ni,)on-goddess,  the  Astoreth  of  the 
Syrians. 

With  these 
Ciinie  Astoreth,  whom  the  Phoenicians  called 
Astarle,  queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 

Milton.  I'aradUe  Lost,  L  438  (1665). 

As'tarte  (2  s///.),  an  attendant  on  the 
princess  Anna  Comne'na. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Astarte  (2  or  3  s///.),  beloved  by  Man- 
fred.— Byron,  Manfred. 

We  think  of  Astarte  as  young,  beautiful,  innocent,— 
guilty,  lost,  murdered,  judged,  pardoned ;  but  still,  in  her 
permitted  visit  to  eartlt,  speaking  in  a  voice  of  sorrow, 
and  with  a  countenance  yet  pale  with  mortal  trouble. 
We  ha<l  but  a  glimpse  of  her  in  her  beauty  and  innocence, 
but  at  last  she  rises  before  us  in  all  the  moral  silence  of  a 
ghost,  with  fixed,  glazed,  and  passionless  eyes,  revealing 
death,  judgment,  and  eternity.— Professor  Wilson. 
(2  syl.)  The  lady  Astarte  liis?  Hush  !  who  comes  here? 
(3  lyl.)    .  .  .  The  same  Astarte  'I  no  (iii.  4).  [(iii.  4.) 

As'tery,  a  nymph  in  the  train  of 
Venus ;  the  lightest  of  foot  and  most 
active  of  all.  One  day  the  goddess, 
walking-  abroad  with  her  nymphs,  bade 
them  go  gather  flowers.  Astery  gathered 
most  of  all ;  but  Venus,  in  a  fit  of 
jealousy,  turned  her  into  a  butterfly,  and 
threw  the  flowers  into  the  wings.  Since 
then  all  butterflies  have  borne  wings  of 
many  gay  colours. — Spenser,  Muiopotmos 
or  the  Butterfly's  Fate  (1590). 

As'tolat,  Guildford,  in  Surrey. 

Astol'pho,  the  English  cousin  of 
Orlando  ;  his  father  was  Otho.  He  was 
a  great  boaster,  but  M'as  generous,  cour- 
teous, gay,  and  singularly  handsome. 
Astolpho  was  carried  to  Alci'na's  isle  on  the 
back  of  a  whale  ;  and  when  Alcina  tired 
of  him,  she  changed  him  into  a  myrtle 
tree,  but  Melissa  disenchanted  him. 
Astolpho  descended  into  the  infernal 
regions  ;  he  also  went  to  the  moon,  to 
cure  Orlando  of  his  madness  by  bringing 
back  his  lost  wits  in  a  phial. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furiow  (1516). 

Astolpho' s  Horn.  This  horn  was  the 
gift  of  LogistilJa.  "Whatever  man  or 
beast  heard  it,  was  seized  with  instant 


panic,   and  became  an    easy  captive. — 
Ariosto,  Orlayido  Furioso,  viii. 

Astolpho's  Book.  The  same  fairy 
gave  him  a  book,  which  would  direct 
him  aright  in  all  his  journeyings,  and 
give  him  any  other  information  he  re- 
quired.— Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso,  viii. 

As'ton  {Sir  Jacob),  a  cavalier  during 
the  Commonwealth  ;  one  of  the  partisans 
of  the  late  king. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wood- 
stock (period,  Commonwealth). 

As'ton  {Enrico).  So  Henry  Ash  ton 
is  called  in  Donizetti's  opera  of  Jjucixi  di 
Lammermoor  (1835).     (See  Ashton.) 

As'torax,  king  of  Paphos  and 
brother  of  the  princess  Calls. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  IVie  Mad  Lover  (before 
1618). 

As'toreth,  the  goddess-moon  of 
Syrian  mythology ;  called  by  Jeremiah, 
"  The  Queen  of  Heaven,"  and  by  the 
Phoenicians,   "  Astar'te."     (See  Asiita- 

ROTH.) 

With  these  [the  host  of  heaven]  in  troop 
Came  Astoreth,  whom  the  Phoenicians  called 
Astarte,  queen  of  heaven,  with  crescent  horns. 
Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  I.  438  (KKK 

(Milton  does  not  always  preserve  the 
difference  between  Ashtaroth  and  Asto- 
reth; for  he  speaks  of  the  "moonbd 
Ashtaroth,  heaven's  queen  and  mother.") 

As'tragon,  the  philosopher  and  great 
physician,  by  whom  Gondibert  and  his 
friends  were  cured  of  the  wounds  re- 
ceived in  the  faction  fight,  stirred  up  by 
prince  Oswald.  Astragon  had  a  splendid 
library  and  museum.  One  room  was 
called'  "Great  Nature's  Office,"  another 
"  Nature's  Nursery,"  and  the  library  was 
called  "The  Monument  of  Vanished 
Mind."  Astragon  (the  poet  says)  dis- 
covered the  loadstone  and  its  use  in 
navigation.  He  had  one  child.  Bertha, 
Avho  loved  duke  Gondibert,  and  to  whom 
she  was  promised  in  marriage.  The  tale 
being  unfinished,  the  sequel  is  not  known. 
— Sir  W.  Davenant,  Gondibert  (died 
1668). 

Astre'a,  Mrs.  Alphra  Behn,  an 
authoress.  She  published  the  story  of 
Frince  Oroonoka  (died  1689). 

The  stage  now  loosely  does  A^trea  tread. 

Pope. 

Astree  (2  syl.),  a  pastoral  romance 
by  Honore  D'Urfe  (1616),  very  cele- 
brated for  giving  birth  to  the  past(»r.al 
school,  Avhich  had  for  a  tim«  an  over- 
whelming power  on  iiteraturt   dress,  and 


ASTRINGER. 


62 


ATE. 


amusements.  Pastoral  romance  had  re- 
appeared in  Portugal  full  sixty  years 
previously  in  the  pastoral  romance  of 
Montema3'er  called  Diana  (1552)  ;  and 
Longos,  in  the  fifth  centur)',  had  pro- 
duced a  beautiful  prose  pastoral  called 
.77«3  Loves  of  Dap/mis  and  Chloe,  but 
both  these  pastorals  stand  alone,  while 
that  of  D'tJrfe  is  the  beginning  of  a 
long  series. 

Astringer,  a  falconer.  Shakespeare 
introduces  an  astringer  in  AlPs  Well  that 
Ends  Well,  act  v.  sc.  1.  (From  the  French 
austmir,  Latin  austercus,  "a  goshawk.") 
A  "gentle  astringer"  is  a  gentleman 
falconer. 

We  usually  call  a  falconer  who  keeps  that  kind  of 
hawk  [the  goshawkj  an  austringer. — Cowell,  Lavi 
Dictionary. 

As'tro-fiamman'te  (5  syl.),  queen 
of  the  night.-  The  word  means  "Haming 
star." — Mozard,  Die  Zavherfibte  (1791). 

Astronomer  {The),  in  Basselas,  an 
old  enthusiast,  who  believed  himself  to 
have  the  control  and  direction  of  the 
weather.  He  leaves  Imlac  his  successor, 
but  implores  him  not  to  interfere  with 
the  constituted  order. 

"I  have  possessed,"  said  he  to  Imlac,  "for  five  years 
the  regulation  of  the  weather,  and  the  distribution  of  the 
seasons :  the  sun  has  listened  to  niy  dictates,  and  passed 
from  tropic  to  tropic  by  my  direction  ;  the  clouds,  at  my 
call,  have  poured  tlieir  waters,  and  the  Nile  has  over- 
tlowed  at  my  command  ;  I  have  restrained  the  rage  of 
the  Dog-star,  and  mitigated  the  fervour  of  the  Crab.  The 
wmds  alone  .  . .  have  hitherto  refused  my  authority.  .  .  , 
1  am  the  first  of  human  beings  to  whom  this  trust  has 
been  imparted."— Dr.  Johnson,  Rauelas.  xli— xlUL  (1769). 

As'trophel,  Sir  Philip  Sidney. 
"Phil.  Sid." maybe  a  contraction  of  philos 
sidus,  and  the  Latin  sidus  being  changed 
to  the  Greek  astron,  we  get  astron  philos 
("star-lover").  The  "star"  he  loved 
was  Penelope  Devereux,  whom  he  calls 
Stella  ("star"),  and  to  whom  he  was 
betrothed.  Spenser  wrote  a  poem  called 
Astrophel,  to  the  memory  of  sir  Philip 
Sidney. 

But  while  as  Astrophel  did  live  and  reign. 
Amongst  all  swains  was  none  his  paragon. 
Spensei,  Colin  Clout's  Come  Home  Again  (1591). 

Astyn'ome  (4  syl.)  or  Chryseis, 
daughter  of  Chryses  priest  of  Apollo. 
When  Lyrnessus  was  taken,  Astynome 
fell  to  the  share  of  Agamemnon;  but  the 
father  begged  to  be  allowed  to  ransom 
hor.  Agamemnon  refused  to  comply, 
wlicreupon  the  priest  invoked  the  anger 
of  his  patron  god,  and  Apollo  sent  a 
plague  into  the  Grecian  camp.  This  was 
the  cause  of  contention  between  Aga- 
memnon and  Achilles,  and  forms  the 
subject  of  Homer's  epic  called  y''«?  Iliad. 


As'wad,  son  of  Shedad  king  of  Ad. 
He  was  saved  alive  when  the  angel  of 
death  destroyed  Shedad  and  all  his  sub- 
jects, because  he  showed  mercy  to  a  camel 
which  had  been  bound  to  a  tomb  to 
starve  to  death,  that  it  might  serve  its 
master  on  the  day  of  resurrection. — 
Southey,  Talaba  the' Destroyer  (1797). 

Asy'lura  Chris'ti.  So  England  was 
called  by  the  Camisards  during  the 
scandalous  religious  persecutions  of  the 
"  Grand  Monarque"  (Louis  XIV.). 

Ataba'lipa,  the  last  emperor  of 
Peru,  subdued  by  Pizarro,  the  Spanish 
general.  Milton  refers  to  him  in  Fara- 
dise  Lost,  xi.  409  (1665). 

At'ala,  the  name  of  a  novel  by  Fran- 
cois Rene  Chateaubriand.  Atala,  the 
daughter  of  a  white  man  and  a  Christian- 
ized Indian,  takes  an  oath  of  virginity, 
but  subsequently  falling  in  love  with 
Chactas,  a  young  Indian,  she  poisons 
herself  for  fear  that  she  may  be  tempted 
to  break  her  oath.  The  novel  was  received 
with  extraordinary  enthusiasm  (1801). 

(This  has  nothing  to  do  with  Attila, 
king  of  the  Huns,  nor  with  Athalie  (queen 
of  Judah),  the  subject  of  Racine's  great 
tragedy.) 

Atalanta,  of  Arcadia,  wished  to 
remain  single,  and  therefore  gave  out 
that  she  would  marry  no  one  who  could 
not  outstrip  her  in  running  ;  but  if  any 
challenged  her  and  lost  the  race,  he  was 
to  lose  his  life.  Hippom'encs  won  the 
race  by  throwing  down  golden  apples, 
which  Atalanta  kept  stopping  to  pick  up. 
William  Morris  has  chosen  this  for  one 
of  his  tales  in  Earthly  Paradise  (March). 

In  short,  she  thus  appeared  like  another  Atalanta.— 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Talcs  ("  Fortunio,"  1682). 

AtaliTDa,  the  inca  of  Peru,  most 
dearly  beloved  by  his  subjects,  on  whom 
Pizarro  makes  war.  An  old  man  says  of 
the  inca — 

The  virtues  of  our  monarch  alike  secure  to  him  th« 
affection  of  his  people  and  the  benign  regjird  of  heaven. 
—Sheridan,  Pizarro,  ii.  4  (from  Kotzebue),  (179!)). 

Atba'ra  or  Black  Eiver,  called  the 
"  dark  mother  of  Egypt."     (See  Black 

RiVKU.) 

Ate  (2  syl.),  goddess  of  revenge 

With  him  along  is  come  the  mother  queen, 
An  Ate,  stirring  him  to  blood  and  strife. 

Shakespeare,  King  John,  act  ii.  sc.  1  (1596^ 

Ate  (2  syL),  "  mother  of  debate  and 
all  dissension,"  the  friend  of  Duessa. 
She  squinted,  lied  with  a  false  tongue, 
and  maligned  even  the  be&t  of  beings. 


ATELLAN  FABLES. 


63 


A.THOS. 


Her  abode,  "  far  under  ground  hard  by 
the  gates  of  hell,"  is  described  at  length 
in  bk.  iv.  1.  When  sir  Blandamour  was 
challenged  by  Braggadoccio  (canto  4), 
the  terms  of  the  contest  were  that  the 
conqueror  should  have  "  Florimel,"  and 
the  other  "the  old  hag  Ate,"  who  was 
always  to  ride  beside  him  till  he  could 
pass  her  off  to  another. — Spenser,  Faery 
Oucen,  iv.  (1696). 

AteU'an  Fables  (The),  in  Latin 
Atelta'rKB  Fabulce,  a  species  of  farce  per- 
formed by  the  ancient  Romans,  and  so 
called  from  Atella,  in  Campania.  They 
differed  from  comedy  because  no  magis- 
trates or  persons  of  rank  were  introduced ; 
they  differed  from  the  tabernarice  or 
gent'e  drama,  because  domestic  life  was 
not  represented  in  them  ;  and  they  differed 
from  the  mimes,  because  there  was  neither 
buffoonery  nor  ribaldry.    They  were  not 

gjrformed  by  professional  actors,  but  by 
Oman  citizens  of  rank ;  were  written 
in  the  Oscan  language,  and  were  dis- 
tinguished for  their  refined  humour. 

They  were  supposed  to  be  directly  derived  from  the 
ancient  Mimi  of  Uie  Atellau  Fables.— Sir  W.  Scott,  T/te 
Draina. 

A'tha,  a  country  in  Connaught,  which 
for  a  time  had  its  own  chief,  and  some- 
times usurped  the  throne  of  Ireland. 
Thus  Cairbar  (lord  of  Atha)  usurped  the 
throne,  but  was  disseated  by  Fingal,  who 
restored  Conar  king  of  Ulster.  The  war 
of  Fingal  with  Cairbar  is  the  subject  of 
the  Ossianic  poem  Tem'ora,  so  called 
from  the  palace  of  that  name  where 
Cairbar  murdered  king  Cormac.  The 
kings  of  the  Fir-bolg  were  called  "lords 
of  Atha." — Ossian. 

Ath-'alie  (3  syL),  daughter  of  Ahab 
and  Jezabel,  and  wife  of  Joram  king  of 
Judah.  She  massacred  all  the  remnant 
of  the  house  of  David ;  but  Joash  escaped, 
and  six  years  afterwards  was  proclaimed 
king.  Athalie,  attracted  by  the  shouts, 
went  to  the  temple,  and  was  killed  by 
the  mob.  This  forms  the  subject  and 
title  of  Racine's  chef-cfoouvre  (1691), 
and  was  Mdlle.  Rachel  s  great  part. 

(Racine's  tragedy  of  Athalie,  queen  of 
Judah,  must  not  be  confounded  with 
Corneille's  tragedy  of  Attila,  king  of  the 
Huns.) 

Atheist's  Tragedy  (The),  by  Cyril 
Toumeur.  The  "  atheist"  is  D'Amville, 
who  murders  his  brother  Montferrers  for 
his  estates. — (Seventeenth  century.) 

AtJi'elstane  (3  syl.),  sumamed  "  The 


Unready,"  thane  of  Coningsburgb. — Sil 
W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  L). 

*^*  "Unready"  does  not  mean  unpre- 
pared but  injudicious  (from  Anglo-Saxon, 
rdd,  "wisdom,  counsel"). 

Athe'na  (Juno)  once  meant  "the  air,** 
but  in  Homer  this  goddess  is  the  repre- 
sentative of  civic  prudence  and  military' 
skill ;  the  armed  protectress  of  states 
and  cities. 

Athe'nian  Bee,  Plato,  so  called 
from  the  honeyed  sweetness  of  his  com- 
position. It  is  said  that  a  bee  settled  on 
his  lip  while  he  was  an  infant  asleep  in 
his  cradle,  and  indicated  that  "honeyed 
words  "  would  fall  from  his  lips,  and  flow 
from  his  pen.  Sophocles  is  called  "  The 
Attic  Bee." 

Athenodo'rus,  the  Stoic,  told  Augus- 
tus the  best  way  to  restrain  unruly  anger 
was  to  repeat  the  alphabet  before  giving 
way  to  it. 

The  sacred  line  he  did  but  once  repeat, 

And  laid  the  storm,  oiid  cooled  the  raging  heat. 

Tickell,  The  Horn-book. 

Ath'ens. 

German  Athens,  Saxe- Weimar. 

Athens  of  Ireland,  Belfast. 

Modern  Athens,  Edinburgh,  so  called 
from  its  resemblance  to  the  Acropolis, 
wlien  viewed  from  the  sea  opposite. — 
Willis. 

Mohammedan  Athens,  Bagdad  in  the 
time  of  Haroun-al-Raschid. 

Athens  of  the  New  World,  Boston, 
noted  for  its  literature  and  literary  in- 
stitutions. 

Athens  of  the  North,  Copenhagen,  un- 
rivalled for  its  size  in  the  richness  of  its 
literary  and  antique  stores,  the  number 
of  its  societies  for  the  encouragement  of 
arts,  sciences,  and  general  learning,  to- 
gether with  the  many  illustrious  names 
on  the  roll  of  citizenship. 

Athens  of  Switzerland,  Zurich,  so  called 
from  the  number  of  protestant  refugees 
who  resorted  thither,  and  inundated 
Europe  with  their  Avorks  on  controversial 
divinity.  Coverdale's  Bible  was  printed 
at  Zurich  in  1535 ;  here  Zuinglius 
preached,  and  here  Lavater  lived. 

Athens  of  the  West.  Cor'dova,  in  Spain, 
was  so  called  in  the  middle  ages. 

Ath'liot,  the  most  wretched  of  all 
women. 

Her  comfort  is  (if  for  har  any  be). 
That  none  can  show  more  cause  of  grief  than  she. 
Wm.  Browne,  liritannia's  i'attoruU,  U.  5  (1613). 

Ath'os.  Dinoc'rates,  a  sculptor,  pro- 
posed to  Alexander  to  hew  mount  Athoa 


ATHUNREE. 


64 


AUBREY. 


into  a  statue  representing  the  great  con- 
queror, with  a  city  in  his  left  hand,  and 
a  basin  in  his  right  to  receive  all  the 
waters  which  flowed  from  the  mountain, 
Alexander  greatly  approved  of  the  sug- 
gestion, but  objected  to  the  locality. 

And  hew  out  a  huge  mountain  of  pathos, 
Aa  Philips  son  proposed  to  do  with  Athos. 

Byron,  TJon  Juan,  xiL  86, 

Athun'ree,  in  Connaught,  where 
was  fought  the  great  battle  between 
Felini  O'Connor  on  the  side  of  the  Irish, 
and  William  de  Bourgo  on  the  side  of  the 
English.  The  Irish  lost  10,000  men,  and 
the  whole  tribe  of  the  O'Connors  fell  ex- 
cept Fe'lim's  brother,  who  escaped  alive. 

At'imus,  Baseness  of  INIind  personified 
in  The  Purple  Island  (1633),  by  Phineas 
Fletcher.  "A  careless,  idle  swain  .  .  . 
his  work  to  eat,  drink,  sleep,  and  purge 
his  reins."  Fully  described  in  canto  viii. 
(Greek,  atlmos,  "one  dishonoured.") 

A'tin  (Strife) f  the  squire  of  Pyr'- 
ochles. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  4,  6,  6 
(1590). 

Atlante'an  Shoulders,  shoulders 
broad  and  strong,  like  those  of  Atlas, 
which  support  the  world. 

Sage  he  [BeeJzebub]  stood, 
With  Atlantean  shoulders,  fit  to  bear 
The  weiglit  of  niiglitiest  monarchies. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost.  IL  305  (1665). 

Atlan'tis.  Lord  Bacon  wrote  an 
allegorical  fiction  called  Atlantis  or  The 
Hew  Atlantis.  It  is  an  island  in  the 
Atlantic,  on  which  the  author  feigns  that 
he  was  wrecked,  and  there  he  found  every 
model  arrangement  for  the  promotion  of 
science  and  the  perfection  of  man  as  a 
social  being. 

A  moral  country— but  I  hold  my  hand, 
For  1  disdain  to  write  an  Atlantis. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xl.  87. 

Atlas'  Shoulders,  enormous  strength. 
Atlas  king  of  Mauritania  is  said  to  sup- 
port the  world  on  his  shoulders. 

Change  thy  shape  and  shake  olT  age  .  .  .  Get  thee  Medea's 
kettle  and  be  bulled  anew,  come  forth  with  .  .  .  callous 
hands,  a  chine  of  steel,  a nd  Atlas' shoulders. —W.Congreve, 
Love  fur  Love,  iv.  (1696). 

Atos'sa.  So  Pope  calls  Sarah  duchess 
of  Marlborough,  because  she  was  the  great 
friend  of  lady  Mary  Wortley  Montagu, 
whom  he  calls  Sappho. 

But  what  are  these  to  great  Atossa's  mind  ? 

Pope. 

(The  great  friend  of  Sappho  was  Atthis. 
By  Atossa  is  generally  understood  Vashti, 
daughter  of  Cyrus  and  wife  of  Ahasuerus 
of  the  Old  Testament.) 


At'ropos,  one  of  the  Fates,  whose 
office  is  to  cut  the  thread  of  life  with  a 
pair  of  scissors. 

.  .  .  nor  shines  the  knife, 
Nor  shears  of  Atropos  before  their  vision. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  64. 

Attic  Bee  (Tlie),  Soph'ocles  (b.c. 
495-405).  Plato  is  called  "The  Athe- 
nian Bee." 

Attic  Boy  (I7ie),  referred  to  by 
Milton  in  his  II  Fenseroso,  is  Ceph'alos, 
who  was  beloved  by  Aurora  or  Morn,  but 
was  married  to  Procris.  He  was  passion- 
ately fond  of  hunting. 

Till  civil-suit«d  Morn  appear. 

Not  tricked  and  flounced,  as  she  was  wont 

With  the  Attic  boy  to  hunt. 

But  kerchiefed  in  a  comely  cloud. 

Jl  Penseroso  (1638). 

Attic  Muse  (The),  Xen'ophon  the 
historian  (b.c.  444-359). 

At'ticus  (The  English),  Joseph  Addi- 
son (1672-1719). 

Who  but  must  laugh  if  such  a  man  there  be. 
Who  would  not  weep  if  Atticus  were  he  ? 

Pope,  Prolate  to  the  Satiret. 

The  Christian  Atticus,  Reginald  Heber, 
bishop  of  Calcutta  (1783-1826). 

The  Irish  Atticus,  George  Faulkner, 
printer  and  author  (1700-1775). 

At'tila,  one  of  the  tragedies  of  Pierre 
Corneille  (1667).  This  king  of  the  Huns, 
usually  called  "The  Scourge  of  God," 
must  not  be  confounded  with  "  Athalie," 
daughter  of  Jezabel  and  wife  of  Joram, 
the  subject  and  title  of  Racine's  clief~ 
d'aiuvre,  and  Mdlle.  Rachel's  chief  cha- 
racter. 

Attreba'tes  (4  syl.) — Drayton  makes 
it  3  syl. — inhabited  part  of  Hampshire  and 
Berkshire.  The  primary  city  was  Calleba 
(Silchester). — Richard  of  Cirencester,  vi. 
10. 

The  Attrebates  in  Bark  unto  the  bank  of  Thames. 
Drayton,  PolyolHon,  xri.  (1612). 

("  In  Bark  "  means  in  Berkshire.) 
Aubert  (Therese),  the  heroine  of  C. 
Nodier's  romance  of  that  name  (1819). 
The  story  relates  to  the  adventures  of  a 
young  royalist  in  the  French  Revolution- 
ary epoch,  who  had  disguised  himself  in 
female  apparel  to  escape  detection. 

Aubrey,  a  widower  for  eighteen 
years.  At  the  death  of  his  wife  he  com- 
mitted his  infant  daughter  to  the  care 
of  Mr.  Bridgemore  a  merchant,  and  lived 
abroad.  He  returned  to  London  after  an 
absence  of  eighteen  years,  and  found 
that  Bridgemore  had  abused  his  trust,  and 
his  daughter  had  been  obliged  to  quit  the 


AUBRI'S  DOG. 


65 


AUGUSTA. 


house   and    seek    protection    with    Mr. 
Mortimer. 

Augusta  Aiibrey,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Aubrey,  in  love  with  Francis  Tyrrel,  the 
nephew  of  Mr.  Mortimer.  She  is  snubbed 
and  persecuted  by  the  vulgar  Lucinda 
Bridgemore,  and  most  wantonly  per- 
secuted by  lord  Abberville,  but  after 
passing  through  many  a  most  painful 
visitation,  she  is  happily  married  to  the 
man  of  her  choice. — Cumberland,  The 
Fashionable  Lover  (1780). 

AuHbri's  Dog  showed  a  most  un- 
accountable hatred  to  Richard  de  Macaire, 
snarling  and  flying  at  him  whenever  he 
appeared  in  sight.  Now  Aubri  had 
been  murdered  by  some  one  in  the  forest 
of  Bondy,  and  this  animosity  of  the  dog 
directed  suspicion  towards  'Richard  de 
Macaire.  Richard  was  taken  up,  and 
condemned  to  single  combat  with  the 
dog,  bj'  whom  he  was  killed.  In  his 
dying  moments  he  confessed  himself  to 
be  the  murderer  of  Aubri.     (See  Dog.) 

Le  combat  entre  Macairo  et  le  chien  eut  lieu  i  Paris, 
dans  rile  Louviers.  On  place  ce  fait  merveilleux  en 
1371,  mais  ...  11  est  bien  ant^rieur,  car.  il  est  men- 
tionii6  dds  le  si6cle  pr^ccident  par  AlMric  des  Trois- 
Fontaines.— BouUlet,  Diet.  Universel,  etc. 

Auch'tennuch'ty  (John),  the  Kin- 
ross carrier. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Audhum'bla,  the  cow  created  by 
Surt  to  nourish  Ymir.  She  supplied  him 
with  four  rivers  of  milk,  and  was  herself 
nourished  by  licking  dew  from  the  rocks. 
— Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Audley.  Is  John  Audley  here"?  In 
Richardson's  travelling  theatrical  booth 
this  question  was  asked  aloud,  to  signify 
that  the  performance  was  to  be  brought 
to  a  close  as  soon  as  possible,  as  the 
platform  was  crowded  with  new-comers, 
waiting  to  be  admitted  (1766-1836). 

The  same  question  was  asked  by  Shuter 
(in  1759),  whose  travelling  company  pre- 
ceded Richardson's. 

Au'drey,  a  country  wench,  who  jilted 
William  for  Touchstone.  She  is  an  ex- 
cellent specimen  of  a  Avondering  she- 
gawky.  She  thanks  the  gods  that  "  she 
is  foul,"  and  if  to  be  poetical  is  not  to  be 
honest,  she  thanks  the  gods  also  that 
"  she  is  not  poetical." — Shakespeare,  Ab 
You  Like  It  (1698). 

The  character  of  "  Audrey,"  that  of  a  feinuTe  fool,  shouli 
not  have  been  assumed  [i.e.  by  Miss  PoT>e,  in  her  last 
appearance  in  public] ;  tlie  last  line  of  tl.e  farewell  address 
was,  "And  now  poor  Audley  bids  you  ah  farewell" 
(May  26,  1808).— James  Smith,  Memoirs,  etc.  (IMO). 

Au'gean  Stables.    Auggas  king  of 


the  Epeans,  in  Elis,  kept  3000  oxen  for 
thirty  years  in  stalls  which  were  never 
cleansed.  It  Avas  one  of  the  twelve 
labours  of  Her'cules  to  cleanse  these 
stables  in  one  day.  This  he  accomplished 
by  letting  two  rivers  into  them. 

If  the  Augean  stable  [of  dramatic  impurity]  wa.s  not 
sufficiently  cleansed,  the  stream  of  public  opinion  was 
fairly  directed  against  its  conglomerated  impurities. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Drama. 

Augusta.  liondon  \^Trinc^antina'\ 
was  so  called  by  the  Romans. 

Where  full  in  view  Augusta's  spires  are  seen, 
With  flowery  lawns  and  waving  woods  between, 
A  humble  habitation  rose,  beside 
Where  Thames  meandering  rolls  his  ample  tide. 

Falconer,  The  Shipvn-eck,  i.  3  (1756). 

Augus'ta,  mother  of  Gustavus  Vasa. 
She  is  a  prisoner  of  Christian  II.  king  of 
Denmark,  but  the  king  promises  to  set 
her  free  if  she  will  induce  her  son  to 
submission.  Augusta  refuses,  but  in  the 
war  which  follows,  Gustavus  defeats 
Christian,  and  becomes  king  of  Sweden. 
— H.  Brooke,  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Augusta,  a  title  conferred  by  the 
Roman  emperors  on  their  wives,  sisters, 
daughters,  mothers,  and  even  concubines. 
It  had  to  be  conferred  ;  for  even  the  wife 
of  an  Augustus  was  not  an  Augusta  until 
after  her  coronation. 

1.  Empresses.  Livia  and  Julia  were 
both  Aujjusta ;  so  were  Julia  (wife  of 
Tiberius),  Messalina,  Agrippina,  Octavia, 
Poppaja,  Statilia,  Sabina,  Domitilla, 
Domitia,  and  Faustina.  In  imperials  the 
wife  of  an  emperor  is  spoken  of  as 
Augusta:  Serenissima  Augusta  conjux 
nostra ;  Divina  Augusta,  etc.  But  the 
title  had  to  be  conferred  ;  hence  we  read, 
"  Domitian  uxorem  suam  Aur/ustam 
jussit  nuncupari ;  "  and  "  Flavia  Titiana, 
eadem  die,  uxor  ejus  [i.e.  Pertinax] 
Augusta  est  appellata." 

2.  Mothers  or  Grandmothers.  An- 
tonia,  grandmother  of  Caligula,  was 
created  Augusta.  Claudius  made  his 
mother  Antonia  Au{}usta  after  her  death. 
Heliogab'alus  had  coins  inscribed  with 
"  Julia  Maesa  Augusta,"  in  honour  of  his 
grandmother  ;  Mammaea,  mother  of  Alex- 
ander Severus,  is  styled  Augusta  on 
coins ;  and  so  is  HelSna,  mother  of 
Constantine. 

3.  SiSTijRS.  Honorius  speaks  of  his 
sister  as  "  venerabilis  Augusta  germana 
nostra."  Trajan  has  coins  inscribed  with 
*'  Diva  Marciana  Augusta.'^ 

4.  Daughters.  Mallia  Scantilla  the 
wife,  and  Didia  the  daughter  of  Didius 
Julian  us,  were  both  Augusta.  Titus  in- 
scribed on  coins  his  daughter  as  "  Julia 


AUGUSTAN  AGE. 


AUSTRIAN  LIP. 


Sabina  Augusta  ; "  there  are  coins  of  the 
emperor  Decius  inscribed  with  "  Herennia 
Etruscilla  Augusta,"  and  "  Sallustia  Au- 
gusta," sisters  of  the  emperor  Decius. 

6.  Otheks.  Matidia,  niece  of  Trajan, 
is  called  Augusta  on  coins  ;  Constantine 
Monomachus  called  his  concubine  Au- 
gusta. 

Augus'tan  Age,  the  golden  age  of 
a  people's  literature,  so  called  because 
while  Augustus  was  emperor,  Rome  was 
noted  for  its  literary  giants. 

The  Augustan  Age  of  England,  the 
Elizabethan  period.  That  of  Anne  is 
called  the  "  Silver  Age." 

27ie  Augustan  Age  of  France^  that  of 
Louis  XlV.  (1610-1740). 

The  Augustan  Age  of  Germany,  nine- 
teenth century. 

The  Augustan  Age  of  Portugal,  the 
reign  of  don  Alphonso  Henrique.  In 
this  reign  Brazil  was  occupied  ;  the 
African  coast  explored  ;  the  sea-route  to 
India  was  traversed ;  and  Camoens 
flourished. 

Augusti'na,  the  Maid  of  Saragoza. 
She  was  only  22  when,  her  lover  being 
shot,  she  mounted  the  batterj'-  in  his 
place.  The  French,  after  a  siege  of  two 
months,  were  obliged  to  retreat,  August 
15,  1808. 

Such  were  the  exploits  of  the  Maid  of  Saragoza,  who 
by  her  valour  elevated  herself  to  the  highest  ranli  of 
heroines.  When  the  author  was  at  Seville,  she  walked 
daily  on  the  Prado,  decorated  witli  medals  and  orders,  by 
order  of  the  Junta.— Lord  Byron. 

Auld  Robin  Gray  was  written 
(1772)  by  lady  Anne  Barnard,  to  raise  a 
little  money  for  an  old  nurse.  Lady 
Anne's  maiden  name  was  Lindsay,  and 
her  father  was  earl  of  Balcarras. 

Aullay,  a  monster  horse  with  an 
elephant's  trunk.  The  creature  is  as 
much  bigger  than  an  elephant,  as  an 
elephant  is  lirger  than  a  sheep.  King 
Baly  of  India  rode  on  an  aullay. 

The  auUaj',  hugest  of  four-footed  kind, 

The  aullay-horse,  that  in  liis  force, 
With  elephantine  trunk,  could  bind 
And  lift  the  elephant,  and  on  the  wind 
Whirl  him  away,  with  sway  and  swing. 
E'en  like  a  pebble  from  a  practised  sling. 

Southey,  Curte  of  Kehama,  xvi.  2  (1809). 

Aumerle  [0.7?mr/'],  a  French  corrup- 
tion of  Albemarle  (in  Normand}'). 

Aure'lius,  a  young  nobleman  who 
tried  to  win  to  himself  Do'rigen,  the  wife 
of  Arv'ir'agus,  but  Dorigen  told  him  she 
would  never  yield  to  his  suit  till  all  the 
rooks  of  the  British  coast  were  removed, 
"  trnd  there  n'ia  no  stone  y-seen."    Aure- 


lius  by  magic  made  all  the  rocks  disap- 
pear, but  when-  Dorigen  went,  at  her 
husband's  bidding,  to  keep  her  promise, 
Aurelius,  seeing  how  sad  she  was,  made 
answer,  he  would  rather  die  than  injure 
so  true  a  wife  and  noble  a  gentleman. — 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales  ("The  Frank- 
lin's Tale,"  1388). 

(This  is  substantially  the  same  as  Boc- 
caccio's tale  of  Dianora  and  Gilberto,  x.  5. 
See  DiAxoRA.) 

Aurelius,  elder  brother  of  Uther  the 
pendragon,  and  uncle  of  Arthur,  but  he 
died  before  the  hero  was  bom. 

Even  sicke  of  a  flixe  [ill  of  the  flux]  as  he  was,  he 
caused  himself  to  bo  carried  forth  on  a  litter;  witti 
whose  presence  the  people  were  so  encouraged,  th.at  en- 
countering with  the  Saxons  they  wan  the  victorie.— HoUn- 
shed,  UUtory  of  Scotland,  9^. 

.  ,  .  once  I  read 
That  stout  Pendragon  on  hLs  litter  sick 
Came  to  the  field,  and  vanquish6d  his  foes. 
Shakespeare,  1  Henry  VI.  actiU.  sc.  2  (1589) 

Auro'ra's  Tears,  the  morning  dew. 
These  tears  arc  shed  for  the  death  of  her 
son  Memnon,  who  was  slain  by  Achillea 
at  the  siege  of  Troy. 

Auso'nia,  Italy,  so  called  from  Au- 
son,  son  of  Ulysses. 

.  .  .  romantic  Spain, — 
Gay  lilied  fields  of  France,  or,  more  refined. 
The  soft  Ausonia's  monumental  reign. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  iL  15  (1809) 

Austin,  the  assumed  name  of  the 
lord  of  Clarinsal,  when  he  renounced  the 
world  and  became  a  monk  of  St.  Nicholas. 
Theodore,  the  grandson  of  Alfonso,  was 
his  son,  and  rightful  heir  to  the  posses- 
sions and  title  of  the  count  of  Narbonne. 
— Robert  Jephson,  Count  of  Narbonne 
(1782). 

Aus'tria  and  the  Lion's  Hide. 

There  is  an  old  tale  that  the  arch-duke  of 
Austria  killed  Richard  I.,  and  wore  as  a 
spoil  the  lion's  hide  which  belonged  to 
our  English  monarch.  Hence  Faulcon- 
bridge  (the  natural  son  of  Richard)  says 
jeeringly  to  the  arch-duke : 

Thou  wear  a  lion's  hide  !  doff"  it  for  shame. 
And  hang  a  calf-skin  on  those  recreant  limbs. 
Shakespeare,  King  John,  act  iii.  sc.  1  (1596). 

(The  point  is  better  understood  when  it 
is  borne  in  mind  that  fools  and  jesters 
were  dressed  in  calf -skins.) 

Aus'trian  Lip  (Tlie),  a  protniding 
under  jaw,  with  a  heavy  lip  disinclined 
to  shut  close.  It  came  from  kaiser  Maxi- 
milian 1.,  son  of  kaiser  Frederick  III.,  and 
was  inherited  from  his  mother  Cimburgis, 
a  Polish  princess,  duke  of  Masovia's 
daughter,  and  hence  called  the  "Cim- 
burgis Under  Lip." 


AUTOLYCOS. 


67 


AVILION. 


Autol'ycos,  the  craftiest  of  thieves. 
He  stole  the  flocks  of  his  neighbours,  and 
changed  their  marks.  Sis'yphos  out- 
witted him  by  marking  his  sheep  under 
their  feet. 

Alltol'ycus,  a  pedlar  and  witty 
rogue,  in  Tke  Winter's  Tale,  by  Shake- 
speare (1604). 

Av'alon  or  Avallon,  Glastonbur}', 
generall}'  called  the  "  isle  of  Avalon." 
The  abode  of  king  Arthur,  Obt5ron, 
Morgaine  la  Fee,  the  Fees  generally,  and 
sometimes  called  the  "  island  of  the 
blest."  It  is  very  fidly  described  in  the 
French  romance  of  Ogier  le  Danois. 
Tennyson  calls  it  Avil'ion  (q.v.).  Dray- 
ton, in  his  Polyolbion,  styles  it "  the  ancient 
isle  of  Avalon,"  and  the  Romans  "  insula 
Avalonia." 

9  three-times  famous  isle !  where  is  that  place  that  might 
Be  with  tliyself  compared  for  glory  aiid  delight, 
Whilst  Glastonbury  stood  ? 

M.  Drayton,  Polyolblon,  Hi.  (1613). 

Avan'turine  or  Aven'turine  (4 
s?//.),  a  variety  of  rock-crystal  having 
a  spangled  appearance,  caused  by  scales  of 
mica  or  crystals  of  copper.  The  name 
is  borrowed  from  that  of  the  artificial 
gold-spangled  glass  obtained  in  the  first 
instance jxir  aventure  (" by  accident"). 

.  .  .  and  the  hair 
All  over  glanced  with  dew-drop  or  with  gem, 
Like  sparliles  in  the  stone  avaiiturine. 

Tennyson,  Oareth  and  Lynette. 

Avare  {D).  The  plot  of  this  comedy 
is  as  follows :  Harpagon  the  miser  and 
his  son  Cleante  (2  syl.)  both  want  to 
marty  Mariane  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  An- 
selme,  alias  don  Thomas  d'Alburci,  of 
Naples.  Cleante  gets  possession  of  a 
casket  of  gold  belonging  to  the  miser, 
and  hidden  in  the  garden.  When  Har- 
pagon discovers  his  loss  he  raves  like  a 
mad  man,  and  Cle'ante  gives  him  the  choice 
of  Mariane  or  the  casket.  The  miser 
chooses  the  casket,  and  leaves  the  young 
lady  to  his  son.  The  second  plot  is 
connected  with  Elise  (2  syl.),  the  misers 
daughter,  promised  in  marriage  by  the 
father  to  his  friend  Anselme  (2  syl.) ; 
but  Elise  is  herself  in  love  with  Valfere, 
who,  however,  turns  out  to  be  the  son  of 
Anselme.  As  soon  as  Anselme  discovers 
that  Valfere  is  his  son,  who  he  thought 
had  been  lost  at  sea,  he  resigns  to  him 
Elise,  and  so  in  both  instances  the  young 
folks  marry  together,  and  the  old  ones 
give  up  their  unnatural  rivalry. — Moliere, 
JJ Avare  (1G67). 

Ava'tar,  the  descent  of  Brahma  to 
this  earth.    It  is  said  in  Hindu  mytJio- 


logy  that  Brahma  has  already  descended 
nine  times  in  various  forms,  but  is  yet  to 
appear  a  tenth,  in  the  figure  of  a  warrior 
upon  a  white  horse,  to  cut  off  all  incor- 
rigible offenders. 

Nine  times  have  Brahma's  wheels  of  lightning  hiirled 

His  awful  presence  o'er  the  alarmdd  worlil ; 

Nine  times  hath  Guilt,  through  all  his  giant  frame. 

Convulsive  trembled,  as  the  Miglity  came ; 

Nine  times  hath  suffering  Mercy  spared  in  vain,— 

But  heaven  shall  burst  her  starry  gates  again. 

He  comes  1  dread  Brahma  shakes  tlie  sunless  sky  .  ,  , 

Heaven's  fiery  horse,  beneath  his  warrior-form. 

Paws  the  light  clouds,  and  gallops  on  the  storm. 

Campbell,  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

Ave'nel  (2  syl.),  Julian  Avenel,  the 
usurper  of  Avenel  Castle. 

Lady  Alice  Avenel,  widow  of  sir 
Walter. 

Mary  Avenel,  daughter  of  lady  Alice. 
She  marries  Halbert  Glendinning. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Monastery  (date  1559). 

Ave'nel  (Sir  Halbert  Glendinning,  knight 
of),  same  as  the  bridegroom  in  The 
Monastery. 

The  lady  Mary  of  Avenel,  same  as  The 
bride  in  The  Monastery. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

The  Wliite  Lady  of  Avenel,  a  spirit 
mysteriously  connected  with  the  Avenel 
family,  as  the  Irish  banshee  is  with  true 
Mile'sian  families.  She  announces  good 
or  ill  fortune,  and  manifests  a  general 
interest  in  the  family  to  which  she  is 
attached,  but  to  others  she  acts  with  con- 
siderable caprice ;  thus  she  shows  un- 
mitigated malignity  to  the  sacristan  and 
the  robber.  Any  truly  virtuous  mortal 
hag  commanding  power  over  her. 

Noon  gleams  on  the  lake, 

Noon  glows  on  the  fell ; 
Awake  thee,  awake. 

White  maid  of  Avenel ! 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Aven'ger  of  Blood,  the  man  who 

had  the  birthright,  according  to  the 
Jewish  polity,  of  taking  vengeance  on 
him  who  had  killed  one  of  his  relatives. 

.  .  .  the  Christless  code. 
That  must  have  life  for  a  blow. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  II.  f.  1. 

Av'icen  or  Abcu-ibn-Sina,  an  Arabian 
physician  and  philosopher,  born  at 
Shiraz,  in  Persia  (980-1037).  He  com- 
posed a  treatise  on  logic,  and  another  on 
metaphysics.  Avicen  is  called  both  the 
Hippo'crates  and  the  Aristotle  of  the 
Arabs. 

Of  physicke  speake  for  me,  king  Avicen  .  .  . 
Yet  was  his  glory  never  set  on  sholfe, 
Nor  never  shall,  whyles  any  worlde  may  stande 
Where  men  have  minde  to  take  good  bookes  in  hando. 
G.  Gascoigne,  The  Fruit*  of  Warre,  Ivii.  (died  1577). 

Avil'ion  ("Me  apple  island"),  near 
the  terrestrial  paradise.     (See  Avaix)K.) 


AYLMER. 


68 


BAAL 


Where  falls  not  hail,  or  rain,  or  any  snow. 
Nor  ever  wind  blows  loudly  ;  but  it  lies 
Deep-meadowed.  happy,  fair  with  orchard-lawns 
And  bowery  hollows  crowned  with  summer  sea, 
Where  I  lArt/tur]  will  heal  me  of  my  grievous  wound. 
Tennyson,  Morte  d' Arthur. 

Ayl'mer  {Mrs.),  a  neighbour  of  sir 
Henry  Lee. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock 
(time,  Commonwealth). 

Ay'mer  {Prior),  a  jovial  Benedictine 
monk,  prior  of  Jorvaulx  Abbey. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Jvanhoe  (time,  Richard  L). 

Ay'moil,  duke  of  Dordona  {Dor- 
dogne).  He  had  four  sons,  Rinaldo, 
Guicciardo,  Alardo,  and  Ricciardetto 
{i.e.  Renaud,  Guiscard,  Alard,  and 
Richard),  whose  adventures  are  the  sub- 
ject of  a  French  romance,  entitled  Les 
Quatre  fitz  Aymon,  by  H.  de  Alleneuve 
(1165-1223). 

Az'amat-Bat'uk,  pseudonym  of  M. 
Thicbland,  war  correspondent  of  the 
Fall-Mall  Gazette,  in  1870. 

Aza'zel,  one  of  the  ginn  or  jinn,  all  of 
whom  were  made  of  "  smokeless  fire," 
that  is,  the  fire  of  the  Simoom.  These 
jinn  inhabited  the  earth  before  man  was 
created,  but  on  account  of  their  persistent 
disobedience  Avere  driven  from  it  by  an 
army  of  angels.  When  Adam  was 
created,  and  God  commanded  all  to  wor- 
ship him,  Azazel  insolently  made  answer, 
"  Me  hast  Thou  created  of  fire,  and  him  of 
earth ;  why  should  I  worship  him  ? " 
Whereupon  God  changed  the  jinnee  into 
a  devil,  and  called  him  Iblis  or  Despair. 
In  hell  he  was  made  the  standard-bearer 
of  Satan's  host. 

Upreared 
His  mighty  standard  ;  that  proud  honour  claimed 
Az^el  as  bis  right. 

Milton,  ParadUeLott,  i.  534  (1665). 

Az'la,  a  suttee,  the  young  widow  of 
Ar'valan,  son  of  Keha'ma. — Southey, 
Curse  of  Kehama,  i.  10  (1809). 

Az'o,  husband  of  Parisi'na.  He  was 
marquis  d'Este,  of  Ferrara,  and  had 
already  a  natural  son,  Hugo,  by  Bianca, 
who,  "  never  made  his  bride,"  died  of 
a  broken  heart.  Hugo  was  betrothed 
to  Parisina  before  she  married  the  mar- 
quis, and  after  she  became  his  mother- 
in-law,  they  loved  on  still.  One  night 
Azo  heard  Parisina  in  sleep  express  her 
love  for  Hugo,  and  the  angry  marquis 
condemned  his  son  to  death.  Although 
he  spared  his  bride,  no  one  ever  knew 
what  became  of  her. — Byron,  Parisina. 


Az'rael  (3  syl.),  the  angel  of  death 
(called  Raphael  in  the  Gospel  of  Barna- 
bas).— Al  Koran. 

Az'tecas,  an  Indian  tribe,  which  con- 
quered the  Hoamen  (2  syl.),  seized  their 
territory,  and  established  themselves  on 
a  southern  branch  of  the  Missouri,  having 
Az'tlan  as  their  imperial  city.  When 
Madoc  conquered  the  Aztecas  in  the 
twelfth  century,  he  restored  the  Hoa- 
men, and  the  Aztecas  migrated  to  Mexico. 
—Southey,  Madoc  (1805). 

Az'tlan,  the  imperial  city  of  the 
Az'tecas,  on  a  southern  branch  of  the 
Missouri.  It  belonged  to  the  Hoamen  (2 
syl.),  but  this  tribe  being  conquered  by 
the  Aztecas,  the  city  followed  the  fate  of 
war.  When  Madoc  led  his  colony  to 
North  America,  he  took  the  part  of  the 
Hoamen,  and,  conquering  the  Aztecas, 
restored  the  city  and  all  the  territory 
pertaining  thereto  to  the  queen  Erill'yab, 
and  the  Aztecas  migrated  to  Mexico.  The 
city  Aztlan  is  described  as  "full  of 
palaces,  gardens,  groves,  and  houses  "  (in 
the  twelfth  century). — Southey,  Madoo 
(1805). 

Azuce'na,  a  gipsy.  Manri'co  is  sup- 
posed to  be  her  son,  but  is  in  reality  the 
son  of  Garzia  (brother  of  the  conte  di 
Luna).— Verdi,  II  Trovato're  (1853). 

Azyoru'ea  (4  syl.),  queen  of  the  snakes 
and  dragons.  She  resides  in  Patala,  or  the 
infernal  regions. — Hindu  Mythology. 

There  Azyoruca  veiled  her  awful  form 
In  those  eternal  shadows.    There  she  sat. 
And  as  the  trembling  souls  who  crowd  around 
Tlie  judgment  seat  received  the  doom  of  fate. 
Her  giant  arms,  extending  from  the  cloud, 
Drew  them  within  the  darkness. 

Southey,  Cur»e  of  Kehama,  xxiiL  15  (1809). 


Baal,  plu.  Baalim,  a  general  name 

for  all  the  SA'rian  gods,  as  Ash'taroth  was 
for  the  goddesses.  The  general  version 
of  the  legend  of  Baal  is  the  same  as  that 
of  Adonis,  Thammuz,  Osiris,  and  the 
Arabian  myth  of  El  iChouder.  All  alle- 
gorize the  Sun,  six  months  above  and  six 
months  below  the  equator.  As  a  title  of 
honour,  the  word  Baal,  Bal,  Bel,  etc., 
enters  into  a  large  number  of  Phoenician 


BAALBEC  OF  IRELAND. 


BACCHUS. 


and  Carthaginian  proper  names,  as  Hanni- 
bal, Hasdru-bal,  Bel-shazzar,  etc. 

.  .  .  [the]  general  names 
Of  Baalim  and  Ashtaroth :  those  male ; 
These  female. 

MUton,  Paradise  Lott,  i.  422  (1665). 

Baalbec  of  Ireland,  Kilmallock 
in  Limerick,  noted  for  its  ruins. 

IBab  (Lady),  a  waiting  maid  on  a  lady 
so  called,  who  assumes  the  airs  with  the 
name  and  address  of  her  mistress.  Her 
felloAV-servants  and  other  servants  address 
her  as  "lady  Bab,"  or  "  Your  ladyship." 
She  is  a  fine  wench,  "but  by  no  means 
particular  in  keeping  her  teeth  clean." 
She  says  she  never  reads  but  one  "  book, 
Avhich  is  Shikspur."  And  she  calls 
Lovel  and  Freeman,  two  gentlemen  of 
fortune,  "  downright  hottenpots." — Rev. 
J.  Townley,  Bi<;h  Life  Below  Stairs  ( 1 7G;5). 

Ba'ba,  chief  of  the  eunuchs  in  the 
court  of  the  sultana  Gulbey'az. — Byron, 
Don  Juan,  v.  28,  etc.  (1820). 

Baha  [AH),  who  relates  the  story  of  the 
"  Forty  Thieves  "  in  the  Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments.  He  discovered  the 
thieves'  cave  while  hiding  in  a  tree,  and 
heard  the  magic  word  "  Ses'ame,"  at 
which  the  door  of  the  cave  opened  and 
shut. 

Casstm  Baha,  brother  of  Ali  Baba,  who 
entered  the  cave  of  the  forty  thieves,  but 
forgot  the  pass-word,  and  stood  crying 
"Open Wheat !"  "  Open  Barley  !"  to  the 
door,  which  obeyed  no  sound  but  "  Open 
Sesame  ! " 

Baba  Mus'tapha,  a  cobbler  who 
sewed  together  the  four  pieces  into  which 
Cassim's  body  had  been  cleft  by  the  forty 
thieves.  When  the  thieves  discovered 
that  the  body  had  been  taken  away,  they 
sent  one  of  the  band  into  the  city,  to 
ascertain  who  had  died  of  late.  The  man 
happened  to  enter  the  cobbler's  stall,  and 
falling  into  a  gossip  heard  about  the  body 
which  the  cobbler  had  sewed  together. 
Mustapha  pointed  out  to  him  the  house 
of  Cassim  Baba's  widow,  and  the  thief 
marked  it  with  a  piece  of  white  chalk. 
Next  day  the  cobbler  pointed  out  the 
house  to  another,  who  marked  it  with 
red  chalk.  And  the  day  following  he 
pointed  it  out  to  the  captain  of  the  band, 
who  instead  of  marking  the  door  studied 
the  house  till  he  felt  sure  of  recognizing 
it. — Arabian  Nights  ("Ali  Baba  or  The 
Forty  Thieves"). 

Bababalouk,  chief  of  the  black 
i.nu  Jis,  whose  duty  it  was  to  wait  on  the 


sultan,  to  guard  the  sultanas,  and  to 
superintend  the  harem. — Habesci,  State  of 
the  Ottoman  Empire,  155-6. 

Ba'bel  ( ' '  confusion  ") .  There  is  a  town 
in  Abyssinia  called  Ilabeshy  the  Arabic 
word  for  "confusion."  This  town  is  so 
called  from  the  great  diversity  of  races 
by  which  it  is  inhabited :  Christians, 
Jews,  and  Mohammedans,  Ethiopians, 
Arabians,  Falashas  (exiles),  Gallas,  and 
Negroes,  all  consort  together  there. 

Babes  in  the  "Wood,  insurrec- 
tionary hordes  that  infested  the  mountains 
of  Wicklow,  and  the  woods  of  Ennis- 
carthy  towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century.    (See  Children  in  the  Wood.) 

Babie,  old  Alice  Gray's  servant-girl. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Britie  of  Lammermoor 
(time,  William  IIL). 

Babie'ca  (3  syL),  the  Cid's  horse. 

I  learnt  to  prize  Babieca  from  liis  head  unto  his  hoof. 
The  Cid  (1128). 

Baboon  (Philip),  Philippe  Bourbon, 
due  d'Anjou. 

Lewis  Baboon,  Louis  XIV.,  "  a  false 
loon  of  a  grandfather  to  Philip,  and  one 
that  might  justly  be  called  a  Jack-of- 
all-trades." 

Sometimes  you  would  see  this  Lewis  Baboon  behind  his 
counter,  selling  broad-cloth,  sometimes  measuring  linen ; 
next  day  he  would  be  dealing  in  mercery-ware ;  high 
heads,  ribbons,  gloves,  fans,  and  lace,  he  understood  to  a 
nicety  .  .  .  nay,  he  would  descend  to  the  selling  of  tape*, 
garters,  and  shoebuckles.  When  shop  was  shut  up  ho 
would  go  about  the  neighbourhood,  and  earn  half-a-crown, 
by  teaching  the  young  men  and  maidens  to  dance.  By 
these  means  he  had  acquired  immense  riches,  which  he 
used  to  squander  away  at  back-sword  [in  war],  quarter- 
staff,  and  cudgel-play,  in  which  he  tooli  great  pleasure.— 
Dr.  Arbuthnot,  Uistory  of  John  Bull,  il.  (1712). 

Bab'ylon.  Cairo  in  Egypt  was  so 
called  by  the  crusaders.  Iiom£  was  so 
called  by  the  puritans  ;  and  London  was, 
and  still  is  so  called  by  some,  on  account 
of  its  wealth,  luxury,  and  dissipation. — 
The  reference  is  to  Bev.  xvii.  and  xviii. 

Babylonian  Wall.  The  foundress 
of  this  wall  (two  hundred  cubits  high, 
and  fifty  thick),  was  SemirSmis,  mythic 
foundress  of  the  Assyrian  empire.  She 
was  the  daughter  of  the  fish-goddesa 
Der'ceto  of  AscS,lon,  and  a  Syrian  youth. 

Our  statues  *  .  .  she 

The  foundress  of  the  Babylonian  wall. 

Tennyson,  The  Prineest,  ii. 

Bacchan'tes  (3  syl.),  priestesses  of 
Bacchus. 

Round  about  him  IBacchus]  fair  Bacchantes, 
Bearing  cymbals,  flutes,  and  thyrses, 

Wild  from  Naxian  groves,  or  Zantfi's 
Vineyards,  sing  delirious  verses. 

Longfellow,  Drinking  So^ng. 

Bacchus,   in    the    Lusiad,    an    epic 


BACnARACH. 


70 


BADKOULBOUDOUR. 


poem  by  Camoens  (1569),  is  the  personi- 
fication of  the  evil  principle  which  acts  in 
opposition  to  Jupiter,  the  lord  of  Destiny. 
Mars  is  made  by  the  poet  the  guardian 
poAver  of  Christianity,  and  Bacchus  of 
Mohammedanism. 

Bactiaracli,  a  red  vrine,  so  called 
from  a  town  of  the  same  name  in  the 
LoAver  Palatinate.  Pope  Pius  II.  used  to 
import  a  tun  of  it  to  Rome  yearly,  and 
Nuremberg  obtained  its  freedom  at  the 
price  of  four  casks  of  it  a-year.  The 
word  Bacharach  means  "  the  altar  of 
Bacchus  "  (Bacchi  ara),  the  altar  referred 
to  being  a  rock  in  the  bed  of  the  river, 
which  indicated  to  the  vine-growers  what 
sort  of  year  they  might  expect.  If  the 
head  of  the  rock  appeared  above  water 
the  season  was  a  dry  one,  and  a  fine 
vintage  might  be  looked  for  ;  if  not  it 
was  a  wet  season,  and  bad  for  the  grapes. 

.  .  that  ancient  town  of  Bacharach, — 
The  beautiful  town  that  gives  us  wine. 
With  the  fragrant  odour  of  Muscadiije. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend. 

Backbite  {Sir  Benjamin),  nephew  of 
Crabtree,  very  conceited,  and^  very  cen- 
sorious. His  friends  called  him  a  great 
poet  and  wit,  but  he  never  published  any- 
thing, because  "'twas  very  vulgar  to 
print ; "  besides,  as  he  said,  his  little  pro- 
ductions circulated  more  "  by  giving 
copies  in  confidence  to  friends." — Sheri- 
dan, School  for  Scandal  (1777). 

When  I  first  saw  Miss  Pope  she  was  performing  "Mrs. 
Candour,"  to  Miss  Farren's  "lady  Teazle,"  King  .is  "sir 
Peter,"  Parsons  "Crabtree,"  Dodd  "Backbite,"  Baddeley 
"Moses,"  Smith  "Charles,"  and  John  Palmer  "Joseph" 
Surface].— James  Smith,  Memoirs,  etc 

Bacon  of  Theology,  bishop  But- 
ler, author  of  The  Analogy  of  Bdigion, 
Natural  and  Bevcaled,  etc.  (1692-1752). 

Bacrack,  a  red  German  wine.  (See 
Bacharach.) 

Bactrian  Sage  {The),  Zoroas'ter 
or  Zerdusht,  a  native  of  I3actria,  now 
Balkh  (B.C.  589-513). 

Bade'bec  (2  syl.),  wife  of  Gargantua 
and  mother  of  Pan'tagruel'.  She  died  in 
giving  him  birth,  or  rather  in  giving 
birth  at  the  same  time  to  900  dromedaries 
laden  with  ham  and  smoked  tongues,  7 
camels  laden  with  eels,  and  25  waggons 
full  of  leeks,  garlic,  onions,  and  shal- 
lots.—Rabelais,  Fantagruel,  ii.  2  (1533). 

Badger  {Will),  sir  Hugh  Robsart's 
favourite  domestic. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenil- 
wcrth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Bad'ger  {Mr.  Bayham),  medical  prac- 


titioner at  Chelsea,  under  w^hom  Richard 
Carstone  pursues  his  studies.  Mr.  Badger 
is  a  crisp-looking  gentleman,  with  "sur- 
prised eyes  ; "  very  proud  of  being  Mrs. 
Badger's  "third,"*  and  always  referring 
to  her  former  two  husbands,  captain 
Swosser  and  professor  Dingo. — C. 
Dickens,  Bleak  House  (1853). 

Badinguet  [Bad'.en.gayl,  one  of  the 
many  nicknames  of  Napoleon  III.  It 
was  the  name  of  the  mason  in  whose 
clothes  he  escaped  from  the  fortress  of 
Ham  (1808,  1851-1873). 

Ba'don,  Bath.  The  twelfth  great  vic- 
tory of  Arthur  over  the  Saxons  was  at 
Badon  Hill  (Bannerdown). 

They  sang  how  ho  himself  [kinsf  Arthur^  at  Badon  bore 

that  day, 
When  at  the  glorious  goal  his  British  sceptre  lay. 
Two  days  together  how  the  battle  strongly  stood ; 
Pendragon's  wortiiy  son  [kinff  Arthur] .  .  . 
Three  hundred  Saxons  slew  with  his  own  valiant  band. 
M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Badou'ra,  daughter  of  Gaiour  (2 
syl.)  king  of  China,  the  "  most  beautiful 
woman  ever  seen  upon  earth."  The  em- 
peror Gaiour  wished  her  to  marry,  but 
she  expressed  an  aversion  to  wedlock. 
However,  one  night  by  fairy  influence  she 
was  shown  prince  Camaral'zaman  asleep, 
fell  in  love  with  him,  and  exchanged 
rings.  Next  day  she  inquired  for  the 
prince,  but  her  inquiry  was  thought  so 
absurd  that  she  was  confined  as  a  mad 
woman.  At  length  her  foster-brother 
solved  the  difficulty  thus :  The  emperor 
having  proclaimed  that  whoever  cured 
the  princess  of  her  [supposed]  madness 
should  have  her  for  Lis  wife,  he  sent 
Camaralzaman  to  play  the  magician,  and 
imparted  the  secret  to  the  princess  by 
sending  her  the  ring  she  had  left  with 
the  sleeping  prince.  The  cure  was 
instantly  effected,  and  the  marriage 
solemnized  with  due  pomp.  When  the 
emperor  was  informed  that  his  son- 
in-law  was  a  prince,  whose  father  was 
sultan  of  the  "  Island  of  the  Children  of 
Khal'edan,  some  twenty  days'  sail  from 
the  coast  of  Persia,"  he  was  delighted 
with  the  alliance. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura  "), 

Badroul'boudour,  daughter  of  tbe 
sultan  of  China,  a  beautiful  brunette. 
"  Her  eyes  were  large  and  sparkling, 
her  expression  modest,  her  mouth  small, 
her  lips  vermilion,  and  her  figure  per- 
fect." She  became  the  wife  of  Aladdin, 
but  twice  nearly  caused  his  death  :  once 
by  exchanging  "the  wonderful  lamp" 
for  a  new  copper  one,  and  once  by  giving 


feiETICA. 


71 


BAILLIF. 


hospitality  to  the  false  Fatima.  Aladdin 
killed  both  these  magicians. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Aladdin  or  The  Wonderful 
Lamp  "). 

BeB'tica  or  Bsetie  Vale,  Granada 
and  Andalusia,  or  Spain  in  general.  So 
called  from  the  river  Baetis  or  Guadal- 
quiver. 

While  o'er  the  Baetic  vale 
Or  thro*  the  towers  of  Memphis  [Egypt\,  or  the  pahns 
By  sacred  Ganges  watered,  I  conduct 
The  Biiglish  merchant. 

Akenside,  Hymn  to  the  NaUidt. 

Bagdad.  A  hermit  told  the  caliph 
Almanzor  that  one  Moclas  was  destined 
to  found  a  city  on  the  spot  where  he  Avas 
standing.  "I  am  that  man,"  said  the 
caliph,  and  he  then  informed  the  hermit 
how  in  his  boyhood  he  once  stole  a 
bracelet,  and  his  nurse  ever  after  called 
him  "Moclas,"  the  name  of  a  well-known 
thief.  — Marigny . 

Bagshot,  one  of  a  gang  of  thieves 
who  conspire  to  break  into  the  house  of 
ladv  Bountiful. — Farquhar,  The  Beaux' 
Stratagem  (1705). 

Bagstock  {Major  Joe),  an  apo- 
plectic retired  military  officer,  living  in 
Princess's  Place,  opposite  to  Miss  Tox. 
The  major  had  a  covert  kindness  for  Miss 
Tox,  and  was  jealous  of  Mr.  Dombey. 
He  speaks  of  himself  as  "  Old  Joe  Bag- 
stock,"  "Old  Joey,"  "Old  J.,"  "Old 
Josh,"  "Rough  and  tough  Old  Jo,"  "J. 
B.,"  "  Old  J.  B.,"  and  so  on.  He  is  also 
given  to  over-eating,  and  to  abusing  his 
poor  native  servant. — C.  Dickens,  Dombey 
and  Son  (1846). 

Bah'adar,  master  of  the  horse  to 
the  king  of  the  Magi.  Prince  Am'giad 
was  enticed  by  a  collet  to  enter  the 
minister's  house,  and  when  Bahadar  re- 
turned, he  was  not  a  little  surprised  at  the 
sight  of  his  uninvited  guest.  The  prince, 
however,  explained  to  him  in  private  how 
the  matter  stood,  and  Bahadar,  entering 
into  the  fun  of  the  thing,  assumed  for  the 
nonce  the  place  of  a  slave.  The  collet 
would  have  murdered  him,  but  Amgiad, 
to  save  the  minister,  cut  off  her  head. 
Bahadar,  being  arrested  for  murder,  was 
condemned  to  death,  but  Amgiad  came 
forward  and  told  the  whole  truth,  where- 
upon Bahadar  was  instantly  released,  and 
Amgiad  created  vizier. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Amgiad  and  Assad  "). 

Bahman  (Prince),  eldest  son  of  the 
Bultan    Khrossou-Bchah   of   Persia.      In 


infancy  he  was  taken  from  the  palace  by 
the  sultana's  sisters,  and  set  adrift  on  a 
canal,  but  being  rescued  by  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  sultan's  gardens,  he  was 
brought  up,  and  afterwards  restored  to 
the  sultan.  It  was  the  "talking  bird" 
that  told  the  sultan  the  tale  of  the  young 
prince's  abduction. 

Prince  Pahman's  Knife.  "When  prince 
Bahmac  started  on  his  exploits,  he  gave 
to  his  sister  Parazade  (4  syl.)  a  knife, 
saying,  "As  long  as  you  find  this  knife 
clean  and  bright,  you  may  feel  assured 
that  I  am  alive  and  well ;  but  if  a  drop 
of  blood  falls  from  it,  you  may  know  that 
I  am  no  longer  alive." — Arabian  Nights 
("The  Two  Sisters,"  the  last  tale). 

Bailey,  a  sharp  lad  in  the  service  of 
Todger's  boarding-house.  His  ambition 
was  to  appear  quite  a  full-grown  man. 
On  leaving  Mrs.  Todger's,  he  became  the 
servant  of  Montague  Tigg,  manager  of 
the  "Anglo-Bengalee  Company." — C. 
Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Bailio  {General),  a  parliamenta,ry 
leader. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I.). 

Bailie  {Giles),  a  gipsy ;  father  of  Ga- 
brael  Faa  (nephew  to  Meg  Merrilies).-~ 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Bailiff's  Daughter  of  Isling- 
ton, (in  Norfolk).  A  squire's  son  loved 
the  bailiff's  daughter,  but  she  gave  him 
no  encouragement,  and  his  friends  sent 
him  to  London  "an  apprentice  for  to 
binde."  After  the  lapse  of  seven  years, 
the  bailiff's  daughter,  "  in  ragged  attire," 
set  out  to  walk  to  London,  "her  true  love 
to  inquire."  The  young  man  on  horse- 
back met  her,  but  knew  her  not.  "  One 
penny,  one  penny,  kind  sir ! "  she  said. 
"Where  were  you  born?"  asked  the 
young  man.  "  At  Islington,"  she  replied. 
"  Then  prithee,  sweetheart,  do  you  know 
the  bailiff's  daughter  there?"  "She's 
dead,  sir,  long  ago."  On  hearing  this  the 
young  man  declared  he'd  live  an  exile  in 
some  foreign  land.  "  Stay,  oh  stay, 
thou  goodly  youth,"  the  maiden  cried, 
"  she  is  nr>t  really  dead,  for  I  am  she." 
"  Then  farewell  grief  and  welcome  joy, 
for  I  have  found  my  true  love,  whom  I 
feared  I  should  never  see  again." — Percy, 
Eelics  of  English  Poetry,  ii.  8. 

Baillif  (Herry),  mine  host  in  the 
Canterbury  Tales,  by  Chaucer  (1388). 
When  the  poet  begins  the  second  fit  yt 


BAILZOU. 


72 


BALANCE. 


the  "Rime  of  Sir  Thopas,"  mine  host 
exclaims : 

No  mor  of  this  for  Goddfis  digiiitle  1 
For  thou  niakest  me  so  wery  .  .  .  that 
Mine  eeres  aken  for  thy  nasty  speeche. 

V.  15,  327,  etc.  (1388). 

Bailzou  (Ann'aple),  the  nurse  of 
Effie  Deans  in  her  confinement. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 
II.). 

Baiser-Lamourette  (see  Lamour- 
ette's  Kiss),  a  short-lived  reconciliation. 

II  y  avait  {20  juln,  1792),  scission  entre  les  niemlires  de 
rAssciiibWe.  Lamourette  les  exhorta  a  se  reconcilier.  I'er- 
suitdds  par  son  discours,  ils  s'enibrass6rent  les  Uns  les 
auti«j.  Mais  cette  n5conciliatlon  ne  dura  pas  deux 
jours ;  et  elle  fut  bientOt  ridicuUsci  sous  le  nom  de  Baiser- 
Lamourette. — Bouillet,  Diet.  d'JJist.,  etc 

Bajar'do,  Rinaldo's  steed. — Ariosto, 
Orlaiido  Furvoso  (1516). 

Baj'azet,  sumamed  "The  Thunder- 
bolt "  (ilderim),  sultan  of  Turke5\ 
After  subjugating  Bulgaria,  Macedonia, 
Thessaly,  and  Asia  Minor,  he  laid  siege 
to  Constantinople,  but  was  taken  captive 
by  Tamerlane  emperor  of  Tartary.  He 
■was  fierce  as  a  wolf,  reckless,  and  in- 
domitable. Being  asked  by  Tamerlane 
how  he  would  have  treated  him  had  their 
lobs  been  reversed,  "  Like  a  dog,"  he 
cried.  "  I  would  have  made  you  my 
footstool  when  I  mounted  my  saddle, 
and  when  your  services  were  not  needed 
would  have  chained  you  in  a  cage  like 
a  wild  beast."  Tamerlane  replied,  "Then 
to  show  you  the  difference  of  my  spirit, 
I  shall  treat  j^ou  as  a  king."  So  saying, 
he  ordered  his  chains  to  be  struck  off, 
gave  him  one  of  the  royal  tents,  and 
promised  to  restore  him  to  his  throne  if 
he  would  lay  aside  his  hostility.  Bajazet 
abused  this  noble  generosity  ;  plotted  the 
assassination  of  Tamerlane ;  and  bow- 
strung  Mone'ses.  Finding  clemency  of 
no  use,  Tamerlane  commanded  him  to 
be  used  "as  a  dog,  and  to  be  chained 
in  a  cage  like  a  wild  beast." — N.  Rowe, 
Tat'ierlane  (a  tragedy,  1702;. 

*^*  This  was  one  of  the  favourite  parts 
of  Spranger  Barry  (1719-1777)  and  J. 
Kenble  (1757-1823). 

Bajazet,  a  black  page  at  St.  James's 
Palace. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Bajura,  Mahomet's  standard. 

Baker  (The),  and  the  "Baker's  Wife." 
Louis  XYI.  and  Marie  Antoinette  were 
so  called  by  the  revolutionary  party, 
because  on  the  6th  October,  1789,  they 
crdered  a  sunply  of  bread  to  be  given  to 


the  mob  which  surrounded  the  palace  at 
Versailles,  clamouring  for  bread. 

Balaam  (2  syl.),  the  earl  of  Hunt- 
ingdon, one  of  the  rebels  in  the  army  of 
the  duke  of  Monmouth. 

And  therefore,  in  the  name  of  dulness,  be 
The  well-hung  Balaam. 

Dryden,  Absalom  and  Achitophel. 

Ba'laam,  a  "citizen  of  sober  fame," 
who  lived  near  the  monument  of  London. 
While  poor  he  was  "  religious,  punctual, 
and  frugal ; "  but  when  he  became  rich 
and  got  knighted,  he  seldom  went  to 
church,  became  a  courtier,  "  took  a  bribe 
from  France,"  and  was  hung  for  treason. 
— Pope,  Moral  Essaijs,  iii. 

Balaam  and  Josaphat,  a  religious 
novel  by  Johannes  Damascenus,  son  of 
Almansur.     (For  plot,  see  Josaphat.) 

Balack,  Dr.  Burnet,  bishop  of  Salis- 
bury, who  wrote  a  history  called  Burnefs 
Own  Time,  and  Jlistori/  of  the  Refoi'ina- 
tion. — Dryden  and  Tate,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  ii. 

BalaclaVa,  a  corruption  of  bella 
chiare  ("beautiful  port"),  so  called  by 
the  Genoese,  who  raised  the  fortress,  some 
portions  of  which  still  exist.  (See  Charge.) 

Balafre  (Le),  alias  Ludovic  Lesly,  an 
old  archer  of  the  Scottish  Guard  at  Plessis 
les  Tours,  one  of  the  castle  palaces  of 
Louis  XL  Le  Balafre  is  uncle  to  Quen- 
tin  DurAvard. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Qucntin 
Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

%*  Henri,  son  of  rran9oi3  second 
duke  of  Guise,  was  called  Le  Balafr^ 
("the  gashed  "),  from  a  frightful  scar  in 
the  face  from  a  sword-cut  in  the  battle  of 
Dormans  (1575). 

Bal&m',  the  ox  on  which  the  faithful 
feed  in  paradise.  The  fish  is  called  Nun, 
the  lobes  of  whose  liver  will  suffice  for 
70,000  men. 

Balan',  brother  of  Balyn  or  Balin  le 
Savage,  two  of  the  most  valiant  knights 
that  the  world  ever  produced. — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  31 
(1470). 

Balan,  "the  bravest  and  strongest  of 
all  the  giant  race."  Am'adis  de  Gaul 
rescued  Gabrioletta  from  his  hands. — 
Vasco  de  Lobeira,  Amadis  de  Gaul,  iv. 
129  (fourteenth  century). 

Balance  {Justice),  father  of  Sylvia. 
He  had  once  been  in  the  army,  and  as  he 
had  run  the  gauntlet  himself,  he  could 
make  excuses  for  the  wild   pranks   of 


BALAND  OF  SPAIN. 


73 


BALIN. 


b 


young  men. — G.  Farquhar,  Tlie  Recruiting 
Officer  (1704). 

Ba'land  of  Spain,  a  man  of  gigantic 
strength,  who  called  himself  "Fierabras." 
■ — MedicBval  Ronuxnce. 

Balchris'tie  {Jenny),  housekeeper  to 
the  laird  of  Dumbiedikes. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Balclu'tha,  a  town  belonging  to  the 
Britons  on  the  river  Clyde.  It  fell  into 
the  hands  of  Comhal  (Fingal's  father), 
and  was  burnt  to  the  ground. 

"  I  have  seen  the  walls  of  Balclutha/  said  Fingal,  "  but 
they  were  desolate.  The  fire  had  resounded  in  the  halls, 
and  Uic  voice-of  the  people  Is  heard  no  more.  The  thistle 
shook  there  its  lonely  head,  the  moss  whistled  in  the 
wind,  and  the  fox  looked  out  from  the  windows.*'— Ossian, 
CartUon. 

Baldassa're^  (4  syl.),  chief  of  the 
monastery  of  St.^Jacopo  di  Compostella. 
— Donizetti's  opera.  La  Favorite  (1842). 

Bai'der,  the  god  of  light,  peace,  and 
day,  was  the  yoimg  and  beautiful  son  of 
Odin  and  Frigga.  His  palace,  Briedab- 
lik  ("  wide-shining"),  stood  in  the  Milky 
Way.  He  was  slain  by  Hoder,  the  blind 
old  god  of  darkness  and  night,  but  was 
restored  to  life  at  the  general  request  of 
the  gods. — Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Balder  the  beautiful 
God  of  the  summer  sun. 

Longfellow,  Tegnier'i  Death. 

(Sydney  Dobell  has  a  poem  entitled 
Balder,  published  in  1854.) 

Bal'derston  {Caleb),  the  favourite 
old  butler  of  the  master  of  Ravenswood, 
at  Wolf's  Crag  Tower.  Being  told  to 
provide  supper  for  the  laird  of  Bucklaw, 
he  pretended  that  there  were  fat  capon 
and  good  store  in  plenty,  but  all  he  could 
produce  was  "the  hinder  end  of  a 
mutton  ham  that  had  been  three  times 
on  the  table  already,  and  the  heel  of  a 
ewe-milk  kebbuck  [cheese^  "  (ch.  vii.). — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lammennoor 
(time,  William  III.). 

Baldrick,  an  ancestor  of  the  lady 
Eveline  Berenger  "the  betrothed."  He 
was  murdered,  and  lady  Eveline  assured 
Bose  Flammock  that  she  had  seen  his 
ghost  frowning  at  her. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Bal'dringham  {Tlie  lady  Ermen- 
garde  of),  great-aunt  of  lady  Eveline 
lierenger  "  the  betrothed."— Sir  W. 
Scott,  2'he  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Bald"win,  the  youngest  and  comeliest 
of  Charlemagne's  paladins,  nephew  of  sir 
Iluland. 


Baldwin,  the  restless  and  ambitiouB 
duke  of  Boloigna,  leader  of  1200  horse 
in  the  allied  Christian  army.  He  was 
Godfrey's  brother,  and  very  like  him,  but 
not  so  tall. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered 
(1575). 

♦^*  He  is  introduced  by  sir  Waiter 
Scott  in  Count  Robert  of  Paris, 

Baldwin.  So  the  Ass  is  called  in  the 
beast-epic  entitled  Reynard  the  Fox  (the 
word  means  "  bold  friend  ").  In  pt.  iii^  he 
is  called  "  Dr.  "  Baldwin  (1498). 

Bald' win,  tutor  of  Rollo  ("the  bloody 
brother ")  and  Otto,  dukes  of  Normandy, 
and  sons  of  Sophia.  Baldwin  was  put  to 
death  by  Rollo,  because  Hamond  slew 
Gisbert  tlie  chancellor  with  an  axe  and 
not  with  a  sword.  Rollo  said  that 
Baldwin  deserved  death  "for  teaching 
Hamond  no  better." — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Bloody  Brother  (1631)). 

Baldwin  {Count),  a  fatal  example  of 
paternal  self-will.  He  doted  on  his  elder 
son  Biron,  but  because  he  married  against 
his  inclination,  disinherited  him,  and 
fixed  all  his  love  on  Carlos  his  youngerson. 
Biron  fell  at  the  siege  of  Candj^,  and  was 
suppoeed  to  be  dead.  His  wife  Isabella 
mourned  for  him  seven  years,  and 
being  on  the  point  of  starvation,  applied 
to  the  count  for  aid,  but  he  d  e  her 
from  his  house  as  a  dog.  Villeroy  (2  syl.) 
married  her,  but  Biron  returned  the 
following  day.  Carlos,  hearing  of  his 
brother's  return,  employed  ruffians  to 
murder  him,  and  then  charged  Villeroy 
with  the  crime  ;  but  one  of  the  ruffians 
impeached,  Carlos  was  arrested,  and 
Isabella,  going  mad,  killed  herself.  Thus 
was  the  wilfulness  of  lialdwin  the  source 
of  infinite  misery..  It  caused  the  death  of 
his  two  sons,  as  well  as  of  his  daughter- 
in-law. — Thomas  Southern,  I'he  Fatal 
Marriage  (1692). 

Baldwin,  archbishop  of  Canterbury 
(1184-1190),  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  his  novel  called  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  II.). 

Baldwin  de  Oyley,  esquire  of  sir 
Brian  de  Bois  Guilbert  (Preceptor  of  the 
Knights  ^  Templars). — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Balin  {Sir),  or  "  Balin  le  Savage," 
knight  of  the  two  swords.  He  was  a 
Northumberland  knight,  and  being  taken 
captive,  was  imprisoned  six  mouths  by 
king  Arthur.  It  so  happened  that  a 
damsel    girded    with  a  sword   came  tp 


BALINVERNO. 


74 


BALRUDDERY. 


Camelot  at  the  time  of  sir  Balin's  release, 
and  told  the  king  that  no  man  could 
draw  it  who  was  tainted  with  "  shame, 
treachery,  or  guile."  King  Arthur  and 
all  his  knights  failed  in  the  attempt,  but 
sir  Balin  drew  it  readily.  The  damsel 
begged  him  for  the  sword,  but  he  refused 
to  give  it  to  any  one.  Whereupon  the 
damsel  said  to  him,  "  That  sword  shall 
be  thy  plague,  for  with  it  shall  ye  slay 
your  best  friend,  and  it  shall  also  prove 
your  own  death."  Then  the  Lady  of  the 
Lake  came  to  the  king,  and  demanded  the 
sword,  but  sir  Balin  cut  off  her  head  with 
it,  and  was  banished  from  the  court. 
After  various  adventures  he  came  to  a 
castle  where  the  custom  was  for  every 
guest  to  joust.  He  was  accommodated 
with  a  shield,  and  rode  forth  to  meet  his 
antagonist.  So  fierce  was  the  encounter 
that  both  the  combatants  were  slain,  but 
Balin  lived  j  ust  long  enough  to  learn  that 
his  antagonist  was  his  dearly  beloved 
brother  Balan,  and  both  were  buried  in 
one  tomb. — Sir  T.  INIalory,  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  27-44  (1470). 

*^*  "The  Book  of  Sir  Balin  le  Sa- 
vage" is  part  i.  ch.  27  to  44  (both  in- 
clusive) of  sir  T.  Malory's  History  of 
Prince  Arthur. 

Balinverno,  one  of  the  leaders  in 
Agramant's  allied  army. — Ariosto,  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

Ba'liol  (Edward),  usurper  of  Scotland, 
introduced  in  Eedgauntlet,  a  novel  by  sir 
W.  Scott  (time,  George  II.). 

Ba'lici  (Mrs.),  friend  of  Mr.  Croftangry, 
in  the  introductory  chapter  of  The  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth,  a  novel  by  sir  AV.  Scott 
(time,  Henry  IV.). 

Ba'liol  (Mrs.  Martha  Bethune),  a  lady 
of  quality  and  fortune,  who  had  a  house 
called  Baliol  Lodging,  Canongate,  Edin- 
burgh. At  death  she  left  to  her  cousin 
Mr.  Croftangry  two  series  of  tales  called 
The  Chronicles  of  Canongate  (q.v.),  which 
he  published.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  High- 
land Widow  (introduction,  1827). 

Baliol  ColIege,Oxf ord,  was  founded 
(in  1203)  by  John  de  Baliol,  knight,  father 
of  Baliol  king  of  Scotland. 

Balisar'da,  a  sword  made  in  the 
garden  of  Orgagna  by  the  sorceress  Fal- 
cri'ua;  it  would  cut  through  even  en- 
chanted substances,  and  was  given  to 
Roge'ro  for  the  express  purpose  of  "  deal- 


ing Orlando's  death." — ^Ariosto,   Orlando 
Furioso,  XXV.  15  (1516). 

He  knew  with  Balisarda's  lightest  blows, 
Nor  helm,  nor  shield,  nor  cuirass  coiild  avail. 
Nor  strongly  tempered  plate,  nor  twisted  malL 

Book  xxilL 

Baliverso,  the  basest  knight  in  the 
Saracen  army. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Balk  or  Balkh  ("  foem6race"),  Omurs, 
surnamed  Ghil-Shah  ("earth's  king"), 
founder  of  the  Paishdadian  dynasty.  He 
travelled  abroad  to  make  himself  familiar 
with  the  laws  and  customs  of  other  lands. 
On  his  return  he  met  his  brother,  and 
built  on  the  spot  of  meeting  a  city,  which 
he  called  Balk;  and  made  it  the  capital 
of  his  kingdom. 

Balkis,  the  Arabian  name  of  the 
queen  of  Sheba,  who  went  from  the  South 
to  witness  the  wisdom  and  splendour  of 
Solomon.  According  to  the  Koran  she 
was  a  tire-worshipper.  It  is  said  that 
Solomon  raised  her  to  his  bed  and  throne. 
She  is  also  called  queen  of  Saba  or  Aaziz, 
— Al  Koran,  xxvi.  (Sale's  notes). 

She  fancied  herself  already  more  potent  than  Balkis, 
and  pictured  to  her  imagination  the  genii  faliing  pros- 
trate at  the  foot  of  her  throne.— W.  Beckford,  Vat/tek. 

Balkis  queen  of  Sheba  or  Saba.  Solomon 
being  told  that  her  legs  were  covered 
with  hair  "  like  those  of  an  ass,"  had  the 
presence-chamber  floored  with  glass  laid 
over  running  water  filled  with  fish. 
When  Balkis  approached  the  room, 
supposing  the  floor  to  be  water,  she 
lifted  up  her  robes  and  exposed  her  hairy 
ankles,  of  which  the  king  had  been  rightly 
informed. — Jallalo  'dinn. 

Bal'lenkeiroch  (Old),  a  Highland 
chief  and  old  friend  of  Fergus  M'lvor.— 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Balmimg,  the  sword  of  Siegfried, 
forged  by  Wieland  the  smith  of  the 
Scandinavian  gods.  In  a  trial  of  merit, 
Wieland  cleft  Amilias  (a  brother  smith) 
to  the  waist ;  but  so  flne  was  the  cut  that 
Amilias  was  not  even  conscious  of  it  till 
he  attempted  to  move,  when  he  fell 
asunder  into  two  pieces.— Niebelungen 
Lied. 

Balni-Barbi,  the  land  of  projectors, 
visited  bv  Gulliver. — Swift,  Gulliver's 
Travels  (1726). 

Balrud'dery  (The  laird  of),  a  re- 
lation of  Godfrey  Bertram,  laird  of 
EUangowan.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Man- 
nering  (time,  George  II.). 


BALSAM  OF  FIERABRAS. 


75 


BANASTAR. 


Balsam  of  Fierabras.  "This 
famous  balsam,"  said  don  Quixote,  "  only- 
costs  three  rials  [about  sixpence]  for  three 
quarts."  It  was  the  balsam  with  which 
the  body  of  Christ  was  embalmed,  and  was 
stolen  by  sir  Fierabras  [Fe. a'. ra.br ah]. 
Such  was  its  virtue,  that  one  single  drop 
of  it  taken  internally  would  instantly 
heal  the  most  ghastly  wound. 

"  It  is  a  balsam  ot  balsams ;  it  not  only  heals  all  wounds, 
but  even  defies  death  itself.  If  thou  should'st  see  my 
body  cut  in  two,  friend  Sancho,  by  some  unlucky  back- 
stroke.  you  must  carefully  pick  up  that  half  of  me  which 
falls  on  the  ground,  and  clap  it  upon  the  other  half  before 
the  blood  congeals,  then  give  me  a  draught  ot  the  balsam 
of  Fierabras,  and  you  will  presently  see  me  ns  sound  as 
an  oninge."— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  il.  2  (1605). 

Baltha'zar,  a  merchant,  in  Shake- 
speare's Comedy  of  Errors  (1593). 

Baltha'zar^  a  name  assumed  by  Portia, 
in  Shakespeare's  Merchant  of  Venice 
(1598). 

Baltha'zar,  servant  to  Romeo,  in 
Shakespeare's  Borneo  and  Juliet  (1597). 

Baltha'zar,  servant  U>  don  Pedro,  in 
Shakespeare's  Mtich  Ado  about  Nothing 
(1600). 

Baltha'zar,  one  of  the  three  "kings" 
shown  in  Cologne  Cathedral  as  one  of  the 
"  Magi "  led  to  Bethlehem  by  the  guiding 
star.  The  word  means  "lord  of  treasures." 
The  names  of  the  other  two  are  Melchior 
("king  of  light"),  and  Caspar  or  Caspar 
("the  white  one").  Klopstock,  in  The 
Messiah,  makes  six  "  Wise  Men,"  and 
none  of  the  names  are  like  these  three. 

Balthazar,  father  of  Juliana,  Vo- 
lantC,  and  Zam'ora.  A  proud,  peppery, 
and  wealthy  gentleman.  His  daughter 
Juliana  marries  the  duke  of  Aranza ;  his 
second  daughter  the  count  Montalban  ; 
and  Zamora  marries  signor  Rinaldo. — 
J.  Tobin,  The  Honeijmoon  (1804). 

Bailie  {Cardinal),  in  the  court  of 
Louis  XI.  of  France  (1420-1491),  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Qiientin  Dur- 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Balugantes  (4  syl.),  leader  of  the 
men  from  Leon,  in  Spain,  and  in  alliance 
with  Agramant. — Ariosto,  Orlando Furioso 
(1516). 

Balveny  (Lord),  kinsman  of  the  earl 
of  Douglas. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Berth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Balwhidder  [Bal'.wither'\,  a  Scotch 
presbyterian  pastor,  filled  with  all  the 
old-fashioned  national  prejudices,  but 
sincere,  kind-hearted,  and  pious.  He  is 
garrulous  and  loves  his  joke,  but  is  quite 


ignorant  of  the  world,  being  "in  it  but 
not  of  it." — Gait,  Annals  of  the  Parish 
(1821). 

Tlie  liev.  Aficah  Balwhidder  is  a  fine  representation  of 
the  primitive  Scottish  pastor ;  diligent,  bliimeless,  loyal, 
and  exemplary  in  his  life,  but  without  the  fiery  zeal  and 
"kirk -fining  eloquence"  of  the  supporters  of  the  Cove- 
nant—U.  Chambers.  English  Literature,  ii.  5ai. 

Baly,  one  of  the  ancient  and  gigantic 
kings  of  India,  who  founded  the  city 
called  by  his  name.  He  redressed 
wrongs,  upheld  justice,  was  generous  and 
truthful,  compassionate  and  charitable, 
so  that  at  death  he  became  one  of  the 
judges  of  hell.  His  city  in  time  got 
overwhelmed  with  the  encroaching  ocean, 
but  its  walls  were  not  overthrown,  nor 
were  the  rooms  encumbered  with  the 
weeds  and  alluvial  of  the  sea.  One  day 
a  dwarf,  named  Vamen,  asked  the  mighty 
monarch  to  allow  him  to  measure  three 
of  his  own  paces  for  a  hut  to  dwell  in. 
Baly  smiled,  and  bade  him  measure  out 
what  he  required.  The  first  pace  of  the 
dwarf  compassed  the  whole  earth,  the 
second  the  whole  heavens,  and  the  third 
the  infernal  regions.  Baly  at  once  per- 
ceived that  the  dwarf  was  Vishnu,  and 
adored  the  present  deity.  Vishnu  made 
the  king  "Governor  of  Pad'alon "  or 
hell,  and  permitted  him  once  a  year  to 
revisit  the  earth,  on  the  first  full  moon  of 
Kovember. 

Baly  built 
A  city,  like  the  cities  of  the  gods. 
Being  like  a  god  hinifelf.     For  many  an  ago 
Hath  ocean  warred  against  his  palaces. 
Till  overwhelmed  they  lie  beneath  the  waves, 
Not  overthrown. 

Southey,  Curse  of  Kehama,  xv.  1  (1809). 

Ban,  king  of  Benwick  [Brittany'jy 
father  of  sir  Launcelot,  and  brother  of 
Bors  king  of  Gaul.  This  "  shadowy  king 
of  a  still  more  shadowy  kingdom  "  came 
over  with  his  royal  brother  to  the  aid  of 
Arthur,  when,  at  the  beginning  of  his 
reign,  the  eleven  kings  leagued  against 
him  (pt.  i.  8). 

Yonder  I  see  the  most  valiant  knight  of  the  world,  and 
the  man  of  most  renown,  for  such  two  brethren  as  are  king 
Ban  and  king  Bors  are  not  living. —Sir  T.  Malory,  Uislory 
of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  14  (1470). 

Ban'agher,  a  town  in  Ireland,  on  the 

Shannon  (King's  County).  It  formerly 
sent  two  members  to  parliament,  and  was 
a  pocket  borough.  When  a  member 
spoke  of  a  rotten  borough,  he  could  de- 
vise no  stronger  expression  than  That 
beats  Banagher,  which  passed  into  a 
household  phrase. 

Banastar  (Humfrey),  bro«ght  up  by 
Henry  duke  of  Buckingham,  and  ad- 
vanced by  him  to  honour  and  wealth. 


BANBERG. 


76 


BAPTISTA. 


He  professed  to  love  the  duke  as  his 
dearest  friend ;  but  when  Richard  III. 
offered  £1000  reward  to  any  one  who 
would  deliver  up  the  duke,  Banastar 
betrayed  him  to  John  INIitton,  sheriff  of 
Shropshire,  and  he  was  conveyed  to  Salis- 
bury, where  he  was  beheaded.  The  ghost 
of  the  duke  prayed  that  Banastar's  eldest 
son,  "  reft  of  his  wits  might  end  his  life 
in  a  pigstye  ;  "  that  his  second  son  might 
"be  drowned  in  a  dyke"  containing  less 
than  "half  a  foot  of  water;"  that  his 
only  daughter  might  be  a  leper  ;  and  that 
Banastar  himself  might  "live  in  death 
and  die  in  life." — Thomas  Sackville,  A 
Mirrour  for  Magistraytes  ("The  Com- 
playnt,"  1587;. 

Banberg  {The  bishop  of),  introduced 
in  Donnerhugel's  narrative. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Anne  of  Geier stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Banbury  Cheese.  Bardolph  calls 
Slender  a  "Banbury  cheese"  {Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  act  i.  sc.  1) ;  and  in 
Jack  Drum's  Entertainment  we  read 
"  You  are  like  a  Banbury  cheese,  nothing 
but  paring."  The  Banbury  cheese 
alluded  to  was  a  milk  cheese,  about  an 
inch  in  thickness. 

Bandy  -  legged,  Armand  Gouffe' 
(1775-1845),  also  called  Le  panard  da 
dix-neuvietne  siecle.  He  was  one  of  the 
founders  of  the  "  Caveau  moderne." 

Bane  of  the  Land  {Landschaden), 
the  name  given  to  a  German  robber- 
knight  on  account  of  his  reckless  depre- 
dations on  his  neighbours'  property.  He 
was  placed  under  the  ban  of  the  empire 
for  his  offences. 

Bango'rian  Controversy,  a  theo- 
logical paper-war  begun  by  Dr.  Hoadly, 
bishop  of  Bangor,  the  best  reply  being  by 
Law.  The  subject  of  this  controversy 
was  a  sermon  preached  before  George  I., 
on  the  text,  "  My  kingdom  is  not  of  this 
world." 

Banks,  a  farmer,  the  great  terror  of 
old  mother  Sawyer,  the  witch  of  Edmon- 
ton.— The  Witch  of  Edmonton  (by  Row- 
ley, Dekker,  and  Ford,  1G58). 

Ban'natyne  Club,  a  literary  club 
which  takes  its  name  from  George  Ban- 
natyne.  It  was  instituted  in  1823  by  sir 
Walter  Scott,  and  had  for  its  object  the 

gubiication  of  rare  works  illustrative  of 
cottish  history,  poetry,  and  general 
literature.  The  club  was  dissolved  in 
1859. 


Bannockburn  (in  Stirling),  famous 
for  the  great  battle  between  Bruce  and 
Edward  II.,  in  which  the  English  arm.y 
was  totally  defeated,  and  the  Scots  re- 
gained their  freedom  (June  24,  1314), 

Departed  spirits  of  tlie  mighty  dead  !  .  .  . 
Oh  I  once  again  to  Freedom's  cause  return 
The  patriot  Tell,  the  Bruce  of  Bminocliburii. 

Campbell,  Pleasures  of  J/ojje,  1.  (1799). 

Banquo,  a  Scotch  general  of  royal 
extraction,  in  the  time  of  Edward  the 
Confessor.  He  was  murdered  at  the  in- 
stigation of  king  Macbeth,  but  his  son 
Fleance  escaped,  and  from  this  Fleance 
descended  a  race  of  kings  who  filled  the 
throne  of  Scotland,  ending  with  James  I. 
of  England,  in  whom  were  united  the 
two  crowns.  The  witches  on  the  blasted 
heath  hailed  Banquo  as — 

(1)  Lesser  than  Macbeth,  and  greater. 

(2)  Not  so  happy,  yet  much  happier. 

(3)  Thou  sh.alt  get  kings,  tiiough  thou  be  none. 

Shakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  i.  sc.  3  (1606). 

(Historically  no  such  person  as  Banquo 
ever  existed,  and  therefore  Fleance  was 
not  the  ancestor  of  the  house  of  Stuart.) 

Ban'shee,  a  tutelary  female  spirit. 
Every  chief  family  of  Ireland  has  its 
banshee,  who  is  supposed  to  give  it  warn- 
ing of  approaching  death  or  danger. 

Bantam  {Angela  Cyrus),  grand-master 
of  the  ceremonies  at  "Ba-ath,"  and  a 
very  mighty  personage  in  the  opinion  of 
the  elite  of  Bath.— C.  Dickens,  The  Pick- 
wick Papers  (1836). 

Banting.  Doing  Banting  means  living 
by  regimen  for  the  sake  of  reducing 
superfluous  fat.  William  Banting,  hy  a 
rigorous  abstention  from  all  food  con- 
taining starch  and  saccharine  matter, 
reduced  his  weight  from  202  to  167  lbs., 
and  in  1862  he  published  a  pamphlet 
upon  the  subject. 

Bap,  a  contraction  of  Bap'homet,  i.e. 
Mahomet.  An  imaginary  idol  or  symbol 
which  the  Templars  were  accused  of  em- 
ploying in  their  mysterious  religious 
rites.  It  was  a  small  human  figure  cut 
in  stone,  with  two  heads,  one  male  aud 
the  other  female,  but  all  the  rest  of  the 
figure  was  female.    Specimens  still  exist. 

Bap'tes  (2  Sf/L),  priests  of  the  god- 
dess Cotytto,  whose  midnight  orgies 
were  so  obscene  as  to  disgust  even  the 
very  goddess  of  obscenity.  (Greek,  txtpto, 
"  to  baptize,"  because  these  j)riests  bathed 
themselves  in  the  most  effeminate  man- 
ner.) 

Baptis'ta,  a  rich  gentleman  of 
Padua, father  of  Kathari'na  "the  shrew  *' 


BAPTISTI  DAMIOTTI. 


77 


BARD  OF  AVON. 


and  Bianca. — Shakespeare,  Taming  of  the 
Shrew  (1594). 

BaptistiDaniiotti,aPaduan  quack, 
who  shows  in  the  enchanted  mirror  a 
picture  representing  the  clandestine  mar- 
riage and  infidelity  of  sir  Philip  Forester. 
—-Sir  W.  Scott,  Aunt  Margaret's  Mirror 
(time,  William  III.). 

Bar  of  Gold.  A  bar  of  gold  above 
the  instep  is  a  mark  of  sov(ireign  rank  in 
the  women  of  the  families  of  the  deys, 
and  is  worn  as  a  "crest"  by  their  female 
relatives. 

Around,  as  princess  of  her  father's  land, 
A  like  gold  bar,  above  her  instep  rolled, 
Announced  her  rank. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  Hi.  72  (1820). 

Bar'abas,  the  faithful  servant  cf 
Ralph  de  Lascours,  captain  of  the  Uran'ia. 
His  favourite  expression  is  "  I  am  afraid ; " 
but  he  always  acts  most  bravely  when  he 
is  afraid.  (See  Baiiuabas.) — E.  Stirling, 
The  Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Bar'adas  (Count),  the  king's  fa- 
vourite, first  gentleman  of  the  chamber, 
and  one  of  the  conspirators  to  dethrone 
Louis  XIII.,  kill  Richelieu,  and  place  the 
due  d'Orle'ans  on  the  throne  of  France. 
Baradas  loved  Julie,  but  Julie  married  the 
chevalier  Adrien  de  Mauprat.  When 
Richelieu  fell  into  disgrace,  the  king 
made  count  Baradas  his  chief  minister, 
but  scarcely  had  he  so  done  when  a 
despatch  was  put  into  his  hand,  reveal- 
ing the  conspiracy,  and  Richelieu  ordered 
Baradas'  instant  arrest. — Lord  Lytton, 
Richelieu  (1839). 

Barak  el  Hadgi,  the  fakir',  an 
emissary  from  the  court  of  Hyder  Ali.— 
Sir  W.  Scott,  T/ie  Surgeon's  Daughter 
(time,  George  II.). 

Barata'ria,  the  island-city  over  which 
Sancho  Pai>za  was  appointed  governor. 
The  table  was  presided  over  by  Dr.  Pedro 
Rezio  de  Ague'ro,  who  caused  every  dish 
set  before  the  governor  to  be  whisked 
away  without  being  tasted, — some  be- 
cause they  heated  the  blood,  and  others 
because  they  chilled  it,  some  for  one  evil 
effect,  and  some  for  another,  so  that 
Sancho  was  allowed  to  eat  nothing. 

Sancho  then  arrived  at  a  town  containing  about  a 
thousand  inhabitaiiU.  They  save  liini  to  understand 
that  it  was  called  the  Island  of  Barataria,  either  because 
Barataria  was  really  the  name  of  the  place,  or  because  he 
obtained  the  government  barato,  i.e.  "at  a  cheap  rate  " 
On  his  arrival  near  the  gates  of  the  town,  the  municipal 
officers  came  out  to  receive  him.  Presently  after,  with 
certain  ridiculous  ceremonies,  they  presented  him  with 
the  keys  of  the  town,  and  constituted  him  perpetual 
governor  of  the  island  of  Barataria.— Cervantes.  I}on 
Quixote.  II.  ill.  7.  etc.  (1615) 


Barbarossa  ('^  red  beard"),  surname 
of  Frederick  I.  of  Germany  (1121-1190). 
It  is  said  that  he  never  died,  but  is  still 
sleeping  in  Kyffhiiuserberg  in  Thuringia. 
There  he  sits  at  a  stone  table  with  his  six 
knights,  waiting  the  "fulness  of  time," 
when  he  will  come  from  his  cave  to 
rescue  Germany  from  bondage,  and  give 
her  the  foremost  place  of  all  the  world. 
His  beard  has  already  grown  through  tho 
table-slab,  but  must  wind  itself  thrice 
round  the  table  before  his  second  advent. 
(See  Mansuk,  Ciiaklemagne,  Authuu, 
Desmond,  Sebastian  I.,  to  whom 
similar  legends  are  attached.) 

Like  Barbarossa,  who  sits  in  a  cave, 
Taciturn,  sombre,  sedate,  and  grave. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend. 

Barbarossa,  a  tragedy  by  John  Brown. 
This  is  not  Frederick  Barbarossa,  the 
emperor  of  Germany  (1121-1190),  but 
Horuc  Barbarossa,  the  corsair  (1475- 
1519).  He  was  a  renegade  Greek,  of 
Mitylene,  who  made  himself  master  of 
Algeria,  which  was  for  a  time  subject  to 
Turkey.  He  killed  the  Moorish  king ; 
tried  to  cut  off  Selim  the  son,  but  without 
success ;  and  wanted  to  marry  Zaphi'ra, 
the  king's  widow,  who  rejected  his  suit 
with  scorn,  and  was  kept  in  confinement 
for  seven  years.  Selim  returned  unex- 
pectedly to  Algiers,  and  a  general  rising 
took  place  ;  Barbarossa  Avas  slain  by  the 
insurgents ;  Zaphira  was  restored  to  the 
throne  ;  and  Selim  her  son  married  Irene 
the  daughter  of  Barbarossa  (1742). 

Bar'bary  (St.),  the  patron  saint  of 
arsenals.  \Vhen  her  father  was  about  to 
strike  off  her  head,  she  was  killed  by  a 
flash  of  lightning. 

Bar'bary  (Roan),  the  favourite  horse  of 
Richard  11 . 

Bolingbroke  rode  on  roan  Barbary, 
That  horse  that  thou  so  often  h.ast  bestrid  I 
Sliakespeare,  Jtichard  II.  act  v.  sc.  5  (1597). 

Bar'bason,  the  name  of  a  demon 
mentioned  in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor, act  ii.  sc.  2  (1596). 

I  am  not  Barbason ;  you  cannot  conjure  me. — Shake- 
speare, Henry  V.  act  ii.  sc.  1  (1599). 

Barco'chebah,  an  antichrist. 

Shared  the  fall  of  theantichrist  Barcochebar.— Professor 
Selwin,  A'cce  Jlomo. 

Bard  of  Avon,  Shakespeare,  bom 
and  buried  at  Stratford-upon-Aron  (1564- 
1616).  Also  called  the  Bard  of  all 
Times. 

Bard  of  Ayrshire,  Robert  Bums,  a 
native  of  Ayrshire  (1759-1796). 

Bardof  liope,  Thomas  Campbell,  author 
of  The  Fleasures  of  Hope  (1777-1844). 


BARDS. 


78 


BARKIS. 


Bard  of  the  Imagination,  Mark  Aken- 
Bide,  author  of  The  Pleasures  of  the  Im- 
agination (1721-1770). 

Bard  of  Memory,  S.  Rogers,  author  of 
The  Pleasures  of  Memory  (17G2-1855). 

Bard  of  Olney,  W.  Cowper  [Coo'.prJ, 
who  lived  for  many  years  at  Olney,  in 
Bucks  (1731-1800). 

Bard  of  Prose,  Boccaccio. 

He  of  the  hundred  tales  of  love. 

Byron,  Chi/de  Harold,  iv.  66  (1818). 

Bardof  Rydal  Mount,  William  Words- 
worth, who  lived  at  Rydal  Mount ; 
also  called  "  Poet  of  the  Excursion,"  from 
his  principal  poem  (1770-1850). 

Bard  of  Twickenham,  Alexander  Pope, 
who  lived  at  Twickenham  (1688-1744). 

Bards.  The  ancient  Gaels  thought  that 
the  soul  of  a  dead  hero  could  never  be 
happy  till  a  bard  had  sung  an  elegy  over 
the  deceased.  Hence  when  Cairbar,  the 
usurper  of  the  throne  of  Ireland,  fell, 
though  he  was  a  rebel,  a  murderer,  and  a 
coward,  his  brother  Cathmor  could  not 
endure  the  thought  of  his  soul  being 
unsung  to  rest.  So  he  goes  to  Ossian  and 
gets  him  to  send  a  bard  "  to  give  the  soul 
of  the  king  to  the  wind,  to  open  to  it  the 
airy  hall,  and  to  give  joy  to  the  darkened 
ghost." — Ossian,  Temora,  ii. 

Bardell  (Mrs.),  landlady  of  "  apart- 
ments for  single  gentlemen  "  in  Goswell 
Street.  Here  Mr.  Pickwick  lodged  for  a 
time.  She  persuaded  herself  that  he 
would  make  her  a  good  second  husband, 
and  on  one  occasion  was  seen  in  his  arms 
by  his  three  friends.  Mrs.  Bardell  put 
herself  in  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Dodson 
and  Fogg  (two  unprincipled  lawyers), 
who  vamped  up  a  case  against  Mr.  Pick- 
wick of  "  breach  of  promise,"  and  obtained 
a  verdict  against  the  defendant.  Subse- 
quently Messrs.  Dodson  and  Fogg  arrested 
their  own  client,  and  lodged  her  in  the 
Fleet. — C.  Dickens,  The  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Barde'sanist  (4  syl.),  a  follower  of 
Barde'san,  founder  of  a  Gnostic  sect  in 
the  second  century. 

Bar'dolph,  corporal  of  captain  sir 
John  Falstaff,  in  1  and  2  Henry  IV.  and 
in  Tlie  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor.  In 
Henry  V.  he  is  promoted  to  lieutenant, 
and  Nym  is  corporal.  Both  are  hanged. 
Bardoiph  is  a  bravo,  out  great  humorist ; 
he  is  a  low-bred,  drunken  swaggerer, 
wholly  without  principle,  and  always 
poor. '  His  red,  pimply  nose  is  an  ever- 
lasting joke  with  sir  John  and  others. 


Sir  John  in  allusion  thereto  calls  Bardoiph 
"  The  Knight  of  the  Burning  Lamp." 
He  says  to  him,  "  Thou  art  our  admiral, 
and  bearest  the  lantern  in  the  poop.'' 
Elsewhere  he  tells  the  corporal  he  had 
saved  him  a  '*  thousand  marks  in  links 
and  torches,  walking  with  him  in  the  night 
betwixt  tavern  and  tavern." — Shake- 
speare. 

We  are  much  of  the  mind  of  FalstafTs  tailor.  We 
must  have  better  assurance  for  sir  John  than  Bardoiph  s. 
— Macaulay. 

(The  reference  is  to  2  Henry  IV.  act  i. 
sc.  2.  When  Falstaff  asks  Page,  "  What 
said  Master  Dumbleton  about  the  satin 
for  my  short  cloak  and  slops?"  Page 
replies,  "  He  said,  sir,  you  should  pro- 
cure him  better  assurance  than  Bardoiph. 
He  .  .  .  liked  not  the  security.") 

Bardon  {Hugh),  the  scout-master  in 
the  troop  of  lieutenant  Fitzurse. — Sir  W, 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Barere  (2  syl.),  an  advocate  of  Tou- 
louse, called  "  The  Anacreon  of  the 
Guillotine."  He  was  president  of  the  Con- 
vention, a  member  of  the  Constitutional 
Committee,  and  chief  agent  in  the  con- 
demnation to  death  of  Louis  XVI.  As 
member  of  the  Committee  of  Public 
Safety,  he  decreed  that  "Terror  must  be 
the  order  of  the  day."  In  the  first  em- 
pire Barere  bore  no  public  part,  but  at  the 
restoration  he  was  banished  from  France, 
and  retired  to  Brussels  (1755-1841). 

The  filthiest  and  most  spiteful  Yahoo  of  the  fiction 
was  a  noble  creature  compared  with  the  Barfire  of  his- 
tory.— Lord  Macaulay. 

Bar'guest,  a  goblin  armed  with  teeth 
and  claws.  It  would  sometimes  set  up  in 
the  streets  a  most  fearful  scream  in  the 
"  dead  waste  and  middle  of  the  night." 
The  faculty  of  seeing  this  monster  was 
limited  to  a  few,  but  those  who  possessed 
it  could  by  the  touch  communicate  the 
"  gift "  to  others. — Fairy  Mythology, 
North  of  England. 

Bar'gulus,  an  Illyrian  robber  or 
pirate. 

Bai-gulus,  lUyrius  latro,  de  quo  est  apud  Theopompum 
magnas  opes  habuit— Cicero,  De  OfficiU,  ii.  11. 

Baricondo,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Moorish  army.  He  was  slain  by  the 
duke  of  Clarence. — Ariosto,  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Barker  (Mr.),  friend  to  Sowerberrj'. 

Mrs.  Barker,  his  wife. — W.  Brough, 
A  Pnenomenon  in  a  Smock  Frock. 

Bar'kis,  the  carrier  who  courted 
[Clara]     Peggot'ty,    by    telling    David 


BARLAHAM  AND  JOSAPHAT.       79 


BARN-BURNERS. 


Copperfield  when  he  wrote  home  to  say 
to  his  nurse  "  Barkis  is  willin\"  Clara 
took  the  hint  and  became  Mrs.  Barkis. 

He  dies  when  the  tide  goes  out,  confirming  the  super- 
Btition  that  people  can't  die  till  tlie  tide  goes  out.  or  be 
born  till  it  is  in.  The  last  words  he  utters  are  "  Barkis  is 
wiUin'."— C.  DicKfeus,  Dajiid-  Copperfield,  xxx.  (1849). 

(Mrs.  Quickly  says  of  sir  John  Falstaff, 
"  'A  parted  even  just  between  twelve  and 
one,  e'en  at  the  turning  o'  the  tide." — 
Henry  V.  act  ii.  sc.  3,  1599.) 

Bar'laham  and  Josaphat,  the 
heroes  and  title  of  a  minnesong,  the 
object  of  which  was  to  show  the  triumph 
of  Christian  doctrines  over  paganism.  , 
Barlaham  is  a  hermit  who  converts  Josa- 
phat, an  Indian  prince.  This  "  lay  "  was 
immensely  popular  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
and  has  been  translated  into  every  Euro- 
pean language. — Rudolf  of  Ems  (a  min- 
nesinger, thirteenth  century). 

Barley  {Bill),  Clara's  father.  Chiefly 
remarkable  for  drinking  rum,  and  thump- 
ing on  the  floor. — C.  Dickens,  Great 
Expectations  (1860). 

Barleycorn  {Sir  John),  Malt-liquor 
l>er8onificd.  His  neighbours  vowed  that 
sir  John  should  die,  so  they  hired  raffians 
to  "  plough  him  with  ploughs  and  bury 
him ; "  this  they  did,  and  afterwards 
"  combed  him  with  harrows  and  thrust 
clods  on  his  head,"  but  did  not  kill  him. 
Then  with  hooks  and  sickles  they  "cut 
his  legs  off  at  the  knees,"  bound  him  like 
a  thief,  and  left  him  "  to  wither  with  the 
wind,"  but  he  died  not.  They  now  "rent 
him  to  the  heart,"  and  having  "  mowed 
him  in  a  mow,"  sent  two  bravos  to  beat 
him  with  clubs,  and  they  beat  him  so  sore 
that  "  all  his  flesh  fell  from  his  bones," 
but  yet  he  died  not.  To  a  kiln  they  next 
hauled  him,  and  burnt  him  like  a 
martyr,  but  he  survived  the  burning. 
They  crushed  him  between  two  stones, 
but  killed  him  not.  Sir  John  bore  no 
malice  for  this  ill-usage,  but  did  his  best 
to  cheer  the  flagging  spirits  even  of  his 
worst  persecutors. 

*^*  This  song,  from  the  English 
Dancing-Master  (1651),  is  generally 
ascribed  to  Robert  Burns,  but  all  that  the 
Scotch  poet  did  was  slightly  to  alter 
parts  of  it.  The  same  may  be  said  of 
"  Auld  lang  Syne,"  "Ca'  the  Yowes," 
"My  Heart  is  Sair  for  Somebody," 
"Green  grow  the  Rashes,  0!"  and 
several  other  songs,  set  down  to  the  credit 
of  Burns. 

Barlow,  the  favourite  archer  of 
Henry  VHI.     He  was  jocosely  created 


by  the  merry  monarch  "  Duke  of  Shore- 
ditch,"  and  bis  two  companions  "Marquis 
of  Islington  "  and  "  Earl  of  Pancras." 

Barlow  {Billy),  a  jester,  who  fancied 
himself  a  "mighty  potentate,"  He  was 
well  known  in  the  east  of  London,  and 
died  in  Whitechapel  workhouse.  Some 
of  his  saj'ings  were  really  witty,  and  som«'} 
of  his  attitudes  truly  farcical. 

Bar'mecide  Feast,  a  mere  dream- 
feast,  an  illusion,  a  castle  in  the  air. 
Schacabac  "the  hare-lipped,"  a  man  in  the 
greatest  distress,  one  day  called  on  the 
rich  Barmecide,  who  in  merry  jest  asked 
him  to  dine  with  him,  Barmecide  first 
washed  in  hypothetical  water,  Schacabac 
followed  his  example,  Barmecide  then 
pretended  to  eat  of  various  dainties, 
Schacabac  did  the  same,  and  praised  them 
highly,  and  so  the  "  feast  "  went  on  to  the 
close.  The  story  says  Barmecide  was  so 
pleased  that  Schacabac  had  the  good 
sense  and  good  temper  to  enter  into  the 
spirit  of  the  joke  without  resentment, 
that  -hfe  ordered  in  a  real  banquet,  at 
which  Schacabac  was  a  welcome  guest. — 
Arabian  Nights  ("  Tha  Barber's  Sixth 
Brother"). 

Bar'nabas  {S^.),  a  disciple  of  Gama- 
liel, cousin  of  St.  Mark,  and  fellow- 
labourev  with  St.  Paul.  He  was  mar- 
tyred at  Salamis,  A.i).  63.  St.  Barnabas^ 
Day  is  June  11. — Acts  iv.  36,  37. 

Bar'naby  ( Widow),  the  title  and  chief 
character  of  a  novel  by  Mrs,  Trollope 
(1839).  The  widow  is  a  vulgar,  pre- 
tentious husband-hunter,  wholly  without 
principle.  Widow  Barnaby  has  a  sequel 
called  The  Barnabys  in  America  or  The 
Widow  Married,  a  satire  on  America  and 
the  Americans  (1840). 

Barnaby  Rudge,  a  half-witted  lad, 
whose  companion  is  a  raven.  He  was 
allured  into  joining  the  Gordon  rioters. 
— C.  Dickens,  Barnaby  Badge  (1841). 
(See  Rudge.) 

Barnacle,  brother  of  old  Nicholas 
Cocknej',  and  guardian  of  Priscilla 
Tomboy  of  the  West  Indies.  Barnacle  is 
a  tradesman  of  the  old  school,  who  thinks 
the  foppery  and  extravagance  of  the 
"  Cockney  "school  inconsistent  with  pros- 
perous shop-keeping.  Tliough  brusque 
and  even  ill-mannered,  he  has  good  sense 
and  good  discernment  of  character. —  Th£ 
Romp  (altered  from  Bickerstaff's  Love  in 
the  City). 

Bam-Burners,    ultra-radicals    or 


BARNES. 


80 


BARTOLDO. 


destructives,  who  burnt  the  bams  in 
order  to  reform  social  and  political  abuses. 
These  wiseacres  were  about  as  sapient  as 
the  Dutchman  who  burnt  down  his  barns 
to  get  rid  of  the  rats  which  infested  them. 

Barnes  (1  syL),  ser^'ant  to  colonel 
Mannering,  atWoodburne. — Sir  \V.  Scott, 
Guj/  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Barney,  a  repulsive  Jew,  who  waited 
on  the  customers  at  the  low  public-house 
frequented  by  Fagin  and  his  associates. 
Barney  always  spoke  through  his  nose. — 
C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Barn'stable  {Lieutenant),  in  the 
British  navy,  in  love  with  Kate  Plowden, 
niece  of  colonel  Howard  of  New  York. 
The  alliance  not  being  approved  of,  Kate 
is  removed  from  England  to  America, 
but  Barnstable  goes  to  America  to  dis- 
cover her  retreat.  In  this  he  succeeds, 
but  being  seized  as  a  spy,  is  commanded 
by  colonel  Howard  to  be  hung  to  the 
yardarm  of  an  American  frigate  called  the 
Alacrity.  Scarcely  is  the  young  man  led 
off,  when  the  colonel  is  informed  that 
Barnstable  is  his  own  son,  and  he  arrives 
at  the  scene  of  execution  just  in  time  to 
save  him.  Of  course  after  this  he  marries 
the  lady  of  his  affection. — E.  Fitzball, 
The  Filot  (a  burletta). 

Barnvsrell  (G'^^or/;*?),  the  chief  character 
and  title  of  a  tragedy  by  George  Lillo. 
George  Barnwell  is  a  London  apprentice, 
who  falls  in  love  with  Sarah  Millwood  of 
Shoreditch,  who  leads  him  astray.  He 
first  robs  his  master  of  £200.  He  next 
robs  his  uncle,  a  rich  grazier  at  Ludlow, 
and  murders  him.  Having  spent  all  the 
money  of  his  iniquity,  Sarah  Millwood 
turns  him  off  and  informs  against  him. 
Both  are  executed  (1732). 

*^*  For  many  years  this  play  was  acted 
on  boxing-night,  as  a  useful  lesson  to 
London  apprentices. 

A  gentleman  . . .  called  one  day  on  David  Ross  (1728-1790) 
the  actor,  and  told  him  his  father  who  lay  at  the  point  of 
death  greatly  desired  to  see  him.  When  the  actor  was  at 
the  bed-side,  the  dying  man  said,  "  Mr  Ross,  some  forty 
years  ago,  like  '  George  Ram  well,'  I  wronged  my  master  to 
supply  the  unbounded  extravagance  of  a  'Millwoixl.*  I 
took  her  to  see  your  perfonnaiice,  which  so  shocked  me 
that  I  vowed  to  break  the  connection  and  return  to  the 
path  of  virtue.  I  kept  my  resolution,  replaced  the  money 
I  had  stolen,  and  founda '  Maria '  in  my  master's  daughter. 
I  soon  succeeded  to  my  master's  business,  and  have 
beiiueathed  you  £1000  Inmy  will."— Pelham,  Chronicle*  of 
Crime. 

Baron  {The  old  English),  a  romance 
by  Clara  Reeve  (1777). 

Bar 'r abas,  the  rich  "  Jew  of  Malta." 
He  is  simply  a  human  monster,  who  kills 
in  fiport,  poisons  whole  nunneries,   and 


invents  infernal  machines.  Shakespeare  s 
"Shylock"  has  a  humanity  in  the  very 
whirlwind  of  his  resentment,  but  Mar- 
lowe's "  Barrabas  "  is  a  mere  ideal  of  that 
"thing "which  Christian  prejudice  o'ice 
deemed  a  Jew.  (See  Bakabas.) — Mar- 
lowe, The  Jew  of  Malta  (1586). 

Bar'rabas,  the  famous  robber  and 
murderer  set  free  instead  of  Christ  by 
desire  of  the  Jews.  Called  in  the  New 
Testament  Barah'bas.  Marlowe  calls  the 
word  "Barrabas"  in  his  Jew  of  Malta; 
and  Shakespeare  says : 

Would  any  of  the  stock  of  Bar'rabas 

Had  been  her  husbjind.  rather  than  a  Christian  ! 

Merchant  of  Venice,  act  iv.  so.  1  (1598). 

Barry  Cornwall, the  nom  deplume 
of  Bryan  Waller  Procter.  It  is  an 
imperfect  anagram  of  his  name  (1788- 
1874). 

Bars  ad  {John),  alias  Solomon  Fross, 
a  spy. 

He  had  an  aquiline  nose,  but  not  straight,  having  a 
peculiar  inclination  towards  the  left  cheek ;  expression, 
therefore,  sinister.— C.  Dickens,  A  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  ii. 
16  (1859). 

Barsis'a  {Santon),  in  the  Guardian, 
the  basis  of  the  story  called  T/ie  Monk,  by 
M.  G.  Lewis  (1796). 

Barston,  alias  captain  Fenwicke,  a 
Jesuit  and  secret  correspondent  of  the 
countess  of  Derby. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peverii 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Barthorome^w  {Brother),  guide  of 
the  two  Philipsons  on  their  way  to 
Strasburg. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Oeier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Barthol'omew  {St.).  His  day  is  August 
24,  and  his  symbol  a  knife,  in  allusion  to 
the  knife  with  which  he  is  said  to  have 
been  flayed  alive. 

Bartholomew  Massacre,  the  great 
slaughter  of  the  French  huguenots  [/wo- 
testants'\  in  the  reign  of  Charles  IX., 
begun  on  St.  Bartholomew's  Day,  1572. 
In  this  persecution  we  are  told  some 
30,000  persons  were  massacred  in  cool 
blood.  Some  say  more  than  double  that 
number. 

Bartholome-w  Pigs.  Nares  says 
these  pigs  were  real  animals  roasted  and 
sold  piping  hot  in  the  Smithfield  fair. 
Dr.  Johnson  thinks  they  Avere  the  "tidy 
boar-pigs  "  made  of  flour  with  currantb 
for  their  eyes.     Falstaff  calls  himself 

A  little  tidy  Bartholomew  brar-pig. 

•2.  Henry  I  V.  act  ii.  sc.  4  (1598). 

Bartoldo,  a  rich  old  miser,  who  died 
of  fear  and  want  of  sustenance.    Fazio 


BARTOLE 


81 


BASIL. 


rifled  his  treasures,  and  at  the  accusation 
of  his  own  wife  was  tried  and  executed. — 
Dean  Milman,  Fazio  (1815). 

Bartoldo,  same  as  Bertoldo  {q.  v.). 

Bartoli  (in  French  Barthole,  better 
known,  however,  by  the  Latin  form  of  the 
name,  Jiavtolus)  was  the  most  famous 
master  of  the  dialectical  school  of  jurists 
(1313-1356).  He  was  born  at  Sasso  Fer- 
rata  in  Italy,  and  was  professor  of  Civil 
Law  at  the  University  of  Perugia.  His 
reputation  was  at  one  time  immense,  and 
his  works  were  quoted  as  authority  in 
nearly  every  European  court.  Hence  the 
French  proverb,  applied  to  a  well-read 
lawyer,  He  knows  his  "  Barthole"  asioell 
as  a  Cordelier  his  "  Dor  mi"  (an  anony- 
mous compilation  of  sermons  for  the  use 
of  the  Cordelier  monks).  Another  com- 
mon French  expression,  Eesolu  comme 
Barthole  ("  as  decided  as  Barthole  "),  is  a 
sort  of  punning  allusion  to  his  Resolu- 
tiones  Bartoli,  a  work  in  which  the  knot- 
tiest questions  are  solved  with  ex  cathe- 
dra peremptoriness. 

Bar'tolus,  a  coretous  lawyer,  hus- 
band of  Amaran'ta. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Spanish  Curate  (1622). 

Barton  (Sir  Andrew),  a  Scotch  sea- 
officer,  who  had  obtained  in  1511  letters 
of  marque  for  himself  and  his  two  sons, 
to  make  reprisals  upon  the  subjects  of 
Portugal.  The  council-board  of  England, 
at  which  the  earl  of  Surrey  presided,  was 
daily  pestered  by  complaints  from  British 
merchants  and  sailors  against  Barton,  and 
at  last  it  was  decided  to  put  him  down. 
Two  ships  were,  therefore,  placed  under 
the  commands  of  sir  Thomas  and  sir 
Edward  Howard,  an  engagement  took 
place,  and  sir  Andrew  Barton  was  slain, 
bravely  fighting.  A  ballad  in  two  parts, 
called  "  Sir  Andrew  Barton,"  is  inserted 
in  Percy's  lieliques,  II.  ii.  12. 

Baruch.  Dites,  done,  avez-vous  lu 
Barxichi  Said  when  a  person  puts  an 
unexpected  question,  or  makes  a  startling 
proposal.  It  arose  thus:  Lafontaine 
went  one  day  with  Racine  to  tenebrce,  and 
was  given  a  Bible.  He  turned  at  random 
to  the  "  Prayer  of  the  Jews,"  in  Baruch, 
and  was  so  struck  with  it  that  he  said 
aloud  to  Racine,  "  Dites,  done,  whc  was 
this  Baruch  ?  Why,  do  you  know,  man, 
he  was  a  fine  genius  ; "  and  for  some  days 
afterwards  the  first  question  he  asked  his 
friends  was,  Ditcs,  done,  Mons.,  avez-vous 
lu  Bariich  ? 


Barzil'lai  (3  syl.),  the  duke  of 
Ormond,  a  friend  and  firm  adherent  of 
Charles  II.  As  Barzillai  assisted  David 
when  he  was  expelled  by  Absalom  from 
his  kingdom,  so  Ormond  assisted  Charles 
II.  when  he  was  in  exile. 

Barzillai,  crowned  with  honours  and  with  years,  .  .  , 
In  exile  with  his  god-lilce  prince  lie  mourned, 
For  him  he  suffered,  and  with  him  returned. 

Drydeu,  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i. 

Basa-Andre,  the  wild  woman,  a 
sorceress,  married  to  Basa-Jaun,  a  sort  of 
vampire.  Basa-Andre  sometimes  is  a 
sort  of  land  mermaid  (a  beautiful  lady 
who  sits  in  a  cave  combing  her  locks  with 
a  golden  comb).  She  hates  church  bells. 
(See  Basa-Jaun.) 

Basa-Jaun,  a  wood-sprite,  married  tc 
Basa-Andre,  a  sorceress.  Both  hated  the 
sound  of  church  bells.  Three  brother? 
and  their  sister  agreed  to  serve  him,  but 
the  wood-sprite  used  to  suck  blood  from 
the  finger  of  the  girl,  and  the  brothers 
resolved  to  kill  him.  This  they  accom- 
plished. The  Basa-Andre  induced  the 
girl  to  put  a  tooth  into  each  of  the  foot- 
baths of  her  brothers,  and,  lo  !  they  be- 
came oxen.  The  girl  crossing  a  bridge 
saw  Basa-Andre,  and  said  if  she  did  not 
restore  her  brothers  she  would  put  her 
into  a  red-hot  oven,  so  Basa-Andre  told 
the  girl  to  give  each  brother  three  blov/a 
on  the  back  with  a  hazel  wand,  .and  on  so 
doing  they  were  restored  to  their  proper 
forms. — Rev.W.  Webster,  ^asgi^eZcJccjjiJsj 
49  (1877). 

Bashful  Man  {Tlie),  a  comic  drama 
by  W.  T.  Moncrieff.  Edward  Blush- 
ington,  a  young  man  just  come  into  a 
large  fortune,  is  so  bashful  and  shy  that 
life  is  a  misery  to  him.  He  dines  at 
Friendly  Hall,  and  makes  all  sorts  of 
ridiculous  blunders.  His  college  chum, 
Frank  Friendly,  seods  word  to  say  that 
he  and  his  sister  Di'^ah,  with  sir  Thomas 
and  lady  Friendly,  will  dine  with  him  at 
Blushington  House.  After  a  few  glasses 
of  wine,  Edward  loses  his  shyness, 
makes  a  long  speech,  and  becomes  the 
accepted  suitor  of  Dinah  Friendly. 

Basil,  the  blacksmith  of  Grand  Pre', 
in  Acadia  (now  Nova  Scotia),  and  father 
of  Gabriel  the  betrothed  of  Evangeline. 
When  the  colony  was  driven  into  exile  in 
1713  by  George  II.,  Basil  settled  in 
Louisiana,  and  greatly  prospered  ;  but  his 
son  led  a  wandering  life,  looking  for 
Evangeline,  and  died  in  Pennsylvania 
of  the  plague.— Longfellow,  Evangeli'M 


BASILE. 


82 


BASTARD. 


Ba'sile  (2  syl.),  a  calumniating,  nig- 
gardly bigot  in  J^e  Mariage  de  Figaro, 
and  again  in  Le  Barbier  de  Seville,  both 
by  Beaumarchais.  "Basile"  and"Tar- 
tuffe"  are  the  two  French  incarnations  of 
religious  hypocrisy.  The  former  is  the 
clerical  humbug,  and  the  latter  the  lay 
religious  hypocrite.  Both  deal  largely 
in  calumny,  and  trade  in  slander. 

Basil'ia,  a  hypothetical  island  in  the 
northern  ocean,  famous  for  its  amber. 
Mannert  says  it  is  the  southern  extremity 
of  Sweden,  erroneously  called  an  island. 
It  is  an  historical  fact  that  the  ancients 
drew  their  chief  supply  of  amber  from 
the  shores  of  the  Baltic. 

Basilis'co,  a  bully  and  a  braggart,  in 
Solyman  and  Perseda  (1592).  Shake- 
speare has  made  "  Pistol "  the  counterpart 
of  "  Basilisco.'* 

Knight,  knight,  good  mother,  Basilisco-like. 

Shakespeare,  King  John,  act  i.  sc.  1  (1596). 

(That  is,  "  my  boasting  like  Basilisco 
has  made  me  a  knight,  good  mother.") 

Bas'ilisk,  supposed  to  kill  with  its 
gaze  the  person  who  looked  on  it.  Thus 
Henry  VI.  says  to  Suffolk,  '*  Come, 
basilisk,  and  kill  the  innocent  gazer  with 
thy  sight." 

Natus  in  ardente  Lvdiae  basiliscus  arena, 
Vukierat  aspectu,  luniiulbusque  nocet. 

Mantuanus. 

Basilius,  a  neighbour  of  Quiteria, 
whom  he  loved  from  childhood,  but 
when  grown  up  the  father  of  the  lady 
forbade  him  the  house,  and  promised 
Quiteria  in  marriage  to  Camacho,  the 
richest  man  of  the  vicinity.  On  their 
way  to  church  they  passed  Basilius, 
who  had  fallen  on  his  sword,  and  all 
thought  he  was  at  the  point  of  death. 
He  prayed  Quiteria  to  marry  him,  "for 
his  soul's  peace,"  and  as  it  was  deemed  a 
mere  ceremony,  they  were  married  in  due 
form.  Up  then  started  the  wounded  man, 
and  showed  that  the  stabbing  was  only 
a  ruse,  and  the  blood  that  of  a  sheep  from 
the  slaughter-house.  Camacho  gracefully 
accepted  the  defeat,  and  allowed  the  pre- 
parations for  the  general  feast  to  proceed. 

Basilius  is  strong  and  active,  pitches  the  bar  ad- 
mirably, wrestles  with  amazing  dexterity,  and  is  an 
excellent  cricketer.  He  runs  like  a  buck,  leaps  like  a 
wild  goat,  and  plays  at  skittles  like  a  wizard.  Then  he 
has  a  fine  voice  tor  singing,  he  touches  the  guitar  so  as  to 
make  it  speak,  and  handles  a  foil  as  well  an  any  fencer 
In  Spain,— Cervantes,  Don  (Quixote,  II.  iL  4  (1615). 

Baskerville  (A),  an  edition  of  the 
New  Testament,  or  Latin  classics,  brought 
out  by  John  Baskerrilie,  a  famous  printer 
(1706-1776). 


Basrig  or  Bagsecg,  a  Scandinavian 
king,  who  with  Halden  or  Halfdene 
(2  syl.)  king  of  Denmark,  in  871,  made  a 
descent  on  Wessex.  In  this  year  Ethel- 
red  fought  nine  pitched  battles  with  the 
Danes.  The  first  was  the  battle  of  Engle- 
field,  in  Berkshire,  lost  by  the  Danes  ;  the 
next  was  the  battle  of  Reading,  won  by 
the  Danes  ;  the  third  was  the  famous 
battle  of  iEscesdun  or  Ashdune  (now 
Ashton),  lost  by  the  Danes,  and  in  which 
king  Bagsecg  was  slain. 

And  Ethelred  with  them  [tJie  Danes]  nine  sundry  fj<Jd« 

that  fought  .  .  . 
Then  Reading  ye  regained,  led  by  that  valiant  lord, 
Where  Basrig  ye  outbraved,  and  Halden  sword  to  sword. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 
Next  year  (871)  the  Danes  for  the  first  time  entered 
Wessex.  .  .  .  The  first  place  they  came  to  was  Reading. 
.  .  .  Nine  great  battles,  besides  smaller  skirmishes,  were 
fought  this  year,  in  some  of  which  the  English  won,  and 
in  others  the  Danes.  First,  alderman  iEthelwulf  fought 
the  Danes  at  Englefield,  and  beat  them.  Four  days  after 
that  there  was  another  battle  at  Reading  .  .  .  where  the 
Danes  had  the  better  of  it,  and  .(Ethelwulf  was  killed. 
Four  days  afterwards  there  was  another  more  famous 
battle  at  jEscesdun  .  .  .  and  king  .ethelred  fought 
against  the  two  kings,  and  slew  Bagsecg  with  his  own 
hand.— E.  A.  Freeman,  Old  Knglish  HUtory  (1869) ;  see 
Asser,  Life  of  Alfred  (ninth  century). 

Bassa'nio,  the  lover  of  Portia,  suc- 
cessful in  his  choice  of  the  three  caskets, 
which  awarded  her  to  him  as  wife.  It 
was  for  Bassanio  that  his  friend  Antonio 
borrowed  3000  ducats  of  the  Jew  Shy  lock, 
on  the  strange  condition  that  if  he  re- 
turned the  loan  within  three  months  no 
interest  should  be  required,  but  if  not, 
the  JcAV  might  claim  a  pound  of  An- 
tonio's flesh  for  forfeiture. — Shakespeare, 
Merchant  of  Venice  (1598). 

Bas'set  {Count),  a  swindler  and 
forger,  who  assumes  the  title  of  "  count" 
to  further  his  dishonest  practices. — 
C.  Cibber,  The  Provoked  Husband  (1728). 

Bassia'nus,  brother  of  Satur'nius 
emperor  of  Rome,  in  love  with  Lavin'ia 
daughter  of  Titus  Andron'icus  (properly 
Andronlcus).  He  is  stabbed  by  Deme'- 
trius  and  Chiron,  sons  of  Tam'ora  queen 
of  the  Goths. — (?)  Shakespeare,  I'itus 
Andronicus  (1593). 

Bassi'no  {Count),  the  "  perjured 
husband  "  of  Aurelia,  slain  by  Alanzo. — 
Mrs.  Centlivre,  The  Perjured  Husband 
(1700). 

Bastard.  Homer  was  probably  a 
bastard.  Virgil  was  certainly  one. 
Neoptol'emos  was  the  bastard  son  of 
Achilles  by  Deidamia  (5  syl.).  Romulus 
and  Remus,  if  they  ever  existed,  were  the 
love-sons  of  a  vestal.  Brutus  the  regi- 
cide was  a  bastard.    Ulysses  was  pro- 


BASTARD. 


BATTLE  OF  WARTBERG. 


bably  so,  Teucer  certainly,  and  Darius 
gloried  in  the  surname  of  Nothos. 

Bastard  {The),  in  English  history  is 
William  I.,  natural  son  of  Robert  le 
Diable.  His  mother  was  a  peasant  girl 
of  Falaise. 

Bastard  of  Orleans,  Jean  Dunois, 
a  natural  son  of  Louis  due  d'Orle'ans 
(brother  of  Charles  VI.),  and  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  soldiers  France  ever  pro- 
duced (1403-1468).  Be'ranger  mentions 
him  in  his  Charles  Sept. 

Bastille.  The  prisoner  who  had 
been  confined  in  the  Bastille  for  sixty-one 
years  was  A.  M.  Dussault,  who  was  in- 
carcerated by  cardinal  Richelieu. 

Bat.  In  South  Staffordshire  that 
slaty  coal  which  will  not  burn,  but  which 
lies  in  the  fire  till  it  becomes  red  hot,  is 
called  "  bat ;  "  hence  the  expression, 
Warm  as  a  bat. 

Bata'via,  Holland  or  the  Nether- 
lands. So  called  from  the  Bata'vians, 
a  Celtic  tribe,  which  dwelt  there. 

.  .  •  void  of  care, 
Batavia  rushes  forth  ;  and  as  they  sweep 
Oh  sounding  skates,  a  thousand  different  w.iys, 
The  then  gay  land  is  maddened  all  with  joy. 

Thomson,  Seasons  ("  Winter,"  1726). 

Bates  (1  s?//.),  a  soldier  in  the  army  of 
Henry  V.,  under  sir  Thomas  Erpingham. 
He  is  introduced  with  Court  and 
Williams  as  sentinels  before  the  English 
camp  at  Agincourt,  and  the  king  un- 
known comes  to  them  during  the  watch, 
and  holds  with  them  a  conversation 
respecting  the  impending  battle. — Shake- 
speare, Hcnrtj  V.  act  iv.  sc.  1  (1599). 

Bates  (Frank),  the  friend  of  Whittle. 
A  man  of  good  plain  sense,  who  tries  to 
laugh  the  old  beau  out  of  his  folly. — 
Garrick,  The  Irish  Widow  (1757). 

Bates  (Charley),  generally  called 
*'  Master  Bates,"  one  of  Fagin's  "  pupils," 
training  to  be  a  pickpocket.  He  is 
always  laughing  uproariously,  and  is 
almost  equal  in  artifice  and  "adroitness 
to  "The  Artful  Dodger"  himself.— 
C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Bath,  called  by  the  Romans  Aqua; 
Solis  ("waters  of  the  bun"),  and  by  the 
Saxons  Achamunnum  ("city  of  the 
sick"). 

Bath  (King  of),  Richard  Nash,  generally 
called  Beau  Nash,  master  of  the  cere- 
monies for  fifteen  years  in  that  fashion- 
able city  (1674r-176i). 


•  Bath  (The  Maid  of).  Miss  Linley,  a 
beautiful  and  accomplished  singer,  who 
married  Richard  B.  Sheridan,  the  states- 
man and  dramatist. 

Bath  (The  Wife  of),  one  of  the 
pilgrims  travelling  from  Southwark  to 
Canterbury,  in  Chaucer's  Canterburif 
Tales.  She  tells  her  tale  in  turn,  and 
chooses  "Midas"  for  her  subject  (1388). 

Bath'slieba,  duchess  of  Portsmouth, 
a  favourite  court  lady  of  Charles  II.  As 
Bathsheba,  the  wife  of  Uri'ah,  was 
criminally  loved  by  David,  so  Louisa  P. 
Keroual  (duchess  of  Portsmouth)  was 
criminally  loved  by  Charles  II. 

My  father  [CArtWra  //.],  whom  with  reverence  Iname  .  . . 
li  grown  in  Batlishebas  embraces  old. 

Uryden,  A  bsalom  and  A  chitopJiel,  11. 

Battar  (^0)  *'^'  ^^*^  trenchant,  one  of 
Mahomet's  swords. 

Battle  (The  British  Soldiers^),  Inker- 
man,  November  5,  1854. 

Battle  of  Barnet,  14th  April,  1471, 
was  certainly  one  of  the  most  decisive 
ever  fought,  although  it  finds  no  place 
amongst  professor  Creasy's  list  of  "  de- 
cisive battles."  It  closed  for  ever  the 
Age  of  Force,  the  potentiality  of  the 
barons,  and  opened  the  new  era  of  trade, 
literature,  and  public  opinion.  Here  fell 
Warwick,  the  "  king  maker,"  "  last  of  the 
barons;"  and  thenceforth  the  king  had 
no  peer,  but  king  was  king,  lords  were 
lot^ds,  and  commons  the  people. 

Battle   of  Nations,   the    terrible 

conflict  at  Leipsic  (October  18  and  19, 
1813)  between  Napoleon  and  the  Allies. 
Its  issue  was  the  defeat  of  Napoleon  and 
the  deliverance  of  Germany.  It  is  called 
"the  Battle  of  Nations"  not  only  from 
the  number  engaged  therein,  but  also 
from  its  being  the  champion  battle  of  the 
nations  of  Europe. 

Battle  of  Prague,  a  piece  of  de- 
scriptive music  very  popular  in  the  first 
quarter  of  the  nineteenth  century.  It 
was  composed  by  Franz  Kotzwara  of 
Prague,  born  1791. 

Battle  of  "Wartberg  (The),  the 
annual  contest  of  the  minnesingers  for 
the  prize  offered  by  Hermann  mar- 
graf  of  Wartberg,  near  Gotha,  in  Ger- 
many, in  the  twelfth  century.  There  is 
a  minnesong  so  called,  celebrating  the 
famous  contests  of  Walter  von  der  Vogel- 
weide  and  Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  with 
Ileinrich  von  Ofterdingen.  Heinrich  lost 
the  former  and  won  the  latter. 


BATTLE  OF  THE  GIANTS. 


84 


BAUCIS  AND  PHILEMON. 


Battle  of  the  Q-iants,  Marignano; 
September,  1515.  Francois  I.  won  this 
bactle  over  the  Swiss  and  the  duke  of 
Milan.  The  French  numbered  26,000 
men,  the  Swiss  20,000.  The  loss  of  the 
fonner  was  6000,  and  of  the  latter  10,000. 
It  is  called  "  the  Battle  of  the  Giants  "  be- 
cause the  combatants  on  both  sides  were 
"mighty  men  of  war,"  and  strove  for 
victory  like  giants. 

Battle  of  the  Three  Emperors, 

Austerlitz,  2nd  December,  1805.  So 
called  because  the  emptror  Napoleon,  the 
emperor  of  Russia,  and  the  emperor  of 
Austria  were  all  present.  Napoleon  won 
the  fight. 

Battle  of  the  West  {Great),  the 
battle  between  king  Arthur  and  Mordred. 
Here  the  king  received  his  death- wound. 

For  battle  of  the  hooks,  of  the  herrings, 
of  the  moat,  of  the  standard,  of  the 
spurs,  etc.,  see  Dictionary  of  Fh?'ase  and 
Fable. 

Battles  (The Fifteen  Decisive),  accord- 
ing to  professor  Creasy,  are — 

(1)  Mar'athon  (r.c.  490),  in  which  the 
Greeks  under  Milti'ades  defeated  Darius 
the  Persian,  and  turned  the  tide  of  Asiatic 
invasion. 

(2)  Syracuse  (b.c.  413),  in  which  the 
Athenian  power  was  broken  and  the  ex- 
tension of  Greek  domination  prevented. 

(3)  Arbe'la  (b.c.  331),  by  which  Alex- 
ander overthrew  Darius  and  introduced 
European  habits  into  Asia. 

(4)  Metaii'rus  (b.c.  207),  in  which  the 
Eomans  defeated  Hannibal,  and  Carthage 
came  to  ruin. 

(5)  Armin'ius  (a.d.  9),  in  which  the 
Gauls  overthrew  the  Komans  under  Varus 
and  established  the  independence  of 
Gaul. 

(6)  Chalons  (a.d.  451),  in  which 
Attila,  "The  Scourge  of  God,"  was  de- 
feated by  Actius,  and  Europe  saved  from 
utter  devastation. 

(7)  Tours  (a.d.  732),  in  which  Charles 
Martel  overthrew  the  Saracens,  and  broke 
from  Europe  the  Mohammedan  yoke. 

(8)  Hastings  (a.d.  1066),  by  which 
William  the  Norman  became  possessed  of 
the  En<!;lish  crown. 

(9)  Orleans  {a.h.  1429),  by  which  Joan 
of  Arc  raised  the  siege  of  the  cit}'^  and 
secured  the  independence  of  France. 

(10)  Armada  (a.d.  1588),  which 
crushed  the  hopes  of  Spain  and  of  the 
papacy  in  England. 

(11)  Blenheim  (a.d.   1704),   in   which 


Marlborough,  by  the  defeat  of  Tallard, 
broke  off  the  ambitious  schemes  of 
Louis  XIV. 

(12)  Pultowa  (a.d.  1709),  in  which 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  was  defeated  by 
Peter  the  Great  of  Russia,  and  the  sta- 
bility of  the  Muscovite  empire  was 
established. 

(13)  Sarato'ga  (a.d.  1777),  in  which 
general  Gates  defeated  Burgoyne,  and 
decided  the  fate  of  the  American  Revolu- 
tion, by  making  France  their  allv. 

(14)  Valmy  (a.d.  1792),  in  which  the 
allied  armies  under  the  duke  of  Bruns- 
wick were  defeated  by  the  French  Revo- 
lutionists, and  the  revolution  was 
suffered  to  go  on. 

(15)  Waterloo  (a.d.  1815),  in  which 
Wellington  defeated  Napoleon  and  saved 
Europe  from  becoming  a,  French  pro- 
vince. 

Battles.  J.  B.  Martin,  of  Paris,  painter 
of  battle-scenes,  was  called  by  the  French 
M.  des  Batailles  (1659-1735). 

Battle  for  Battle-axe. 

The  word  battle  .  .  .  seems  to  be  used  for  battle-axe 
in  this  unnoticeii  passage  of  the  P&alms :  "  There  bralce 
He  the  arrows  of  the  bow,  the  shield,  the  tword,  and  the 
battle  [axe]."— Rev.  J.  WhitJvlier,  Gibbon't  HUtary  He- 
viewed  (17al). 

Battle-Bridge,  King's  Cross,  Lon- 
don. Called  "Battle"  from  being  the 
site  of  a  battle  between  Alfred  and  the 
Danes  ;  and  called  "  King's  Cross"  from 
a  wretched  statue  of  George  IV.,  taken 
down  in  1842.  The  historic  name  of 
"Battle-Bridge"  was  changed  in  1871, 
by  the  Metropolitan  Board,  for  that  o£ 
"  York  Road."     Miserabile  dictu  ! 

Battus,  a  shepherd  of  Arcadia.  Hav- 
ing witnessed  Mercury's  theft  of  Apollo's 
oxen,  he  received  a  cow  from  the  thief 
to  ensure  his  secrecy  ;  but,  in  order  to 
test  his  fidelity.  Mercury  re-appeared 
soon  afterwards,  and  offered  him  an  ox 
and  a  cow  if  he  would  blab.  Battus  fell 
into  the  trap,  and  was  instantly  changed 
into  a  touchstone. 

When  Taiitahis  in  liell  sees  store  and  staves ; 
And  senceless  Battus  for  a  touchstone  serves. 

Lord  Brooke,  Treatise  on  ilonarchie.  iv. 

Bau'cis  and  Philemon,  an  aged 
Phrygian  woman  and  her  husband,  who 
received  Jupiter  and  Mercury  hospitably 
when  every  one  else  in  the  place  had 
refused  to  entertain  them.  For  this 
courtesy  the  gods  changed  the  Phrygians' 
cottaj;e  into  a  magnificent  temple,  and 
appointed  the  pious  couple  over  it.  They 
both  died  at  the  same  time,  according  to 


13A  ULDIE. 


their  wish,  and  were  converted  into  two 
trees  before  the  temple. — Greek  and  llo- 
rnan  Mythology. 

Baul'die  (2  syL),  stable  -  boy  of 
Joshua  Geddes  the  quaker. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
JiadjauTitlct  (time,  George  III.). 

Baul'die  (2  syl.),  the  old  shepherd  in 
tlie  introduction  of  the  story  called  The 
Black  Dwarfs  by  sir  W.  Scott  (time, 
Anne). 

Bav'iad  {The),  a  satire  by  W.  GifPord 
on  the  Delia  Cruscan  school  of  poetry 
(1794).  It  was  followed  in  1800  by  The 
Mcevind.  The  words  "  Baviad "  and 
"  Mosviad "  were  suggested  by  Virgil, 
Ed.  iii.  90,  91. 

He  may  with  foxes  plough  and  milk  lie-goats 
Who  praises  Uuvius  or  on  Maevius  dotes. 

Bavian  Fool  {The),  one  of  the 
characters  in  the  old  morris  dance.  He 
wore  a  red  cap  faced  with  yellow,  a 
yellow  "  slabbering-bib."  a  blue  doublet, 
red  hose,  and  black  shoes.  He  represents 
I.  an  overgrown  baby,  but  was  a  tumbler, 
■  and  mimicked  the  barking  of  a  dog.  The 
^<7  word  Bavian  is  derived  from  bavon,  a 
l'  ♦'  bib  for  a  slabbering  child  "  (see  Cot- 
grave,  French  Dictionary).  In  modern 
French  6aue  means  "drivel,"  "  slabbering," 
and  the  verb  baver  "  to  slabber,"  but  the 
bib  is  now  called  bavette.  (See  Moukis 
Dance.) 

Bavie'ca,  the  Cid's  horse.  He  sur- 
vived his  master  two  years  and  a  half, 
and  was  buried  at  Valencia.  No  one  was 
ever  allowed  to  mount  him  after  the 
death  of  the  Cid. 

Bavie'ca  [i.e.  ^^  Booby'''''].  When  Rodri- 
go  was  taken  in  his  boyhood  to  choose  a 
horse,  he  passed  over  the  best  steeds,  and 
selected  a  scrubby-looking  colt.  His 
godfather  called  the  boy  a  oooby  \bavie- 
cd\  for  making  such  a  silly  choice,  and 
the  name  was  given  to  the  horse. 

Ba'vius,  any  vile  poet.  (See 
M^vius.) 

Qui  Bavium  non  odit,  amet  tua  carmina,  Mavl, 
Atque  idem  jungat  vulpes,  et  nuilgeat  hircos. 

Virgil,  Kcl.  iii.  90,  91. 
May  some  choice  patron  bless  each  grey  goose-quill ; 
May  every  Bavius  have  his  Bufo  still. 

Pope,  Prologue  to  the  Satiret. 

Bawtry.  Like  the  saddler  of  Bawtry, 
u-ho  was  hanged  for  leaving  his  liquor 
( Yorkshire  Proverb).  It  was  customary 
for  criminals  on  their  way  to  execution 
to  stop  at  a  certain  tarern"  in  York  for  a 
*'  parting  draught."  The  saddler  of  Baw- 
tr/  refused  to  accept  the  liquor,  and  was 


85  BATES 

hanged,  whereas  if  he  had  stopped  a  few 
minutes  at  the  tavern  his  reprieve,  which 
was  on  the  road,  would  have  arrived  in 
time  to  save  him. 

Ba'yard,  Le  chevalier  sayis  peitr  et 
sans  reproche  (1476-1524). 

The  British  Bayard,  sir  Philip  Sidney 
(1554-1584). 

The  Polish  Bayard,  prince  Joseph  Poni- 
atowski  (1763-1814). 

The  Bai/ard  of  India,  sir  James  Outram 
(1803-1863).  So  called  by  sir  Charicb 
Napier. 

.  Ba'yard,  a  horse  of  incredible  speed, 
belonging  to  the  four  sons  of  Aymou. 
If  only  one  mounted,  the  horse  was  of 
the  ordinary  size,  but  increased  in  pro- 
portion as  two  or  more  mounted.  (The 
word  means  "  bright  bay  colour.") — 
Villeneuve,  Les  Quatrc-Filz-Aymon. 

Bayard,  the  steed  of  Fitz-James.— Sir 
W.  Scott,  Lady  of  the  Lake,  v.  18  (1810). 

Bayar'do,  the  famous  steed  of 
Rinaldo,  which  once  belonged  to  Amfidis 
of  Gaul.  It  was  found  in  a  grotto  by 
the  wizard  Malagigi,  along  with  the 
sword  Fusberta,  both  of  which  he  gave 
to  his  cousin  Rinaldo. 

His  colour  bay,  and  hence  his  name  he  drew— • 
Bayardo  called.     A  star  of  silver  hue 
Emblazed  his  front. 

Tasso,  Itinaldo,  iL  220  (1562). 

Bayes  (1  syl.),  the  chief  character  of 
The  Rehearsal,  a  farce  by  George  Villi  era, 
duke  of  Buckingham  (1671),  Bayes  is 
represented  as  greedy  of  applause,  im- 
patient of  censure,  meanly  obsequious, 
regardless  of  plot,  and  only  anxious  for 
claptrap.  The  character  is  meant  for 
John  Dryden. 

*jf*  C.  Dibdin,  in  his  History  of  the 
Stage,  states  that  Mrs.  Mountford  played 
"Bayes"  "with  more  variety  than  had 
ever  been  thrown  into  the  part  before." 

No  species  of  novel-writing  exposes  itself  to  a  severer 
trial,  since  it  not  only  resigns  all  Bayes'  pretensions  "  to 
elevate  the  imagination,"  ...  but  places  its  productions 
within  the  range  of  [general]  aitiasau—Hiicyc.  JiHt. 
Art.  "  Romance." 

Dead  men  may  rise  again,  like  Bayei 
troops,  or  the  savages  in  the  Fantocini.  "  In 
the  farce  above  referred  to  a  battle  is 
fought  between  foot-soldiers  and  great 
hobby-horses.  At  last  Drawcansir  kills 
all  on  both  sides.  Smith  then  asks  Baves 
"How  are  they  to  go  off?"  "As  they 
came  on,"  says  Bayes,  "  upon  their  legs." 
Whereupon  the  dead  men  all  jump  up  alive 
again. 

*#*  This  revival  of  life  is  imitated  by 


BAYEUX  TAPESTRY. 


86 


BEARDED. 


Rhodes  in  the  last  scene  of  his  BomJbastes 
Furioso. 

Bayeux  Tapestry,  said  to  be  the 
work  of  English  damsels  retained  in  the 
court  of  Matilda,  the  Conqueror's  wife. 
When  Napoleon  contemplated  the  invasion 
of  England  in  1803,  he  caused  this  record 
to  be  removed  to  Paris,  where  it  was  ex- 
hibited in  the  National  Museum.  Having 
served  its  purpose,  it  was  returned  to 
Bayeux.  Fac-similes  by  Stothard  were 
published  in  the  Vetusta  Monumenta,  at 
the  expense  of  the  Society  of  Antiquaries. 
The  original  is  preserved  in  the  Hotel  of 
the  Prefecture  of  Bayeux  (Normandy) 
and  is  called  2bile  de  St.  Jean.  1 1  is  coiled 
round  a  windlass,  and  consists  of  linen 
worked  with  wools.  It  is  20  inches 
broad,  214  feet  long,  and  contains  72 
compartments. 

1st  compartment,  Edicardus  Bex:  the 
Confessor  is  giving  audience  to  two  per- 
sons, one  of  whom  is  Harold.  2nd, 
Harold,  with  a  hawk  in  his  hand  (a  mark 
of  nobility)  and  his  hounds,  is  on  his 
way  to  Bosham.  3rd,  Ecdesia :  a  Saxon 
church,  with  two  figures  about  to  enter. 
4th,  Harold  embarking.  6th,  The  voyage 
to  Normandy.  6th,  Disembarking  on  the 
coast  of  Normandy.  7th  and  8th,  seizure 
of  Harold  by  the  count  of  Poiithieu.  9th, 
Harold  remonstrating  with  Guy,  the 
count,  upon  his  unjust  seizure.  lOth  to 
20th,  scenes  connected  with  the  sojourn 
of  Harold  at  the  court  of  William.  26th, 
Harold  swearing  fidelity  to  William,  with 
each  hand  on  a  shrine  of  relics.  27th, 
Harold's  return.  28th,  his  landing.  29th, 
presents  himself  to  king  Edward.  30th 
to  32nd,  the  sickness  of  the  Confessor, 
his  death,  and  his  funeral  procession  to 
Westminster  Abbey.  33rd,  the  crown 
offered  to  Harold.  34th,  Harold  on  the 
throne,  and  Stigant  the  archbishop.  35th, 
the  comet.  SOth,  William  orders  a  fleet 
to  be  built.  55th,  orders  the  camp  at 
Hastings  to  be  constructed.  71st,  death 
of  Harold.  72nd,  duke  William  triumph- 
ant. Although  530  figures  are  reprer 
sented  in  this  tapestry,  only  three  of 
them  are  women. 

Baynard  (Mr.),  introduced  in  an  epi- 
sode in  the  novel  called  Mumphry 
Clinker,  by  Smollett  (1771). 

Bayswater  (London),  that  is, 
Bayard's  Watering,  a  string  of  pools  and 
ponds  which  now  form  the  Serpentine. 

Bea'con  (Tom),  groom  to  Master 
Chiffinch  (private  emissary  of  Charles  II.). 


— Sir  W.  iicott,FeverU  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.).  , 

Beadle.  The  running  banquet  of  two 
beadles,  a  public  whipping.  (See  Henry 
VI  11.  act  V.  sc.  3.) 

Bea'gle  {Sir  Harry),  a  horsy  country 
gentleman,  who  can  talk  of  nothing  but 
horses  and  dogs.  He  is  wofully  rustic 
and  commonplace.  Sir  Harry  makes  a 
bargain  Avith  lord  Trinket  to  give  up 
Harriet  to  him  in  exchange  for  his  horse. 
(See  Goi.OKixciT.) — George  Colman,  The 
Jealous  Wife  (1761). 

Beak.  Sir  John  Fielding  was  called 
''The  Blind  Beak"  (died  1780). 

Bean  Lean  {Donald),  alias  Will 
Ruthven,  a  Highland  robber-chief.  He 
also  appears  disguised  as  a  pedlar  on  the 
road-side  leading  to  Stirling.  Waverley 
is  rowed  to  the  robber's  cave  and  remains 
there  all  night. 

Alice  Bean,  daughter  of  Donald  Bean 
Lean,  who  attends  on  Waverley  during  a 
fever. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Bear  (27i<?),  emblem  of  ancient  Persia. 
The  golden  lion  was  the  emblem  of  an- 
cient Assyria. 

Where  is  th'  Assyrian  lion's  golden  hide, 
That  all  the  East  once  grasped  in  lordly  paw 

Where  that  great  Persian  bear,  whose  swelling  pride 
The  lion's  self  tore  out  with  ravenous  jaw? 

Phin.  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Wand,  vli.  (16:^3). 

Bear  { The),  Russia,  its  cognizance  being 
a  bear. 

France  turns  from  her  abandoned  friends  afresh. 
And  soothes  the  Bear  that  prowls  for  patriot  flesh. 
Campbell,  Poland. 

Bear  ( TJie  Brave) .  Wanvick  is  so  called 
from  his  cognizance,  which  was  a  bear 
and  ragged  staff. 

Bear  {The  Great),  c^led  "Hellice." 

Night  on  the  earth  poured  darkness;  on  the  sea 
The  wakeful  sailor  to  Orion's  star 
And  Hellicfi  turned  heedful. 

ApoUouius  Rhodius,  Argonaut ics. 

Bearcliff  {Deacon),  at  the  Gordon 
Arms  or  Kippletringam  inn,  where 
colonel  Mannering  stops  on  bis  return  to 
England,  and  hears  of  Bertram's  illness 
and  distress. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannct^ 
ing  (time,  George  II.). 

Bearded  {The).  (1)  Geoffrey  the 
crusader.  (2)  Bouchard  of  the  house  of 
Montmorency.  (3)  Constantine  IV. 
(648-085).  "(4)  Master  George  Killing- 
worthe  of  the  court  of  Ivan  the  Terrible 
of  Russia,  whose  beard  (says  Hakluyt) 
was  five  feet  two  inches  long,  yellow, 


BEARNATS. 


87 


BEAUJEU. 


thick,  and  broad.  Sir  Hugh  Willoughby 
was  allowed  to  take  it  in  his  hand. 

The  Bearded  Master.  Soc'rates  was  so 
called  by  Persius  (b.c.  468-399). 

Handsome  Beard,  Baldwin  IV.  earl 
of  Flanders  (1160-1186). 

John  the  Bearded,  John  Mayo,  the 
German  painter,  whose  beard  touched  the 
ground  when  he  stood  upright. 

Bearnais  {Le),  Henri  IV.  of  France, 
BO  called  from  his  native  province,  Le 
Beam  (1553-1610). 

Be'atrice  (3  sy/.j,  a  child  eight  years 
old,  to  whom  Dante  at  the  age  of  nine 
was  ardently  attached.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  Folco  Portina'ri,  a  rich  citizen 
of  Florence.  Beatrice  married  Simoni  de 
Bardi,  and  died  before  she  was  24  years 
old  (1266-1290).  Dante  married  Gem- 
ma Donati,  and  his  marriage  was  a  most 
unhappy  one.  His  love  for  Beatrice  re- 
mained after  her  decease.  She  was  the 
fountain  of  his  poetic  inspiration,  and  in 
his  JJivina  Comrnedia  he  makes  her  his 
guide  through  paradise. 

DantS's  Beatrice  and  Milton's  Eve 
Were  not  drawn  from  their  spouses  you  conceive. 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  iiL  10  (1820). 

(Milton,  who  married  Mary  Powell,  of 
Oxfordshire,  was  as  unfortunate  in  his 
choice  as  Dante.) 

Beatrice,  wife  of  Ludov'ico  Sforza. 

Beatrice,  daughter  of  Ferdinando  king 
of  Naples,  sister  of  Leonora  duchess  of 
Ferrara,  and  wife  of  Mathias  Corvi'nus 
of  Hungary, 

Beatrice,  niece  of  Leonato  governor  of 
Messina,  lively  and  light-hearted,  afPec- 
tionate  and  impulsive.  Though  wilful 
she  is  not  wayward,  though  volatile  she 
is  not  unfeeling,  though  teeming  with 
wit  and  gaiety  she  is  affectionate  and 
energetic.  At  first  she  dislikes  Bene- 
dick, and  thinks  him  a  flippant  conceited 
coxcomb  ;  but  overhearing  a  conversation 
between  her  cousin  Hero  and  her  gentle- 
woman, in  which  Hero  bewails  that 
Beatrice  should  trifle  with  such  deep  love 
as  that  of  Benedick,  and  should  scorn 
so  true  and  good  a  gentleman,  she  cries, 
"Sits  the  wind  thus?  then  farewell  con- 
tempt. Benedick,  love  on  ;  1  will  requite 
you."  This  conversation  of  Hero's  was 
ft  mere  ruse,  but  Benedick  had  been 
caught  by  a  similar  trick  played  by 
Claudio.  The  result  was  they  sincerely 
loved  each  other,  and  were  married. — 


Shakespeare,  Mtich  Ado   about   Nothhuj 
(1600). 

Miss  Helen  Faucit's  Impersonations  are  nature  itself. 
"Juliet,"  "Rosalind,"  divine  "  ImoKen,"  "Beatrice,  "all 
crowd  upon  our  fancy. — Dublin  Univertity  Magazine 
(1846). 

Beatrice  Cenci,  The  Beautiful  Par- 
ricide (q.v.). 

Beatrice  D'Este,  canonized  at 
Rome. 

Beau    Brummel,    George    Bryan 

Brummel  (1778-1840). 

Beau  Clark,  a  billiard-maker  at  the 
beginning  of  the  nineteenth  century. 
He  was  called  "The  Beau,"  assumed  the 
name  of  Beauclerc,  and  paid  his  addresses 
to  uproteg<fe  of  lord  Fife. 

Beau  Fielding,  called  "  Handsome 
Fielding  "  by  Charles  II.,  by  a  play  on 
his  name,  which  was  Hendrome  Fielding. 
He  died  in  Scotland  Yard. 

Beau  BEewltt  was  the  original  of  sit 
George  Etherege's  "sir  Fopling  Flutter," 
in  the  comedy  called  The  Man  of  Mode 
or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter  (1676). 

Beau  liTash,  Richard  Nash,  called 
also  "King  of  Bath ; "  a  Welsh  gentleman, 
who  for  fifteen  years  managed  the  bath- 
rooms of  Bath,  and  conducted  the  balls 
with  unparalleled  splendour  and  decorum. 
In  his  old  age  he  sank  into  povertv  (1674- 
1761). 

Beau  d'Orsay  (Le),  father  of  count 
d'Orsay,  whom  Byron  calls  "  Jeune  Cu- 
pidon." 

Beau  Seant,  the  Templars'  banner, 
half  white  and  half  black ;  the  white 
signified  that  the  Templars  were  good  to 
Christians,  the  black  that  they  were  evil 
to  infidels. 

Beau  Tibbs,  in  Goldsmith's  Citizen 
of  the  World,  a  dandy  noted  for  his 
finery,  vanity,  and  poverty. 

Beauclerk,  Henry  I.  king  of  Eng- 
land (1068, 1100-1135). 

Beaufort,  the  lover  of  Maria  Wilding, 
whom  he  ultimately  marries. — A.  Mur- 
phy, The  Citizen  (a  farce). 

Beaujeu  (Mons.  le  chevalier  de), 
keeper  of  a  gambling-house  to  which 
Dalgarno  takes  Nigel. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Beaujeu  {Mons.  le  cotnte  de),  a  French 
officer  in  the  army  of  the  Chevaliet 
Charles  Edward,  the  Pretender. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Wavcrley  (time,  George  II.). 


BEAUMAINS. 


BEAUX'  STRATAGEM. 


Beaumains  C^ big  hands"),  a  nick- 
naoie  which  sir  Key  (Arthur's  steward) 
gave  to  Garethwhen  he  was  kitchen  drudge 
in  the  palace.  "  He  had  the  largest  hands 
tliat  ever  man  saw."  Gareth  was  the  son 
of  king  Lot  and  Margawse  (king  Arthur's 
sister).  His  brothers  were  sir  Gaw'ain, 
sir  Agravain,  and  sir  Gaheris.  Mordred 
was  his  half-brother. — Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  120  (1470). 

*^*  His  achievements  are  given  under 
the  name  "Gareth"  (q.v.). 

Tennyson,  in  his  Gareth  and  Lynette, 
makes  sir  Kay  tauntingly  address  Lance- 
lot thus,  referring  to  Gareth  : 

Fair  and  fine,  forsooth  1 
Sir  Fine-face,  sir  Fair-hands?    But  see  thou  to  it 
Tlir.t  thine-  own  fineness,  Lancelot,  some  fine  day, 
Undo  tliee  not. 

Be  it  remembered  that  Kay  himself 
called  Gareth ' '  Beaumain  "  from  the  extra- 
ordinary size  of  the  lad's  hands  ;  but  the 
taunt  put  into  the  mouth  of  Kay  by  the 
poet  indicates  that  the  lad  prided  himself 
on  his  "fine"  face  and  "fair"  hands, 
which  is  not  the  case.  If  "  fair  hands  " 
is  a  translation  of  this  nickname,  it 
should  be  "fine  hands,"  which  bears  the 
equivocal  sense  of  hig  and  beautiful. 

Beau'manoir  {Sir  Lucas),  Grand- 
Master  of  the  Knights  Templars. — Sir 
VV".  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  L). 

Beaupre  \_Bo-pray''],  son  of  judge 
Vertaigne  (2  syl.)  and  brother  of  Lami'ra. 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Tlie  Little 
French  Lavjyer  (1647). 

Beaut6  (2  syl.).  Lja  dame  de  Beaute'. 
Agnes  Sorel,  so  called  from  the  chateau 
de  Beaute,  on  the  banks  of  the  Marne, 
given  to  her  by  Charles  VH.  (1409-1450). 

Beautiful  {The)  or  La  Bella.  So 
Florence  is  called.  France  is  spoken  of 
by  Frenchmen  as  La  Belle  France. 

Beautiful  Corisande  (3  syl), 
Diane  comtesse  de  Guiche  et  de  Gram- 
mont.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Paul 
d'Andouins,  and  married  Philibert  de 
Gramont,  who  died  in  1580.  The  widow 
outlived  her  husband  for  twenty-six 
years.  Henri  IV.,  before  he  was  king  of 
Navarre,  was  desperately  smitten  by  La 
belle  Corisande,  and  Avhen  Henri  was  at 
war  with  the  League,  she  sold  her  dia- 
monds to  raise  for  him  a  levy  of  20,000 
Gascons  (1.554-1(120). 

(The  letters  of  Henri  to  Corisande  are 
Btill  presei-ved  in  the  Bibliothe'que  de 
f  Arsenal,  and  were  published  in  17G9.) 

Beautiful  Parricide  {The),  Bea- 


trice Cenci,  daughter  of  a  Roman  noble- 
man, who  plotted  the  death  of  her  father 
because  he  violently  defiled  her.  She  was 
executed  in  1605.  Shelley  has  a  tragedy 
on  the  subject,  entitled  The  Cenci.  Guido 
Reni's  portrait  of  Beatrice  is  well  known 
through  its  numberless  reproductions. 
(See  p.  173.) 
Beauty. 

Beauty  soon  grows  familiar  to  the  lover. 
Fiides  in  his  eye,  and  palls  upon  the  sense. 

Addison,  CiUo,  i.  1  (1713): 

Beauty  {Queen  of).  So  the  daughter  of 
Schems'eddin'  Mohammed,  vizier  of 
Egypt,  was  called.  She  married  her 
cousin,  Bed'reddin'  Hassan,  son  of  Nour'- 
eddin'  Ali,  vizier  of  Basora. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Noureddin  A4i,"  etc.). 

Beauty  and  the  Beast  {La  Bellf- 
et  la  Bete),  from  Les  Contes  Marines  of 
Mde.  Villeneuvre  (1740),  the  most  beau- 
tiful of  all  nursery  tales.  A  young  and 
lovely  woman  saved  her  father  by  putting 
herself  in  the  power  of  a  frightful  but 
kind-hearted  monster,  whose  respectful 
affection  and  melancholy  overcame  her 
aversion  to  his  ugliness,  and  she  consented 
to  become  his  bride.  Being  thus  freed 
from  enchantment,  the  monster  assumed 
his  proper  form  and  became  a  young  and 
handsome  prince. 

Beauty  but  Skin-deep.  This  ex- 
pression occurs  in  Ralph  Venning's  Ortho- 
doxe  Paradoxes. 

All  the  beauty  of  the  world  'tis  but  skin-deep,  a  sun- 
blxist  defaceth  it— 3rd  Edit.,  41  (1650). 

Beauty  of  Butter  mere  (3  syl.), 
Mary  Robinson,  who  married  John  Hat- 
field, a  heartless  impostor  executed  for 
forgery  at  Carlisle  in  1803. 

Beauty  -when  Unadorned  A- 
dorned  the  Most. — Thomson,  Sea^ 
sons  ("Autumn,"  1730). 

Beaux'  Stratagem  {The),  by  Geo. 
Farquhar.  Thomas  viscount  Aimwcli 
and  his  friend  Archer  (the  two  beaux), 
having  run  through  all  their  money,  set 
out  fortune-hunting,  and  come  to  Lich- 
field as  "master  and  man."  AiinwcU 
pretends  to  be  very  unwell,  and  as  lady 
Bountiful's  hobby  is  tending  the  sick  and 
playing  the  leech,  she  orders  him  to  be 
removed  to  her  mansion.  Here  he  and 
Dorinda  (daughter  of  lady  Bountiful)  fall 
in  love  with  each  other,  and  finally  marry. 
Archer  falls  in  love  with  Mrs.  Sullen,  the 
wife  of  squire  Sullen,  who  had  been  mar- 
ried fourteen  months  but  agreed  to  a 
divorce  on  the  score  of  incompatibility  of 
tastes  and  temper.    This  marriage  forms 


BED  OF  WARE. 


BEE. 


no  part  of  the  play ;  all  we  are  told  is 
that  she  returns  to  the  roof  of  her  brother, 
sir  Charles  Freeman  (1707). 

Bed  of  Ware,  a  large  bed,  capable  of 
holding  twelve  persons.  Tradition  as- 
signs it  to  Warwick,  the  "  king  maker." 

Bede  (Cuthbert),  the  Rev.  Edward 
Bradley,  author  of  The  Adventures  of  Mr. 
Verdant  Green,  an  Oxford  Freshman 
(1857). 

Bedegrain  (Castle  of),  in  Sherwood. 
It  was  a  royal  castle,  belonging  to  king 
Arthur. 

Bed'er  ("the  full  moon"),  son  of  Gul- 
na're  (3  syl.),  the  young  king  of  Persia. 
As  his  mother  was  an  under-sea  princess, 
he  was  enabled  to  live  under  water  as 
well  as  on  land.  Beder  was  a  young  man 
of  handsome  person,  quick  parts,  agree- 
able manners,  and  amiable  disposition. 
He  fell  in  love  with  Giauha're,  daughter 
of  the  king  of  Samandal,  the  most  power- 
ful of  the  under-sea  empires,  but  Giau- 
hare  changed  him  into  a  white  bird  with 
red  beak  and  red  legs.  After  various 
adventures,  Beder  resumed  his  human 
form  and  married  Giauhare. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Beder  and  Giauhare  "). 

Bed'er  or  Bedr,  a  valley  noted  for 
the  victory  gained  by  Mahomet,  in  which 
"  he  was  assisted  by  8000  angels  led  by 
Gabriel  mounted  on  his  horse  Haiz'um." 
— Sale's  Koran. 

Bed'ivere  (Sir)  or  Bed'iver,  king 
Arthur's  butler  and  a  knight  of  the  Round 
Table.  He  was  the  last  of  Arthur's 
knights,  and  was  sent  by  the  dying  king 
to  throw  his  sword  Excalibur  into  the 
mere.  Being  cast  in,  it  was  caught  by 
an  arm  "clothed  in  white  samite,"  and 
drawn  into  the  stream. — Tennyson,  Morte 
d'Arthur 

Tennyson's  Morte  d'Arthur  is  a  very 
close  and  in  many  parts  a  verbal  render- 
ing of  the  same  tale  in  sir  Thomas 
Malory's  Morte  d'Arthur,  iii.  168  (1470). 

Bedlam  Beggars,  lunatics  or  mad 
men  belonging  to  Bethlehem  Hospital. 
'J'his  institution  was  designed  for  six 
lunatics,  but  in  1G41  the  number  admitted 
was  forty -four,  and  applications  were  so 
numerous  that  many  were  dismissed  half 
cured.  These  "  ticket-of -leave  "  men 
used  to  wander  about  as  vagrants,  singing 
'•mad  songs  "  and  dressed  in  the  oddes^t 
manner,  to  excite  compassion. 

Ho  swears  he  has  ))een  in  Bedlam,  and  will  talk  fran- 
Uckely  of  i.iiriK)so.  You  see  pinnes  stuck  in  sundry  places 
lu  his  naked  Uesb,  especially  in  bis  armes,  which  paine  he 


gladly  puts  hlmselfe  to  only  to  make  you  helic?e  he  is  oOl 
of  his  wits.  He  calls  himselfe  ..."  Poore  Tom,"  and  com- 
minji  near  anybody  cries  out  "  Poore  Tom  is  a-cold.'"  .  .  . 
Some  do  nothing  but  sing  songs  fashioned  out  of  their 
owiie  bruines;  some  will  dance  ;  otliers  will  doe  nothing 
but  either  laugh  or  wcepe ;  others  are  dogged  .  .  .  and 
spying  but  a  small  company  in  a  house  .  .  .  will  compel 
the  servants  through  feare  to  give  them  what  they  de- 
mand.—Decker,  Bellinan  of  Lmidon. 

Bed'ouins  {Bed'.winz] ,  nomadic  tribes 
of  Arabia.  In  common  parlance,  "the 
homeless  street  poor."  Thus  gutter- 
children  are  called  "  Bedouins." 

Bed'reddin'  Has'san  of  Baso'ra, 
son  of  Nour'eddin'  Ali  grand  vizier  of 
Basora,  and  nephew  to  Schems'eddin' 
Mohammed  vizier  of  Egypt.  His  beauty 
was  transcendent  and  his  talents  of  the 
first  order.  When  20  years  old  his 
father  died,  and  the  sultan,  angry  with 
him  for  keeping  from  court,  confiscated 
all  his  goods,  and  would  have  seized 
Bedreddin  if  he  had  not  made  his  escape. 
During  sleep  he  was  conveyed  by  fairies 
to  Cairo,  and  substituted  for  an  ugly 
groom  (Hunchback)  to  whom  his  cousin, 
the  Queen  of  Beauty,  was  to  have  been  mar- 
ried. Next  day  he  Avas  carried  oif  by  the 
same  means  to  Damascus,  where  he  lived 
for  ten  years  as  a  pastry-cook.  Search 
was  made  for  him,  and  the  search  party, 
halting  outside  the  city  of  Damascus, 
sent  for  some  cheese-cakes.  When  the 
cheese-cakes  arrived,  the  widow  of  Nour- 
eddin  declared  that  they  must  have  been 
made  by  her  son,  for  no  one  else  knew 
the  secret  of  making  them,  and  that  she 
herself  had  taught  it  him.  On  hearing 
this,  the  vizier  ordered  Bedreddin  to  be 
seized,  "for  making  cheese-cakes  with- 
out pepper,"  and  the  joke  was  carried  on 
till  the  party  arrived  at  Cairo,  when  the 
pastry-cook  prince  was  re-united  to  his 
wife,  the  Queen  of  Beauty. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Noureddin  Ali,"  etc.). 

Bedwin  (Mrs.),  housekeeper  to  Mr. 
Brownlow.  A  kind,  motherly  soul,  who 
loves  Oliver  Twist  most  dearly.  —  C. 
Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Bee.  The  ancient  Egyptians  sym- 
bolized their  kings  under  this  emblem. 
The  honey  indicated  the  reward  they  gave 
to  the  meritorious,  and  the  sting  the 
punishment  they  awarded  to  the  un- 
worthy. 

As  the  Egyptians  used  by  bees 

To  express  their  ancient  Ptolemies. 

S.  Butler,  Uudibrat,  iii.  2. 

*if*  In  the  empire  of  France  the  royal 
mantle  and  standard  were  thickly  sown 
with  golden  bees  instead  of  "Louis 
flowers."     In  the  tomb  of  Chil'deric  more 


BEE. 


90  BEGGAR  OF  BETHNAL  GREEN. 


than  300  golden  bees  were  discovered  in 
1653.  Hence  the  emblem  of  the  French 
empire. 

Bee,  an  American  word  recently  intro- 
duced to  signify  a  competitive  examina- 
tion :  thus — 

A  Spelling  Bee  is  a  company  met  to- 
gether to  compete  with  each  other  in 
spelling. 

A  Husking  Bee  is  a  company  assembled 
together  to  compete  with  each  other  in 
stripping  the  husks  from  the  ears  of 
maize. 

A  Musical  Bee  is  a  company  assembled 
together  to  compete  with  each  other  in 
singing  or  playing  music  "  at  sight," 
etc.,  etc. 

Bee-line,  the  straightest  or  shortest 
distance  between  two  points.  This  is  an 
American  expression,  equivalent  to  "As 
the  crow  flies  ; "  but  crows  do  not  always 
fly  in  a  direct  line,  as  bees  do  when  they 
seek  their  home. 

Sinners,  you  are  making  a  bee-line  from  time  to  eternity, 
and  what  you  have  once  passed  over  you  will  never  pass 
over  again.— Dow,  Lay  Sermons. 

Bee  of  Attica,  Soph'ocles  the  dra- 
matist (B.C.  49&-405).  The  "Athenian 
Bee "  was  Plato  the  philosopher  (b.c. 
428-347). 

The  Bee  of  Attica  rivalled  iEschylus  when  in  the  posses- 
sion of  the  stage.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Drama. 

Bee  Painted  {A)  by  Quintin  Matsj's 
on  the  outstretched  leg  of  a  fallen  angel 
painted  by  Mandyn.  It  was  so  life-like 
thai  when  the  old  artist  returned  to  the 
studio  he  tried  to  frighten  it  away  with 
his  pocket-handkerchief. 

Beef'ington  (Milor),  introduced  in 
The  Movers.  Casimir  is  a  Polish  emi- 
grant, and  Beefington  an  English  noble- 
man exiled  by  the  tyranny  of  king  John. 

— Anti-Jacobin. 

"  Will  without  power,"  said  the  sagacious  Casimir  to 
Milor  Beefington,  "is  lilce  children  playing  at  soldiers." — 
Macaulay. 

Be'elzebub  (4  syL),  called  "prince 
of  the  devils"  {Matt.  xii.  24),  worshipped 
at  Ekron,  a  city  of  the  Philistines  (2 
Kings  i.  2),  and  made  by  Milton  second 
to  Satan. 

One  next  himself  in  power  and  next  in  crime — 
Beelzebub. 

Paradise  Lost,  I  80  (1665). 

Bee'nie  (2  syL),  chambermaid  at  Old 
St.  Ronan's  inn,  held  bv  Meg  Dods. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Eondn's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Befa'na.  the  good  fairy  of  Italian 
children.     She  is  supposed  to  fill  their 


shoes  and  socks  with  toys  when  they  go 
to  bed  on  Twelfth  Night.  Some  one 
enters  the  bedroom  for  the  purpose,  and 
the  wakeful  youngsters  cry  out,  "  Eccu  la 
Befana!"  According  to  legend,  Befana 
was  too  busy  with  house  affairs  to  take 
heed  of  the  Magi  when  they  went  to  offer 
their  gifts,  and  said  she  would  stop  for 
their  return ;  but  they  returned  by 
another  way,  and  Befana  every  Twelfth 
Night  watches  to  see  them.  The  name  is 
a  corruption  of  JiJpiphania. 

Beg  C^ord''^),  a  title  generally  given  to 
lieutenants  of  provinces  under  the  grand 
&ignior,  but  rarely  to  supreme  princes. 
Occasionally,  however,  the  Persian  em- 
perors have  added  the  title  to  their  names, 
as  Hagmet  beg,  Alman  beg,  Morad  beg, 
etc. — Selden,  Titles  of  Honour,  vi.  70 
(1672). 

Beg  {Galium),  page  to  Fergus  M'lvor, 
in  Waverley,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(time,  George  II.). 

Beg  {Toshach),  MacGillie  Chattanach's 
second  at  the  combat. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Beggars  {King  of  the),  Bampfylde 
Moore  Carew.  He  succeeded  Clause 
Patch  (1693,  1730-1770). 

Beggar's  Daughter  ( The) .  ' '  Bessee 
the  beggar's  daughter  of  Bethnal  Green," 
was  very  beautiful,  and  was  courted  by 
four  suitors  at  once — a  knight,  a  country 
squire,  a  rich  merchant,  and  the  son  of 
an  innkeeper  at  Romford.  She  told  them 
all  they  must  first  obtain  the  consent  of 
her  poor  blind  father,  the  beggar  of 
Bethnal  Green,  and  all  slunk  off  except 
the  knight,  who  went  and  asked  leave  to 
marry  "  the  pretty  Bessee."  The  beggar 
gave  her  for  a  "  dot,"  £3000,  and  £100 
for  her  trousseau,  and  informed  the 
knight  that  he  (the  beggar)  was  Henry, 
son  and  heir  of  sir  Simon  de  Montfort, 
and  that  he  had  disguised  himself  a,s  a 
beggar  to  escape  the  vigilance  of  spies, 
who  were  in  quest  of  all  those  engaged 
on  the  baron's  side  in  the  battle  of 
Evesham. — Percy's  Reliques,  II.  ii.  10. 

The  value  of  money  was  about  twelve 
times  more  than  its  present  purchase 
value,  BO  that  the  "  dot "  given  was  equal 
to  £30,000. 

Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green  {The), 
a  drama  by  S.  Knowles  (recast  and  pro- 
duced, i83'4).  Bess,  daughter  of  Albert, 
"  the  blind  beggar  of  Bethnal  Green," 
was  intensely  loved  by  Wilf ord,  who  first 


BEGGAR'S  OPERA. 


91 


BELEUMA. 


saw  her  in  the  streets  of  London,  and 
subsequently,  after  diligent  search,  dis- 
covered her  in  the  Queen's  Arms  inn  at 
Romford.  It  turned  out  that  her  father 
Albert  was  brother  to  lord  Woodville, 
and  Wilford  was  his  truant  son,  so  that 
Bess  was  his  cousin.  Queen  Elizabeth 
sanctioned  their  nuptials,  and  took  them 
under  her  own  conduct.     (See  Blind.) 

Beggar's  Opera  {The),  by  Gay 
(1727).  The  beggar  is  captain  Macheath. 
(For  plot,  see  Machkath.) 

Beggar's  Petition  {The),  a  poem 
by  the  Rev.  Thomas  Moss,  minister  of 
Brierly  Hill  and  Trentham,  in  Stafford- 
shire. It  was  given  to  Mr.  Smart,  the 
printer,  of  Wolverhampton. — Gentleman'' s 
Magazine,  Ixx.  41. 

Beguines  [^Beg-wins],  the  earliest  of 
all  lay  societies  of  women  united  for 
religious  purposes.  Brabant  says  the 
order  received  its  name  from  St.  Begga, 
daughter  of  Pepin,  who  founded  it  at 
Namur,  in  696  ;  but  it  is  more  likeh'^  to 
be  derived  from  le  JJegice  ("the  Stam- 
merer") ;  and  if  so,  it  was  founded  at 
Libge,  in  1180. 

Beh'ram,  captain  of  the  ship  which 
was  to  convey  prince  Assad  to  the 
*'  mountain  of  fire,"  where  he  was  to  be 
offered  up  in  sacrifice.  The  ship  being 
driven  on  the  shores  of  queen  Margia'na's 
kingdom,  Assad  became  her  slave,  but 
was  recaptured  by  Behram's  crew,  and 
carried  back  to  the  ship.  The  queen 
next  day  gave  the  ship  chase.  Assad 
was  thrown  overboard,  and  swam  to  the 
city  whence  he  started.  Behrani  also 
was  drifted  to  the  same  place.  Here  the 
captain  fell  in  with  the  prince,  and  re- 
conducted him  to  the  original  dungeon. 
Bosta'na,  a  daughter  of  the  old  fire- 
worshipper,  taking  pity  on  the  prince, 
released  him  ;  and,  at  the  end,  Assad^ 
married  queen  Margiana,  Bostana  married 
prince  Amgiad  (half-brother  of  Assad), 
and  Behram,  renouncing  his  religion, 
became  a  mussulman,  and  entered  the 
service  of  Amgiad,  who  became  king  of 
the  city. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Amgiad  and 
Assad"). 

Bela'i*ius,  a  nobleman  and  soldier  in 
the  army  of  Cym'beline  (3  syL)  king  of 
Britain.  Two  villains  having  sworn  to 
the  king  that  he  was  "  confederate  with 
the  Romans,"  he  was  banished,  and  for 
twenty  years  lived  in  a  cave ;  but  he 
stole  away  the  two  infant  sons  of  the 
king  <»u.t  of  revenge.     Their  names  were 


Guide'rius  and  Arvir'agus.  When  these 
two  princes  were  grown  to  manhood,  a 
battle  was  fought  between  the  Romans 
and  Britons,  in  which  Cymbeline  was 
made  prisoner ;  but  Belarius  coming  to 
the  rescue,  the  king  was  liberated  and 
the  Roman  general  in  turn  was  made 
captive.  Belarius  was  now  reconciled  to 
Cymbeline,  and  presenting  to  him  the 
two  young  men,  told  their  story  ;  where- 
upon they  were  publicly  acknowledged 
to  be  the  sons  of  Cymbeline  and  princes 
of  the  realm. — Shakespeare,  Cymbeline 
(1605). 

Belch  {Sir  Toby),  uncle  of  Olivia 
the  rich  countess  of  lUyria.  He  is  a 
reckless  roisterer  of  the  old  school,  and 
a  friend  of  sir  Andrew  Ague-cheek. — 
Shakespeare,  Twelfth  Night  (1614). 

Belcour,  a  foundling  adopted  by  Mr. 
Belcour,  a  rich  Jamaica  merchant,  who 
at  death  left  him  all  his  property.  He 
was  in  truth  the  son  of  Mr.  Stockwell, 
the  clerk  of  Belcour,  senior,  who  clan- 
destinely married  his  master's  daughter, 
and  afterwards  became  a  wealthy  mer- 
chant. On  the  death  of  old  Belcour,  the 
young  man  came  to  England  as  the  guest 
of  his  unknown  father,  fell  in  love  with 
Miss  Dudley,  and  married  her.  He  was 
hot-blooded,  impulsive,  high-spirited,  and 
generous,  his  very  faults  serving  as  a 
foil  to  his  noble  qualities  ;  ever  erring  and 
repenting,  offending  and  atoning  for  his 
offences.— Cumberland,  Tlie  West  Indian 
(1771). 

Beled,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
the  East,  lead  by  the  guiding  star  to 
Jesus.  He  was  a  king,  who  gave  to  his 
enemy  who  sought  to  dethrone  him  half 
of  his  kingdom,  and  thus  turned  a  foe 
into  a  fast  friend. — Klopstock,  The  Mes- 
siah, V.  (1747). 

Belen,  the  mont  St.  Michael,  in 
Normandy.  Here  nine  druidesses  used 
to  sell  arrows  to  sailors  "  to  charm  away 
storms."  These  arrows  had  to  be  dis- 
charged by  a  young  man  25  years  old. 

Belerma,  the  lady  whom  Durandarto 
served  for  seven  years  as  a  knight-errant 
and  peer  of  France.  When,  at  length, 
he  died  at  Roncesvalles,  he  prayed  his 
cousin  Montesi'nos  to  carry  his  heart  to 
Belerma. 

I  saw  a  procession  of  beautiful  damsels  in  mourning, 
witii  white  turbans  on  their  heads.  In  the  rear  came  a 
lady  with  a  veil  so  long  that  it  reached  the  ground :  her 
turban  was  twice  as  large  as  tlie  largest  of  the  others ; 
her  eyebrows  were  joined,  her  nose  way  rattier  flat, 
her  mouth  wide,  but  her  lips  of  a  vermilion  colour.     Hef 


BELESES. 


92 


BELINDA. 


teeth  were  thin-set.  and  iiregiilar,  though  very  white; 
ftnd  she  carried  in  her  hand  a  fine  linen  cloth,  containing 
B  heart.  Monte.sinos  informed  me  that  this  lady  was 
Belerma.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  6  (1615). 

Bele'ses  (3  stjL),  a  Chaldaean  sooth- 
sayer and  Assyrian  satrap,  who  told 
Arba'ces  (3  sul.)  governor  of  Me'dia,  that 
he  would  one  day  sit  on  the  throne  of 
Nineveh  and  Assyria.  His  prophecy 
came  true,  and  Beleses  was  rewarded 
with  the  government  of  Babylon. — Byron, 
Sardanapalus  (1819). 

Belfab  orac,  the  palace  of  the  em- 
peror of  Lilliput,  in  the  middle  of 
Mildendo,  the  metropolis  of  the  empire. — 
Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels  (''Voyage  to 
Lilliput,"  1720). 

Bel'field  (Brothers),  The  elder 
brother  is  a  squire  in  Cornwall,  betrothed 
to  Sophia  (daughter  of  sir  Benjamin 
Dove),  who  loves  his  younger  brother 
Bob.  The  younger  brother  is  driven 
to  sea  by  the  cruelty  of  the  squire,  but  on 
his  return  renews  his  acquaintance  with 
Sophia.  He  is  informed  of  her  unwilling 
betrothal  to  the  elder  brother,  who  is 
already  married  to  Violetta,  but  parted 
from  iier.  Violetta  returns  home  in  the 
same  ship  as  Bob  Belfield,  becomes 
reconciled  to  her  husband,  and  the 
younger  brother  marries  Sophia. — Rich. 
Cumberland,  The  Brothers  (17G9). 

Bel'ford,  a  friend  of  Lovelace  (2  s///.). 
They  made  a  covenant  to  pardon  every 
sort' of  liberty  which  they  took  with  each 
other. — Richardson,  Clarissa  Earloice 
(1749). 

Bel  ford  {Major)  ^  the  friend  of  colonel 
Tamper,  and  the  plighted  husband  of 
Mdlle.  Fiorival.— G.  Colman,  sen.,  The 
Deuce  is  in  Him  (1762). 

Beige  (2  syl.),  the  mother  of  seventeen 
sons.  She  applied  to  queen  Mccilla  for 
aid  against  Geryon'eo,  who  had  deprived 
her  of  all  her  offspring  except  five. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  10  (1596). 

*^*  "  Beige  "  is  Holland  ;  the  "  seven- 
teen sons"  are  the  seventeen  provinces 
which  once  belonged  to  her  ;  "  Geryoneo  " 
is  Philip  XL  of  Spain  ;  and  "  Mercilla  "  is 
queen  Elizabeth. 

Belgrade'  (2  syl.),  the  camp-suttler ; 
so  called  because  she  commenced  her 
career  at  the  siege  of  Belgrade.  Her 
dog's  name  was  Clumsey. 

Belial,  last  or  lowest  in  the  hierarchy 
of  hell.  (See  Rimmon.)  _  Moloch  was  the 
fiercest  of  the  infernal  spirits,  and  Belial 
the  most  timorous    and    slothful.     The 


lewd  and  profligate,  disobedient  and 
rebellious,  are  called  in  Scripture  "  sons  of 
Belial." 

Belial  came  last,  than  whom  a  spirit  more  lewd 
Fell  not  from  heaven,  or  more  gross  to  love 
Vice  for  itself  (i.  490,  etc.)  .  .  .  though  iiis  tongue 
Dropt  manna,  and  could  make  the  worse  appear 
The  better  reason  .  .  .  but  to  nobler  deeds 
Timorous  and  slothful 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  ii.  112  (1665). 

*#*  Belial  means  "the  lawless  one," 
that  is,  one  who  puts  no  restraint  on  his 
evil  propensities. 

Belia'nis  of  Greece  (Don),  the 
hero  of  an  old  romance  of  chivalry  on  the 
model  of  Am'adis  de  Gaul.  It  was  one  of 
the  books  in  don  Quixote's  library,  but 
was  not  one  of  those  burnt  by  the  cure  as 
pernicious  and  worthless. 

"  Don  Behanls,"  said  the  cur6,  "  with  its  two,  three,  and 
four  parts,  hath  need  of  a  dose  of  rhubarb  to  purge  off 
that  mass  of  bile  with  which  he  is  inflamed.  His  Castle 
of  Fame  and  other  impertinences  should  be  totally 
obliterated.  This  done,  we  would  show  liim  lenity  in 
proportion  as  we  found  him  capable  of  reform.  Take 
don  BeUanis  liome  with  you,  and  keep  him  in  close 
confinement" — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  6  (1605). 

(An  English  abridgment  of  this  ro- 
mance was  published  in  1G73.) 

Belinda,  niece  and  companion  of 
lady  John  Brute.  Young,  pretty,  full  of 
fun,  and  possessed  of  £10,000.  Heart- 
free  marries  her. — Vanbrugh,  The  Bro- 
voked  Wife  (1607). 

Belin'da,  the  heroine  of  Pope's  Bape  of 
the  Lock.  This  mock  heroic  is  founded 
on  the  following  incident : — Lord  Petre 
cut  a  lock  of  hair  from  the  head  of  Miss 
Arabella  Fermor,  and  the  young  lady 
resented  the  liberty  as  an  unpardonable 
affront.  The  poet  says  Belinda  wore  on 
her  neck  two  curls,  one  of  which  the 
baron  cut  off  with  a  pair  of  scissors 
borrowed  of  Clarissa,  and  when  Belinda 
angrily  demanded  that  it  should  be 
delivered  up,  it  had  flown  to  the  skies  and 
become  a  meteor  there.     (See  Bekenick.) 

Belinda,  daughter  of  Mr.  Blandford, 
in  love  with  Beverley  the  brother  of 
Clarissa.  Her  father  promised  sir 
William  Bellmont  that  she  should  marry 
his  son  George,  but  George  was  already 
engaged  to  Clarissa.  Belinda  was  very 
handsome,  very  independent,  most  irre- 
proachable, and  devotedly  attached  to 
Beverley.  V/hen  he  hinted  suspicious  of 
infidelity,  she  was  too  proud  to  deny 
their  truth,  but  her  pure  and  ardent  love 
instantly  rebuked  her  for  giving  her  lover 
causeless  pain. — A.  Murphy,  Ail  in  the 
Wrong  (1761). 


BELINDA. 


BELL-THE-CAT. 


Belin'da,  the  heroine  of  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  novel  of  the  same  name.  The 
object  of  the  tale  is  to  make  the  reader 
feel  what  is  good,  and  pursue  it  (1803). 

Belin'da,  a  lodging-house  servant-girl, 
very  poor,  very  dirty,  very  kind-hearted, 
and  shrewd  in  observation.  She  married, 
and  Mr.  Middlewick  the  butter-man  set 
her  husband  up  in  business  in  the  butter 
line.— H.  J.  Byron,  Our  Boys  (1875). 

Beline  (2  syl.),  second  wife  of  Argan 
the  malade  imaginairc,  and  step-mother 
of  Angelique,  whom  she  hates.  Beline 
pretends  to  love  Argan  devotedly, 
humours  him  in  all  his  whims,  calls  him 
*'  mon  fils,"  and  makes  him  believe  that 
if  he  were  to  die  it  would  be  the  death  of 
her.  Toinette  induces  Argan  to  put  these 
specious  protestations  to  the  test  by  pre- 
tending to  be  dead.  He  does  so,  and 
when  Beline  enters  the  room,  instead  of 
deploring  her  loss,  she  cries  in  ecstasy : 

"  Le  del  en  soit  lou<5 !  Me  voila  d61ivr6e  d'un  grande 
fardeau  1  .  .  .  de  quoi  servait-il  siir  laterre?   Un  honinie 

'^  incommode  4  tout  le  monde,  malpropre,  ddgo(itatit  .  .  . 

mouchant,  toussant,  crachant  toujours,  sans  esprit, 
enniiyeux,  de  niauvaise  humeur,  fatiguant  sans  cesse  les 

J.         gens,  et  grondant  jour  et  nuit  servantes  et  valets  "  (liL  18). 

She  then  proceeds  to  ransack  the  room 
for  bonds,  leases,  and  money  ;  but  Argan 
starts  up  and  tells  her  she  has  taught  him 
one  useful  lesson  for  life  at  any  rate. — 
Moliere,  La  Malade  Imaginaire  (1673). 

Belisa'rius,  the  greatest  of  Justi- 
nian's generals.  Being  accused  of  treason, 
he  was  deprived  of  all  his  property,  and 
his  eyes  were  put  out.  In  this  state  he 
retired  to  Constantinople,  where  he  lived 
by  begging.  The  story  says  he  fastened 
a  label  to  his  hat,  containing  these  words, 
"  Give  an  obGlus  to  poor  old  Belisarius." 
Marmontel  has  written  a  tale  called 
Belisaire.  Avhich  has  helped  to  perpetuate 
these  fables,  originally  invented  by 
Tzetzes  or  Ca^sios,  a  Greek  poet,  born  at 
Constantinople  in  1120. 

Belise  (2  syl.),  sister  of  Philaminte 
(3  syl.),  and,  like  her,  a  femme  savante. 
She  imagines  that  every  one  is  in  love 
with  her. — Moliere,  Les  Femmes  Savantes 
(1672). 

Bell  {Adam),  a  wild,  north-country 
outlaw,  noted,  like  Robin  Hood,  for  his 
skill  in  archery.  His  place  of  residence 
was  Englewood  Forest,  near  Carlisle  ;  and 
his  two  comrades  were  Clym  of  the 
Clough  IClenwnt  of  the  Cliff]  and  Wil- 
liam of  Cloudesly  (3  syl.).  William 
was  mam'ed,  but  the  other  two  were  not. 
When  William  was  captured  at  Carlisle 


and  was  led  to  execution,  Adam  and 
Clym  rescued  him,  and  all  three  went  to 
London  to  crave  pardon  of  the  king, 
which,  at  the  queen's  intercession,  was 
granted  them.  They  then  showed  the 
king  specimens  of  their  skill  in  archery, 
and  the  king  was  so  well  pleased  that  he 
-made  William  a  "  gentleman  of  fe,"  and 
the  two  others  yeomen  of  the  bed-cham- 
ber.— Percy,  Reliques  ("Adam  Bell," 
etc.),  I.  ii.  1. 

Bell  {Bessy).  Bessy  Bell  and  Mary 
Gray  were  the  daughters  of  two  country 
gentlemen  near  Perth.  When  the  plague 
broke  out  in  1666  they  built  for  them- 
selves a  bower  in  a  very  romantic  spot 
called  Burn  Braes,  to  which  they  retired, 
and  were  supplied  with  food,  etc.,  by  a 
young  man  who  was  in  love  with  both  of 
them.  The  young  man  caught  the  plague, 
communicated  it  to  the  two  young  ladies, 
and  all  three  died. — Allan  Ramsay,  Bessy 
Bell  and  Mary  Gray  (a  ballad). 

Bell.  Anne,  Charlotte,  and  Emily 
Bronte'  assumed  the  noms  de  plume  of 
Acton,  Currer,  and  Ellis  Bell  (first  half 
of  the  nineteenth  century).  Currer  Bell 
or  Bronte'  married  the  Rev.  Arthur  Bell 
Nicholls.  She  was  the  author  of  Jane 
Eyre. 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  initial 
letter  of  both  names  is  in  every  case  pre- 
served throughout — Acton  (Anne),  Currer 
(Charlotte),  Ellis  (Emily),  and  Bell 
(Bronte). 

Bell  {Peter),  the  subject  of  a  "tale  in 
verse  "  by  Wordsworth.  Shelley  wrote  a 
burlesque  upon  it,  entitled  Peter  Bell  the 
Third. 

Bell  Battle  {The).  The  casus  belli 
was  this  •  Have  the  local  magistrates 
power  to  allow  parish  bells  to  be  rung  at 
their  discretion,  or  is  the  right  vested  in 
the  parish  clergyman?  This  squabble 
was  carried  on  with  great  animosity  in 
the  parish  of  Paisley  in  1832.  The 
clergyman,  John  Macnaughton,  brought 
the  question  before  the  local  council, 
which  gave  it  in  favour  of  the  magis- 
trates ;  but  the  court  of  sessions  gave  it 
the  other  way,  and  when  the  magistrates 
granted  a  permit  for  the  bells  to  be  rung, 
the  court  issued  an  interdict  against  them. 

For  nearly  two  years  the  Paisley  bell  battle  was  fought 
with  the  fiercest  zeal.  It  was  the  subject  of  every  political 
meeting,  the  theme  of  every  board,  the  gossip  at  tea- 
tables  and  dinner  parties,  and  children  deliglited  In 
chalking  on  the  Malls  "  Please  to  ring  the  bell"  (May  14, 
1832,  to  Sept  IC,  ISii).— Newspaper  paragraph. 

Bell-the-Cat,  sobriquet  of  Archibald 


BELLS. 


94 


BELLE'S  STRATAGEM. 


Douglas,  great-earl  of  Angus,  who  died 
in  1514. 

The  mice,  being  much  annoyed  by  the  persecutions  of  a 
Cftt,  resolved  that  a  bell  should  be  hung  about  her  neck  to 
give  notice  of  her  approach.  The  measure  wjis  .agreed  to 
in  full  council,  but  one  of  the  sager  mice  inquired  "  Who 
would  undertake  to  bell  the  cat?"  When  Lauder  told 
this  "able  to  a  council  of  Scotch  nobles,  met  to  declaim 
against  one  Cochran,  Archibald  Douglas  started  up,  and 
exclaimed  in  thunder  "I  will;"  and  hence  the  sobriquet 
referred  to.— Su:  W,  Scott,  Tales  of  a  GratuJ/ather, 
xxii. 

Bells  (Those  Evenimf),  a  poem  by  T. 
Moore,  set  to  music,  refer  to  the  bells  of 
Ashbourne  parish  church,  Derbyshire. — 
National  Airs,  1. 

Belis  {To  shake  one's),  to  defy,  to  re- 
sist, to  set  up  one's  back.  The  allusion  is 
to  the  little  bells  tied  to  the  feet  of  hawks. 
Immediately  the  hawks  were  tossed,  they 
were  alarmed  at  the  sound  of  the  bells, 
and  took  to  flight. 

Neither  the  king,  nor  he  that  loves  him  best  .  .  . 
Dare  sUr  a  wing  if  Warwick  shake  his  bells. 

Shakespeare,  3  Henry  VI.  act  i.  sc.  1  (1592). 

Bells,  Seven  bells  {i.e.  half-past  7), 
breakfast-time ;  eight  bells  {i.e.  noon), 
dinner-time  ;  three  bells  {i.e.  half -past  5), 
supper-time. 

Eight  bells  (the  highest  number)  are 
rung  at  noon  and  every  fourth  hour 
afterwards.  Thus  they  are  sounded  at 
J  2,  4,  and  8  o'clock.  For  all  other  parts 
of  the  day  an  Even  number  of  bells 
announce  the  hours,  and  an  Odd  number 
the  half -hours.  Thus  121  is  1  bell,  1 
o'clock  is  2  bells,  U  is  3  bells,  2  o'clock 
is  4  bells,  2|  is  5  bells,  3  o'clock  is  G 
bells,  3^  is  7  bells.  Again,  4|  is  1  bell, 
6  o'clock  is  2  bells,  5\  is  3  bells,  6  o'clock 
is  4  bells,  Gh  is  5  bells,  7  o'clock  is  6 
bells,  7^  is  7  bells.  Again,  8|  is  1  bell, 
9  o'clock  is  2  bells,  9^  is  3  bells,  10  o'clock 
is  4  bells,  lOh  is  5  bells,  11  o'clock  is  6 
bells,  11|  is  7'bells.  Or,  1  bell  sounds  at 
12*,  U,  8J;  2  bells  sound  at  1,  5,  9; 
3  bells  sound  at  1|,  6*,  9*  ;  4  bells  sound 
at  2,  6,  10 ;  5  bells  so'imd  at  2.^,  G^,  10^  ; 
6  bells  sound  at  3,  7,  11 ;  7  bells  sound 
at  3|,  7A  11^  ;  8  bells  sound  at  4,  8,  12 
o'clock. 

Bells  tolled  Backwards.  This 
was  the  tocsin  of  the  French,  first  used 
as  an  alarm  of  fire,  and  subsequently  for 
any  uprising  of  the  people.  In  the  reign 
of  Charles  IX.  it  was  the  signal  given  by 
the  court  for  the  Bartholomew  slaughter. 
In  the  French  Revolution  it  was  the  call 
to  the  people  for  some  united  attack 
against  the  royalists. 

Old  French^  toqiier,  "to  strike,"  seing 
or  $ing,  "  a  church  bell," 


Bella  Wilfer,  a  lovely,  wilful,  lively, 
spoilt  darling,  who  loved  every  one,  and 
whom  every  one  loved.  She  married 
John  Rokesmith  {i.e.  John  Harmon). — C, 
Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

Bellamy,  a  steady  young  man,  look- 
ing out  for  a  wife  "capable  of  friendship, 
love,  and  tenderness,  with  good  sense 
enough  to  be  easy,  and  good  nature 
enough  to  like  him.'"'  He  found  his  beau- 
ideal  in  Jacintha,  who  had  besides  a 
fortune  of  £30,000.— Dr.  Hoadly,  The 
Suspicious  Husband  (1761). 

Bella'rio,  the  assumed  name  of 
Euphrasia,  when  she  put  on  boy's  ap- 
parel that  she  might  enter  the  service  of 
prince  Philaster,  whom  she  greatly  loved. 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Fhilaster  or 
Love  Lies  a-bleeding  (1622). 

Bel'laston  {Ladij),  a  profligate,  from 
whom  Tom  Jones  accepts  support.  Her 
conduct  and  conversation  may  be  con- 
sidered a  fair  photograph  of  the  "  beau- 
ties" of  the  court  of  Louis  XV. — Fielding, 
History  of  2'om  Jones,  a  Foundling  (1750). 

The  character  of  Jones,  otherwise  a  model  of  generosity, 
openness,  and  manly  spirit,  mingled  with  thoughtless  dis- 
sipation, is  unnecessarily  degraded  by  the  nature  of  his 
intercourse  with  lady  Bellaston.  —  J^nc^c.  UHt.  Art. 
"  Fielding." 

Belle  Cordiere  {La),  Louise  Labe, 
who  married  Ennemond  Perrin,  a  wealthy 
rope-maker  (152G-166G). 

Belle  Corisande  {La),  Diane  com- 
tesse  de  Quiche  et  de  Grammont  (1654- 
1620). 

Belle  France  {La),  a  pet  way  of 
alluding  to  France,  similar  to  our  Merry 
Englaixd. 

Belle  the  Giant.  It  is  said  that 
the  giant  Belle  mounted  on  his  sorrel 
horse  at  a  place  since  called  mount 
Sorrel.  He  leaped  one  mile,  and  the  spot 
on  which  he  lighted  was  called  Wanlip 
{one-leap)  ;  thence  he  leaped  a  second 
mile,  but  in  so  doing  "burst  all"  his 
girths,  whence  the  spot  was  called  Burst- 
all  ;  in  the  third  leap  he  was  killed,  and 
the  spot  received  the  name  of  Belle- 
grave. 

Belle's  Stratagem  {The).  The 
"belle"  is  Letitia  Hardy,  and  her 
stratagem  was  for  the  sake  of  winning 
the  love  of  Doricourt,  to  whom  she  had 
been  betrothed.  The  very  fact  of  being 
betrothed  to  Lotitia  sets  Doricourt  against 
her,  so  she  goes  unknown  to  him  to  a 
masquerade,  where  Doricourt  falls  in  lovo 


BELLEFONTAINE. 


BKLLICENT. 


with  "  the  beautiful  stranger."  In  order 
to  consummate  the  marriage  of  his 
daughter,  Mr,  Hardy  pretends  to  be  "sick 
unto  death,"  and  beseeches  Doricourt  to 
wed  Letitia  before  he  dies.  Letitia 
meets  her  betrothed  in  her  masquerade 
dress,  and  unbounded  was  the  joy  of  the 
young  man  to  find  that  "the  beautiful 
stranger"  is  the  lady  to  whom  he  has 
been  betrothed. — Mrs.  Cowley,  The  Belle's 
Stratagem  (1780). 

Bellefontaine  {Benedict),  the  wealthy 
farmer  of  Grand  Pre'  \_Nova  Scotia']  and 
father  of  Evangeline.  When  the  inhabit- 
ants of  his  village  were  driven  into  exile, 
Benedict  died  of  a  broken  heart  as  he 
was  about  to  embark,  and  was  buried 
on  the  sea-shore. — Longfellow,  Evangeline 
(1849). 

Bel'lenden  {Ladg  Margaret),  an  old 
Tory  lady,  mistress  of  the  Tower  of  Til- 
lietudlem. 

Old  tnajor  Miles  Bellenden,  brother  of 
lady  Margaret. 

Miss  Edith  Bellenden,  granddaughter 
of  lady  Margaret,  betrothed  to  lord 
Evendale,  of  the  king's  army,  but  in  love 
with  Morton  (a  leader  of  the  covenanters, 
and  the  hero  of  the  novel).  After  the 
death  of  lord  Evendale,  who  is  shot  by 
Balfour,  Edith  marries  Morton,  and  this 
terminates  the  tale. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Seller 'ophon,  son  of  Glaucos.  A 
kind  of  Joseph,  who  refused  the  amorous 
solicitations  of  Antca,  wife  of  Proetos  (2 
syl.)  king  of  Argos.  Antea  accused  him 
of  attempting  to  dishonour  her,  and 
Prcetos  sent  him  into  Lycia  with  letters 
desiring  his  destruction.  Accordingly, 
he  was  set  several  enterprises  full  of 
hazard,  which,  however,  he  surmounted. 
In  later  life  he  tried  to  mount  up  to 
heaven  on  the  winged  horse  Pegasus,  but 
fell,  and  wandered  about  the  Alei'an 
plains  till  he  died. — Homer,  Iliad,  vi. 

As  once 
Bellerophon  .  .  .  dismounted  in  the  Aleian  field  .  .  , 
Erroneous  there  to  wander  and  forlorn. 

Matun,  Paradiie  Lost,  vll.  17,  etc.  (1665). 

Letters  of  Bellerophon,  a  treacherous 
letter,  pretending  to  recommend  the 
bearer  but  in  reality  denouncing  him, 
like  the  letter  sent  by  Proetos  to  the  king 
of  Lycia,  requesting  him  to  kill  the 
bearer  (Bellerophon). 

Pausa'nias  the  Spartan,  in  his  treason- 
able correspondence  with  Xerxes,  sent 
several  such  letters.  At  laat  the  bearer  be- 
thought that  none  of  the  persons  sent  ever 
returned,  and  opening  the  letter  found  it 


contained  directions  for  his  own  desith. 
It  was  shown  to  the  ephors,  and  Pausanias 
in  alarm  fled  to  a  temple,  where  he  was 
starved  to  death. 

De  Lacy,  being  sent  by  king  John 
against  De  Courcy,  was  informed  by  two 
of  the  servants  that  their  master  always 
laid  aside  his  armour  on  Good  Friday. 
De  Lacy  made  his  attack  on  that  day, 
and  sent  De  Courcy  prisoner  to  London. 
The  two  servants  now  asked  De  Lacy  for 
passports  from  Ireland  and  England,  and 
De  Lacy  gave  them  Letters  of  Bellerophon, 
exhorting  "all  to  whom  these  presents 
come  to  spit  on  the  faces  of  the  bearers, 
drive  them  forth  as  hounds,  and  use  them 
as  it  behoved  the  betrayers  of  their  masters 
to  be  treated." — Cameos  of  English  JIis~ 
tory  ("  Conquest  of  Ireland"). 

Beller'ophon  (4  syl.),  the  English  man- 
of-war  under  the  command  of  captain 
Maitland.  After  the  battle  of  Water- 
loo Bonaparte  set  out  for  Rocheford,  in- 
tending to  seek  refuge  in  America,  but 
the  Bellerophon  being  in  sight  and  escape 
impossible,  he  made  a  virtue  of  necessity 
by  surrendering  himself,  and  was  forth- 
with conveyed  to  England. 

Belle'rus,  a  Cornish  giant,  whence 
the  Land's  End  is  called  Bellerium. 
Milton  in  his  Jjycldas  suggests  the  pos- 
sibility that  Edward  King,  who  was 
drowned  at  sea,  might  be  sleeping  near 
Bellerium  or  the  Land's  End,  on  mount 
St.  Michael,  the  spot  where  the  archangel 
appeared,  and  ordered  a  church  to  be 
built  there. 

Sleepst  [thou:]  by  the  fable  of  Bellenis  old, 
Where  the  great  vision  of  the  guarded  mount 
Looks  towards  Naniancos  \old  Cattile], 

Milton,  Lt/cidas,  160,  etc.  (1638). 

Belleur',  companion  of  Pinac  and 
Mirabel  ("the  wild  goose"),  of  stout 
blunt  temper ;  in  love  with  Rosalu'ra, 
a  daughter  of  Nantolet. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Wild  Goose  Chase  (1662). 

Bellicent,  daughter  of  Gorlois  lord  of 
Tintag'il  and  his  wife  Ygerne  or  Igenia. 
As  the  widoAV  married  Uther  the  pendragon, 
and  was  then  the  mother  of  king  Arthur,  it 
follows  that  Bellicent  was  half-sister  of 
Arthur.  Tennyson  in  Ga7-eth  and  Lynette 
says  that  Bellicent  was  the  wife  of  Lot 
king  of  Orkney,  and  mother  of  Gaw'ain 
and  Mordred,  but  this  is  not  in  accordance 
either  with  the  chronicle  or  the  history  for 
Geoffrey  in  his  Chronicle  says  that  Lot's 
wife  was  Anne,  the  sister  (not  half- 
sister)  of  Arthur  (viii.  20,   21),   and  sir 


BELLIN. 


96 


BELPHa<:BE. 


T     Malory,    in   his  History    of   Prince 
Arthur,  says  : 

King  Lot  of  Lothan  and  Orkney  wedded  Margawse ; 
Nent.res,  of  the  land  of  Carlot,  wedded  Elain  ;  and  that 
Morgan  le  Fay  was  [Arthv/r't]  third  sister.— Pt  i.  2,35,  36. 

Bel'lin,  the  ram,  in  the  beast-epic  of 
Reynard  the  Fox.  The  vrord  means 
"gentleness"  (1498). 

Bellingham,  a  man  about  town. — 
D.  Boucicault,  After  Dark. 

1  was  engaged  for  two  years  at  St  James's  Theatre, 
acting  "Charles  Surface"  eighty  nights.  "Bellingham" 
a  couple  of  hundred  nights,  and  had  two  special  engage- 
ments for  "  Mercutio  "  at  the  Lyceum.— Walter  Lacy. 

Bel'lisant,  sister  of  king  Pepin  of 
France,  and  wife  of  Alexander  emperor 
of  Constantinople.  Being  accused  of 
infidelity,  the  emperor  banished  her,  and 
she  took  refuge  in  a  vast  forest,  where 
she  became  the  mother  of  Valentine  and 
Orson. —  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Bellmont  {Sir  William),  father  of 
George  Bellmont  ;  tyrannical,  positive, 
and  headstrong.  He  imagines  it  is  the 
duty  of  a  son  to  submit  to  his  father's  will, 
even  in  the  matter  of  matrimony. 

George  Bellmont,  son  of  sir  William,  in 
love  with  Clarissa,  his  friend  Beverley's 
sister ;  but  his  father  demands  of  him  to 
marry  Belinda  Blandf  ord,  the  troth-plight 
wife  of  Beverley.  Ultimately  all  comes 
right. — A.  Murphy,  All  in  the  Wrong 
(1761). 

^  Bello'na's  Handmaids,  Blood, 
Fire,  and  Famine. 

The  goddesse  of  warre,  called  Bellona,  had  these  thre 
handmaids  ever  attendynge  on  her:  Blood,  Fire,  and 
Famine,  which  tlire  damosels  be  of  that  force  and 
strength  that  every  one  of  them  alone  is  able  and  sufficient 
to  torment  and  afflict  a  proud  prince ;  and  they  all  joyned 
together  are  of  puissance  to  destroy  the  most  populous 
country  and  most  richest  region  of  the  world.  —  Hall, 
Chronicle  (1530). 

Bellum  (Master),  war. 

A  difference  [is]  'twixt  broyles  and  bloudie  warres, — 
Yet  have  I  shot  at  Malster  Belluni's  butte. 
And  thrown  his  ball,  although  I  toucht  no  tutte  [benefit]. 
G.  Gascoigue,  The  Fruitet  of  Warre,  94  (died  1577). 

Belmont  {Sir  Robert),  a  proud,  testy, 
mercenary  country  gentleman  ;  friend  of 
his  neighbour  sir  Charles  Raymond. 

Charles  Belmont,  son  of  sir  Robert,  a 
young  rake.  He  rescued  Fidelia,  at  the 
age  of  12,  from  the  hands  of  Villard, 
a  villain  who  wanted  to  abuse  her,  and 
taking  her  to  his  own  home  fell  in  love 
with  her,  and  in  due  time  married  her. 
She  turns  out  to  be  the  daughter  of  sir 
Charles  Raymond. 

Rosetta  Belmont,  daughter  of  sir 
Robert,  high-spirited,  witty,  and  affec- 
tionate.     She  is  in    love  Vith    colonel 


Raymond,  whom  she  delights  in  torment- 
ing.— Ed.  Moore,  The  Foundling  (1748). 

Belmont  {Andrew),  the  elder  of  two 
brothers,  who  married  Violetta  (an  English 
lady  born  in  Lisbon),  and  deserted  her. 
He  then  promised  marriage  to  Lucy 
Waters,  the  daughter  of  one  of  bis 
tenants,  but  had  no  intention  of  making 
her  his  wife.  At  the  same  time,  he  en- 
gaged himself  to  Sophia,  the  daughter  of 
sir  Benjamin  Dove.  The  day  of  the 
wedding  arrived,  and  it  was  then  dis- 
covered that  he  was  married  already,  and 
that  Violetta  his  wife  was  actually 
present. 

Robert  Belmont,  the  younger  of  the 
two  brothers,  in  love  with  Sophia  Dove. 
He  went  to  sea  in  a  privateer  under 
captain  Ironside,  his  uncle,  and  changed 
his  name  to  Lewson.  The  vessel  was 
wrecked  on  the  Cornwall  coast,  and  he 
renewed  his  acquaintance  with  Sophia, 
but  heard  that  she  was  engaged  in  mar- 
riage to  his  brother.  As,  however,  it  was 
proved  that  his  brother  was  already 
married,  the  5'oung  lady  willingly  aban- 
doned the  elder  for  the  younger  brother. 
— R.  Cumberland,  The  Brothers  (17G9). 

Belmour  (Edward),  a  gay  young 
man  about  town. — Congreve,  The  Old 
Bachelor  (1693). 

Belmour  (if rs.),  a  widow  of  "agreeable 
vivacity,  entertaining  manners,  quickness 
of  transition  from  one  thing  to  another,  a 
feeling  heart,  and  a  generosity  of  senti- 
ment." She  it  is  who  shows  Mrs.  Love- 
more  the  way  to  keep  her  husband  at 
home,  and  to  make  him  treat  her  with 
that  deference  which  is  her  just  due. — 
A.  Murphy,  The  Way  to  Keep  Him 
(1760). 

Beloved  Disciple  (The),  St.  John 
"the  divine,"  and  writer  of  the  fourth 
Gospel. — John  xiii.  23,  etc. 

Beloved  Physician  (The),  St. 
Luke  the  evangelist. — Col.  iv.  14. 

Bel'pliegor,  a  Moabitish  deity,  wnose 
orgies  were  celebrated  on  mount  Phegor, 
and  were  noted  for  their  obscenity. 

Belphce'be  (3  syl. ).  "  All  the  Graces 
rocked  her  cradle  when  she  was  born." 
Her  mother  was  Chrj'sog'one  (4  syl.), 
daughter  of  Amphisa  of  fairy  lineage, 
and  her  twin-sister  was  Amoretta.  While 
the  mother  and  her  babes  were  asleep, 
Diana  took  one  (Belphoebe)  to  bring  up, 
and  Venus  took  the  other. 

*^*  Belphcebe  is  the  "Diana"  among 


BELTED  WILL. 


97 


BENBOW. 


vromen,  cold,  passionless,  correct,  and 
strong-minded.  Amoret  is  the  "Venus," 
but  without  the  licentiousness  of  that 
goddess,  warm,  loving,  motherly,  and 
wifely.  Belphoebe  was  a  lily ;  Amoret  a 
rose.  Belphoebe  a  moonbeam,  light  with- 
out heat  ;  Amoret  a  sunbeam,  bright  and 
warm  and  life-giving.  Belphoebe  would 
go  to  the  battle-field,  and  make  a  most 
aduurable  nurse  or  ladj'-conductor  of  an 
ambulance ;  but  Amoret  would  prefer  to 
look  after  her  husband  and  family,  Avhose 
comfort  would  be  her  first  care,  and 
whose  love  she  would  seek  and  largely 
reciprocate. — See  Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
in.  iv.  (1590). 

*^*  "  Belphoebe  "  is  queen  Elizabeth. 
As  queen  she  is  Gloriana,  but  as  woman 
she  is  Belphoebe,  the  beautiful  and  chaste. 

Either  Gloriana  let  her  choose. 
Or  in  BelpliceM  fashiondd  to  be ; 
In  one  her  rule,  in  tlie  other  her  rare  chastitie. 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen  (introduction  to  bk.  ilL). 

Belted  Will,  lord  William  Howard, 
warden  of  the  western  marches  (1563- 
1640). 

His  Bilboa  blade,  by  Marchmen  felt. 
Hung  in  a  broad  and  studded  Iselt ; 
Hence  in  rude  plirase  the  Borderers  still 
CiUIed  noble  Howard  "  Belted  Will." 

Sir  W.  Scott 

Belten'ebros  (4  syl.).  AmSdis  of 
Gaul  assumes  the  name  when  he  retires  to 
the  Poor  Rock,  after  receiving  a  cruel 
letter  from  Oria'na  his  lady-love. — Vasco 
de  Lobeira,  Ainadis  de  Gaul,  ii.  6  (before 
1400). 

One  of  the  most  distinguishing  testimonies  which  that 
hero  save  of  iiis  fortitude,  constancy,  and  love,  was  his 
retiring  to  tlie  Poor  Rock  when  in  disgrace  with  his 
mistress  Oriana,  to  do  penance  under  the  name  of  Bel- 
tenebros  or  the  Lovely  06»c-ure.— Cervantes,  Don  (iuixoie, 
I.  Ui.  11  (1605). 

Belvide'ra, .  daughter  of  Priu'li  a 
Benator  of  Venice.  She  was  saved  from 
the  sea  by  Jaffier,  eloped  with  him,  and 
married  him.  Her  father  then  discarded 
her,  and  her  husband  joined  the  con- 
apiracy  of  Pierre  to  murder  the  senators. 
He  tells  Belvidera  of  the  plot,  and 
Belvidera,  in  order  to  save  her  father,  per- 
suades Jaffier  to  reveal  the  plot  to  Priuli, 
if  he  will  promise  a  general  free  pardon. 
Priuli  gives  the  required  promise,  but 
notwithstanding,  all  the  conspirators,  ex- 
cept Jaffier,  are  condemned  to  death  by 
torture.  Jaffier  stabs  Pierre  to  save  him 
from  the  dishonour  of  the  wheel,  and 
then  kills  himself.  Belvidera  goes  mad 
and  dies. — Otway,  Venice  Preserved  ( 1G82) . 

We  have  to  check  our  tears,  although  well  aware  that 
tbe  "Belvidera"  with  whose  sorrows  we  sympathize  is  no 
other  tlian  our  own  inimitable  Mrs.  Siddons. — Sir  W, 
•cott.  The  Drama, 

5 


(The  actor  Booth  used  to  speak  in 
rapture  of  Mrs.  Porter's  "  Belvidera."  It 
obtained  for  Mrs.  Barry  the  title  of 
famous;  Miss  O'Neill  and  Miss  Helen 
Faucit  were  both  great  in  the  same  part.) 

Ben  [Legend],  sir  Sampson  Legend's 
younger  son,  a  sailor  and  a  "  sea-wit," 
in  whose  composition  there  enters  no  part 
of  the  conventional  generosity  and  open 
frankness  of  a  British  tar.  His  slang 
phrase  is  "  D'ye  see,"  and  his  pet  oath 
"Mess!" — W.  Congreve,  Love  for  Love 
(1695).  I  cannot  agree  with  the  follow- 
ing sketch : — 

What  is  iBen— the  pleasant  Siiilor  which  Bannister  gives 
us — but  a  piece  of  satire  ...  a  dreamy  combination  of 
all  the  accidents  of  a  sailor's  character,  his  contempt  of 
money,  liis  credulity  to  women,  witli  that  necessary 
estrangement  from  home?  .  .  .  We  never  think  the 
worse  of  Ben  for  it,  or  feel  it  as  a  stain  upon  his  charac- 


ter.- 


Lamb. 


C.  Dibdin  says :  "  If  the  description  of  Thom.  Doggett's 
performance  of  this  character  be  correct,  tlie  part  has 
certainly  never  been  performed  since  to  any  degree  of 
perfection." 

Ben  Israel  (Nathan)  or  Nathan 
ben  Samuel,  the  physician  and  friend 
of  Isaac  the  Jew. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Lvanhoe 
(time,  Richard  1.). 

Ben  Joc'hanan,  in  the  satire  of 
Absalom  and  Achitophel,  by  Dryden  and 
Tate,  is  meant  for  the  Rev.  Samuel  John- 
son, who  suffered  much  persecution  for 
his  defence  of  the  right  of  private  judg- 
ment. 

Let  Hebron,  nay,  let  hell  produce  a  man 
So  made  for  mischief  as  Ben  Joch.-uian. 
A  Jew  of  humble  parentage  was  he, 
By  trade  a  Levite,  though  of  low  degree. 

Tart  iL 

Benai'ah  (B  syl.),  in  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  is  meant  for  general  George 
Edward  Sackville.  As  Benaiah,  captain 
of  David's  guard,  adhered  to  Solomon 
against  Adonijah,  so  general  Sackville 
adhered  to  the  duke  of  York  against  the 
prince  of  Orange  (1590-1652). 

Nor  can  Benaiah 's  worth  forgotten  lie. 

Of  steady  soul  when  public  storms  were  high. 

Dryden  and  Tate,  part  IL 

Benas'kar     or     Bennaskar,    a 

wealthy  merchant  and  magician  of  Delhi, 
—James  Ridley,  Tales  of  the  Genii 
("  History  of  Mahoud,"  tale  vii.,  1751). 

Benbow  (Admiral).  In  an  engaged 
ment  with  the  French  near  St.  Martha  on 
the  Spanish  coast  in  1701,  admired 
Benbo\v  had  his  legs  and  thighs  shivered 
into  splinters  by  chain-shot,  but  supported 
in  a  wooden  frame  he  remained  on  the 
quarter-deck  till  morning,  when  Du  Caasi 
sheered  off. 

Similar  acta  of  heroism  are  recorded  o4 


BENBOW. 


98 


BENTICK  STREET. 


Almeyda  the  Portuguese  governor  of 
India,  of  Cynaegiros  brother  of  the  poet 
yEschylos,  of  Jaafer  the  standard-bearer 
of  "  the  prophet "  in  the  battle  of  Muta, 
and  of  some  others. 

Benbow,  an  idle,  generous,  free-and- 
easy  sot,  who  spent  a  good  inheritance  in 
dissipation,  and  ended  life  in  the  work- 
house. 

Benbow,  a  boon  companion,  long  approved 
By  jovial  sets,  and  (as  he  tliougiit)  beloved. 
Was  judged  as  one  to  joy  and  friendship  prone, 
And  deemed  injurious  to  himself  alone. 

Crabbe,  Borough,  xvi.  (1810). 

Ben'denieer',  a  river  that  flows  near 
the  ruins  of  Chil'minar'  or  Istachar',  in 
the  province  of  Chusistan  in  Persia. 

Bend-the-Bow,  an  English  archer 
at  Dickson's  cottage. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Benedick,  a  wild,  witty,  and  light- 
hearted  young  lord  of  Padua,  Avho  vowed 
celibacy^  but  fell  in  love  with  Beatrice 
and  married  her.  It  fell  out  thus:  He 
went  on  a  visit  to  Leonato  governor  of 
Messina ;  here  he  sees  Beatrice,  the 
governor's  niece,  as  wild  and  witty  as 
himself,  but  he  dislikes  her,  thinks  her 
pert  and  forward,  and  somewhat  ill-man- 
nered withal.  However,  he  hears  Claudio 
speaking  to  Leonato  about  Beatrice, 
saying  how  deeply  she  loves  Benedick, 
and  bewailing  that  so  nice  a  girl  should 
break  her  heart  with  unrequited  love. 
This  conversation  was  a  mere  ruse,  but 
Benedick  believed  it  to  be  true,  and 
resolved  to  reward  the  love  of  Beatrice 
with  love  and  marriage.  It  so  hapjiened 
that  Beatrice  had  been  entrapped  by  a 
similar  conversation  which  she  had  over- 
heard from  her  cousin  Hero.  The  end 
was  they  sincerely  loved  each  oLher,  and 
became  man  and  wife. — Shakespeare, 
Mtich  Ado  about  Nothing  (1600). 

Benedict  [Bellefontaine],  the 
wealthiest  farmer  of  Grand  Pre',  in 
Acadia,  father  of  Evangeline  ("the  pride 
of  the  village  ").  He  was  a  stalwart  man 
of  70,  hale  as  an  oak,  but  his  hair  was 
white  as  snow.  Colonel  Winslow  in 
1713  informed  the  villagers  of  Grand  Prd 
that  the  French  had  formally  ceded  their 
village  to  the  English,  that  George  II. 
now  confiscated  ail  their  lands,  houses, 
and  cattle,  and  that  the  people,  amounting 
to  nearly  2000,  were  to  be  "exiled  into 
other  lands  without  delay."  The  people 
assembled  on  the  sea-shore  ;  old  Benedict 
Belief ontaine  sat  to  rest  himself,  and  fell 
dead  in  a  fit.  ■  The  old  priest  buried  hira 


in  the  sand,  and  the  exiles  left  their 
village  homes  for  ever. — Longfellow, 
Evangeline  (1849). 

Benefit-Play.  The  first  actress  in- 
dulged with  a  benefit-play  was  Mrs. 
Elizabeth  Barry  (1G82-1733). 

Ben'engel'i  {Gid  Hamet)^  the  hypo- 
thetical Moorish  chronicler  from  whom 
Cervantes  pretends  he  derived  the  ac- 
count of  the  adventures  of  don  Quixote. 

The  Spanish  commentators  .  .  .  have  discovered  that 
cid  tiamet  Benengeli  is  after  all  no  more  than  an  Arabic 
version  of  the  name  of  Cervantes  himself.  L'amet  ia 
a  Moorish  prefix,  and  Benengeli  signifies  "son  of  a  stag," 
iu  Spanish  Ceirvanteno.—hockhart. 

Benengeli  {Cid  ITamet),  Thomas  Babing- 
ton  lord  Macaulay.  His  signature  in  hia 
Fragment  of  an  Ancient  Romance  (182G). 
(See  Cid,  etc.) 

Benev'olus,  in  Cooper's  Task,  is 
John  Courtney  Throckmorton,  of  Weston 
Underwood. 

Benjie  {Little),  or  Benjamin  Col- 
thred,  a  spy  employed  by  Cristal  Nixon, 
the  agent  of  Redgauntlet. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
liedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Ben'net  {Brother)^  a  monk  at  St. 
Mary's  convent. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Ben'net  {Mrs.),  a  demure,  intriguing 
woman  in  Amelia,  a  novel  by  Fielding 
(1751). 

Ben'oiton  {Madame),  a  woman  who 
has  been  the  ruin  of  tlie  family  by  neglect. 
In  the  "famille  Benoiton"  the  constant 
question  was  "  OU  est  Madame 'i"  and  the 
invariable  answer  '■^Elle  est  sortie.''^  At  the 
de'nouement  the  question  was  asked  again, 
and  the  answer  was  varied  thus,  "Madam 
has  been  at  home,  but  is  gone  out  again." 
— La  Famille  Benoiton. 

Ben'sliee,  the  domestic  spirit  or 
demon  of  certain  Irish  families.  The 
benshee  takes  an  interest  in  the  prosperity 
of  the  family  to  which  it  is  attached,  and 
intimates  to  it  approaching  disaster  or 
death  by  wailings  or  shrieks.  The  Scotch 
Bodach  Glay  or  '•'  grey  spectre"  is  a  simi- 
lar spirit.    Same  as  Banshee  (which  see). 

How  oft  has  the  Benshee  cried  I 
How  oft  has  death  untied 
Bright  links  that  glory  wove, 
Sweet  bonds  entwined  by  love  1 

T.  Moore,  Jriih  Melodiet,  ii. 

Bentick  Street  (Portman  Square, 
London),  named  after  William  Eenrick, 
second  duke  of  Portland,  who  married 
Margaret,  only  child  of  F2dward  second 
earl  of  Oxford  anu  Slortimer. 


BENVOLIO. 


BERENICE. 


Benvo'lio,  nephew  to  Montague,  and 
Romeo's  friend.  A  testy,  litigious  fellow, 
who  would  quarrel  about  goat's  wool  or 
pi(;eon's  milk.  Mercutio  says  to  him, 
"Thou  hast  quarrelled  with  a  man  for 
coughing  in  the  street,  because  he  hath 
wakened  thy  dog  that  hath  lain  asleep 
in  the  sun"  (act  iii.  sc.  1). — Shakespeare, 
Roineo  and  Juliet  C1598). 

Ben'wicke  (2  syL),  the  kingdom  of 
king  Ban,  father  of  sir  Launcelot.  It 
was  situate  in  that  extremely  shadowy 
locality  designated  as  "beyond  seas,"  but 
whether  it  was  Brittany  or  Utopia,  "non 
nostrum  tantas  componere  lites." 

Probably  it  was  Brittany,  because  it 
was  across  the  channel,  and  was  in 
France.  Ban  king  of  Benwicke  was 
brother  of  Bora  king  of  Gaul. — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Frince  Arthur,  i.  8 
(1470). 

Beownlf,  the  name  of  an  Anglo- 
Saxon  epic  poem  of  the  sixth  century.  It 
received  its  name  from  Beowulf,  who 
delivered  Hrothgar  king  of  Denmark  from 
the  monster  Grendel.  This  Grendel  was 
half  monster  and  half  man,  and  night 
after  night  stole  into  the  king's  palace 
called  Heorot,  and  slew  sometimes  as 
many  as  thirty  of  the  sleepers  at  a  time. 
Beowulf  put  himself  at  the  head  of  a 
mixed  band  of  warriors,  went  against  the 
monster  and  slew  it.  This  epic  is  very 
Ossianic  in  style,  is  full  of  beauties,  and 
a^  is  most  interesting. — Keinhle's  Translation. 
K-  (A.  D.  Wackerbarth  published  in  1849 

1^       a  metrical   translation    of    this    Anglo- 
Saxon  poem,  of  considerable  merit.) 

Beppo.  Byron's  Beppo  is  the  husband 
of  Laura,  a  Venetian  lady.  He  was  taken 
captive  in  Troy,  turned  Turk,  joined  a 
band  of  pirates,  grew  rich,  and  after 
several  years  returned  to  his  native  land. 
He  found  his  wife  at  a  carnival  ball  with 
a  cavaliero,  made  himself  known  to  her, 
and  they  lived  together  again  as  man  and 
wife.  (i3eppo  is  a  contraction  of  Guiseppe, 
as  Joe  is  of  Joseph,  1820.) 

Beppo,  in  Fra  Diavolo,  an  opera  by 
Auber  (1836). 

Beralde  (2  syL),  brother  of  Argan  the 
malade  imayinaire.  He  tells  Argan  that 
his  doctors  will  confess  this  much,  that 
the  cure  of  a  patient  is  a  very  minor  con- 
Bideration  with  them,  "  toute  f  excellence 
de  leiir  art  consiste  en  un  pompeux  gali- 
matias, en  un  spe'cieux  babii,  qui  vous 
donne  des  mots  pour  des  raisons,  et  des 
promesses  pour  des  effets,"    Again  he  says, 


^^presque  tons  les  hommes  meurent  de  leu/r 
remedes  et  non  pas  de  leurs  maladies."  He 
then  proves  that  Argan's  wife  is  a  mere 
hypocrite,  while  his  daughter  is  a  true- 
hearted,  loving  girl ;  and  he  makes  the 
invalid  join  in  the  dancing  and  singing 
provided  for  his  cure. — Moiiere.  Le  Malade 
Imayinaire  (1673). 

Berch'ta  {'^the  white  lady  "),  a  fairy  of 
southern  Germany,  answering  to  Hulda 
("the  gracious  lady")  of  northern  Ger- 
many. After  the  introduction  of  Chris- 
tianity, Berchta  lost  her  first  estate  and 
lapsed  into  a  bogie. 

Berecynthian  Q-oddess  (The). 
Cybeie  is  so  called  from  mount  Berecyn- 
tus,  in  Phrygia,  where  she  was  held  in 
especial  adoration.  She  is  represented  as 
crowned  with  turrets,  and  holding  keys 
in  her  hand. 

Her  helmid  head 
Rose  like  the  Berecynthian  goddess  crowned 
With  towers. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  it.  (1814). 

BerecTn'thian  Hero  (27*^),  Midas 
king  of  Phrygia,  so  called  from  mount 
Berecyn'tus  (4  syl.),  in  Phrygia. 

Berenga'ria,  queen  -  consort  of 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  introduced  in  The 
Talisman,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(1825).     Berengaria  died  1230. 

Berenger  {^Sir  Baymond),  an  old 
Norman  warrior,  living  at  the  castle  of 
Garde  Doloureuse. 

I'he  lady  Eveline  Bei-enger,  sir  Ray- 
mond's daughter,  betrothed  to  air  Hugo 
de  Lacy.  Sir  Hugo  cancels  his  own 
betrothal  in  favour  of  his  nephew  (sir 
Damian  de  Lacy),  who  marries  the  lady 
Eveline  "the  betrothed." — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Bereni'ce  (4  syl.),  sister-wife  of 
Ptolemy  III.  She  vowed  to  sacrifice  her 
hair  to  the  gods  if  her  husband  returned 
home  the  vanquisher  of  Asia.  On  his 
return,  she  suspended  her  hair  in  the 
temple  of  the  war-god,  but  it  was  stolen 
the  first  night,  and  Conon  of  Samos  told 
the  king  that  the  winds  had  carried  it  to 
heaven,  where  it  still  forms  the  seven 
stars  near  the  tail  of  Leo,  called  Ccmia 
Berenices. 

Pope,  in  his  Rape  of  the  Lock,  has 
borrowed  this  fable  to  account  for  the 
lock  of  hair  cut  from  Belinda's  head,  the 
restoration  of  which  the  young  lady 
insisted  upon. 

Bereni'ce  (4  syl.),  a  Jewish  princess, 
daughter  of  Agrippa.    She  married  Ilerod 


BERESINA. 


100 


BERNARDO 


king  of  Chalcig,  then  Polemon  king-  of 
Cilicia,  and  then  -went  to  live  with 
Agrippa  II.  her  brother.  Titus  fell  in 
love  with  her  and  would  have  married 
her,  but  the  Romans  compelled  him  to 
renounce  the  idea,  and  a  separation  took 
place.  Otway  (1672)  made  this  the 
subject  of  a  tragedy  called  Titus  and 
Berenice  ;  and  Jean  Racine  (1670),  in  his 
tragedy  of  Berenice,  has  made  her  a  sort 
of  Henriette  d'Orle'ans. 

(Henriette  d'Orle'ans,  daughter  of 
Charles  I.  of  England,  married  Philippe 
due  d'Orle'ans,  brother  of  Louis  XIV.  She 
was  brilliant  in  talent  and  beautiful  in 
person,  but  being  neglected  by  her  hus- 
band, she  died  suddenly  after  drinking  a 
cup  of  chocolate,  probably  poisoned.) 

Beresi'na  (4  syL).  Every  streamlet 
shall  prove  a  new  Beresina  (Russian) : 
meaning  "every  streamlet  shall  prove 
their  destruction  and  overthrow."  The 
allusion  is  to  the  disastrous  passage  of  the 
French  army  in  November,  1812,  during 
their  retreat  from  Moscow.  It  is  said 
that  12,000  of  the  fugitives  were  drowned 
m  the  stream,  and  16,000  were  taken 
prisoners  by  the  Russians. 

Ber'il,  a  kind  of  crystal,  much  used  at 
one  time  by  fortune-tellers,  who  looked 
into  the  beril  and  then  uttered  their  pre- 
dictions. 

.  .  .  and,  like  a  prophet, 
Loeks  In  a  glass  tliat  shews  what  future  evils  .  .  . 
Are  now  to  have  no  successive  degree, 
But  where  they  live,  to  end. 
Shakespeare,  Measure  for  Meature,  act !.  sc.  2  (1603). 

Beringhen  (The  Sieur  de),  an  old 
gourmand,  who  preferred  patties  to  trea- 
son;  but  cardinal  Richelieu  banished  him 
from  France,  saying : 

Sleep  not  another  night  In  Paris, 

Or  else  your  precious  life  may  be  in  danger. 

Lord  Lytton,  Richelieu.  (1839). 

Berin'tliia,  cousin  of  Amanda ;  a 
beautiful  young  widow  attached  to  colonel 
Townly.  In  order  to  win  him  she  plays 
upon  his  jealousy  by  coquetting  with 
Loveless. — Sheridan,  A  Trip  to  Scar- 
boroiigh  (1777). 

Berkeley  (T/ie  Old  Woman  of),  a 
woman  Avhose  life  had  been  very  wicked. 
On  her  death-bed  she  sent  for  her  son  who 
was  a  monk,  and  for  her  daughter  who 
was  a  nun,  and  bade  them  put  her  in  a 
strong  stone  coffin,  and  to  fasten  the 
coffin  to  the  ground  with  strong  bands  of 
iron.  Fifty  priests  and  fifty  choristers 
were  to  pray  and  sing  over  her  for  three 
daj's,  and  the  bell  was  to  toll  without 


ceasing.  The  first  night  passed  without 
much  disturbance.  The  second  night  the 
candles  burnt  blue  and  dreadful  yells  were 
heard  outside  the  church.  But  the  third 
night  the  devil  broke  into  the  church  and 
carried  off  the  old  woman  on  his  black 
horse. — R.  Southey,  l^he  Old  Woman  of 
Berkeley  (a  ballad  from  Olaus  Magnus). 

Dr.  Sayers  pointed  out  to  us  in  conversation  a  story 
related  by  Olaus  Magnus  of  a  witch  whose  coflii:  was  con- 
fined by  three  chains,  but  nevertheless  was  carried  off  by 
demons.  Dr.  Sayers  had  made  a  ballad  on  the  sulyect ;  so 
had  I  ;  but  after  seeing  The  Old  Woman  of  Berkeley,  we 
awarded  it  the  preference. — W.  laylor. 

Berkeley  Square  (London),  so 
called  in  compliment  to  John  lord  Berke- 
ley of  Stratton. 

Berke'ly  ( The  lady  Atigusta),  plighted 
to  sir  John  de  Walton,  governor  of  Doug- 
las Castle.  She  first  appears  under  the 
name  of  Augustine,  disguised  as  the  son 
of  Bertram  the  minstrel,  and  the  novel 
concludes  with  her  marriage  to  De  Walton, 
to  whom  Douglas  Castle  had  been  sur- 
rendered.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle  Dan- 
gerous (time,  Henry  I.). 

Berkshire  Lady  ( The),  Miss  Frances 
Kendrick,  daughter  of  sir  William  Ken- 
drick,  second  baronet ;  his  father  was 
created  baronet  by  Charles  II.  The  line, 
"  Faint  heart  never  won  fair  lady,"  was 
the  advice  of  a  friend  to  Mr.  Child,  the 
son  of  a  brewer,  who  sought  the  hand  of 
the  lady. — Quarterly  Review,  cvi.  205- 
245. 

Berme'ja,  the  Insula  de  la  Torre, 
from  which  Am'adis  of  Gaul  starts  when 
he  goes  in  quest  of  the  enchantress-dam- 
sel, daughter  of  Finetor  the  necromancer. 

Bermu'das,  a  cant  name  for  one  of 
the  purlieus  of  the  Strand,  at  one  time 
frequented  by  vagabonds,  thieves,  and  all 
evil-doers  who  sought  to  \\q  perdu. 

Bernard.  Solomon  Bernard,  engraver 
of  Lions  (sixteenth  century),  called  Le 
petit  Bernard.  Claude  Bernard  of  Dijon, 
the  philanthropist  (1588-1641),  is  called 
Poor  Bernai'd.  Pierre  Joseph  Bernard, 
the  French  poet  (1710-1776),  is  called  Z* 
gentil  Bernard. 

Bernard,  an  ass;  in  Italian  Bernardo. 
In  the  beast-epic  called  Reynard  the 
Fox,  the  sheep  is  called  "  Bernard,"  and 
the  ass  is  "  Bernard  I'archipretre  "  (1498). 

Bernar'do,  an  officer  in  Denmark,  to 

whom  the  ghost  of  the   murdered  king 

I   appeared  during  the  night-watch  at  the 

1   royal  castle. — Shakespeare,  Hamlet  (1596) . 


BERNARDO  DEL  CARPIO. 


101 


BERTOLDO. 


Bernardo   del    Carpio,    one    of 

the  most  favourite  subjects  of  the  old 
Spanish  minstrels.  The  other  tv/o  were 
The  Cid  and  Lara's  Seven  Infants.  Ber- 
nardo del  Carpio  was  the  person  who 
assailed  Orlando  (or  Rowland)  at  Ronces- 
valles,  and  finding  him  invulnerable,  took 
him  up  in  his  arms  and  squeezed  him  to 
death,  as  Hercules  did  Antae'os. — Cer- 
vantes, Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  13  (1G16). 

***  The  only  vulnerable  part  of  Or- 
lando was  the  sole  of  the  foot. 

Bemesque  Poetry,  like  lord  By- 
ron's Don  Juan,  is  a  mixture  of  satire, 
tragedy,  comedy,  serious  thought,  wit, 
and  ridicule.  L.  Pulci  was  the  father  of 
this  class  of  rhyme  (1432-1487),  but 
Francesco  Berni  of  Tuscany  (1490-1537) 
60  greatly  excelled  in  it,  that  it  is  called 
Bernesque,  from  his  name. 

Bernit'ia  with  Dei'ra  constituted 
Northumbria.  Bernitia  included  West- 
moreland, Durham,  and  part  of  Cumber- 
land. Deira  contained  the  other  part  of 
Cumberland,  with  Yorkshire  and  Lan- 
cashire. 

Two  kingdoms  which  had  been  with  several  thrones  en- 

st-illed. 
Bernitia  hight  the  one,  Dfera  \iic]  th'  other  called. 

Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Ber'rathon,  an  island  of  Scandinavia. 

Berser'ker,  grandson  of  the  eight- 
handed  Starka'der  and  the  beautiful 
Alfhil'de.  He  was  so  called  because  he 
wore  "no  shirt  of  mail,"  but  went  to 
battle  unharnessed.  He  married  the 
daughter  of  Swaf'urlam,  and  had  twelve 
sons.  {Bcer-syrce,  Anglo-Saxon,  "  bare  of 
shirt ;  "  Scotch,  "  bare-sark.") 

You  say  that  I  am  a  Berserker,  and  .  .  .  baresark  I  go 
tomorrow  to  tlie  war,  and  bare-sark  I  win  that  war  or 
die.— Rev.  C.  Kingsley,  Ilereward  the  Wake,  i.  247. 

Bertha,  the  supposed  daughter  of 
Vandunke  (2  syl.)  burgomaster  of  Bruges, 
and  mistress  of  Goswin  a  rich  merchant 
of  the  same  city.  In  reality,  Bertha  is 
the  duke  of  Brabant's  daughter  Gertriide, 
and  Goswin  is  Florez,  son  of  Gerrard  king 
of  the  beggars. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Ber'tJia,  daughter  of  Burkhard  duke  of 
the  Alemanni,  and  wife  of  Rudolf  II. 
king  of  Burgundy  beyond  Jura.  She  is 
represented  on  monuments  of  the  time  as 
sitting  on  her  throne  spinning. 

You  are  the  beautiful  Bertha  the  Spinner,  the  queen  of 

Helvetia;  .  .  . 
Who  as  siie  rode  on  her  palfrey  o'er  valley,  and  meadow, 

and  mountauu 


Ever  was  spinning  her  thread  from  the  distaff  fixed  to  b«t 

saddle. 
She  wa.s  so  thrifty  and  good  that  her  name  passed  into  a 

prnverH 

Lougteiiow,  CottraMv  of  Mile*  Si'nrtii'y  viiL 

Bertlia,  alias  Agatha,  the  betrothed  of 
Hereward  (3  sgL),  one  of  tb'^  OTmaror's 
Varangian  giiards.  The  novel  concludes 
with  Hereward  enlisting  under  the  banner 
of  count  Robert,  and  marrying  Bertha. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Eohert  of  Paris  (time, 
Rufus). 

Ber'tha,  the  betrothed  of  John  of  Ley- 
den.  When  she  went  with  her  mother  to 
ask  count  Oberthal's  jiermission  to  marry, 
the  count  resolved  to  make  his  pretty 
vassal  his  mistress,  and  confined  her  in 
his  castle.  She  made  her  escape  and 
went  to  Munster,  intending  to  set  fire  to 
the  palace  of  "the  prophet,"  Avho,  she 
thought,  had  caused  the  death  of  her 
lover.  Being  seized  and  brought  before 
the  prophet,  she  recognized  in  him  her 
lover,  and  exclaiming,  "  I  loved  thee 
once,  but  now  my  love  is  turned  to  hate," 
stabbed  herself  and  died. — Meyerbeer,  Le 
Prophite  (an  opera,  1849). 

Berthe  au  Q-rand-Pied,  mother  of 
Charlemagne,  so  called  from  a  club-foot. 

Bertolde  (3  syl.),  the  hero  of  a  little 
jeu  d'esprit  in  Italian  prose  by  J.  C.  Croce 
(2  syl.).  He  is  a  comedian  by  profession, 
whom  nothing  astonishes.  He  is  as  much 
at  his  ease  with  kings  and  queens  as  with 
those  of  his  own  rank.  Hence  the  phrase 
Imperturbable  as  Bertolde,  meaning  "never 
taken  hy  surprise,"  "  never  thrown  off 
one's  guard,"  "never  disconcerted." 

Bertoldo  {Prince),  a  knight  of  Malta, 
and  brother  of  Roberto  king  of  the  two 
Sicilies.  He  is  in  lore  with  Cami'ola 
"  the  maid  of  honour,"  but  could  not 
marry  without  a  dispensation  from  the 
pope.  While  matters  were  at  this  crisis, 
Bertoldo  laid  siege  to  Sienna,  and  was 
taken  prisoner.  Camilla  paid  his  ransom, 
but  before  he  was  released  the  duchess 
Aurelia  requested  him  to  be  brought 
before  her.  Immediately  the  duchess  saw 
him,  she  fell  in  love  with  him,  and 
offered  him  marriage,  and  Bertoldo,  for- 
getful of  Camiola,  accepted  the  offer. 
The  betrothed  then  presented  themselves 
before  the  king.  Here  Camiola  exposed 
the  conduct  of  the  knight ;  Roberto  is 
indignant ;  Aurelia  rejects  her/ancewith 
scorn  ;  and  Camiola  takes  the  veil. — Mas- 
singer,  The  Maid  of  Honour  (1637). 

Bertol'do,  the  chief  character  of  a 
coDtiic  romance  called  Vita  di  Bertoldo,hj 


BERTOLDO'S  SON. 


102 


BERTRAMO. 


Julio  Cesare  Croce,  who  flourished  in  the 
Bixteenth  century.  It  recounts  the  suc- 
cessful exploits  of  a  clever  but  ugly 
peasant,  and  was  for  two  centuries  as 
popular  in  Italy  as  Robinson  Crusoe  is  in 
England,  Same  as  Bertolde  and  Bartoldo. 
Bertoldo's  Son,  Rinaldo. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Bertram  {Baron)  ^  one  of  Charle- 
magne's paladins. 

Ber'tram,  count  of  Rousillon.  While 
on  a  visit  to  the  king  of  France,  Hel'ena, 
a  physician's  daughter,  cured  the  king  of 
a  disorder  which  had  baffled  the  court 
physicians.  For  this  service  the  king 
promised  her  for  husband  any  one  she 
chose  to  select,  and  her  choice  fell  on 
Bertram.  The  haughty  count  married 
her,  it  is  true,  but  deserted  her  at  once, 
and  left  for  Florence,  where  he  joined  the 
duke's  army.  It  so  happened  that 
Helena  also  stopped  at  Florence  while  on 
a  pilgrimage  to  the  shrine  of  St.  Jacques 
le  Grand.  In  Florence  she  lodged  with  a 
widow  whose  daughter  Diana  was  wan- 
tonly loved  by  Bertram.  Helena  ob- 
tained permission  to  receive  his  visits  in 
lieu  of  Diana,  and  in  one  of  these  visits 
exchanged  rings  with  him.  Soon  after 
this  the  count  went  on  a  visit  to  his 
mother,  where  he  saw  the  king,  and  the 
king  observing  on  his  finger  the  ring  he 
had  given  to  Helena,  had  him  arrested  on 
the  suspicion  of  murder.  Helena  now 
came  forward  to  explain  matters,  and  all 
was  well,  for  all  ended  well. — Shake- 
speare, All's  Well  that  Ends  Well  (1598). 

1  cannot  reconcile  my  heart  to  "  Bertram,"  a  man  noble 
without  generosity,  and  young  without  truth ;  who  marries 
Helena  as  a  coward,  and  leaves  her  as  a  profligate.  When 
she  is  dead  by  his  unkindness  he  sneaks  home  to  a  second 
marriage,  is  accused  by  a  woman  whom  he  has  wronged, 
defends  himself  by  falsehood,  and  is  dismissed  to  happi- 
ness.—Dr.  Johnson. 

Bertram  (Sir  Stephen),  an  austere  mer- 
chant, very  just  but  not  generous.  Fear- 
ing lest  his  son  should  marry  the  sister  of 
his  clerk  (Charles  Ratcliffe),  he  dismissed 
Katcliffe  from  his  service,  and  being 
then  informed  that  the  marriage  had  been 
already  consummated,  he  disinherited  his 
son.  Sheva  the  Jew  assured  him  that  the 
lady  had  £10,000  for  her  fortune,  so  he 
relented.  At  the  last  all  parties  were 
satisfied. 

Frederick  Bertram,  only  son  of  sir 
Stephen ;  he  marries  Miss  Ratcliffe  clan- 
destinely, and  incurs  thereby  his  father's 
displeasure,  but  the  noble  benevolence  of 
Sheva  the  Jew  brings  about  a  reconcilia- 
tion,  and  opens    eir  Bertram's  eyes  to 


"  see  ten  thousand  merits,"  a  grace  for 
every  pound. — Cumberland,  The  Jew 
(1776). 

Ber'tram  {Count),  an  outlaw,  who  be- 
comes the  leader  of  a  band  of  robbers. 
Being  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Sicily,  he 
is  conveyed  to  the  castle  of  lady  Imogine, 
and  in  her  he  recognizes  an  old  sweetheart 
to  whom  in  his  prosperous  days  he  Avas 
greatly  attached.  Her  husband  (St.  Aldo- 
brand),  who  was  away  at  first,  returning 
unexpectedly  is  murdered  by  Bertram  ; 
Imogine  goes  mad  and  dies ;  and  Bertram 
puts  an  end  to  his  own  life. — C.  Maturin, 
Bertram  (1782-1825). 

Bertram  {Mr.  Godfrey),  the  laird  of 
Ellangowan. 

Mrs.  Bertram,  his  wife. 

Harry  Berti^am,  alias  captain  Van- 
beest  Brown,  alias  Dawson,  alias 
Dudley,  son  of  the  laird,  and  heir  to 
Ellangcwan.  Harry  Bertram  is  in  love 
with  Julia  Mannering,  and  the  novel 
concludes  Avith  his  taking  possession  of 
the  old  house  at  EUengowan  and  marrying 
Julia. 

Lxicy  Bertram,  sister  of  Harry  Bertram. 
She  marries  Charles  Hazlewood,  son  of 
sir  Robert  Hazlewood,  of  Hazlewood. 

Sir  Allen  Bertram,  of  Ellangowan,  an 
ancestor  of  Mr.  Godfrey  Bertram. 

Dennis  Bertram,  Donohoe  Bertram,  and 
Leiois  Bertram,  ancestors  of  Mr.  Godfrey 
Bertram. 

Captain  Andrew  Bertram,  a  relative  of 
the  family. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Man- 
nering (time,  George  II.). 

Bertram,  the  English  minstrel,  and 
guide  of  lady  Augusta  Berkely,  when  in 
disguise  she  calls  herself  the  minstrel's 
son. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle  Dangerous 
(time,  Henry  I.). 

Ber'tram,  one  of  the  conspirators 
against  the  republic  of  Venice.  Having 
"a  hesitating  softness,  fatal  to  a  great 
enterprise,"  he  betrayed  the  conspiracy 
to  the  senate.  —  Byron,  Marino  Faliero 
(1819). 

Bertra'mo,  the  fiend-father  of 
Robert  le  Diable.  After  alluring  his 
son  to  gamble  away  all  his  property,  he 
meets  him  near  St.  Ire'ne,  and  Hel'ena 
seduces  him  to  join  in  "the  Dance  of 
Love."  When  at  last  Bertramo  comes  to 
claim  his  victim,  he  is  resisted  by  Alice 
(the  duke'i  foster-sister),  who  reads  to 
Robert  his  mother's  will.  Being  thus 
reclaimed,  angels  celebrate  the  tiiuaiph 


BERTRAND. 


103 


BETIQUE. 


of  good  over  evil. — Meyerbeer,  Roberto  il 
Diavalo  (an  opera,  1831). 

Bertrand,  a  sitnpletoa  and  a  villain. 
He  is  the  accomplice  of  Robert  Macaire, 
a  libertine  of  unblushing  impudence,  who 
sins  without  compunction. — Daumier, 
L'Auberge  des  Adrets. 

Bertrand  du  Gueslin,  a  romance 
of  chivalry,  reciting  the  adventures  of 
this  conne'table  de  Frand'e,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  V. 

Bertrand  du  Gueslin  in  prison.  The 
prince  of  Wales  went  to  visit  his  captive 
Bertrand,  and  asking  him  how  he  fared, 
the  Frenchman  replied,  "  Sir,  I  have 
heard  the  mice  and  the  rats  this  many  a 
day,  but  it  is  long  since  I  heard  the  song  of 
birds,"  i.e.  I  have  been  long  a  captive 
and  have  not  breathed  the  fresh  air. 

The  reply  of  Bertrand  du  Gueslin 
calls  to  mind  that  of  Douglas,  called 
"  The  Good  sir  James,"  the  companion 
of  Robert  Bruce,  "It  is  better,  I  ween, 
to  hear  the  lark  sing  than  the  mouse 
cheep,"  i.e.  It  is  better  to  keep  the  open 
field  than  to  be  shut  up  in  a  castle. 

Bertulphe  (2  syl.),  provost  of  Bruges, 
the  son  of  a  serf.  By  his  genius  and 
energy  he  became  the  richest,  most 
honoured,  and  most  powerful  man  in 
Bruges.  His  arm  was  strong  in  fight,  his 
wisdom  swayed  the  council,  his  step  was 
proud,  and  his  eye  untamed.  He  had  one 
child,  most  dearly  beloved,  the  bride  of 
sir  Bouchard,  a  knight  of  noble  descent. 
Charles  "  the  Good,"  earl  of  Flanders, 
made  a  law  (1127)  that  whoever  married 
a  serf  should  become  a  serf,  and  that  serfs 
were  serfs  till  manumission.  By  these 
absurd  decrees  Bertulphe  the  provost,  his 
daughter  Constance,  and  his  knightly 
son-in-law  were  all  serfs.  The  result  was 
that  the  provost  slew  the  earl  and  then 
himself,  his  daughter  went  mad  and  died, 
and  Bouchard  was  slain  in  fight. — S. 
Knowles,  The  Provost  of  Bruges  (1836). 

Ber'wine  (2  syl.),  the  favourite 
attendant  of  lady  Er'mengarde  (3  syl.) 
of  Baldringham,  great-aunt  of  lady 
Eveline  "the  betrothed."— Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Ber'yl  Mol'ozane  (3  syl.),  the 
lady-love  of  George  Geith.  All  beauty, 
love,  and  sunshine.  She  has  a  heart  for 
every  one,  is  ready  to  help  every  one,  and 
is  by  every  one  beloved,  yet  her  lot  is 
most  painfully  unhappy,  and  ends  in  an 
early  death.— F.  G.  Trafford  [J.  H.  Rid- 
delll,  George  Geith, 


Beso'nian  (A),  a  scoundrel.  From 
the  Italian,  bisognoso,  "  a  needy  persoii, 
a  beggar." 

Proud  lords  do  tumble  from  the  towers  of  their  him'h 
descents ;  and  be  trod  under  feet  of  every  inferior  heso- 
nian. — Thomas  Nash,  Pierce  Pennylesse,  hit  Suppli- 
cation, etc.  (1592). 

Bess  (Good  queen),  Elizabeth  (1633, 
1558-1603). 

Bess,  the  daughter  of  the  "  blind 
beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,"  a  lady  by 
birth,  a  sylph  for  beauty,  an  angel  for 
constancy  and  sweetness.  She  was  loved 
to  distraction  by  Wilford,  and  it  turns 
out  that  he  was  the  son  of  lord  Wood- 
ville,  and  Bess  the  daughter  of  lord 
Woodville's  brother ;  so  they  were 
cousins.  Queen  Elizabeth  sanctioned 
their  nuptials,  and  took  them  under  her 
own  especial  conduct. — S.  Knowles,  Tho 
Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green  (1834). 


o'  Bedlam,  a  female  lunatic 
vagrant,  the  male  lunatic  vagrant  being 
called  a  Tom  o'  Bedlam. 

Bessus,  governor  of  Bactria,  who 
seized  Dari'us  (after  the  battle  of  A  rbe'la) 
and  put  him  to  death.  Arrian  says,  Alex- 
ander caused  the  nostrils  of  the  regicide 
to  be  slit,  and  the  tips  of  his  ears  to  be 
cut  off.  The  offender  being  then  sent  to 
Ecbat'fina  in  chains,  was  put  to  death. 

lo !  Bessus,  he  that  armde  with  murderer's  knyfe 

And  traytrous  hart  agaynst  his  royal  king, 
With  bluddy  hands  bereft  his  master's  life  .  . . 

What  booted  him  bis  false  usurped  raygne  . .  , 
When  like  a  wretche  led  in  an  iron  chayne. 
He  was  presented  by  his  chiefest  friende 
Unto  the  foes  of  him  whom  he  had  slayne? 

T.  Sackville,  A  Mirrour  for  Magixtrayte* 
("  The  Complaynt,"  1587). 

Bes'sus,  a  cowardly  bragging  captain, 
a  sort  of  Bobadil  or  Vincent  de  la  Rosa. 
Captain  Bessus,  having  received  a  chal- 
lenge, wrote  word  back  that  he  could  not 
accept  the  honour  for  thirteen  Aveeks,  as 
he  had  already  212  duels  on  band,  but  he 
was  much  grieved  he  could  not  appoint 
an  earlier  day. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
King  or  No  King  (1619). 

Rochester  I  despise  for  want  of  wit .  . . 
So  often  does  he  aim,  so  seldom  liit .  .  , 
Mean  in  each  action,  leud  in  every  limb. 
Manners  themselves  are  mischievous  in  him  . . , 
[OhJ  what  a  Bessus  has  he  always  lived ! 

Dryden,  Essay  upon  Satire. 

Betique  (2  syl.)  or  Bas'tica  (Gra- 
na'da  and  Andalusia),  so  called  from  the 
river  Baetis  (Guadalquiver) .  Ado'am  de- 
scribes this  part  of  Spain  to  Telem'achus 
as  a  veritable  Utopia. — Fcnelon,  Jven- 
iures  de  Te'le'maque,  viii.  (1700). 


BETTER  TO  REIGN  IN  HELL,  ETC.  104 


BEVIL. 


Better  to  Reign  in  Hell  than 
Serve  in  Heaven. — Milton,  Paradise 
Lost,  i.  263  (1665). 

Julius  Caesar  used  to  say  he  would 
rather  be  the  first  man  in  a  country 
village  than  the  second  man  at  Rome. 

Betty  Doxy.  Captain  Macheath 
says  to  her,  ' '  Do  you  drink  as  hard  as 
ever  ?  You  had  better  stick  to  good 
wholesome  beer ;  for,  in  troth,  Betty, 
strong  waters  will  in  time  ruin  your 
constitution.  You  should  leave  those  to 
your  betters." — Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opera, 
ii.  1  (1727). 

Betty  Foy,  "the  idiot  mother  of 
an  idiot  boy."— W.  Wordsworth  (1770- 
1850). 

Betty  [Hint],  servant  in  the  family 
of  sir  'Pertinax  and  lady  McSycophant. 
She  is  a  sly,  prjnng  tale-bearer,  who 
hates  Constantia  (the  beloved  of  Eger- 
ton  McSycophant),  simply  because  every 
one  else  loves  her. — C.  Macklin,  The  Man 
of  the  World  (1764). 

Betu'binni,  Dumsby  or  the  Cape 
of  St.  Andrew,  in  Scotland. 

The  north-inflated  tempest  foams 
O'er  Orka's  or  Betubium's  highest  peak. 

Thomson,  The  Heasons  ("Autumn,"  1730). 

Betula  Alba,  common  birch.  The 
Roman  lictors  made  fasces  of  its  branches, 
and  also  employed  it  for  scourging  chil- 
dren, etc.     (Latin,  batulo,  "to  beat.") 

Tlie  college  porter  brought  in  a  huge  quantity  of  that 
betulineuug  tree,  a  native  of  Britain,  called  b^tala  alba, 
•which  furnished  rods  for  the  schooL— Lord  W.  P,  Lennox, 
Celebritict,  etc,  i.  43. 

Beulah,  that  land  of  rest  which  a 
Christian  enjoys  when  his  faith  is  so 
strong  that  he  no  longer  fears  or  doubts. 
Sunday  is  sometimes  so  called.  In 
Bunyan's  allegory  {The  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress) the  pilgrims  tarry  in  the  land  of 
Beulah  after  their  pilgrimage  is  over,  till 
they  are  summoned  to  cross  the  stream 
of  Death  and  enter  into  the  Celestial 
City. 

After  this,  I  beheld  until  they  came  unto  the  land  of 
Beulah,  where  the  sun  shineth  night  and  day.  Here, 
because  they  were  weary,  they  betook  themselves  awhile 
to  rest ;  but  a  little  while  soon  refreshed  them  here,  for 
the  bells  did  so  ring,  and  the  tnmipets  sounded  so  melo- 
diously that  they  could  not  sleep.  ...  In  this  land  they 
heard  nothing,  saw  nothing,  smelt  nothing,  tasted 
nothing  that  was  oifensive. — Bunyan,  The  Pilgriin'i  Pro- 
gress, i.  (1678). 

Beuves  (1  syL)  or  Bno'vo  of 
Ay'gremont,  father  of  Malagigi,  and 
uncle  of  Rinaldo.  Treacherously  slain  by 
Gano. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Beuves     de     Hantone,    French 


form  for  Bevis  of  Southampton  (q.t.), 
"Hantone"  is  a  French  corruption  of 
[South]  ampton. 

Bev'an  (Mr.),  an  American  physician, 
who  befriends  Martin  Chuzzlewit  and 
Mark  Tapley  in  many  ways  during  their 
stay  in  the  New  World. — C.  Dickens, 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Bev'erley,  "the  gamester,"  natur- 
ally a  good  man,  bat  led  astray  by 
Stukcly,  till  at  last  he  loses  everything 
by  gambling,  and  dies  a  miserable  death. 

Mrs.  Beverley,  the  gamester's  Avife. 
She  loves  her  husband  fondly,  and  clings 
to  him  in  all  his  troubles. 

Charlotte  Beverley,  in  love  with  Lewson, 
but  Stukely  wishes  to  marry  her.  She 
loses  all  her  fortune  through  her  brother, 
"the  gamester,"  but  Lewson  notwith- 
standing marries  her. — Edward  Moore, 
The  Gamester  (1712-1757). 

Mr.  Young  was  acting  "  Beverley "  vnih  Mrs.  Siddons. 
...  In  the  4th  act  "  Beverley "  swallows  poison;  and 
when  "Bates"  comes  in  and  says  to  the  dying  man, 
"  Jarvis  found  you  quarrelling  with  Lawsou  in  the  streets 
last  night,"  "  Mrs.  Beverley"  replies,  "  No,  I  am  sure  he 

did  not."    To  this   "Jarvis"   adds,  "And  if  I  did " 

when  "Mrs.  Beverley "  interrupts  him  with,  " 'Tis  false, 
old  man  ;  they  had  no  quarrel.  .  .  ."  In  uttering  these 
words,  Mrs.  Siddons  gave  such  a  piercing  shriek  of 
grief  that  Young  was  unable  to  utter  a  word  from  a 
swelling  in  his  throat.— Campbell,  Life  of  Siddons. 

Beverley,  brother  of  Clarissa,  and  the 
lover  of  Belinda  Blandford.  He  is  ex- 
tremely jealous,  and  catches  at  trifles 
light  as  air  to  confirm  his  fears  ;  but  his 
love  is  most  sincere,  and  his  penitence 
most  humble  when  he  finds  out  how 
causeless  his  suspicions  are.  Belinda  is 
too  proud  to  deny  his  insinuations,  but 
her  love  is  so  deep  that  she  repents  of 
giving  him  a  moment's  pain. — A.  Mur- 
phy, All  in  the  Wrong  (1761). 

Youngs  countenance  was  equally  well  adapted  for  the 
expression  of  ]:iathos  or  of  pride ;  thus  in  such  parts  as 
"Hamlet,"  "Beverley,"  "The  Stranger"  ...  he  looked 
the  men  he  represented.— JVew  Monthly  (1822). 

Bev'il,  a  model  gentleman,  in  Steele's 
Conscious  Lovers. 

Whate'er  can  deck  mankind 
Or  charm  the  heart,  in  generous  Bevil  shewed. 
Thomson,  The  Seasom  ("  Winter,"  1726). 

Bevil  (Francis,  Harry,  and  George), 
three  brothers— one  an  M.P.,  another  in 
the  law,  and  the  third  in  the  Guards — who, 
unknown  to  each  other,  wished  to  obtain 
in  marriage  the  hand  of  Mia«  Gnibb,  the 
daughter  of  a  rich  stock-broker.  The 
M.P.  paid  his  court  to  the  father,  and 
obtained  his  consent ;  the  lawyer  paid 
his  court  to  the  mother,  and  obtained  her 
consent ;  the  officer  paid  his  court  to  the 
young  lady,   and  having    obtained   her 


BETTS. 


106 


BICKERTON. 


consent,  the   other  two  brothers  retired 
from  the  field. — O'Brien,  Cross  Purposes, 

Be'vis,  the  horse  of  lord  Marmion. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Marmion  (1808). 

Be'vis  (Sir)  of  Southampton.  Having 
reproved  his  mother,  while  still  a  lad, 
for  murdering  his  father,  she  employed 
Saber  to  kill  him  ;  but  Saber  only  left 
him  on  a  desert  land  as  a  waif,  and  he  was 
brought  up  as  a  shepherd.  Hearing  that 
his  mother  had  married  Mor'dure  (2  si/L), 
the  adulterer,  he  forced  his  way  into  the 
marriage  hall  and  struck  at  Mordure  ;  but 
Mordure  slipped  aside,  and  escaped  the 
blow.  Bevis  was  now  sent  out  of  the 
country,  and  being  sold  to  an  Armenian, 
was  presented  to  the  king.  Jos'ian,  the 
king's  daughter,  fell  in  love  with  him ; 
they  were  duly  married,  and  Bevis  was 
knighted.  Having  slain  the  boar  which 
made  holes  in  the  earth  as  big  as  that 
into  which  Curtius  leapt,  he  was  ap- 
pointed general  of  the  Armenian  forces, 
subdued  Brandamond  of  Damascus,  and 
made  Damascus  tributary  to  Armenia. 
Being  sent,  on  a  future  occasion,  as  am- 
bassador to  Damascus,  he  was  thrust  into 
a  prison,  where  were  two  huge  serpents  ; 
these  he  slew,  and  then  effected  his 
escape.  His  next  encounter  was  with 
Ascupart  the  giant,  whom  he  made  his 
slave.  Lastly,  he  slew  the  great  dragon 
of  Colein,  and  then  returned  to  England, 
where  he  was  restored  to  his  lands  and 
titles.  The  French  call  him  Beuves  de 
Hantone.  —  M.  Drayton,  Foiyolbion,  ii. 
(1612). 

TJie  Sword  of  Bevis  of  Southampton 
was  Morglay,  and  his  steed  Ar'undel. 
Both  were  given  him  by  his  wife  Josian, 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Armenia. 

Beza'liel,  in  the  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for  the  marquis 
of  Worcester,  afterwards  duke  of  Beau- 
fort. As  Bezaliel,  the  famous  artificer, 
"was  filled  with  the  Spirit  of  God  to 
devise  excellent  works  in  every  kind  of 
workmanship,"  so  on  the  marquis  of 
Worcester- 


There  scarce  remained 


Nature  heaped  her  store, 
•-■'  for  arts  to  give  him  more. 

Dryden  and  Tate,  part  il. 


Bezo'nian,  a  beggar,  a  rustic. 
(Italian,  bisognoso,  "necessitous.") 

Tlie  ordinary  tillers  of  the  earth,  such  as  we  call  hus- 
bandmen ;  In  France,  pesants ;  in  Spaine,  besonyans ; 
and  generally  •?ouf«/ioe. —Markham,  Mngluh  Umband- 
man,  4. 

Bian'ca,  the  younger  daughter  of 
Baptista  of  Pad'ua,  as  gentle  and  meek 


as  her  sister  Katherine  was  violent  and 
irritable.  As  it  was  not  likely  any  one 
would  marry  Katherine  "the  shrew,"  the 
father  resolved  that  Bianca  should  not 
marry  before  her  sister.  Petruchio  mar- 
ried "  the  shrew,"  and  then  Lucentio 
married  Bianca. — Shakespeare,  Taming 
of  the  Shrew  (1594). 

Bian'ca,  a  courtezan,  the  "almost" 
wife  of  Cassio.  lago,  speaking  of  the 
lieutenant,  says : 

And  what  was  he? 
Forsooth,  a  great  arithmetician. 
One  Michael  Cassio,  a  Florentine, 
A  fellow  almost  damn'd  in  a  fair  wife. 

Shakespeare,  Othello,  act  i.  sc.1  (1611). 

Bian'ca,  wife  of  Fazio.  When  her 
husband  wantons  with  the  marchioness 
Aldabella,  Bianca,  out  of  jealousy,  ac- 
cuses him  to  the  duke  of  Florence  of 
being  privy  to  the  death  of  Bartol'do, 
an  old  miser.  Fazio  being  condemned 
to  death,  Bianca  repents  of  her  rashness, 
and  tries  to  save  her  husband,  but  not 
succeeding,  goes  mad  and  dies. — Dean 
Milman,  Fazio  (1815). 

Bibbet  (Master),  secretary  to  major- 
general  Harrison,  one  of  the  parliamentary 
commissioners. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock 
(time,  Commonwealth). 

Bibbie'na  {F),  cardinal  Bernardo, 
who  resided  at  Bibbiena,  in  Tuscany. 
He  was  the  author  of  Calandra,  a  comedy 
(1470-1520). 

"Bible"  Butler,  alias  Stephen 
Butler,  grandfather  of  Reuben  Butler 
the  presbyterian  minister  (married  to 
Jeanie  Deans). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Bib'lis,  a  woman  who  fell  in  love 
with  her  brother  Caunus,  and  was 
changed  into  a  fountain  near  Mile'tus. — 
Ovid,  Met.  ix.  662. 

Not  that  [/ountainl  where  Biblis  dropt,  too  fondly  light. 
Her  tears  and  self  may  dare  compare  with  this. 

Phin.  Fletcher.  The  Purple  Uland,  v.  (1633). 

Bib'ulus,  a  colleague  of  Julius  Caesar, 
but  a  mere  cipher  in  office ;  hence  his 
name  became  a  household  word  for  a 
nonentity. 

Bic'kerstaff  (Isaac),  a  pseudonym 
of  dean  Swift,  assumed  in  the  paper-war 
with  Partridge,  the  almanac-maker,  and 
subsequently  adopted  by  Steele  in  The 
Tatler,  which  was  announced  as  edited 
by  "  Isaac  Bickerstaff,  Esq.,  astrologer." 

Bickerton  (Mrs.),  landlady  of  the 
Seven  Stars  inn  of  York,  where  Jeauia 
DeaAfi    stops   on   her  way   to   London^ 


BID  ME  DISCOURSE. 


106 


BILBILIS. 


whitlier  she  is  going  to  plead  for  her 
sister's  pardon.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Bid  Me  Discourse  .  .  .  The  words 
of  this  celebrated  song  are  taken  from 
Shakespeare's  poem  called  Venus  and 
Adonis,  25.     Music  by  Bishop. 

Bid'denden  Maids  {The),  two 
sisters  named  Mary  and  Elizabeth  Chulk- 
hurst,  born  at  Biddenden  in  1100.  They 
were  joined  together  by  the  shoulders 
and  hips,  and  lived  to  the  age  of  34. 
Some  say  that  it  was  Mary  and  Eliza- 
beth Chulkhurst  who  left  twenty  acres 
of  land  to  the  poor  of  Biddenden.  This 
tenement  is  called  "  Bread  and  Cheese 
Land,"  because  the  rent  derived  from 
it  is  distributed  on  Easter  Sunday  in 
doles  of  bread  and  cheese.  Halstead 
says,  in  his  Ilistoi-y  of  Kent,  that  it  was 
the  gift  of  two  maidens  named  Preston, 
and  not  of  the  Biddenden  Maids. 

Biddy,  servant  to  Wopsle's  great- 
aunt,  who  kept  an  "  educational  institu- 
tion." A  good,  honest  girl,  who  falls  in 
love  with  Pip,  was  loved  by  Dolge 
Orlick,  but  married  Joe  Gargery. — C. 
Dickens,  Great  Expectations  (1860). 

Biddy  [Bellair]  (Miss),  "Miss  in 
her  teens,"  in  love  with  captain  Loveit. 
She  was  promised  in  marriage  by  her 
aunt  and  guardian  to  an  elderly  man 
whom  she  detested ;  and  during  the 
absence  of  captain  Loveit  in  the  Flanders 
war,  she  coquetted  with  Mr.  Fribble  and 
captain  Flash.  On  the  return  of  her 
"Strephon,"  she  set  Fribble  and  Flash 
together  by  the  cars ;  and  while  they 
stood  menacing  each  other  but  afraid  to 
fight,  captain  Loveit  entered  and  sent 
them  both  to  the  right-about. — D.  Gar- 
rick,  Miss  in  Her  Teens  (1753). 

BidSford  Postman  (r/i(?).  Edward 
Capern,  a  poet,  at  one  time  a  letter- 
carrier  in  Bideford  (3  syt.). 

Bide-the-Bent  {Mr.  Peter),  minis- 
ter of  Wolfs  Hope  village.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Bid'more  {Lord),  patron  of  the  Rev. 
Josiah  Cargill,  minister  of  St.  Ronan's. 

The  Hon.  Augustus  Bidmore,  son  of 
lord  Bidmore,  and  pupil  of  the  Rev. 
Josiah  Cargill. 

Miss  Augusta  Bidmore,  daughter  of 
lord  Bidmore ;  beloved  bv  the  Rev. 
Josiah  Cargill.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St,  Ro- 
man's Well  (time,  George  III.). 


Bie'derman  {Arnold),  alias  count 
Arnold  of  Geierstein  [^Gi'.er.stine']^  lan- 
dammanof  Unterwalden.  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein, his  brother's  daughter,  is  under  his 
charge. 

Bertha  Biederman,  Arnold's  late  wife. 

Ru'diger  Biederman^  Arnold  Bieder- 
man's  son. 

Ernest  Biederman,  brother  of  Rudiger. 

Sigismund  Biederman,  nicknamed  "The 
Simple,"  another  brother. 

iflrick  Biederman,  youngest  of  the 
four  brothers. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Bi-forked  Letter  of  the  Greeks, 

T   (capital  U),  which  resembles  a  bird 
flying. 

{The  birds]  flying,  write  upon  the  sky 
The  bi-forked  letter  of  tlie  Greelis. 

Longfellow,  The  Wayside  Inn  (prelude). 

Bi'frost,  the  bridge  which  spans 
heaven  and  earth.  The  rainbow  is  this 
bridge,  and  its  colours  are  attributed  to 
the  precious  stones  which  bestud  it. — 
Scamiinavian  Myth. 

Big'-en'dians  {The),  a  hypothetical 
religious  party  of  Lilliput,  who  made  it 
a  matter  of  "  faith  "  to  break  their  eggs 
at  the  "big  end."  Those  who  broke 
them  at  the  other  end  were  considered 
heretics,  and  called  Little-endians. — 
Dean  Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels  (1726). 

Big-'lo-W  {Hosea),  the  feigned  author 
of  TheBiglow  Papers  (1848),  really  writ- 
ten by  Professor  James  Russell  Lowell 
of  Boston,  Mass.  (1819-        ). 

Big'ot  {De),  seneschal  of  prince 
John.— Sir  Walter  Sodtt,  Ivanhoe  (time 
Richard  I.). 

Big'ot,  in  C.  Lamb's  Essays,  is  John 
Fenwick,  editor  of  the  Albion  newspaper. 

Big-Sea-Water,  lake  Superior,  also 
called  Gitche  Gu'mee. 

Forth  upon  the  Gitche  Gumee, 
On  the  sliining  Big-Sea- Water  .  .  . 
All  alone  went  Hiawatha. 

Longfellow,  Biawatha,  vili. 

Bi'lander,  a  boat  used  in  coast  navi- 
gation [By-land.er']. 

Why  choose  we  then  like  bilanders  to  creep 
Along  the  coast,  and  land  in  view  to  keep, 
When  safely  we  may  launch  into  the  deep? 

Dryden,  JJind  and  the  Panther. 

Bil'bilis,  a  river  in  Spain.  The  high 
temper  of  the  best  Spanish  blades  is  due 
to  the  extreme  coldness  of  this  river,  into 
which  they  are  dipped. 

Help  me,  I  pray  you,  to  a  Spanish  sword, 
The  trustiest  blade  that  e'er  in  Bilbilia 
Was  dipt. 

Soutbey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xxv.  {18141t 


BILBO. 


107       BIRD  SINGING  TO  A  MONK. 


Bilbo,  a  Spanish  blade  noted  for  its 
flexibility,  and  so  called  from  Bilba'o, 
where  at  one  time  the  best  blades  were 
made. 

.Bilboes  (2  syl.),  a  bar  of  iron  with 
feit^rs  annexed  to  it,  by  which  mutinous 
sailors  were  at  one  time  linked  together. 
Some  of  the  bilboes  taken  from  the 
Spanish  Armada  are  preserved  in  the 
British  Museum.  They  are  so  called  not 
because  they  were  first  made  at  Bilba'o,  in 
Spain,  but  from  the  entanglements  of  the 
river  on  which  Bilbao  stands.  These 
"entanglements"  are  called  The  Bilboes. 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  compare  the  mar- 
riage knot  to  bilboes. 

Bil'dai  (2  syl.),  a  seraph  and  the 
tutelar  guardian  of  Matthew  the  apostle, 
the  son  of  wealthy  parents  and  brought 
up  in  great  luxury. — Klopstock,  The 
Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Billings  (Josh.).  A.  W.  Shaw  bo 
signs  His  Book  of  Sayings  (1866). 

Bil'lingsgate  (3  syl.).  Beling  was 
a  friend  of  "Brennus"  the  Gaul,  who 
owned  a  wharf  called  Beling's-gate. 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  derives  the  word 
from  Belin,  a  mythical  king  of  the 
ancient  Britons,  who  "  built  a  gate  there, 
B.C.  400  "  (1142). 

Billy  Barlow,  a  merry  Andrew,  so 
called  from  a  semi-idiot,  who  fancied 
himself  "  a  great  potentate."  He  was 
well  known  in  the  east  of  London,  and 
died  in  Whitechapel  workhouse.  Some 
of  his  sayings  were  really  witty,  and 
some  of  his  attitudes  truly  farcical. 

Billy  Black,  the  conundrum-maker. 
—The  Ilundred-pound  Note. 

When  Keeley  was  playing  "Billy  Black"  at  Chelms- 
ford, he  advanced  to  the  lights  at  the  close  of  the  piece, 
and  said,  "  I've  one  more,  and  this  is  a  good  un.  Why  is 
Chelmsford  Theatre  like  a  half -moon  f  D'ye  give  it  up  t 
Because  it  is  never  full."— A'ecord*  of  a  Stage  Veteran. 

Bimater  {'^two-mother").  Bacchus 
was  so  called  because  at  the  death  of  his 
mother  during  gestation,  Jupiter  put  the 
foetus  into  his  own  thigh  for  the  rest  of 
the  time,  when  the  infant  Bacchus  was 
duly  brought  forth. 

Bimbister  (Margery),  the  old  Ran- 
zelman's  spouse. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Bimini  [Be'.me.nee'] ,  af  abulous  island, 
said  to  belong  to  the  Baha'ma  group, 
and  containing  a  fountain  possessed  of 
the  power  of  restoring  youth.  This 
island  was  an  object  of  long  search  by 


the  Spanish  navigator   Juan   Ponce   de 
Leon  (1460-1521). 

Bind'loose  (John),  sheriff's  clerk 
and  banker  at  Marchthorn. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
St.  Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Bingen  (Bishop  of),  generally  called 
bishop  Hatto.  The  tale  is  that  during 
a  famine,  he  invited  the  poor  to  his  bam 
on  a  certain  day,  under  the  plea  of  dis- 
tributing corn  to  them ;  but  when  the 
bam  was  crowded  he  locked  the  door 
and  set  fire  to  the  building ;  for  which 
iniquity  he  was  himself  devoured  by  an 
army  of  mice  or  rats.  His  castle  is  the 
Mouse-tower  on  the  Rhine. 

They  almost  devour  me  with  kisses, 

Their  arms  about  me  entwine. 
Till  I  think  of  the  bishop  of  Bingen, 

In  his  Mouse-tower  on  the  Rhine. 

Longfellow,  Birds  of  Patsage. 

Binks  (Sir  Bingo),  a  fox-hunting 
baronet,  and  visitor  at  the  Spa. 

Lady  Binks,  wife  of  sir  Bingo,  but 
before  marriage  Miss  Rachael  Bonny- 
rigg. Visitor  at  the  Spa  with  her  hus- 
band.—Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Bi'on,  the  rhetorician,  noted  for  hia 
acrimonious  and  sharp  sayings. 

Bionis  sermonibus  et  sale  nigro. 

Horace,  EpUt.  il.  2,  60. 

Biondel'lo,  one  of  the  servants  of 
Lucentio  the  future  husband  of  Bianca 
(sister  of  "the  shrew").  His  fellow- 
servant  is  Tra'nio. — Shakespeare,  Taming 
of  the  Shrew  (1594). 

Birch.  (Harvey),  a  prominent  cha- 
racter in  Tlie  Spy,  a  novel  by  J.  F. 
Cooper. 

Birch'over  Lane  (London),  so 
called  from  Birchover,  the  builder,  who 
owned  the  houses  there. 

Bird  (The  Little  Green),  of  the  frozen 
regions,  which  could  reveal  every  secret 
and  impart  information  of  events  past, 
present,  or  to  come.  Prince  Chery  went 
in  search  of  it,  so  did  his  two  cousins, 
Brightsun  and  Felix  ;  last  of  all  Fairstar, 
who  succeeded  in  obtaining  it,  and  libe- 
rating the  princes  who  had  failed  in 
their  attempts.  —  Comtesse  D'Aunoy, 
Fairy  Tales  ("Princess  Chery,"  1682). 

This  tale  is  a  mere  reproduction  of 
"The  Two  Sisters,"  the  last  tale  of  the 
Arabian  Nights,  in  which  the  bird  is 
called  "  Buibul-hezar,  the  talking  bird." 

Bird  Singing  to  a  Monk.  The 
monk  was  Felix. — Longfellow,  Golden 
I^egend,  ii. 


BIRD  TOLD  ME. 


108 


BIRON. 


Bird  Told  Me  (A  Little).  "A  bird 
of  tlie  air  shall  carry  the  voice,  and  that 
which  hath  wings  shall  tell  the  matter  " 
(Eccles.  X.  20).  In  the  old  Basque 
legends  a  "little  bird"  is  introduced 
*'  which  tells  the  truth.''  The  sisters  had 
deceived  the  king  by  assuring  him  that 
his  first  child  was  a  cat,  his  second  a  do<j, 
and  his  third  a  bear;  but  the  "little 
bird  "  told  him  the  truth — the  first  two 
were  daughters  and  the  third  a  son. 
This  little  truth-telling  bird  appears  in 
Bundry  tales  of  great  antiquity  ;  it  is 
introduced  in  the  tale  of  "Princess 
Fairstar"  (Comtesse  D'Aunoy)  as  a 
"  little  green  bird  who  tells  everything ; " 
also  in  the  Arabian  Niijhts  (the  last  tale, 
called  "  The  Two  Sisters"). 

I  think  I  hear  a  little  bird  who  sings 

The  people  by-and-by  will  be  the  stronger. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  50  (l>i'21). 

When  Kenelm  or  Cenhelm  was  mur- 
dered by  the  order  of  his  sister  Cwen- 
thryth,  "at  the  verj'  same  hour  a  white 
dove  flew  to  Rome,  and,  lighting  on  the 
high  altar  of  St.  Peter's,  deposited  there 
a  Tetter  containing  a  full  account  of  the 
murder."  So  the  pope  sent  men  to  ex- 
amine into  the  matter,  and  a  chapel  was 
built  over  the  dead  body,  called  "St. 
Kenelm's  Chapel  to  this  day "  (Shrop- 
shire). 

Bire'no,  the  lover  and  subsequent 
husband  of  Olympia  queen  of  Holland, 
He  was  taken  prisoner  by  Cymosco  king 
of  Friza,  but  was  released  by  Orlando. 
Bireno,  having  forsaken  Olympia,  was 
put  to  death  by  Oberto  king  of  Ireland, 
who  married  the  young  widow. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso,  iv.  v.  (1516). 

Bire'no  (Duke),  heir  to  the  crown  of 
Lombardy.  It  was  the  king's  wish  he 
should  marry  Sophia,  his  only  child,  but 
the  princess  loved  Pal'adore  (3  syl.),  a 
Briton.  Bireno  had  a  mistress  named 
Alin'da,  whom  he  induced  to  personate 
the  princess,  and  in  Paladore's  presence 
she  cast  down  a  rope-ladder  for  the  duke 
to  climb  up  by.  Bireno  has  Alinda 
murdered  to  prevent  the  deception  being 
known,  and  accuses  the  princess  of  in- 
chastity — a  crime  in  Lombardy  punished 
by  death.  As  the  princess  is  led  to 
execution,  Paladore  challenges  the  duke, 
and  kills  him.  The  villainy  is  fully  re- 
vealed, and  the  princess  is  married  to  the 
man  of  her  choice,  who  had  twice  saved 
bei  life. — Robert  Jephson,  The  Law  of 
Lombardy  (1779). 

Birmingliam  of  Belgium,  Liege. 


Birmingham  of  Russia,  Tula, 
south  of  Moscow. 

Birmingham  Poet  (The),  Johu 
Freeth,  the  wit,  poet,  and  publican,  wliu 
wrote  his  own  songs,  set  them  to  music, 
and  sang  them  (1730-1808). 

Biron,  a  merry  mad-cap  young  lord, 
in  attendance  on  Ferdinand  king  of 
Navarre.  Biron  promised  to  spend  three 
years  with  the  king  in  study,  during  which 
time  no  woman  was  to  approach  his 
court ;  but  no  sooner  has  he  signed  the 
compact,  than  he  falls  in  love  with 
Rosaline.  Rosaline  defers  his  suit  for 
twelve  months  and  a  day,  saying,  "  If 
you  my  favour  mean  to  get,  for  twelve 
months  seek  the  weary  beds  of  people 
sick." 

A  merrier  man, 
Within  the  limit  of  becoming  mirth, 
1  never  spent  an  hour's  talk  withal. 
His  eye  begets  occasion  for  his  wit: 
For  every  object  that  the  one  doth  cateh, 
The  other  turns  to  a  mirth-moving  jest ; 
Whicli  his  fair  tongue  (conceit's  expositoi) 
Delivers  in  such  apt  and  gracious  words, 
Tliat  aged  ears  play  truant  at  his  tales. 
And  younger  hearings  are  quite  ravished. 
Shakespeare,  Love's  Labour  t  Lost,  act  ii.  so.  1  (1594). 

Biron  {Charles  de  Gontaut  duo  dc)^ 
greatly  beloved  by  Henri  IV.  of  France. 
He  won  immortal  laurels  at  the  battles  of 
Arques  and  Ivry,  and  at  the  sieges  of 
Paris  and  Rouen.  The  king  loaded  him 
with  honours  :  he  was  admiral  of  France, 
marshal,  governor  of  Bourgoyne,  duke 
and  peer  of  France.  This  "too-much 
honour  made  him  forget  himself,  and  he 
entered  into  a  league  with  Spain  and 
Savoy  against  his  country.  The  plot 
was  discovered  by  Lafin  ;  and  although 
Henri  wished  to  pardon  him,  he  was 
executed  (1G02,  aged  40).  George  Chap- 
man has  made  him  the  subject  of  two 
tragedies,  entitled  Byron's  Conspiracy 
and  Byron's  Tragedy  (1557-1634). 

Biron,  eldest  son  of  count  Baldwin, 
who  disinherited  him  for  marrj'ing  Isa- 
bella, a  nun.  Biron  now  entered  the 
army  and  was  sent  to  the  siege  of  Candy, 
where  he  fell,  and  it  was  supposed  died. 
After  the  lapse  of  seven  j^ears,  Isabella, 
reduced  to  abject  poverty,  married 
Villeroy  (2  syl.),  but  the  day  after  her 
espousals  Biron  returned  ;  whereupon 
Isabella  went  mad  and  killed  herself. 
• — Thomas  Southern,  Isabella  or  the  Fatal 
Marriage. 

During  the  ftbsence  of  the  elder  M.aj;ready,  his  son  took 
the  part  of  "  Biron"  in  ItabeUa,  Tlie  fatlier  was  shocked, 
because  he  desired  his  son  for  the  Church  ;  but  Mrs.  Sid- 
dcns  remarked  to  him,  "In  the  Church  your  son  will 
live  and  die  a  curate  on  ^50  a  year,  but  if  successful,  the 
stage  will  bring  him  in  a  thousand."— Donaldson,  SecoU 
lections. 


BIRON. 


109 


BLACK  AGNES. 


Biron  {Harriet),  the  object  of  sir 
Charles  Grandison's  affections. 

One  wnuld  prefer  Dulctnea  del  Toboso  to  Miss  Biron  vis 
(lorn  as  Grajidison  becomes  acquainted  witli  the  amiable, 
do'lcate,  virtuous,  unfortunate  Clementina. — Epil.  of  the 
yiiit.  on  the  Story  of  Uabib  and  DorathU-gosue. 

Birth..  It  was  lord  Thurlow  who 
called  high  birth  "the  accident  of  an 
accident." 

Birtha,  the  motherless  daughter  and 
only  child  of  As'tragon  the  Lombard 
philosopher.  In  spring  she  gathered 
blossoms  for  her  father's  still,  in  autumn 
berries,  and  in  summer  flowers.  She  fell 
in  love  with  duke  Gondibert,  whose 
wounds  she  assisted  her  father  to  heal. 
Birtha,  "in  love  unpractised  and  unread," 
is  the  beau-ideal  of  innocence  and  purity 
of  mind.  Gondibert  had  just  plighted 
his  love  to  her  when  he  was  summoned  to 
court,  for  king  Aribert  had  proclaimed 
him  his  successor  and  future  son-in-law. 
Gondibert  assured  Birtha  he  would 
remain  true  to  her,  and  gave  her  an 
emerald  ring  which  he  told  her  would 
lose  its  lustre  if  he  proved  untrue.  Here 
the  tale  breaks  off,  and  as  it  was  never 
finished  the  sequel  is  not  known. — Sir 
W.  Davenant,  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Bise,  a  wind  prevalent  in  those 
valleys  of  Savoy  which  open  to  the  sea. 
It  especially  affects  the  nervous  system. 

Biser'ta,  formerly  called  U'tica,  in 
Africa.  The  Saracens  passed  from 
Biserta  to  Spain,  and  Charlemagne  in 
800  undertook  a  war  against  the  Spanish 
Saracens.  The  Spanish  historians  assert 
that  he  was  routed  at  Fontarabia  (a 
strong  town  in  Biscay)  ;  but  the  French 
maintain  that  he  was  victorious,  although 
they  allow  that  the  rear  of  his  army  was 
cut  to  pieces. 

Or  whom  Biserta  sent  from  Afric  shore. 
When  Charlemain  with  all ; 


By  Fontarabia. 

Milton,  ParadUe  lost.  1.  585  (1665). 

Bisliop.  Burnt  milk  is  called  by 
Tusser  "milk  that  the  bishop  doth  ban." 
Tyndale  says  when  milk  or  porridge  is 
burnt  "We  sayethe  bishope  hath  put  his 
fote  in  the  potte,"  and  explains  it  thus, 
"the  Wshopes  burn  whom  they  lust." 

Bishops.  The  seven  who  refused 
to  read  the  declaration  of  indulgence 
published  by  James  II.  and  were  by 
him  imprisoned  for  recusancj',  were  arch- 
bishop Sancroft  (Canterburi/),  bishops 
Dovd  (St.  Asaph),  Turner  (Ely),  Kew 
(Bath  and  Wells),  White  (Peterborough), 
Lake  {Chichester)^   Trelawney   (Bristol). 


Being  tried,  they  were  all  aco'iitted 
(June,  1688). 

Bishop   Middleham,    who     was 

always  declaiming  against  ardent  drinks, 
and  advocating  water  as  a  beverage, 
killed  himself  by  secret  intoxication. 

Bisto'nians,  the  Thracians,  so  called 
from  Biston  (son  of  Mars),  who  built 
Bisto'nia  on  lake  Bis'tonis. 

So  the  Bistonian  race,  a  maddening  train. 
Exult  and  revel  on  the  Thracian  plain. 

Pitt's  Statim,  M. 

Bit'elas  (3  syL),  sister  of  Fairlimb, 
and  daughter  of  RukiMiaw  the  ape,  in 
the  beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Bi'ting  Remark  (A).  Near'chos 
ordered  Ze'no  the  philosopher  to  be 
pounded  to  death  in  a  mortar.  When  lie 
had  been  pounded  some  time,  he  told 
Nearchos  he  had  an  important  com- 
munication to  make  to  him,  but  as  the 
tyrant  bent  over  the  mortar  to  hear  what 
he  had  to  say,  Zeno  bit  off  his  ear. 
Hence  the  proverb,  A  remark  more  biting 
tlian  Zends. 

Bit'tlebrains  (Lord),  friend  of 
sir  William  Ashton,  lord-keeper  of  Scot- 
land. 

Lady  Bittlebrains,  wife  of  the  above 
lord. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lamm^r- 
moor  (time,  William  III.). 

Bit'zer,  light  porter  in  Bounderby's 
bank  at  Coketown.  He  was  educated  at 
M'Choakumchild's  "  practical  school," 
and  became  a  general  spy  and  informer. 
Bitzer  finds  out  the  robbery  of  the  bank, 
and  discovers  the  perpetrator  to  be  Tom 
Gradgrind  (son  of  Thomas  Gradgrind, 
Esq.,  M.P.),  informs  against  him,  and 
gets  promoted  to  his  place. — C.  Dickens, 
Hard  Times  (1854). 

Bizarre  \Be.zar''\,  the  friend  of. 
Orian'a,  for  ever  coquetting  and  sparring 
with  Duretete  \_Dure.tait'],  and  placing 
him  in  awkward  predicaments. — G.  Far- 
quhar.  The  Lnconstant  (1702). 

Miss  Farreu's  last  performances  were  "  Bizarre,"  March 
26,  1797,  and  "lady Tojizle"  on  the  'iSth.— Memoirs  of 
Elizabeth  Countess  of  Derby  (1829). 

Black  Ag'nes,  the  countess  of 
March,  noted  for  her  defence  of  Dunbar 
during  the  war  which  Edward  III.  main- 
tained in  Scotland  (1333-1338). 

She  kept  a  stir  in  tower  and  trench. 
That  brawling,  boist'rous  Scottish  wench. 
Came  I  early,  came  I  late, 
I  found  Black  Agnes  at  the  gate. 

Sir  Walter  Scott  aays :  "  The  countew  w»s  called  '  BUcIr 


BLACK  AGNES. 


110 


BLACK  PRINCE. 


Agnes '  from  her  complexion.  She  was  the  daughter  of  I 
Tlionias  Randolph,  earl  of  Murray."— Taie*  of  a  Grand-  I 
Jacher,  i.  14.    (See  BLACK  Pkince.)  | 

Black  Ag'nes,  the  favourite  palfrey  of 
Mary  queen  of  Scots. 

Black  Bartholoinew,  the  day 
when  2000  presbyterian  pastors  were 
ejected.  They  had  no  alternative  but  to 
subscribe  to  the  articles  of  uniformity  or 
renounce  their  livings.  Amongst  their 
number  were  Calamy,  Baxter,  and  Rey- 
nolds, who  were  offered  bishoprics,  but 
refused  the  offer. 

Black  Bess,  the  famous  mare  of 
Dick  Turpin,  which  carried  him  from 
London  to  York. 

Black  Cliarlie,  sir  Charles  Napier 
(1786-1860). 

Black  Clergy  (The),  monks,  in 
contradistinction  to  The  White  Clergy,  or 
parish  priests,  in  Russia. 

Black  Colin  Campbell,  general 
Campbell,  in  the  army  of  George  III., 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Redgauntlet. 

Black  Death,  fully  described  by 
Hecker,  a  German  physician.  It  was  a 
])utrid  typhus,  and  was  called  Black 
Death  because  the  bodies  turned  black 
with  rapid  putrification. — See  Cu7'nhill, 
May,  1865. 

In  1348-9,  at  least  half  of  the  entire 
population  of  England  died.  Thus  57,000 
out  of  60,000  died  in  Norwich  ;  7000 
out  of  10,000  died  in  Yarmouth ;  17  out 
of  21  of  the  clergy  of  York  ;  2,500,000 
out  of  5,000,000  of  the  entire  population. 

Between  1347  and  1350,  one-fourth  of 
all  the  population  of  the  world  was 
carried  off  by  this  pestilence.  Not  less 
than  25,000,000  perished  in  Europe 
alone,  while  in  Asia  and  Africa  the 
mortality  was  even  greater.  It  came 
from  China,  where  fifteen  years  pre- 
viously it  carried  off  5,000,000.  In  Venice 
the  aristocratic,  died  100,000 ;  in  Florence 
the  refined,  60,000 ;  in  Paris  the  gay, 
60,000  ;  in  London  the  wealthy,  100,000  ; 
in  Avignon,  a  number  wholly  beyond 
calculation. 

N.B. — This  form  of  pestilence  never 
occurred  a  second  time. 

Black  Douglas,  William  Douglas, 
lora  of  Nithsdale,  who  died  1390. 

He  was  tall,  strong,  and  well  made,  of  a  swarthy  com- 
plexion, with  dark  iiair,  from  which  he  was  cadled  "The 
Black  Douglas.*'— Sir  Walter  Scott,  Talet  qf  a  Grarid- 
father,  xL 

Black  Dwarf  {The),  of  sir  Walter 


Scott,  is  meant  for  David  Ritchie,  whose 
cottage  was  and  still  is  on  Manor  AV  ater, 
in  the  county  of  Peebles. 

Black-eyed  Susan,  one  of  Dibdin'a 

sea-songs. 

Black  Flag  {A)  was  displayed  by 
Tamerlane  when  a  besieged  city  refused 
to  surrender,  meaning  that  "mercy  is 
now  past,  and  the  city  is  devoted  to  utter 
destruction." 

Black  George,  the  gamekeej-er  in 
Fielding's  novel,  called  The  Histo'-y  of 
lorn  Jones,  a  Foundling  (1750). 

Black  George,  George  Petrowitpch  of 
Servia,  a  brigand  :  called  by  the  Turks 
Kara  George,  from  the  terror  he  in- 
spired. 

Black  Horse  (The),  the  7th Dragoon 

Guards  (not  the  7th  Dragoons).  So 
called  because  their  facings  (or  collar  and 
cuffs)  are  black  velvet.  Their  plumes 
are  black  and  white ;  and  at  one  time 
their  horses  were  black,  or  at  any  rate 
dark. 

Black  Jack,  a  large  flagon. 

But  oh,  oh,  oh  !  his  nose  doth  show 
How  oft  Black  Jack  to  his  lips  doth  go. 

Simon  the  Cellarer, 

Black  Knight  of  the  Black 
Lands  (The),  sir  Reread.  Called  by 
Tennyson  " Night" or  "Nox."  Hewasone 
of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages 
of  Castle  Dangerous,  and  was  overthrown 
by  sir  Gareth. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  126  (1470)  ;  Tennyson, 
Idylls  ("  Gareth  and  Lynette  "). 

Black  lord  Clifford,  John  ninth 
lord  Clifford,  son  of  Thomas  lord  Clifford. 
Also  called  "  The  Butcher"  (died  1461). 

Black  Prince,  Edward  prince  of 
Wales,  son  of  Edward  III.  Froissart 
savs  he  was  styled  black  "  by  terror  of  his 
arms"  (c.  169).  Similarlv,  lord  Clifford 
was  called  "  The  Black  Lord  Clifford  "  for 
I  his  cruelties  (died  1461).  George  Petro- 
I  witsch  was  called  by  the  Turks  "  Black 
George "  from  the  terror  of  his  name. 
The  countess  of  March  was  called  "  Black 
Agnes  "  from  the  terror  of  her  deeds,  and 
not  (as  sir  W.  Scott  says)  from  her  dark 
complexion.  Similarly,  "The  Black  Sea," 
or  Axinus,  as  the  Greeks  once  called  it, 
received  its  name  from  the  inhospitable 
character  of  the  Scythians.  The  "  Black 
Wind,"  or  Sherki,  is  an  easterly  wind,  so 
called  by  the  Kurds,  from  its  being  such  a 
terrible  scourtce. 


BLACK  RIVER. 


Ill 


BLADUD. 


Shirley  falls  into  the  general  error : 

Our  great  third  Edward .  .  .  and  his  brave  son  .  .  . 
lu  his  black  armour. 

£dward  the  Black  Prince,  iv.  1  {1640). 

Black  River  or  Atra'ra,  of  Africa, 
so  called  from  the  quantity  of  black  earth 
brought  down  by  it  during  the  rains. 
TJiis  earth  is  deposited  on  the  surface  of 
tne  country  in  the  overflow  of  the  Nile, 
and  hence  the  Atbara  is  regarded  as  the 
"  dark  mother  of  Egypt." 

Black  Sea  (The),  once  called  by  the 
Greeks  Axlnus  ("  inhospitable  "),  either 
1'ccause  the  Scythians  on  its  coast  were 
inhospitable,  or  because  its  waters  were 
dangerous  to  navigation.  It  was  after- 
wards called  j&Mxi/ms  ("hospitable")  when 
the  Greeks  themselves  became  masters  of 
it.  The  Turks  called  it  Tke  Black  Sea, 
cither  a  return  to  the  former  name 
"  Axinus,"  or  from  the  abounding  black 
rock. 

Black  Thursday,  the  name  given 
in  the  colony  of  Victoria,  Australia, 
to  Thursday,  February  6,  1851,  when 
the  most  terrible  bush  fire  known  in  the 
annals  of  the  colony  occurred.  It  raged 
over  an  immense  area.  One  writer  in  the 
newspapers  of  the  time  said  that  he  rode  at 
headlong  speed  for  fifty  miles,  with  fire 
raging  on  each  side  of  his  route.  The 
heat  was  felt  far  out  at  sea,  and  many 
birds  fell  dead  on  the  decks  of  coasting 
vessels.  The  destruction  of  animal  life 
and  farming  stock  in  this  conflagration 
was  enormous. 

Blacks  ( The),  an  Italian  faction  of  the 
fourteenth  century.  The  Guelphs  of 
Florence  were  divided  into  the  Blacks 
who  wished  to  open  their  gates  to  Charles 
de  Valois,  and  the  WJiites  who  opposed 
him.  Dante  the  poet  was  a  "White," 
and  as  the  "  Blacks "  were  the  pre- 
dominant party,  he  was  exiled  in  1302, 
and  during  his  exile  wrote  his  immortal 
poem,  the  Divina  Commedia. 

Black'acre  (Widow),  a  masculine, 
litigious,  pettifogging,  headstrong  wo- 
man. —  Wycherly,  The  Plain  Dealer 
(1677). 

Blackchester  {Tlie  countess  of), 
Bister  of  lord  Dalgamo.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Blaekfriar's  Bridge  (London),  was 
once  called  "Pitt's  Bridge."  This  was 
the  bridge  built  by  R.  Mylne  in  1780,  but 
the  name  never  found  favour  with  the 
general  public. 


Blackguards  (Victor  Hugo  says), 
soldiers  condemned  for  some  oifence  in 
discipline  to  wear  their  red  coats  (which 
were  lined  with  black)  inside  out.  The 
French  equivalent,  he  says,  is  Blaqneurs. 
— L' Homme  qui  Bit,  II.  iii.  1. 

It  is  quite  impossible  to  believe  this  to 
be  the  true  derivation  of  the  word. 
Other  suggestions  will  be  found  in  the 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable. 

Blackless  (Tomalin),  a  soldier  in  the 
guard  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Blackmantle  (Bernard),  Charles 
MoUov  Westmacott,  author  of  The  Emjlish 
Spy  (1820). 

Black'pool  (Stephen),  a  power-loom 
weaver  in  Bounderby's  mill  at  Coketown. 
He  had  a  knitted  brow  and  pondering 
expression  of  face,  was  a  man  of  the 
strictest  integrity,  refused  to  join  the 
strike,  and  was  turned  out  of  the  mill. 
When  Tom  Gradgrind  robbed  the  bank  of 
£150,  he  threw  suspicion  on  Stephen 
Blackpool,  and  while  Stephen  was  hasten- 
ing to  Cokebum  to  vindicate  himself  he 
fell  into  a  shaft,  known  as  "the  Hell 
Shaft,"  and,  although  rescued,  died  on 
a  litter.  Stephen  Blackpool  loved 
Rachael,  one  of  the  hands,  but  had 
already  a  drunken,  worthless  wife. — C. 
Dickens,  Hard  Times  (1854). 

Blacksmith  (The  Flemish),  Qnentin 
Matsys,  the  Dutch  painter  (1460-1529). 

Blacksmith  ( The  Learned),  Elihu  Burritt, 
United  States  (1811-        ). 

Blacksmith's  Daughter  (The), 
lock  and  key. 

Place  it  under  the  care  of  the  blacksmith's  daughter.— 
C.  Dickens,  Tale  of  Two  Citiei  (1859). 

Blackwood's     Magazine.      The 

vignette  on  the  wrapper  of  this  magazine 
is  meant  for  George  Buchanan,  the  Scotch 
historian  and  poet  (1506-1582).  He  is 
the  representative  of  Scottish  literature 
generally. 

The  magazine  originated  in  1817  with 
William  Blackwood  of  Edinburgh,  pub- 
lisher. 

Blad'derskate  (Lord)  and  lord 
Kaimes,  the  two  judges  in  Peter  Peeble's 
lawsuit.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Eedyauntlct 
(time,  George  HI.). 

Bla'dud,  father  of  king  Lear.  Geof- 
frey of  Monmouth  says  that  Bladud, 
attempting  to  fly,  fell  on  the  temple  of 
Apollo,  and  was  dashed  to  pieces.    Hence 


BLAIR. 


112 


BLATANT  BEAST. 


vrhen  Lear  swears  "By  Apollo"  he  is 
reminded  that  Apollo  was  no  friend  of 
tiie  king's  (act  i.  sc.  1).  Bladud,  says  the 
story,  built  Bath  (once  called  Badon), 
and  dedicated  to  Minerva  the  medicinal 
spring,  which  is  called  "  Bladud's  Well." 

Blair  (Adam),  the  hero  of  a  novel  by 
J.  G.  Lockhart,  entitled  Adam  Blair,  a 
Story  of  Scottish  Life  (1794-1854). 

Blair  {Father  Clement),  a  Carthusian 
monk,  confessor  of  Catherine  Glover, 
"the  fair  maid  of  Perth."— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Blair  {Rev.  David),  sir  Richard  Philips, 
author  of  The  Universal  Freceptor  (181G), 
Mother's  Question  Book,  etc.  He  issued 
books  under  a  legion  of  false  names. 

Blaise,  a  hermit,  who  baptized  Merlin 
the  enchanter. 

Blaise  {St.),  patron  saint  of  wool- 
combers,  because  he  was  torn  to  pieces 
with  iron  combs. 

Blanche  (1  syl.),  one  of  the  domestics 
of  lady  Eveline  "the  betrothed." — Sir 
VV.  Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry 
II.). 

Blanche  {La  reine),  the  queen  of 
France  during  the  first  six  weeks  of  her 
widowhood.  During  this  period  of 
mourning  she  spent  her  time  in  a  closed 
room,  lit  only  by  a  wax  taper,  and  was 
dressed  wholly  in  white.  Mary,  the 
widow  of  Louis  XII.,  was  called  La  reine 
Blanche  during  her  days  of  mourning, 
and  is  sometimes  (but  erroneously)  so 
called  afterwards. 

Blanche  {Lady)  makes  a  vow  with 
lady  Anne  to  die  an  old  maid,  and  of 
course  falls  over  head  and  ears  in  love 
with  Thomas  Blount,  a  jeweller's  son,  who 
enters  the  army  and  becomes  a  colonel. 
She  is  very  handsome,  ardent,  brilliant, 
and  fearless. — S.  Knowles,  Old  Maids 
(1841). 

Blanche 'fleur  (2  syl.),  the  heroine 
of  Boccaccio's  prose  romance  called  // 
Filopoco.  Her  lover  "  Flores"  is  Boccaccio 
himself,  and  "  Blanchefleur ''  was  the 
daughter  of  king  Robert.  The  story  of 
Blanchefleur  and  Flores  is  substantially 
the  same  as  that  of  Dor'igennnd  Aurelius, 
by  Chaucer,  and  that  of  "  Diano'ra  and 
Ansaldo,"  in  the  Becaineron. 

Bland'amoTir  (Sir),  a  man  of 
*'  mickle  might,"  who  "  bore  great  sway 
in  arms  and  chivalry,"  but  was  both 
vainglorious  and  insolent.     He  attacked 


Brit'omart,  but  was  discomfited  by  hel 
enchanted  spear  ;  he  next  attacked  sir 
Ferraugh,  and  having  overcome  him  took 
from  him  the  lady  v/ho  accompanied  him, 
"the  False  Florimel." — Spenser,  i'UfiV^/ 
Queen,  iv.  1  (1696). 

Blande'ville  {Lady  Emily\  a 
neighbour  of  the  Waverley  family, 
afterwards  married  to  colonel  Talbot.— 
Sir  W.   Scott,    Waverley   (time,   George 

BlandTord,  the  father  of  Belin'da, 
who  he  promised  sir  William  Bellmont 
should  marry  his  son  George.  But 
Belinda  was  in  love  with  Beverley,  and 
George  Bellmont  with  Clarissa  (Beverley's 
sister).  Ultimately  matters  arranged 
themselves,  so  that  the  lovers  married 
according  to  their  inclinations. — A. 
Murphy,  All  in  the  Wrong  (1761). 

Blan'diman,  the  faithful  man-servant 
of  the  fair  Bellisant,  and  her  attendant 
after  her  divorce. —  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Blandi'na,  wife  of  the  churlish 
knight  Turpin,  who  refused  hospitality 
to  sir  Calepine  and  his  lady  Sere'na 
(canto  3).  She  had  "  the  art  of  a  suasive 
tongue,"  and  most  engaging  manners,  but 
"  her  words  were  only  words,  and  all  her 
tears  were  water"  (canto  7). — Spenser, 
FaHry  Queen,  iv.  (1596). 

Blandish,  a  "  practised  parasite." 
His  sister  says  to  him,  "May  you  find 
but  half  your  own  vanity  in  those  you 
have  to  work  on  !  "  (act  i.  1). 

Miss  Letitia  Blandish,  sister  of  the 
above,  a  fawning  timeserv^er,  who  sponges 
on  the  wealthy.  She  especially  toadies 
Miss  Alscrip  "the  heiress,"  flattering 
her  vanit}^,  fostering  her  conceit,  and 
encouraging  her  vulgar  affectations. — • 
General  Burgoyne,  The  Heiress  (1781). 

Blane  {Niell),  town  piper  and  pub- 
lican. 

Jenny  Blane,  his  daughter. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Bla'ney,  a  Avealthy  heir,  ruined  by 
dissipation. — Crab  be.  Borough. 

Blarney  {Lady),  one  of  the  flash 
women  introduced  by  squire  Thornhill  to 
the  Primrose  family. — Goldsmith,  Vicar 
of  Wakefield  (1765). 

Blas'phemous  Balfour.  Sir  James 
Balfour,  the  Scottish  judge,  was  so  called 
from  his  apostacy  (died  1583). 

Bla'tant  Beast  {The),  the  per- 
sonification     of      slander      or     publio 


J 


BLATHERS  AND  DUFF. 


113 


BLIND  BEGGAR. 


opinion.  The  beast  had  100  tongues  and  a 
sting.  Sir  Artegal  muzzled  the  monster, 
and  dragged  it  to  Faery-land,  but 
it  broke  loose  and  regained  its  liberty. 
Subsequently  sir  Cal'idore  (3  sijl.)  went 
in  quest  of  it. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
V.  and  vi.  (1596). 

*^*  "Mrs.  Grundy"  is  the  modem 
name  of  Spenser's  "  Blatant  Beast." 

Blath'ers  and  Duff,  detectives  who 
investigate  the  burglary  in  which  Bill 
hikes  had  a  hand.  Blathers  relates  the 
tale  of  Conkey  Chick  weed,  who  robbed 
himself  of  327  guineas. — C.  Dickens, 
Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Blat'ter^rowl  (The  Rev.  Mr.), 
minister  of  Trotcosey,  near  Monkbarns. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Bleeding-heart  Yard  (London). 
So  called  because  it  was  the  place  where 
the  devil  cast  the  bleeding  heart  of  lady 
Hatton  (wife  of  the  dancing  chancellor), 
after  he  had  torn  it  out  of  her  body  with 
his  claws.— Dr.  Mackay,  Extraordinary 
Popular  Delusions. 

Blefus'ca,  an  island  inhabited  by 
pigmies.  It  was  situated  north-east  of 
Lilliput,  from  which  it  was  parted  by  a 
channel  800  yards  wide. — Dean  Swift, 
Gulliver's  Travels  (172G). 

"  Blefusca"  is  France,  and  the  inhabitants  of  the  Lillipu- 
tian court,  which  forced  Gulliver  to  Uike  slielter  tliere 
rather  than  have  his  eyes  put  out,  is  an  indirect  reproach 
upon  that  [*JcJof  England,  and  a  vindication  of  the  flight 
of  Ormond  and  Bolingbroke  to  ParU.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

Blaise  (1  syl.)  of  Northumberland, 
historian  of  king  Arthur's  period. 

Merlin  told  Blaise  how  king  Arthur  had  sped  at  the 
great  battle,  and  how  the  battle  ended,  and  told  him  the 
names  of  every  king  and  knight  of  worship  that  was  there. 
And  Bleise  wrote  the  battle  word  for  word  as  Merlin  told 
him,  how  it  began  and  by  whom,  and  how  it  ended,  and 
who  had  the  worst.  All  the  battles  that  were  done  in 
king  Arthur's  days.  Merlin  caused  Bleise  to  write  them. 
Also  he  caused  him  tx)  write  all  the  battles  that  every 
worthy  knight  did  of  king  Arthur's  court.— Sir  T.  Malory, 
EUtory  of  Prince  Arthur,  1.  15  (1470). 

Blem'myes  (3  syl.),  a  people  of 
Africa,  fabled  to  have  no  head,  but 
having  eyes  and  mouth  in  the  breast. 
(See  Gaora.) 

Blemmvis  traduntur  capita  abesse,  ore  et  oculis  pectorl 
affixis.— Pliny. 

Ctesias  speaks  of  a  people  of  India 
near  the  Ganges,  sine  cervice,  oculos  in 
humeris  hahentes.  Mela  also  refers  to  a 
people  quibus  capita  et  vultus  in  pectore 
tunt. 

Blenheim  Spaniels.  The  Oxford 
electors  are  so  called,  because  for  many 
years  they  obediently  supported  any  candi- 


date which  the  duke  of  Marlborough  com- 
manded them  to  return.  Lockhart  broke 
through  this  custom  by  telling  the  people 
the  fable  of  the  Dog  and  the  Wolf.  The 
dog,  it  will  be  remembered,  had  on  his 
neck  the  marks  of  his  collar,  and  the 
wolf  said  he  preferred  liberty. 

(The  race  of  the  little  dog  called  the 
Blenheim  spaniel,  has  been  preserved  ever 
since  Blenheim  House  was  built  for  the 
duke  of  Marlborough  in  1704.) 

Blet'son  {Master  Joshua),  one  of  the 
three  parliamentary  commissioners  sent 
by  Cromwell  with  a  warrant  to  leave  the 
royal  lodge  to  the  Lee  family. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Woodstock  (time.  Commonwealth). 

Bli'fil,  a  noted  character  in  Fielding's 
novel  entitled  The  History  of  Tcnn  Jones, 
a  Foundlin'i  (1750). 

*^*  Bliiil  is  the  original  of  Sheridan's 
"  Joseph  Surface,"  in  the  School  for 
Scandal  {1111). 

Bligh  {William),     captain    of    the 

Bounty,  so  well  known  for  the  mutiny, 

headed  bv  Fletcher  Christian,  the  mate 
(1790). 

Blimber  {Dr.),  head  of  a  school  for 
the  sons  of  gentlemen,  at  Brighton.  It 
was  a  select  school  for  ten  pupils  only  ; 
but  there  was  learning  enough  for  ten 
times  ten.  "Mental  green  peas  were 
produced  at  Christmas,  and  intellectual 
asparagus  all  the  year  round."  The 
doctor  was  really  a  ripe  scholar,  and  truly 
kind-hearted  ;  but  his  great  fault  was 
over-tasking  his  boys,  and  not  seeing 
when  the  bow  was  too  much  stretched. 
Paul  Dombey,  a  delicate  lad,  succumijed 
to  this  strong  mental  pressure. 

Mrs.  Blimber,  wife  of  the  doctor,  not 
learned,  but  wished  to  be  thought  so. 
Her  pride  was  to  see  the  boys  in  the 
largest  possible  collars  and  stiffest  pos- 
sible cravats,  which  she  deemed  highly 
classical. 

Cornelia  Blimber,  the  doctor's  daughter, 
a  slim  young  lady,  who  kept  her  hair 
short  and  wore  spectacles.  Miss  Blimber 
"had  no  nonsense  about  her,"  but  had 
grown  "dry  and  sandy  with  working  in 
the  graves  of  dead  languages."  She  mar- 
ried Mr.  Feeder,  B.A.,  Dr.  Blimber's 
usher. — C.  Dickens,  Dombeu  and  Son 
(1846). 

Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal 
Green,  Henry,  son  and  heir  of  sir 
Simon  de  Montfort.  At  the  battle  of 
Evesham  the  barons  were  routed,  Mont- 

I 


BLIND  CHAPEL  COURT. 


114 


BLOODS. 


fort  slain,  and  liis  son  Henry  left  on  the 
field  for  dead.  A  baron's  daughter  dis- 
covered the  young  man,  nursed  him  with 
care,  and  married  him.  The  fruit  of  the 
marriage  was  "  pretty  Bessee,  the  beg- 
gar's daughter."  Henry  de  Montfort 
assumed  the  garb  and  semblance  of  a 
blind  beggar,  to  escape  the  vigilance  of 
king  Henry's  spies. 

Dav  produced,  in  1659,  a  drama  called 
The  J^lind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,  and 
S.  Knowles,  in  1834,  produced  his 
amended  drama  on  the  same  subject. 
There  is  [or  was],  in  the  Whitechapel 
Koad  a  public-house  sign  called  the 
]Jlind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green. — History 
of  Sign-boards. 

Blind  Chapel  Court  (Mark  Lane, 
London),  is  a  corruption  of  Blanch  Apple- 
[tonl.  In  the  reign  of  Richard  II.  it  was 
part  of  the  manor  of  a  knight  named 
Appleton. 

Blind  Emperor  {The"),  Ludovig 
III.  of  Germany  (880,  890-934). 

Blind  Harper  {Tlw)^  John  Parry, 
■who  died  1739. 

John  Stanley,  musician  and  composer, 
was  blind  from  his  birth  (1713-1786). 

Blind  Harry,  a  Scotch  minstrel 
of  the  fifteenth  century,  blind  from  in- 
fimcy.  His  epic  of  Sir  William  Wallace 
runs  to  11,861  lines.  He  was  minstrel  in 
the  court  of  James  IV. 

^  Blind  Mechanician  {The).  John 
Strong,  a  great  mechanical  genius,  was 
blind  from  his  birth.  He  died  at  Carlisle, 
aged  66  (1732-1798). 

Blind  Poet  {The),  Luigi  Groto,  an 
Italian  poet  called  //  Cieco  (1541-1585). 
John  Milton  (1608-1674). 

Homer  is  called  The  Blind  Old  Bard 
(fl.  B.C.  960). 

Blind  Traveller  {The),  lieutenant 
James  Holman.  He  became  blind  at  the 
a.ge  of  25,  but  notwithstanding  travelled 
round  the  world,  and  published  an  account 
of  his  travels  (1787-1857). 

Blin'kinsop,  a  smuggler  in  Bed- 
gauntlet,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott  (time, 
George  III.). 

Blister,  the  apothecary,  who  says 
"  Without  physicians,  no  one  could  know 
whether  he  was  well  or  ill."  He  courts 
Lucy  by  talking  shop  to  her. — Fielding, 
The  Virgin  Unmashcd. 


Blithe-Heait  King  {The).  David 
is  so  called  by  Caedmon. 

Those  lovely  lyrics  written  by  iiis  hand 
Wliom  Saxon  Ccedmon  calls  "The  EUthe-heart  King." 
Longfellow,  The  Poet'*  Tale  (ref.  Is  to  PscUm  cxlviii.  9). 

Block  {Martin),  one  of  the  committee 
of  the  Estates  of  Burgvmdy,  who  refuse 
supplies  to  Charles  the  Bold,  duke  of 
Burgundy. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Blok  {Nikkei),  the  butcher,  one  of  the 
insurgents  at  Liege. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Blondel  de  Nesle  lNecl'\,  the 
favourite  trouvere  or  minstrel  of  Richard 
Coeur  de  Lion.  He  chanted  the  Bloody 
Vest  in  presence  of  queen  Berengaria,  the 
lovely  Edith  Plantagenet. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Blon'dina,  the  mother  of  Fairstar 
and  two  boys  at  one  birth.  She  was  the 
wife  of  a  king,  but  the  queen-mother 
hated  her,  and  taking  away  the  three 
babes  substituted  three  puppies.  Ulti- 
mately her  children  were  restored  to  her, 
and  the  queen-mother  with  her  accom- 
plices were  duly  punished. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fait-y  Tales  ("Princess  Fair- 
star,"  1682). 

Blood  {Colonel  Thomas),  emissary  of 
the  duke  of  Buckingham  (1628-1680), 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Beveril  of 
the  Beak,  a  novel  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Blood-Bath  (1520),  a  massacre  of 
the  Swedish  nobles  and  leaders,  which 
occurred  three  days  after  the  coronation 
of  Christian  II.  king  of  Denmark, 
Sweden,  and  Norway.  The  victims  were 
invited  to  attend  the  coronation,  and 
were  put  to  the  sword,  under  the  plea  of 
being  enemies  of  the  true  Church.  In 
this  massacre  fell  both  the  father  and 
brother-in-law  of  Gustavus  Vasa.  The 
former  was  named  Eric  Johansson,  and 
the  latter  Brahe  (2  syL). 

This  massacre  reminds  us  of  the 
"  Bloody  Wedding,"  or  slaughter  of 
huguenots  during  the  marriage  cere- 
monies of  Henri  of  Navarre  and  Mar- 
garet of  France,  in  1572. 

Bloods  {The  Five):  (1)  The  O'Neils 
of  Ulster;  (2)  the  O'Connors  of  Con- 
naught  ;  (3)  the  O'Briens  of  Thomond  ; 
(4)  the  O'Lachlans  of  Meath  ;  and  (5) 
the  M'Murroughs  of  Leinster.  These  are 
the  five  principal  septs  or  families  of 
Ireland,  and  all  not  belonging  to  one  of 
these  five  septs  are  accounted  aliena  or 


BLOODY. 


115 


BLOUNT. 


enemies,  and  could  "neither  sue  nor  be 
sued,"  even  down  to  the  reign  of  Eliza- 
beth. 

William  Fitz-Roger,  being  arraigned 
(4th  Edward  11.)  for  the  murder  of 
Roger  de  Cantilon,  pleads  that  he  was 
not  guilty  of  felony,  because  his  victim 
was  not  of  "free  blood,"  i.e.  one  of  the 
"five  bloods  of  Ireland."  The  plea  is 
admitted  by  the  jury  to  be  good. 

Robertiis  de  Waley,  tried  at  Waterford  for  slaying  John 
M'Gilliniorry,  in  the  time  of  Edward  11.,  confessed  the 
fact,  but  pleaded  that  he  could  not  tliereby  have  com- 
mitted felony,  "  because  the  deceased  was  a  mere  Irish- 
man, and  not  one  of  the  five  bloods."— Sir  John  Davies. 

Bloody  {The),  Otho  IL  emperor  of 
Germany  (955,  973-983). 

Bloody-Bones,  a  bogie. 

As  bad  as  Bloody-bones  or  Lunsford  (i.e.  sir  Thomas 
lunsford,  governor  of  the  Tower,  the  dread  of  every  one). 
— S.  BuUer,  Uudibras. 

Bloody  Brother  {Tlie),  a  tragedy 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1639).  The 
"  bloody  brother  "  is  Rollo  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy, who  kills  his  brother  Otto  and 
several  other  persons,  but  is  himself 
killed  ultimately  by  Hamond  captain  of 
the  guard. 

Bloody  Butcher  {The),  the  duke 
of  Cumberland,  second  son  of  George  II. , 
so  called  from  his  barbarities  in  the  sup- 
pression of  the  rebellion  in  favour  of 
Charles  Edward,  the  young  pretender. 
"  Black  Clifford  "  was  also  called  "The 
Butcher"  for  his  cruelties  (died  1461). 

Bloody  Hand,  Cathal,  an  ancestor 
of  the  O'Connors  of  Ireland. 

Bloody  Mary,  queen  Mary  of  Eng- 
land, daughter  of  Henry  VIII.  and  elder 
hilf -sister  of  queen  Elizabeth.  So  called 
on  account  of  the  sanguinary  persecutions 
carried  on  by  her  against  the  protestants. 
It  is  said  that  200  persons  were  burnt  to 
death  in  her  short  reign  (1516,  1553- 
1558). 

Bloody  "Wedding  {The),  that  of 
Henri  of  Navarre  with  Margaret,  sister 
of  Charles  IX.  of  France.  Catherine  de 
Medicis  invited  all  the  chief  protestant 
nobles  to  this  wedding,  but  on  the  eve  of 
the  festival  of  St.  Bartholomew  (August 
24,  1572),  a  general  onslaught  was  made 
on  all  the  protestants  of  Paris,  and  next 
day  the  same  massacre  was  extended  to 
the  provinces.  The  number  which  fell 
in  this  wholesale  slaughter  has  been  esti- 
mated at  between  30,000  and  70,000  per- 
sons of  both  sexes. 

Bloomfleld  {Louisa),  a  young  lady 


engaged  to  lord  Totterly  the  beau  of 
60,  but  in  love  with  Charles  Danvers  the 
embryo  barrister. — C.  Selby,  IVjg  Un- 
finished Gentleman. 

Blount  {Nicholas),  afterwards  knight- 
ed ;  master  of  the  horse  to  tlie  earl  of 
Sussex. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Blount  {Sir  Frederick),  a  distant  rela- 
tive of  sir  John  Vesey.  He  had  a  great 
objection  to  the  letter  r,  which  he  con- 
sidered "wough  and  wasping."  He 
dressed  to  perfection,  and  though  not 
"  wich,"  prided  himself  on  having  the 
"best  opewa-box,  the  best  dogs,  the  best 
horses,  and  the  best  house"  of  any  one. 
He  liked  Georgina  Vesev,  and  as  she  had 
£10,000  he  thought  he  should  do  himself 
no  harm  by  "  mawywing  the  girl." — Lord 
L.  Bulwer  Lytton,  Money  (1840). 

Blount  {Master),  a  wealthy  jeweller 
of  Ludgate  Hill,  London.  An  old- 
fashioned  tradesman,  not  ashamed  of  his 
calling.  He  had  two  sons,  John  and 
Thomas  ;  the  former  was  his  favourite. 

Mistress  Blount,  his  wife.  A  shrewd, 
discerning  woman,  who  loved  her  son 
Thomas,  and  saw  in  him  the  elements  of 
a  rising  man. 

John  Blount,  eldest  son  of  the  Ludgate 
jeweller.  Being  left  successor  to  his 
father,  he  sold  the  goods  and  set  up  for  a 
man  of  fashion  and  fortune.  His  vanity 
and  snobbism  were  most  gross.  He  had 
good-nature,  but  more  cunning  than  dis- 
cretion, thought  himself  far-seeing,  but 
was  most  easily  duped.  "  The  phaeton 
was  built  after  my  design,  my  lord,"  he 
says,  "mayhap  your  lordship  has  seen  it." 
"My  taste  is  driving,  my  lord,  mayhap 
3'our  lordship  has  seen  me  handle  the 
ribbons."  "My  horses  are  all  bloods, 
mayhap  your  lordship  has  noticed  my 
team."  "  I  pride  myself  on  my  seat  in 
the  saddle,  mayhap  your  lordship  has 
seen  me  ride."  "If  I  am  superlative  in 
anything,  'tis  in  my  wines."  "  So  please 
your  ladyship,  'tis  dress  I  most  excel  in. 
.  .  .  'tis  walking  I  pride  myself  in." 
No  matter  what  is  mentioned,  'tis  the  one 
thing  he  did  or  had  better  than  any  one 
else.  This  conceited  fool  was  duped  into 
believing  a  parcel  of  men-servants  to  be 
lords  and  dukes,  and  made  love  to  a 
lady's  maid,  supposing  her  to  be  a 
countess. 

Thomas  Blount,  John's  brother,  and  one 
of  nature's  gentlemen.  He  entered  the 
army,    became  a    colonel,   and    married 


BLOUZELINDA. 


116 


BLUE-GOWNS. 


lady  Blanche.  He  is  described  as  having 
*'  a  lofty  forehead  for  princely  thought  to 
dwell  in,  eyes  for  love  or  war,  a  nose  of 
Grecian  mould  with  touch  of  Rome,  a 
mouth  like  Cupid's  bow,  ambitious  chin 
dimpled  and  knobbed." — S.  Knowles, 
Old  Maids  (184:1). 

Blouzelin'da  or  Blowzelinda,  a 
shepherdess  in  love  with  Lobbin  Clout, 
in  The  Shepherd's  Week. 

My  Blouzelinda  is  the  blithest  lass. 
Than  primrose  sweeter,  or  the  clover-grass  .  ,  , 
My  Bloiizellnd's  than  gilliflower  more  fair, 
Thau  daisie,  niarygold,  or  kingcuj)  rare. 

Gay,  rast(rral  i.  (1714). 
Sweet  is  my  toil  when  Blowzelind  is  near. 
Of  her  bereft  'tis  winter  all  the  year  .  .  . 
Come,  Blowzelinda,  ease  thy  swain's  desire, 
My  summer's  shadow,  and  my  winter's  fire. 

Ditto. 

Blo"wer  (Mrs.  Margaret),  the  ship- 
owner's widow  at  the  Spa.  She  marries 
Dr.  Quackleben,  "the  man  of  medicine" 
(one  of  the  managing  committee  at  the 
Spa).— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Eonan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Blucher  was  nicknamed  "  Marshal 
Forw^ards  "  for  his  dash  and  readiness  m 
the  campaign  of  1813. 

Blue  (Dark),  Oxford  boat  crew.  (See 
Boat  Colours.) 

Bltie  (Light),  Cambridge  boat  crew. 
(See  Boat  Colours.) 

Btiie  ( Tme).  When  it  is  said  that  any- 
thing or  person  is  Ti'ue  blue  or  True  as 
Coventry  olue,  the  reference  is  to  a  blue 
cloth  and  blue  thread  made  in  Coventry, 
noted  for  its  fast  colour.  Lincoln  was  no 
less  famous  for  its  green  cloth  and  dye. 

True  Blue  has  also  reference  to  un- 
tainted aristocratic  descent.  This  is  de- 
rived from  the  Spanish  notion  that  the 
really  high  bred  have  bluer  blood  than 
those  of  meaner  race.  Hence  the  French 
phrases.  Sang  bleu  ("  aristocratic  blood  "), 
Sang  noir  ("  plebeian  blood  "),  etc. 

Blue  Beard  (La  Barbe  Bleue)^  from 
the  contes  of  (yharles  Perrault  (1697). 
The  chevalier  Raoul  is  a  merciless  tyrant, 
with  a  blue  beard.  His  young  wife  is 
entrusted  with  all  the  keys  of  the  castle, 
with  strict  injunctions  on  pain  of  death 
not  to  open  one  special  room.  During 
the  absence  of  her  lord  the  "forbidden 
fruit "  is  too  tempting  to  be  resisted,  the 
door  is  opened,  and  the  young  wife  finds 
the  floor  covered  with  the  dead  bodies  of 
her  husband's  former  wives.  She  drops 
the  key  in  her  terror,  and  can  by  no 
means  obliterate  from    it   the  stain  of 


blood.  Blue  Beard,  on  his  return,  com- 
mands her  to  prepare  for  death,  but  by 
the  timely  arrival  of  her  brothers  her  life 
is  saved  and  Blue  Beard  put  to  death. 

Dr.  C.  Taylor  thinks  Blue  Beard  is  a 
type  of  the  castle-lords  in  the  days  of 
knight-errantry.  Some  say  Henry  VIII. 
(the  noted  wife-killer)  was  the  "  academy 
figure."  Others  think  it  was  Giles  de 
Ketz,  marquis  de  Laval,  marshal  of 
France  in  1429,  who  (according  to  Me'ze- 
ray)  murdered  six  of  his  seven  wives, 
and  was  ultimately  strangled  in  1440. 

Another  solution  is  that  Blue  Beard 
was  count  Conomar',  and  the  young  wife 
Triphy'na,  daughter  of  count  Guerech. 
Count  Conomar  was  lieutenant  of  Brit- 
tany in  the  reign  of  Childebert.  IM. 
Hippolyte  Violeau  assures  us  that  in  1850, 
during 'the  repairs  of  the  chapel  of  St. 
Nicolas  de  Bieuzy,  some  ancient  frescoes 
were  discovered  with  scenes  from  the  life 
of  St.  Triphyna:  (1)  The  marriage;  (2) 
the  husband  taking  leave  of  his  young 
wife  and  entrusting  to  her  a  key  ;  (3)  a 
room  with  an  open  door,  through  Avhich 
are  seen  the  corpses  of  sev^n  women 
hanging  ;  (4)  the  husband  threatening  his 
wife,  while  another  female  [^sister  Anne'\ 
is  looking  out  of  a  window  above ;  (5) 
the  husband  has  placed  a  halter  round  the 
neck  of  his  victim,  but  the  friends,  accom- 
panied by  St.  Gildas,  abbot  of  Rhuys  in 
Brittany,  arrive  just  in  time  to  rescue 
the  future  saint. — Pe'lerinagesde  Bretagne. 

(Ludwig  Tieck  brought  out  a  drama  in 
Berlin,  on  the  story  of  Blue  Beard.  The 
incident  about  the  keys  and  the  doors  is 
similar  to  that  mentioned  by  "The  Third 
Calender"  in  the  Arabian  Nights.  The 
forty  princesses  were  absent  for  forty 
days,  and  gave  king  Agib  the  keys  of  the 
palace  during  their  absence.  He  had 
leave  to  enter  every  room  but  one.  His 
curiosity  led  him  to  open  the  forbidden 
chamber  and  mount  a  horse  which  he  saw 
there.  The  horse  carried  him  through  the 
air  far  from  the  palace,  and  with  a  whisk 
of  its  tail  knocked  out  his  right  eye. 
The  same  misfortune  had  befallen  ten 
other  princes,  who  warned  him  of  the 
danger  before  he  started.) 

Blue  Flag  (A)  in  the  Roman  empire 
was  warning  of  danger.  Livy  speaks  of 
it  in  his  Annals. 


Blue-Gowns. 

privileged    Scotch 


King's  bedesmen,  or 
mendicants,  were  so 
called  from  their  dress.  On  the  king's 
birthday  each  of  these  bedesmen  had 
given  to  him  a  cloak  of   blue  cloth,  a 


BLUE  HEN. 


117 


BOANERGES. 


penny  for  every  year  of  the  king's  life, 
R  loaf  of  bread',  and  a  bottle  of  ale.  No 
new  member  has  been  added  since  1833. 

Blue  Hen,  a  nickname  for  the  state 
of  Delaware,  United  States.  The  term 
arose  thus :  Captain  Caldwell,  an  officer 
of  the  1st  Delaware  Regjiment  in  the 
American  War  for  Independence  was  very 
fond  of  game-cocks,  but  maintained  that 
no  cock  was  truly  game  unless  its  mother 
was  a  "  blue  hen."  As  he  was  exceed- 
ingly popular,  his  regiment  was  called 
"The  Blue  Hens,"  and  the  term  was 
afterAvards  transferred  to  the  state  and 
its  inhabitants. 

Your  mother  was  a  blue  hen,  no  doubt ; 
a  reproof  to  a  braggart,  especially  to  one 
who  boasts  of  his  ancestry. 

Blue  Knight  {The),  sir  Persannt 
of  India,  called  by  Tennyson  "IMorning 
Star "  or  "  Phosphorus."  He  was  one 
of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  pas- 
gages  of  Castle  Perilous,  and  was  over- 
thrown by  sir  Gareth. — Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  131  (1470) ; 
Tennyson,  Idylls  ("  Gareth  and  Ly- 
nctte*"'). 

*^*  It  is  evidently  a  blunder  in  Tenny- 
son to  call  tlie  Blue  Knight  "  Morning 
Star,"  and  the  Green  Knight  "  Evening 
Star."  The  reverse  is  correct,  and  in 
the  old  romance  the  combat  with  the 
Green  Knight  was  at  day-break,  and 
with  the  Blue  Knight  at  sunset. 

Blue  Moon.  Once  in  a  blue  moon, 
vdTy  rarely  indeed.  The  expression  re- 
sembles that  of  "the  Greek  Kalends,' 
which  means  "  never,"  because  there  were 
no  Greek  Kalends. 

Blue  Roses. — The  blue  flower  of  the 
German  romantic  poets  represented  the 
ideal  and  unattainable — what  Words- 
worth calls  "the  light  that  never  was  on 
sea  or  land" — and  Alphonse  Karr,  fol- 
lowing in  the  wake  of  the  Germans,  gives 
the  name  of  Rosen  Blerts  to  all  impos- 
sible wishes  and  desires. 

Blue-Skin,  Joseph  Blake,  an  Eng- 
lish burglar,  so  called  from  his  complex- 
ion.    He  was  executed  in  1723. 

Bluff'  (Captain  Nod),  a  swaggering 
bully  and  boaster.  He  says,  "I  think 
that  fighting  for  fighting's  "sake  is  suffi- 
cient cause  for  fighting.  Fighting,  to 
me,  is  religion  and  the  laws." 

"  You  must  know,  sir,  I  was  resident  in  Flanders  the 
List  campaign  .  .  .  there  was  scarce  anything  of  moment 
done,  but  a  humble  servant  of  yours  .  .  .  had  the 
greatest  share  iu't.  .  .  .  Well,  wcnid  you  think  it,  in  all 
this  time  .  .  .  that  rascally  Gazette  never  so  much  as 
once  mentioned  me  I    Not  once,  by  the  warsl    Took  no 


more  notice  of  Noll  Bluff  than  if  he  had  not  been  in  th« 
and  of  the  living."— Congreve,  The  Old  Uadtelvr  (1«93). 

Bluff  Hal  or  Bluff  Harky,  Henry 
Vlll.  (1491,  1509-1547). 

Ere  yet  in  scorn  of  Peter's  pQnce, 

And  numbered  bead  and  shrift, 
Bluff  Hall  he  broke  into  the  speuce  [a  larder], 

And  turned  the  cowls  adrift. 

Tennyson. 

Blunder.  The  bold  but  disastrous 
charge  of  the  British  Light  Brigade  at 
Balacla'va  is  attributed  to  a  blunder ; 
even  Tennyson  says  of  it,  "Some  one 
hath  blundered,"  but  Thomas  Woolncr, 
with  less  reserve,  says  : 

A  general 
M.iy  blunder  troops  to  death,  yea,  and  receive 
His  senate's  vote  of  thanks. 

ify  Beautiful  Lady. 

Blun'derbore  (3  syl.),  the  giant 
who  was  drowned  because  Jack  scuttled 
his  boat. — Jack  the  Giant-killer. 

Blunt  {Colonel),  a  bnisque  royalist, 
who  vows  "  he'd  woo  no  woman,"  but 
falls  in  love  with  Arbella  an  heiress, 
woos  and  wins  her.  T.  Knight,  who 
has  converted  this  comedy  into  a  farce, 
with  the  title  of  Honest  lliieves,  calls 
colonel  Blunt  "captain  Manly." — Hon. 
sir  R.  Howard,  The  Committee  (1670). 

Blunt  {Major-General),  an  old  cavalry 
officer,  rough  in  speech,  but  brave, 
honest,  and  a  true  patriot. — Shadwell, 
The  Volunteers. 

Blushington  {Edicard),  a  bashful 
young  gentleman  of  25,  sent  as  a  poor 
scholar  to  Cambridge,  without  any 
expectations,  but  by  the  death  of  his 
father  and  uncle  left  all  at  once  as  "  rich 
as  a  nabob."  At  college  he  was  called 
"  the  sensitive  plant  of  Brazenose,"  be- 
cause he  was  always  blushing.  He  dines 
by  invitation  at  Friendly  Hall,  and  com- 
mits ceaseless  blunders.  Next  day  his 
college  chum,  Frank  Friendh^,  writes 
word  that  he  and  his  sister  Dinah,  with 
sir  Thomas  and  lady  Friendly,  will  dine 
with  him.  After  a  few  glasses  of  wine, 
he  loses  his  bashful  modesty,  makes  a 
long  speech,  and  becomes  the  accepted 
suitor  of  the  prettv  Miss  Dinah  Friendly, 
— W.  T.  Moncrieff,  The  Bashful  Man. 

Bo  or  Bo?i,  says  Warton,  was  a  fierce 
Gotliic  chief,  whose  name  was  used  to 
frighten  children. 

Boaner'ges  (4  syl.),  a  declamatory 
pet  parson,  who  anathematizes  all  except 
his  own  "elect."  "He  preaches  real 
rousing-up    discourses,    but    sits    down 


BOAF. 


118 


BOBADIL. 


pleasantly  to  his  tea,  and  makes  hisself 
friendly." — Mrs.  Oliphant,  Salem  Chapel. 

A  jirotestant  Boanerges,  visiting  Birmingliam,  sent  an 
invitation  to  Dr.  Newman  to  dispute  publicly  witli  liim 
111  tlio  Town  Hall.— E.  Yatea,  Celebi-ities,  xxix. 

*^*  Boanerges  or  "sons  of  thunder"  is 
the  name  given  by  Jesus  Christ  to  James 
and  John,  because  they  wanted  to  call 
down  fire  from  heaven  to  consume  the 
Samaritans. — Luke  ix.  54. 

Boar  (The),  Richard  III.,  so  called 
from  his  cognizance. 

The  bri'tletl  boar, 
In  infant  gore. 
Wallows  beneatli  the  thorny  shade. 

Gray,  Tlie  Bard  (1757). 

In  contempt  Richard  III.  is  called  The 
Hog,  hence  the  popular  distich  : 

Tlie  Cat,  the  Rat,  and  Lovell  the  dog, 
liule  all  England  under  the  Hog 

("  The  Cat"  is  Catesby,  and  "the  Rat " 
Ratcliffe.) 

Boar  {The  Blue).  This  public-house 
sign  (Westminster)  is  the  badge  of  the 
Veres  earls  of  Oxford. 

The  Blue  Boar  Lane  (St.  Nicholas, 
Leicester)  is  so  named  from  the  cog- 
nizance of  Richard  III.,  because  he  slept 
there  the  night  before  the  battle  of  Bos- 
worth  Field. 

Boar  of  Ardennes  {The  Wild),'m 
French  LvC  Sanrjlier  des  Ardennes 
(2  sy/.),  was  Guillaume  comte  de  la 
Marck,  so  called  because  he  was  as  fierce 
as  the  wild  boar  he  delighted  to  hunt. 
The  character  is  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  Quentm  Lurward,  under  the 
name  of  "  William  count  of  la  Marck." 

Boar's  Head  {The).  This  tavern, 
immortalized  by  Shakespeare,  stood  in 
Eastcheap  (London) »  on  the  site  of  the 
present  statue  of  William  IV.  It  was 
the  cognizance  of  the  Gordons,  who 
adopted  it  because  one  of  their  progenitors 
slew,  in  the  forest  of  Huntley,  a  wild 
boar,  the  terror  of  all  the  Merse  (1093). 

Boat  Colours. 

The  Camhridge  Crew:  Cams,  light 
blue  and  black  ;  Catherine's,  blue  and 
white ;  Christ's,  common  blue ;  Clare, 
black  and  golden  yellow  ;  Corpus,  cherry 
colour  and  white ;  Downing,  chocolate  ; 
Emmarxiiel,  cherry  colour  and  dark  blue  ; 
Jesus,  red  and  black  ;  John's^  bright  red 
and  white ;  King's,  violet ;  Magdelen, 
indigo  and  lavender ;  Pe?nbroke,  claret 
and  French  grey  ;  Feterhouse,  dark  blue 
and  white ;    Queen's,  green  and  white ; 


Sgdney,   red    and   blue ;     Trinitg,    dark 
blue  ;   Trinitg  Hall,  black  and  white. 

Oxford  Crew  :  Alban's  {St.),  blue, 
with  arrow-head ;  Baliol,  pink,  white, 
blue,  Avhite,  pink  ;  Brazenose,  black,  and 
gold  edges ;  Christ  Church,  blue,  with 
red  cardinal's  hat;  Corpus,  red,  with 
blue  stripe;  Ediaond's  {St.),  red,  and 
yellow  edges ;  Exeter,  black,  and  red 
edges  ;  Jesus,  green,  and  white  edges ; 
John's,  yellow,  black,  red  ;  Lincoln,  blue, 
with  mitre  ;  Magdelen,  black  and  white  ; 
Mary's  {St. ),^h.\t,Q,  black,  white  ;  Merton, 
blue,  with  white  edges  and  red  cross  ; 
New  College,  three  pink  and  two  Avhite 
stripes ;  Oriel,  blue  and  white ;  Pe^n- 
broke,  pink,  white,  pink ;  Queen's,  red, 
white,  blue,  white,  blue,  white,  red ; 
Trinity,  blue,  with  double  dragon's  head, 
3'ellow  and  green,  or  blue  with  white 
edges ;  University,  blue,  and  yellow 
edges ;  Wadham,  light  blue  ;  Worcester, 
blue,  white,  pink,  white,  blue. 

Boaz  and  Jachin,  two  brazen 
pillars  set  up  by  Solomon  at  the  entrance 
of  the  temple  built  by  him.  Boaz, 
which  means  "strength,"  was  on  the 
left  hand,  and  Jachin,  which  means 
"stability,"  on  the  right. — 1  A'm/7S  vii.  21. 

(The  names  of  these  two  pillars  are 
adopted  in  the  craft  called  "  Free 
Masonry.") 

Bob'adil,  an  ignorant,  clever,  shallow 
bully,  thoroughly  cowardly,  but  thought 
by  his  dupes  to  be  an  amazing  hero. 
He  lodged  with  Cob  (the  water-carrier) 
and  his  wife  Tib.  Master  Stephen  was 
greatly  struck  with  his  "jdainty  oaths," 
such  as  "By  the  foot  of  Pharaoh!" 
"Body  of  CaBsar!"  "As  I  am  a  gentle- 
man and  a  soldier  !  "  His  device  to  save 
the  expense  of  a  standing  army  is  in- 
imitable for  its  conceit  and  absurdity : 

"I  would  select  19  more  to  myself  throughout  the  land  ; 
gentlemen  they  should  be,  of  a  good  spirit  and  able  con- 
stitution. I  would  choose  them  by  an  instinct,  .  .  .  and 
1  would  teach  them  the  special  rules  .  .  .  til!  chey  could 
play  [fence]  very  near  as  well  as  myself.  This  aone,  say 
the  enemy  were  40,000  strong,  we  20  would  .  .  .  chal- 
lenge 20  of  the  enemy ;  .  .  .  kill  them ;  challenge  20 
more,  kill  them ;  20  more,  kill  them  too ;  .  .  .  every 
man  his  10  a  day,  that's  10  score  ...  200  a  day ;  five  days, 
a  thousand  ;  40,000,  40  times  5,  200  days ;  kill  them  all."— 
Ben  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  Hit  Uainour,  iv.  7  (1598). 

Since  his  [ITpnry  Woodxeard,  1717-1777]  time  the  part 
of  "Bob.i(Iil"  has  never  been  justly  performed.  It  may 
be  said  to  have  died  with  him.— Dr.  Doran. 

The  name  was  probably  suggested  by 
Bobadilla  first  governor  of  Cuba,  who 
superseded  Columbus  sent  home  in 
chains  on  a  most  frivolous  charge. 
Similar  characters  are  "Metamore"  and 
"  Scaramouch  "    (Molicre) ;    "  Parolles  " 


BODACH  GLAY. 


119 


BOISTERER. 


and  "Pistol"  (Shakespeare)  ;  "  Bessus  " 
(Beaumont    and    Fletcher).      (See    also 

lUsiMSCO,       BOUOUGHCLIFK,      CAPTAIN 

BuAZEK,  Captain  Noll  Blufk,  Sir 
Petkonel  Flash,  Sacripant,  Vincent 
[>E  la  Rose,  etc.) 

Bodach  Glay  or  "Grey  Spectre," 
a  house  demon  of  the  Scotch,  similar  to 
the  Irish  banshee. 

Boe'raond,  the  Christian  king  of 
Antioch,  who  tried  to  teach  his  subjects 
arts,  law,  and  religion.  He  is  of  the 
Norman  race,  Roge'ro's  brother,  and  son 
of  Roberto  Guiscar'do. — Tasso,  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1575). 

Boeo'tian  Ears,  ears  unable  to  ap- 
preciate music  and  rhetoric.  Boeotia  was 
laughed  at  by  the  Athenians  for  the  dul- 
ness  and  stupidity  of  its  inhabitants. 

"This  Is  having  taste  and  sentiment.  Well,  friend,  I 
assure  thee  tliou  hast  not  got  Bceotian  ears"  ibecaiue  he 
praised  certain  extracts  read  to  him  by  an  author\ — 
tesagc.  an  Bias,  vU.  3  (1715). 

Boeuf  (Front  de),  a  gigantic  ferocious 
follower  of  prince  John. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Jvanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Boffin  (Nicodemus),  "  the  golden 
dustman,"  foreman  of  old  John  Harmon, 
dustman  and  miser.  He  was  "  a  broad, 
round-shouldered,  one-sided  old  fellow, 
whose  face  was  of  the  rhinoceros  build, 
with  over-lapping  ears."  A  kind,  shrewd 
man  was  Mr.  Boffin,  devoted  to  his 
wife,  whom  he  greatly  admired.  Being 
residuary  legatee  of  John  Harmon,  dust- 
man, he  came  in  for  £100,000.  After- 
wards, John  Harmon,  the  son,  being 
discovered,  Mr.  Boffin  surrendered  the 
property  to  him,  and  lived  with  him. 

Mrs.  Boffin,  wife  of  Mr.  N.  Boffin,  and 
daughter  of  a  cat's-meat  man.  She  was 
a  fat,  smiling,  good-tempered  creature, 
the  servant  of  old  John  Harmon,  dust- 
man and  miser,  and  very  kind  to  the 
miser's  son  (young  John  Harmon).  After 
Mr.  Boffin  came  into  his  fortune  she 
became  "a  high  flyer  at  fashion,"  Avore 
black  velvet  and  sable,  but  retained  her 
kindness  of  heart  and  love  for  her  hus- 
band. She  was  devoted  to  Bella  Wilfer, 
who  ultimately  became  the  wife  of  young 
John  Harmon,  alias  Rokesmith.  —  C. 
Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

Bo'gio,  one  of  the  allies  of  Charle- 
magne. He  promised  his  wife  to  return 
within  six  months,  but  was  slain  by 
Dardinello.  —  Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Bogle  Swindle    {Tlie),  a  gigantic 


swindling  scheme,  concocted  at  Paris  ty 
fourteen  sharpers,  who  expected  to  clear 
by  it  at  least  a  million  sterling.  This 
SAvindle  was  exposed  by  O'Reilly  in  the 
Times  newspaper,  and  the  corporation  of 
London  thanked  the  proprietora  of  that 
journal  for  their  public  services. 

Bo'gUS,  sham,  forged,  fraudulent,  as 
ho(]us  currency,  bogus  transactions;  said 
to  be  a  corruption  of  Borghese,  a  swindler, 
who  supplied  the  North  American  States 
with  counterfeit  bills,  bills  on  fictitious 
banks,  and  sham  mortgages.  —  Boston 
Daily  Courier. 

Some  think  the  word  a  corruption  of 
[Hocus'\  Focus,  and  say  that  it  refers  to 
the  German  "  Hocus  Pocus  Imperatus, 
wer  nicht  sieht  ist  blind."  The  cor- 
responding French  term  is  Basse  muscade. 

Bohe'mia,  any  locality  frequented  by 
journalists,  artists,  actors,  opera-singers, 
spouters,  and  other  similar  characters. 

Bohemian  (A),  a  gipsy,  from  the 
French  notion  that  the  first  gipsies  came 
from  Bohemia. 

A  Literary  Bohemian,  an  author  of 
desultory  works  and  irregular  life. 

Never  was  there  an  editor  with  less  about  liiin  of  the 
literary  Buheuiian.  —  Fortnightly  Jieview  {"  Postoii 
Letters  "). 

Bohemian  Literature,  desultory  reading. 
A  Bohemian  Life,  an  irregular,  wander- 
ing, restless  way  of  living,  like  that  of  a 

gipsy. 

Bo'hemond,  prince  of  Antioch,  a 
crusader. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Cou7it  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Bois'gelin  {The  young  countess  de), 
introduced  in  the  ball  given  by  king 
Rene  at  Aix.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Bois-Guilbert  (Sir  Brian  de),  a 
preceptor  of  the  Knights  Temp'ars. 
Ivanhoe  vanquishes  him  in  a  tournament. 
He  offers  insult  to  Rebecca,  and  she 
threatens  to  cast  herself  from  the  battle- 
ments if  he  touches  her.  When  the  castle 
is  set  on  fire  by  the  sibyl,  sir  Brian 
carries  off  Rebecca  from  the  flames.  The 
Grand-Master  of  the  Knights  Templars 
charges  Rebecca  with  sorcery,  and  she 
demands  a  trial  by  combat.  Sir  Brian  de 
Bois-Guilbert  is  appointed  to  sustain  the 
charge  against  her,  and  Ivanhoe  is  her 
champion.  Sir  Brian  being  found  dead 
in  the  lists,  Rebecca  is  declared  innocent. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard L). 

Boisterer,  one 


BOLD  BEAUCHAMF. 


120 


BOMBASTES  FURIOSO. 


ants  of  Fortu'nio.  His  gift  vrtis  that  he 
could  overturn  a  wind-mill  with  his 
breath,  and  even  wreck  a  man-of-war. 

FortAinIo  asked  him  what  he  was  doing.  "  I  am  blow- 
ing a  little,  sir,*'  answered  he,  "to  set  those  mills  at 
work."  "  But,"  st^id  the  knight, "  you  seem  too  far  off."  "  On 
the  contrary,"  replied  the  blower,  "I  am  too  near,  for  if 
1  did  not  restrain  my  bre.ath  I  should  blow  the  mills  over, 
and  i)erhaps  the  hill  too  on  wiiich  they  stand."— Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("Fortunio,"  1G82). 

Bold  Beauchamp  [Beech'-am],  a 
proverbial  phrase  similar  to  "an  Achilles," 
"a  Hector,"  etc.  The  reference  is  to 
Thomas  de  Beauchamp,  earl  of  Warwick, 
who,  with  one  squire  and  six  archers, 
overthrew  a  hundred  armed  men  at 
Hogges,  in  Normandy,  in  1346. 

So  had  we  still  of  ours,  in  Fwnce  that  famous  were, 
Warwick,  of  England  then  high-constable  that  was, 
...  So  hardy,  great,  and  strong. 
That  after  of  that  name  it  to  an  ad.-xge  grew, 
If  any  man  himself  adventurous  happed  to  shew, 
*'  Bold  Beauchamp  "  men  him  termed,  if  none  so  bold  as 
he. 

Drayton,  Polj/olblon,  xviii.  (1613). 

Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband,  a 
comedy  by  Mrs.  Cowley.  There  are  two 
plots :  one  a  bold  stroke  to  get  the  man 
of  one's  choice  for  a  husband,  and  the 
other  a  bold  stroke  to  keep  a  husband. 
Olivia  de  Zuniga  fixed  her  heart  on  Julio 
de  Messina,  and  refused  or  disgusted  all 
Buitors  till  he  came  forward.  Donna 
Victoria,  in  order  to  keep  a  husband, 
disguised  herself  in  man's  apparel,  as- 
sumed the  name  of  Florio,  and  made  love 
as  a  man  to  her  husband's  mistress.  She 
contrived  by  an  artifice  to  get  back  an 
estate  which  don  Carlos  had  made  over 
to  his  mistress,  and  thus  saved  her  hus- 
band from  ruin  (1782). 

Bold   Stroke  for   a   Wife.    Old 

Lovely  at  death  left  his  daughter  Anne 
£30,000,  but  with  this  proviso,  that  she 
was  to  forfeit  the  money  if  she  married 
without  the  consent  of  her  guardians. 
Now,  her  guardians  were  four  in  number, 
and  their  characters  so  widel}'  dif- 
ferent that  "they  never  agreed  on  any 
one  thing."  They  were  sir  Philip  Mode- 
love,  an  old  beau  ;  Mr.  Peri-winkle,  a  silly 
virtuoso ;  Mr.  Tradelove,  a  broker  on 
'Change  ;  and  Mr.  Obadiah  Prim,  a  hypo- 
critical quaker.  Colonel  Feignwell  con- 
trived to  flatter  all  the  guardians  to  the 
top  of  their  bent,  and  won  the  heiress. 
—Mrs.  Centlivre  (1717). 

Bol'ga,  the  southern  parts  of  Ireland, 
so  called  from  the  Fir-bolg  or  Belgae  of 
r>ritain  who  settled  there.  Bolg  means  a 
"quiver,"  and  Fir-bolg  means  "bowmen." 

The  chiefs  of  Bolga  crowd  round  the  shield  of  generous 
Cathmor.— Ossian,  Temora,  ii. 


Bolster,  a  famous  Wrath,  who  com- 
pelled St.  Agnes  to  gather  up  the  boulders 
which  infested  his  territory.  She  carried 
three  apronfuls  to  the  top  of  a  hill,  hence 
called  St.  Agnes'  Beacon.  (See  Wkath's 
Hole.) 

Bol'ton  (Stawarth),  an  English  ofl!icer 
in  The  Mo7iastery,  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Bolton  Ass.  This  creature  is  said 
to  have  chcAved  tobacco  and  taken  snuif. 
— Dr.  Doran. 

Bomba  (Jung),  a  nickname  given  to 
Ferdinand  H.  of  Naples,  in  consequence 
of  his  cruel  bombardment  of  Messi'na  in 
1848.  His  son,  who  bombarded  Palermo 
in  1860,  is  called  Bombali'nio  ("  Little 
Bomba  "). 

A  young  Sicilian,  too.  was  there  .  .  . 
[Wtio]  being  rebellious  to  his  liege. 
After  Palermo's  fatal  siege, 
Across  the  western  seas  he  fled 
In  good  king  Bomba's  happy  reign. 

Longfellow,  The  Wayside  Inn  (prelude). 

Bombardin'ian,  general  of  the 
forces  of  king  Chrononhotonthologoa. 
He  invites  the  king  to  his  tent,  and  gives 
him  hashed  pork.  The  king  strikes  him, 
and  calls  him  traitor.  "  Traitor,  in  thy 
teeth,"  replies  the  general.  They  fight,  and 
the  king  is  killed. — H.  Carey,  Chronon- 
hotontholo(jos  (a  burlesque). 

Bombastes  Furioso,  general  of 
Artaxam'inous  (king  of  Utopia).  He 
is  plighted  to  Distaffi'na,  but  Artax- 
aminous  promises  her  "  half-a-crown  "  if 
she  will  forsake  the  general  for  himself. 
"This  bright  reward  of  ever-daring 
minds  "  is  irresistible.  When  Bombastes 
sees  himself  flouted,  he  goes  mad,  and 
hangs  his  boots  on  a  tree,  with  this  label 
duly  displayed : 

Who  dares  this  pair  of  boots  displace. 
Must  meet  Bombaites  face  to  face. 

The  king,  coming  up,  cuts  down  the  boots, 
and  Bombastes  "kills  him."  Fusbos, 
seeing  the  king  fallen,  "  kills  "  the  gene- 
ral ;  but  at  the  close  of  the  farce  the 
dead  men  rise  one  by  one,  and  join  the 
dance,  promising,  if  the  audience  likes, 
"  to  die  again  to-morrow." — W.  B. 
Rhodes,  Bombastes  Furioso. 

'■'■^,'^  'ihis  farce  is  a  travesty  of  Orlando 
Furioso,  and  "  Distaffina"  is  Angelica,  be- 
Invod  by  Orlando,  whom  slie  flouted  for 
Medoroa  young  Moor.  On  this  Orlando 
went  mad,  and  hune  up  his  armour  on  a 
tree,  with  this  distich  attached  thereto : 

Orlando's  arms  let  none  displace. 
But  such  who'll  meet  him  face  to  face. 


BOMBASTES  FURIOSO. 


121 


BONNIVARD. 


In  the  Rehearsal,  by  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, Baycs'  troops  are  killed,  every 
man  of  them,  by  Drawcansir,  but  revive, 
and  "  go  off  on  their  legs." 

See  the  translation  of  Don  Quixote,  by 
C.  H.  Wilmot,  Esq.,  ii.  363  (1764). 

Bombastes  Furioso  (77ie  French),  capi- 
taine  Fracasse. — The'ophile  Gautier. 

Bombas'tus,  the  family  name  of 
Paracelsus.  He  is  said  to  have  kept  a 
small  devil  prisoner  in  the  pommel  of  his 
•word. 

Bombastus  kept  a  devil's  bird 
Shut  in  tlie  pommel  of  hi»  sword, 
That  taught  him  all  the  cunnitig  pranks 
Of  past  and  future  mountebanks. 

S.  Butler,  JIudibrai,  11.  3. 

Bo'naparte's  Cancer.  Napoleon 
suffered  from  an  internal  cancer. 

I  .  .  .  would  much  rather  have  a  sound  digestion 
Than  Buonaparte's  cancer. 

Byron,  Don  Jttan,  ix.  14  (1821); 

Bonas'sus,  an  imaginary  wild  beast, 
which  the  Ettrick  shepherd  encountered. 
(The  Ettrick  shepherd  was  James  Hogg, 
the  Scotch  poet.) — Nodes  Arnbrosianos 
(No.  xlviii.,  April,  1830). 

Bounaventu're  (Father),  a  disguise 
assumed  for  the  nonce  by  the  chevalier 
Charles  Edward,  the  pretender. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Bondu'ca  or  Boadice'a,  wife  of 
Praesu'tagus  king  of  the  Ice'ni.  For  the 
better  security  of  his  family,  Praesutagus 
made  the  emperor  of  Rome  coheir  with 
his  daughters  ;  whereupon  the  Roman 
officers  took  possession  of  his  palace, 
gave  up  the  princesses  to  the  licentious 
brutality  of  the  Roman  soldiers,  and 
scourged  the  queen  in  public.  Bonduca, 
roused  to  vengeance,  assembled  an  army, 
burnt  the  Roman  colonies  of  London, 
Colchester  [Cama/oc?MW(m],  Verulam,  etc., 
and  slew  above  80,000  Romans.  Sub- 
sequently, Sueto'nius  Paulinus  defeated 
the  Britons,  and  Bonduca  poisoned  herself, 
A.D.  61.  John  Fletcher  wrote  a  tragedy 
entitled  Bonduca  (1647). 

Bone-setter  (The),  Sarah  Mapp 
(died  1736). 

Bo'ney,  a  familiar  contraction  of 
Bo'naparte  (3  syl.),  used  by  the  English 
in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth  cen- 
tury by  way  of  depreciation.  Thus 
Thorn.  Moore  speaks  of  "the  infidel 
Boney." 

Bonhomme  (/ac^ws),  a  peasant  who 
interferes  with  politics ;  hence  the  peasants' 
rebellion  of  1358  was  called  La  Jacquerie. 


The  words  may  be  rendered  "Jimmy"  or 
"Jhonny  Goodfellow." 

Bon'iface  {St.),  an  Anglo-Saxon 
whose  name  was  Winifrid  or  Winfrith, 
born  in  Devonshire.  He  was  made  arch- 
bishop of  Mayence  by  pope  Gregory  III., 
and  is  called  "  The  Apostle  of  the  Germans." 
St.  Boniface  was  murdered  in  Friesland 
by  some  peasants,  and  his  day  is  June  6 
(680-755). 

...  in  FriesLind  first  St.  Boniface  our  best. 
Who  of  the  see  of  Mentz,  while  then*  he  sat  possessed. 
At  Dockum  had  his  death,  by  faithless  Frisians  slain. 
Drayton,  PolyoJhion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Bon'iface  {Father),  ex-abbot  of  Kenna- 
quhair.  He  first  appears  under  the  name 
of  Blinkhoodie  in  the  character  of  gardener 
at  Kinross,  and  afterwards  as  the  old 
gardener  at  Dundrennan.  (Kennaquhair, 
that  is,  "  I  know  not  where.") — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Bon'iface  {The  abbot),  successor  of  the 
abbot  Ingelram,  as  Superior  of  St.  Mary's 
Convent. — Sir  W.  Scott,  'The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Bon'iface,  landlord  of  the  inn  at  Lich- 
field, in  league  with  the  highwaymen. 
This  sleek,  jolly  publican  is  fond  of  the 
cant  phrase,  "  as  the  saying  is."  Thus, 
"  Does  your  master  stay  in  town,  as  the 
saying  is  ?  "  "So  well,  as  the  saying  is, 
I  could  wish  we  had  more  of  them." 
"  I'm  old  Will  Boniface  ;  pretty  well 
known  upon  this  road,  as  the  saying  is." 
He  had  lived  at  Lichfield  "  man  and  boy 
above  eight  and  fifty  years,  and  not  con- 
sumed eight  and  fifty  ounces  of  meat." 
He  says  : 

'•  I  have  fed  purely  upon  ale.  I  have  eat  my  ale,  drank 
my  ale,  and  I  alw.iys  sleep  upon  my  ale." — George  Farqu- 
har.  The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  I.  1  (1707). 

Bonne  E-eine,  Claude  de  France, 
daughter  of  Louia  XII.  and  wife  of 
Francois  I.  (1499-1524). 

Bonnet  {Je  parle  a  mon),  "I  am 
talking  to  myself." 

Ilarpaijon.  A  qui  tu  parle  ? 

La  Piece.  Je  parle  /i  mon  bonnet. 

Molidre,  L'Avare,  t.  3  (1667). 

Bonnet  Rouge,  a  red  republican, 
so  called  from  the  red  cap  of  liberty 
which  he  wore, 

Bonnivard  {Fran^nis  de),  the  pris- 
oner of  Chillon.  In  Byron's  poem  he 
was  one  of  six  brothers,  five  of  whom 
died  violent  deaths.  The  father  and  two 
sons  died  on  the  battle-field  ;  one  was 
burnt  at  the  stake  ;  three  were  imprisoned 
in  the  dungeon  of  Chillon,  near  the  lake 
of  Geneva.    Two  of  the  three  died,  and 


BONSTETTIN. 


122 


BORAX. 


Francois  was  set  at  liberty  by  Henri  the 
Beamais.  They  were  incarcerated  by 
the  duke-bishop  of  Savoy  for  republican 
principles  (1496-1670). 

Bonstet'tin  (Nicholas),  the  old 
deputy  of  Schwitz,  and  one  of  the  depu- 
ties of  the  Swiss  confederacy  to  Charles 
duke  of  Burgundy. — Sir  W.' Scott,  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Bon'temps  (Jioger),  the  personi- 
fication of  that  buoyant  spirit  which  is 
always  "inclined  to  hope  rather  than 
fear,"  and  in  the  very  midnight  of  dis- 
tress is  ready  to  exclaim,  "  There's  a  good 
time  coming,  wait  a  little  longer."  The 
character  is  the  creation  of  Be'ranger. 

Vous,  pauvres  pleins  d'envie, 

Vous,  riches  ddsireux ; 
Vous,  dont  !e  char  ddvie 

Aprds  un  cours  heureux  ; 
Vous,  qui  perdrez  peut-etre 

Des  litres  dclatans, 
Xh  gai  I  prenez  pour  maltre 

Le  gros  Koger  Bontemps. 

Stranger  (1814). 

Bon'tliron  (Anthony),  one  of  Ra- 
momy's  followers  ;  employed  to  murder 
Smith,  the  lover  of  Catherine  Glover 
("the  fair  maid  of  Perth"),  but  he  mur- 
dered Oliver  instead,  by  mistake.  When 
charged  with  the  crime,  he  demanded  a 
trial  by  combat,  and  being  defeated  by 
Smith,  confessed  his  guilt  and  was  hanged. 
JTe  was  restored  to  life,  but  being  again 
apprehended  was  executed. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fair  Maid  of  I'erth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Bon  Ton,  a  farce  by  Garrick.  Its 
design  is  to  show  the  evil  effects  of  the 
introduction  of  foreign  morals  and  foreign 
manners.  Lord  Minikin  neglects  his  wife, 
and  flirts  with  Miss  Tittup.  Lnrly  Mini- 
kin hates  her  husband,  and  tlirts  with 
colonel  Tivy.  Miss  Tittup  is  engaged  to 
the  colonel.'  Sir  John  Trotley,  who  does 
not  understand  bon  ton,  thinks  this  sort 
of  flirtation  verj'  objectionable.  "  You'll 
excuse  me,  for  such  old-fashioned  notions, 
lam  sure"  (1760). 

Boo'by  (Lady),  a  vulgar  upstart,  who 
tries  to  seduce  her  footman,  Joseph 
Andrews.  Parson  Adams  reproves  her 
for  laughing  in  church.  Lady  Booby  is 
a  caricature  of  Richardson's  "PamSla." 
— Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews  (1742). 

Boone  (1  syL),  colonel  [afterwards 
"general"]  Daniel  Boone,  in  the  United 
States'  service,  was  one  of  the  earliest 
settlers  in  Kentucky,  where  he  signalized 
himself  by  many  daring  exploits  against 
Che  Red  Indians  (1736-1820). 


Of  all  men,  saving  Sylla  the  man-slayer .  .  . 

The  general  Boon,  the  back-woodsman  of  KentuckTi 

Was  happiest  amongst  mortals  anywhere,  etc. 

Byron,  Dvn  Juan,  viii.  61-65  (1821). 

Booshalloch  (Neil),  cowherd  to 
Ian  Eachin  M'lan,  chief  of  the  clan 
Quhele.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Boo'tes  (3  syl.),  Areas  son  of  Jupiter 
and  Calisto.  One  day  his  mother,  in  the 
semblance  of  a  bear,  met  him,  and  Areas 
was  on  the  point  of  killing  it,  when 
Jupiter,  to  prevent  the  murder,  converted 
him  into  a  constellation,  either  Bootes  or 
Ursa  Major. — Pausanias,  Itinerary  of 
Greece,  viii.  4. 

Doth  not  Orion  worthily  deserve 

A  higher  place  .  .  . 

Than  frail  Boi5t€s,  who  was  placed  above 

Only  because  the  gods  did  else  foresee 

He  should  the  murderer  of  his  mother  be? 

Lord  Brooke,  Of  JfobUitif. 

Booth,  husband  of  Amelia.  Said  to 
be  a  drawing  of  the  author's  own  character 
and  experiences.  He  has  all  the  vices  of 
Tom  Jones,  with  an  additional  share  of 
meanness. — Fielding,  Amelia  (1751). 

Boracli'io,  a  follower  of  don  John 
of  Aragon.  He  is  a  great  villain,  en- 
gaged to  Margaret,  the  waiting-woman  of 
Hero. — Shakespeare,  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing  (1600). 

Borach'io,  a  drunkard.  (Spanish,  bor- 
racho,  " drunk ;" 6orracAt^7o,  "atippler.")^ 

"  Why,  you  stink  of  wine !  D'ye  think  my  niece  will  ever 
endure  such  a  borachio  ?  You're  an  absolute  Borachio." — 
W.  Ck)ngreve,  The  Way  of  the  World  (1700). 

Borachio  (Joseph),  landlord  of  the 
Eagle  hotel,  in  Salamanca. — Jephson,  Two 
Strings  to  your  Bow  (1792). 

Bor'ak  (Al),  the  animal  brought  by 
Gabriel  to  convey  Mahomet  to  the  seventh 
heaven.  The  word  means  "  lightning." 
Al  Borak  had  the  face  of  a  man,  but  the 
cheeks  of  a  horse  ;  its  eyes  were  like 
jacinths,  but  brilliant  as  the  stars  ;  it  had 
eagle's  wings,  ■  glistened  all  over  with 
radiant  light,  and  it  spoke  with  a  human 
voice.  This  was  one  of  the  ten  animals 
(not  of  the  race  of  man)  received  into 
paradise.     (See  Animals,  etc.) 

Borak  was  a  fine-limbed,  high-standing  horse,  strong  In 
frame,  and  with  a  coat  as  glossy  as  marble.  His  colour 
was  saffron,  witli  one  hair  of  gold  for  every  three  of 
tawny  ;  his  ears  were  restless  and  pointed  like  a  reed  ;  his 
eyes  large  and  full  of  fire ;  his  nostrils  wide  and  steaming  ; 
he  had  a  white  star  on  his  forehead,  a  neck  gracefully 
arched,  a  mane  soft  and  silky,  and  a  thick  tail  tliat  swept 
the  ground.— Cro9M«mitajwe,  ii.  9. 

Borax,  Nosa,  or  Crapon'dinus, 

a  stone  extracted  from  a  toad.     It  is  the 
antidote  of  poison. — Mirror  of  Stones. 

.  ,  ,  the  toad,  ugly  and  venomous. 
Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  his  head. 
Shakespeare,  ai  You  Like  It,  act  ii,  gc  1  (1600). 


BORDER  MINSTREL. 


123 


BORS. 


Border  Minstrel  (The)^  sir  Walter 
Scott  (1771-1832). 

My  steps  the  Border  Minstrel  led. 

W.  Wordsworth,  rarrow  Revisited. 

Border  States  (of  North  America) : 
Delaware,  Maryland,  Virginia,  Ken- 
tucky, and  Missouri.  So  called  because 
they  bordered  upon  the  line  of  Free 
States  and  Slave-holding  States.  The 
term  is  now  an  anachronism. 

Bore  (1  syl.),  a  tidal  wave.  The 
largest  are  those  of  the  Ganges  (espe- 
cially the  Hooghly  branch),  Brahmaputra, 
and  Indus.  In  Great  Britain,  the  Severn, 
the  Trent,  the  Wye,  the  Sohvay,  the  Dee 
in  Cheshire,  the  Clyde,  Dornoch  Frith, 
and  the  Lune.  That  of  the  Trent  is 
called  the  '*  heygre." 

Bo'reas,  the  north  wind.  He  lived  in 
a  cave  on  mount  Haemus,  in  Thrace. 

Cease,  rude  Boreas,  blustering  railer. 

G.  A.  Stephens,  The  Shipwreck. 

Bor'gi.a  {Lucrezia  di),  duchess  of  Fer- 
ra'ra,  wife  of  don  Alfonso.  Her  natural 
son  Genna'ro  was  brought  up  by  a  fisher- 
man in  Naples,  but  when  he  grew  to 
manhood  a  stranger  gave  him  a  paper 
from  his  mother,  announcing  to  him  that 
he  was  of  noble  blood,  but  concealing  his 
name  and  family.  He  saved  the  life  of 
Orsi'ni  in  the  battle  of  Rim'ini,  and  they 
became  sworn  friends.  In  Venice  he  was 
introduced  to  a  party  of  nobles,  all  of 
whom  had  some  tale  to  tell  against  Lu- 
crezia: Orsini  told  him  she  had  murdered 
her  brother  ;  Vitelli,  that  she  had  caused 
his  uncle  to  be  slain  ;  Liverotto,  that  she 
had  poisoned  his  uncle  Appia'no ;  Gazella, 
that  she  had  caused  one  of  his  relatives 
to  be  drowned  in  the  Tiber.  Indignant  at 
these  acts  of  wickedness,  Gennaro  struck 
olE  the  B  from  the  escutcheon  of  the  duke'a 
palace  at  Ferrara,  changing  the  name 
Borgia  into  Orgia.  Lucrezia  prayed  the 
duke  to  put  to  death  the  man  who  had 
thus  insulted  their  noble  house,  and  Gen- 
naro was  condemned  to  death  by  poison. 
Lucrezia,  to  save  him,  gave  him  an  anti- 
dote, and  let  him  out  of  prison  by  a  secret 
door.  Soon  after  his  liberation  the  princess 
Negroni,  a  friend  of  the  Borgias,  gave  a 
grand  supper,  to  which  Gennaro  and  his 
companions  were  invited.  At  the  close  of 
the  banquet  they  were  all  arrested  by 
Lucrezia,  after  having  drunk  poisoned 
wine.  Gennaro  was  told  he  was  the  son 
of  Lucrezia,  and  died.  Lucrezia  no  sooner 
savr  him  die  than  she  died  also. — Doni- 
zetti, Lucrezia  di  Borgia  (an  opera,  1835). 

Boroslne  (3  syl.)^  a  malicious  coun- 


sellor of  the  great-duke  of  Moscovia.— 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Loyal 
Subject  (1618). 

Borough  (The),  in  ten-syllable  verse 
with  rhymes,  in  twenty-four  letters,  is  by 
George  Crabbe  (1810). 

Bor'oughclifF  (Captain),  a  vulgar 
Yankee,  boastful,  conceited,  and  slangy. 
"I  guess,"  "I  reckon,"  "I  calculate," 
are  used  indifferently  by  him,  and  he 
perpetually  appeals  to  sergeant  Drill  to 
confirm  his  boastful  assertions :  as,  "  I'm 
a  pretty  considerable  favourite  with  the 
ladies;  am't  I,  sergeant  Drill?"  "My 
character  for  valour  is  pretty  well  known ; 
isn't  it,  sergeant  Drill?"  "If  you  once 
saw  me  in  battle,  you'd  never  forget  it ; 
would  he,  sergeant  Drill  ?  "  "  I'm  a  sort 
of  a  kind  of  a  nonentity;  am't  I,  sergeant 
Drill  ? "  etc.  He  is  made  the  butt  of 
Long  Tom  Coffin.  Colonel  Howard 
wishes  him  to  marry  his  niece  Katharine, 
but  the  young  lady  has  given  her  heart  to 
lieutenant  Barnstable,  who  turns  out  to 
be  the  colonel's  son,  and  succeeds  at  last 
in  marrying  the  lady  of  his  affection,  — 
E.  Fitzball,  The  Filot. 

Borre  (1  syl.),  natural  son  of  king 
Arthur,  and  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table.  His  mother  was  Lyo- 
nors,  an  earl's  daughter,  who  came  to  do 
homage  to  the  young  king. — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  15 
(1470). 

*#*  Sir  Bors  de  Ganis  is  quite  another 
person,  and  so  is  king  Bors  of  Gaul. 

Borrioboo'la  Gha,  m  Africa.  (See 
Jellyby,  Mrs.) 

Borro'meo  (Charles),  cardinal  and 
archbishop  of  Milan.  Immortalized  by 
his  self-devotion  in  ministering  at  Mil'aa 
to  the  plague-stricken  (1538-1584). 

St.  Roche,  who  died  1327,  devoted 
himself  in  a  similar  manner  to  ttiose 
stricken  with  the  plague  at  Piacenza ;  and 
Mompesson  to  the  people  of  Eyam.  In 
1720-22  H.  Francis  Xavier  de  Belsunce 
was  indefatigable  in  ministering  to  the 
plague-stricken  of  Marseilles. 

Borrowing.  Who  goeth  a-borrowing, 
goeth  a-sorrowing. — T.  tusser,  Five  Hun- 
dred Points  of  Good  Husbandry,  xv  8 
and  again  xlii.  6  (1557). 

Bors  (King)  of  Gaul,  brother  of  king 
Ban  of  Benwicke  [? Brittany].  They 
went  to  the  aid  of  prince  Arthur  when 
he  was  first  established  on  the  British 
throne,  and  Arthur  promised  in  return  to 


BORS. 


124 


BOTHWELL. 


aid  them  against  king  Claudas,  "a  mighty 
man  of  men,"  who  warred  against  them. 
— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
(1470). 

There  are  two  brethren  beyond  the  sea,  and  they  kings 
both  .  .  .  the  one  hight  king  Ban  of  Benwicke,  and  the 
other  hight  king  Bors  of  Gaul,  that  is,  France.— Pt.  i.  8. 

(Sir  Bors  was  of  Ganis,  that  is,  Wales, 
and  was  a  knight  of  the  Round  Table. 
So  also  was  Borre  (natural  son  of  prince 
Arthur),  also  called  sir  Bors  sometimes.) 

Bors  (Sir),  called  sir  Bors  de  Ganis, 
brother  of  sir  Lionell  and  nephew  of  sir 
Launcelot.  "  For  all  women  was  he 
a  virgin,  save  for  one,  the  daughter  of 
king  Brandeg'oris,  on  whom  he  had  a 
child,  hight  Elaine ;  save  for  her,  sir 
Bors  was  a  clean  maid  "  (eh.  iv.).  When 
he  went  to  Corbin,  and  saw  Galahad  the 
son  of  sir  Launcelot  and  Elaine  (daughter 
of  king  Pelles),  he  prayed  that  the  child 
might  prove  as  good  a  knight  as  his 
father,  and  instantly  a  vision  of  the  holy 
greal  was  vouchsafed  him  ;  for — 

There  came  a  white  dove,  bearing  a  little  censer  of  gold 
in  her  bill .  -  .  and  a  maiden  that  bear  the  Snncgreall,  and 
she  said,  "  Wit  ye  well,  sir  Bors,  that  this  child  .  .  .  shall 
achieve  the  Sancgreall "...  then  they  kneeled  down  .  .  . 
and  there  was  such  a  savour  as  all  the  spicery  in  tlie  world 
had  been  there.  And  when  the  dove  took  her  flight, 
the  maiden  vanished  away  with  the  Sancgreall. — Pt.  iii.  -l 

Sir  Bors  was  with  sir  Galahad  and  sir 
Percival  when  the  consecrated  wafer 
assumed  the  visible  and  bodily  appearance 
of  the  Saviour.  And  this  is  what  is 
meant  by  achieving  the  holy  greal ;  for 
when  they  partook  of  the  wafer  their 
eyes  saw  the  Saviour  enter  it. — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii. 
101,  102  (1470). 

N.B. — This  sir  Bors  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  sir  Borre,  a  natural  son  of 
king  Arthur  and  Lyonors  (daughter  of 
th^  earl  Sanam,  pt.  i.  15),  nor  yet  with 
king  Bors  of  Gaul,  i.e.  France  (pt.  i.  8). 

Bortell,  the  bull,  in  the  beast-epic 
called  Jieynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Bos'can-[Almoga'va],  a  Spanish 
poet  of  Barcelona  (1500-1543).  His 
poems  are  generally  bound  up  with  those 
of  Garcilasso.  They  introduced  the  Italian 
style  into  Castilian  poetry. 

Sometimes  he  turned  to  gaze  upon  his  book, 
Boscau,  or  Garcilasso. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  95  (1819). 

Bosmi'lia,  daughter  of  Fingal  king 
of  Morven  (north-west  coast  of  Scotland). 
— Ossian. 

Boss,  of  Arthurian  legend,  is  Boscastle, 
in    Cornwall,   on    the    Bristol    Channel. 


Bude  is  also  in  Cornwall,  on  the  Bristol 
Channel. 

When  the  longwave  broke 
All  down  the  thundering  shores  of  Bude  and  Boss. 
Tennyson,  Jdylli  of  the  King. 

Bossu  (Be'ne'le),  French  scholar  and 
critic  (1631-1680). 

And  for  the  epic  poem  wour  lordship  bade  me  look  at, 
upon  taking  the  length,  breadth,  height,  and  depUi  ot 
it,  and  trying  them  at  home  upon  an  exact  scale  of 
Bossu's,  'tis  out,  my  lord,  in  every  one  of  its  dimensions.— 
Sterne  (1768). 

(I  think  Sterne  means  the  Abbe'  Bossut, 
the  mathematician.  His  critic  tried  the 
book  on  its  "length,  breadth,  and  depth ;" 
or  perhaps  he  wishes  to  confound  the  two 
authors.) 

Bossut  (Abb^  Charles),  a  celebrated 
mathematician  (1730-1814). 

(Sir  Richard  Phillips  assumed  a  host 
of  popular  names,  amongst  others  that  of 
M.  CAUjc  Bossut  in  several  educational 
works  in  French.) 

Bosta'na,  one  of  the  two  daughters 
of  the  old  man  who  entrapped  prince 
Assad  in  order  to  offer  him  in  sacrifice 
on  "the  fiery  mountain."  His  other 
daughter  was  named  Cava'ma.  The  old 
man  enjoined  these  two  daughters  to 
scourge  the  prince  daily  with  the  bas- 
tinado and  feed  him  with  bread  and 
water  till  the  day  of  sacrifice  arrived. 
After  a  time,  the  heart  of  Bostana  soft- 
ened towards  her  captive,  and  she  re- 
leased him.  Whereupon  his  brother 
Amgiad,  out  of  gratitude,  made  her  his 
wife,  and  became  in  time  king  of  the  city 
in  which  he  was  already  vizier. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Amgiad  and  Assad"). 

Bostock,  a  coxcomb,  cracked  on  the 
point  of  aristocracy  and  family  birth. 
His  one  and  only  inquiry  is  "  How  many 
quarterings  has  a  person  got  ?  "  Descent 
from  the  nobility  with  him  covers  a 
multitude  of  sins,  and  a  man  is  no  one, 
whatever  his  personal  merit,  Avho  "  is 
not  a  sprig  of  the  nobility  " — James 
Shirley,  The  Ball  (1642). 

Bot'any  (Father  of  English),  W. 
Turner,  M.D.  (1620-1568). 

J.  P.  de  Tournef  ort  is  called  17ie  Father 
of  Botany  (1066-1708). 

*^*  Antony  de  Jussieu  lived  1686- 
1758,  and  his  brother  Bernard  1699-1777. 

Both. well  (Sergeant),  alias  Francis 
Stewart,  in  the  royal  army. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Bothwell  (Lady),  sister  of  lady 
Forester, 


BOTTLED  BEER. 


125 


BOUNTY. 


Sir  Geoffrey  Bothtoell,  the  husband  of 
lady  Bothwell. 

Mrs.  Margaret  Bothwelly  in  the  intro- 
duction of  the  story.  Aunt  Margaret 
proposed  to  use  Mrs.  Margaret's  tomb- 
stone for  her  own. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Aunt 
Margaret's  Mirror  (time,  William  III.). 

Bottled  Beer,  Alexander  Nowell, 
author  of  a  celebrated  Latin  catechism 
which  first  appeared  in  1570,  under  the 
title  of  Chrtbtiance  pietatis  prima  Insti- 
tutio,  ad  usum  Scliolarum  Latine  Scripta. 
In  loGO  he  was  promoted  to  the  deanery 
of  St.  Paul's  (1507-1602).  —  Fuller, 
Worthies  of  England  ("  Lancashire"). 

Bottom  (Nick),  an  Athenian  weaver, 
a  compound  of  profound  ignorance  and 
unbounded  conceit,  not  without  good 
nature  and  a  fair  dash  of  mother-wit. 
When  the  play  of  Piramus  and  Thisbe 
is  cast,  Bottom  covets  every  part ;  the 
lion,  Thisbe,  Pyramus,  all  have  charms 
for  him.  In  order  to  punish  Titan'ia,  the 
fairy-king  made  her  dote  on  Bottom,  on 
whom  Puck  had  placed  an  ass's  head. — 
Shakespeare,  Midsummer  Night's  Dream. 

When  Goldsmith,  jealous  of  the  attention  which  a 
dancing  monkey  attracted  in  a  coffee-house,  said,  "  I  can 
do  that  aa  well,"  and  was  about  to  attempt  it,  he  was  but 
playing  "Bottom."— K.  G.  White. 

Bottomless  Pit  (The),  a  ludicrous 
sobriquet  of  William  Pitt,  who  was  re- 
markably thin  (1759-1806). 

Boubekir'  Muez'in,  of  Bagdad, 
"  a  vain,  proud,  and  envious  iman, 
who  hated  the  rich  because  he  him- 
self was  poor."  When  prince  Zeyn 
Alasnam  came  to  the  city,  he  told  the 
people  to  beware  of  him,  for  probablj'  he 
was  "some  thief  who  had  made  himself 
rich  by  plunder."  The  prince's  attendant 
called  on  him,  put  into  his  hand  a  purse 
of  gold,  and  requested  the  honour  of  his 
acquaintance.  Next  day,  after  morning 
prayers,  the  iman  said  to  the  people,  "  I 
find,  my  brethren,  that  the  stranger  who 
is  come  to  Bagdad  is  a*  young  prince 
jjossessed  of  a  thousand  virtues,  and 
worthy  the  love  of  all  men.  Let  us  pro- 
tect him,  and  rejoice  that  he  has  come 
among  us." — Arabian  Nights  ("Prince 
Zeyn  Alasnam  "). 

Bouchard  (Sir),  a  knight  of  Flan- 
ders, of  most  honourable  descent.  He 
mairied  Constance,  daughter  of  Bertulphe 
provost  of  Bruges.  In  1127  Charles  "the 
Good,"  earl  of  Flanders,  made  a  law  that 
a  serf  was  always  a  serf  till  manumitted, 
and  whoever  married  a  serf  became 
a    serf.     Now,   Bertulphe's   father  was 


Thancmar's  serf,  and  Bertulphe,  who  had 
raised  himself  to  wealth  and  great  honour, ' 
was  reduced  to  serfdom  because  his  father 
was  not  manumitted.  By  the  same  law 
Bouchard,  although  a  knight  of  royai 
blood,  became  Thancmar's  serf  because 
he  married  Constance,  the  daughter  of 
Bertulphe  (provost  of  Bruges).  The 
result  of  this  absurd  law  was  that 
Bertulphe  slew  the  earl  and  then  himself, 
Constance  went  mad  and  died,  Bouchard 
and  Thancmar  slew  each  other  in  fight, 
and  all  Bruges  was  thrown  into  confusion  > 
— S.  Knowles,  The  Provost  of  Prwies 
(1836). 

Bought  "Wit  is  Dear.  Wisdom 
gained  by  experience  is  dearly  bought. — 
G.  Gascoigne,  Magnum  Vectigal,  etc. 
(died  1577). 

Bou'illon  (Godfrey  duke  of),  a 
crusader  (1058-1100),  introduced  in  Count 
Robert  of  Paris,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(time,  Rufus). 

Bounce  (Mr.  T.),  a  nickname  given 
in  1837  to  T.  Barnes,  editor  of  the  Timca 
(or  the  Turnabout,  as  it  was  called). 

Bound'erby  (Josiah),  of  Coketown, 
banker  and  mill-owner,  the  "Bully  of 
Humility,"  a  big,  loud  man,  with  an  iron 
stare  and  metallic  laugh.  Mr.  Bounderby 
is  the  son  of  Mrs.  Pegler,  an  old  woman, 
to  whom  he  pays  £30  a  year  to  keep  out 
of  sight,  and  in  a  boasting  way  he  pre- 
tends that  "he  was  dra^jged  up  from  the 
gutter  to  become  a  millionaire."  Mr. 
Bounderby  marries  Louisa,  daughter  of 
his  neighbour  and  friend,  Thomas  Grad- 
grind,  Esq.,  M.P.— C.  Dickens,  Ifard 
Times  (1854). 

Bountiful  (Lady),  widow  of  sir 
Charles  Bountiful.  Her  delight  was 
curing  the  parish  sick  and  relieving  the 
indigent. 

My  lady  Bountiful  Is  one  of  the  best  of  women.  Her 
late  husband,  sir  Charles  Bountiful,  left  her  with  jEIOOO 
a  year ;  and-  I  believe  she-  lays  out  one-half  on't  in 
charitable  uses  for  the  good  of  htir  neighbours.  In  short, 
she  has  cured  more  people  iif  and  about  Lichfield  within 
ten  years  than  the  doctors  have  killed  in  twenty ;  and 
that's  a  bold  word.— George  Farqubar,  The  Beaux'  Strata- 
gem, i.  1  (1705). 

Bounty  (Mutiny  of  the),  in  1790, 
headed  by  Fletcher  Christian.  The 
mutineers  finally  settled  in  Pitcaim 
Island  (Polynesian  Archipelago).  In 
1808  all  the  mutineers  were  dead  except 
one  (Alexander  Smith),  who  had  changed 
his  name  to  John  Adams,  and  became  a 
model  patriarch  of  the  colony,  which  was 
taken  under  the  protection  of  the  British 
Government  in   1839.      Lord  Byron,  in 


BOUSTRAPA. 


126 


BOYS. 


The  Island^  has  made  the  "mutiny  of 
the  Bounty  "  the  basis  of  his  tale,  but  the 
facts  are  greatly  distorted. 

Bous'trapa,  a  nickname  given  to 
Napoleon  III.  It  is  compounded  of  the 
first  syllables  of  ^oM[logne],  Stra- 
[sbourg],  Pa  [ris],  and  alludes  to  his 
escapades  in  1840, 1836,  1851  {coup  d'etat). 

No  man  ever  lived  who  was  dis- 
tinguished by  more  nicknames  than  Louis 
Napoleon.  Besides  the  one  above  men- 
tioned, he  was  called  Badinguet,  Man  of 
December,  Man  of  Sedan,  Ratipol,  Ver~ 
huel,  etc. ;  and  after  his  escape  from  the 
fortress  of  Ham  he  went  by  the  pseudonym 
of  count  Arenenberg. 

Bow  Church  (London).  Stow  gives 
two  derivations :  (1)  He  says  it  was  so 
called  because  it  was  the  first  church  in 
London  built  on  arches.  This  is  the 
derivation  most  usually  accepted.  (2) 
He  says  also  it  took  its  name  from  certain 
stone  arches  supporting  a  lantern  on  the 
top  of  the  tower. 

Bower  of  Bliss,  a  garden  belonging 
to  the  enchantress  Armi'da.  It  abounded 
in  everything  that  could  contribute  to 
earthly  pleasure.  Here  Rinal'do  spent 
some  time  in  love-passages  with  Armi'da, 
but  he  ultimately  broke  from  the  enchan- 
tress and  rejoined  the  war. — Tasso,  Jeru- 
salem Delivered  (1575). 

Bower  of  Bliss,  the  residence  of  the 
witch  Acras'ia,  a  beautiful  and  most 
fascinating  woman.  This  lovely  garden 
was  situated  on  a  floating  island  filled 
with  everything  which  could  conduce  to 
enchant  the  senses,  and  "wrap  the  spirit 
in  forgetfulness." — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
ii.  12  (1590). 

Bowkit,  in  T?ie  Son-in-Law. 

In  the  scene  where  Cranky  declines  to  accept  Bowkit  as 
son-in-law  on  account  of  his  ugliness,  John  Edwin,  who 
was  playing  "  Bowkit "  at  the  Haymarket,  uttered  in  a  tone 
of  surprise,  "  Ugly  t "  and  then  advancing  to  the  lamps,  said 
with  infinite  impertinence,  "1  submit  to  the  decision  of 
the  British  public  which  is  the  ugliest  fellow  of  us  three  : 
I,  old  Cranky,  or  that  gentleman  there  in  the  front  row 
of  the  t)alcony  boxV—Comhill  Magazine  (1867). 

Bowley  (Sir  Joseph),  M.P.,  who 
facetiously  called  himself  "the  poor  man's 
friend."  His  secretary  is  Fish. — C. 
Dickens,  The  Chimes  (1844). 

Bowling  (Lieutenant  Tom),  an  ad- 
mirable naval  character  in  Smollett's 
Roderick  Random,  Dibdin  wrote  a  naval 
song  in  m^moriam  of  Tom  Bowling,  be- 
ginning thus : 

Here  a  sheer  hulk  lies  poor  Tom  Bowling, 
Tbo  darling  of  the  crew  .  .  . 


Bowyer  (Master),  usher  of  the  black 
rod  in  the  court  of  aueen  Elizabeth. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Kenilwortn  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Bowzybe'us  (4  syl.),  the  drunkard, 
noted  for  his  songs  in  Gay's  pastorals, 
called  The  Shepherd's  Week.  He  sang 
of  "  Nature's  Laws,"  of  "  Fairs  and 
Shows,"  "The  Children  in  the  Wood," 
"Chevy  Chase,"  "Taflfey  Welsh," 
"Rosamond's  Bower,"  "  Lilly-bullero,' 
etc.  The  6th  pastoral  is  in  imitation  of 
Virgil's  6th  Eel. ,  and  Bowzybeus  is  a 
vulgarized  Silenus. 

That  Bowzybeus,  who  with  Jocund  tongue. 
Ballads,  and  roundelays,  and  catches  sung. 

Gay,  Pastoral,  vi.  (1714). 

Box  and  Cox,  a  dramatic  romance, 
by  J.  M.  Morton,  the  principal  characters 
of  which  are  Box  and  Cox. 

Boy  Bachelor  (The),  William  Wot- 
ton,  D.D.,  admitted  at  St.  Catherine's 
Hall,  Cambridge,  before  he  was  ten,  and 
to  his  degree  of  B.  A.  when  he  was  twelve 
and  a  half  (1666-1726). 

Boy  Bishop  (T/ie),  St.  Nicholas,  the 
patron  saint  of  boys  (fourth  century). 

(There  was  also  an  ancient  custom  of 
choosing  a  boy  from  the  cathedral  choir 
on  St.  Nicholas'  Day  (December  6)  as  a 
mock  bishop.  This  boy  possessed  certain 
privileges,  and  if  he  died  during  the  year 
was  buried  in  pontificalibus.  The  custom 
was  abolished  by  Henry  VIII.  In  Salis- 
bury Cathedral  visitors  are  shown  a  small 
sarcophagus,  which  the  verger  says  was 
made  for  a  boy  bishop.) 

Boy;  Crucified.  It  is  said  that 
some  time  during  the  dark  ages,  a  boy 
named  Werner  was  impiously  crucified  at 
Bacharach  on  the  Rhine,  by  the  Jews.  A 
little  chapel  erected  to  the  memory  of  this 
boy  stands  on  the  walls  of  the  town,  close 
to  the  river.  Hugh  of  Lincoln  and 
William  of  Norwich  are  instances  of  a 
similar  story. 

See  how  its  currents  gleam  and  shine  .  .  . 
As  if  the  grapes  were  stained  with  the  blood 
Of  the  innocent  boy  who,  some  years  back. 
Was  taken  and  crucified  by  the  Jews 
In  that  ancient  town  of  Bacharach. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend. 

Boys  (sea-term)  has  no  reference  to 
age,  but  only  to  experience ;  a  boy  may 
be  60  or  any  other  age.  A  crew  is 
divided  into  (1)  able  seamen  or  seamen, 
(2)  ordinary  seamen,  (iJ)  boys  or  green- 
horns. When  a  person  enters  himself  &8 
a  boy,  he  is  not  required  to  know  anything 
about  the  practical  working  of  the  vessel, 
but  able  seamen    and  ordinary  seamen 


BOYET. 


127 


BRADWARDINE. 


must  possess  a  certain  amount  of  expe- 
rience. 

There  is  a  sea  axiom,  A  "boy"  does  not 
ship  to  know  anythincj,  that  is,  when  a 
person  accepts  the  office  of  "boy"  on 
board  ship,  he  does  not  profess  to  know 
anything  of  his  duty,  not  even  the  names 
of  the  ropes,  or  the  distinction  between 
stem  and  stem. 

Boyet',  one  of  the  lords  attending  on 
the  princess  of  France. — Shakespeare, 
Love's  Labour's  Lost  (1594). 

Boythorn  {Laurence),  a  robust 
gentleman  with  the  voice  of  a  Stentor, 
and  a  friend  of  Mr.  Jarndyce.  He  would 
utter  the  most  ferocious  sentiments,  while 
at  the  same  time  he  fondled  a  pet  canary 
on  his  finger.  Once  on  a  time  he  had 
been  in  love  with  Miss  Barbary,  lady 
Dedlock's  sister.  But  "  the  good  old 
times — all  times  when  old  are  good — were 
gone." — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House  (1853). 

("Laurence  Boythorn"  is  a  photo- 
graph of  W.  S.  Landor;  as  "Harold 
Skimpole,"  in  the  same  story,  is  drawn 
from  Leigh  Hunt.) 

Boz,  Charles  Dickens.  It  was  the 
nickname  of  a  pet  brother  dubbed  Moses, 
in  honour  of  "Moses  Primrose"  in  the 
Vicar  of  Wakefield.  Children  called  the 
name  Bozes,  which  got  shortened  into 
Boz  (1812-1870). 

Who  the  dickens  "Boz"  could  be 

Puzzled  many  a  learned  elf ; 
But  time,  revealed  the  mystery, 

And  "  Boz  "  appeared  as  Dickens'  self. 

Epigram  on  the  Oarthuiian. 

Bozzy,  James  Boswell,  the  gossipy 
biographer  of  Dr.  Johnson  (1740-1795). 

Braban'tio,  a  senator  of  Venice, 
father  of  Desdemo'na ;  most  proud, 
arrogant,  and  overbearing.  He  thought 
the  "insolence"  of  Othello  in  marrying 
his  daughter  unpardonable,  and  that 
Desdemona  must  have  been  drugged  with 
love-potions  so  to  demean  herself. — 
Shakespeare,  Othello  (1611). 

Brac'cio,  commissary  of  the  republic 
of  Florence,  emploj'ed  in  picking  up 
every  item  of  scandal  he  could  find 
against  Lu'ria  the  noble  Moor,  who  com- 
manded the  army  of  Florence  against  the 
Pisans.  The  Florentines  hoped  to  find 
sufficient  cause  of  blame  to  lessen  or 
wholly  cancel  their  obligations  to  the 
Moor,  but  even  Braccio  was  obliged  to 
confess  "This  Moor  hath  borne  his 
faculties  so  meek,  hath  been  so  clear  in 
bis  great  office,  that  his  virtues  would 
plead    like    angels,     trumpet-tongued," 


against  the  council  which  should  censure 
him. — Robert  Browning,  Luria. 

Brac'idas  and  Am'idas,  the  two 

sons  of  Mile'sio,  the  former  in  love  with 
the  wealthy  Philtra,  and  the  latter  with 
the  dowerless  Lucy.  Their  father  at 
death  left  each  of  his  sons  an  island  of 
equal  size  and  value,  but  the  sea  daily 
encroached  on  that  of  the  elder  brother 
and  added  to  the  island  of  Amidas.  The 
rich  Philtra  now  forsook  Bracidas  for  the 
richer  brother,  and  Lucy,  seeing  herself 
forsaken,  jumped  into  the  sea.  A  floating' 
chest  attracted  her  attention,  she  clung  to 
it,  and  was  drifted  to  the  wasted  island, 
where  Bracidas  received  her  kindly 
The  chest  was  found  to  contain  property 
of  great  value,  and  Lucy  gave  it  to 
Bracidas,  together  with  herself,  "the 
better  of  them  both."  Amidas  and 
Philtra  claimed  the  chest  as  their  right, 
and  the  dispute  was  submitted  to  sir 
Ar'tegal.  Sir  Artegal  decided  that 
whereas  Amidas  claimed  as  his  own  all 
the  additions  which  the  sea  had  given 
to  his  island,  so  Lucy  might  claim  as  her 
own  the  chest  which  the  sea  had  given 
into  her  hands. — Spenser,  Faiiry  Qmen. 
v.  4  (1596). 

Bracy  {Sir  Maurice  de),  a  follower 
of  prince  John.  He  sues  the  lady  Rowen'a 
to  become  his  bride,  and  threateurf  to  kill 
both  Cedric  and  Ivanhoe  if  she  refuses. 
The  interview  is  intercepted,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  novel  Rowena  marries 
Ivanhoe. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  L). 

Brad'amant,  daughter  of  Amon  and 
Beitrice,  sister  of  Rinaldo,  and  niece  of 
Charlemagne.  She  was  called  the  Virgin 
Knij/ht.     Her  armour  was  white,  and  her 

Slume  white.  She  loved  Roge'ro  the 
loor,  but  refused  to  marry  him  till  he 
was  baptized.  Her  marriage  with  great 
pomp  and  Rogero's  victory  over  Rodo- 
mont,  form  the  subject  of  the  last  book  of 
Orlando  Furioso.  Bradamant  possessed 
an  irresistible  spear,  which  unhorsed  any 
knight  with  a  touch.  Britomart  had  a 
similar  spear. — Bojardo,  Orlando  Inna- 
morato  (1495) ;  Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

BradTboume  {Mistress  Lilias), 
waiting-woman  of  lady  Avenel  (2  syl.), 
at  Avenel  Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Bradwardine  {Como  Cosmyne), 
baron    of    Bradwardine    and    of    Tullj 


BRADY. 


128 


BRAMBLE. 


Veolan.     He  is  very  pedantic,  but  brave 

and  gallant. 

Hose  Bradwardine,  his  daugliter,  the 
heroine  of  the  novel,  which  concludes 
with  her  marriage  with  Waverley,  and 
the  restoration  of  the  manor-house  of 
Tnlly  Veolan. 

Malcolm  Bradwardine  of  Inchgrabbit,  a 
relation  of  the  old  baron. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Brady  (Martha),  a  young  "  Irish 
widow,"  23  years  of  age,  and  in  love 
with  William  Whittle.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  sir  Patrick  O'Neale.  Old 
Thomas  Whittle,  the  uncle,  a  man  of 
63,  wanted  to  oust  his  nephew  in  her  aif  ec- 
tions,  for  he  thought  her  "  so  modest, 
so  mild,  so  tender-hearted,  so  resen-ed, 
80  domestic.  Her  voice  was  so  sweet, 
with  just  a  soup<pon  of  the  brogue  to 
make  it  enchanting."  In  order  to  break 
off  this  detestable  passion  of  the  old  man, 
the  widow  assumed  the  airs  and  manners 
of  a  boisterous,  loud,  flaunting,  extrava- 
gant, low  Irishwoman,  deeply  in  debt, 
and  abandoned  to  pleasure.  Old  Whittle, 
thoroughly  frightened,  induced  his 
nephew  to  take  the  widow  off  his  hands, 
and  gave  him  £5000  as  a  douceur  for 
80  doing. — Garrick,  The  Irish  Widow 
(1757). 

Brag  (Jack),  a  vulgar  boaster,  who 
gets  into  good  society,  where  his  vulgarity 
stands  out  in  strong  relief. — Theodore 
Hook,  Jack  Brag  (a  novel). 

Brag  (Sir  Jack),  generalJohn Burgoyne 
(died  1792). 

Braganza  ( The),  the  largest  diamond 
in  existence,  its  weight  being  1680  carats. 
It  is  uncut,  and  its  value  is  £58,350,000. 
It  is  now  among  the  crown  jewels  of 
Portugal. 

*^*  It  is  thought  that  this  diamond, 
which  is  the  size  of  a  hen's  egg,  is  in  reality 
a  white  topaz. 

Braganza  (Juan  duke  of).  In  1580 
Philip  II.  of  Spain  claimed  the  crown  of 
Portugal,  and  governed  it  by  a  regent. 
In  1640  Margaret  was  regent^^and  Velas- 
quez her  chief  minister,  a  man  exceed- 
ingly obnoxious  to  the  Portuguese.  Don 
Juan  and  his  wife  Louisa  of  Braganza 
being  very  popular,  a  conspiracy  was 
formed  to  shake  off  the  Spanish  yoke. 
Velasquez  was  torn  to  death  by  the 
populace,  and  don  Juan  of  Braganza  was 
proclaimed  king. 


Lomsa  duchess  of  Braganza,  Her 
character  is  thus  described : 

Brl^it  Louisa, 
To  all  the  softness  of  her  tender  sex, 
Unites  the  noblest  qualities  of  man  : 
A  genius  to  embrace  the  amplest  schemes  .  .  . 
Jud^ient  most  sound,  persuasive  eloquence  .  .  . 
Pure  piety  without  religious  dro^s. 
And  fortitude  that  shrinks  at  no  disaster. 

Kobert  Jephson,  liragama,  i.  1  (1775). 
Mrs.  Bellamy  took  her  leave  of  the  stage  May  24.  1785. 
On  this  occasion   Mrs.  Yates  sustained  the  part  of  the 
"duchess    of   Braganza,"  and    Miss   Farreu    spoke  the 
address. — F.  Reynolds. 

Bragela,  daughter  of  Sorglan,  and 
wife  of  Cuthullin  (general  of.  the  Irish 
army  and  regent  during  the  minority  of 
king  Cormac). — Ossian,  Fingal. 

Braggado'chio,  personification  of 
the  intemperance  of  the  tongue.  For 
a  time  his  boasting  serves  him  with 
some  profit,  but  being  found  out  he  is 
stripped  of  his  borrowed  plumes.  His 
shield  is  claimed  by  Mar'Inel ;  his  horse 
by  Guyon ;  Talus  shaves  off  his  beard ; 
and  his  lady  is  shown  to  be  a  sham 
Florimel. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  8 
and  10,  with  v.  3. 

It  is  thought  that  Philip  of  Spain  was 
the  academy  figure  of  "  Braggadochio." 

Braggadochid' s  Sword,  San'glamore 
(3  syl.). 

Bragh  [braw'].  Go  bragh  (Irish), 
"  for  ever." 

One  dying  wish  my  bosorn  can  draw ; 
Erin  !   an  exile  liequeaths  thee  his  blessing. 
Land  of  my  forefathers,  Erin  go  bragh  t 

Campbell,  £xUe  of  Erin, 

Bragmar'do  (Jano'tus  de),  the 
sophister  sent  by  the  Parisians  to  Gar- 
gantua,  to  remonstrate  with  him  for 
carrying  off  the  bells  of  Notre-Dame  to 
suspend  round  the  neck  of  his  mare  for 
jingles. — Rabelais,  Gargantua  and  Ban- 
iag^ruel',  ii.  (1533). 

Brain'worni,  the  servant  of  Kno  - 
well,  a  man  of  infinite  shifts,  and  a 
regular  Proteus  in  his  metamorphoses. 
He  appears  first  as  Brainworm  ;  after  as 
Fitz-Sword  ;  then  as  a  reformed  soldier 
whom  Knowell  takes  into  his  service ; 
then  as  justice  Clement's  man ;  and 
lastly  as  valet  to  the  courts  of  law,  by 
which  devices  he  plays  upon  the  same 
clique  of  some  half-dozen  men  of  average 
intelligence. — Ben  Jonson,  Fvery  Man  in 
Mis  Humour  (1598). 

Brakel  (Adrian),  the  gipsy  mounte- 
bank, formerly  master  of  Fenella,  the 
deaf  and  dumb  girl.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Feveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Bramble  (Matthew),  an  "  odd  kind  of 


BRAMBLE. 


129 


BRANGTONS. 


humourist,"  "always  on  the  fret,"  dys- 
peptic, and  afflicted  with  gout,  but 
benevolent,  generous,  and  kind-hearted. 

Miss  Tid)vtha  Bramble,  an  old  maiden 
sister  of  Matthew  Bramble,  of  some  45 
years  of  age,  noted  for  her  bad  spel- 
ling. She  is  starch,  vain,  prim,  and 
ridiculous ;  soured  in  temper,  proud, 
imperious,  prying,  mean,  malicious,  and 
uncharitable.  She  contrives  at  last  to 
marry  captain  Lismaha'go,  who  is  content 
to  take  '*  the  maiden  "  for  the  sake  of  her 
£4000. 

"She  is  tall,  raw-boned,  awkward,  flat-chested,  and 
stooping ;  her  complexion  is  sallow  and  freckled ;  her 
eyes  are  not  grey,  but  greenish,  like  those  of  a  cat,  and 
generally  inflamed ;  her  hair  is  of  a  sandy  or  rather  of  a 
dusty  hue  ;  her  forehead  low ;  her  nose  long,  sharp,  and 
towards  the  extremity  always  red  in  cold  weather ;  her 
lips  skinny ;  her  mouth  extensive  ;  her  teeth  straggling 
and  loose,  of  various  colours  and  conformations  ;  and  her 
long  neck  shrivelled  into  a  thousand  wrinkles." — T. 
Smollett,  The  Expedition  of  Humphry  Clinker  (1771). 

*^*  '*  Matthew  Bramble  "  is  "  Roderick 
Random  "  grown  old,  somewhat  cynical  by 
experience  of  the  world,  but  vastly  im- 
proved in  taste. 

Smollett  took  some  of  the  Incidents  of  the  family  tour 
from  "  Anstey"s  New  Bath  Guide."— Chambers,  Engli»h 
Literature,  ii. 

Bramble  (Sir  Robert),  a  baronet  living 
at  Blackberry  Hall,  Kent.  Blunt  and 
testy,  but  kind-hearted  ;  "  charitable  as  a 
Christian,  and  rich  as  a  Jew ; "  fond  of 
argument  and  contradiction,  but  de- 
testing flattery ;  very  proud,  but  most 
considerate  to  his  poorer  neighbours.  In 
his  first  interview  with  lieutenant  Wor- 
thington  "the  poor  gentleman,"  the 
lieutenant  mistook  him  for  a  bailiff  come 
to  arrest  him,  but  sir  Robert  nobly  paid 
the  bill  for  £500  when  it  was  presented  to 
him  for  signature  as  sheriff  of  the  county. 

*^*  "Sir  Robert  Bramble  "  is  the  same 
type  of  character  as  Sheridan's  "  sir  An- 
thony Absolute." 

Frederick  Bramble,  nephew  of  sir 
Robert,  and  son  of  Joseph  Bramble  a 
Russian  merchant.  His  father  having 
failed  in  business,  Frederick  was  adopted 
by  his  rich  uncle.  He  is  full  of  life  and 
noble  instincts,  but  thoughtless  and 
impulsive.  Frederick  falls  in  love  with 
Emily  Worthington,  whom  he  marries. — 
G.  Colman,  The  Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 

Bra'mine  (2  syl.)  and  Bra'min 
(Tlie),  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Draper  and  Laurence 
Sterne.  Sterne  being  a  clergyman,  and 
Mrs.  Draper  being  born  in  India,  sug- 
gested the  names.  Ten  of  Sterne's  letters 
to  Mrs,  Draper  are  published,  and  called 
Letters  to  Eliza, 

Bran,  the  dog  of  Lamderg  the  lovor 


of  Gelchossa   (daughter   of    Tuathal).— • 
Ossian,  Fingal,  v. 

*4f*  Fingal  king  of  Morven  had  a  dog 
of  the  same  name,  and  another  named 
Luiith. 

Call  White-breasted  Bran  and  the  surly  strength  of 
Luiith. — Ossian,  Fingal,  vi. 

Brand  {Sir  Deny s),  a  county  magnate, 
who  apes  humility.  He  rides  a  sorry 
brown  nag  "  not  worth  £5,"  but  mounts 
his  groom  on  a  race-horse  "  twice  victor 
for  a  plate." 

Bran'damond  of  Damascus,  whom 
sir  Bevis  of  Southampton  defeated. 

That  dreadful  battle  where  with  Brandamond  he  fought. 
And  with   his  sword  and    steed   such  earthly   wonders 

wrought 
As  e'on  among  his  foes  him  admiration  won. 

M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iL  (1612). 

Bran'dan  (Island  of  St.)  or  Island 
OF  San  Boran'dan,  a  flying  island,  so 
late  as  1755  set  down  in  geographical 
charts  west  of  the  Canary  group.^  In 
1721  an  expedition  was  sent  by  Spain  in 
quest  thereof.  The  Spaniards  say  their 
king  Rodri'go  has  retreated  there,  and 
the  Portuguese  affirm  that  it  is  the  retreat 
of  their  don  Sebastian.  It  was  called  St. 
Brandan  from  a  navigator  of  the  sixth 
century,  who  went  in  search  of  the 
"  Islands  of  Paradise." 

Its  reality  was  for  a  long  time  a  matter  of  firm  belief .  .  . 
the  garden  of  Armi'da,  where  Rinaldo  was  detained,  and 
which  Tasso  places  in  one  of  the  Canary  Isles,  has  been 
identified  with  San  Borandan.— W.  Irving. 

(If  there  is  any  truth  at  all  in  the 
legend,  the  island  must  be  ascribed  to 
the  Fata  Morgana.) 

Bran'deum,  plu.  Brandea,  a  piece 
of  cloth  enclosed  in  a  box  with  relics, 
which  thus  acquired  the  same  miraculous 
powers  as  the  relics  themselves. 

Pope  leo  proved  this  fact  beyond  a  doubt,  for  when 
some  Greeks  ventured  to  question  it,  he  cut  a  brandeum 
through  with  a  pair  of  scissors,  and  it  was  instantly 
covered  with  blood.— J.  Brady,  Clavif  Calendaria,  182. 

Bran'dimart,  brother-in-law  of 
Orlando,  son  of  Monodantes,  and  husband 
of  For'delis.  This  "  king  of  the  Distant 
Islands  "  was  one  of  the  bravest  knighta 
in  Charlemagne's  army,  and  was  slain  by 
Gradasso.— Bojardo,  Orlando  Innamorato 
(1495) ;  Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1610). 

Brandy  Nan,  queen  Anne,  who  was 
very  fond  of  brandy  (1664-1714). 

Brandy  Nan,  brandy  Nan,  left[aH]  in  the  lurch, 

Her  face  to  the  gin-shop,  her  back  to  the  church. 

Written  on  the  statue  of  queen  A  nne  in  St.  Paul'tpalant. 

Brangtons  (The),  vulgar,  jealous, 
malicious  gossips  in  Evelina,  a  novel  b^ 
Miss  Burney  (1778), 


BRANNO. 


130 


BRAZEN  HEAD. 


Branno,  an  Irishman,  father  of 
Evirallin.  Evirallin  was  the  wife  of 
Ossian  and  mother  of  Oscar. — Ossian. 

Brass,  the  roguish  confederate  of 
Dick  Amlet,  and  acting  as  his  servant. 

"  I  am  your  valet,  'tis  true  ;  your  footman  sometimes  .  .  . 
but  you  have  always  had  the  ascendant,  I  confess.  When 
we  were  school-fellows,  you  made  me  carry  your  books, 
make  your  exercise,  own  your  rogueries,  and  sometimes 
take  a  whipping  for  you.  When  we  were  fellow-'prentices, 
though  I  was  your  senior,  you  made  me  open  the  shop, 
clean  my  master's  boots,  cut  last  at  dinner,  and  eat  all  the 
cru.sts.  In  your  sins,  too,  I  must  own  you  still  kept  me 
under  ;  you  soared  up  to  the  mistress,  while  I  was  content 
with  the  maid."— Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  The  Confederacy, 
lii.  1  (1695). 

Brass  (Sampson),  a  knavish,  servile 
attorney,  affecting  great  sympathy  with 
his  clients,  but  in  reality  fleecing  them 
without  mercy. 

Sally  Brass,  Sampson's  sister,  and  an 
exaggerated  edition  of  her  brother. — 
C.  Dickens,  Old  Curiosity  Shop  (1840). 

Brave  (The),  AltonzolY.  of  Portu- 
gal (1290-1367). 

The  Brave  Fleming,  John  Andrew  van 
derMersch  (1734-1792). 

2Vie  Bravest  of  the  Brave,  Marshal  Ney, 
Ze  J'rave  des  Braves  (1769-1815). 

Brawn.  One  day  a  little  boy  came 
into  king  Arthur's  court,  and,  drawing  his 
wand  over  a  boar's  head,  exclaimed, 
"  There's  never  a  cuckold's  knife  can  cut 
this  head  of  brawn  !  "  and,  lo  !  no  knight 
except  sir  Cradock  was  able  to  carve  it. — 
Percy,  Reliques,  III.  iii.  18. 

Bray  (Mr.),  a  selfish,  miserly  old  man, 
who  dies  suddenly  of  heart-disease,  just 
in  time  to  save  his  daughter  being  sacri- 
ficed to  Arthur  Gride,  a  rich  old  miser. 

Madeline  Bray,  daughter  of  Mr.  Bray, 
a  loving,  domestic,  beautiful  girl,  who 
marries  Nicholas  Nickleby. — C.  Dickens, 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Bray  (Vicar  of),  supposed  by  some  to 
be  Simon  Alej'n,  who  lived  (.says  Fuller) 
*'  in  the  reigns  of  Henry  VIII.,  Edward 
VI.,  Mary,  and  Elizabeth.  In  the  first 
two  reigns  he  was  aprotestant,  in  Mary's 
reign  a  catholic,  and  in  Elizabeth's  a 
protestant  again."  No  matter  who  was 
king,  Simon  Alevn  resolved  to  live  and 
die  "  the  vicar  of  Bray  "  (1540-1588). 

Others  think  the  vicar  was  Simon 
Symonds,  who  (according  to  Ray),  was 
an  independent  in  the  protectorate,  a  high 
churchman  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.,  a 
papist  under  James  II.,  and  a  moderate 
churchman  in  the  reign  of  William  III. 

Others  again  give  the  cap  to  one  Pen- 
dleton. 

*^*  The  well-known  song  was  written 


by  an  officer  in  colonel  Fuller's  regiment, 
in  the  reign  of  George  I.,  and  seems  to 
refer  to  some  clergyman  of  no  very  distant 
date. 

Bray 'more  (Lady  Caro/ine),  daughter 
of  lord  Fitz-Balaam.  She  was  to  have 
married  Frank  Rochdale,  but  hearing  that 
her  "intended"  loved  Mary  Thorn  berry, 
she  married  the  Hon.  Tom  Shuffleton. — 
G.  Colman,  jun.,  John  Bull  (1805). 

Braywick,  the  town  of  asses.  An 
alderman  of  Braywick,  having  lost  his 
donkey,  went  fourteen  days  in  search  of 
it ;  then  meeting  a  brother  alderman,  they 
agreed  to  retire  to  the  two  opposite  sides 
of  a  mountain  and  bray,  in  hopes  that  the 
donkey  would  answer,  and  thus  reveal 
its  place  of  concealment.  This  led  to 
a  public  scandal,  insomuch  that  the 
people  of  Braywick  had  to  take  up  arms 
in  order  to  avenge  themselves  on  those 
who  jeered  at  them. — Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  II.  ii.  7  (1616). 

Brazen  (Captain),  a  kind  of  Bobadil, 
A  boastful,  tongue-doughty  warrior,  who 
pretends  to  know  everybody ;  to  have  a 
liaison  with  every  wealthy,  pretty,  or 
distinguished  woman ;  and  to  have 
achieved  in  war  the  most  amazing 
prodigies. 

He  knows  everybody  at  first  sight ;  bis  impudence  were 
a  prodigy,  were  not  his  ignorance  proportionable.  H*  has 
the  most  universal  acquaintance  of  any  man  living,  for  he 
won't  be  alone,  and  nobody  will  keep  him  company  twice. 
Then  he's  a  Caesar  among  the  women;  Vcni.  vidi,  rici,  that's 
all.  If  he  has  but  talked  with  the  maid,  he  swears  he  has 
[corrupted]  the  mistress  ;  but  the  most  surprising  part  of 
his  character  is  his  memory,  which  is  the  most  prodigious 
and  the  most  trifling  in  the  world.— G.  Farquhar,  Th« 
neeruiting  Officer,  iii.  1  (1705). 

Brazen  Age,  the  age  of  war  and 

violence.  The  age  of  innocence  was  the 
golden  age  ;  then  followed  the  silver  age  ; 
then  the  brazen  age ;  and  the  present  is 
the  i>  on  age,  or  the  age  of  hardware  and 
railroads. 

Brazen  Head.  The  first  on  record 
is  one  which  Silvester  II.  (Gerbert)  pos- 
sessed. It  told  him  he  would  be  pope, 
and  not  die  till  he  had  sung  mass  at  Jeru- 
salem. When  pope  he  was  stricken  with 
his  death-sickness  while  performing  mass 
in  a  church  called  Jerusalem  (999-1003). 

The  next  we  hear  of  was  made  bv 
Rob.  Grosseteste  (1175-1253). 

The  third  was  the  famous  brazen  head 
of  Albertus  Magnus,  which  coat  him 
thirty  years'  labour,  and  was  broken  to 
pieces  by  his  disciple  Thomas  Aqui'naa 
(1193-1280). 

The  fourth  was  that  of  friar  Bacon, 
which  used  to  say,  *'  Time  is,  time  was, 


BRAZEN  HEAD. 


181 


BRETWALDA. 


time  comes."    Byron  refers  to  it  in  the 
lines : 

Like  friar  Bacon's  brazen  head,  I've  spoken, 
"Time  is,  time  was,  time's  past  [?]" 

Don  Juan,  i.  217  (1819). 

Another  was  made  by  the  marquis  of 
Vilena  of  Spain  (1384-1434).  And  a  sixth 
by  a  Polander,  a  disciple  of  Escotillo  an 
Italian. 

Brazen  Head  (The),  a  gigantic  head 
kept  in  the  castle  of  the  giant  Fer'ragus 
of  Portugal.  It  was  omniscient,  and 
told  those  who  consulted  it  Avhatever  they 
desired  to  know,  past,  present,  or  future. 
—  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Bread  Street  (London),  was  the 
bread-market  in  the  time  of  Edward  I. 
Here  Milton  was  born. 

Breaking  a  Stick  is  part  of  the 
marriage  ceremony  of  the  American 
Indians,  as  breaking  a  glass  is  still  part 
of  the  marriage  ceremony  of  the  Jews. — 
Lady  Augusta  Hamilton,  Marriage  liites, 
etc.,  292,  298. 

In  one  of  Raphael's  pictures  we  see  an 
unsuccessful  suitor  of  the  virgin  Mary 
breaking  his  stick,  and  this  alludes  to  the 
legend  that  the  several  suitors  of  the 
"  virgin  "  were  each  to  bring  an  almond 
stick  which  was  to  be  laid  up  in  the  sanc- 
tuary over  night,  and  the  owner  of  the 
stick  which  budded  was  to  be  accounted 
the  suitor  God  ordained,  and  thus  Joseph 
became  her  husband. — B.  H.  Cowper, 
Apocryphal  Gospel  ("Pseudo-Matthew's 
Gospel,"  40,  41). 

In  Florence  is  a  picture  in  which  the 
rejected  suitors  break  their  sticks  on  the 
back  of  Joseph. 

Breathes  there  a  man  .  .  . 

Breatlies  there  a  man  with  soul  so  dead, 
Wlio  never  to  himself  hath  said, 
"  This  is  my  own,  my  native  land  "  ? 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Lay  of  the  Lout  Mimtrel,  vi.  1  (1806). 

Bree'an,  a  mjiiiical  king  of  Wales. 
He  had  twenty-four  daughters  by  one 
wife.  These  daughters,  for  their  beauty 
and  purity,  were  changed  into  rivers,  all 
of  which  flow  into  the  Severn.  Breck- 
nockshire, according  to  fable,  is  called 
after  this  king.     (See  next  art.) 

Brecan  was  a  prince  once  fortunate  and  great 

(Who  dying  lent  his  name  to  that  hig  nobie  seat). 

With  twice  twelve  daughters  blest,  by  one  and  only  wife. 

They,  for  their  beauties  rare  and  sanctity  of  life, 

Jd  rivers  were  transformed  ;  whose  pureness  doth  declare 

How  excellent  they  were  by  being  what  they  are  .  .  . 

•  .  .  [the]/}  to  Severn  shape  their  course. 

M.  Drayton,  i'Qlgoibion,  Iv.  (1612), 

Brec'han    (Prince)^    lather   of    St. 


Cadock  and  St.   Canock,   the  former  a 
martyr  and  the  latter  a  confessor. 

Then  Cadock,  next  to  whom  comes  Canock,  both  which 

were 
Prince  Brechan's  sons,  who  gave  the  name  to  Brecknock 

shire ; 
The  first  a  martyr  made,  a  confessor  the  other. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Breck  (Alison),  an  old  fishwife,  friend 
of  the  Mucklebackits.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
I'he  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Breck  (Angus),  a  follower  of  Rob  Roy 
M'Gregor,  the  outlaw. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Bob  Boy  (time,  George  I.). 

Bren'da  [Troil],  daughter  of  Magnus 
Troil  and  sister  of  Minna. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
T/ie  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Breng'wain,  the  confidante  of  Ts'olde 
(2  syl.)  wife  of  sir  Mark  king  of  Corn- 
wall. Isolde  was  criminally  attached  to 
her  nephew  sir  Tristram,  and  Brengwain 
assisted  the  queen  in  her  intrigues. 

Breng'wain,  wife  of  Gwenwvn  prince  of 
Powys-land.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Be- 
trothed (time,  Henry  II.). 

Brenta'no  (A),  one  of  inconceivable 
folly.  The  Brentanos,  Clemens  and  hig 
sister  Bettina,  are  remarkable  in  Ger- 
man literary  annals  for  the  wild  and 
extravagant  character  of  their  genius. 
Bettina's  work,  Gothe'a  Correspondence 
with  a  Child  (1835),  is  a  pure  fabrication 
of  her  own. 

AJ  the  point  where  the  folly  of  others  ceases,  that  oC 
the  Brentanos  begins. — Herman  Proverb. 

Brentford  (The  two  kings  of).  In 
the  duke  of  Buckingham's  farce  called 
The  Behearsal  (1671),  the  two  kings  of 
Brentford  enter  hand-in-hand,  dance  to- 
gether, sing  together,  walk  arm-in-arm, 
and  to  heighten  the  absurdity  the  actors 
represent  them  as  smelling  at  the  same 
nosegay  (act  ii.  2). 

Bres'an,  a  small  island  upon  the  very 
point  of  Cornwall. 

Upon  the  utmost  end 
Of  Cornwall's  furrowing  beak, 

Wliere  Besan  from  the  land 
The  tilting  waves  doth  break. 

M.  Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  i.  (1612). 

Breton.  Entete'  comme  le  Breton. 
French  proverbial  expression. 

Bret'walda,  the  over-king  of  the 
Saxon  rulers,  established  in  England 
during  the  heptarchy.  In  Germany  the 
over-king  was  called  emperor.  '  The 
bretwalda  had  no  power  in  the  civil 
affairs  of  the  under-kings,  but  in  times 
of  war  or  danger  formed  an  important 
centre. 


BllEWER  OF  GHENT. 


132 


BRIDGE  OF  SIGHS. 


Brewer  of  Q-hent    {The),  James  I 
van  Artevelde,  a  great  patriot.     His  son 
Philip    fell    in    the    battle    of    Rosbecq 
(fourteenth  century). 

Brla'na,  the  lady  of  a  castle  who 
demanded  for  toll  "the  locks  of  every 
lady  and  the  beard  of  every  knight  that 
passed."  This  toll  was  established  be- 
cause sir  Crudor,  with  whom  she  was  in 
love,  refused  to  marr^'  her  till  she  had 
j)rovided  him  with  human  hair  sufficient 
?  to  "  purfle  a  mantle"  with.  Sir  Crudor, 
;  having  been  overthrown  in  knightly 
combat  by  sir  Calidore,  who  refused  to 
give  "the  passage  pay,"  is  made  to 
release  Briana  from  the  condition  im- 
posed on  her,  and  Briana  swears  to  dis- 
continue the  discourteous  toll. — Spenser, 
Fmry  Qwen,  vi.  1  (1596). 

Bri'anor  (Sir),  a  knight  overthrown 
by  the  "Salvage  Knight,"  whose  name 
was  sir  Artegal. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
iv.  5  (1696). 

Briar 'eos  (4  syL),  usually  called 
Briareus  [Bri'.a.rtice'],  the  giant  with  a 
hundred  hands.  Hence  Dryden  says, 
"  And  Briareus,  with  all  his  hundred 
hands"  (Virgil,  vi.)  ;  but  Milton  writes 
the  name  Briar^os  (Paradise  Lost,  i.  199). 

Then,  called  by  thee,  the  monster  Titan  came. 
Whom  gods  Briareos,  men  .Pigeon  name. 

Pope's  Iliad,  i. 

Bri'areus  (Bold),  Handel  (1685- 
1757). 

Bri'areus  of  Languages,  cardinal 
Mezzofanti,  who  was  familiar  with  fifty- 
eight  different  languages.  Bvron  calls 
him  "  a  walking  polyglot "  (1774-1849). 

Bribo'ci,  inhabitants  of  Berkshire 
and  the  adjacent  counties. — Caesar,  Com- 
mentaries. 

Brick  (Jefferson),  a  very  weak,  pale 
young  man,  the  war  correspondent  of 
the  New  York  Rowdy  Journal,  of  which 
colonel   Diver,  was   editor. — C.  Dickens, 

Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Bride-Catching.  It  is  a  common 
Asiatic  custom  for  the  bridegroom  to 
give  chase  to  the  bride,  either  on  foot, 
horseback,  or  in  canoes.  If  the  bride- 
groom catches  the  fugitve,  he  claims  her 
as  his  bride,  otherwise  the  match  is  broken 
off.  The  classical  tales  of  Hippom'enes 
and  Atalanta  will  instantly  recur  to  the 
reader's  memory. 

A  girl  is  first  mounted,  and  rides  off  at  full  speed.  Her 
lover  pursues,  and  if  he  overtakes  lier  she  becomes  his 
wife.  No  Kalmuck  girl  is  ever  caught  unless  she  choosea 
to  be  so.— Dr.  Clarke 


In  Turcomania  the  maiden  carries  a  lamb  and  kid, 
which  must  be  taken  from  her  in  the  chase.  In  Singa* 
pore  the  chase  is  made  in  canoes. — Cameron. 

Bride  of  Aby'dos  (TAe),  Zulei'ka 
(3  syL),  daughter  of  Giaffer  (2  syl.) 
pacha  of  Abydos.  She  is  the  troth- 
plight  bride  of  Selim  ;  but  Giaffer  shoots 
the  lover,  and  Zuleika  dies  of  a  broken 
heart. — Byron,  Bride  of  Abydos  Q813). 

Bride  of  Lamniernioor,  Lucy 
Ashton,  in  love  with  Edgar  master  of 
Ravenswood,  but  compelled  to  marry 
Frank  Hayston  laird  of  Bucklaw.  She 
tries  to  murder  him  on  the  bridal  night, 
and  dies  insane  the  day  following.  —Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Bride  of  Lainmermoor 
(time,  William  III.). 

*^*  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor  is  one 
of  the  most  finished  of  Scott's  novels,  pre- 
senting a  unity  of  plot  and  action  from 
beginning  to  end.  The  old  butler,  Caleb 
Balderston,  is  exaggerated  and  far  too 
prominent,  but  he  serves  as  a  foil  to  the 
tragic  scenes. 

In  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor  we  see  embodied  the 
dark  spirit  of  fatalism— that  spirit  which  breathes  on  tlie 
writings  of  the  Greek  tragedians  when  they  traced  the  per- 
secuting vengeance  of  destiny  against  the  houses  of  Laiug 
and  Atreus.  From  the  time  that  we  heiir  the  prophetic 
rhymes  the  spell  begins,  and  the  clouds  blacken  round 
us,  till  they  close  the  tale  in  anightof  horror.— Ed,  Rev. 

Bride  of  the  Sea,  Venice,  so  called 
from  the  ancient  ceremony  of  the  doge 
marrying  the  city  to  the  Adriatic  by 
throwing  a  ring  into  it,  pronouncing  these 
words,  "  We  wed  thee,  0  sea,  in  token  of 
perpetual  domination." 

Bridewell  was  a  king's  palace  before 
the  Conquest.  Henry  I.  gave  the  stone 
for  rebuilding  it.  Its  name  is  from  St. 
Bride  (or  Bridget),  and  her  holy  well. 
The  well  is  now  represented  by  an  iron 
pump  in  Bride  Lane. 

Bridge.  The  imaginary  bridge  be- 
tween earth  and  the  Mohammedan  para- 
dise is  called  "  Al  Sirat'." 

The  rainbow  bridge  which  spans 
heaven  and  earth  in  Scandinavian  myth- 
ology is  called  "  Bif'rost." 

Bridge  of  Gold.  According  to 
German  tradition,  Charlemagne's  spirit 
crosses  the  Rhine  on  a  golden  bridge,  at 
Bingen,  in  seasons  of  plenty,  and  biessea 
both  corn-fields  and  vineyards. 

Thou  standest,  like  imperial  Charlemagne, 
Upon  thy  bridge  of  gold. 

Longfellow,  Autumn. 

Bridge  of  Sighs,  the  covered  pas- 
sage-way which  connects  the  palace  of 
the  doge  in  Venice  with  the  State  prisons. 
Called  "  the  Bridge  of  Sighs"  because  the 
condemned  passed  over  it  from  the  judg- 


BRIDGES  OF  CANE.  1 

ment   hall   to  the  place   of    execntion. 
Hood  has  a  poem  called  The  Bridge  of 

Sighs. 

Bridges  of  Cane,  in  many  parts 
of  Spanish  America,  are  thrown  over 
narrow  streams. 

Wild-cane  arch  liigh  fluiig  o'er  ffulf  profound. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  ii.  16  (1809). 

Bridgemore  (Mr.),  of  Fish  Street 
Hill,  London.  A  dishonest  merchant, 
wealthy,  vulgar,  and  purse-proud.  He 
is  invited  to  a  soiree;  given  by  lord  Abber- 
ville,  "and  counts  the  servants,  gapes 
at  the  lustres,  and  never  enters  the 
drawing-room  at  all,  but  stays  below, 
chatting  with  the  travelling  tutor." 

Mrs.  Bridgemore,  wife  of  Mr.  Bridge- 
more,  equally  vulgar,  but  with  more  x>re- 
tension  to  gentility. 

Miss  Lucirida  Bridgemore,  the  spiteful, 
purse-proud,  malicious  daughter  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Bridgemore,  of  Fish  Street 
Hill.  She  was  engaged  to  lord  Abbcr- 
ville,  but  her  money  would  not  out- 
balance her  vulgarity  and  ill-temper,  so 
the  young  "fashionable  lover"  made 
his  bow  and  retired. — Cumberland,  The 
Fashionable  Lover  (1780). 

Bridgenorth  (Major  Jialph)^  a 
roundhead  and  conspirator,  neighbour  of 
sir  Geoffrey  Peveril  of  the  Peak,  a  staunch 
cavalier. 

3frs.  Bridgenorth,  the  major's  wife. 

Alice  Bridgenorth,  the  major's  daugJiter 
and  heroine  of  the  novel.  Her  marriage 
with  Julian  Peveril,  a  cavalier,  concludes 
the  novel. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the 
Beak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Brid'get  (Miss),  the  mother  of  Tom 
Jones,  in  Fielding's  novel  called  T/ie 
History  of  Tom  Jones,  a  Foundling  (1750). 

It  has  been  wondered  why  Fielding  should  have  choaen 
to  leave  the  stain  of  illegitimacy  on  tlie  birth  of  hii 
hero  .  .  .  but  had  Miss  Bridget  been  privately  married .  .  . 
there  could  have  been  no  adequate  motive  assigned  for 
keeping  the  birth  of  the  child  a  secret  from  a  man  so 
reasonable  and  compassionate  as  AJlworthy. — Encyc. 
Brit.  Art.  "Fielding." 

Brid'get  (Mrs.),  in  Sterne's  novel  called 
The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy, 
Gent.  (1759). 

Bridget  (Mother),  aunt  of  Catherine 
Seyton,  and  abbess  of  St.  Catherine. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Bridget  (May),  the  milkwoman  at  Falk- 
land Castle. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Bridge''ward  (Peter),  the  bridge- 
keeper  of  Kcnnaquhair  ("I  know  not 
where").— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot  (time, 
Elizabeth). 


BRIGANTES. 


Bridgeward  (Peter),  warder  of  the 
bridge  near  St.  Mary's  Convent.  He 
refuses  a  passage  to  father  Philip,  who  is 
carrying  off  the  Bible  of  lady  Alice. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Monastery  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Bridle.    John  Gowor  says  that  Rosi- 

{)hele  princess  of  Armenia,  insensible  to 
ove,  saw  in  a  vision  a  troop  of  ladies 
splendidly  mounted,  but  one  of  them  rode 
a  wretched  steed,  wretchedly  accoutred 
except  as  to  the  bridle.  On  asking  the 
reason,  the  princess  was  informed  that 
she  ^vas  disgraced  thus  because  of  her 
cruelty  to  her  lovers,  but  that  the  splendid 
bridle  had  been  recently  given,  because 
the  obdurate  girl  had  for  the  last  month 
shown  symptoms  of  true  love.  Moral — 
Hence  let  ladies  warning  take — 

Of  love  that  they  be  not  idle. 
And  bid  them  think  of  my  bridle. 
ConfesHo  Amantisi" Episode  of  Rosiphele,"  1345-1402). 

Bridlegoose  (Jiuige),  a  judge  who 
decided  the  causes  brought  before  him 
not  by  weighing  the  merits  of  the  case, 
but  by  the  more  simple  process  of  throw- 
ing dice. — Rabelais,  Pantag'ruel',  iii.  39 
(1545). 

*^*  Beaumarchais,  in  his  Marriage  of 
Fiijaro  (1784),  has  introduced  this  judge 
under  the  name  of  "  Brid'oison."  The 
person  satirized  by  Rabelais  is  the  chan- 
cellor Poyet. 

Bri'dlesly  (Joe),  a  horse-dealer  at 
Liverpool,  of  whom  Julian  Peveril  buys 
a  horse. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Brid'oison  [i5r^5.c?M:o,v.  zong'^ ,  a  stupid 
j  udge  in  the  Mariage  de  Figaro,  a  comedy 
in  French,  by  Beaumarchais  (1784). 

Bridoon  (Corporal),  in  lieutenant 
Nosebag's  regiment. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Brien'nius  (Nicephorus),  the  Caesar 
of  the  Grecian  empire,  and  husband  of 
Anna  Comne'na  (daughter  of  Alexius 
Comnenus,  emperor  of  Greece). — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Count  Bobert  of  Paris  (time, 
Rufus). 

Brigado're  (4  syL),  sir  Guyon's 
horse.  The  word  means  "Golden  bridle." 
— Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  3  (1596). 

Brigan'tes  (3  syL),  called  by  Drayton 
Brig'ants,  the  people  of  Yorkshire,  Lan- 
cashire, Westmoreland,  Cumberland,  and 
Durham. 

Where  in  the  Britons'  rule  of  yore  the  Brigants  swayed, 
The  powerful  English  establislied  .  .  .  Northumberland 
\  Northumbria\. 

Drayton,  PolyoThion,  xvi.  (1613). 


BRIGGS. 


134 


BRITANNU. 


Briggs,  one  of  the  ten  young  gentle- 
men in  the  school  of  Dr.  Blimber  when 
Paul  Dombey  was  a  pupil  there.  Briggs 
was  nicknamed  the  "Stoney,"  because  his 
brains  were  petrified  by  the  constant 
dropping  of  wisdom  upon  them. — C. 
Dickens,  Dowhcy  and  Son  (1846). 

Brigliadoro  [Bril'.ye.dor'.ro],  Or- 
lando's steed.  The  word  means  "Gold 
bridle." — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Sir  Guyon's  horse,  in  Spenser's  Faeri/ 
Queen,  is  called  by  the  same  name  (159GJ. 

Brilliant  (Sir  Philip),  a  great  fop, 
hut  brave  soldier,  like  the  famous  Murat. 
He  would  dress  with  all  the  finery  of  a 
vain  girl,  but  would  share  watching,  toil, 
and  peril  with  the  meanest  soldier.  "  A 
butterfly  in  the  drawing-room,  but  a 
Hector  oh  the  battle-field."  He  was  a 
'  blade  of  proof ;  you  might  laiigh  at  the 
scabbard,  but  you  wouldn't  at  the  blade." 
He  falls  in  love  with  lady  Anne,  reforms 
his  vanities,  and  marries. — S.  Knowles, 
Old  Maids  (1841). 

Brilliant  Madman  {The),  Charles 
XII.  of  Sweden  (1682,  1697-1718). 

Brillianta  {The  lady),  a  great  wit  in 
the  ancient  romance  entitled  Tirante  le 
Blanc,  author  unknown. 

Here  [in  Tirante  le  BUnc]  we  shall  find  the  famous 
knight  don  Kyrie  Elyson  of  Montalbaii.  his  brother 
Thomas,  tlie  knight  Fonseca,  .  .  .  tiie  stratagems  of  the 
widowTranquil  .  .  .  and  the  Witticisms  of  lady  Brillianta. 
Tliis  is  one  of  the  most  amusing  books  ever  written. — 
Cervantes,  J)on  Quixote,  I.  I.  6  (1605). 

Bris  (//  conte  di  San),  governor  of  the 
Louvre.  He  is  father  of  Valenti'na  and 
leader  of  the  St.  Bartholomew  massacre. 
— Meyerbeer,  Les  Huguenots  (1836). 

Brisac'  {Justice),  brother  of  Mira- 
mont. 

Charles  3risac,  a  scholar,  son  of  justice 
Brisac. 

Eustace  Brisac,  a  courtier,  brother  of 
Charles. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Elder  Brother  (1637). 

Brise'is  (3  syl.),  whose  real  name  was 
Hippodaml'a,  was  the  daughter  of  Brises, 
brother  of  the  priest  Chryses.  She  was 
the  concubine  of  Achilles,  but  when 
Achilles  bullied  Agamemnon  for  not 
giving  Chryse'is  to  her  father,  who  offered 
a  ransom  for  her,  Agamemnon  turned 
upon  him  and  said  he  would  let  Chryseis 
go,  but  should  take  Briseis  instead. — 
Homer,  Iliad,  i. 

Brisk,  a  good-natured  conceited  cox- 
comb, with  a  most  voluble  tongue.  Fond 
of  saying  "good  things."  and  pointing 


them  out  with  such  expressions  as  "  There 
I  had  you,  eh  ?  "  "  That  was  pretty  well, 
egad,  eh ? "  "I  hit  you  in  the  teeth  there, 
egad!"  His  ordinary  oath  was  "  Let  mo 
perish  !  "  He  makes  love  to  lady  Froth. — 
W.  Congreve,  The  Double  Deakr  (1694). 

Bris'kie  (2  syl.),  disguised  under  the 
name  of  Putskie.  A  captain  in  the  Mos- 
covite  army,  and  brother  of  general 
Archas  "the  loyal  subject"  of  the  great- 
duke  of  Moscovia. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Loyal  Subject  (1618). 

Bris'sotin,  one  of  the  followers  of 
Jean  Pierre  Brissot,  an  advanced  revolu- 
tionist. The  Brissotins  were  subsequently 
merged  in  the  Girondists,  and  the  word 
dropped  out  of  use. 

Bristol  Boy  (TJie),  Thomas  Chatter- 
ton,  the  poet,  born  at  Bristol.  Also 
called  "The  Marvellous  Boy."  Byron 
calls  him  "The  wondrous  boy  who 
perished  in  his  pride"  (1752-1770). 

Bristol  Man's  Gift,  a  present  of 
something  which  the  giver  pronounces  to 
be  of  no  use  or  no  value  to  himself. 

•  Britain,  according  to  the  British 
triads,  was  called  first  "  The  green  water- 
fort"  (Clas  Merddyn) ;  this  was  before  it 
was  populated.  Its  next  name  was  "  The 
honey  isle"  {Y  Vel  Ynys).  But  after  it 
was  brought  under  one  head  by  Prydain 
sonof  Aedd,  it  was  called  "Prydain's  isle" 
{Ynys  Prydain). 

It  has  also  been  called  "  Hyperbo'rea," 
"  Atlan'tica,"  "  Cassit'eris,"  "  Roma'na," 
and  "Thule."  Also  "  Yr  Ynys  Wen" 
("  the  white  island  "),  and  some  will  have 
that  the  word  Albion  is  derived  from  the 
Latin,  albus,  "white,"  and  that  the  island 
was  so  called  from  "its  white  cliffs,"  an 
etymology  only  suited  to  fable. 

Bochart  says  Baratanic  ("country  of 
tin"),  a  Phoenician  word,  contracted  into 
B'ratan\  is  the  true  derivation. 

Britain,  in  Arthurian  romance, 
always  means  Brittany.  England  is 
called  Logris  or  Logria. 

Britan'nia.  The  Romans  represented 
the  island  of  Great  Britain  by  the  figure 
of  a  woman  seated  on  a  rock,  from  a 
fanciful  resemblance  thereto  in  the  general 
outline  of  the  island.  The  idea  is  less 
poetically  expressed  by  "An  old  witch  on 
a  broomstick." 

The  effigy  of  Britannia  on  our  copper 
coin  dates  from  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
(1672),  and  was  engraved  by  Roetier 
from  a  drawing  by  Evelyn.    It  is  meant 


BRITANNIA. 


135 


BROBDINGNAG. 


for  one  of  the  king's  court  favourites, 
some  say  Frances  Theresa  Stuart,  duchess 
of  Richmond,  and  others  Barbara  Villiers, 
duchess  of  Cleveland. 

Britannia^  the  name  of  the  ship  under 
the  command  of  captain  Albert,  in  Fal- 
coner's poem  called  The  Shipwreck.  It  was 
dashed  to  pieces  on  the  projecting  verge  of 
cape  Colonna,  the  most  southern  point 
of  Attica  (1766). 

British  History  of  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth,  is  a  translation  of  a  Welsh 
Chronicle.  It  is  in  nine  books,  and  con- 
tains a  "history"  of  the  Britons  and 
Welsh  from  Brutus,  great-grandson  of 
Trojan  iEneas  to  the  death  of  Cadwallo 
or  Cadwallader  in  688.  This  Geoffrey 
Avas  first  archdeacon  of  Monmouth,  and 
then  bishop  of  St.  Asaph.  The  general 
outline  of  the  work  is  the  same  as  that 
given  by  Nennius  three  centuries  pre- 
viously. Geoffrey's  Chronicle,  published 
about  1143,  formed  a  basis  for  many 
subsequent  historical  works.  A  com- 
pendium by  Diceto  is  published  in  Gale's 
Chronicles. 

British  Lion  (The),  the  spirit*  or 
pugnacity  of  the  British  nation,  as  op- 
posed to  John  Bull,  which  symbolizes  the 
substantiality,  obstinacy,  and  solidity  of 
the  British  nation,  with  all  its  prejudices 
and  national  peculiarities.  To  rouse 
John  Bull  is  to  tread  on  his  corns,  to 
rouse  the  British  Lion  is  to  blow  the  war- 
trumpet  in  his  ears.  The  British  Lion  also 
means  the  most  popular  celebrity  of  the 
British  nation  for  the  time  being. 

Our  glorious  coHstitution  Is  owing  to  tlie  liaWt  which 
the  British  Lion  observes  of  sitting  over  his  wine  after 
dinner. — William  Jerdan. 

British  Soldiers*  Battle  (2'he), 
the  battle  of  Inkerman,  November  6, 
1854. 

For  stubborn  valour,  for  true  old  English  resolution  to 
fight  it  out  to  the  last,  amid  every  disadvantage  and 
against  almost  overwhelming  odds,  men  will  for  ages 
point  to  Inkerman,  "  the  British  Soldiers*  Battle."— Sir 
Edward  Creasy,  The  Fifteen  Decuive  Battles  (preface). 

Brit'omart,  the  representative  of 
chastity.  She  was  the  daughter  and 
heiress  of  king  Ryence  of  Wales,  and  her 
legend  forms  the  third  book  of  the  Fa^ry 
Queen.  One  day,  looking  into  Venus's 
looking-glass,  given  by  Merlin  to  her 
father,  she  saw  therein  sir  Artegal,  and  fell 
in  love  with  him.  Her  nurse  Glauce 
(2  syl.)  tried  by  charms  "to  undo  her 
love,"  but  "  love  that  is  in  gentle  heart 
begun  no  idle  charm  can  remove."  Find- 
ing her  "charms"  ineffectual,  she  took 
ber  to  Merlin's  cave  in  Carmarthen,  and 


the  magician  told  her  she  would  be  the 
mother  of  a  line  of  kings  {the  Tudors), 
and  after  twice  400  years  one  of  her 
offspring,  "  a  royal  virgin,"  would  shake 
the  power  of  Spain.  Glauce  now  sug- 
gested that  they  should  start  in  quest  of 
sir  Artegal,  and  Britomart  donned  the 
armour  of  An'gela  (queen  of  the  Angles), 
which  she  found  in  her  father's  armoury, 
and  taking  a  magic  spear  which  "  nothing 
could  resist,"  she  sallied  forth.  Her 
adventures  allegorize  the  triumph  of 
chastity  over  impurity  :  Thus  in  Castle 
Joyous,  Malacasta  (lust),  not  knowing  her 
sex,  tried  to  seduce  her,  "  but  she  flees 
youthful  lust,  which  wars  against  the 
soul."  She  next  overthrew  Marinel,  son 
of  Cym'oent.  Then  made  her  appearance 
as  the  Sq-uire  of  Dames.  Her  last  achieve- 
ment was  the  deliverance  of  Am'oret 
{wifely  love)  from  the  enchanter  Busirane. 
Her  marriage  is  deferred  to  bk.  v.  6, 
when  she  tilted  with  sir  Artegal,  who 
"shares  away  the  ventail  of  her  helmet 
with  his  sword,"  and  was  about  to  strike 
again  when  he  became  so  amazed  at  her 
beauty  that  he  thought  she  must  be  a  god- 
dess. She  bade  the  knight  remove  his 
helmet,  at  once  recognized  him,  consented 
"to  be  his  love,  and  to  take  him  for  her 
lord." — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  (1690)^ 

She  charmed  at  once  and  tamed  the  heart. 
Incomparable  Britomart. 

Sir  W.Scott. 

Briton  {Colonel),  a  Scotch  officer, 
who  sees  donna  Isabella  jump  from 
a  window  in  order  to  escape  from  a  mar- 
riage she  dislikes.  The  colonel  catches 
her,  and  takes  her  to  the  house  of  donna 
Violante,  her  friend.  Here  he  calls  upon 
her,  but  don  Felix,  the  lover  of  Violante, 
supposing  Violante  to  be  tlie  object  of  his 
visits,  becomes  jealous,  till  at  the  end  the 
mystery  is  cleared  up,  and  a  double 
marriage  is  the  result. — Mrs.  Centlivre, 
The  Wonder  (1714). 

Broadside  {A).  To  constitute  a 
broadside,  the  matter  should  be  printed 
on  the  entire  sheet,  on  one  side  of  the 
paper  only,  not  in  columns,  but  in  one 
measure.  '  It  matters  not  which  way  of 
the  paper  the  printing  is  displayed,  or 
what  the  size  of  type,  provided  the  whole 
is  presented  to  the  eye  in  one  view. 
Although  the  entire  matter  of  a  broadside 
must  be  contained  on  one  side  of  a  sheet 
of  paper,  an  endorsement  may  be  allowed. 

Brob'dingnag,  a  country  of  enor- 
mous giants,  to  whom  Gulliver  was  a  tiny 
dwarf.    They  were  as  tall   "as  an  or- 


BROCK. 


136 


BROWDIE. 


dinary  church    steeple,"    and   all   their 
surroundings  were  in  proportion. 

Yon  high  church  steeple,  yon  gawky  stag. 
Your  husbaud  niust  come  from  Brobdingnag, 

Kane  O'Hara,  Midat. 

Brock  {Adam)y  in  Charles  XIL,  an 
historical  drama  by  J.  R.  Planche'. 

Broken  Feather.  A  broken  feather 
in  his  wing,  a  scandal  connected  with 
one's  name,  a  blot  on  one's  'scutcheon. 

If  an  angel  were  to  walk  about,  Mrs.  Sam  Hurst  would 
never  rest  till  she  had  found  out  where  he  came  from. 

And  pel  haps  whether  he  had  a  broken  feather  in  his 
wing. — Mrs.  Ollphant,  Phoebe,  jun.,  ii.  6. 

Broken-Girth-Flow  {Laird  of), 
one  of  the  Jacobite  conspirators  in  The 
Black  Dwarf,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(time,  Anne"). 

Broken  Heart  (T/ie),  a  tragedy  by 
John  Ford  (1633).     (See  Calantha.) 

Broker  of  the  Empire  (The). 
Dari'us,  son  of  Hystaspes,  was  so  called 
by  the  Persians  from  his  great  care  of 
the  financial  condition  of  his  empire. 

Bro'mia,  wife  of  Sosia  (slave  of 
Amphitryon),  in  the  service  of  Alc- 
nie'na.  A  nagging  termagant,  who 
keeps  her  husband  in  petticoat  subjection. 
She  is  not  one  of  the  characters  in 
Moiiere's  comedy  of  Amphitryon. — 
Dryden,  Amphitryon  (1690). 

Bromton's  Chronicle  (time,  Ed- 
ward III.),  that  is,  "The  Chronicle  of 
John  Bromton  "  printed  among  the  Decern 
Scriptores,  under  the  titles  of  "  Chronicon 
Johannis  Bromton,"  and  "  Joralanensis 
Historia  a  Johanne  Bromton,"  abbot  of 
Jerevaux,  in  Yorkshire.  It  commences 
with  the  conversion  of  the  Saxons  by  St. 
Augustin,  and  closes  with  the  death  of 
Richard  I.  in  1199.  Selden  has  proved 
that  the  chronicle  was  not  written  by 
Bromton,  but  was  merely  brought  to 
the  abbey  while  he  was  abbot. 

Bron'tes  (2  syi.),  one  of  the  Cyclops, 
hence  a  blacksmith  generally.  Called 
Bronteus  (2  syl.)  by  Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  iv.  6  (1596). 

Not  with  such  weight,  to  frame  the  forky  brand, 
Tlio  ponderous  hammer  falls  from  Brontfis'  hand. 
Jervualem  DaUvered,  xx.  (Hod's  translation). 

Bronzely  (2  syl.),  a  mere  rake,  whose 
vanity  was  to  be  thought  *'  a  general 
seducer." — Mrs.  Inchbald,  Wives  as  they 
Were,  and  Maids  as  they  Are  (1797). 

Bron'zomarte  (3  syl.),  the  sorrel 
steed  of  sir  Launcelot  Greaves.  The 
word  mejins  a  "  mettlesome  sorrel." — 
Smollett,  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves  (1766). 


Brook  (Master),  the  name  assumed 
by  Ford  when  sir  John  Falstaff  makes 
love  to  his  wife.  Sir  John,  not  knowing 
him,  confides  to  him  every  item  of  his 
amour,  and  tells  him  how  cleverly  he  has 
duped  Ford  by  being  carried  out  in  a 
buck-basket  before  his  very  face. — 
Shakespeare,  Merry  Wives  of  Wiiidsor 
(1601). 

Brook  Street  (Grosvenor  Square, 
London),  is  so  called  from  a  brook  or 
stream  which  at  one  time  ran  down  that 
locality. 

Broo'ker,  the  man  who  stole  the  son 
of  Ralph  Nickleby  out  of  revenge,  called 
him  "  Smike,"  and  put  him  to  school  at 
Dotheboys  Hall,  Yorkshire.  His  tale  is 
told  p.  594-5  (original  edit.).  —  C. 
Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Brother  Jon'athan.  When  Wash- 
ington was  in  want  of  ammunition,  he 
called  a  council  of  officers  ;  but  no  prac- 
tical suggestion  being  offered,  he  said, 
"  We  must  consult  brother  Jonathan," 
meaning  his  excellency  Jonathan  Trum- 
bull, the  elder  governor  of  the  state  of 
Connecticut.  This  was  done,  and  the  diffi- 
culty surmounted.  "To  consult  brother 
Jonathan"  then  became  a  set  phrase,  and 
"Brother  Jonathan"  became  the  "John 
Bull "  of  the  United  States.— J.  R.  Bart- 
lett,  Dictionary  of  Americanisms. 

Brother  Sam,  the  brother  of 
lord  Dundreary,  the  hero  of  a  comedy 
based  on  a  German  drama,  by  John 
Oxenford,  Avith  additions  and  alterations 
by  E.  A.  Sothem  and  T.  B.  Buckstone. — 
Supplied  by  T.  B.  Buckstone,  Esq. 

Brothers  (The),  a  comedy  by 
Richard  Cumberland  (1769).  (For  the 
plot,  see  Belfield,  Brothers.) 

Brougham's    Plaid    Trousers. 

The  story  goes  that  lord  Brougham 
l^Broom']  once  paid  a  visit  to  a  great  cloth 
factory  in  the  north,  and  was  so  pleased 
with  one  of  the  patterns  that  he  requested 
to  be  supplied  with  "  a  dozen  pieces  for  his 
own  use,"  meaning,  of  course,  enough  for 
a  dozen  pair  of  trousers.  The  clothier 
sent  him  "  a  dozen  pieces,"  containing 
several  hundred  yards,  so  that  his  lord- 
ship was  not  only  set  up  for  life  in  plaid 
for  trousers,  but  had  enough  to  supply 
a  whole  clan. 

Browdie  (John),  a  brawny,  big-made 
Yorkshire  corn-factor,  bluff,  brusque, 
honest,  and  kind-hearted.  He  befriends 
poor   Smike,   and  is   much   attached   to 


BROWN. 


137 


BRULGRUDDERY. 


Nicholas  Nickleby.  John  Browdie  marries 
Matilda  Price,  a  miller's  daughter. — C. 
Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Bro"WTl  (Vanbeest),  lieutenant  of  Dirk 
Hatteraick. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Man- 
ner ing  (time,  George  II.). 

Brown  {Jonathan),  landlord  of  the 
Black  Bear  at  Darlington.  Here  Frank 
Osbaldistone  meets  Rob  Roy  at  dinner. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Roh  Roy  (time,  George 
L). 

Rrown  (Mrs.),  the  widow  of  the  brother- 
in-law  of  the  Hon.  Mrs.  Skewton.  She 
had  one  daughter,  Alice  Marwood,  who 
was  first  cousin  to  Edith  (Mr.  Dombey's 
second  wife).  Mrs.  Brown  lived  in  great 
poverty,  her  only  known  vocation  being 
"  to  strip  children  of  their  clothes,  which 
she  sold  or  pawned." — C.  Dickens,  Bom- 
bey  and  Son  (1846). 

Brown  {Mrs.),  a  *'Mrs.  John  Bull," 
with  all  the  practical  sense,  kind- 
heartedness,  absence  of  conventionality, 
and  the  prejudices  of  a  well-to-do  but 
half -educated  Englishwoman  of  the  middle 
shop  class.  She  passes  her  opinions  on 
all  current  events,  and  travels  about, 
taking  with  her  all  her  prejudices,  and 
despising  everything  which  is  not  Eng- 
lish.— Arthur  Sketchley  [Rev.  George 
Rose]. 

Brown  {Hahlot)  illustrated  some  of 
Dickens's  novels,  and  took  the  pseudonym 
of  "  Phiz  "  (1812-        ). 

Brown  the  Younger  ( Thomas),  the 
nom  de  plume  of  Thomas  Moore,  in  The 
Two-penny  Post-bag,  a  series  of  witty  and 
very  popular  satires  on  the  prince  regent 
(afterwards  George  IV.),  his  ministers, 
and  his  boon  companions.  Also  in  The 
Fudge  Family  in  Paris,  and  in  The  Fudges 
in  England  (1835). 

Bro-wn,  Jones,  and  Robinson, 

three  Englishmen  who  travel  together. 
Their  adventures,  by  Richard  Doyle,  were 
published  in  Punch.  In  them  is  held  up 
to  ridicule  the  gauc?ierie,  the  contracted 
notions,  the  vulgarity,  the  conceit,  and 
the  general  suobbism  of  the  middle-class 
English  abroad. 

Browns.  To  astonish  the  Browns, 
to  do  or  say  something  regardless  of  the 
annoyance  it  may  cause  or  the  shock  it 
may  give  to  Mrs.  Grundy.  Anne  Boleyn 
had  a  whole  clan  of  Browns,  or  '*  country 
cousins,"  who  were  welcomed  at  court  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth.     The  queen,  how- 


ever, was  quick  to  see  what  was  gauche, 
and  did  not  scruple  to  reprove  them  for 
uncourtly  manners.  Her  plainness  of 
speech  used  quite  to  "astonish  the 
Browns." 

Browne  {General)  pays  a  visit  to 
lord  Woodville.  His  bedroom  for  the 
night  is  the  "  tapestried  chamber,"  where 
he  sees  the  apparition  of  "the  lady  in 
the  sacque,"  and  next  morning  relates  his 
adventure. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Tapestried 
Chamber  (time,  George  III.). 

Brownlow,  a  most  benevolent  old 
gentleman,  who  rescues  Oliver  Twist  f  roift 
his  vile  associates.  He  refuses  to  believe 
in  Oliver's  guilt  of  theft,  although  ap- 
pearances were  certainly  against  him,  and 
he  even  takes  the  boy  into  his  service.^=— 
C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Brox'mouth  {John),  a  neighbour  of 
Happer  the  miller. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Bruce  {The),  an  epic  poem  by  John 
Barbour  (1320-1395). 

Bru'el,  the  name  of  the  goose,  in  the 
tale  of  Reynard  the  Fox.  The  word 
means  the  "Little  roarer"  (1498). 

Bru'in,  the  name  of  the  bear,  in  the 
beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox.  Henca 
a  bear  in  general. 

The  word  means  the  "  brown  one " 
(1498). 

Bru'in,  one  of  the  leaders  arrayed 
against  Hudibras.  He  is  meant  for  one 
Talgol,  a  Newgate  butcher,  who  obtained 
a  captain's  commission  for  valour  at 
Naseby.  He  marched  next  to  Orsin 
[Joshua  Gosling,  landlord  of  the  bear- 
gardens at  South wark]. — S.  Butler,  Hudi- 
bras, i.  3. 

Bruin  {Mrs.  and  Mr.),  daughter  and 
son-in-law  to  sir  Jacob  JoUup.  Mr. 
Bruin  is  a  huge  bear  of  a  fellow,  and  rules 
his  wife  with  scant  courtesy. — S.  Foote, 
The  Mayor  of  Garratt  (1763). 

Brulgrud'dery  {Dennis),  landlord 
of  the  Red  Cow,  on  Muckslush  Heath. 
He  calls  himself  "  an  Irish  gintleman 
bred  and  born."  He  was  "  brought  up  to 
the  church,"  i.e.  to  be  a  church  beadle, 
but  lost  his  place  for  snoring  at  sermon- 
time.  He  is  a  sot,  with  a  very  kind 
heart,  and  is  honest  in  great  matters,  al- 
though in  business  he  will  palm  off  an 
old  cock  for  a  young  capon. 

Mrs.  Brulg7"iiddery,  wife  of  Dennis,  and 
widow  of  Mr.  Skinnygauge,  former  land- 


BRUMO. 


138 


BRUTE. 


lord  of  the  Red  Covr.  Unprincipled, 
self-willed,  ill-tempered,  and  over-reach- 
ing. Money  is  the  only  thing  that  moves 
her,  and  when  she  has  taken  a  bribe  she 
will  whittle  down  the  service  to  the  finest 
point. — G.  Colman,  jun.,  John  Bull  (1805). 

Brumo,  a  place  of  worship  in  Craca 
(one  of  the  Shetland  Isles). 

Far  from  his  friends  tiiey  placed  him  in  the  horrid 
circle  of  Brumo,  where  the  ghosts  of  the  dead  howl 
round  the  stone  of  their  fear.— Ossian.  Fingal,  vi. 

Brun'cheval  "the  Bold,"  a  paynim 
knight,  who  tilted  with  sir  Satyrane,  and 
both  were  thrown  to  the  ground  together 
at  the  first  encounter. — Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  iv.  4  (1696). 

Brunel'o,  a  deformed  dwarf,  who  at 
the  siege  of  Albracca  stole  Sacripan'te's 
charger  from  between  his  legs  without  his 
knowing  it.  He  also  stole  Angelica's 
magic  ring,  by  means  of  which  he  re- 
leased Roge'ro  from  the  castle  in  which  he 
was  imprisoned.  Ariosto  says  that  Agra- 
mant  gare  the  dwarf  a  ring  which  had 
the  power  of  resisting  magic. — Bojardo, 
Orlando  Innamorato  (1496) ;  and  Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1616). 

"  I,"  says  Sancho,  "slept  so  soundly  upon  Dapple,  that 
the  thief  had  time  enough  to  clap  four  stalces  under  the 
four  corners  of  my  pannd.  and  to  le;wi  away  the  beast 
from  under  my  legs  witljout  waking  me."— Cervantes,  Don 
(tuixote,  II.  i.  4  (1615). 

Brunenburg  {Battle  of),  referred  to 
iu  Tennyson's  King  Harold,  is  the  victory 
obtained  in  938  by  king  Athelstan  over 
the  Danes. 

Brunetta,  mother  of  Chery  (who 
married  his  cousin  Fairstar). — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("Princess  Fair- 
star,"  1682). 

Brunetta,  the  rival  beauty  of  Phyllis. 
On  one  occasion  Phyllis  procured  a  most 
marvellous  fabric  of  gold  brocade  in 
order  to  eclipse  her  rival,  but  Brunetta 
arrayed  her  train-bearer  in  a  dress  of  the 
same  material  and  cut  in  the  same  fashion. 
Phyllis  was  so  mortified  that  she  went 
home  and  died. — The  Spectator. 

Brunhild,  queen  of  Issland,  who 
made  a  vow  that  none  should  win  her 
who  could  not  surpass  her  in  three  trials 
of  skill  and  strength  :  (1)  hurling  a 
spear;  (2)  throwing  a  stone;  and  (3) 
jumping.  Giinther  king  of  Burgundy 
undertook  the  three  contests,  and  by  the 
aid  of  Siegfried  succeeded  in  winning  the 
martial  queen.  First,  hurling  a  spear 
that  three  men  could  scarcely  lift:  the 
oueen  hurled  it  towards  Giinther,  but 
Sit^-ied,  iu  his  invisible  cloak,  reversed 


its  direction,  causing  it  to  strike  the  qneen 
and  knock  her  down.  Next,  throwing  a 
stone  so  huge  that  twelve  brawny  men 
were  employed  to  carry  it :  Brunhild 
lifted  it  on  high,  flung  it  twelve  fathoms, 
and  jumped  beyond  it.  Again  Siegfried 
helped  his  friend  to  throw  it  further,  and 
in  leaping  beyond  the  stone.  The  queen, 
being  fairly  beaten,  exclaimed  to  her  liege- 
men, "I  am  no  longer  your  queen  and 
mistress ;  henceforth  are  ye  the  liegemen 
of  Giinther"  (lied  vii.).  After  marriage 
Brunhild  was  so  obstreperous  that  the 
king  again  applied  to  Siegfried,  who  suc- 
ceeded in  depriving  her  of  her  ring  and 
girdle,  after  which  she  became  a  very 
submissive  wife. — The  Niebelungen  Lied. 

Bru'no  (Bishop),  bishop  of  Herbi- 
polita'num.  Sailing  one  day  on  the 
Danube  with  Henry  III.  emperor  of 
Germany,  they  came  to  Ben  Strudel 
("  the  devouring  gulf "),  near  Grinoa 
Castle,  in  Austria.  Here  the  voice  of  a 
spirit  clamoured  aloud,  "Ho  !  hoi  Bishop 
Bruno,  whither  art  thou  travelling  ?  But 
go  thy  ways,  bishop  Bnmo,  for  thou  shalt 
travel  with  me  to-night."  At  night,  while 
feasting  with  the  emperor,  a  rafter  fell  on 
his  head  and  killed  him.  Southcy  has  a 
ballad  called  Bishop  Bruno,  but  it  deviates 
from  the  original  legend  given  by  Hey- 
wood  in  several  particulars :  It  makes 
bishop  Bruno  hear  the  voice  first  on  his 
way  to  the  emperor,  who  had  invited  him 
to  dinner ;  next,  at  the  beginning  of 
dinner ;  and  thirdly,  when  the  quests  had 
well  feasted.  At  the  last  warning  an  ice- 
cold  hand  touched  him,  and  Bruno  fell 
dead  in  the  banquet  hall. 

Brush,  the  impertinent  English  valet 
of  lord  Ogleby.  If  his  lordship  calls  he 
never  hears  unless  he  chooses ;  if  his  bell 
rings  he  never  answers  it  till  it  suits  his 
pleasure.  He  helps  himself  freely  to  all 
his  master's  things,  and  makes  love  to  all 
the  pretty  chambermaids  he  comes  into 
contact  with. — Colman  and  Garrick,  The 
Clandestine  Marriage  (1766). 

Brut  (Le),  a  metrical  chronicle  of 
Maitre  Wace,  canon  of  Caen,  in  Nor- 
mandy. It  contains  the  earliest  history 
of  England,  and  other  historical  legends 
(twelfth  century). 

Brute  (1  syL),  the  first  king  of 
Britain  (in  mythical  history).  He  was 
the  son  of  iKneas  Silvius  (grandson  of 
Ascanius  and  great-grandson  of  ^Eneas 
of  Troy).  Brute  called  London  (the 
capital  of   his  adopted  country)   Troy- 


BRUTE. 


139 


BRUTUS. 


novt*nt  {New  Troy).  The  legend  is  this  : 
An  oracle  declared  that  Brute  should  be 
tho  death  of  both  his  parents ;  his  mother 
died  in  child-birth,  and  at  the  age  of 
15  Brute  shot  his  father  accidentally 
in  a  deer-hunt.  Being  driven  from  Alba 
Longa,  he  collected  a  band  of  old  Trojans 
and  landed  at  Totness,  in  Devonshire. 
His  wife  was  Innogen,  daughter  of  Pan- 
dra'sus  king  of  Greece.  His  tale  is  told 
at  length  in  the  Chronicles  of  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth,  in  the  first  song  of  Dray- 
ton's Fotyolbion,  and  in  Spenser's  Faery 
Queen,  ii. 

Brute  {Sir  John),  a  coarse,  surly,  ill- 
mannered  bnite,  whose  delight  was  to 
♦'  provoke  "  his  young  wife,  who  he  tells 
us  "  is  a  young  lady,  a  fine  lady,  a  witty 
lady,  and  a  virtuous  lady,  but  yet  I  hate 
her."  In  a  drunken  frolic  he  intercepts  a 
tailor  taking  home  a  new  dress  to  lady 
Brute ;  he  insists  on  arraying  himself 
therein,  is  arrested  for  a  street  row,  and 
taken  before  the  justice  of  the  peace. 
Being  asked  his  name,  he  gives  it  as  "  lady 
John  Brute,"  and  is  dismissed. 

Lady  Brute,  wife  of  sir  John.  She  is 
subjected  to  divers  indignities,  and  in- 
sulted morn,  noon,  and  night,  by  her 
surly,  drunken  husband.  Lady  Brute 
intrigues  with  Constant,  a  former  lover ; 
but  her  intrigues  are  more  mischievous 
than  vicious. — Vanbrugh,  The  Provoked 
Wife  (1697). 

The  coarse  pothouse  ralour  of  "sir  John  Brute  "  (Garrick's 
famous  part)  is  well  contrasted  with  the  fine-lady  airs  and 
atrectatioii  of  his  wife.  [Surely  tills  must  be  an  error.  It 
applies  to  "  lady  Fanciftd,"  but  not  to  "lady  Brute."] — R. 
Chambers,  EnglUh  Literature,  1.  598. 

Brute  Green-Shield,  the  successor 
of  Ebranc  king  of  Britain.  The  mythi- 
cal line  is  :  (1)  Brute,  great-great-grand- 
son of  iEneas  ;  (2)  Locrin,  his  son ;  (3) 
Guendolen,  the  widow  of  Locrin ;  (4) 
Ebranc ;  (5)  Brute  Green-Shield.  Then 
follow  m  order  Leil,  Hudibras,  Bladud, 
Leir  [Shakespeare's  "Lear"],  etc. 

...  of  her  courageous  kings. 
Brute  Green-Shield,  to  whose  name  we  providence  impute 
Divinely  to  revive  the  land's  first  conqueror.  Brute. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

Brute's  City,  London,  called  Trino- 
vant  {New  Troy). 

The  goodly  Thames  near  which  Brute's  city  stands. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1G13). 

(Of  course  Trinovant  is  so  called  from 
the  Trinovantes  or  Trinobantes,  a  Celtic 
tribe  settled  in  Essex  and  Middlesex 
when  CaRsar  invaded  the  island.) 

Bru'ton  Street  (London),  so  called 
from  Bruton,  in  Somersetshire,  the  oeat  of 
John  lord  Berkeley  of  Stratton. 


Brutus  {Lucius  Junius),  first  conmil 
of  Rome,  who  condemned  his  own  two 
sons  to  death  for  joining  a  conspiracy  to 
restore  Tarquin  to  the  throne,  from  which 
he  liad  been  banished.  This  subject  has 
been  dramatized  by  N.  Lee  (1679)  and 
John  H.  Payne,  under  the  title  of  Brutus 
or  The  Fall  of  Tarquin  (1820).  Alfieri 
has  an  Italian  tragedy  on  the  same  sub- 
ject. In  French  we  have  the  tragedies  •f 
Arnault  (1792)  and  Ponsard  (1843).    (Se« 

LUCRETIA.) 

The  elder  Kean  on  one  occasion  consented  to  appear  at 
the  Glasgow  Theatre  for  his  son's  benefit.  Tlie  play 
chosen  was  Payne's  Brutus,  in  which  the  father  took  tl»o 
part  of  "  Brutus  "  and  Charles  Kean  that  of  "  Titus."  The 
audience  sat  suffused  in  tears  during  the  pathetic  inter- 
view, till  "Brutus"  falls  on  the  neck  of  "Titus,"  ex- 
claiming in  a  burst  of  agony,  "  Embrace  thy  wretched 
father !  "  when  the  whole  house  broke  forth  into  peals  of 
approbation.  Edmund  Kean  then  whispere**  In  his  son's 
ear,  "Charlie,  we  are  doing  the  trick." — W,  C.  Kussell, 
Representative  Actors,  476. 

Junius  Brutus.  So  James  Lynch  Fitz- 
Stephen  has  been  called,  because  (like  the 
first  consul  of  Rome)  he  condemned  his 
own  son  to  death  for  murder,  and  to 
prevent  a  rescue  caused  him  to  be  exe- 
cuted from  the  window  of  his  own  house 
in  Gal  way  (1493). 

The  Spanish  Brutus,  Alfonso  Perez  de 
Guzman,  governor  of  Tarifa  in  1293. 
Here  he  was  besieged  by  the  infant  don 
Juan,  who  had  revolted  against  his 
brother,  king  Sancho  IV.,  and  having 
Guzman's  son  in  his  power,  threatened  to 
kill  him  unless  Tarifa  was  given  up  to 
him.  Guzman  replied,  "Sooner  than  bo 
guilty  of  such  treason  I  will  lend  Juan 
a  dagger  to  slay  my  son  ;"  and  so 
saying  tossed  his  dagger  over  the  wall. 
Sad  to  say,  Juan  took  the  dagger,  and 
assassinated  the  young  man  l^ere  and 
then  (1258-1309). 

Brutus  {Marcus),  said  to  be  the  son  of 
Julius  Caesar  by  Serrilia. 

Brutus'  bastard  hand 
Stabb'd  Julius  Cajsar. 
Shakespeare,  2  Henry  VI.  act  iv.  sc.  1  (159]). 

This  Brutus  is  introduced  by  Shake- 
speare in  his  tragedy  of  Julius  Caisar, 
and  the  poet  endows  him  with  every 
quality  of  a  true  patriot.  He  loved 
Caesar  much,  but  he  loved  Rome  more. 

John  P.  Kemble  seems  to  me  always  to  play  best  those 
characters  in  which  tiiere  is  a  predominating  tinge  of 
some  over-mastering  passion.  .  .  .  The  i>atrician  pride  of 
" Ooriolanus,"  the  stoicism  of  "Brutus,"  the  vehemence 
of  "  Hotspur,"  mark  the  class  of  characters  I  mean.-- Sir 
W.  Scott. 

In  the  life  of  C.  M.  Young,  we  are  told  that  Edmund  Kean 
hi  "Hamlet,"  " Coriolanus,"  "Brutus"  .  .  .  never  ap- 
proached within  any  measurable  distance  of  the  learned 
and  majestic  Kemble. 

Brutus.  Et  tu,  Brute.  Shakespeare, 
on  the  authority  of  Suetonius,  puts  these 


BRUTUS  AND  CICERO. 


140 


BUCKLAW. 


words  into  the  mouth  of  Caesar  when 
Brutus  stabbed  him.  Shakespeare's  drama 
was  written  in  1607,  and  probabh'  he  had 
seen  The  True  Tragedy  of  Richard  duke 
of  York  (1600).  where  these  words  occur ; 
but  even  before  that  date  H.  Stephens 
had  said : 

Jule  Cesar,  quand  11  vit  que  Bruhis  aussl  estoit  de  ceux 
qui  luy  tirient  des  coups  d'espee,  luy  dit,  Kai  sy  tecnonf 
c'est  b,  dire.  .  .  .  Et  toy  men  flls,  en  es  tu  aussi.— />eua 
JHal.  du  Jfoveau  Lang.  Franc  (1583). 

Brutus  and  Cicero.  Cicero  says : 
"  Caesare  interfecto,  statim,  cruentum  alte 
extollens  M.  Brutus  pugionem  Ciceron- 
em  nominatim  exclamavit,  atque  ci  re- 
cuperatam  libertatem  est  gratulatus." — 
Philipp.  ii.  12. 

When  Brutus  rose. 
Refulgent  from  the  stroke  of  Caesar's  fate, 
.  .  .  |Ae]c«Uled  aloud 

On  TuUy's  name,  and  shook  his  crimson  steel, 
And  bade  the  "  father  of  his  country"  hail'. 

Akenside,  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  L 

Bryce*s  Day  (St),  November  13. 
On  St.  Bryce's  Day,  1002,  Ethelred  caused 
all  the  Danes  in  the  kingdom  to  be 
secretly  murdered  in  one  night. 

lu  one  night  the  throats  of  all  the  Banish  cut. 

Drayton,  Polyulbion,  xli.  (1613). 

Bry'done  (Elspeth)  or  Glendinning, 
widow  of  Simon  Glendinning,  of  the 
Tower  of  Glendearg. — Sir  W.  Scott,  I'he 
Monastery  (time,  Eliziabeth). 

Bubas'tis,  the  Dian'a  of  Egyptian 
mythology.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Idis  and  sister  of  Horus. 

Bubenburg  (Sir  Adrian  de),  a  veteran 
knight  of  Berne. — Sir  W.  Scott,  A7i7ie  of 
Gcier stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Bucca,  goblin  of  the  wind  in  Celtic 
mythology,  and  supposed  by  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  Cornwall  to  foretell  ship- 
wreck. 

Bueen'taur,  the  Venetian  State 
galley  used  by  the  doge  when  he  went 
*'to  wed  the  Adriatic."  In  classic 
mythology  the  bucentaur  was  half  man 
and  half  ox. 

Buceph'alos  {^^hull-headed"),  the 
name  of  Alexander's  horse,  which  cost 
£3500.  It  knelt  down  when  Alexander 
mounted,  and  was  30  years  old  at  its 
death.  Alexander  built  a  city  called 
Bucephala  in  its  memory. 

21ie  Persian  Bucephalos,  Shibdiz,  the 
famous  charger  of  Chosroes  Parviz. 

Buck'et  {Mr.),  a  slirewd  detective 
oflficer,  who  cleverly  discovers  that  Hor- 
tense,  the  French  maid-servant  of  lady 
Dedlock,  was  the  murderer  of  Mr.  Tul-   I 


kinghom,  and  not  lady  Dedlock  who  was 
charged  with  the  deed  by  Hortense. — C. 
Dickens,  Bleak  House  (1853). 

Buckingham  {George  Villiers,  duke 
of).  There  were  two  dukes  of  this  name, 
father  and  son,  both  notorious  for  their 
profligacy  and  political  unscrupulous- 
ness.  The  first  (1692-1628)  was  the  fa- 
vorite of  James  I.,  nicknamed  "  Steenie" 
by  that  monarch  from  his  personal  beau- 
ty, "  Steenie"  being  a  pet  corruption  of 
Stephen,  whose  face  at  martyrdom  was 
"as  the  face  of  an  angel."  He  was  as- 
sassinated by  Fenton.  Sir  Walter  Scott 
introduces  him  in  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel, 
and  his  son  in  Peveril  of  the  Peak.  The 
son(  J  627-88)  also  appears  under  the  name 
of  "Zimri"  {q.v.)  in  Dryden's  Absalom 
and  Achitophel.  He  was  the  author  of 
The  Rehearsal,  a  drama,  upon  which 
Sheridan  founded  his  Critic,  and  of 
other  works,  but  is  principally  remem- 
bered as  the  profligate  favorite  of  Charles 
II.  He  was  a  member  of  the  famous 
*'  Cabal  "  {q.  v.),  and  closed  a  career  of 
great  splendor  and  wickedness  in  the 
most  abject  poverty. 

Buckingham  {Henry  de  Stafford,  duke 
of)  was  a  favorite  of  Richard  III.  and  a 
participator  in  his  crimes,  but  revolted 
against  him,  and  was  beheaded  in  1483. 
This  is  the  duke  that  Sackville  met  in 
the  realms  of  Pluto,  and  whose  "  com- 
playnt"  is  given  in  the  induction  of  A 
Mirrourfor  Magistraytes  (1 587).  He als  > 
appears  in  Shakespeare's  Richard  IIT. 

Buckingham  {Mary  duchess  of),  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Buckla'W  {The  laird  of),  afterwards 
laird  of  Girnington.  His  name  was 
Frank  Hayston.  Lucy  Ashton  plights 
her  troth  to  Edgar  master  of  Ravens- 
wood,  and  they  exchange  love-tokens  at 
the  Mermaid's  Fountain  ;  but  her  father, 
sir  William  Ashton,  from  pecuniar}' views, 
promises  her  in  marriage  to  the  laird  of 
Bucklaw,  and  as  she  signs  the  articles 
Edgar  suddenly  appears  at  the  castle. 
They  return  to  each  other  their  love- 
tokens,  and  Lucy  is  married  to  the  laird  ; 
but  on  the  wedding  night  the  bridegroom 
is  found  dangerously  wounded  in  the 
bridal  chamber,  and  the  bride  hidden  in 
the  chimney-corner  insane.  Lucy  dies 
in  convulsions,  but  Bucklaw  recovers  and 
goes  abroad.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Bride  of 
Lammermoor  (time,  William  III.). 


BUCKLE. 


141 


BULL-DOG. 


Buckle  {Put  into),  put  into  pawn  at 
the  rate  of  40  per  cent,  interest. 

Buckle  {To  talk),  to  talk  about  mar- 
riage. 

I  took  a  girl  to  dinner  who  tallted  buckle  to  me,  and 
the  girl  on  the  other  side  talked  beiih.—y&ra,  154. 

Bucklers- bury  (London),  so  called 
from  one  Buckle,  a  grocer  {Old  and  New 
London).  In  the  reign  of  Elizabeth  and 
long  afterwards  Bucklersbury  was  chiefly 
inhabited  by  druggists,  who  sold  green 
and  dried  herbs.  Hence  Falstaff  says  to 
Mrs.  Ford,  he  could  not  assume  the  ways 
of  those  "  lisping  hawthorn  buds  [i.e. 
young  fopsj,  who  smell  like  Bucklers- 
bury  in  simple  -  time."  —  Shakespeare, 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  act  iii.  sc.  3 
(1601). 

Bude  Light,  a  light  devised  by  Mr. 
Gurney  of  Bude,  in  Cornwall.  Intense 
light  is  obtained  by  supplying  the  burner 
with  an  abundant  stream  of  oxygen. 
The  principle  of  the  Argand  lamp  is  also 
a  free  supply  of  oxygen.  Gurney's  in- 
vention is  too  expensive  to  be  of  general 
service,  but  an  intense  light  is  obtained 
by  reflectors  and  refractors  called  JJude 
lights,  although  they  wholly  differ  in 
principle  from  Gurney's  invention. 

Buffoon  {The  Pulpit).  Hugh  Peters 
is  so  called  by  Dugdale  (1599-1G60). 

H  Bu^  Jargal,  a  negro,  passionately  in 
love  with  a  white  woman,  but  tempering 
the  wildest  passion  with  the  deepest  re- 
spect.— Victor  Hugo,  Bug  Jargal  (a 
novel). 

Bulbul,  an  Oriental  name  for  a  night- 
ingale. When,  in  The  PHncetia  (by 
Tennyson),  the  prince,  disguised  as  a 
woman,  enters  with  his  two  friends 
(similarly  disguised)  into  the  college  to 
which  no  man  was  admitted,  he  sings ; 
and  the  princess,  suspecting  the  fraud, 
says  to  him,  "Not  for  thee,  0  bulbul,  any 
rose  of  Gulistan  shall  burst  her  veil,"  i.e. 
"O  singer,  do  not  suppose  that  any  woman 
will  be  taken  in  by  such  a  flimsy  deceit." 
The  bulbul  loved  the  rose,  and  Gulistan 
means  the  "garden  of  roses."  The  prince 
was  the  bulbul,  the  college  was  Gulistan, 
and  the  princess  the  rose  sought. — Tenny- 
son, The  Princess,  iv. 

Bulbul-He'zar,  the  talking  bird, 
which  was  joined  in  singing  by  all  the 
song-birds  in  the  neighbourhood.  (See 
Talking  Bird.) — Arabian  ^'ights  ("The 
Two  Sisters,"  the  last  story). 

Bulls,  mother  of  Egyp'ius  of  Thessaly. 


Egypius  entertained  a  criminal  love  for 
Timandra,  the  mother  of  .Neoph'ron,  and 
Neophron  was  guilty  of  a  similar  passion 
for  Bulis.  Jupiter  changed  Egypius  and 
Neophron  into  vultures,  Bulis  into  a  duck, 
and  Timandra  into  a  sparrow-hawk. — 
Classic  Mythology, 

Bull  {John),  the  English  nation  per- 
sonified, and  hence  any  typical  English- 
man. 

Bull  in  the  main  was  an  honest,  plain-dealing  fellow, 
choleric,  bold,  and  of  a  very  inconstant  tem|>er.  He 
dreaded  not  old  Lewis  [Lomm  XIV.],  either  at  back-sword, 
single  falchion,  or  cudgel-play ;  but  then  lie  was  very  apt 
to  quarrel  witli  his  best  friends,  especially  if  they  pre- 
tended to  govern  him.  If  you  flattered  him,  you  might 
lead  him  as  a  child.  John's  temper  depeiideil  very  much 
upon  the  air ;  his  spirits  rose  and  fell  with  the  weatlier- 
glass.  He  was  quick,  and  understood  business  well ;  but 
no  man  alive  was  more  cjtreless  in  looking  into  liis 
accompts,  nor  more  cheated  by  partners,  apprentices,  and 
servants.  .  .  .  No  man  kept  abetter  house,  iior  spent  his 
money  more  generously. — Chap.  5. 

(The  subject  of  this  History  is  the 
"Spanish  Succession"  in  the  reigns  of 
Louis  XIV.  and  queen  Anne.) 

Mrs.  Bull,  queen  Anne,  "very  apt  to  be 
choleric."  On  hearing  that  Philip  Baboon 
{Philippe  due  d'Anjou)  was  to  succeed  to 
lord  Strutt's  estates  {i.e.  the  Spanish 
throne),  she  said  to  John  Bull : 

"  You  sot,  you  loiter  about  ale-houses  and  taverns,  spend 
your  time  at  billiards,  ninepins,  or  puppet-shows,  never 
minding  me  nor  my  numerous  family.  Don't  yon  hear 
how  lord  Stnitt  [the  king  of  Spain]  has  bespoke  his 
liveries  at  Lewis  Baboon's  shop  [/VttwceJ?  .  .  .  Fie  upon 
it  I  Up.  man !  ...  I'll  sell  my  shift  before  I'll  be  so 
used."--Chap.  4. 

John  Bull's  Mother,  the  Church  of 
England. 

John  had  a  mother,  whom  he  loved  and  honoured  ex- 
tremely;  a  discreet,  grave,  soi>cr,  good-conditioned,  cleanly 
old  gentlewoman  as  ever  lived.  She  was  none  of  your 
cross-grained,  termagant,  scolding  jades  .  .  .  always 
censuring  your  conduct  ...  on  the  contrary,  she  was  of 
a  meek  spirit  .  .  .  and  put  the  best  constri'cUon  ucon 
the  words  and  actions  of  her  neigh)>ours. .  .  .  Slie  neither 
wore  a  ruff,  forehead  clotli,  nor  high-crowned  hat.  .  .  . 
She  scorned  to  patch  and  paint,  yet  she  loved  cleanliness. 
.  .  .  She  was  no  less  genteel  in  her  behaviour  ...  in  the 
due  mean  between  one  of  your  affected  curtsying  pieces  of 
forniality,  and  your  ill-mannered  creatures  wtiich  have  no 
regard  to  the  common  rules  of  civility. — Pt.  ii.  1. 

John  BuWs  Sister  Peg,  the  Scotch,  in 
love  with  Jack  {Calvin). 

John  had  a  sister,  a  poor  girl  that  had  been  reared  .  .  . 
on  oatmeal  and  water  .  .  .  and  lodfjed  in  a  garret  exposed 
to  the  north  wind.  .  .  .  However,  this  usage  .  .  .  gavB 
iier  a  hardy  constitution.  .  .  .  Peg  had,  indeed,  son.e  odd 
humours  and  comical  antipathies,  .  .  ,  she  would  faint  at 
the  sound  of  an  organ,  and  yet  dancc  and  frisk  at  the 
noise  of  a  bagpipe.— Dr.  Arbuthnot,  Uiilory  of  John 
Bull,  u.  2  (171'J). 

Bulls,  ludicrous  blunders. 

Merry  tales,  witty  jests,  and  ridiculous  bulls.— fia/ijue* 
of  Music  (1688). 

That  such  a  poem  should  bo  toothless  and  affirm  to  bo 
a  bull. — Milton,  Apoloyy  for  Hmevtymnuui  (lt>42). 


Bull-dog,  rough  iron. 


A  man  was  putting  some  bull-dog  into  the  rolb, ' 
his  spade  caught  between  the  rolls.— Time*. 


BULL-DOGS. 


142 


BUNDALINDA. 


Bull-dogs,  the  two  servants  of  a 
university  proctor,  who  follow  him  in  his 
rounds  to  assist  him  in  apprehending 
students  who  are  violating  the  university 
statutes,  such  as  appearing  in  the  streets 
after  dinner  without  cap  and  gown,  etc. 

BuUamy,  porter  of  the  "Anglo- 
Bengalee  Disinterested  Loan  and  Life 
Insurance  Company."  An  imposing 
personage,  whose  dignity  resided  chiefly 
in  the  great  expsinse  of  his  red  waistcoat. 
Respectability  and  well-to-doedness  were 
expressed  in  that  garment. — C.  Dickens, 
Martin  Chuzzlevcit  (1844). 

Bullcalf  {Peter)  ^  of  the  Green,  who 
■was  pricked  for  a  recruit  in  the  army  of 
sir  John  Falstaff.  He  promised  Bardolph 
"four  Harry  ten-shillings  in  French 
crowns"  if  he  would  stand  his  friend, 
and  when  sir  John  was  informed  thereof, 
he  said  to  Bullcalf,  "  I  will  none  of  you." 
Justice  Shallow  remonstrated,  but  Falstaff 
exclaimed,  "Will  you  tell  me,  Master 
Shallow ,  how  to  choose  a  man  ?  Care  I 
for  the  limb,  the  thews,  the  stature  ?  .  .  . 
Give  me  the  spirit.  Master  Shallow." — 
Shakespeare,  2  Henry  IV,  act  iii.  sc.  2 
(1698). 

Bullet-head  {The  Great),  George 
Cadoudal,  leader  of  the  Chouang  (1769- 
1804). 

Bull'segg  {Mr.),  laird  of  Killan- 
cureit,  a  friend  of  the  baron  of  Bradwar- 
dine.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time, 
George  IL). 

Bulmer  {Valentine),  titular  earl  of 
Etherington,  married  to  Clara  Mowbray. 

Mrs.  Ann  Bulnier,  mother  of  Valen- 
tine, married  to  the  earl  of  Etherington 
during  the  life-time  of  his  countess ; 
hence  his  wife  in  bigamy. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
St.  Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Bum'ble,  beadle  of  the  workhouse 
where  Oliver  Twist  was  bom  and  brought 
up.  A  stout,  consequential,  hard- 
hearted, fussy  official,  with  mighty  ideas 
of  his  own  importance.  This  character 
has  given  to  the  language  the  word 
burnbledoni,  the  officious  arrogance  and 
bumptious  conceit  of  a  parish  authority 
or  petty  dignitary.  After  marriage,  the 
high  and  mighty  beadle  was  sadly  hen- 
pecked and  reduced  to  a  Jerrv  Sneak. — 
U.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Bcmbledoni,  parish-dom,  the  pride 
of  parish  dignity,  the  arrogance  of  parish 
•u^^hority,    the    mi^^htiness    of     parish 


officers.    From  Bumble,   the  beadle,  ia 
Dickens's  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Bumliinet,  a  shepherd.  He  pro- 
poses to  Grub'binol  that  they  should 
repair  to  a  certain  hut  and  sing  "  Gillian 
of  Croydon,"  "Patient  Grissel,"  "Cast 
away  Care,"  "  Over  the  Hills,"  and  so  on  ; 
but  being  told  that  Blouzelinda  was  dead, 
he  sings  a  dirge,  and  Grubbinol  joins 
him. 

Thus  wailed  the  louts  In  melancholy  strain. 
Till  bonny  Susan  sped  across  the  plain  ; 
They  seized  the  lass  in  apron  clean  arrayed. 
And  to  the  ale-house  forced  the  willing  maid  ; 
In  ale  and  kisses  they  forjjot  their  cares. 
And  Susan  Blouzelinda's  loss  repairs. 

Gay,  Pastoral,  r.  (1714). 

(An  imitation  of  Virgil's  Ucl,  v. 
"  Daphnis.") 

Bumper  {Sir  Harry),  a  convivial 
friend  of  Charles  Surface.  He  sings  the 
popular  song,  beginning — 

Here's  to  the  maiden  of  bashful  fifteen, 
Here's  to  the  widow  of  fifty,  etc. 

Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal  (1777). 

Bunce  {Jack),  alias  Frederick  Alta- 
mont,  a  ci-devant  actor,  one  of  the  crew 
of  the  pirate  vessel.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Bunch  {Mother),  an  alewife,  men- 
tioned by  Dekker  in  his  drama  called 
Satiromastix  (1G02).  In  1604  was  pub- 
lished PasquiVs  Jests,  mixed  with  Mother  . 
Bunch's  Merriments. 

There  are  a  series  of  "Fairy  Tales' 
called  Mother  Bunch's  Fairy  Tales. 

Bunch  {Mother),  the  supposed  pos- 
sessor of  a  "cabinet  broken  open"  and 
revealing  "  rare  secrets  of  Art  and 
Nature,"  such  as  love-spells  (1760). 

Bun'cle,   messenger    to   the  earl  of 

Douglas. — Sir   W.   Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  \ 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Bun'cle  {John),  "a  prodigious  hand  atj 
matrimony,  divinity,  a  song,  and  a! 
peck."  He  married  seven  wives,  and 
lost  all  in  the  flower  of  their  age.  For! 
two  or  three  days  after  the  death  of  a 
wife  he  was  inconsolable,  but  soon  became 
resigned  to  his  loss,  which  he  repaired  by! 
marrying  again. — Thos.  Amory,  The  Life^ 
etc.,  of  John  Buncle,  Esq. 

Bundalinda,  the  beau-ideal  of  ol 
scurity. 

Transformed  from  a  princess  to  a  peasant,  ft-om  b«autf| 
to  ugliness,  from  polish  to  rusticity,  from  light  to  dark 
ness,  from  an  angel  of  light  to  an  unp  of  hell,  frun 
fragrance  to  ill-savour,  from  elegance  to  rudeness,  fron 
Aurom  in  full  briUiancy  to  Bundalinda  in  deep  obscuritjrJ 
— CervAates,  D<m  <iuixot«,  IL  iL  13  (1616). 


BUNDLE. 


148 


BURLEIGH. 


Bundle,  the  gardener,  father  of 
Wilelmi'na,  and  friend  of  Tom  Tug  the 
waterman.  He  is  a  plain,  honest  man, 
but  greatly  in  awe  of  his  wife,  who  nags 
at  him  from  morning  till  night. 

Mrs.  Bundle,  a  vulgar  Mrs.  Malaprop, 
and  a  termagant.  "  Ever>'thing  must  be 
her  way  or  there's  no  gettmg  any  peace." 
She  greatly  frequented  the  minor  the- 
atres, and  acquired  notions  of  sentimental 
romance.  She  told  Wilelmina,  if  she 
refused  to  marry  Robin  : 

"  I'll  disinherit  you  from  any  share  in  the  blood  of  my 
family,  the  Grograns,  and  you  may  creep  through  life  with 
the  dirty,  pitiful,  mean,  paltry,  low,  ill-bred  notions 
which  you  have  gathered  from  [your  father't]  family,  the 
Bundles."— C.  Dibdin,  The  Watermnn  (1774). 

Bun'gay  (Friar),  one  of  the  friars  in 
a  comedy  by  Robert  Green,  entitled  Friar 
Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay.  Both  the 
friars  are  conjurors,  and  the  piece  con- 
cludes with  one  of  their  pupils  being 
carried  off  to  the  infernal  regions  on  the 
back  of  one  of  friar  Bacon's  demons 
(1591). 

Bungen  \_Bunq-n\,  the  street  in 
Hamelin  down  which  the  pied  piper 
Bunting  led  the  rats  into  the  river  Weser 
and  the  children  into  a  cave  in  the  moun- 
tain Koppenberg.  No  music  of  any  kind 
is  permitted  to  be  played  in  this  street. 

Bungey  (Friar),  personification  of 
the  charlatan  of  science  in  the  fifteenth 
century. 

*^*  In  TJie  Last  of  the  Barons,  by  lord 
Lytton,  friar  Bungey  is  an  historical 
character,  and  is  said  to  have  "  raised 
mists  and  vapours,"  which  befriended 
Edward  IV.  at  the  battle  of  Bamet. 

Buns'by  (Captain  John  or  Jack), 
owner  of  the  Cautious  Clara.  Captain 
Cuttle  considered  him  "a  philosopher, 
and  quite  an  oracle."  Captain  Bunsby 
had  one  "stationary  and  one  revolving 
eye,"  a  very  red  face,  and  was  extremely 
taciturn.  The  captain  was  entrapped  by 
Mrs.  McStinger  (the  termagant  landlady 
of  his  friend  captain  Cuttle)  into  marry- 
ing her. — C.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Bunting,  the  pied  piper  of  Ham'elin. 

He  was  so  called  from  his  dress. 

To  blow  the  pipe  his  lips  he  wrinkled. 
And  green  and  blue  his  sliarp  eyes  twinkled  .  .  .• 
And  ere  three  notes  liis  pipe  had  uttered  .  .  . 
Out  of  the  houses  rats  came  tumbling- 
Great  r»ts,  small  rats,  lean  rate,  brawny  rats, 
Brown  rats,  black  rats,  grey  rats,  tawny  rats,  .  .  . 
And  step  by  step  they  followed  him  dancing, 
TiU  they  came  to  the  river  Weser. 

R.  Browning. 

Bur  (John),  the  servant  of  Job  Thorn- 


berry,  the  brazier  of  Penzance.  Bmsqua 
in  his  manners,  but  most  devotedly 
attached  to  his  master,  by  whom  he  was 
taken  from  the  workhouse.  John  Bur 
kept  his  master's  "books"  for  twenty- 
two  years  with  the  utmost  fidelity. — G. 
Colraan,  jun.,  John  Bull  (1805). 

BurTbon  (i.e.  Henri  IV.  of  France). 
He  is  betrothed  to  Fordelis  (France), 
who  has  been  enticed  from  him  by  Gran- 
torto  (rebellion).  Being  assailed  on  all 
sides  by  a  rabble  rout,  Fordelis  is  carried 
off  by  "hellrake  hounds."  The  rabble 
batter  Burbon's  shield  (protestantism), 
and  compel  him  to  throw  it  away.  Sir 
Ar'tegal  (right  or  justice)  rescues  the 
"recreant  knight"  from  the  mob,  but 
blames  him  for  his  unknightly  folly  in 
throwing  away  his  shield  (of  faith). 
Talus  (the  executive)  beats  off  the  hell- 
hounds, gets  possession  of  the  lady,  and 
though  she  flouts  Burbon,  he  catches  her 
up  upon  his  steed  and  rides  off  with  her. 
— Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  2  (1596). 

Burchell  (Mr.),  alias  sir  William 
Thomhill,  about  o9  years  of  age. 
When  Dr.  Primrose,  the  vicar  of  Wake- 
field, loses  £1400,  Mr.  Burchell  presents 
himself  as  a  broken-down  gentleman, 
and  the  doctor  offers  him  his  purse. 
He  turned  his  back  on  the  two  flash  ladies 
who  talked  of  their  high-life  doings,  and 
cried  "  Fudge  !  "  after  all  their  boastings 
and  remarks.  Mr.  Burchell  twice  rescued 
Sophia  Primrose,  and  ultimately  married 
her.  —  Goldsmith,  Vicar  of  Wakefield 
(1765). 

Burgundy  (Charles  the  Bold,  duke 
of),  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Quentin 
Durward  and  in  Anne  of  Geierstein.  The 
latter  novel  contains  the  duke's  defeat  at 
Nancy',  and  his  death  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Bu'ridan's  Ass.  A  man  of  inde- 
cision is  so  called  from  the  hypothetical 
ass  of  Buridan,  the  Greek  sophist.  Bu- 
ridan  maintained  that  "if  an  ass  could 
be  placed  between  two  hay -stacks  in  sucli 
a  way  that  its  choice  was  evenlv  balanced 
between  them,  it  would  starve  to  dcatli, 
for  there  would  be  no  motive  why  he 
should  choose  the  one  and  reject  the 
other." 

BurleigH  (William  Cecil,  lord),  lord 
treasurer  to  queen  Elizabeth  (1520-1598), 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  his  his- 
torical novel  called  Kenilworth  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

He  is  '  no  of  the  principal  charactera 


BURLEIGH. 


144 


BUSQUEUE. 


in  The  Earl  of  Essex ,  a  tragedy  by  Henry 
Jones  (1745). 

Burleigh  {Lord),'a,  parliamentarj''  leader, 
in  T/ie  Legend  of  Montrose,  a  novel  by  sir 
W.  Scott  (time,  Charlea  I.). 

A  lord  Burleigh  shake  of  the  head,  a 
great  deal  meant  by  a  look  or  movement, 
though  little  or  nothing  is  said.  Puff, 
in  his  tragedy  of  the  "  Spanish  Armada," 
introduces  lord  Burleigh,  "who  has  the 
affairs  of  the  whole  nation  in  his  head, 
and  has  no  time  to  talk ; "  but  his  lord- 
ship comes  on  the  stage  and  shakes  his 
head,  by  which  he  means  far  more  than 
words  could  utter.     Puff  says : 

Why,  by  that  shake  of  the  head  he  gave  you  to 
understand  that  even  though  they  had  more  justice  in 
their  cause  and  wisdom  in  their  measures,  yet,  if  there 
was  not  a  greater  spirit  shown  on  the  part  of  tlie  people, 
the  country  would  at  last  fall  a  sacrifice  to  the  hostile 
ambition  of  the  Spanish  monarchy. 

tSnecr.  Did  he  mean  all  that  by  shaking  his  head! 

Pnff.  Every  word  of  it.— Sheridan,  The  Critic,  ii.  1 
(1779). 

The  original  "  lord  Burleigh  "  was  Irish  Moody  [1728- 
lSril.—Cornhin  Magazine  (1867). 

Burlesque  Poetry  (Father  of), 
Hippo'nax  of    Ephesus    (sixth    century 

B.C.). 

Bur'lo-ng,  a  giant,  whose  legs  sir 
Try'amour  cut  off. — Romance  of  Sir  Try- 
cmour. 

Burn  Daylight  (We),  we  waste 
time  (in  talk  instead  of  action). — Shake- 
speare, Merry  Wives  of  Windsor^  act  ii. 
BC.  1  (1601). 

Bumbill,  Henry  de  Londres,  arch- 
bishop of  Dublin  and  lord  justice  of 
Ireland,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  III.  It 
is  said  that  he  fraudulently  burnt  all  the 
"bills"  or  instruments  by  which  the 
tenants  of  the  archbishopric  held  their 
estates. 

Burning  Cro"wn.  Regicides  were 
at  one  time  punished  by  having  a  crown 
of  red-hot  iron  placed  on  their  head. 

He  was  adjudged 
To  have  his  head  seared  with  a  burning  crown. 
Author  unknown,  Tragedy  of  Hoffman  (1631). 

Burns  of  France  {The),  Jasmin, 
a  barber  of  Gascony.  Louis  Philippe 
presented  to  him  a  gold  watch  and  chain, 
and  the  duke  of  Orleans  an  emerald  ring. 

Bur'ris,  an  honest  lord,  favourite  of 
the  great-duke  of  Moscovia. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Loyal  Subject  (1618). 

Busby  (A),  a  low  conical  bearskin 
hat  worn  by  certain  British  volunteers. 

Busby  Wig  (A),  a  punning  syno- 
nym of  a  "  buzzwig,"  the  joke  being  a 


reference  to  Dr.  Busby  of  Westminster 
School,  who  never  wore  a  wig,  but  only 
a  skull-cap. 

Business  To-morrow  is  what 
Archias,  one  of  the  Spartan  polemarchs 
in  Athens,  said,  when  a  letter  was  handed 
to  him  respecting  the  insurrection  of 
Pelopldas.  He  was  at  a  banquet  at  the 
time,  and  thrust  the  letter  under  his 
cushion ;  but  Pelopidas,  with  his  400 
insurgents,  rushed  into  the  room  during 
the  feast,  and  slew  both  Archias  and  the 
rest  of  the  Spartan  officers. 

Bu'sirane  (3  syl.),  an  enchanter  who 
bound  Am'oret  by  the  waist  to  a  brazen 
pillar,  and,  piercing  her  with  a  dart, 
wrote  magic  characters  with  the  dropping 
blood,  "all  for  to  make  her  love  him." 
When  Brit'omart  approached,  the  en- 
chanter started  up,  and,  running  to 
Amoret,  was  about  to  plunge  a  knife 
into  her  heart ;  but  Britomart  intercepted 
the  blow,  overpowered  the  enchanter, 
compelled  him  to  "reverse  his  charms," 
and  then  bound  him  fast  with  his  own 
chain. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  11, 
12  (1590). 

Busi'ris,  king  of  Egypt,  was  told  by 
a  foreigner  that  the  long  drought  of  nine 
years  would  cease  when  the  gods  of  the 
country  were  mollified  by  human  sacri- 
fice. "So  be  it,"  said  the  king,  and 
ordered  the  man  himself  to  be  offered 
as  the  victim. — Herod,  ii.  59-61. 

•Tis  said  that  Egypt  for  nine  years  was  dry ; 

Nor  Nile  did  floods  nor  heaven  did  rain  supply. 

A  foreigner  at  lengtli  informed  the  king 

That  slaughtered  guests  would  kindly  moisture  bring. 

The  king  replied,  "  On  thee  the  lot  shall  fall ; 

Be  thou,  my  guest,  the  sacrifice  for  all." 

Ovid,  Art  of  Love,  X, 

Busi'ris,  supposed  by  Milton  to  be  the 
Pharaoh  drowned  in  the  Red  Sea. 

Hath  vexed  the  Red  Sea  coast,  whose  waves  o'erthrew 
Busiris  and  his  Menipliian  chivalry. 

MUton,  Paradise  Lost,  1.  306  (1665). 

Bus'ne  (2  syl.).  So  the  gipsies  call 
all  who  do  not  belong  to  their  race. 

The  gold  of  the  Busne ;  give  me  her  gold. 

Longfellow,  The  Spanish  Student. 

Busqueue  (Lord),  plaintiff  in  the 
great  Pantagruelian  lawsuit  known  as 
"  lord  Busqueue  v.  lord  Suckfist,"  in 
which  the  parties  concerned  pleaded  for 
themselves.  Lord  Busqueue  stated  his 
grievance  and  spoke  so  learnedly  and  at 
such  length  that  no  one  understood  one 
word  about  the  matter  ;  then  lord  Suckfist ; 
replied,  and  the  bench  declared  "Wej 
have  not  understood  one  iota  of  the 
defence."    Pantag'ruel,    however,    gave 


^USY  BODY. 


145 


BYRON  AND  MARY. 


judgment,  and  as  both  plaintiff  and 
defendant  considered  he  had  got  the 
verdict,  both  were  fully  satisfied,  "  a 
thing  without  parallel  in  all  the  annala  of 
the  court."  —  Rabelais,  Fantagruel,  ii. 
(1633). 

Busy  Body  (The),  &  comedy  by  Mrs. 
Centlivre  (1709).  Sir  Francis  Gripe 
(guardian  of  Miranda  an  heiress,  and 
father  of  Charles),  a  man  65  years  old, 
wishes  to  marry  his  ward  for  the  sake 
of  her  money,  but  Miranda  loves  and  is 
beloved  by  sir  George  Airy,  a  man  of 
24.  She  pretends  to  love  "Gardy,"  and 
dupes  him  into  yielding  up  her  money 
and  giving  his  consent  to  her  marriage 
with  "the  man  of  her  choice,"  believ- 
ing himself  to  be  the  person.  Charles 
is  in  love  with  Isabinda,  daughter  of  sir 
Jealous  Traffick,  who  has  made  up  his 
mind  that  she  shall  marry  a  Spaniard 
named  don  Diego  Babinetto,  expected  to 
arrive  forthwith.  Charles  dresses  in  a 
Spanish  costume,  passes  himself  off  as 
the  expected  don,  and  is  married  to  the 
lady  of  his  choice ;  so  both  the  old  men 
are  duped,  and  all  the  young  people  wed 
according  to  their  wishes. 

But  are  Ye  sure  the  News  is 
True  ?  This  exquisite  lyric  is  generally 
ascribed  to  William  Mickle,  but  Sarah 
Tyler,  in  Good  Woods,  March,  1869, 
ascribes  it  to  Jean  Adam  of  Crawfurd's 
Dyke.  She  says,  "  Colin  and  Jean  "  are 
Colin  and  Jean  Campbell  of  Crawfurd's 
Dyke — the  Jean  being  the  poetess  and 
writer  of  the  poem. 

Butcher  (The),  Achmet  pasha,  who 
struck  off  the  heads  of  seven  of  his  wives 
at  once.  He  defended  Acre  against  Napo- 
leon I. 

John  ninth  lord  Clifford,  called  "The 
Black  Clifford"  (died  1461). 

Oliver  de  Clisson,  constable  of  France 
(1320-1407). 

Butcher  (The  Bloody),  the  duke  of 
Cumberland,  second  son  of  George  II.  ;  so 
called  for  his  great  barbarities  in  sup- 
pressing the  rebellion  of  Charles  Edward, 
the  young  pretender  (1726-1765). 

Butcher  of  England,  John  Tiptoft, 
earl  of  Worcester,  a  man  of  great  learning 
and  a  patron  of  learning  (died  1470). 

On  one  occasion  In  the  reiKn  of  Edward  IV.  he  ordered 
Clapham  (a  squire  to  lord  Warwick)  and  nineteen  others, 
all  gentlemen,  to  be  impaled. — Stow,  Warkworth,  Chro- 
nicle {•'  Cont.  Croyl."). 

Yet  so  barbarous  was  the  age,  that  this  same  learned  man 
Impaled  forty  Lancastrian  prisoners  at  Southampton,  put 
to  death  the  infant  children  of  the  Irish  chief  Uesmond, 
•nd  acquired  the  nickname  of  "  The  Butcher  of  KngUuid." 
-Old  and  New  LomdOH,  U.  21. 


Butler  (The  Rev.  Mr.),  military 
chaplain  at  Madras. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Butler  (lieuben),  a  presbyterian  min- 
ister, married  to  Jeanie  Deans. 

Benjamin  Butler,  father  of  Reuben. 

Stephen  Butler,  generally  called  "  Bible 
Butler,"  grandfather  of  Reuben  and 
father  of  Benjamin. 

Widow  Judith  Butler,  Reuben's  grand- 
mother and  Stephen's  wife. 

Euphemia  or  Femie  Butler,  Reuben's 
daughter. 

David  and  Revhcn  Butler,  Reuben's  sons. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Buttercup  (John),  a  milkman. — W. 
Brough,  A  Phenomenon  in  a  Smock  Frock. 

Buxo'ma,  a  shepherdess  with  whom 
Cuddy  was  in  love. 

My  brown  Buxoma  is  the  featest  maid 
That  e'er  at  wake  delightsome  gambol  played  .  .  . 
And  neither  lamb,  nor  kid,  nor  calf,  nor  Tray, 
Dance  like  Buxoma  on  the  first  of  May. 

Gay,  Pattoral,  i.  (1714). 

Buz'ftLZ  (Serjeant),  the  pleader  re- 
tained by  Dodson  and  Fogg  for  the 
plaintiff  in  the  celebrated  case  of  "  Bar- 
dell  V.  Pickwick."  Serjeant  Buzfuz  is  a 
driving,  chaffing,  masculine  bar  orator, 
who  proved  that  Mr.  Pickwick's  note 
about  "chops  and  tomato  sauce"  was  a 
declaration  of  love  ;  and  that  his  reminder 
"not  to  forget  the  warming-pan"  was 
only  a  flimsy  cover  to  express  the  ardour 
of  his  affection.  Of  course  the  defendant 
was  found  guilty  by  the  enlightened  jury. 
(His  junior  was  Skimpin.) — C.  Dickens, 
The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Buz'zard  (The),  in  I'he  Hind  and  the 
Panther,  by  Dr5'den  (pt.  iii.),  is  meant 
for  Dr.  Gilbert  Burnet,  whose  figure  was 
lusty  (1643-1715). 

Bycorn,  a  fat  cow,  so  fat  that  its  sides 
were  nigh  to  bursting,  but  this  is  no 
wonder,  for  its  food  was  "good  and 
enduring  husbands,"  of  which  there  is 
good  store.     (See  Chichi-Vaciie.) 

Byron  (The  Polish),  Adam  Mickie- 
wicz  (1798-1855). 

Byron  (The  ii'?iss«an),  Alexander  Ser- 
geivitch  Puschkin  (1799-1837). 

Byron  (Miss  Harriet),  a  beautiful  and 
accomplished  woman  of  high  rank,  de- 
votedly attached  to  sir  Charles  Grandison, 
whom  ultimately  she  marries. — Richard' 
son,  Sir  Charles  Grandison  (1753). 

Byron  and  Mary.   The  "Mary  "of 


BYRON  AND  TERESA  GUICGIOLI.    146 


CADWALLON. 


Byron's  song  is  Miss  Chaworth.  Both 
Miss  Chaworth  and  lord  Byron  were 
wards  of  Mr.  White.  Miss  Chaworth 
married  John  Musters,  and  lord  Byron 
married  Miss  Milbanke  of  Durham; 
both  equally  unhappy. 

I  have  a  passion  for  the  name  of  "  Mary," 
For  once  it  was  a  magic  name  to  me. 

Byron,  Dvn  Juan,  y.  4  (1820). 

Byron  and   Teresa    Guiccioli. 

*rhis  lady  was  the  wife  of  count  Guiccioli, 
an  old  man,  but  very  rich.  Moore  says 
that  Byron  "never  loved  but  once,  till  he 
loved  Teresa." 

Byron  and  the  Edinburgli  B«- 

vievsr.  It  was  Jeffrey  and  not  Brougham 
who  wrote  the  article  which  provoked  the 
poet's  reply. 


C. 


C  (in  Notes  and  Queries),  the  Right 
Hon.  John  Wilson  Croker. 

CaaTba  {Al),  the  shrine  of  Mecca, 
said  by  the  Arabs  to  be  built  by  Abra- 
ham on  the  exact  spot  of  the  tabernacle 
let  down  from  heaven  at  the  prayer  of 
repentant  Adam.  Adam  had  been  a 
wanderer  for  200  years,  and  here  received 
pardon. 

The  black  stone,  according  to  one  tra- 
dition, was  once  white,  but  was  turned 
black  by  the  kisses  of  sinners.  It  is  "a 
petrified  angel." 

According  to  another  tradition,  this 
stone  was  given  to  Ishmael  by  the  angel 
Gabriel,  and  Abraham  assisted  his  son  to 
insert  it  in  the  wall  of  the  shrine. 

Cabal,  an  anagram  of  a  ministry 
formed  by  Charles  II.  in  1670,  and  con- 
sisting of  C Clifford],  A[shley],  Bfuck- 
ingham],  A[rlington],  L  [auderdalej . 

Cacafo'go,  a  rich,  drunken  usurer, 
stumpy  and  fat,  choleric,  a  coward,  and 
a  bully.  He  fancies  money  will  buy 
everything  and  every  one. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a 
Wife  (1640). 

Cacur'gus,  the  fool  or  domestic 
jester  of  Misog'onus.  Cacurgus  is  a 
rustic  simpleton  and  cunning  mischief- 
maker, — Thomas  Rychardes,  Misogonus 
(the  third  English  comedy,  1560). 

Ca'cus,  a  giant  who  lived  in  a  cave 


on  mount  Av'entine  (3  syL).  When 
Hercules  came  to  Italy  with  the  oxen 
which  he  had  taken  from  Ger'yon  of 
Spain,  Cacus  stole  part  of  the  herd,  but 
dragged  the  animals  by  their  tails  into 
his  cave,  that  it  might  be  supposed  they 
had  come  ovi  of  it. 

If  he  falls  into  slips,  it  is  equally  clear  they  were  intro- 
duced by  him  on  jjurpose  to  confuse,  like  Cacus,  the 
traces  of  his  retreat.— i'nc^c.  Brit.  Art.  "Romance." 

Cad,  a  low-bom,  vulgar  fellow.  A 
cadie  in  Scotland  was  a  carrier  of  a 
sedan-chair. 

All  Edinburgh  men  and  boys  know  that  when  sedan- 
chairs  were  discontinued,  the  old  aidies  sank  into 
rilnous  poverty,  and  became  synonymous  with  roughs. 
The  word  was  brought  to  London  by  James  Hannay,  who 
frequently  used  it— M.  Pringle. 

*^*  M.  Pringle  assures  us  that  the 
word  came  from  Turkey. 

Cade'nus  (3  syL),  dean  Swift.  The 
word  is  simply  de-cd-nus  ("a  dean"), 
with  the  first  two  syllables  transposed 
(ca-de-nus).  "  Vanessa  "  is  Miss  Esther 
Vanhomrigh,  a  young  lady  who  fell  in 
love  with  Swift,  and  proposed  marriage. 
The  dean's  reply  is  given  in  the  poem 
entitled  Cadenus  and  Vanessa  [i.e.  Van- 
Esther]. 

Cadu  ceus,  the  wand  of  Mercury, 
The  "  post  of  Mercury  "  means  the  office 
of  a  pimp,  and  to  "bear  the  caduceus  " 
means  to  exercise  the  functions  of  a 
pimp. 

I  did  not  think  the  post  of  Mercury-in-chief  quite  so 
honourable  as  it  was  called  .  .  .  and  I  resolved  to  aban- 
don the  Caduceus  for  ever,— Lesage,  Oil  Bias,  xil.  3,  4 

(1715). 

Cadur'ci,  the  people  of  Aquita'nia. 

Cad'wal.  Arvir'agus,  son  of  Cym'- 
beline,  was  so  called  while  he  lived  in 
the  woods  with  Bela'rius,  who  called 
himself  Morgan,  and  whom  Cadwal  sup- 
posed to  be  his  father.— Shakespeare, 
Cymbeline  (1605). 

Cadwallader,  called  by  Bede  (1 
syl.)  Elidwalda,  son  of  Cadwalla  king 
of  Wales.  Being  compelled  by  pesti- 
lence and  famine  to  leave  Britain,  he 
went  to  Armorica.  After  the  plague 
ceased  he  went  to  Rome,  where,  in  689, 
he  was  baptized,  and  received  the  name 
of  Peter,  but  died  very  soon  afterwards. 

Cadwallader  that  drave  [sailed']  to  the  Armoric  shore. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  vs..  (1613^        » 

Cadwallader,  the  misanthrope  in  Smol-  ^^ 
lett's  Peregrine  Pickle  (1751). 

Cad^vall'on,  son  of  the  blinded 
Cyne'tha.  Both  father  and  son  accom- 
panied prince  Madoc  to  North  America 


CADWALLON. 


14? 


C^.SAR. 


in  the  twelfth  centurv. — Southey,  Modoc 
(1805). 

Cadwal'lon,  the  favourite  bard  of 
prince  Gwenwyn.  He  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  sir  Hugo  de  Lacy,  disguised,  under 
the  assumed  name  of  Renault  Vidal. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  II.). 

Cae'cias,  the  north-west  wind.  Ar- 
gestes  is  the  north-east,  and  Bo'reas  the 
full  north. 

Boreas  and  CsBcIaa  and  Argestes  loud 
.  .     rend  the  woods,  and  seas  upturn. 

Milton,  Paradite  Lott,  x.  699,  etc.  (1665). 

Caelesti'na,  the  bride  of  sir  Walter 
Terill.  The  king  commanded  sir  Walter 
to  bring  his  bride  to  court  on  the  night 
of  her  marriage.  Her  father,  to  save 
her  honour,  gave  her  a  mixture  supposed 
to  be  poison,  but  in  reality  it  was  only  a 
sleeping  draught.  In  due  time  the  bride 
recovered,  to  the  amusement  of  the  king 
and  delight  of  her  husband. — Th.  Dekker, 
Satiro-mastix  (1602). 

CaB'neiis  [Se.nuce']  was  bom  of  the 
female  sex,  and  was  originally  called 
Csenis.  Vain  of  her  beauty,  she  rejected 
all  lovers,  but  was  one  day  surprised  by 
Neptune,  who  offered  her  violence, 
changed  her  sex,  converted  her  name  to 
Ceneus,  and  gave  her  (or  rather  him)  the 
gift  of  being  invulnerable.  In  the  wars 
of  the  Lap'ithae,  Ceneus  offended  Jupiter, 
and  was  overwhelmed  under  a  pile  of 
wood,  but  came  forth  converted  into  a 
yellow  bird,  ^neas  found  Ceneus  in  the 
infernal  regions  restored  to  the  feminine 
sex.  The  order  is  inverted  by  sir  John 
Davies : 

And  how  was  Cicneus  made  at  first  a  man. 
And  then  a  wonuui,  then  a  man  again. 

Orchettra,  etc.  (1618). 

Caesar,  said  to  be  a  Punic  word 
meaning  "  an  elephant,"  "  Quod  avus 
ejus  in  Africa  manu  propria  occidit 
elephantem  "  (Plin.  Hist.  viii.  7).  There 
are  old  coins  stamped  on  the  one  side 
with  DIVUS  JULIUS,  the  reverse  hav- 
ing S.P.Q.R.  with  an  elephant,  in  allu- 
sion to  tlie  African  original. 

In  Targum  Jonathanls  Cesira  extat,  notione  affine,  pro 
Bcuto  vel  clypeo ;  et  furtasse  hide  est  quod,  Punica  lingua, 
elephas  "Csesar  "  dicebatm-,  quasi  tutamen  et  prsesidium 
legionum.— €asaubon.  Animadv,  in  TranquUl,  I. 

C^sar  {Caius  Jvlius). 

Somewhere  I've  read,  but  where  I  forget,  he  could  dic- 
tate 

Seven  letters  at  once,  at  the  same  time  writing  hia 
memoirs  .  .  . 

Better  be  first,  he  said,  in  a  little  Iberian  village 

Than  be  second  in  Kome,  and  I  think  he  was  right  when 
he  said  it. 


Twice  wtks  he  married  before  he  was  20,  and  manjr  timet 
after ; 

Battles  500  he  fought,  and  a  thousand  cities  he  con- 
quered ; 

But  was  finally  stabbed  by  his  friend  the  orator  Brutus. 
Longfellow,  CourUhip  of  MUet  Standith,  iL 

(Longfellow  refers  to  Pliny,  vii.  25, 
where  he  says  that  Cajsar  "  could  employ, 
at  one  and  the  same  time,  his  ears  to 
listen,  his  eyes  to  read,  his  hand  to  write, 
and  his  tongue  to  dictate."  He  is  said 
to  have  conquered  300  nations  ;  to  have 
taken  800  cities,  to  have  slain  in  battle  a 
million  men,  and  to  have  defeated  three 
millions.     See  below,  Caesar's  Wars.) 

Ccesar  and  his  Fortune.  Plutarch  says 
that  Caesar  told  the  captain  of  the  vessel 
in  which  he  sailed  that  no  harm  could 
come  to  his  ship,  for  that  he  had  "  Caesar 
and  his  fortune  with  him." 

Now  am  I  like  that  proud  insulting  ship. 
Which  Csestir  and  his  fortune  bare  at  once. 
Shakespeare,  1  Uenr}/  VI.  act  1.  ac.  2  (1589). 

Ccesar  saves  his  Commentaries.  Once, 
when  Julius  Caesar  was  in  danger  of 
being  upset  into  the  sea  by  the  overload- 
ing of  a  boat,  he  swam  to  the  nearest 
ship,  with  his  book  of  Commentaries  in 
his  hand. — Suetonius. 

CcBsar''s  Wars.  The  carnage  occa- 
sioned by  the  wars  of  Caesar  is  usually 
estimated  at  a  million  fighting  men.  He 
won  320  triumphs,  and  fought  600  bat- 
tles.   See  above,  C-assAU  {Caius  Julius). 

What  millions  died  that  Ccesar  might )«  gi-eat  I 
CaaipbeU,  The  Pleature*  of  Hope,  U.  (1799). 

Ccesar'' s  Famous  Despatch,  "  Veni,  vidi, 
vici,"  written  to  the  senate  to  announce 
his  overthrow  of  Phamaces  king  of 
Pontus.  This  "hop,  skip,  and  a  jump" 
was,  however,  the  work  of  three  days. 

CcBsar's  Death.  Both  Chaucer  and 
Shakespeare  say  that  Julius  Caesar  was 
killed  in  the  capitol.  Thus  Polonius  says 
to  Hamlet,  "  I  did  enact  Julius  Caesar ; 
I  was  killed  i'  the  capitol "  (Hamlet,  act 
iii,  sc.  2).    And  Chaucer  says  : 

This  Julius  to  the  capItoW  wente  .  .  . 
And  in  the  capitole  anon  him  heiile 
This  false  Brutus,  and  his  other  soon. 
And  sticked  him  with  bodSkins  anon. 
Canterbury  Tales  ("The  Monk's  Tale,"  1388). 

Plutarch  expressly  tells  us  he  was 
killed  in  Pompey's  Porch  or  Piazza  ;  and 
in  Julius  Ccesar  Shakespeare  says  he  fell 
'*  e'en  at  the  base  of  Pompey's  statue " 
(act  iii.  BC.  2). 

Ccesar,  the  Mephistoph'elSs  of  Byron's 
unfinished  drama  called  The  Deformed 
Transformed.  This  Caesar  changes  Ar- 
nold (the  hunchback)  into  the  form  of 
Achilles,  and  assumes  himself  the  de- 
formity and  ugliness  which  Arnold  oasts 


CiESAR. 


148 


CAIN  AND  ABEL. 


off.  The  drama  being  incomplete,  all 
that  can  be  said  is  that  "  Caesar,"  in 
cynicism,  effrontery,  and  snarling  bitter- 
ness of  spirit,  is  the  exact  counterpart  of 
his  prototype,  Mephistopheles  (1821). 

Cccsar  {Don)^  an  old  man  of  63,  the 
father  of  Olivia.  In  order  to  induce  his 
daughter  to  marry,  he  makes  love  to 
Marcella,  a  girl  of  16. — Mrs.  Cowley,  A 
Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband  (1782). 

Cse'sarism,  the  absolute  rule  of  man 
over  man,  with  the  recognition  of  no  law 
divine  or  human  beyond  that  of  the  ruler's 
will.  Caesar  must  be  summus  pontifex 
as  well  as  imperator. — Dr.  Manning,  On 
Ccesarism  (1873).     (See  Chauvinism.) 

Gael,  a  Highlander  of  the  western 
coast  of  Scotland.  These  Cael  had 
colonized,  in  very  remote  times,  the 
northern  parts  of  Ireland,  as  the  Fir-bolg 
or  Belgae  of  Britain  had  colonized  the 
southern  parts.  The  two  colonies  had 
each  a  separate  king.  When  Crothar  was 
king  of  the  Fir-bolg  (or  "lord  of  Atha"), 
he  carried  off  Conla'ma,  daughter  of  the 
king  of  Ulster  {i.e.  "chief  of  the  Cael"), 
and  a  general  war  ensued  between  the 
two  races.  The  Cael,  being  reduced  to  the 
last  extremity,  sent  to  Trathal  (Fingal's 
grandfather)  for  help,  and  Trathal  sent 
over  Con'ar,  who  was  chosen  "  king  of 
the  Cael "  immediately  he  landed  in 
IJlster ;  and  having  reduced  the  Fir-bolg  to 
submission,  he  assumed  the  title  of  "  king 
of  Ireland."  The  Fir-bolg,  though  con- 
quered, often  rose  in  rebellion,  and  made 
many  efforts  to  expel  the  race  of  Conar, 
but  never  succeeded  in  so  doing. — Ossian. 

Caer  Ery'ri,  Snowdon.  (£'r?/n  means 
♦*an  eyrie"  or  "eagle's  nest.") 

.  .  .  once  the  wondering  forester  at  dawn  .  .  . 
On  Caer  Eryri's  highest  found  the  king. 

Tennyson,  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

Caer  Gwent,  Venta,  that  is,  Gwent- 
ceaster,  Wintan-ceaster  (or  Wincheste?-) . 
The  word  Gwent  is  Celtic,  and  means  "  a 
fair  open  region." 

Caer'leon  or  Caerle'on,  on  the  Usk, 
in  Wales,  the  chief  royal  residence  of 
king  Arthur.  It  was  here  that  he  kept  at 
Pentecost  "his  Round  Table"  in  great 
(splendour.  Occasionally  these  "  courts  " 
were  held  at  Camelot. 

Where,  as  at  Caer'leon  oft,  he  kept  the  Table  Round, 
Most  famoiu  for  the  sport,  at  Pentecost. 

Drayton.  Polyolbion.  iii.  (1612). 
For  Arthur  on  the  Whitsuntide  before 
Held  court  at  old  Caerle'on-upon-Usk. 

Tennyson,  Enid. 

Caerleon  (The  Battle  of),  one  of  the 
twelve  great  victories  of  prince  Arthur 


over  the  Saxons.  This  battle  was  not 
fought,  as  Tennyson  says,  at  Caerleon- 
upon-Usk,  in  the  South  of  Wales,  but  at 
Caerleon,  now  called  Carlisle. 

Cages  for  Men.  Alexander  the 
Great  had  the  philosopher  Callisthenes 
chained  for  seven  months  in  an  iron  cage, 
for  refusing  to  pay  him  divine  honours. 

Catherine  II.  of  Russia  kept  her  perru- 
quier  for  more  than  three  years  in  an  iron 
cage  in  her  bed-chamber,  to  prevent  his 
telling  people  that  she  wore  a  wig. — Mons. 
de  Masson,  Me'moires  Secrets  sur  la  Eussie. 

Edward  I.  confined  the  countess  of 
Buchan  in  an  iron  cage,  for  placing 
the  crown  of  Scotland  on  the  head  of 
Bruce.  This  cage  was  erected  on  one 
of  the  towers  of  Berwick  Castle,  where 
the  countess  was  exposed  to  the  rigour  of 
the  elements  and  the  gaze  of  passers-by. 
One  of  the  sisters  of  Bruce  was  similarly 
dealt  with. 

Louis  XI.  confined  cardinal  Balue 
(grand-almoner  of  France)  for  tenyears'in 
an  iron  cage  in  the  castle  of  Loches  [ZosA]. 

Tamerlane  enclosed  the  sultan  Bajazet 
in  an  iron  cage,  and  made  of  him  a  public 
show.     So  says  D'Herbelot. 

An  iron  cage  w.as  made  by  Tlmour's  command,  com- 
posed on  every  side  of  Iron  gratings,  through  which  the 
captive  sultjin  [Bajjizet]  could  be  seen  in  any  d.rection. 
He  travelled  in  this  den  slung  between  two  horses. — Leun- 
clavius. 

Caglios'tro  (Count  de),  the  assumed 
name  of  Joseph  Balsamo  (1743-1795). 

Ca  ira,  one  of  the  most  popular 
revolutionary  songs,  composed  forthe  Fete 
de  la  Fe'deration,  in  1789,  to  the  tune  of 
Le  Carillon  National.  Marie  Antoinette 
was  for  ever  strumming  this  air  on  her 
harpsichord.  "  Ca  ira"  was  the  rallying 
cry  borrowed  by  the  Federalists  from  Dr. 
Franklin,  who  used  to  say,  in  reference  to 
the  American  Revolution,  Ah  1  ah !  pa 
ira  !  pa  ira  !  ("  It  will  speed  "). 

'Twos  all  the  same  to  him— God  save  the  King, 
Or  Ca  ira. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  84  (1820). 

Cain  and  Abel  are  called  in  the 
Koran  "  Kabil  and  Habil."  The  tradition 
is  that  Cain  was  commanded  to  marry 
Abel's  sister,  and  Abel  to  marry  Cain's, 
but  Cain  demurred  because  his  own  sister 
was  the  more  beautiful,  and  so  the  matter 
was  referred  to  God,  and  God  answered 
"  No  "  by  rejecting  Cain's  sacrifice. 

The  Mohammedans  also  say  that  Cain 
carried  about  with  him  the  dead  body  of 
Abel,  till  he  saw  a  raven  scratch  a  hole  in 
the  ground  to  bury  a  dead  bird.  The 
hint  was  taken,  and  Abel  was  buried 
under  ground. — Sale's  Koran,  v.  notes. 


CAIN-COLOURED  BEARD. 


149 


CALDERON. 


Cain-coloured  Beard,  Cain  and 
Judas  in  old  tapestries  and  paintings  are 
always  represented  with  yellow  beards. 

He  bath  a  little  wee  face,  with  a  little  yellow  beard ;  a 
Cain -coloured  beard. — Shakespeare,  iltrry  Wivet  of 
Windtor,  act  i.  se.  4  (1601). 

Cain's  Hill.  Maundrel  tells  us  that 
"  some  four  miles  from  Damascus  is  a 
high  hill,  reported  to  be  the  same  on  which 
Cain  slew  his  brother  Abel." — Travels^ 
131. 

In  that  place  where  Damascus  was  founded,  Kayn 
sloughe  Abel  his  brother.— Sir  John  Maundeville,  Travel*, 
148. 

Caina  [^KaJ.naK],  the  place  to  which 
murderers  are  doomed. 

Caina  waits 
The  soul  who  spills  man's  life. 

Dante.  Uell,  V.  (1300). 

CairHbar, son  of  Borbar-Duthul,  "lord 
of  Atha"  (Connaught),  the  most  potent 
of  the  race  of  the  Fir-bolg.  He  rose  in 
rebellion  against  Cormac  *'  king  of  Ire- 
land," murdered  him  {Temora,  i.),  and 
usurped  the  throne ;  but  Fingal  (who  was 
distantly  related  to  Cormac)  went  to  Ire- 
land with  an  army,  to  restore  the  ancient 
dynasty.  Cairbar  invited  Oscar  (Fingal's 
grandson)  to  a  feast,  and  Oscar  accepted 
the  invitation,  but  Cairbar  having  pro- 
voked a  quarrel  with  his  guest,  the  two 
fought,  and  both  were  slain. 

"  Thy  heart  is  a  rock.  Thy  thoughts  are  dark  and  bloody. 
Thou  art  the  brother  of  Cathmor  .  .  .  but  my  soul  is  not 
like  thine,  thou  feeble  hand  in  fight  The  light  of  my 
bosom  h  stained  by  thy  deeds."— Ossian,  Temora,  i. 

Cair'bre  (2  syl.),  sometimes  called 
"  Cair'bar,"  third  king  of  Ireland,  of  the 
Caledonian  line.  (There  was  also  a  Cair- 
bar, "lord  of  Atha,"  a  Fir-bolg,  quite  a 
different  person.) 

The  Caledonian  line  ran  thus:  (1) 
Conar,  first  "king  of  Ireland;"  (2)  Cor- 
mac I.,  his  son  ;  (3)  Cairbre,  his  son  ;  (4) 
Artho,  his  son  ;  (5)  Cormac  II.,  his  son  ; 
(6)  Ferad- Artho,  his  cousin. — Ossian. 

Cai'us  (2  syl.),  the  assumed  name  of 
the  earl  of  Kent  when  he  attended  on 
king  Lear,  after  Goneril  and  Re'gan  re- 
fused to  entertain  their  aged  father  with 
his  suite. — Shakespeare,  King  Lear  (1605). 

Cai'us  (Dr.),  a  French  physician, 
whose  servants  are  Rugby  and  Mrs. 
Quickly. — Shakespeare,  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor  (1601). 

The  clipped  English  of  Dr.  Caius.— Macaulay. 

Cai'us  College  (Cambridge),  origin- 
ally Gonville  Hall.  In  1557  it  was 
erected  into  a  college  by  Dr.  John  Key,  of 


Norwich,  and  called  after  him  Caina  ot 

Key's  College. 

Cakes  (Land  of).  Scotland,  famous 
for  its  oatmeal  cakes. 

Calandri'no,  a  character  in  the  De^ 
Cameron,  whose  "misfortunes  have  made 
all  Europe  merry  for  four  centuries." 
— Boccaccio,  Decameron,  viii.  9  (1350). 

Calan'tha,  princess  of  Sparta,  loved 
by  Ith'ocles.  Ithocles  induces  his  sister, 
Penthe'a,  to  break  the  matter  to  the  prin- 
cess. This  she  does  ;  the  princess  is  won 
to  requite  his  love,  and  the  king  consents 
to  the  union.  During  a  grand  court  cere- 
mony Calantha  is  informed  of  the  sudden 
death  of  her  father,  another  announces  to 
her  that  Penthea  had  starved  herself  to 
death  from  hatred  to  Bass'anes,  and  a 
third  follows  to  tell  her  that  Ithocles,  her 
betrothed  husband,  has  been  murdered. 
Calantha  bates  no  jot  of  the  ceremony, 
but  continues  the  dance  even  to  the  bitter 
end.  The  coronation  ensues,  but  scarcely 
is  the  ceremony  over  than  she  can  sup- 
port the  strain  no  longer,  and,  broken- 
hearted, she  falls  dead. — John  Ford,  The 
Broken  Heart  (1633). 

Calan'tha  (3  srjl.),  the  betrothed  wife 
of  Pyth'ias  the  Syracusian. — J.  Banim, 
Damon  and  Pythias  (1825). 

Cala'ya,  the  third  paradise  of  the 
Hindus. 

Cal'culator  (The).  Alfragan  the 
Arabian  astronomer  was  so  called  (died 
A.D.  820).  Jedediah  Buxton,  of  Elmeton, 
in  Derbyshire,  was  also  called  "The  Cal- 
culator" (1705-1775).  George  Bidder, 
Zerah  Colburn,  and  a  girl  named  Hey- 
wood  (whose  father  was  a  Mile  End 
weaver),  all  exhibited  their  calculating 
powers  in  public. 

Pascal,  in  1642,  made  a  calculating 
machine,  which  was  improved  by  Leibnitz. 
C.  Babbage  also  invented  a  calculating 
machine  (1790-1871). 

Calcut'ta  is  Kali-cuttah  ("temple  of 
the  goddess  Kali "). 

Cal'deron  (Don  Pedro),  a  Spanish 
poet  born  at  Madrid  (1600-1681).  At 
the  age  of  52  he  became  an  ecclesiastic, 
and  composed  religious  poetry  only.  Al- 
together he  wrote  about  1000  dramatic 
pieces. 

Her  memory  was  a  mine.    She  knew  by  heart 
AH  Cal'deron  and  greater  part  of  Ix)p<S. 

Byrou.  Don  Juan,  i.  11  (1819). 

*#*  "  Lope  "  that  is  Lope  de  Vega,  tiie 
Spanish  poet  (1562-1635;. 


CALEB. 


150 


OALEPINE. 


Caleb,  the  enchantress  who  carried  off 
St.  George  in  infancy. 

Ca'leh^  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel.  is  meant  for  lord  Grej'  of 
Wark,  in  Northumberland,  an  adherent  of 
the  duke  of  Monmouth. 

And,  therefore,  in  the  name  of  dulness  be 
The  well-hung  Balaam  and  cold  Caleb  free. 

PartL 

*^*  "  Balaam  "  is  the  earl  of  Hunting- 
don. 

Caled,  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Arabs  in  the  siege  of  Damascus.  He  is 
brave,  fierce,  and  revengeful.  War  is  his 
delight.  When  Pho'cyas,  the  Syrian, 
deserts  Eu'menes,  Caled  asks  him  to 
point  out  the  governor's  tent ;  he  refuses ; 
they  fight,  and  Caled  falls. — John  Hughes, 
Siege  of  Damascus  (1720). 

Caledo'nia,  Scotland.  Also  called 
Cal'edon. 

O  Caledonia,  stern  and  wild, 
Meet  nurse  for  a  poetic  child  ! 

Sir  W.  Scott. 
Not  thus  in  ancient  days  of  Caledon 
Was  thy  voice  mute  amid  the  festal  crowd. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

Caledo'nians,  Gauls  from  France 
who  colonized  south  Britain,  whence  they 
journeyed  to  Inverness  and  Ross.  The 
word  is  compounded  of  two  Celtic  words, 
Cael  ("Gaul"  or  "Celt"),  and  don  or 
dun  ("a  hill"),  so  that  Cael-don  means 
"  Celts  of  the  highlands." 

The  Highlanders  to  this  day  call  themselves  "  Cael,"  and 
their  language  "  Caelic"  or  " Gaelic,"  &nA  their  country 
"CaeWoct,"  which  the  Romans  softened  into  Caledonia. — 
Diuertation  on  the  Poems  of  Osnan. 

Calenders,  a  class  of  Mohammedans 
who  abandoned  father  and  mother,  wife 
and  children,  relations  and  possessions, 
to  wander  through  the  world  as  religious 
devotees,  living  on  the  bounty  of  those 
whom  they  made  their  dupes. — D'Herbe- 
lot,  Supplement,  204. 

He  diverted  himself  with  the  multitude  of  calenders, 
gantons,  and  dervises,  who  had  travelled  from  the  heart 
of  India,  and  halted  on  their  way  with  the  emir.— W. 
Beckford,  Vathek  (1786). 

The  Three  Calenders,  three  royal 
princes,  disguised  as  begging  derA'ishes, 
each  of  whom  had  lost  his  right  eye. 
Their  adventures  form  three  tales  in  the 
Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments. 

Tale  of  the  First  Calender.  No  names 
are  given.  This  calender  was  the  son  of 
a  king,  and  nephew  of  another  king. 
While  on  a  visit  to  his  uncle  his  father 
died,  and  the  vizier  usurped  the  throne. 
When  the  prince  returned,  he  was  seized, 
ftnd  the  usurper  pulled  out  his  right  eye. 


The  uncle  died,  and  the  usurping  vizier 
made  himself  master  of  this  kingdom  also. 
So  the  hapless  young  prince  assumed  the 
garb  of  a  calender,  wandered  to  Bagdad, 
and  being  received  into  the  house  of  "the 
three  sisters,"  told  his  tale  in  the  hearing 
of  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid. — The 
Arabian  Nights. 

Tale  of  the  Second  Calender.  No  names 
given.  This  calender,  like  the  first,  was 
the  son  of  a  king.  On  his  way  to  India 
he  was  attacked  by  robbers,  and  though 
he  contrived  to  escape,  he  lost  all  his 
effects.  In  his  flight  he  came  to  a  large 
city,  where  he  encountered  a  tailor, 
who  gave  him  food  and  lodging.  In 
order  to  earn  a  living,  he  turned  woodman 
for  the  nonce,  and  accidentally  discovered 
an  under-ground  palace,  in  which  lived  a 
beautiful  lady,  confined  there  by  an  evil 
genius.  With  a  view  of  liberating  her, 
he  kicked  down  the  talisman,  when  the 
genius  appeared,  killed  the  lady,  and 
turned  the  prince  into  an  ape.  As  an  ape  he 
was  taken  on  board  ship,  and  transported 
to  a  large  commercial  city,  where  his  pen- 
manship recommended  him  to  the  sultan, 
who  made  him  his  vizier.  The  sultan's 
daughter  undertook  to  disenchant  him 
and  restore  him  to  his  proper  form  ;  but 
to  accomplish  this  she  had  to  fight  with 
the  malignant  genius.  She  succeeded  in 
killing  the  genius,  and  restoring  the  en- 
chanted prince  ;  but  received  such  severe 
injuries  in  the  struggle  that  she  died,  and 
a  spark  of  fire  which  flew  into  the  right 
eye  of  the  prince  perished  it.  The  sultan 
was  so  heart-broken  at  the  death  of  his 
only  child,  that  he  insisted  on  the  prince 
quitting  the  kingdom  without  delay.  So 
he  assumed  the  garb  of  a  calender,  and 
being  received  into  the  hospitable  house 
of  "  the  three  sisters,"  told  his  tale  in  the 
hearing  of  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid. 
— The  Arabian  Nights. 

2ale  of  the  Third  Calender.  This  tale  is 
given  on  p.  12,  under  the  word  Agib. 

"  I  am  called  Agib,"  he  says,  "and  am  the  son  of  a  king 
whose  name  was  Cassib." — Arabian  Mghtt. 

Calepine  {Sir),  the  knight  attached 
to  Sere'na  (canto  3).  Seeing  a  bear 
carrying  off  a  child,  he  attacked  it,  and 
squeezed  it  to  death,  then  committed  the 
babe  to  the  care  of  Matilde,  wife  of  sir 
Bruin.  As  Matilde  had  no  child  of  her 
own,  she  adopted  it  (canto  4). — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  vi.  (1596). 

*^*  Upton  says,  "the  child"  in  this 
incident  is  meant  for  M'Mahon,  of  Ire- 
land, and  that  "  Mac  Mahon"  means  the 
"son  of  a  bear."    He  furthermore  saya 


GALES. 


161 


CALISTA. 


that  the  M'Mahons  were  descended  from 
the  Fitz-Ursulas,  a  noble  English  family. 

Ca'les  (2  syL).  So  gipsies  call  them- 
selves. 

Beltran  Cruzado,  cotint  of  the  Cales. 

Longfellow,  T/us  Spanith  Student. 

Calf-skin.  Fools  and  jesters  used  to 
■wear  a  calf-skin  coat  buttoned  down  the 
back,  and  hence  Faulconbridge  says  inso- 
lently to  the  arch-duke  of  Austria,  who 
had  acted  rery  basely  towards  Richard 
Lion-heart : 

Thou  wear  a  lion's  hide!  doflF  it  for  shame, 
And  hang  a  calf-skin  on  tliose  lecreant  limbs. 

Shakespeare,  King  John,  act  iii.  sc.  1  (1596). 

Cal'ianax,  a  humorous  old  lord, 
father  of  Aspatia  the  troth-plight  wife  of 
Amin'tor.  It  is  the  death  of  Aspatia 
which  gives  name  to  the  drama. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  I'he  Maid's  Tragedy 
(1610). 

Cal'iban,  a  savage,  deformed  slave 
of  Prospero  (the  rightful  duke  of  Milan 
and  father  of  Miranda).  Caliban  is  the 
"  freckled  whelp  "  of  the  witch  Syc'orax. 
Mrs.  Shelley's  "  Frankenstein  "  is  a  sort 
of  Caliban. — Shakespeare,  The  Tempest 
(1609). 

"Caliban"  .  .  .  Is  all  earth  ...  be  has  the  dawnings 
of  understanding  without  reason  or  the  moral  sense  .  .  . 
tills  advance  to  the  intellectual  faculties  without  the  moral 
sense  is  marked  by  the  appearance  of  vice. — Coleridge. 

Cariburn,  same  as  Excalibar,  the 
famous  sword  of  king  Arthur. 

Onward  Arthur  paced,  with  hand 
On  Caliburn's  resistless  brand. 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Bridal  of  Triermain  (1813). 

Arthur  .  .  .  drew  out  his  Calibiirn,  and  .  .  .  rushed 
forward  with  great  furj-  into  the  thickest  of  the  enemy's 
ranks  .  .  .  nor  did  he  give  over  the  fury  of  his  assault  till 
he  had,  with  his  Caliburn,  killed  470  men. — Ueoffrey, 
British  Bi&tory,  ix.  4  (1142). 

Cal'idore  {Sir),  the  type  of  courtesy, 
and  the  hero  of  the  sixth  book  of  Spenser's 
Faery  Queen.  The  model  of  this  character 
was  sir  Philip  Sydney.  Sir  Calidore 
(3  syl.)  starts  in  quest  of  the  Blatant  Beast, 
which  had  escaped  from  sir  Artegal 
(bk.  V.  12).  He  first  compels  the  lady 
Bria'na  to  discontinue  her  discourteous 
toll  of  "  the  locks  of  ladies  and  the  beards 
of  knights  "  (canto  1) .  Sir  Calidore  falls  in 
love  with  Pastorella,  a  shepherdess,  dresses 
like  a  shepherd,  and  assists  his  ladj'-love 
in  keeping  sheep.  Pastorella  being  taken 
captive  by  brigands,  sir  Calidore  rescues 
her,  and  leaves  her  at  Belgard  Castle  to 
be  taken  care  of,  while  he  goes  in  quest  of 
the  Blatant  Beast.  He  finds  the  monster 
after  a  time,  by  the  havoc  it  had  made 
with  religious  houses,  and  after  an  obsti- 
nate fight  succeeds  in  muzzling  it,  and 


dragging  it  in  chains  after  him,  but  it  got 
loose  again,  as  it  did  before  (canto  12).— 
Spenser,  Faiiry  Queen,  vi.  (1596). 

Sir  Gawain  was  the  "Calidore"  of  the  Round  Table.— 
Southey. 

*^*  "  Pastorella  "  is  Frances  Walsingham 
(daughter  of  sir  Francis),  whom  sir  Philip 
Sydney  married.  After  the  death  of  sir 
Philip  she  married  the  earl  of  Essex.  The 
"Blatant  Beast"  is  what  we  now  call 
"  Mrs.  Grundy." 

Calig'orant,  an  Egyptian  giant  and 
cannibal,  who  used  to  entrap  travellers 
with  an  invisible  net.  It  was  the  very 
same  net  that  Vulcan  made  to  catch  Mars 
and  Venus  with.  Mercury  stole  it  for 
the  purpose  of  entrapping  Chloris,  and  left 
it  in  the  temple  of  Anu'bis,  whence  it  was 
stolen  by  Caligorant.  One  day  Astolpho, 
by  a  blast  of  his  magic  horn,  so  frightened 
the  giant  that  he  got  entangled  in  his  own 
net,  and  being  made  captive  was  despoiled 
of  it. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Cali'no,  a  famous  French  utterer  cf 
bulls. 

Caliph  means  "  vicar  "  or  representa- 
tive of  Mahomet.  Scaliger  says,  "Calipha 
est  vicarius  "  (Isagog,  3).  The  dignity  of 
sultan  is  superior  to  that  of  caliph, 
although  many  sultans  called  themselves 
caliphs.  That  passage  which  in  our 
version  of  the  New  Testament  is  ren- 
dered "Archelaus  reigned  in  his  stead" 
(i.e.  in  the  place  of  Herod),  is  translated 
in  the  Syriac  version  Chealaph  Ilerodes, 
that  is,  "Archelaus  was  Herod's  caliph  " 
or  vicar.  Similarly,  the  pope  calls  him- 
self "St.  Peter's  vicar." — Selden,  I'itles 
of  Honour,  v.  68-9  (1672). 

Calip'olis,  in  The  Battle  of  Alcazar, 
a  drama  by  George  Peele  (1582).  Pistol 
says  to  Mistress  Quickly  : 

Then  feed  and  be  fat,  my  fair  Calipolis.— Shakespeare. 
2  Uenr}/  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  4  (1598). 

Cal'is  {The  princess),  sister  of  As- 
torax  king  of  Paphos,  in  love  with  Poly- 
dore,  brother  of  general  Memnon,  but 
loved  greatly  by  Siphax. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Mad  Lover  (1617). 

Calis'ta,  the  fierce  and  haughty 
daughter  of  Sciol'to  (3  syl.),  a  proud 
Genoese  nobleman.  She  yielded  to  the 
seduction  of  Lotha'rio,  but  engaged  to 
marry  Al'tamont,  a  young  lord  who  loved 
her  dearly.  On  the  wedding  day  a  letter 
was  picked  up  which  proved  her  guilt, 
and  she  was  subsequently  seen  by  Alta- 
mont  conversing  with  Lothario.  A  duel 
ensued,  in  which  Lothario  fell :  in  a  street 


CALISTO  AND  ARCAS. 


152 


CALUMET  OF  PEACE. 


row  Sciolto  received  his  death-wound, 
and  Calista  stabbed  herself.  The  charac- 
ter of  "  Calista  "  was  one  of  the  parts  of 
Mrs.  Siddons,  and  also  of  Miss  Brunton. 
--N.  Rowe,  The  Fair  Penitent  (1703). 

Hlcliardson  has  given  a  purity  and  sanctity  to  the  sor- 
rows of  his  "Clarissa"  which  leave  "  Calista  "  immeasurably 
behind.— R.  Chambers,  English  Literature,  i.  590. 

Twelve  years  after  Norris's  death,  Mrs.  Barry  was  acting 
the  character  of  "  Calista."  In  the  last  act,  where  "  Calista  " 
lays  her  hand  upon  a  skull,  she  [Mrs.  Barry]  was  suddenly 
seized  with  a  shudderinj;,  and  fainted.  Next  day  she 
asked  whence  the  skull  liad  been  obtained,  and  was  told 
it  was  "  the  skull  of  Mr.  Norris,  an  actor."  This  Norris 
WR^  her  former  husband,  and  so  great  was  the  shock  that 
she  died  within  six  weeks. — Oxberry. 

Calis'to  and  Ar'cas.  Calisto,  an 
Arcadian  nymph,  was  changed  into  a  she- 
bear.  Her  son  Areas,  supposing  the  bear 
to  be  an  ordinary  beast,  was  about  to  shoot 
it,  when  .Jupiter  metamorphosed  him  into 
a  he-bear.  Both  were  taken  to  heaven  by 
Jupiter,  and  became  the  constellations 
Ursa  Minor  and  Ursa  Major. 

Call'aghan  O'Brall'aghan  (Sir), 
*'a  wild  Irish  soldier  in  the  Prussian 
army.  His  military  humour  makes  one 
fancy  he  was  not  only  bom  in  a  siege,  but 
thatBellona  had  been  his  nurse,  Mars  his 
schoolmaster,  and  the  Furies  his  play- 
fellows" (act  i.  1).  He  is  the  successful 
suitor  of  Charlotte  Goodchild. — C.  Mack- 
lin,  Love  a-la-mode  (1779). 

In  the  records  of  the  stage,  no  actor  ever  approached 
Jack  Johnstone  in  Irish  characters:  "sir  Lucius  O Trig- 
ger," "Callaghan  O'Brallaghan,"  "major  O'Flaherty," 
"  Teague,"  "TuUy"  (the  Irish  gardener),  and  "Dennis 
Brulgruddery  "  were  portrayed  by  him  in  most  exquisite 
colours.— JVew  Monthly  Magazine  (1829). 

*^*  "  Lucius  O'Trigger,"  in  The  Rivals 
(Sheridan) ;  "  major  O'Flaherty,"  in  The 
West  Indian  (Cumberland)  ;  "  Teague," 
in  The  Committee  (Howard);  "Dennis 
Brulgruddery,"  in  John  Bull  (Colman). 

Callet,  a  fille  pvhlique.  Brantome 
says  a  calle  or  calotte  is  "  a  cap,"  hence  the 
phrase,  Plattes  comme  des  calles.  Ben 
Jonson,  in  his  Magnetick  Lady,  speaks  of 
•'  wearing  the  callet,  the  politic  hood." 

Des  filles  du  peupleet  de  la  camp^ne  s'appellantcaWe*, 
A  cause  de  la  "cale"qui  leur  servait  de  coiffure.— Fran- 
cisquc  Michel. 

En  sa  tfite  avoit  un  gros  bonnet  blanc,  qui  Ton  appelle 
nne  calle,  et  nous  autres  appelons  calotte,  ou  bonnette 
blanche  de  lagne,  nou(5eou  bridge  pardessoubzlementon. 
— Brantdme,  Viet  des  Dames  Illicttre*. 

A  beggar  in  his  drink 
Could  not  have  laid  such  terms  upon  his  callet 

Shakespeare,  Othello,  act  iv.  sc.  2  (1611). 

Callim'achus  (ITie  Italian),  ¥i\ip-po 
Buonaccorsi  (1437-1496). 

Callir'rlioe  (4  syl.),  the  lady-love  of 
Chai'reas,  in  a  Greek  romance  entitled 
The  Loves  oj'  Cha^reas  and  Callirrhoe,  by 
Char'iton  (eighth  century). 


Callis'thenes  (4  si/L),  a  philosopher, 
who  accompanied  Alexander  the  Great  on 
his  Oriental  expedition.  He  refused  to 
pay  Alexander  divine  honours,  for  which 
he  was  accused  of  treason,  and  being 
mutilated,  was  chained  in  a  cage  for 
seven  months  like  a  wild  beast.  Lysi- 
machus  put  an  end  to  his  tortures  by 
poison. 

Oh  let  me  roll  in  Macedonian  rays. 
Or,  like  Callisthenes,  be  c:iged  f;r  life, 
Kather  than  shine  in  fashions  of  the  East. 

N.  Lee.  Alexander  the  (jreat,  iv.  1  (1678). 

Cal'mar,  son  of  Matha,  lord  of  Lara 
(in  Connaught).  He  is  represented  as 
presumptuous,  rash,  and  overbearing,  but 
gallant  and  generous.  The  very  opposite 
of  the  temperate  Connal,  who  advises 
caution  and  forethought.  Calmar  hurries 
Cuthullin  into  action,  which  ends  in 
defeat.  Connal  comforts  the  general  in 
his  distress. — Ossian,  Fingal,  i. 

Cal'pe  (2  sifl.),  Gibraltar.  The  two 
pillars  of  Hercules  are  Calpe  and  Ab'yla. 

Slie  her  thundering  navy  leads 
To  Calpe. 

Akenside,  Ilymn  to  the  Jfaiadt. 

Cal'thon,  brother  of  Col'mar,  sons  ol 
Rathmor  chief  of  Clutha  {the  Clyde).  The 
father  was  murdered  in  his  halls  by  Dun- 
thalmo  lord  of  Teutha  {the  2'v^eed),  and 
the  two  boys  were  brought  up  by  the 
murderer  in  his  own  house,  and  accom- 
panied him  in  his  wars.  As  they  grew 
in  years,  Dunthalmo  fancied  he  perceived 
in  their  looks  a  something  which  excited 
his  suspicions,  so  he  shut  them  up  in  two 
separate  dark  caves  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tweed.  Colmal,  daughter  of  Dunthalmo, 
dressed  as  a  young  warrior,  liberated 
Calthon,  and  fled  with  him  to  Morven,  to 
crave  aid  in  behalf  of  the  captive  Col- 
mar.  Accordingly,  Fingal  sent  his  son 
Ossian  with  300  men  to  effect  his  libera- 
tion. AVhen  Dunthalmo  heard  of  the 
approach  of  this  army,  he  put  Colmar  to 
death.  Calthon,  mourning  for  his  brother, 
was  captured,  and  bound  to  an  oak  ;  but 
at  daybreak  Ossian  slew  Dunthalmo,  cut 
the  thongs  of  Calthon,  gave  him  to  Col- 
mal, and  they  lived  happily  in  the  halls 
of  Teutha. — Ossian,  Calthon  and  Colmal. 

Calumet  of  Peace.    The  bowl  of 

this  pipe  is  made  of  a  soft  red  stone  easily 
hollowed  out,  the  stem  of  cane  or  some 
light  wood,  painted  with  divers  colours, 
and  decorated  with  the  heads,  tails,  and 
feathers  of  birds.  When  Indians  enter 
into  an  alliance  or  solemn  engagement, 
they  smoke  the  calun»et  together.  When 
war  is  the  subject,  the  whole  pipe  and 


CALYDON. 


153 


CAMBALLO. 


all  its  ornaments  are  deep  red. — ^Major 
Rogers,  Account  of  North  America,  (bee 
Ked  Pipe.) 

A-calumeting,  a-courting.  In  the  day- 
time any  act  of.  gallantry  would  be 
deemed  indecorous  by  the  American 
Indians ;  but  after  sunset,  the  young 
lover  goes  a-calumeting.  He,  in  fact, 
lights  his  pipe,  and  entering  the  cabin  of 
his  well-beloved,  presents  it  to  her.  If 
the  lady  extinguishes  it,  she  accepts  his 
addresses;  but  if  she  suffers  it  to  burn  on, 
she  rejects  them,  and  the  gentleman 
retires. — Ashe,  Travels. 

Cal'ydon  (Prince  o/),  Melea'ger,  famed 
for  killing  the  Calydonian  boar. — Apollod, 
i.  8.     (See  Meleager.) 

As  did  the  fatal  brand  Althaea  burn'd. 
Unto  the  prince's  heart  of  Calydon. 
Shakespeare,  2  Henry  VI.  act  i.  so.  1  (1591). 

Cal'ydon,  a  town  of  ^to'lia,  founded 
by  Calydon.  In  Arthurian  romance 
Calydon  is  a  forest  in  the  north  of  our 
island.  Probably  it  is  what  Richard  of 
Cirencester  calls  the  "Caledonian  Wood," 
westward  of  the  Varar  or  Murray  Frith. 

Calydo'nian  Hunt.  Artemis,  to 
punish  CFlneus  [^E'.nucel  king  of  Cal'ydon, 
in  /Eto'lia,  for  neglect,  sent  a  monster 
boar  to  ravage  his  vineyards.  His  son 
Melea'ger  collected  together  a  large 
company  to  hunt  it.  The  boar  being 
killed,  a  dispute  arose  respecting  the 
head,  and  this  led  to  a  war  between  the 
Curetes  and  Calydo'nians. 

A  similar  tale  is  told  of  Theseus  (2  syL), 
who  vanquished  and  killed  the  gigantic 
sow  which  ravaged  the  territory  of 
Krommyon,  near  Corinth.     (See  Krom- 

MYONIAN    d>OW.) 

Calyp'so,  in  Telemaqiie,  a  prose-epic 
by  Fe'nelon,  is  meant  for  Mde.  de  Mon- 
tespan.  In  mythology  she  was  queen  of 
the  island  Ogyg'ia,  on  which  Ulyssgs 
was  wrecked,  and  where  he  was  detained 
for  seven  years. 

Calypso's  Isle,  Ogygia,  a  mythical 
island  "  in  the  navel  of  the  sea."  Some 
consider  it  to  be  Gozo,  near  Malta. 
Ogygia  (not  the  island)  is  Boeo'tia,  in 
Greece. 

Cama'cho,  "  richest  of  men,"  makes 
grand  preparations  for  his  wedding  with 
Quite'ria,  "  fairest  of  women,"  but  as  the 
bridal  party  are  on  their  way,  Basil'ius 
cheats  him  .of  his  bride,  by  pretending 
to  kill  himself.  As  it  is  supposed  that 
Basilius  is  dying,  Quiteria  is  married  to 
Uim  aa  a  mere  matter  of  form,  to  soothe 


his  last  moments ;  but  when  the  service  la 
oyer,  up  jumps  Basilius,  and  shows  that 
his  "mortal  wounds"  are  a  mere 
pretence. — Cervantes,  an  episode  in  Don 
Quixote,  II.  ii.  4  (1615). 

Camalodu'num,  Colchester. 

Girt  by  half  the  tribes  of  Britain,  near  the  colony  Camu- 
lodine. 

Tennyson,  Boadiy,ea, 

Caman'ches  (3  syL)  or  Coman'- 
CHES,  an  Indian  tribe  of  the  Texas 
(United  States). 

It  is  a  caravan,  whitening  the  desert  where  dwell  the 
Camanches. 

Longfellow,  To  the  Driving  Cloud. 

Camaral'zainan,  prince  of  "  the 
Island  of  the  Children  of  Khal'edan, 
situate  in  the  open  sea,  some  twenty  days' 
sail  from  the  coast  of  Persia."  He  was 
the  only  child  of  Schah'zaman  and 
Fatima,  king  and  queen  of  the  island. 
He  was  very  averse  to  marriage ;  but  one 
night,  by  fairy  influence,  being  shown 
Badou'ra,  only  child  of  the  king  of 
China,  he  fell  in  love  with  her  and 
exchanged  rings.  Next  day  both  in- 
quired what  had  become  of  the  other,  and 
the  question  was  deemed  so  ridiculous 
that  each  was  thought  to  be  mad.  At 
length  Marzavan  (foster-brother  of  the 
princess)  solved  the  mystery.  He 
induced  the  prince  Camaralzaman  to  go 
to  China,  where  he  was  recognized  by  the 
princess  and  married  her.  (The  name 
means  "the  moon  of  the  period.")— ^ra6ja/» 
Nights  ("  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura  "). 

Cam'ballo,  the  second  son  of  Cam- 
buscan'  king  of  Tartary,  brother  of 
Al'garsife  (3  syl.)  and  Can'ace  (3  syl.). 
He  fought  with  two  knights  who  asked 
the  lady  Canace  to  wife,  the  terms  being 
that  none  should  have  her  till  he  had 
succeeded  in  worsting  Camballo  in 
combat.  Chaucer  does  not  give  us  the 
sequel  of  this  tale,  but  Spenser  says  that 
three  brothers,  named  Priamond,  Dia- 
mond, and  Triamond  were  suitors,  and 
that  Triamond  won  her.  The  mother  of 
these  three  (all  bom  at  one  birth)  was 
Ag'ape,  who  dwelt  in  Faery-land  (bk. 
iv.  2). 

Spenser  makes  Cambi'na  (daughter  of 
Agape)  the  lady-love  of  Camballo. 
Camballo  is  also  called  Camballus  .ind 
Cambel . 

Camballo's  Ring,  given  him  by  his 
sister  Canace,  "  had  power  to  stanch  all 
wounds  that  mortally  did  bleed." 

Well  mote  ye  wonder  how  that  nobie  knight. 

After  he  had  so  often  wounded  been, 
Could  stand  on  foot  now  to  renew  the  fight  .  ,  . 


CAMBALU. 


154 


CAMBUSCAN. 


▲11  WSJ  thro'  virtue  of  the  ring  he  wore ; 

The  which  not  only  did  not  from  him  let 
One  drop  of  blood  to  fall,  but  did  restore 

His  weakened  powers,  and  his  dulled  spirits  whet. 
Spenser,  FaSry  queen,  iv.  2  (1596). 

Cam'balu,  the  royal  residence  of  the 
cham  of  Cathay  (a  province  of  Tartary). 
Milton  speaks  of  "  Cambalu,  seat  of 
Cathayan  Q&n."— Paradise  Lost,  xi.  388 
(1665). 

Cam'baluc,  spoken  of  by  Marco  Polo, 
is  Pekin. 

Cambel,  called  by  Chaucer  Cam'- 
ballo,  brother  of  Can'ace  (3  syl.).  He 
challenged  every  suitor  to  his  sister's 
hand,  and  overthrew  them  all  except 
Tri'amond.  The  match  between  Cambel 
and  Triamond  was  so  evenly  balanced, 
that  both  would  have  been  killed  had  not 
Cambi'na  interfered.  (See  next  art.) — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iv.  3  (1596). 

Cambi'na,  daughter  of  the  fairy 
Ag'ape  (3  syl.).  She  had  been  trained 
in  magic  by  her  mother,  and  when 
Cam'ballo,  son  of  Cambuscan',  had  slain 
two  of  her  brothers  and  was  engaged  in 
deadly  combat  with  the  third  (named 
Tri'amond),  she  appeared  in  the  lists  in 
her  chariot  drawn  by  two  lions,  and 
brought  with  her  a  cup  of  nepenthe, 
which  had  the  power  of  converting  hate 
to  love,  of  producing  oblivion  of  sorrow, 
andofinspiringthemindwith  celestial  joy. 
Cambina  touched  the  combatants  witli 
her  wand  and  paralyzed  them,  then  giving 
them  the  cup  to  drink,  dissolved  their 
animosity,  assuaged  their  pains,  and 
filled  them  with  gladness.  The  end  was 
that  Camballo  made  Cambina  his  wife, 
and  Triamond  married  Can'ace. — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  iv.  3  (1596). 

Cam'bria,  Wales.  According  to 
legend,  it  is  so  called  from  Camber,  the  son 
of  Brute.  This  legendary  king  divided 
his  dominions  at  death  between  his  three 
sons  :  Locrin  had  the  southern  part,  hence 
called  Loegria  (England) ;  Camber  the 
west  (Wales)  ;  and  Albanact  the  north, 
called  Albania  (Scotland). 

From  Cambria's  curse,  from  Cambria's  tears. 

Gray,  The  Bard  (1787). 

Cam'briaii,  Welsh,  pertaining  to 
Cambria  or  Wales. 

Cambridge  University,  said  to 
have  been  founded  by  Sebert  or  Segbert 
king  of  Essex,  the  reputed  founder  of 
St.  Peter's,  Westminster  (604). 

Wise  Segbert,  worthy  prfUse,  preparing  us  the  seat 
Of  famous  Cambridge  first,  then  with  endowments  great, 
The  Muses  to  maintain,  those  sisters  thither  brought. 
Drajtoa,  PolyoWon,  xi.  (1613). 


Cambridge  Boat  Crew,  light 
blue,  the  Oxford  being  dark  blue. 
Cuius,  light  blue  and  black  ;  Catherine's^ 
blue  and  white;  Christ's,  common  blue; 
Clare,  black  and  golden  yellow  ;  Corpus, 
cherry  and  white ;  Downing,  chocolate ;  Fm- 
manuel,  cherry  and  dark  blue ;  Jesus,  red 
and  black  ;  John's,  bright  red  and  white  ; 
King's,  violet ;  Magdelen,  indigo  and  laven- 
der ;  Pembroke,  claret  and  French  grey  ; 
Feterhouse,  dark  blue  and  white ;  Queen's, 
green  and  white  ;  Sydney,  red  and  blue  ; 
Trinity,  dark  blue ;  Trinity  Hall,  black 
and  white. 

Cambridge    on    the    Charles, 

contains  Harvard  University,  founded 
1636  at  Cambridge  on  the  river  Charles 
(Massachusetts),  and  endowed  in  1639 
by  the  Rev.  John  Harvard. 

▲  theologian  from  the  school 

Of  Cambridge  on  the  Charles,  was  there. 

Longfellow,  The  Way»ide  Inn  (prelude). 

Cambuscan',  king  of  Sarra,  in  the 
land  of  Tartar^  ;  the  model  of  all  royal 
virtues.  His  wife  was  El'feta;  his  two  sons 
Al'garsife  (3  syl.)  and  Cam'ballo ;  and  his 
daughter  Can'ace  (3  syl. ) .  Chaucer  accents 
the  7as^  syllable,  but  Milton  erroneously 
throws  the  accent  on  the  middle  syllable. 
Thus  Chaucer  says : 

And  so  befell  that  when  this  Cambosoin'  .  .  k 

And  again : 

This  Cambuican',  of  which  I  have  you  told  .  . 

Squire's  Tate. 

But  Milton,  in  H  Penseroso,  says : 

Him  who  left  half-told 

The  story  of  Cambui'can  bold. 

The  accent  might  be  preserved  by  a 
slight  change,  thus : 

Him  who  left  of  old 

The  tale  of  Cambuscan'  half-told. 

Cambuscan  had  three  presents  sent  him 
by  the  king  of  Araby  and  Ind :  (1) 
a  horse  of  brass,  which  would  within  a 
single  day  transport  its  rider  to  the  most 
distant  region  of  the  world  ;  (2)  a  tren- 
chant sword,  which  would  cut  through  the 
stoutest  armour,  and  heal  a  sword-wound 
by  simply  striking  it  with  the  flat  of  the 
blade  ;  (3)  a  mirror,  which  would  reveal 
conspiracies,  tell  who  were  faithful  and 
loyal,  and  in  whom  trust  might  be 
confided.  He  also  sent  Cambuscan's 
daughter  Canace  a  ring  that  she  might 
know  the  virtues  of  all  plants,  and  by 
aid  of  which  she  would  be  able  to  under- 
stand the  language  of  birds,  and  even  to 
converse  with  them.— Chaucer,  Canterbury 
Tales  ("The  Squire's  Tale,"  1388). 


CAMBYSES. 


155 


CAMLAN. 


( 


Camby'ses  (3  syi.),  a  pompous, 
ranting  character  in  Preston's  tragedy  of 
that  name. 

I  must  speak  !n  passion,  and  I  will  do  it  iaking  Cam- 
byseg'  vein. — Shakespeare,  1  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  4  (1597). 

Camby'ses  and  Smerdis.  Cam- 
byses  king  of  Persia  killed  his  brother 
Smerdis  from  the  wild  suspicion  of  a 
mad  man,  and  it  is  only  charity  to  think 
that  lie  was  really  non  compos  mentis. 

Behold  Cambisms  and  his  fatal  daye  .  .  . 
While  he  his  brother  Mergus  cast  to  slaye, 
A  dreadful  thing,  his  wittes  were  him  iJereft. 

T.  Sackville,  A  Mirrourfor  Magittraytei 
("TheComplaynt,"  1587). 

Camdeo,  the  god  of  love  in  Hindii 
mythology. 

Camel.  The  pelican  is  called  the 
"river  camel," in  French  c/tameau  cTeaw, 
and  in  Arabic  jimm^l  el  bahar. 

We  saw  abundance  of  camels  [i.:  pelieant],  but  they 
did  not  come  near  enough  for  us  to  shoot  them. — Norden, 
Voyage. 

Cam.eliard  (3  syl.)^  the  realm  of 
Lcod'ogran  or  Leod'ogrance,  father  of 
Guin'evere  (3  syl.)  wife  of  king  Arthur. 

Leodogmn,  the  king  of  Cameliard 

Had  one  fair  daughter  and  none  other  child  .  .  . 

Guinevere,  and  in  lier  his  one  delight. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur. 

Cam'elot  (3  syl.).  There  are  two 
places  so  called.  The  place  referred  to  in 
King  Lear  is  in  Cornwall,  but  that  of 
Arthurian  renown  was  in  Winchester.  In 
regard  to  the  first  Kent  says  to  Cornwall, 
"Goose,  if  I  had  you  upon  Sarum  Plain 
I'd  drive  ye  cackling  home  to  Camelot," 
i.e.  to  Tintag'il  or  Camelford,  the  "home  " 
of  the  duke  of  Cornwall.  But  the  Came- 
lot of  Arthur  was  in  WinchesttT,  where 
visitors  are  still  shown  certain  large  en- 
trenchments once  pertaining  to  "  king 
Arthur's  palace." 

Sir  Balin's  sword  waa  put  into  marble  stone,  standing  It 
upright  as  a  great  millstone,  and  it  swam  down  the  stream 
to  the  city  of  Camelot,  that  is,  in  English,  Winchester.— 
Sir  T.  Malory,  history  of  Prince  Arthur,  L  44  (1470). 

*^*  In  some  places,  even  in  Arthurian 
romance,  Camelot  seems  the  city  on  the 
Camel,  in  Cornwall.  Thus,  when  sir 
Tristram  left  Tintagil  to  go  to  Ireland,  a 
tempest  "drove  him  back  to  Camelot" 
(pt.  ii.  19). 

Camil'la,  the  virgin  queen  of  the 
Volscians,  famous  for  her  fleetness  of 
foot.     She  aided  Turnus  against  Mneas. 

Not  so  when  swift  Camilla  scours  the  plain, 
Fliea  o'er  th'  itnbending  corn,  or  skims  along  the  main. 
Pope. 

Camilla,  wife  of  Anselmo  of  Florence. 
Anselmo,  in  order  to  rejoice  in  her  incor- 
raptible  fidelity,  induced  his  friend  Lo- 


thario to  try  to  corrupt  her.  This  he  did, 
and  Camilla  was  not  trial-proof,  but  fell. 
Anselmo  for  a  time  was  kept  in  the  dark, 
but  at  the  end  Camilla  eloped  with  Lo- 
thario. Anselmo  died  of  grief,  Lothario 
was  slain  in  battle,  and  Camilla  died  in  a 
convent. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv. 
5,  6  ("Fatal  Curiosity,"  1605). 

Camille'  (2  syl.),  in  Comeille's  tragedy 
of  Les  Horaces  (1039).  When  her  brother 
meets  her  and  bids  her  congratulate  him 
for  his  victory  over  the  three  curiatii,  she 
gives  utterance  to  her  grief  for  the  death  of 
her  lover.  Horace  says,  "What !  canyon 
prefer  a  man  to  the  interests  of  Rome  ?  " 
Whereupon  Camille  denounces  Rome,  and 
concludes  with  these  words  :  "Oh  that 
it  were  my  lot !  "  When  Mdlle.  Rachel 
first  appeared  in  the  character  of  "  Ca- 
mille," she  took  Paris  by  storm  (1838). 

Voir  le  dernier  Komain  k  son  dernier  soupir, 
Moi  seule  en  £tre  cause,  et  mourir  de  plaisir. 

*^*  Whitehead  has  dramatized  the  sub- 
ject and  called  it  The  Roman  Father 
(1741). 

Cam.illo,  a  lord  in  the  Sicilian  court, 
and  a  very  good  man.  Being  commanded 
by  king  Leontes  to  poison  Polixenes, 
instead  of  doing  so  he  gave  him  warning, 
and  fled  with  him  to  Bohemia.  Whe^ 
Pclixenes  ordered  his  son  FlorTzel  to 
abandon  Perdita,  Camillo  persuaded  the 
young  lovers  to  seek  refuge  in  Sicily, 
and  induced  Leontes,  the  king  thereof, 
to  protect  them.  As  soon  as  Polixenes 
discovered  that  Perdita  was  Leontes' 
daughter,  he  readily  consented  to  the  union 
which  before  he  had  forbidden. — Shake- 
speare, The  Winter's  Tale  (1604). 

Cami'ola,  "the  maid  of  honour,"  a 
lady  of  great  wealth,  noble  spirit,  and 
great  beauty.  She  loved  Bertoldo 
(brother  of  Roberto  king  of  the  two  Sici- 
lies), and  when  Bertoldo  was  taken 
prisoner  at  Sienna,  paid  his  ransom. 
Bertoldo  before  his  release  was  taken 
before  Aurelia,  the  duchess  of  Sienna. 
Aurelia  fell  in  love  with  him,  and  pro- 
posed marriage,  an  offer  which  Bertoldo 
accepted.  The  betrothed  then  went  to 
Palermo  to  be  introduced  to  the  king, 
when  Camiola  exposed  the  conduct  of  the 
base  young  prince.  Roberto  was  dis- 
gusted at  his  brother,  Aurelia  rejected 
him  with  scorn,  and  Camiola  retired  to 
a  nunnery. — Massinger,  Tlie  Maid  of 
Honour  (1037). 

Camlan  (in  Cornwall),  now  the  river 
Alan  or  Camel,  a  contraction  of  Cara-alan 


CAMLOTTE. 


156 


CANDAYA. 


("the  crooked  river"),  so  called  from  its 
continuous  windings.  Here  Arthur  re- 
ceived his  death-wound  from  the  hand  of 
his  nephew  Mordred  or  Modred,  a.d.  542. 

Camel  .  .  . 

Frantic  ever  since  her  British  Arthur's  blood. 

By   Mordred's  murtherous  hand,  was  mingled  with  her 

flood. 
For  as  that  river  best  might  boast  that  conqueror's  breath 

ibirthl 
So  sadly  she  bemoans  his  too  untimely  death. 

M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  L  (1612). 

Cam'lotte  (2  syl.),  shoddy,  fustian, 
rubbish,  as  Cest  de  la  camlotte  ce  qui  vous 
dltes-la. 

Cam'omile  (3  syl.),  says  FalstafF, 
**  the  more  it  is  trodden  on  the  faster  it 
grows." — Shakespeare,!  Henry  IV.  actii. 

sc.  4  (1597). 

Though  the  camemiJe,  the  more  it  is  trodden  and  pressed 
downe,  the  more  it  spreadetli ;  yet  the  violet,  the  oftener 
it  is  handled  and  touched,  the  sooner  it  withereth  and 
decayeth.— Lilly,  Euphues. 

Campa'nia,  the  plain  country  about 
Cap'ua,  the  terra  di  Lavo'ro  of  Italy. 

Campas'pe  (3  syl.),  mistress  of  Alex- 
ander. He  gave  her  up  to  Apelles,  who 
had  fallen  in  love  with  her  while  painting 
her  likeness. — Pliny,  Hist.  xxxv.  10. 

John  Lyly  produced,  in  1583,  a  drama 
entitled  Cupid  and  Campaspe,  in  which  is 
the  well-known  lyric : 

Cupid  and  my  Campasp*  played 
At  cards  for  kisses  ;  Cupid  paid. 

Campbell  (Captain),  called  "Green 
Colin  Campbell,"  or  Bar'caldine  (3  syL), 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  The.  Highland  Widow 
(time,  George  II.). 

Campbell  (General),  called  "Black 
Colin  Campbell,"  in  the  king's  service. 
He  suffers  the  papist  conspirators  to 
depart  unpunished. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Bed- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Campbell  (Sir  Duncan),  knight  of  Ar- 
denvohr,  in  the  marquis  of  Argyll's 
army.  He  was  sent  as  ambassador  to 
the  earl  of  Montrose. 

Lady  Mary  Campbell,  sir  Duncan's 
wife. 

Sir  Duncan  Campbell  of  Aux)henbreck, 
an  officer  in  the  army  of  the  marquis  of 
Argyll. 

Murdoch  Campbell,  a  name  assumed  by 
the  marquis  of  Argyll.  Disguised  as  "a 
servant,  he  visited  Dalgetty  and  M'Eagh 
in  the  dungeon,  but  the  prisoners  over- 
mastered him,  bound  him  fast,  locked 
him  in  the  dungeon,  and  escaped. — Sir 
VV.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time, 
Charles  I.), 


Campbell  (The  lady  Mary),  daughter  of 
the  duke  of  Argyll. 

The  lady  Caroline  Campbell,  sister  of 
lady  Mary.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Campeador  [Kam.pay'. dor},  the  Cid, 
who  was  called  Mio  Cid  el  Campeiidor 
("  my  lord  the  champion  ").  "  Cid  "  is  a 
corruption  of  said  ("  lord  "). 

Campo-Basso  (The  count  of),  an 
officer  in  the  duke  of  Burgundy's  army, 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  two 
novels,  Quentin  Durvoard  and  Anne  of 
Geierstein,  both  laid  in  the  time  of 
Edward  IV. 

Can'a,  a  kind  of  grass  plentiful  in  the 
heathy  morasses  of  the  north. 

If  on  the  heath  she  moved,  her  breast  was  whiter  than 
the  down  of  cana ;  if  on  the  seii-beat  shore,  than  the  foam 
of  the  rolling  ocean.— Ossian,  Cath-Loda,  iu 

Can'ace  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Cam- 
buscan',  and  the  paragon  of  women. 
Chaucer  left  the  tale  half -told,  but 
Spenser  makes  a  crowd  of  suitors  woo 
her.  Her  brother  Cambel  or  Cam'ballo 
resolved  that  none  should  win  his  sister 
who  did  not  first  overthrow  him  in  fight. 
At  length  Tri'amond  sought  her  hand,  and 
was  so  nearly  matched  in  fight  with  Can:  - 
ballo,  that  both  would  have  been  killed, 
if  Cambi'na,  daughter  of  the  fairy  Ag'ap^ 
(3  syl.),  had  not  interfered.  Cambina 
gave  the  wounded  combatants  nepenthe, 
which  had  the  power  of  converting  enmity 
to  love ;  so  the  combatants  ceased  from 
fight,  Camballo  took  the  fair  Cambina  to 
wife,  and  Triamond  married  Canace. — 
Chaucer,  Squire's  Tale;  Spenser,  Fairy 
Queen,  iy.  3  (1596). 

Canace's  Mirror,  a  mirror  which  told 
the  inspectors  if  the  persons  on  whom 
they  set  their  affections  would  prove  true 
or  false. 

Canace' s  Ring.  The  king  of  Araby  and 
Ind  sent  Canace,  daughter  of  Cambus- 
can'  (king  of  Sarra,  in  Tartary),  a  ring 
which  enabled  her  to  understand  the 
language  of  birds,  and  to  know  the 
medical  virtues  of  all  herbs. — Chaucer, 
Canterbury  Tales  ("  The  Squire's  Tale," 
1388). 

Candau'les  (3  syl.),  king  of  Lydia, 
who  exposed  the  charms  of  his  wife  to 
Gy'ges.  The  queen  was  so  indignant 
that  she  employed  Gyges  to  murder  her 
husband.  She  then  married  the  assassin, 
who  became  king  of  Lydia,  and  reigned 
twenty-eight  years  (b.c.  716-688). 

Canday'a  (The  kingdom  of),  situate 


CANDID  FRIEND. 


157 


CANTON. 


between  the  great  Trapoba'na  and  the 
South  Sea,  a  couple  of  leagues  beyond 
cape  Com'orin. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iii.  4  (1615). 

Candid  Friend.  *  Save  me,  oh, 
save  me,  from  a  candid  friend  !  "  (See 
Hater.) 

Give  me  th"  avowed,  the  erect,  the  open  foe,— 
Him  I  can  meet,  perhaps  may  turn  liis  blow; 
But  of  all  friends  that  Heaven  in  wratli  can  send. 
Save  me,  oh,  save  me,  from  a  candid  friend  ! 

Canning. 

Candide'  (2  syl.)^  the  hero  of  Vol- 
taire's novel  of  the  same  name.  All 
conceivable  misfortunes  are  piled  on  his 
head,  but  he  bears  them  with  cynical 
indifference. 

Voltaire  says  "No."    He  tells  you  that  Candide 
Found  life  most  tolerable  after  meals. 

Byrou,  b<»%  Juan,  v.  31  (1820). 

Candour  (Mrs.),  the  beau-ideal  of 
female  backbiters. — Sheridan,  The  School 
for  Scandal  (1777). 

The  name  of  "Mrs.  Candour"  has  become  one  of  those 
formidable  by-words  which  have  more  power  in  putting 
folly  and  ill-nature  out  of  countenance  than  whole  volumes 
of  the  wisest  remonstrance  and  reasoning.— T.  Moore. 

Since  the  days  of  Miss  Pope,  It  may  be  questioned 
whether  "  Mrs.  Candour"  has  ever  found  a  more  admirable 
representative  than  Mrs.  Stirling.— />ra/«a<M!  Metnoiri. 

Can'idia,  a  Neapolitan,  beloved  by 
the  poet  Horace.  When  she  deserted 
him,  he  held  her  up  to  contempt  as  an  old 
sorceress  who  could  by  a  rhomb  unsphere 
the  moon. — Horace,  Epodes  v.  and  xvii. 

Such  a  charm  were  right 
Canidian. 
Mrs.  browning.  Hector  in  the  Garden,  ir. 

Canker  of  the  Brain,  mental  de- 
lusion. We  often  say  "a  person  is  full  of 
maggots,"  meaning  whims  and  fancies. 
(See  Maggots.) 

If  any  vision  should  reveal 

Thy  likeness,  1  might  count  it  vain, 

As  but  the  canker  of  the  brain. 

Tennyson,  Jn  Memoriam,  xciL 

Canmore  or  Great-Head.  Malcolm 
HI.  of  Scotland  (*,  1057-1093).— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Tales  of  a  Grandfatlier,  i.  4. 

Canning  {George),  statesman  (1770- 
1827).     Charles  Lamb  calls  him  : 

St,  Stephen's  fool,  the  zany  of  debate. 

Honnet  in  "  The  Champion." 

Cano'pos,  Menelaos's  pilot,  killed 
in  the  return  voyage  from  Troy  by  the 
bite  of  a  serpent.  The  town  Canopos 
(Latin,  Canopus)  was  built  on  the  site 
where  the  pilot  was  buried. 

Can 'tab,  a  member  of  the  University 
of  Cambridge.  The  word  is  a  contraction 
of  the  Latin  Caniahrig'ia. 


Canta'brian  Surge  {Tlw),  Bay  of 
Biscay. 

She  her  thundering  navy  Ie.ids 

To  Calp8  [ffifimiWy] .  .  .  or  the  rough 

Cantabriaii  surge. 

Akenside,  Ilymn  to  the  Naiadt. 

Cantab'rie  Ocean,  the  sea  which 
washes  the  south  of  Ireland. — Richard  of 
Cirencester,  Ancient  State  of  Britain,  i.  8. 

Can'tacuzene'  (4  syl.),  a  noble 
Greek  family,  which  has  furnished  two 
emperors  of  Constantinople,  and  several 
princes  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia.  The 
family  still  survives. 

We  mean  to  show  that  the  Cantacuzen6s  are  not  the 
only  princely  family  in  the  world. — D'Israeli,  Lothaire. 

There  are  other  members  of  the  Cantacuzenfi  family 
besides  myself. — Ditto. 

Can'tacutene'  (Michael),  the  grand 
sewer  of  Alexius  Comne'nus,  emperor  of 
Greece. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  .Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Canterbury,  according  to  mythical 
story,  was  built  by  Rudhudibras. 

By  Rudhudibras  Kent's  famous  town  .  .  .  arose. 
Drayton,  J'olyotbion,  viii.(1612.) 

Canterbury  Tales.  Eighteen  tales 
told  by  a  company  of  pilgrims  going  to 
visit  the  shrine  of  "  St.  Thomas  a  Becket" 
at  Canterbury.  The  party  first  asgem bled 
at  the  Tabard,  an  inn  in  Southwark ,  and 
there  agreed  to  tell  one  tale  each  both 
going  and  returning,  and  the  person  who 
told  the  best  tale  was  to  be  treated  by  the 
rest  to  a  supper  at  the  Tabard  on  the 
homeward  journey.  The  party  consisted 
of  twenty-nine  pilgrims,  so  that  the 
whole  budget  of  tales  should  have  been 
fifty-eight,  but  only  eighteen  of  the 
number  were  told,  not  one  being  on  the 
homeward  route.  The  chief  of  these  talcs 
are  :  "  The  Knight's  Tale  "  (Pal'amon  an-d 
Ar'cite,  2  syl.);  "The  Man  of  Law's 
Tale"  (Custance,  2  syl.) ;  "The  Wife  of 
Bath's  Tale"  (Mi'das)  ;  "  The  Clerk's  Tale" 
(Grisildis);  "The  Squire's  Tale"  (Cam- 
buscan',  incomplete);  "The  Franklin's 
Tale"  (Dor'igen  and  Arvir'agus) ;  "The 
Prioress's  Tale  "  (Hiujh  of  Lincoln)  ;  "  The 
Priest's  Tale"  (Chanticleer  and Partelite)  ; 
"The  Second  Nun's  Tale"  (-S"^.  Cecil'ia)  ; 
"  The  Doctor's  Tale  "  (Virginia);  "The 
Miller's  Tale "  (John  the  Carpenter  and 
Alison);  and  "The  Merchant's  Tale" 
(January  and  May),  (1388). 

Canton,  the  Swiss  valet  of  lord 
Ogleby.  He  has  to  skim  the  morning 
papers  and  serve  out  the  cream  of  them 
to  his  lordship  at  breakfast,  "with  good 
emphasis  and  good  discretion."  He 
laughs  at  all  his  master's  jokes,  flattera 


CANTRIPS. 


158 


CAPTAIN. 


him  to  the  top  of  his  bent,  and  speaks 
of  him  as  a  mere  chicken  compared  to 
himself,  though  his  lordship  is  70  and 
Canton  about  60.  Lord  Ogleby  calls 
him  his  "cephalic  snuff,  and  no  bad 
medicine  against  megrims,  vertigoes,  and 
profound  thinkings." — Colman  and  Gar- 
rick,  The  Clandestine  Marriage  (1766). 

Can'trips  {Mrs.),  a  quondam  friend 
of  Nanty  Ewart,  the  smuggler-captain. 

Jessie  Cantrips,  her  daughter. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Eedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Cant'well  {Dr.),  the  hypocrite,  the 
English  representative  of  Moliere's  "Tar- 
tuffe."  He  makes  religious  cant  the 
instrument  of  gain,  luxurious  living,  and 
sensual  indulgence.  His  overreaching 
and  dishonourable  conduct  towards  lady 
Lambert  and  her  daughter  gets  thoroughly 
exposed,  and  at  last  he  is  arrested  as  a 
swindler. — I.  Bickerstaff,  The  Hypocrite 
(1768). 

Dr.  Cantwell ...  the  meek  and  saintly  h>-pocrite. 
L.  Hunt. 

Canute'  or  Cnut  and  Edmund 
Ironside.  William  of  Malmesbury 
says :  When  Cnut  and  Edmund  were 
ready  for  their  sixth  battle  in  Gloucester- 
shire, it  was  arranged  between  them  to 
decide  their  respective  claim.s  by  single 
combat.  Cnut  was  a  small  man,  and 
Edmund  both  tall  and  strong;  so  Cnut 
said  to  his  adversary,  "We  both  lay 
claim  to  the  kingdom  in  right  of  our 
fathers;  lot  us,  therefore,  divide  it  and 
make  peace  ; "  and  tbey  did  so. 

Caiiatu-s  of  Uie  two  that  furthest  was  from  hope  .  .  . 
Cries,  "  Noble  Edmund,  liold  I     Let  us  Uie  land  divide." 
.  .  .  and  all  aloud  do  cry, 

"  Courageous  kings,  divide  I  'Twere  pity  such  should  die," 
Drayton,  Polyoltnon,  xii.  (1613). 

Canute'' s  Bird,  the  knot,  a  corruption  of 
"  Knut,"  the  Cinclus  bellonii,  of  which  king 
Canute  was  extremely  fond. 

The  knot,  that  called  was  Canutus'  bird  of  old, 
Oi  that  great  king  of  Danes,  his  name  that  still  doth  hold, 
His  appetite  to  please  .  .  .  from  Denmark  hither  brought. 
Drayton,  Pofyolbion,  xxv.  (162'2). 

Can'jmge  {Sir  William),  is  re- 
presented in  the  Rotcley  Romance  as  a 
rich.  God-fearing  merchant,  devoting 
much  money  to  the  Church,  and  much 
to  literature.  He  was,  in  fact,  a 
Msece'nas,  of  princely  hospitality,  living 
in  the  Ked  House.  The  priest  Rowley 
was  his  "  Horace.'" — Chatterton  (1752- 
1770). 

Ca'ora,  inhabited  by  men  "whose 
heads  do  grow  beneath  their  shoulders." 
(See  Blemmyes.) 

On  that  branch  which  ie  .-^.illed  Caora  are  [uie]  a  nation 
•f  people  whose  heades  appeare  not  above  their  shoulders. 


They  are  reported  to  have  their  eyes  in  their  shonlde?^ 
and  their  mouthes  in  the  middle  of  their  breasts.—* 
Hackluyt,  Voyage  (1598). 

(Raleigh,  in  his  Description  of  Guiana 
(1596),  also  gives  an  account  of  men 
whose  "heads  do  grow  beneath  their 
shoulders.") 

Capability  Bro"wn,  Launcelot 
Brown,  the  English  landscape  gardener 
(1715-1783). 

Cap'aneus  (3  syl.),  a  man  of  gigantic 
stature,  enormous  strength,  and  headlong 
valour.  He  was  impious  to  the  gods,  but 
faithful  to  his  friends.  Capaneus  was 
one  of  the  seven  heroes  who  marched 
against  Thebes  (1  syl.),  and  was  struck 
dead  by  a  thunderbolt  for  declaring  that 
not  Jupiter  himself  should  prevent  his 
scaling  the  city  walls. 

*^*  The  "Mezentius"  of  Virgil  and 
"  Argante  "  of  Tasso  are  similar  characters ; 
but  the  Greek  CapSneus  exceeds  Mezen- 
tius in  physical  daring  and  Argante  in 
impiety. 

Cape  of  Storms,  now  called  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope.  It  was  Bartholomew 
Diaz  who  called  it  Cabo  Tormentoso  (1486), 
and  king  Juan  II.  who  changed  the 
name. 

Capitan,  a  boastful,  swaggering 
coward,  in  several  French  farces  and 
comedies  prior  to  the  time  of  Moliere. 

Caponsac'chi  {Guiseppe),  the  young 
priest  under  whose  protection  Pompilia 
fled  from  her  husband  to  Rome.  The 
husband  and  his  friends  said  the  elope- 
ment was  criminal ;  but  Pompilia,  Capon- 
sacchi,  and  their  friends  maintained  that 
the  young  canon  simply  acted  the  part  of 
a  chivalrous  protector  of  a  young  woman 
who  was  married  at  15,  and  who  fled  from 
a  brutal  husband  who  ill-treated  her. — 
R.  Browning,  2'he  Ring  and  the  Book. 

Capstern  {Captain),  captain  of  an 
East  Indiaman,  at  Madras. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Swyeon's  Daughter  (time, 
George  II.). 

Captain,  Manuel  Comne'nus  of 
Treb'izond  (1120,  1143-1180). 

Captain  of  Kent.  So  Jack  Cade  called 
himself  (died  1450). 

The  Great  Captain  {el  Gran  Capitano), 
Gonzalvodi  Cor'dova  (1463-1515). 

The  People's  Captain  {el  Capitano  del 
JPopolo),  Guiseppe  Garibaldi  (1807-        ). 

Captain  {A  Copper),  a  poor_  captain, 
whose  swans  are  all  geese,  his  jewellery 
paste,  his  guineas  counters,  his  achieve- 


CAPTAIN. 


159 


CARACTACUS. 


merits  tongue-doughtiness,  and  his  whole 
man  Brummagem. 

To  thJg  copper  captain  was  confided  the  command  of  the 
troops. — W.  Irvhig. 

Let  all  the  world  view  here  the  captain's  treasure  •  . . 
Here's  a  goodly  jewel  .  .  . 
See  how  it  sparkles,  like  an  old  lady's  eyes,  .  .  . 
And  here's  a  chain  of  whitings'  eyes  for  pearLs  .  . . 
Your  clothes  are  parallels  to  these,  all  counterfeits. 
Put  these  and  them  on,  you're  a  man  of  copper  ; 
A  kind  of  candlestick  ;  a  copper,  copper  captain. 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife  and 
Have  a  Wife  (1640). 

Captain  {A  led),  a  poor  obsequious 
captain,  who  is  led  about  as  a  cavalier 
servante  by  those  who  find  him  hospitality 
and  pay  nunky  for  him.  He  is  not  the 
leader  of  others,  as  a  captain  ought  to  be, 
but  is  by  others  led. 

Wlien  you  quarrel  with  the  family  of  Blandish,  you  only 
leave  refined  cookery  to  be  fed  upon  scraps  by  a  poor 
cousin  or  a  led  captain.— Burgoyne,  The  Heiress,  v.  3  (1781). 

Captain  (The  Black),  lieutenant-colonel 
Dennis  Davidoff,  of  the  Russian  army. 
In  the  French  invasion  he  was  called  by 
the  French  Le  Capitaine  Noir. 

Captain  Loys  \_Lo.is].  Louise  Labe' 
was  so  called,  because  in  early  life  she 
embraced  the  profession  of  arms,  and 
gave  repeated  proofs  of  great  valour. 
She  was  also  called  La  Belle  Cordiere. 
Louise  Labe'  was  a  poetess,  and  has  left 
several  sonnets  full  of  passion,  and 
some  good  elegies  (1526-1566). 

Captain  Right,  a  fictitious  com- 
mander, the  ideal  of  the  rights  due  to 
Ireland.  In  the  last  century  the  peasants 
of  Ireland  were  sworn  to  captain  Right, 
as  chartists  were  sworn  to  their  articles 
of  demand  called  their  charter.  Shake- 
speare would  have  furnished  them  with 
a  good  motto,  *'  Use  every  man  after  his 
desert,  and  who  shall  'scape  whipping  ?  " 
{Hamlet,  act  ii.  sc.  2). 

Captain  Rock,  a  fictitious  name 
assumed  by  the  leader  of  certain  Irish 
insurgents  in  1822,  etc.  All  notices, 
summonses,  and  so  on,  were  signed  by 
this  name. 

Captain  is  a  Bold  Man  {The),  a 
popular  phrase  at  one  time.  Peachum 
applies  the  expression  to  captain  Mac- 
heath.— Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

Capu'einade  (4  syl.).  '*  A  capu- 
cinade "  is  twaddling  composition,  or 
wishy-washy  literature.  The  term  is 
derived  from  the  sermons  of  the  Capu- 
chins, which  were  notoriously  incorrect 
in  doctrine  and  debased  in  style. 

It  was  a  vague  discourse,  the  rhetoric  of  an  old  pro- 
fessor,  a  mere  capucliiade.— Lesage,  Gil  Bias,  vii.  4 
(1715). 


Cap'ulet,  head  of  a  noble  house  of 
Verona,  in  feudal  enmity  with  the  house 
of  Mon'tague  (3  syl.).  Lord  Capulet  is 
a  jovial,  testy  old  man,  seK-willed,  pre- 
judiced, and  tyrannical. 

Lady  Capulet,  wife  of  lord  Capulet 
and  mother  of  Juliet. — Shakespeare, 
Borneo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

Then  lady  Capulet  conies  sweeping  by  with  her  train 
of  velvet,  her  black  hood,  her  fan,  and  her  rosary,  the 
very  beau-Ideal  of  a  proud  Italian  matron  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  whose  ofi"er  to  poison  Romeo  in  revenge  for  the 
death  of  Tybalt  stamps  her  with  one  very  characteristic 
trait  of  the  age  and  country.  Yet  she  loves  her  daughter, 
and  there  is  a  touch  of  remorseful  tenderness  in  her 
lamentation  over  her. — Mrs.  Jameson. 

(Lord  Capulet  was  about  60.  He  had 
"left  off  masking"  for  above  thirty 
years  (act  i.  sc.  5),  and  lady  Capulet  was 
only  28,  as  she  tells  the  nurse ;  but 
her  daughter  Juliet  was  a  marriageable 
woman.) 

The  Tomb  of  all  the  Capulets.  Burke, 
in  a  letter  to  Matthew  Smith,  says:  "I 
would  rather  sleep  in  the  corner  of  a 
little  country  church-yard  than  in  the 
tomb  of  all  the  Capulets."  It  does  not 
occur  in  Shakespeare. 

Capys,  a  blind  old  seer,  who  pro- 
phesied to  Romulus  the  military  triumphs 
of  Rome  from  its  foundation  to  the  de- 
struction of  Carthage. 

In  the  hall-gate  snt  Capys, 
Capys  the  sightless  seer ; 
From  head  to  foot  he  trembled 

As  Romulus  drew  near. 
And  up  stood  stiff  his  thin  white  hair,' 
And  his  blind  eyes  flashed  fire. 
Lord  Macaulay,  Lays  0/  ATicient  E(yme  {"Tho  Prophecy 
of  Capys,  "xi.). 

Car'abas  {Le  marquis  de),  an  hypo- 
thetical title  to  express  a  fossilized*  old 
aristocrat,  who  supposed  the  whole  world 
made  for  his  behoof.  The  "  king  owes 
his  throne  to  him;"  he  can  "trace  his 
pedigree  to  Pepin  ; "  his  youngest  son  is 
"sure  of  a  mitre;"  he  is  too  noble  "to 
pay  taxes  ;  "  the  very  priests  share  their 
tithes  with  him  ;  the  country  was  made 
for  his  "  hunting-ground  ;  "  and,  there- 
fore, as  Be'ranger  says : 

Chai)eau  bas  1  chapeau  has  1 
Gloire  au  marquis  de  Carabas  I 

The  name  occurs  in  Perrault's  tale  of 
Puss  in  Boots,  but  it  is  Beranger's  song 
(1816)  which  has  given  the  word  its 
present  meaning. 

Carae'ci  of  Prance,  Jean  Jouve* 
net,  who  was  paralyzed  on  the  right  side, 
and  painted  with  his  left  hand  (1647- 

1707). 

Carac'tacus  or  Caradoc,  king  of 
th«  Sil'ures  {Monmouthshire ,  etc.).    For 


CARACUL. 


160 


CARDS  OF  COMPLIMENT. 


Iiine  years  he  withstood  the  Roman  arms, 
but  being  defeated  by  Osto'rius  Scap'ula, 
the  Roman  general,  he  escaped  to  Bri- 
gantia  {Yorkshire,  etc.)  to  crave  the  aid 
of  Carthisnian'dua  (or  Cartimandua),  a 
Roman  matron  married  to  Venu'tius, 
chief  of  those  parts.  Carthismandua 
betrayed  him  to  the  Romans,  a.d.  47. — 
Richard  of  Cirencester,  Ancient  State  of 
Britain,  i.  6,  23. 

Caradoc  was  led  captive  to  Rome,  a.d. 
61,  and,  struck  with  the  grandeur  of  that 
city,  exclaimed,  "Is  it  possible  that  a 
people  so  wealthy  and  luxurious  can 
envy  me  a  humble  cottage  in  Britain  ?  " 
Claudius  the  emperor  was  so  charmed 
with  his  manly  spirit  and  bearing  that 
he  released  him  and  craved  his  friend- 
ship. 

Drayton  says  that  Caradoc  went  to 
Rome  with  body  naked,  hair  to  the  waist, 
girt  with  a  chain  of  steel,  and  his 
"  manly  breast  enchased  with  sundry 
shapes  of  beasts.  Both  his  wife  and 
children  were  captives,  and  walked  with 
him." — Folyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

Caracul  (i.e.  Caracalla),  son  and 
successor  of  Severus  the  Roman  em- 
peror. In  A.n.  210  he  made  an  expedition 
against  the  Caledo'nians,  but  was  de- 
feated by  Fingal.  Aurelius  Antoninus 
was  called  "  Caracalla "  because  he 
adopted  the  Gaulish  caracalla  in  pre- 
ference to  the  Roman  toga. — Ossian, 
CorrMla, 

The  Caracul  of  Fingal  is  no  other  than  Caracalla,  who 
(as  the  son  of  Severus)  the  emperor  of  Rome  .  .  .  was 
not  without  reason  called  "The  Son  of  the  King  of  the 
World."  This  was  A.D.  210.— Ititsertation  on  the  Ji^a  of 
0*Han. 

CaraculiamTbo,  the  hypothetical 
giant  of  the  island  of  Malindra'ma, 
whom  don  Quixote  imagines  he  may  one 
day  conquer  and  make  to  kneel  at  the 
foot  of  his  imaginary  lady-love. — Cer- 
yantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  1  (1605). 

Car'adoc  or  Cradock,  a  knight 
of  the  Round  Table.  He  was  husband 
of  the  only  lady  in  the  queen's  train  who 
could  wear  "  the  mantle  of  matrimonial 
ddelity."  This  mantle  fitted  only  chaste 
and  virtuous  wives ;  thus,  when  queen 
Guenever  tried  it  on — 

One  while  it  was  too  long,  another  while  too  short. 
And  wrinkled  on  her  shoulders  in  most  unseemly  sort, 
Percy,  lieliques  ("Boy  and  the  Mantle,"  III.  iU.  18). 

Sir  Caradoc  and  the  Boar's  Head.  The 
boy  who  brought  the  test  mantle  of 
fidelity  to  king  Arthur's  court,  drew  a 
wand  three  times  across  a  boar's  head, 
and  said,  "There's  never  a  cuckold  who 
oan  caxvQ  that  head  of  brawn."    Knight 


after  knight  made  the  attempt,  but  only 
sir  Cradock  could  carve  the  brawn. 

Sir  Cradoc  and  the  Drinking-horn.  The 
boy  furthermore  brought  forth  a  drink- 
ing-horn, and  said,  "  No  cuckold  can 
drink  from  that  horn  Avithout  spilling  the 
liquor."  Only  Cradock  succeeded,  and 
' '  he  wan  the  golden  can." — Percy,  Eeliques 
("Boy  and  the  Mantle,"  III.  iii.  18). 

Caradoc  of  Men'-wygent,  the 
5'ounger  bard  of  Gwenwyn  prince  of 
Powys-land.  The  elder  'bard  of  the 
prince  was  Cadwallon. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Car'atach.  or  Carac'tacus,  a  British 
king  brought  captive  before  the  emperor 
Claudius  in  a.d.  62.  He  had  been  be- 
trayed by  Cartimandua.  Claudius  set 
him  at  liberty. 

And  Beaumont's  pilfered  Caratach  aflfords 
A  tragedy  complete  except  in  words. 
Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Xeviewers  (1809). 

(Byron  alludes  to  the  ** spectacle"  of 
Caractacus  produced  by  Thomas  Sheri- 
dan at  Drury  Lane  Theatre.  It  was 
Beaumont's  tragedy  of  Bonduca,  minus 
the  dialogue.) 

Digges  [1720-1786]  was  the  very  absolute  "  Caratach." 
The  solid  bulk  of  his  frame,  his  action,  his  voice,  all 
marked  him  with  identity.— Boaden,  Life  of  Siddons. 

Car'athis,  mother  of  the  caliph 
Vathek.  She  was  a  Greek,  and  induced 
her  son  to  study  necromancy,  held  in 
abhorrence  by  all  good  Mussulmans. 
When  her  son  threatened  to  put  to  death 
every  one  who  attempted  without  success 
to  read  the  inscription  of  certain  sabres, 
Carathis  wisely  said,  "Content  yourself, 
my  son,  with  commanding  their  beards 
to  be  burnt.  Beards  are  less  essential  to 
a  state  than  men."  She  was  ultimately 
carried  by  an  afrit  to  the  abyss  of  Eblis, 
in  punishment  of  her  many  crimes. — 
W.  Beckford,  Vathek  (1784). 

Carau'sius,  the  first  British  em- 
peror (237-294).  His  full  name  was 
Marcus  Aurelius  Valerius  Carausius,  and 
as  emperor  of  Britain  he  was  accepted 
by  Diocletian  and  Maxim'ian ;  but  after 
a  vigorous  reign  of  seven  years,  he  was 
assassinated  by  Allectus,  who  succeeded 
him  as  "  emperor  of  Britain."  —  See 
Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  etc.,  ii.  13. 

Cards  of  Compliment.  When 
it  was  customary  to  fold  down  part  of 
an  address  card,  the  strict  rule  was  this  : 
Right  hand  bottom  corner  tiimed  down 
meant  a  Personal  call.  Right  hand  top 
corner  turned  down  meant  Condolence. 


CARDAN. 


161 


CARKER. 


Left  hand  bottom   corner  turned   down 
meant  Congratulation. 

Car'dan  {Jerome)  of  Pa'via  (1501- 
1576),  a  great  mathematician  and  astro- 
loger. He  professed  to  have  a  demon  or 
fafiiiliar  spirit,  who  revealed  to  hia  the 
secrets  of  nature. 

What  did  your  Cardan  and  your  Ptolemy  tell  you  f 
Your  Messahalah  and  your  Longomontanus  [two  astro- 
logers], your  harmony  of  chiromancy  with  astrology  ? — W. 
Congreve,  Love  for  Love,  iv.  (1695). 

Carde'nio  of  Andalusi'a,  of  opulent 
parents,  fell  in  love  with  Lucinda,  a  lady 
of  equal  family  and  fortune,  to  whom  he 
was  formally  engaged.  Don  Fernando, 
his  friend,  however,  prevailed  on  Lucin- 
da's  father,  by  artiifice,  to  break  off  the 
engagement  and  promise  Lucinda  to 
himself,  '*  contrary  to  her  wish,  and  in 
violation  of  every  principle  of  honour." 
This  drove  Cardenio  mad,  and  he  haunted 
the  Sierra  Morena  or  Brown  Mountain 
for  about  six  months,  as  a  maniac  with 
lucid  intervals.  On  the  wedding  day 
Lucinda  swooned,  and  a  letter  informed 
the  bridegroom  that  she  was  married  to 
Cardenio.  Next  day  she  privately  left 
her  father's  house,  and  took  refuge  in  a 
convent ;  but  being  abducted  by  don 
Fernando,  she  was  carried  to  an  inn, 
where  Fernando  found  Dorothea  his  wife, 
and  Cardenio  the  husband  of  Lucinda. 
All  parties  were  now  reconciled,  and  the 
two  gentlemen  paired  respectively  with 
their  proper  wives.  —  Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  L  iv,  (1605). 

Car'duel  or  Kar'tel,  Carlisle,  tho 
place  where  Merlin  prepared  the  Round 
Table. 

Care,  described  as  a  blacksmith,  who 
"worked  all  night  and  day."  His 
bellows,  says  Spenser,  are  Pensiveness 
and  Sighs. — Faery  Queen,  iv.  5  (1596). 

Careless,  one  of  the  boon  com- 
panions of  Charles  Surface. — Sheridan, 
School  for  Scandal  (1777). 

Care' less  {Colonel),  an  officer  of  high 
spirits  and  mirthful  temper,  who  seeks  to 
win  Ruth  (the  daughter  of  sir  Basil 
Thoroughgood)  for  his  wife. — T.  Knight, 
The  Honest  Thieves. 

This  farce  is  a  mere  r^chauff^  of  The 
Committee,  by  the  Hon.  sir  R.  Howard. 
The  names  '*  colonel  Careless "  and 
"Ruth"  are  the  same,  but  "Ruth"  says 
her  proper  Christian  name  is  "Anne." 

Careless,  in  The  Committee,  was  the  part 
for  which  Joseph  Ashbury  (1638-1720) 
was  celebrated. — Chetwood,  History  of 
the  Stage. 


{T/ie  Committee,  recast  by  T.  Knight} 
is  called  The  Honest  Thieves.) 

Careless  {Ned),  makes  love  to  ladv 
Pliant.— W.  Congreve,  The  Double  Dealer 
(1700). 

Careless  Husband  ( The),  a  comedy 
by  Colley  Gibber  (1704).  The  "careless 
husband"  is  sir  Charles  Easy,  who  has 
amours  with  different  persons,  but  is  so 
careless  that  he  leaves  his  love-letters 
about,  and  even  forgets  to  lock  the  door 
when  he  has  made  a  liaison,  so  that  his 
wife  knows  all ;  yet  so  sweet  is  her 
temper,  and  under  such  entire  control, 
that  she  never  reproaches  him,  nor  shows 
the  slightest  indication  of  jealousy.  Her 
confidence  so  wins  upon  her  husband  that 
he  confesses  to  her  his  faults,  and  reforms 
entirely  the  evil  of  his. ways. 

Careme  {Jean  de),  chef  de  cuisine  of 
Leo  X.  This  was  a  name  given  him  by 
the  pope  for  an  admirable  soiipe  maigre 
which  he  invented  for  Lent.  A  descendant 
of  Jean  was  chef  to  the  prince  regent,  at 
a  salary  of  £1000  per  annum,  but  he  left 
this  situation  because  the  prince  had  only 
a  menage  bourgeois,  and  entered  the  ser- 
vice of  baron  Rothschild  at  Paris  (1784- 
1833). 

Carey  {Patrick),  the  poet,  brother  of 
lord  Falkland,  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  Woodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Car'gill  {The  Bev.  Josiah),  minister 
of  St.  Ronan's  Well,  tutor  of  the  Hon. 
Augustus  Bidmore  (2  syl.),  and  the  suitor 
of  Miss  Augusta  Bidmore,  his  pupil's 
sister.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Car'ibee  Islands  (London),  now 
Chandos  Street.  It  was  called  the 
Caribee  Islands  from  its  countless  straits 
and  intricate  thieves'  passages. 

Cari'no,  father  of  Zeno'cia  the  chaste 
troth-plight  wife  of  Arnoldo  (the  lady 
dishonourably  pursued  by  the  governor 
count  Glodio). — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Custom  of  the  Country  (1647). 

CarTter  {James),  manager  in  the 
house  of  Mr.  Dombey,  merchant.  Carker 
was  a  man  of  40,  of  a  florid  complexion, 
with  very  glistening  white  teeth,  which 
showed  conspicuously  when  he  spoke. 
His  smile  was  like  "the  snarl  of  a  cat." 
lie  was  the  Alas'tor  of  the  house  of 
Dombey,  for  he  not  only  brought  the 
firm  to  bankruptcy,  but  he  seduced  Alice 


CARLEGION. 


162 


CARMILIIAN. 


Marwood  (cousin  of  Edith,  Dombey's 
second  wife)  and  also  induced  Edith  to 
elope  with  him.  Edith  left  the  wretch  at 
Dijon,  and  Carker,  returning  to  England, 
was  run  over  by  a  railway  train  and 
killed. 

John  Carker,  the  elder  brother,  a  junior 
clerk  in  the  same  firm.  He  twice  robbed 
it  and  was  forgiven. 

Harriet  Carker,  a  gentle,  beautiful 
young  woman,  who  married  Mr.  Morfin, 
one  of  the  employe's  in  the  house  of  Mr. 
Dombey,  merchant.  When  her  elder 
brother  John  fell  into  disgrace  by  robbing 
his  employer,  Harriet  left  the  house  of 
her  brother  James  (the  manager)  to  live 
"With  and  cheer  her  disgraced  brother 
John. — C.  Dickens,  Doinhey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Carle'gion  (4  syl.)  or  Cair-Li'gion, 
Chester,  or  the  "  fortress  upon  Dee." 

Fair  Chester,  called  of  old 
Carlegion. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xl.  (1613). 

Carle'ton  (Captain),  an  officer  in  the 
Guards. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Carlisle  {Frederick  Howard,  earl  of), 
vmcle  and  guardian  of  lord  Byron  (1748- 
1826).  His  tragedies  are  Tlie  Father's 
£evenge  and  Bellamere. 

The  paralytic  puling  of  Carlisle  .  ,  . 
Lord,  rhymester,  petit-miitre,  pamphleteer. 
Byron,  EnglUh  Bards  and  Scotch  Iteviewers  (1809). 

Carlos,  elder  son  of  don  Antonio, 
and  the  favourite  of  his  paternal  uncle 
Lewis.  Carlos  is  a  great  bookworm, 
but  when  he  falls  in  love  with  Angelina, 
he  throws  off  his  difllidence  and  becomes 
bold,  resolute,  and  manly.  His  younger 
brother  is  Clodio,  a  mere  coxcomb. — 
C.  Cibber,  Love  Makes  a  Man  (1694). 

Car'los  (under  the  assumed  name  of  the 
marquis  D'Antas)  married  Ogari'ta,  but 
as  the  marriage  was  affected  under  a 
false  name  it  was  not  binding,  and 
Ogarita  left  Carlos  to  marry  Horace  de 
Brienne.  Carlos  was  a  great  villain :  He 
murdered  a  man  to  steal  from  him  the 
plans  of  some  Californian  mines.  Then 
embarking  in  the  Urania,  he  induced  the 
crew  to  rebel  in  order  to  obtain  mastery 
of  the  ship.  "Gold  was  the  object  of  his 
desire,  and  gold  he  obtained."  Ultimately, 
his  villainies  being  discovered,  he  was 
given  up  to  the  hands  of  justice. — E. 
Stirling,  The  Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea 
(1866). 

Carlos  (Don),  son  of  Philip  II.  of 
Portugal ;    deformed  in  person,   violent 


and  vindictive  in  disposition.  Don  Carlod 
was  to  have  married  Elizabeth  of  France, 
but  his  father  supplanted  him.  Sub- 
sequently he  expected  to  marry  the  arch- 
duchess Anne,  daughter  of  the  emperor 
Maximilian,  but  her  father  opposed  the 
match.  In  1564  Philip  II.  settled  the 
succession  on  Rodolph  and  Ernest,  his 
nephews,  declaring  Carlos  incapable. 
This  drove  Carlos  into  treason,  and  he 
joined  the  Netherlanders  in  a  war  against 
his  father.  He  was  apprehended  and 
condemned  to  death,  but  was  killed  in 
prison.  This  has  furnished  the  subject 
of  several  tragedies :  i.e.  Otway's  Don 
Carlos  (1672)  in  English;  those  of  J.  G.  de 
Campistron  (1683)  and  M.  J.  de  Che'nier 
(1789)  in  French  ;  J.  C.  F.  Schiller  (1798) 
in  German;  Alfieri  in  Italian,  about  the 
same  time. 

Car'los  (Don),  the  friend  of  don  Alonzo, 
and  the  betrothed  husband  of  Leono'ra, 
whom  he  resigns  to  Alonzo  out  of  friend- 
ship. After  marriage,  Zanga  induces 
Alonzo  to  believe  that  Leonora  and  don 
Carlos  entertain  a  criminal  love  for  each 
other,  whereupon  Alonzo  out  of  jealousy 
has  Carlos  put  to  death,  and  Leonora 
kills  herself. — Edward  Young,  The 
Eevenge  (1721). 

Carlos  (Don),  husband  of  donna 
Victoria.  He  gave  the  deeds  of  his  wife's 
estate  to  donna  Laura,  a  courtezan,  and 
Victoria,  in  order  to  recover  them,  assumed 
the  disguise  of  a  man,  took  the  name  of 
Florio,  and  made  love  to  her.  Having 
secured  a  footing,  Florio  introduced 
Gaspar  as  the  wealthy  uncle  of  Victoria, 
and  Gaspar  told  Laura  the  deeds  in  her 
hand  were  utterly  worthless.  Laura  in  a 
fit  of  temper  tore  them  to  atom.s,  and 
thus  Carlos  recovered  the  estate,  and  was 
rescued  from  impending  ruin. — Mrs. 
Cowley,  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband 
(1782). 

Carlton    (Admiral    George),   George 

IV.,  author  of    The   Voyage  of  in 

search  of  Loyalty,  a  poetic  epistle 
(1820). 

Car'niilhan,  the  "  phantom  ship." 
The  captain  of  this  ship  swore  he  would 
double  the  Cape,  whether  God  willed  it 
or  not,  for  which  impious  voav  he  was 
doomed  to  abide  for  ever  and  ever  captain 
in  the  same  vessel,  which  always  appears 
near  the  Cape,  but  never  doubles  it.  The 
kobold  of  the  phantom  ship  is  named 
Klabot'erman,  a  kobold  who  helps 
sailors  at  their  work,   but  beats    thos« 


CARO. 


163 


CARPI  LLONA. 


who  are  idle.  When  a  vessel  is  doomed, 
the  kobold  appears  smoking  a  short  pipe, 
dressed  in  yellow,  and  wearing  a  night- 
cap. 

Caro,  the  Flesh  or  "natural  man" 

personified.  Phineas  Fletcher  says  "  this 
dam  of  sin  "  is  a  hag  of  loathsome  shape, 
arrayed  in  steel,  polished  externally,  but 
rusty  within.  On  her  shield  is  the  device 
of  a  mermaid,  with  the  motto,  **  Hear, 
Gaze,  and  Die." — The  Purple  Island,  vii. 
(1633). 

Carocium.,  the  banner  of  the  Mi- 
lanese, having  for  device  "St.  Ambrose," 
the  patron  saint  of  Milan.  It  was 
mounted  on  an  iron  tree  with  iron  leaves, 
and  the  summit  of  the  tree  was  sur- 
mounted by  a  large  cross.  The  whole 
was  raised  on  a  red  car,  drawn  by  four 
red  bulls  with  red  harness.  Mass  was 
always  said  before  the  car  started,  and 
GuinefoUe  tells  us,  "  toute  la  ce're'monie 
e'tait  une  imitation  de  I'arche  d'alliance 
des  Israelites." 

Le  carocium  des  Milanaia  6talt  au  milieu,  entourr^  de 
300  jeunes  gens,  qui  s'6taient  unis  ik  la  vie  i  la  mort  pour 
le  ddfendre.  II  y  avail  encore  pour  sa  garde  un  bataillon 
de  la  niort,  conipos6  de  900  cavaliers. — La  DataiUe  de 
lAgnano.  29  Mai,  1176. 

Caroline,  queen- consort  of  George  II., 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Heart 
of  Midlothian.  Jeanie  Deans  has  an 
interview  with  her  in  the  gardens  at  Rich- 
mond, and  her  majesty  promises  to  inter- 
cede with  the  king  for  EflBe  Deans's 
pardon. 

Caros  or  Carausius,  a  Roman 
captain,  native  of  Belgic  Gaul.  The 
emperor  Maximian  employed  Caros  to 
defend  the  coast  of  Gaul  against  the 
Franks  and  Saxons.  He  acquired  great 
wealth  and  power,  but  fearing  to  excite 
the  jealousy  of  Maximian,  he  sailed 
for  Britain,  where  (in  a.d.  287)  he  caused 
himself  to  be  proclaimed  emperor.  Caros 
resisted  all  attempts  of  the  Romans  to 
dislodge  him,  so  that  they  ultimately 
acknowledged  his  independence.  He 
repaired  Agricola's  wall  to  obstruct  the 
incursions  of  the  Caledonians,  and  while  he 
was  employed  on  this  work  was  attacked 
by  a  party  commanded  by  Oscar,  son  of 
Ossian  and  grandson  of  Fingal.  "  The 
warriors  of  Caros  fled,  and  Oscar  remained 
like  a  rock  left  by  the  ebbing  sea." — 
Ossian,  The  War  of  Caros. 

Tlie  Caros  mentioned  ...  is  the  .  .  .  noted  usurper 
Carausius,  who  assumed  the  purple  in  the  year  287,  and 
lei^ng  on  Britain,  defeated  the  emperor  Maxiniinian 
HercuUus  in  several  naval  engagements,  which  give  pro- 
priety to  his  being  called  "  The  King  of  Ships."— />»«er- 
tation  on  the  Era  of  Ouian. 


Car'ove  (3  syl.),  "a  story  without 
an  end." — Mrs.  Austin,  Translation. 

I  must  get  on,  or  my  readers  will  anticipate  that  mjr 
story,  like  Carovd's  more  celebrated  one,  will  prove  a 
"story  without  an  end."— W.  J.  Tljoms,  Notes  and 
queries,  March  24,  1877. 

Carpath'ian  Wizard  (The),  Pro- 
teus (2  syl.),  who  lived  in  the  island  of 
Car'pSthos,  in  the  Archipelago.  He  was 
a  wizard,  who  could  change  his  form  at 
will.  Being  the  sea-god's  shepherd,  he 
carried  a  crook. 

[By]  the  Carpathian  wizard's  hook  [crook']. 

Milton,  Comus,  872  (1834). 

Carpet  (Prince  Hotisain's),  a  magic 
carpet,  to  all  appearances  quite  worthless, 
but  it  would  transport  any  one  who  sat  on 
it  to  any  part  of  the  world  in  a  moment. 
This  carpet  is  sometimes  called  "the 
magic  carpet  of  Tangu,"  because  it  came 
from  Tangu,  in  Persia. — Arabian  Nights 
("Prince  Ahmed"). 

Carpet  (Solomon's).  Solomon  kad  a 
green  silk  carpet,  on  which  his  tkrone  was 
set.  This  carpet  was  large  enough  for  all 
his  court  to  stand  on ;  human  beings 
stood  on  the  right  side  of  the  throne,  and 
spirits  on  the  left.  When  Solomon 
wished  to  travel  he  told  the  wind  where 
to  set  him  down,  and  the  carpet  with  all 
its  contents  rose  into  the  air  and  alighted 
at  the  proper  place.  In  hot  weather  the 
birds  of  the  air,  with  outspread  wings, 
formed  a  canopy  over  the  whole  party. — 
Sale,  Koran,  xxvii.  notes. 

Carpet  Knight  (A),  a  civil,  not  a 
military  knight. 

Carpet  Knights  are  men  who  are,  by  the  prince's 
grace  and  favour,  made  knights  at  home  and  in  the  time 
of  peace,  by  the  imposition  or  Laying  on  of  the  king's 
sword,  having,  by  some  special  service  done  to  the  com- 
monwealth, deserved  this  title  and  dignity.  They  are 
called  "  Carpet  Knights "  because  they  receive  their 
honour  in  the  court,  and  upon  carpets  [and  not  in  the 
battle-field]. — Francis  Markham,  Booke  of  Honour  (1625). 

Carpillona  (Princess),  the  daughter 
of  Subli'mus  king  of  the  Peaceable 
Islands.  Sublimus,  being  dethroned  by  a 
usurper,  was  with  his  wife,  child,  and  a 
foundling  boy,  thrown  into  a  dungeon, 
and  kept  there  for  three  years.  The  four 
captives  then  contrived  to  escape ;  but 
the  rope  which  held  the  basket  in  which 
Carpillona  was  let  doAvn,  snapped 
asunder,  and  she  fell  into  the  lake. 
Sublimus  and  the  other  two  lived  in 
retirement  as  a  shepherd  family,  and 
Carpillona,  being  rescued  by  a  fisherman, 
was  brought  up  by  him  as  his  daughter. 
When  the  "Humpbacked"  Prince  de- 
throned the  usurper  of  the  Peaceable 
Islands,  Carpillona  was  one  of  the  cap- 


CARPIO. 


164 


CARTHAGE. 


tives,  and  the  "Humpbacked"  Prince 
wanted  to  make  her  his  wife  ;  but  she  fled 
in  disguise,  and  came  to  the  cottage 
home  of  Sublimus,  where  she  fell  in  love 
with  his  foster-son,  who  proved  to  be  half- 
brother  of  the  "Humpbacked"  Prince. 
Ultimately,  Carpillona  married  the  found- 
ling, and  each  succeeded  to  a  kingdom. — 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  Prin- 
cess Carpillona,"  1682). 

Car'pio  {Bernardo  del),  natural  son  of 
don  Sancho,  and  dona  Ximena,  surnamed 
"The  Chaste."  It  was  Bernardo  del 
Carpio  who  slew  Roland  at  Roncesvalles 
(4  syl.).  In  Spanish  romance  he  is  a 
very  conspicuous  figure. 

Carras'co  (Samson),  son  of  Bartholo- 
mew Carrasco.  He  is  a  licentiate  of  much 
natural  humour,  who  flatters  don  Quixote, 
and  persuades  him  to  undertake  a  second 
tour. 

He  was  about  24  years  of  age,  of  a  pale  complexion,  and 
had  good  talents.  His  nose  was  remarkably  flat,  and  his 
moutli  remarkably  wide.— Cervantes,  Bon  Quixote,  II.  L 
8  (1615). 

He  may  perhaps  boast  ...  as  the  bachelor  Samson 
Carrasco,  of  fixing  the  weather-cock  La  Giralda  of  Seville, 
for  weeks,  months,  or  years,  that  is,  for  as  long  as  the 
wind  shall  uniformly  blow  from  one  quarter.— Sir  W. 
Scott. 

(The  allusion  is  to  Don  Quixote,  II.  i. 
14.) 

Carric-Thura,  in  the  Orkney  Islands, 
the  palace  of  king  CathuJla.  It  is  the 
title  of  one  of  the  Ossian  poems,  the 
subject  being  as  follows  : — -Fingal,  going 
on  a  visit  to  Cathulla  king  of  the  Ork- 
neys, observes  a  signal  of  distress  on  the 
palace,  for  Frothal,  king  of  Sora,  had 
invested  it.  Whereupon,  Fingal  puts  to 
flight  the  besieging  army,  and  overthrows 
Frothal  in  single  combat ;  but  just  as  his 
sword  was  raised  to  slay  the  fallen  king, 
Utha,  disguised  in  armour,  interposed. 
Her  shield  and  helmet  "flying  wide," 
revealed  her  sex,  and  Fingal  not  only 
spared  Frothal,  but  invited  him  and 
Utha  to  the  palace,  where  they  passed  the 
night  in  banquet  and  in  song. — Ossian, 
Carric-Thura. 

Carril,  the  grey-headed  son  of  Kin- 
fe'na  bard  of  Cuthullin,  general  of  the 
Irish  tribes. — Ossian,  Fingal, 

Carrillo  (Fray)  was  never  to  be 
found  in  his  own  cell,  according  to  a 
famous  Spanish  epigram. 

Like  Fray  Carillo, 
The  only  place  In  which  one  cannot  find  him 
Is  his  own  cell. 

Longfellow,  The  Spanish  Stiulent,  i.  5. 

Car'rol,  deputy  usher  at  Kenilworth 


Castle. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Car'stone  (Richard),  cousin  of  Ada 
Clare,  both  being  wards  in  Chancery, 
interested  in  the  great  suit  of  "  Jamdyce 
V.  Jamdyce."  Richard  Carstone  is  a 
"  handsome  youth,  about  19,  of  ingenuous 
face,  and  with  a  most  engaging  laugh." 
He  marries  his  cousin  Ada,  and  lives  in 
hope  that  the  suit  will  soon  terminate 
and  make  him  rich.  In  the  mean  time,  he 
tries  to  make  two  ends  meet,  first  by  the 
profession  of  medicine,  then  by  that  of 
law,  then  by  the  army  ;  but  the  rolling 
stone  gathers  no  moss,  and  the  poor 
fellow  dies  with  the  sickness' of  hope 
deferred. — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House  (185S). 

Cartaph'ilus,  the  Wandering  Jew 
of  Jewish  story.  Tradition  says  he  was 
door-keeper  of  the  judgment  hall,  in  the 
service  of  Pontius  Pilate,  and,  as  he  led 
our  Lord  from  the  judgment  hall,  struck 
Him,  saying,  "Get  on!  Faster,  Jesus!" 
Whereupon  the  Man  of  Sorrows  replied, 
"  I  am  going  fast,  Cartaphilus  ;  but  tarry 
thou  till  I  come  again."  After  the  cruci- 
fixion, Cartaphilus  was  baptized  by  the 
same  Anani'as  who  baptized  Paul,  and 
received  the  name  of  Joseph.  At  the 
close  of  every  century  he  falls  into  a 
trance,  and  wakes  up  after  a  time  a 
young  man  about  30  years  of  age. — Book 
of  the  Chronicles  of  the  Abbey  of  St. 
Albans. 

(This  "book"  was  copied  and  con- 
tinued by  Matthew  Paris,  and  contains 
the  earliest  account  of  the  Wandering 
Jew,  A.D.  1228.  In  1242  Philip  Mouskes, 
afterwards  bishop  of  TOumay,  wrote  the 
"rhymed  chronicle.") 

Carter  (Mrs.  Deborah),  housekeeper 
to  Surplus  the  lawyer. — J.  M.  Morton, 
A  Regular  Fix. 

Car'thage  (2  syl.).  When  Dido 
came  to  Africa  she  bought  of  the  natives 
"  as  much  land  as  could  be  encompassed 
with  a  bull's  hide."  The  agreement  being 
made,  Dido  cut  the  hide  into  thongs,  so 
as  to  enclose  a  space  sufficiently  large 
for  a  citadel,  which  she  called  Bursa 
"the  hide."  (Greek,  bursa,  "a  bull's 
hide.") 

The  following  is  a  similar  story  in 
Russian  history  : — The  Yakutsks  granted 
to  the  Russian  explorers  as  much  land  as 
they  could  encompass  with  a  cow's  hide  ; 
bat  the  Russians,  cutting  the  hide  into 
strips,  obtained  land  enough  for  the  town 
and  fort  which  they  called  Yakutsk. 


I 


CARTHAGE  OF  THE  NORTH.   166 


CASSANDRA. 


Carthage  of  the  North.  I-iibeck 
was  so  called  when  it  was  the  head  of  the 
Haas«atic  League. 

Car'thon,  son  of  Cless'ammor  and 
Moina,  was  bom  while  Clessammor  was 
in  flight,  and  his  mother  died  in  child- 
birth. When  he  was  three  years  old, 
Comhal  (Fingal's  father)  took  and  burnt 
Balclutha  (a  town  belonging  to  the 
Britons,  on  the  Clyde),  but  Carthon  was 
carried  away  safely  by  his  nurse.  When 
grown  to  man's  estate,  Carthon  resolved 
to  revenge  this  attack  on  Balclutha,  and 
accordingly  invaded  Morven,  the  king- 
dom of  Fingal.  After  overthrowing  two 
of  Fingal's  heroes,  Carthon  was  slain  by 
his  own  father,  who  knew  him  not ;  but 
when  Clessammor  learnt  that  it  was  his 
own  son  whom  he  had  slain,  he  moiimed 
for  him  three  days,  and  on  the  fourth  he 
died. — Ossian,  Carthon. 

Car'ton  (Sydney),  a  friend  of  Charles 
Damay,  whom  he  personally  resembled. 
Sydney  Carton  loved  Lucie  Manette,  but, 
knowing  of  her  attachment  to  Damay, 
never  attempted  to  win  her.  Her  friend- 
ship, however,  called  out  his  good 
qualities,  and  he  nobly  died  instead  of 
his  friend. — C.  Dickens,  A  Tale  of  Tico 
Cities  (1859). 

Cartouche,  an  eighteenth  century 
highAvayman.  He  is  the  French  Dick 
Turpin. 

Car'un,  a  small  river  of  Scotland,now 
called  Carron,  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Agricola's  wall.  The  word  means  "wind- 
ing." 

Ca'rus  (Slow),  in  Garth's  Dispensary, 
is  Dr.  Tyson  (1649-1708). 

Caryati'des  (5  syl.)  or  Carya'tes 
(4  syl.),  female  figures  in  Greek  costume, 
used  in  architecture  to  support  entabla- 
tures. Ca'rya,  in  Arcadia,  sided  with  the 
Persians  when  they  invaded  Greece,  so  after 
the  battle  of  Thermop'yla;,  the  victorious 
Greeks  destroj^ed  the  city,  slew  the  men, 
and  made  the  women  slaves.  Praxit'eles, 
to  perpetuate  the  disgrace,  employed 
figures  of  Caryan  women  with  Persian 
men,  for  architectural  columns. 

Cas'ca,  a  blunt-witted  Roman,  and 
one  of  the  conspirators  who  assassinated 
Julius  Caesar.  He  is  called  "  Honest 
Casca,"  meaning  plain-spoken. — Shake- 
speare, Julius  Cassar  (1607). 

Casch'casch,  a  hideous  genius, 
"hunchbacked,  lame,  and  blind  of  one 


oye  ;  with  six  homs  on  his  head,  and  both 
his  hands  and  feet  hooked."  The  fairy 
Maimou'ne  (3  syl.)  summoned  him  to  de- 
cide which  was  the  more  beautiful,  "the 
prince  Camaral'zaman  or  the  princess 
Badou'ra,"  but  he  was  unable  to  deter- 
mine the  knotty  point. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura  "). 

Casel'la,  a  musician  and  friend  of 
the  poet  Dante,  introduced  in  his  Pur- 
gatory, ii.  On  arriving  at  purgatory,  the 
poet  sees  a  vessel  freiglited  with  souls 
come  to  be  purged  of  their  sins  and  made 
fit  for  paradise  ;  among  them  he  recognizes 
his  friend  Casella,  whom  he  "  woos  to 
sing  ;  "  whereupon,  Casella  repeats  with 
enchanting  sweetness  the  words  of 
[Dante's]  second  canzone. 

Dantfi  shall  give  Fame  leave  to  set  thee  higher 
Than  his  Casella.  whom  he  wooed  to  sing, 
Met  In  the  milder  shades  of  purgatory. 

Milton,  Sonnet,  xiii.  (To  H.  Lawes). 

Casket  Homer,  Alexander's  edition 
with  Aristotle's  notes.  So  called  because 
it  was  kept  in  a  golden  casket,  studded 
with  jewels,  part  of  the  spoil  which  fell 
into  the  hands  of  Alexander  after  the 
battle  of  Arbe'la. 

Cas'par,  master  of  the  horse  to  the 
baron  of  Amheim.  Mentioned  in  Don- 
nerhugel's  narrative. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Cas'par,  a  man  who  sold  himself  to 
Za'miel  the  Black  Huntsman.  The  night 
before  the  expiration  of  his  life-lease,  he 
bargained  for  a  respite  of  three  years,  on 
condition  of  bringing  Max  into  the  power 
of  the  fiend.  On  the  day  appointed  for 
the  prize-shooting,  Max  aimed  at  a  dove 
but  killed  Caspar,  and  Zamiel  carried  crU 
his  victim  to  "his  own  place." — Weber's 
opera,  Der  Freischiitz  (1822). 

Cassan'dra,  daughter  of  Priam, 
gifted  with  the  power  of  prophecy  ;  but 
Apollo,  whom  she  had  offended,  cursed 
her  with  the  ban  "that  no  one  should 
ever  believe  her  predictions." — Shake- 
speare, Troilus  and  Cressida  (1602). 

Mra  Barry  hi  characters  of  greatness  was  graceful, 
noble,  and  dignified ;  no  violence  of  passion  was  beyond 
the  reach  of  lier  feeling,  and  in  the  most  melting  dis-tresa 
and  tenderness  she  was  exquisitely  affecting.  Thus  she 
was  equally  admirable  in  " C:ifisandra,"  "Cleopatra," 
"  Roxana,"  "  Mouiniia,"  or  "  Belvidera."— €.  Dibdin,  I/it- 
tory  of  the  Stage. 

***  "  Cassandra  "  (Troilus  and  Cressida, 
Shakespeare)  ;  "Cleopatra"  (Antony  and 
Cleopatra,  Shakespeare,  or  All  for  Love, 
Dry  den)  ;  "  Roxana  "  (Alexander  the 
Great,  Lee);  "Monimia"  (The  Orphan, 
Otway) ;  "  Belvidera"  ( Venice  Preserved^ 
Otway). 


CASSEL. 


166 


CASSIUS. 


Cassel  (Count)^  an  empty-headed, 
heartless,  conceited  puppv,  who  pays 
court  to  Amelia  Wildenhalm,  but  is  too 
insofferable  to  be  endured.  He  tells  her 
he  "learnt  delicacy  in  Italy,  hauteur  in 
Spain,  enterprise  in  France,  prudence  in 
Russia,  sincerity  in  England,  and  love 
in  the  wilds  of  America,"  for  civilized 
nations  have  long  since  substituted  in- 
trigue for  love. — Inchbald,  Lovers'  Vows 
(1800),  altered  from  Kotzebue. 

Cassi,  the  inhabitants  of  Hertford- 
shire or  Cassio. — Caesar,  Commentaries. 

Cassib'ellaun     or     Cassib'elan 

(probably  "Caswallon"),  brother  and 
successor  of  Lud.  He  was  king  of 
Britain  when  Julius  Caesar  invaded  the 
island.  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  says,  in 
his  British  History,  that  Cassibellaun 
routed  Caesar,  and  drove  him  back  to 
Gaul  (bk.  iv.  3,  5).  In  Caesar's  second  in- 
vasion, the  British  again  vanquished  him 
(ch.  7),  and  "  sacrificed  to  their  gods  as 
a  thank-offering  40,000  cows,  100,000 
sheep,  30,000  wild  beasts,  and  fowls 
without  number  "  (ch.  8).  Androg'eus 
(4  syl.)  "  duke  of  Trinovantum,"  with 
6000  men,  having  joined  the  Roman  forces, 
Cassibellaun  was  worsted,  and  agreed  "to 
pay  3000  pounds  of  silver  yearly  in 
tribute  to  Rome."  Seven  years  after  this 
Cassibellaun  died  and  was  buried  at  York. 

In  Shakespeare's  Gymbeline  the  name  is 
called  "  Cassibelan." 

*^*  Polyaenus  of  Macedon  tells  us 
that  Caesar  had  a  huge  elephant  armed 
with  scales  of  iron,  with  a  tower  on  its 
back,  filled  with  archers  and  slingers. 
When  this  beast  entered  the  sea,  Cassi- 
velaunus  and  the  Britons,  who  had  never 
seen  an  elephant,  were  terrified,  and  their 
horses  fled  in  affright,  so  that  the  Romans 
were  able  to  land  without  molestation. — 
See  Drayton's  Pohjolhion,  viii. 

There  the  hive  of  Roman  liars  worship  a  gluttonous  em- 
peror-idiot 
Such  is  Rome  .  .  .  hear  it,  spirit  of  Cassivelaun. 

Tennyson,  Boadicea. 

Cas'silane  (3  syl.),  general  of  Candy 
and  father  of  Annophel. — Laws  of  Candy 
(1647). 

Cassim,  brother  of  Ali  Baba,  a 
Persian.  He  married  an  heiress  and  soon 
became  one  of  the  richest  merchants  of 
the  place.  When  he  discovered  that  his 
brother  had  made  himself  rich  by  hoards 
from  the  robbers'  cave,  Cassim  took  ten 
jnules  charged  with  panniers  to  carry  away 

Eart  of  the  same  boot}'.  "  Open  Sesame ! " 
e  cried,  and  the  door  opened.     He  filled 


his  sacks,  but  forgot  the  magic  woxd. 
"Open  Barley!"  he  cried,  but  the  dooi 
remained  closed.  Presently  the  robbet 
band  returned,  and  cut  him  down  with 
their  sabres.  They  then  hacked  the 
carcase  into  four  parts,  placed  them  near 
the  door,  and  left  the  cave.  Ali  Baba 
carried  off  the  body  and  had  it  decently 
interred. — Arabian  Nights  ("Ali  Baba 
or  the  Forty  Thieves"). 

Cas'sio_  {Michael),  a  Florentine, 
lieutenant  in  the  Venetian  army  under 
the  command  of  Othello.  Simple-minded 
but  not  strong-minded,  and  therefore 
easily  led  by  others  who  possessed  greater 
power  of  will.  Being  overcome  with 
wine,  he  engaged  in  a  street-brawl,  for 
which  he  was  suspended  by  Othello,  but 
Desdemona  pleaded  for  his  restoration, 
lago  made  capital  of  this  intercession  to 
rouse  the  jealousy  of  the  Moor.  Cassio'a 
"  almost"  wife  was  Bianca,  his  mistress. 
—Shakespeare,  Othello  (1611). 

"Cassio"  is  brave,  benevolent,  <ind  honest,  ruined  only 
by  his  want  of  stubbornness  to  resist  an  insidious  invita« 
tion. — Dr.  Johnson. 

Cassiodo'rus  {Marcus  Aurelius),  a 
great  statesman  and  learned  writer  of  the 
sixth  century,  who  died  at  the  age  of 
100,  in  A.D.  562.  He  filled  many  hig;h 
offices  under  Theod'oric,  but  ended  his 
days  in  a  convent. 

Listen  awhile  to  a  learned  prelection 
On  Marcus  Aurelius  Cassiodorus. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend. 

Cassiope'ia,  wife  of  Ce'pheus 
(2  syl.)  king  of  Ethiopia,  and  mother  of 
Androm'eda.  She  boasted  herself  to  be 
fairer  than  the  sea-nymphs,  and  Neptune, 
to  punish  her,  sent  a  huge  sea-serpent  to 
ravage  her  husband's  kingdom.  At  death 
she  was  made  a  constellation,  consisting  of 
thirteen  stars,  the  largest  of  which  form 
a  "  chair"  or  imperfect  W. 

.  .  .  had  you  been 
Sphered  up  with  Cassiopeia. 

Tennyson,  J'he  Princess,  iv. 

Cassius,  instigator  of  the  conspiracy 
against  Julius  Caesar,  and  friend  of  Bru- 
tus.— Shakespeare,  Juliits  Ccesar  (1607). 

Brutus.  The  last  of  all  the  Romans,  fare  thee  well! 

It  is  impossible  that  ever  Rome 

Should  breed  thy  fellow.    Friends,  I  owe  more  tears 

To  this  dead  man  than  you  shall  see  me  pay. 

I  shall  find  time,  Cassius,  I  shall  find  time. 

Act  r.  so.  3. 

Charles  Maj-ne  Young  trod  the  boards  with  freedom. 
His  countenance  was  equally  well  adajicd  for  the  ex- 
pression of  pathos  or  of  pride :  thus  in  such  parts  aa 
"Hamlet,"  "Beverley,"  "The  Stranger,"  "Pierre," 
"Zanga,"and  "Cassius,"  he  looked  the  men  he  repre- 
sented.—Rev.  J.  Young,  Life  of  C.  M.  Youmg. 

***  "Hamlet"  (Shakespeare) ;  "Bever- 
ley"   {The    Gamester.,    Moore);     "  Th« 


CASTAGNETTE. 


167 


CASTLE  IN  THE  AIR. 


I 


Stranger  "  (B.  Thompson)  ;  "  Pierre  " 
(Venice  Preserved,  Otway)  ;  "Zanga" 
{Revenge,  Young). 

Ca43tagnette  (Captain),  a  hero  whose 
stomach  was  replaced  by  a  leather  one 
made  by  Desgenettes  [Da' .qe.net''\,  but 
his  career  was  soon  ended  by  a  bomb- 
shell, which  blew  him  into  atoms. — 
Manuel,  A  French  Extravaganza. 

Casta'lio,  son  of  lord  Acasto,  and 
Polydore's  twin-brother.  Both  the 
brothers  loved  their  father's  ward,  Mo- 
nim'ia  "the  orphan."  The  love  of  Poly- 
dore  was  dishonourable  love,  but  Castalio 
loved  her  truly  and  married  her  in 
private.  On  the  bridal  night  Polydore  by 
treachery  took  his  brother's  place,  and 
next  day,  when  Monimia  discovered  the 
deceit  which  had  been  practised  on  her, 
and  Polydore  heard  that  Monimia  was 
really  married  to  his  brother,  the  bride 
poisoned  herself,  the  adulterer  ran  upon 
his  brother's  sword,  and  the  husband 
stabbed  himself.— Otway,  The  Orphan 
(1680). 

Mr.  Wilks'8  excellence  In  comedy  was  never  once  dis- 
puted, but  the  best  judges  extol  him  for  different  piirta  in 
tragedy,  as  "  Hamlet,"  "  Castalio,"  "  Kdgar,"  "  Moneses," 
"  Jaffier." — Chetwood. 

%*  "Hamlet"  (Shakespeare);  "Ed- 
gar" (Kimj  Lear,  .Shakespeare);  "Mo- 
neses" (Tamerlane,  Rowe)  ;  "Jaffier" 
(  Venice  Preserved,  Otway). 

Cas'taly,  a  fountain  of  Pamassos, 
sacred  to  the  Muses.  Its  waters  had  the 
virtue  of  inspiring  those  who  drank 
thereof  with  the  gift  of  poetry. 

Casta'ra,  the  lady  addressrd  by  Wm. 
Habington  in  his  poems.  She  was  Lucy 
Herbert  (daughter  of  Wm.  Herbert,  first 
lord  Powis),  and  became  his  wife.  (Latin, 
casta,  "chaste.") 

If  then,  Castara,  I  in  heaven  nor  move. 
Nor  earth,  poi  hell,  where  am  I  hut  in  love  T 

W.  Habington,  To  Cattara  (died  1654). 
The  poetry  of  Habington  shows  that  he  possessed  .  .  . 
''»   real    passion    for   a   lady    of   birth  and  virtue,  the 
"  Castara  "  whom  he  afterwards  married.— Hallam. 

Castle  Dangerous,  a  novel  by  sir 
W.  Scott,  after  the  wreck  of  his  fortune 
and  repeated  strokes  of  paralysis  (1831). 
Those  who  read  it  must  remember  they 
are  the  last  notes  of  a  dying  swan,  and 
forbear  to  scan  its  merits  too  strictly. 

Castle  Dangerous  or  "  The  Perilous 
Castle  of  Douglas."  So  called  because 
it  was  thrice  taken  from  the  English 
between  130G  and  1307. 

1.  On  Palm  Sunday,  while  the  English 
•oldierswere  at  church,  Douglas  fell  on 


them  and  slew  them  ;  then,  entering  the 
castle,  he  put  to  the  sword  all  he  found 
there,  and  set  fire  to  the  castl*  (March 
19). 

2.  The  castle  being  restored  was  placed 
under  the  guard  of  Thirwall,  but  Douglas 
disguised  his  soldiers  as  drovers,  and 
Thirwall  resolved  to  "pillage  the  rogues." 
He  get  upon  them  to  drive  off  the  herds, 
but  the  "drovers,"  being  too  strong  for 
the  attacking  party,  overpowered  them, 
and  again  Douglas  made  himself  master 
of  the  castle. 

3.  Sir  John  de  Walton  next  volunteered 
to  hold  the  castle  for  a  year  and  a  day, 
but  Douglas  disguised  his  soldiers  as 
market-men  carrying  com  and  grass  to 
Lanark.  Sir  John,  in  an  attempt  to 
plunder  the  men,  set  upon  them,  but  was 
overmastered  and  slain.  This  is  the 
subject  of  sir  W.  Scott's  novel  called 
Castle  Dangerous,  but  instead  of  the 
market-men  "with  corn  and  grass,"  the 
novel  substitutes  lady  Augusta,  the  pri- 
soner of  Black  Douglas,  whom  he  pro- 
mises to  release  if  the  castle  is  surrendered 
to  him.  De  Walton  consents,  gives  up 
the  castle,  and  marries  the  lady  Augusta. 

Castle  Perilous,  the  habitation  of 
lady  Liones  (called  by  Tennyson 
Lyonors).  Here  she  was  held  captive  by 
sir  Ironside  the  Red  Knight  of  the  Red 
Lands.  Sir  Gareth  overcame  the  knight, 
and  married  the  lady. — Sir  T.  Malor}-, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  120-153. 

*^*  Tennyson  has  poetised  the  tale  in 
Gareth  and  Lynette,  but  has  altered  it. 
He  has  even  departed  from  the  old  story 
by  making  sir  Gareth  marry  Lynette, 
and  leaving  the  lady  Lyonors  in  the  cold. 
In  the  old  story  Gareth  marries  Li  ones 
(or  Lyonors),  and  his  brother  Ga'heris 
marries  Linet  (or  Lynette). 

Tennyson  has  quite  missed  the  scope  of  the  Arthurian 
allegory,  which  is  a  Bunyan's  Pilgrim't  Progrets.  Ly- 
nette represents  the  people  of  this  world  or  the  inhabit* 
ants  of  the  "  City  of  Destruction."  "  Lionfis"  represent* 
the  "  bride,"  which  says  to  the  Christian  "Come!"  and 
is  the  bride  in  heaven  of  those  wli8  figlit  the  fight  of 
faith.  "Castle  Perilous"  is  the  Celestial  City,  set  on  a 
hill.  Lynette  scoffs  at  Gareth  after  every  conquest,  for 
"  the  carnal  mind  is  enmity  against  God  ; "  but  Gareth 
"  fights  the  fight,"  and  wins  the  bride.  Tennyson  makes 
the  Christian  leave  the  City  of  Destruction,  conquer 
Apollyon  and  all  the  giants,  stand  in  sight  of  tlia 
Celestial  City,  see  the  bride  inviting  him  to  heaven,  and 
then  marry  Lynette  or  the  personification  of  the  "  world, 
the  flesh,  and  the  devil." — See  Notet  and  Queri«f 
(January  19,  February  16,  March  16,  1878). 

Castle  in  the  Air  or  Chateau 
d'Espagne,  a  splendid  thing  of  fancy 
or  hope,  but  wholly  without  any  real 
existence,  called  a  "castle  of  Spain," 
because  Spain  has  no  castles  or  chateaux. 
So  Greek  Kalends  means   "never,"  be- 


CASTLE  OF  ANDALUSL 


168 


CAT. 


cause    tht;re    were    no    such    things    as 
"  Greek  Kalends." 

Ne  semez  point  vos  d6slrs  sur  le  jardin  d'autruy; 
cultiviBz  seulment  bien  le  vostre;  ne  ddsirez  point  de 
n'estre  pas  ce  que  vous  eates,  mais  d^sirez  d'estre  fort 
bien  ce  que  vous  estes.  ,  .  .  De  quoy  sert-il  de  bastir  des 
chasteaux  en  Espagne,  quisqu'il  nous  faut  habiter  en 
France.  —  St.  Francois  de  Sales  tbishop  of  Geneva), 
Writing  to  a  Lady  on  the  tutgeet  of  "  Contentment,"  i. 
285  (1567). 

Castle  of  Andalusia,  an  opera  by 
John  O'Keefe.  Don  Caesar,  the  son  of 
don  Scipio,  being  ill-treated  by  his 
father,  turns  robber-chief,  but  ultimately 
marries  Lorenza,  and  becomes  reconciled 
to  his  father. 

The  plot  is  too  complicated  to  be 
understood  in  a  few  lines.  Don  Caesar, 
Spado,  Lorenza,  Victoria,  Pedrillo,  and 
Fernando,  all  assume  characters  different 
to  their  real  ones. 

Castle  of  In'dolence  (3  syl.)^  in 
the  land  of  Drowsiness,  where  every 
sense  is  enervated  by  sensual  pleasures. 
The  owner  of  the  castle  is  an  enchanter, 
who  deprives  those  who  enter  it  of  their 
physical  energy  and  freedom  of  will. — 
Thomson,  Castle  of  Indolence  (1748). 

Castle  of  Maidens,  Edinburgh. 

[Ebravicui]  also  built  the  .  .  .  town  of  mount  Agned 
[Edinburuh],  called  at  this  time  "  the  Castle  of  Maidens 
or  the  Mountain  of  Sorrow."— Geoffrey,  UritUh  MUtory, 
ii.  7  (1142). 

Cas'tlewood  {Beatrix),  the  heroine 
of  Esmond,  a  novel  by  Thackeray,  the 
"finest  picture  of  splendid  lustrous 
physical  beauty  ever  given  to  the  world." 

Cas'tor  (Stcph'anos),  the  wrestler. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of  Paris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Castor,  of  classic-  fable,  is  the  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Leda,  and  twin-brother  of 
Pollux.  The  brothers  were  so  attached 
to  each  other  that  Jupiter  set  them  among 
the  stars,  where  they  form  the  constella- 
tion Gemini  ("  the  tAvins  ").  Castor  and 
Pollux  are  called  the  Dios'curi  ox  "sons 
of  Dios,"  i.e.  f  ove. 

Cas'triot  {George),  called  by  the 
Turks  "  Scanderbeg  "  (1404  -  1467). 
George  Castriot  was  son  of  an  Albanian 
prince,  delivered  as  a  hostage  to  Amu- 
rath  IL  He  won  such  favour  from  the 
sultan  that  he  was  put  in  command  of 
600C  men,  but  abandoned  the  Turks  La 
the  battle  of  Mora'va  (1443). 

This  is  the  first  dark  l)lot 
On  thy  name,  George  Castriot. 
Longfellow,  The  Wayside  Jnn  (an  interlude). 

Castruc'cio  Castraca'ni's  Sword. 
When  Victor  Emmanuel  TI.  went  to  Tus- 


cany, the  path  from  Lucca  to  Pistoia 
was  strewed  with  roses.  At  Pistoia  the 
orphan  heirs  of  Pucci'ni  met  him, 
bearing  a  sword,  and  said,  "This  is 
the  sword  of  Castruccio  Castracani,  the 
great  Italian  soldier,  and  head  of  the 
Ghibelines  in  the  fourteenth  century. 
It  was  committed  to  our  ward  and  keep- 
ing till  some  patriot  should  arise  to 
deliver  Italy  and  make  it  free."  Victor 
Emmanuel,  seizing  the  hilt,  exclaimed, 
*^  Questa  e  per  me  I"  ("This  is  tor 
me.") — E.  B.  Browning,  The  Sword  of 
Castruccio  Castracani. 

Cas'yapa  (3  syL),  father  of  the 
immortals,  who  dwells  in  the  mountain 
called  Hemacu'ta  or  Himakoot,  under 
the  Tree  of  Life. — Southey,  Curse  of 
Kehama  (canto  vi.  is  called  "  Casyapa," 
1809). 

Cat  {The)  has  been  from  time  im- 
memorial the  familiar  of  witches  ;  thus 
Galinthia  was  changed  by  the  Fates  into 
a  cat  (Antoninus  Liberalis,  Metam.  29). 
Hecate  also,  when  Typhon  compelled  the 
gods  and  goddesses  to  hide  themselves  in 
animals,  assumed  the  form  of  a  cat 
(Pausanias,  Bceotics).  Ovid  says,  "  Fele 
soror  Phccbi  latuit." 

The  cat  i'  the  adage:  that  is,  Catus 
amat  pisces,  sed  non  vult  tingcre  plantas 
("  the  cat  loves  fish,  but  does  not  like  to 
wet  her  paws"). 

Letting  I  d.ve  not  wait  upon  I  would, 
Like  the  poor  cat  i'  the  adage. 

Shakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  i.  sc.  7  (1606). 

Good  liquor  will  make  a  cat  speak, — 
Old  Proverb. 

Not  room  to  swing  a  cat;  reference  is 
to  the  sport  of  swinging  a  cat  to  the 
branch  of  a  tree  as  a  mark  to  be  shot  at. 
Shakespeare  refers  to  another  variety  of 
the  sport ;  the  cat  being  enclosed  in  a 
leather  bottle,  was  suspended  to  a  tree 
and  shot  at.  "  Hang  me  in  a  bottle,  like  a 
cat"  {Alu^h  Ado  about  Nothing,  act  i.  sc.  1)  ; 
and  Steevers  tells  us  of  a  third  variety  in 
which  the  "  cat  was  placed  in  a  soot-bag, 
hung  on  a  line,  and  the  players  had  to 
beat  out  the  bottom  of  the  bag."  He 
who  succeeded  in  thus  liberating  the  cat, 
had  the  "  privilege"  of  hunting  it  after- 
wards. 

Kilkenny  Cats.  A  favourite  amuse- 
ment of  the  "good  old  times"  with  a 
certain  regiment  quartered  at  Kilkenny, 
was  to  tie  two  cats  together  by  the  tails, 
swinj^  them  over  a  line,  and  watch  their 
ferocious  attacks  upon  each  other  in  their 
struggles  to  get  free.     It  was  determined 


CATAIAN. 


169 


CATH-LODA. 


to  put  down  this  cruel  "  sport ; "  and  one 
day,  just  as  two  unfortunate  cats  were 
swung,  the  alarm  was  given  tha*:  the 
colonel  was  riding  up  post  haste.  An 
officer  present  cut  through  their  tails 
with  his  sword  and  liberated  the  cats, 
which  scampered  off  before  the  colonel 
arrived. — From  a  correspondent,  signed, 
R.  G.  Glenn  (4,  Rowden  Buildings, 
Temple). 

Tlie  Kilkenny  Cats.  The  story  is  that 
two  cats  fought  in  a  saw-pit  so  ferociously 
that  each  swallowed  the  other,  leaving 
only  the  tails  behind  to  tell  of  the  won- 
derful encounter.  —  See  Dictionary  of 
Phrase  ami  Fable,  for  several  other  re- 
ferences to  cats. 

Catai'an  (3  syL),  a  native  of  Catai'a 
or  Cathay,  the  ancient  name  of  China  ;  a 
boaster,  a  liar.  Page,  speaking  of  Fal- 
staff,  says : 

I  win  not  believe  such  a  Catalan,  though  the  priest  of 
the  town  commended  him  for  a  true  man  [i.«.  trtUli/ul 
mLin].— Merry  Wivet  of  Windsor,  act  11.  sc.  1  (1601). 

Cateucla'ni,  called  Catieuchla'ni  by 
Ptolemy,  and  Cassii  by  Richard  of  Ciren- 
cester. They  occupied  Buckinghamshire, 
Bedfordshire,  and  Hertfordshire.  Dray- 
ton refers  to  them  in  his  Polyolbion,  xvi. 

Catgut  {Dr.),  a  caricature  of  Dr. 
Arne  in  The  Commissary,  by  Sam.  Foote 
(1766). 

Catli'arine,  queen-consort  of  Charles 
II. ;  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Peveril  of  the  Peak.  (See  Cathkkine, 
and  also  under  the  letter  K.) 

Cath'arine  (St.)  of  Alexandria  (fourth 
century),  patron  saint  of  girls  and  vir- 

fins  generally.  Her  real  name  was 
)orothea ;  but  St.  Jerome  says  she  was 
called  Catharine  from  the  Syriac  word 
Kethar  or  Kathar,  "  a  crown,"  because 
she  won  the  triple  crown  of  martyrdom, 
Tirginity,  and  wisdom.  She  was  put  to 
death  on  a  wheel,  November  25,  which  is 
h^r  fete  day. 

To  braid  St.  Catharine's  hair  means  "to 
live  a  virgin." 

Thou  art  too  fair  to  be  lett  to  braid  St.  Catharine's  tresses. 
Longfellow,  Evangeline  (1848). 

Cathay',  China  or  rather  Tartary, 
a  corruption  of  the  Tartar  word  BJiitai', 
"the  country  of  the  Khitai'ans  or  Khi- 
tans."  The  capital  was  Albracca,  ac- 
cording to  Ariosto  {Orlando  Furioso). 

.  .  the  ship 
From  CeyTon,  Ind,  or  far  Cathay  unloads. 

BjTon,  Bon  Juan,  xii.  9  (1821). 

Cath.'ba,  son  of  Torman,  beloved  bv 
8 


Moma,  daughter  of  Cormac  king  o£ 
Ireland.  He  was  killed  out  of  jealousy 
by  Ducho'mar,  and  when  Duchomar  told 
Moma  and  asked  her  to  marry  him  she 
replied,  "Thou  art  dark  to  me,  Ducho- 
mar ;  cruel  is  thine  arm  to  Moma. 
Give  me  that  sword,  my  foe  ; "  and  when 
he  gave  it,  she  "  pierced  his  manly 
breast,"  and  he  died. 

Cathba,  young  son  of  Torman,  thou  art  of  the  love  of 
Morna.  Thou  art  a  sunl)eam  in  the  day  of  the  gloomy 
storm.— Ossian,  tHngal,  1. 

Catherine,  wife  of  Mathis,  in  The 
Polish  Jew,  by  J.  R.  Ware. 

Catherine  (The  countess),  usually  called 
"The  Countess,"  falls  in  love  with  Huon, 
a  serf,  her  secretary  and  tutor.  Her 
pride  revolts  at  the  match,  but  her  love  is 
masterful.  When  the  duke  her  father  is 
told  of  it,  he  insists  on  Huon's  marrying 
Catherine,  a  freed  serf,  on  pain  of  death. 
Huon  refuses  to  do  so  till  the  countess 
herself  entreats  him  to  comply.  He  then 
mshes  to  the  wars,  where  he  greatly 
distinguishes  himself,  is  created  prince, 
and  learns  that  his  bride  is  not  Catherine 
the  quondam  serf,  but  Catherine  the 
duke's  daughter.  —  S.  Knowles,  Love 
(1840). 

Cath'erine  of  N"e-wport,  the  wife 
of  Julian  Avenel  (2  sy I.). —Sir  W.  S^ott, 
I'h^  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth).  (See 
Catharine,  and  under  K.) 

Cathleen,  one  of  the  attendants  on 
Flora  M'lvor.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Cathlin  of  Clu'tha,  daughter  of 
Cathmol.  Duth-Carmor  of  Cluba  had 
slain  Cathmol  in  battle,  and  carried  off 
Cathlin  by  force,  but  she  contrived  to 
make  her  escape  and  craved  aid  of  Fingal. 
Ossian  and  Oscar  were  selected  to  espouse 
her  cause,  and  when  they  reached  Rath- 
col  (where  Duth-Carmor  lived),  Ossian 
resigned  the  command  of  the  battle  to  his 
son  Oscar.  Oscar  and  Duth-Carmor  met 
in  combat,  and  the  latter  fell.  The  victor 
carried  the  mail  and  helmet  of  Duth- 
Carmor  to  Cathlin,  and  Cathlin  said, 
"Take  the  mail  and  place  it  high  in 
Selma's  hall,  that  you  may  remember  the 
helpless  in  a  distant  .land." — Ossian, 
Cathlin  of  Clutha. 

Cath-Iio'da.  The  tale  is  this  :  Fingal 
in  his  youth,  making  a  voyage  to  the 
Orkneys,  was  driven  by  stress  of  weather 
to  Denmark.  The  king  Starno  invited 
him  to  a  feast,  but  Fingal,  in  distrast, 
I   declined    the    invitation,      Starno    thea 


CATKRIOR. 


170 


CATO. 


proposed  U  his  son  Swaran  to  surprise 
Fingal  in  his  sleep  ;  but  Swaran  replied, 
"  I  shall  not  slay  in  shades.  I  move 
forth  in  light ; "  and  Stamo  resolved  to 
attack  the  sleeper  by  himself.  He  came 
to  the  place  where  Fingal  lay,  but  Fingal, 
hearing  the  step,  started  up  and  succeeded 
in  binding  Stamo  to  an  oak.  At  day- 
break he  discovered  it  to  be  the  king,  and 
loosing  him  from  his  bonds  he  said,  "I 
have  spared  thy  life  for  the  sake  of  thy 
daughter,  who  once  warned  me  of  an 
ambuscade." — Ossian,  Cath-Loda  (in  three 
duans). 

Cath'mor,  younger  brother  of  Cair'- 
bar  ("  lord  of  Atha"),  but  totally  unlike 
him.  Cairbar  was  treacherous  and  malig- 
nant ;  Cathmor  high-minded  and  hospit- 
able. Cairbar  murdered  Cormac  king  of 
Ireland,  and  having  inveigled  Oscar  (son 
of  Ossian)  to  a  feast,  vamped  up  a  quarrel, 
in  which  both  fell.  Cathmor  scorned 
such  treachery.  Cathmor  is  the  second 
hero  of  the  poem  called  Tem'ora,  and 
falls  by  the  hand  of  Fingal  (bk.  viii.). 

Cathmor,  the  friend  of  strangers,  the  brother  of  red- 
haired  Cairbar.  Their  souls  were  not  tlie  same.  The 
light  of  heaven  was  in  the  bosom  of  Cathmor.  His  towers 
rose  on  the  banks  of  Atha  ;  seven  paths  led  to  his  halls ; 
seven  chiefs  stood  on  the  paths  and  called  strangers  to  the 
feast.  But  Cathmor  dwelt  in  the  wood,  to  shun  the  voice 
of  praise.— Ossian,  Temora,  I, 

Cath'oHc  (The). 

Alfonso  I.  of  Asturias,  called  by 
Gregory  III.  IJis  Catholic  Majesty  (693, 

73y-7r)7). 

Ferdinand  II.  of  Ar'agon,  husband  of 
Isabella.  Also  called  Eus^y  "  the  wily  " 
(1462, 1474-1616). 

Isabella  wife  of  Ferdinand  II.  of 
Aragon,  so  called  for  her  zeal  in  establish- 
ing the  Inquisition  (1450,  1474-1^04). 

Catholic  Mpjeety  (CathuOca  Ma- 
jestad),  the  special  title  of  the  kings  of 
Spain.  It  was  first  given  to  king  Recared 
(690)  in  the  third  Council  of  Toledo,  for 
his  zeal  in  rooting  out  the  "Arian 
heresy." 

Cui  a  Deo  teternum  mcritum  nisi  Tero  Catholico  Re. 
caredo  regi  ?  Cni  a  Deo  selerna  corona  nisi  vero  orthodoso 
Recaredo  reg^I  ?— Gregor.  Mag.,  127  and  128. 

But  it  was  not  then  settled  as  a  fixed 
title  to  the  kings  of  Spain.  In  1600 
Alexander  VI.  gave  the  title  to  Ferdinand 
V.  king  of  Aragon  and  Castile,  and  from 
that  time  it  became  annexed  to  the 
Spanish  crown. 

Ah  Alexandro  pontifice  Ferdinandus  'iCatholici  "  cog- 
nomentuni  accci)it  in  posteros  cum  regno  transfusum 
stabili  pos.sessione.  Honorum  litulosprincipibusdividero 
pontificibus  Romanls  datur.— Mariana,  Do  Jtelmt  Betp., 
xxvi.  12  ;  see  also  vii.  4. 

Ca'thos,  cousin  of  Madelon,  brought 


up  by  her  uncle  Gor'gibus,  a  plain  citizen 
in  the  middle  rank  of  life.  These  two 
silly  girls  have  had  their  heads  turned  by 
novels,  and  thinking  their  names  common- 
place, Cathos  calls  herself  Aminta,  and 
her  cousin  adopts  the  name  of  Polix'ena. 
Two  gentlemen  wish  to  marry  them,  but 
the  girls  consider  their  manners  too 
unaffected  and  easy  to  be  "good  style," 
so  the  gentlemen  send  their  valets  to 
represent  the  "marquis  of  Mascarille " 
and  the  "viscount  of  Jodelet."  The 
girls  are  delighted  with  these  "dis- 
tinguished noblemen  ;  "  but  when  the 
game  has  gone  far  enough,  the  masters 
enter,  and  lay  bare  the  trick.  The  girls 
are  taught  a  useful  lesson,  without  being 
involved  in  any  fatal  ill  consequences. — 
Molibre,  Les  Pre'cieuses  JRidicules  (1659). 

Cathulla,  king  of  Inistore  (the 
Orkneys)  and  brother  of  Coma'la  (q.v.). 
Fingal,  on  coming  in  sight  of  the  palace, 
observed  a  beacon-flame  on  its  top  as 
signal  of  distress,  for  Frothal  king  of 
Sora  had  besieged  it.  Fingal  attacked 
Frothal,  engaged  him  in  single  combat, 
defeated  him,  and  made  him  prisoner.— 
Ossian,  Carrick-TImra. 

Cat'iline  (3  syL),  a  Roman  patrician, 
who  headed  a  conspiracy  to  overthrow  the 
Government,  and  obtain  for  himself  and 
his  followers  all  places  of  power  and 
trust.  The  conspiracy  was  discovered  by 
Cicero.  Catiline  escaped  and  put  himself 
at  the  head  of  his  army,  but  fell  in  the 
battle  after  fighting  with  desperate 
daring  (b.c.  62).  Ben  Jonson  wrote  a 
tragedy  called  Catiline  (1611),  and  Vol- 
taire, in  his  Home  Sauve'e,  has  introduced 
the  conspiracy  and  death  of  Catiline 
(1752). 

Ca'to,  the  hero  and  title  of  a  tragedy 
by  J.  Addison  (1713).  Disgusted  with 
Caesar,  Cato  retired  to  U'tica  (in  Africa), 
where  he  had  a  small  republic  and 
mimic  senate ;  but  Caesar  resolved  to 
reduce  Utica  as  he  had  done  the  rest  of 
Africa,  and  Cato,  finding  retfstance 
hopeless,  fell  on  his  own  sword. 

Tho'  stem  and  awful  to  the  foes  of  Rome, 
He  is  all  goodness,  Lucia,  always  mild, 
Comp.assionate,  and  gentle  to  lils  friends; 
Filled  with  domestic  tenderness. 

Act  V.  1. 
When  Barton  Booth  [1713]  first  appeared  as  "Cato," 
Bolingbroke  called  him  into  his  box  and  gave  him  fifty 
guineas  for  defending  the  cause  of  liberty  so  vt'ell  against 
a  perpetual  dictator.— XC'«  of  Addison. 

He  is  a  Cato,  a  man  of  simple  habits, 
severe  morals,  strict  justice,  and  blont 
speech,  but  of  undoubted  integrity  and 


CATULLtTS. 


171 


CAVE  OF  ADULLAM. 


pfttriotism,  like  the  Roman  censor  of  that 
name,  the  grandfather  of  the  Cato  of 
Utica,  who  resembled  him  in  character 
and  manners. 

Cato  and  Hortens'ius.  Cato  of  Utica's 
second  wife  was  Martia  daughter  of 
Philip.  He  allowed  her  to  live  with  his 
friend  Hortensius,  and  after  the  death  of 
Ilortensius  took  her  back  again. 

[SuJtansl  don't  agree  at  all  with  the  wise  Roman, 

Heroic,  stoic  CacD,  the  sententious, 

Who  lent  his  lady  to  his  friend  Hortentius. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vi.  7  (1821), 

Catul'lus.  Lord  Byron  calls  Thomas 
Moore  the  "  British  Catullus,''  referring 
to  a  volume  of  amator}"^  poems  published 
in  1808,  under  the  pseudonym  of 
"Thomas  Little." 

Tis  Little  1  young  Catullus  of  his  day. 
As  sweet  but  as  immoral  as  his  lay. 
Byron,  EnglUh  Bards  and  Hcotch  Reviewert  (1809). 

The  Oriental  Catullus,  Saadi  or  Sadi, 
a  Persian  poet.  He  married  a  rich 
merchant's  daughter,  but  the  marriage 
was  an  unhappy  one.  His  chief  works 
are  The  Guhstan  (or  "garden  of  roses"), 
and  T/ie  Boston  (or  "garden  of  fruits"), 
(1176-1291). 

Cau'dine  Forks,  a  narrow  pass  in  the 
mountains  near  Capua,  now  called  "the 
Valley  of  Arpaia."  Here  a  Roman  army 
xmder  the  consuls  T.  Vetu'rius  Calvi'nus 
and  Sp.  Postu'mius  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Sam'nites  (2  si^l.),  and  were  made  to 
"  pass  under  the  yoke." 

Cau'dle  {Mrs.  Margaret),  a  curtain 
lecturer,  who  between  eleven  o'clock  at 
night  and  seven  the  next  morning,  deli- 
vered for  thirty  years  a  curtain  lecture  to 
her  husband.  Job  Caudle,  generally  a  most 
gentle  listener ;  if  he  replied,  she  pro- 
nounced him  insufferably  rude,  and  if  he 
did  not  he  was  insufferably  sulky. — 
Douglas  Jerrold,  Punch  ("The  Caudle 
Papers"). 

Cau'line  (Sir),  a  knight  who  served 
the  wine  to  the  king  of  Ireland.  He  fell 
in  love  with  Christabelle  (3  syL),  the 
king's  daughter,  and  she  became  his 
troth-plight  wife,  without  her  father's 
knowledge.  When  the  king  knew  of  it, 
he  banished  sir  Cauline  (2  syl.).  After  a 
time  the  Soldain  asked  the  lady  in 
marriage,  but  sir  Cauline  challenged  his 
rival  and  slew  him.  He  himself,  however, 
died  of  the  wounds  he  had  received,  and 
the  lady  Christabelle,  out  of  grief,  "  burst 
her  gentle  hearte  in  twayne." — Percy's 
Ketiques,  I.  i.  4. 


Cau'rus,  the  stormy  west-north-wesfc 
wind  ;  called  in  Greek,  Arges'tes. 

The  ground  by  piercing  Caurus  seared. 

Tiiomson,  Castle  of  Indolence,  il.  (1748). 

Caustic,  of  the  Despatch  newspaper, 
was  the  signature  of  Mr.  Serle. 

Christopher  Caustic,  the  pseudonym  of 
Thomas  Green  Fessenden,  author  of 
Terrible  Tractoration,  a  Hudibrastic  poem 
(1771-1837). 

Caustic  {Colonel),  a  fine  gentleman  of 
the  last  century,  very  severe  on  the 
degeneracy  of  the  present  race. — Henrf 
Mackenzie,  in  The  Lounger, 

Ca'va  or  Florida,  daughter  of  St. 
Julian.  It  was  the  violation  of  Cava  by 
Roderick  that  brought  about  the  war 
between  the  Goths  and  the  Moors,  in 
which  Roderick  was  slain  (a.d.  711). 

Cavalier  {The).  Eon  de  Beaumont, 
called  by  the  French  Le  Chevalier  d  Eon 
(1728-1810).  Charles  Breydel,  the 
Flemish  landscape  painter  (1677-1744). 
Francisco  Cairo,  the  historian,  called 
El  Chavaliere  del  Cairo  (1598-1674).  Jean 
le  Clerc,  Le  Chevalier  (1587-1633).  J. 
Bapt.  Marini,  the  Italian  poet,  called 
II  Cavaliere  {15(}9 -1625).  Andrew  Michael 
Ramsay  (1686-1743). 

*^*  James  Francis  Edward  Stuart,  the 
"Old  Pretender,"  was  styled  Le  Chevalier 
de  St.  George  (1688-1765).  Charles 
Edward,  the  "Young  Pretender,"  was 
styled  The  Bonnie  Chevalier  or  The 
Young  Cavalier  (1720-1788). 

Cavalier  Servente,  same  as  the 
Spanish  corte'jo,  an  Italian  epithet  for 
a  young  gentleman  who  plays  the  gal- 
lant to  a  married  woman,  escorts  her 
to  places  of  public  amusement,  calls  her 
coach,  hands  her  to  supper,  buys  her  bou- 
quets and  opera  tickets,  etc. 

He  may  resume  his  amatory  care 
As  cavalier  servente. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iil.  24  (1820). 

Cavair,  "  king  Arthur's  hound  of 
deepest  mouth." — Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the 
King  ("Enid"). 

Cave  of  Adullam,  a  cave  m 
which  David  took  refuge  when  he  fled 
from  king  Saul ;  and  thither  resorted  to 
him  "  every  one  that  was  in  distress,  and 
every  one  that  was  in  debt,  and  every  one 
that  was  discontented"  (1  Sam.  xxii.  1,  2). 
Mr.  John  Bright  called  the  seceders  of 
the  reform  party  Adull'amites  (4  syl.), 
and  said  that  Lowe  and  Horsman,  like 
David  in  the  cave  of  Adullam,  gathered 


CAVE  OF  MAMMON. 


172 


CELIA. 


together  all   the    discontented,   and    all 
that  were  politically  distressed. 

Cave  of  Mammon,  the  abode  of 
the  god  of  wealth.  The  money-god  first 
appears  as  a  miser,  then  becomes  a  worker 
of  metals,  and  ultimately  the  god  of  all 
the  treasures  of  the  world.  All  men  bow 
down  to  his  daughter  Ambition. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  7  (1590). 

Cave  of  Montesi'nos,  about  sixty 
feet  in  depth,  in  the  heart  of  La  Mancha. 
So  called  because  Montesinos  retired 
thither  when  he  quitted  the  French  court 
on  account  of  some  insult  offered  to  him. 
Cervantes  makes  Don  Quixote  visit  it, 
and  it  is  now  often  resorted  to  by  shep- 
herds as  a  shelter  from  the  cold  or  rain. 

Cav'endish.,  author  of  Principles  of 
Whist,  and  numerous  guide-books  on 
games,  as  Be'ziqiie,  Piquet,  Ecarte, 
Billiards,  etc.  Henry  Jones,  editor  of 
"Pastimes"  in  The  Field  and  The  Queen 
newspapers  (1831-        ). 

Cavendish  Square  (London),  so 
called  from  Henrietta  Cavendish,  wife  of 
Edward  second  earl  of  Oxford  and 
Mortimer  (built  1718). 

Cawther  (^4/),  the  lake  of  paradise, 
the  waters  of  Avhich  are  sweet  as  honey, 
cold  as  snow,  and  clear  as  crystal.  He 
who  once  tastes  thereof  shall  never 
thirst  again. — Al  Koran,  cviii. 

The  righteous  having  surmounted  the  difficulties  of  life, 
and  having  passed  the  sharp  bridge  [al  Sirdt],  will  be 
refreslied  by  drinking  at  the  pond  of  their  prophet,  the 
waters  of  which  are  supplied  from  al  Cawthar.  .  .  .  This 
is  the  first  taste  whicli  the  blessed  will  have  of  their  future 
tut  near-approaching  felicity.— Sale,  Al  Kor&n  ("The 
Preliminary  Discourse,"  iv.). 

Cax'on  {Old  Jacob),  hairdresser  of 
Jonathan  Oldbuck  ("  the  antiquary ") 
of  Monkbams. 

Jenny  Caxon,  a  milliner ;  daughter  of 
Old  Jacob. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Caxton  (PisistratHs),  the  hero  of  Bul- 
wer's  novel  The  Cnxtons,  and  the  feigned 
author  of  the  sequel  to  it  entitled  My 
Novely  as  well  as  of  the  essays  collected 
together  under  the  name  of  Caxtoniana. 

Ceca  to  Mecca  {From),  from  pillar 
to  post.  To  saunter  or  rainble  from  Ceca 
to  Mecca  is  a  Spanish  proverb,  meaning  to 
roam  about  purposelessly  or  idly.  Ceca 
and  Mecca  are  two  places  visited  by 
Mohammedan  pilgrims. 

"  Let  us  return  home,"  said  Sancho,  "  nor  longer  ramble 
from  Ceca  to  MecoL"— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  iu.  4 


Cecil,  the  hero  of  a  novel  so  called  by 
Mrs.  Gore  (1790-1861). 

Cecil's  Fast,  an  Act  of  Parliament 
by  W.  Cecil,  lord  Burleigh,  to  enjoin  the 
eating  of  fish  on  certain  days.  The 
object  of  this  Act  was  to  restore  the  fish 
trade,  which  had  been  almost  ruined  by 
the  Reformation.  Papists  eat  fish  on 
fast-days,  and  at  the  Reformation  the 
eating  of  fish  being  looked  on  as  a  badge 
of  bad  faith,  no  one  was  willing  to  lie 
under  the  suspicion  of  being  a  papist, 
and  no  one  would  buy  fish. 

Cecilia  {St.),  the  patroness  of  musi- 
cians and  "inventor  of  the  organ."  The 
legend  says  that  an  angel  fell  in  love 
with  Cecilia  for  her  musical  skill,  and 
nightly  brought  her  roses  from  paradise. 
Her  husband  saw  the  angel  visitant,  who 
gave  to  both  a  crown  of  martyrdom. 

Thou  seem'st  to  me  like  the  angel 
That  brouglit  the  immortal  roses 
To  St.  Cecilia's  brid.il  chamber. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend. 

Ce'dric,  a  thane  of  Rotherwood,  and 
surnamed  "  the  Saxon." — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Cel'adon  and  Amelia,  lovers 
of  matcbJ[_ess  beauty,  and  most  devoted 
to  each  other.  Being  overtaken  by  a 
thunderstoriit,  Amelia  became  alarmed, 
but  Celadon,  folding  his  arm  about  her, 
said,  "  'Tis  safety  to  be  near  thee,  sure  ;  " 
but  while  he  spoke,  Amelia  was  stnick 
by  lightning  and  fell  dead  in  his  arms. 
— Thomson,  The  Seasons  ("  Summer," 
1727). 

(Celadon,  like  Chloe,  Celia,  Lesbia, 
Daphne,  etc.,  may  be  employed  to 
signify  a  lady-love  generally.) 

Cele'no  or  Celae'no,  chief  of  the 
harpies. 

There  on  a  craggy  stone 
Celeno  hung,  and  made  his  direful  moan. 
Giles  Fletcher,  Christ's  Triumph  [on  Earth],  (1610). 

Celes'tial  City  {The).  Heaven  is 
so  called  by  John  Bunyan,  in  his  Pilgrim^ 8 
Progress  (1678). 

Celes'tial  Empire,  China,  so 
called  because  the  first  emperors  were 
all  "celestial  deities:"  as  Puon-Ku 
("  highest  eternity"),  Tien-Hoang  ("ei^- 
peror  of  heaven"),  Ti-Hoang("  emperor  of 
earth"),  Gine-Hoang("emperorof  men"), 
etc.,  embracing  a  period  of  300,000  years 
previous  to  To-hi,  whose  reign  is  placed 
B.C.  2953-2838. 

Ce'lia,  daughter  of  Frederick  the 
usurping  duke,  and  cousin  of  Koa'alind, 


CELIA. 


CENTAUR. 


daughter  of  the  banished  dnke.  When  Ro- 
salind was  driven  from  her  uncle's  court, 
Cclia  determined  to  go  with  her  to  the 
forest  of  Arden  to  seek  out  the  banished 
duke,  and  for  security  sake,  Rosalind 
dressed  in  boy's  clothes  and  called  her- 
self "  Gan'imed,"  while  Celia  dressed  as 
a  peasant  girl  and  called  herself 
"  Aliena."  When  they  reached  Arden 
they  lodged  for  a  time  in  a  shepherd's 
hut,  and  Oliver  de  Boys  was  sent  to  tell 
them  that  his  brother  Orlando  was  hurt 
and  could  not  come  to  the  hut  as  usual. 
Oliver  and  Celia  fell  in  love  with  each 
other,  and  their  wedding  day  was  fixed. 
Ganimed  resumed  the  dress  of  Rosalind, 
and  the  two  brothers  married  at  the  same 
time. — Shakespeare,  As  You  Like  It 
(1698). 

CeHia^  a  girl  of  16,  in  Whitehead's 
comedy  of  The  School  for  Lovers.  It 
was  written  expressly  for  Mrs.  Cibber, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Arne. 

Mrs.  Cibbtr  was  at  the  time  more  than  50  years  old,  but 
the  uncommon  symmetry  and  exact  proportion  in  her 
form,  with  her  singular  vivacity,  enabled  her  to  represent 
the  character  of  "  Celia  "  with  all  the  juvenile  appearance 
marked  by  the  author. — Percy,  Anecdotei, 

Ce'lia,  a  poetical  name  for  any  lady- 
love:  as  "Would  you  know  ray  Celia's 
charms  .  .  .  ? "  Not  unfrequently 
Streph'on  is  the  wooer  when  Celia  is  the 
wooed.  Thomas  Carew  calls  his  "sweet 
sweetitog "  Celia ;  her  real  name  is  not 
known. 

Ce'lia  {Dame),  mother  of  Faith,  Hope, 
and  Charity.  She  lived  in  the  hospice 
called  Holiness.  (Celia  is  from  the  Latin, 
ccelutn,  "  heaven.")  —  Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  i.  10  (1590). 

Cel'idon,  the  scene  of  one  of  Arthur's 
twelve  battles,  also  called  "  Celidon-the- 
Forest,"  and  said  to  be  Tweeddale. 
Celyddon  was  a  common  term  for  a 
British  forest. 

Celimene  (3  syL),  a  coquette  courted 
by  Alceste  (2  syl.)  the  "  misanthrope"  (a 
really  good  man,  both  upright  and  manly, 
but  blunt  in  behaviour,  rude  in  speech, 
and  unconventional).  Alceste  wants  Ce'- 
limene  to  forsake  society  and  live  with 
him  in  seclusion  ;  this  she  refuses  to  do, 
and  he  replies,  as  you  cannot  find,  "  tout 
en  moi,  comme  moi  tout  en  vous,  allez, 
je  vous  refuse."  He  then  proposes  to  her 
cousin  Eliante  (3  syl.),  but  Eliante  tells 
him  she  is  already  engaged  to  his  friend 
Philintc  (2  syl.),  and  so  the  play  ends. — 
Moliere,  Le  Misanthrope  (16G6). 

"  Cdimbne"  inMolilre's  Les  Pr^cieuses 


Ridicules  is  a  mere  dummy.  She  is 
brought  on  the  stage  occasionally  towards 
the  end  of  the  play,  but  never  utters  one 
word,  and  seems  a  supernumerary  of  no 
importance  at  all. 

Celin'da,  the  victim  of  count  Fathom's 
seduction.  —  Smollett,  Co^mt  Fathom 
(1764). 

The  count  placed  an  Eolian  harp  In  her  bedroom,  and 
"the  string  no  sooner  felt  the  impression  of  tlie  wind 
than  they  began  to  pour  forth  a  streiini  of  melody  more 
ravishingly  delightful  than  the  song  of  Philomel,  the 
warbling  brook,  and  all  the  concert  of  the  wood."— Smol- 
lett, Cou/nt  Fathom. 

Cel'lide  (2  syl.),  beloved  by  Valentine 
and  his  son  Francisco.  The  lady  naturally 
prefers  the  j^ounger  man. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas  (1619). 

Celt.  Tennyson  calls  the  irritability 
of  the  Irish  and  Welsh 

The  bUnd  hysterics  of  the  Celt 

In  Memoriam,  cix. 

Celtic  and  Ibe'rian  Fields  ( The)^ 
France  and  Spain. 

Roving  the  Celtic  and  Iberian  fields. 

Milton,  Comvit,  60  (1634). 

Celtic  Homer  {The),  Ossian.  said 
to  be  of  the  third  centur\'. 

If  Ossian  lived  at  the  introduction  of  Christianity,  as  by 
all  appearances  he  did,  liis  epoch  will  be  the  latter  end  of 
the  third  and  beginning  of  tiie  fourth  century. 

The  "Caracul"  of  Fingal,  who  is  no  other  than  Cara- 
calla  (son  of  Seve'rus,  emperor  of  Rome),  and  the  battle 
fouglit  against  Caros  or  Carausius,  ...  fix  tlie  epoch  of 
Fingal  to  the  third  century,  and  Irish  historians  place  his 
death  in  tlie  year  283.    Ussian  was  Fingal's  son. — Kra  of 


Cenei.  Francesco  Cenci  was  a  most 
profligate  Roman  noble,  who  had  four 
sons  and  one  daughter,  all  of  whom  he 
treated  with  abominable  cruelty.  It  is 
said  that  he  assassinated  his  two  elder 
sons  and  debauched  his  daughter  Beatrice. 
Beatrice  and  her  two  surviving  brothers, 
with  Lucretia  (their  mother),  conspired 
against  Francesco  and  accomplished  his 
death,  but  all  except  the  youngest  brother 
perished  on  the  scafi:old,  September  11, 
1501. 

It  has  been  doubted  whether  the  fam- 
ous portrait  in  the  Barberini  palace  at 
Rome  is  really  of  Beatrice  Cenci,  and  even 
whether  Guido  Reni  was  the  painter. 

Percy  B.  Shelley  wrote  a  tragedy  called 
The  Cenci  (1819). 

Cenimag'ni,  the  inhabitants  of 
Norfolk,  Suffolk,  and  Cambridge. — Caesar, 
Commentaries. 

Centaur  {Tlie  Blue),  a  human  form 
from  the  waist  upwards,  and  a  goat 
covered  with  blue  shag  from  the  waist 


CENTURY  WHITE. 


174 


CHALYBES. 


downwards.    Like  the  Os;Ti,  he  fed  on 
human  fl«sh. 

"  Shepherds,"  said  he.  "  I  am  the  Blue  Centaur.  If  you 
wil!  give  me  every  third  year  a  young  child,  I  promise  to 
bring  a  hundred  of  my  Icinsmen  and  drive  the  Oxri  awa>." 
...  Me  [the  Glue  Centaur]  used  to  appear  on  tlie  top  of 
a  rock,  with  his  club  in  one  hand  .  .  .  and  with  a  terrible 
voice  cry  out  to  the  shepherds,  "  Leave  me  my  prey,  and 
be  off  with  you!"  —  (k>nites!ie  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Taiet 
("  Princess  Carpillona."  1«82). 

Cen'turjr  White,  John  White,  the 
nonconformist  lawyer.  So  called  from 
his  chief  work,  entitled  The  First  Cen- 
tury of  Scandalous,  Malignant  Priests, 
etc.  (1590-1645). 

Ce'phal  (Greek,  Kephale),  the  Head 
personified,  the  "acropolis"  of  The  Purple 
Island,  fully  described  in  canto  v.  of 
that  poem,  by  Phineas  Fletcher  (1633). 

Ceph'alus  (in  Greek,  Kephalos). 
One  day,  overcome  with  heat,  Cephalus 
threw  himself  on  the  grass,  and  cried 
aloud,  "  Come,  gentle  Aura,  and  this 
heat  allay ! "  The  words  were  told  to  his 
young  wife  Procris,  who,  supposing  Aura 
to  be  some  rival,  became  furiously 
jealous.  Resolved  to  discover  her  riral, 
she  stole  next  day  to  a  covert,  and  soon 
saw  her  husband  come  and  throw  himself 
on  the  bank,  crying  aloud,  "  Come,  gentle 
Zephyr ;  come.  Aura,  come,  this  heat 
allay  ! "  Her  mistake  was  evident,  and 
she  was  about  to  throw  herself  into  the 
arms  of  her  husband,  when  the  young 
man,  aroused  by  the  rustling,  shot  an 
arrow  into  the  covert,  supposing  some 
wild  beast  was  about  to  spring  on  him. 
Procris  was  shot,  told  her  tale,  and  died. 
— Ovid,  Art  of  Love,  iii. 

(Cephalus  loves  Procris,  i.e.  "  the  sun 
kisses  the  dew."  Procris  is  killed  by 
Cephalus,  i.e.  "  the  dew  is  destroyed  by 
the  rays  of  the  sun.") 

Ceras'tes  (3  syl.),  the  homed  snake. 
(Greek,  keras,  "a  horn.")  Milton  uses  the 
word  in  Paradise  Lost,  x.  525  (1665). 

Cerberus,  a  dog  with  three  heads, 
which  kjeeps  guard  in  hell.  Dante  places 
it  in  the  third  circle. 

Cerberus,  cruel  monster,  fierce  and  strange, 
Through  his  wide  threefold  throat  barks  as  a  dog  .  .  i 
His  eyes  glare  crimson,  black  its  unctuous  beard. 
Its  belly  large,  and  clawed  the  hands  with  whicb 
It  tears  the  spirits,  flays  them,  and  their  limbs 
Piecemeal  disparts. 

Dant«.  Uell,  vi.  (1300,  Gary's  translation). 

Cer'don,  the  boldest  of  the  rabble 
leaders  in  the  encounter  with  Hu'dibras 
at  the  bear-baiting.  The  original  of  this 
character  was  Hewson,  a  one-eyed  cobbler 
and  preacher,  who  was  also  a  colonel  in 
the  Rump  army, — S.  Butler,  Hudibras, 
i.  2  (1663). 


Ce'res  (2  syl.),  the  Fruits  of  Harveirt 
personified.  In  classic  mythology  Ceres 
means  "  Mother  Earth,"  the  protectress  of 
agriculture  and  fruits. 

Ce'res,  the  planet,  is  so  called  because  it 
was  discovered  from  the  observatory  of 
Palermo,  and  Ceres  is  the  tutelar  goddess 
of  Sicily. 

Ceret'tick  Shore  {TJie),  the  Car- 
digan coast. 

...  the  other  floods  from  the  Cerettick  short 
To  the  Virginian  seaf^.t).!,  contributing  their  store. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  vi.  (1612). 

Cer'imon,  a  physician  of  Ephesus, 
who  restored  to  animation  Thaisa,  the 
wife  of  Per'icles  prince  of  Tyre,  sup- 
posed to  be  dead. — Shakespeare,  Pericles 
Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

Chab'ot  {Philippe  de),  admiral  of 
France,  governor  of  Bourgoyne  and  Nor- 
mandy under  Franfois  I.  Montmorency 
and  the  cardinal  de  Lorraine,  out  of 
jealousy,  accused  him  of  malversation, 
his  faithful  ser\'ant  Allegre  was  put 
to  the  rack  to  force  evidence  against  the 
accused,  and  Chabot  was  sent  to  prison 
because  he  was  unable  to  pay  the  fine 
levied  upon  him.  His  innocence,  how- 
ever, was  established  by  the  confession  of 
his  enemies,  and  he  was  released  ;  but 
disgrace  had  made  so  deep  an  impression 
on  his  mind  that  he  sickened  and  died. 
This  is  the  subject  of  a  tragedy  entitled 
Hie  Tragedy  of  Philip  Chabot,  etc.,  by 
George  Chapman  and  James  Shirley. 

Chad'band  {The  Rev.  Mr.),  type  of 
a  canting  hypocrite  "in  the  ministry." 
He  calls  himself  "a  vessel,"  is  much 
admired  by  his  dupes,  and  pretends  to 
despise  the  "carnal  world,"  but  never- 
theless loves  dearly  its  "good  things," 
and  is  most  self-indulgent. — C.  Dickens, 
Bleak  House  (1853). 

Chaffington  {Mr,  Percy),  M.P.,  a 
stock-broker.— T.  M.  Morton,  If  I  had  a 
Thousand  a  Year. 

Chalbrook,  the  giant,  the  root  of 
the  race  of  giants,  including  Poh-pheme 
(3  syl.),  Goliath,  the  Titans,  Fierabras, 
Gargantua,  and  closing  with  Pautag'ruel. 
He  was  born  in  the  year  known  for  its 
"  week  of  three  Thursdays." — Rabelais, 
Pantagniel,  ii.  (1533). 

Chal'ybes  (3  syl.),  a  people  on  the 
south  shore  of  the  Black  Sea,  who  occu- 
pied themselves  in  the  working  of  iron. 

On  the  left  hand  dwell 
The  iron-workers  called  the  Chalybfis, 
Of  whom  beware. 

E.  B.  Browning,  Prometheiu  Bound  (I860}. 


CHAM. 


176 


CHANTICLEER. 


Cham,  the  pseudonym  of  comte 
Amede'e  de  Noe,  a  peer  of  France,  a  great 
wit,  and  the  political  caricaturist  of 
Charivari  (the  French  Punch).  The  count 
was  one  of  the  founders  of  the  French 
Republic  in  1875.  As  Cham  or  Ham  was 
the  second  son  and  scapegrace  of  Noah, 
8o  Amede'e  was  the  second  son  and  scape- 
grace of  the  comte  de  Noe'  [^Noahl . 

Cham  of  Literature,  the  Great,  a  nick- 
name given  to  Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  by 
Smollett  in  a  letter  to  John  Wilkes  (1709- 
1784). 

Cham  of  Tartary,  a  corruption 
of  Chan  or  Khan,  i.e.  "  lord  or  prince," 
as  Hoccota  Chan.  "  Ulu  Chan  "  means 
"great  lord,"  "ulu"  being  equal  to  the 
Latin  magnus,  and  "  chan  "  to  dominus  or 
imperdtor.  Sometimes  the  word  is  joined 
to  the  name,  as  Chan-balu,  Cara-chan, 
etc.  The  Turks  have  also  had  their 
"  Sultan  Murad  chan  bin  Sultan  Selim 
chan,"  i.e.  Sultan  Murad  prince,  son  of 
Saltan  Selim  prince. — Selden,  Titles  of 
Honour,  vi.  66  (1672). 

Cham'berlain  {Matthew),  a  tapster, 
the  successor  of  Old  Roger  Raine  (1  sijl.). 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Chamont,  brother  of  Monimia 
"the  orphan,"  and  the  troth -plight 
husband  of  Seri'na  (daughter  of  lord 
Acasto).  He  is  a  soldier,  so  proud  and 
susceptible  that  he  is  for  ever  taking 
offence,  and  setting  himself  up  as  censor 
or  champion.  He  fancies  his  sister 
Monim'ia  has  lost  her  honour,  and  calls 
her  to  task,  but  finds  he  is  mistaken. 
He  fancies  her  guardian,  old  Acasto,  has 
not  been  sufficiently  watchful  over  her,  and 
draws  upon  him  in  his  anger,  but  sees  his 
folly  just  in  time  to  prevent  mischief.  He 
fancies  Castalio,  his  sister's  husband,  has 
ill-treated  her,  and  threatens  to  kill  him, 
but  his  suspicions  are  again  altogether 
erroneous.  In  fact,  his  presence  in  the 
house  was  like  that  of  a  mad  man  with 
fire-brands  in  a  stack-3'ard. — Otway,  The 
Orphan  (1680). 

There  »re  characters  in  which  he  [C.  M.  Young's  il 
unrivalled  and  almost  perfect.  His  "Pierre"  [Venice 
Preserved,  Otway]  is  more  soldierly  than  Kenible's ; 
his  "  Chamont "  is  full  of  brotherly  pride,  noble  im- 
petuosity, and  heroic  scorn.— A^eu;  Monthly  Magazine 

Cham.pagne  {Henry  earl  of),  a 
crusader.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Cham.'pemel',  a  lame  old  gentle- 
man, the  husband  of  Lami'ra,  and  son- 


in-law  of  judge  Vertaigne  (2  syl.). — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Tlie  Little  French 
Lawyer  (1647). 

Champion    and    Severall.     A 

"  champion "  is  a  common,  or  land  in 
allotments  without  enclosures.  A 
"  severall "  is  a  private  farm,  or  land 
enclosed  for  individual  use.  A  "cham- 
pion "  also  means  one  who  holds  an  open 
allotment  or  "  champion." 

More  profit  is  quieter  found 

(Where  pastures  In  severall  be) 
Of  one  seely  acre  of  ground. 

Than  chumpion  maketh  of  three. 
Again  what  a  joy  it  is  )(nown 
When  men  may  be  bold  of  their  own  ! 

Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Hutbandry,  liii.  22. 

Again : 

The  champion  differs  from  severall  much 
For  want  of  partition,  closier,  and  such. 

Tusser  (iutr.),  (1667). 

Champion  of  the  Virgin.    St. 

Cyril  of  Alexandria  is  so  called  from  his 
defence  of  the  "  Incarnation"  or  doctrine 
of  the  "  hypostatic  union,"  in  the  long 
and  stormy  dispute  with  Nesto'rius 
bishop  of  Constantinople. 

Champneys  {Sir  Geoffry),  a  fossi- 
lized old  country  gertleman,  who  believes 
in  "blue  blood"  and  the  "British  peer- 
age." Father  of  Talbot,  and  neighbour 
of  Perkyn  Middlewick,  a  retired  butter - 
man.  The  sons  of  these  two  magnates 
are  fast  friends,  but  are  turned  adrift  by 
their  fathers  for  marrj-ing  in  opposition 
to  their  wishes.  When  reduced  to  abject 
poverty,  the  old  men  go  to  visit  their 
sons,  relent,  and  all  ends  happily. 

Talbot  Champneys,  a  swell  w^ith  few 
brains  and  no  energy.  His  name,  which 
was  his  passport  into  society,  would  not 
find  him  in  salt  in  the  battle  of  life. 
He  marries  Mary  Melrose,  a  girl  without 
a  penny,  but  his  father  wanted  him  to 
marry  Violet  the  heiress. 

3Iiss  Champneys,  sir  Geoffry's  sister, 
proud  and  aristocratic,  but  quite  willing 
to  sacrifice  both  on  the  altar  of  Mr. 
Perkyn  Middlewick,  the  butterman,  if 
the  wealthy  plebeian  would  make  her 
his  wife,  and  allow  her  to  spend  his 
money.— H.  J.  Byron,  Our  Boys  (1875). 

Chandos  House  (Cavendish  Square, 
London),  so  called  from  being  the  resi- 
dence of  James  Brj^dges,  duke  of  Chan- 
dos, generally  called  "  The  Princely 
Chandos." 

Chandos  Street.  (See  Cauibee 
Islands.) 

Chan'ticleer  (3  syl.),  the  cock,  in 


CHAONIAN  BIRD, 


176 


CHARLEMAGNE,  ETC. 


the  beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498), 
and  also  in  "The  Nonne  Preste's  Tale," 
told  in  The  Canterbury  Tales,  by  Chaucer 
(1388). 

Cliaon'ian  Bird.  (27te),  the  dove; 
BO  called  because  doves  delivered  the 
oracles  of  Dodona  or  Chaon'ia. 

But  the  mild  swallow  none  with  toils  infest, 
And  none  the  soft  Chaonian  bird  molest 

Ovid,  Art  of  Love,  i\. 

Chaonian  Food,  acorns,  so  called  from 
the  oak  trees  of  Dodona,  which  gave  out 
the  oracles  by  means  of  bells  hung 
among  the  branches.  Beech  mast  is  so 
called  also,  because  beech  trees  abounded 
xi  the  forest  of  Dodona. 

Chapelle  Aventureuse,  the 
place  where  Launcelot  had  his  second 
vision  of  the  "Beatific  Cup."  His  first 
was  during  his  fit  of  madness. 

Slumbering,  he  saw  the  vision  high, 
He  might  not  view  with  waliing  eye. 

Sir  W.  Scott,  Marmion  (1808). 

Characters  ofVathek's  Sabres. 

"Like  the  characters  of  Vathek's  sabres, 
they  never  remained  two  days  alike." 
These  sabres  would  deal  blows  without 
being  wielded  by  man,  obedient  to  his 
wish  only.— W.  Beckford,  Vathck  (1784). 

Charniois,  son  of  the  marshal  of 
Burgundy.  When  he  was  28  years  old, 
his  father  died  in  prison  at  Dijon,  for 
debts  contracted  by  him  for  the  service 
of^the  State  in  the  wars.  According  to 
the  law  which  then  prevailed  in  France, 
the  body  of  the  marshal  was  seized  by 
his  creditors,  and  refused  burial.  The 
son  of  Charalois  redeemed  his  father's 
body  by  his  own,  which  was  shut  up  in 
prison  in  lieu  of  the  marshal's. — Philip 
Massinger,  The  Fatal  Dowry  (1632). 

(It  will  be  remembered  that  Milti'ades, 
the  Athenian  general,  died  in  prison  for 
debt,  and  the  creditors  claimed  the  body, 
which  they  would  not  suffer  to  be  buried 
till  his  son  Cimon  gave  up  himself  as 
a  hostage.) 

Char'egite  (3  syl.).  The  Charegite 
assassin,  in  the  disguise  of  a  Turkish 
marabout  or  enthusiast,  comes  and  dances 
before  the  tent  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion, 
and  suddenly  darting  forward,  is  about 
to  stab  the  king,  when  a  Nubifc.n  seizes 
his  arm,  and  the  king  kills  the  assassin 
on  the  spot. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Chariele'ia,  the  fiancee  of  Theag'enee, 
in  the  Greek  romance  called  The  Loves  of 


Theagenes  and  Charideia,  by  Heliodo'rog 
bishop  of  Trikka  (fourth  century). 

Chari'no,  father  of  Angelina.  Charino 
wishes  Angelina  to  marry  Clodfo,  a  young 
coxcomb ;  but  the  lady  prefers  his  elder 
brother  Carlos,  a  young  bookworm. 
Love  changes  the  character  of  the  diffi- 
dent Carlos,  and  Charino  at  last  accepts 
him  for  his  son-in-law.  Charino  is  a 
testy,  obstinate  old  man,  who  wants  to 
rule  the  whole  world  in  his  own  wav. — 
C.  Cibber,  Love  Makes  the  Man  (1694). 

Chariva'ri.  In  the  middle  ages  a 
"charivari"  consisted  of  an  assemblage 
of  ragamuffins,  who,  armed  with  tin  pots 
and  pans,  fire-shovels,  and  kettles, 
gathered  in  the  dark  outside  the  house  oi 
any  obnoxious  person,  making  the  night 
hideous  by  striking  the  pots  against  the 
pans,  and  howling  "  Haro !  haro  ! "  or  (in 
the  south)  "Hari!  hari !"  In  1563,  the 
Council  of  Trent  took  the  matter  up,  and 
solemnly  interdicted  "  charivaries  "  under 
pain  of  excommunication ;  nevertheless, 
the  practice  continues  in  France  to  this 
day,  notably  in  the  village  of  La  Rus- 
cade. 

In  East  Lavant,  near  Chichester,  be- 
tween 1869  and  J  872,  I  have  witnessed 
three  such  visitations  made  to  different 
houses.  In  two  cases  the  husband  had 
bullied  his  wife,  and  in  one  the  wife  had 
injured  her  husband  with  a  broomstick. 
The  visitation  in  all  cases  was  made  for 
three  successive  nights,  and  the  villagers 
assured  me  confidently  that  the  "law  had 
no  power  to  suppress  these  demonstra- 
tions." 

Charlemagne  and  His  Pala- 
dins. This  series  of  romances  is  of 
French  origin  ;  as  the  Arthurian  is  Welsh 
or  British.  It  began  with  the  legendary 
chronicle  in  verse,  called  Historia  de  Vita 
Carola  Magni  et  Rolandi,  erroneously  at- 
tributed to  Turpin  archbishop  of  Rheims 
(a  contemporary  of  Charlemagne),  but 
probably  written  200  or  300  years 
later.  The  chief  of  the  series  are  Huon 
of  Bordeaux,  Guerin  de  Monr/lave,  Gay- 
len  Eketore  (in  which  Charlemagne  and 
his  paladins  proceed  in  mufti  to  the  H0I5 
Land),  Miles  and  Arnes,  Jairdain  de 
Blaves,  Doolin  de  Maijcnce,  Oyier  le 
Danais,  and  Mawjis  the  Enchanter. 

Charlemayne' s  Stature.  We  are  told 
that  Charlemagne  was  "  eight  feet  high," 
and  so  strong  that  he  could  "straighten 
with  his  hands  alone  three  horse-shoes 
at  once."  His  diet  and  his  dress  were 
both  as  simple  as  possible.     . 


CHARLEMAGNE  OF  SERVIA.        177 


CHARLES'S  WAIN. 


C/utrlemaone's  Nine  Wives:  (1)  Hamil- 
trude,  a  poor  frenchwoman,  who  bore  him 
several  children.  (2)  Desidera'ta,  who 
was  divorced.  (3)  Hildegarde.  (4)  Fas- 
trade,  daughter  of  count  Kodolph  the 
Saxon.  (5)  Luitgarde  the  German.  The 
last  three  died  before  him.  (6)  Malte- 
garde.  (7)  Gersuinde  the  Saxon.  (8) 
Reglna.     (9)  Adalinda. 

Charlemagne's  Sword,  La  Joyeuse. 

Char-lemagTie  and  tlie  Ring.  Pasquier 
says  that  Charles  le  Grand  fell  in  love 
Avith  a  peasant  girl  [Agatha],  in  whose 
society  he  seemed  bewitched,  insomuch 
that  all  matters  of  State  were  neglected 
by  him  ;  but  the  girl  died,  to  the  great  joy 
of  all.  What,  however,  was  the  astonish- 
ment of  the  court  to  find  that  the  king 
seemed  no  less  bewitched  with  the  dead 
body  than  he  had  been  with  the  living,  and 
spent  all  day  and  night  with  it,  even  when 
its  smell  was  quite  offensive.  Archbishop 
Turpin  felt  convinced  there  was  sorcery 
in  this  strange  infatuation,  and  on  ex- 
amining the  body,  found  a  ring  under 
the  tongue,  which  he  removed.  Charle- 
magne now  lost  all  regard  for  the  dead 
body ;  but  followed  Turpin,  with  whom 
he  seemed  infatuated.  The  archbishop 
now  bethought  him  of  the  ring,  which  he 
threw  into  a  pool  at  Aix,  where  Charle- 
magne built  a  palace  and  monastery,  and 
no  spot  in  the  world  had  such  attractions 
for  him  as  Aix-la-Chapelle,  where  "the 
ring"  was  buried. — Uecherches  de  la 
France,  vi.  33. 

Charlemagne  not  dead.  According  to 
legend,  Charlemagne  waits  crowned  and 
armed  in  Odenberg  (Hesse)  or  Untersberg, 
near  Saltzburg,  till  the  time  of  antichrist, 
when  he  will  wake  up  and  deliver  Christen- 
dom.    (See  Baubakossa.) 

Charlemagne  and  Years  of  Plenty.  Ac- 
cording to  German  legend,  Charlemagne 
appears  in  seasons  of  plentj'.  He  crosses 
the  Rhine  on  a  golden  bridge,  and  blesses 
both  corn-fields  and  vineyards. 

Thou  standest,  like  imperial  Charlemagne, 
Upon  thy  bridge  of  gold. 

Longfellow,  Autumn. 

Charlemagne  of  Servia,  Stephen 
Dushan. 

Charles  II.  of  England,  introduced 
by  sir  W.  Scott  in  two  novels,  viz., 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  and  Woodstock.  In 
this  latter  he  appears  first  as  a  gipsy 
woman,  and  afterwards  under  the  name 
of  Louis  Kerneguy  (Albert  Lee's  page). 

Charles  XII.  of  Sweden.  "  Deter- 
mined to  brave  the  seasons,  as  he  had 
done  his  enemies,  Charles  XII.  ventured 


to  make  long  marches  during  the  cold 
of  the  memorable  winter  of  1709.  In  one 
of  these  marches  2000  of  his  men  died 
from  the  cold. 

Or  learn  the  fate  that  bleeding  thousands  bore. 
Marched  by  their  Charles  to  Dnieper's  swampy  shore ; 
Faint  in  his  wounds,  and  shivering  in  the  blast. 
The  Swedish  soldier  sank,  and  groaned  )iis  last 

Campbell,  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

(Planche'  has  an  historical  drama,  in 
two  acts,  called  Charles  XII.  ;  and  the 
Life  of  Charles  XII.,  by  Voltaire,  is  con- 
sidered to  be  one  of  the  best-written 
historical  works  in  the  French  language.) 

Charles  "the  Bold,"  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy, introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
two  novels,  viz.,  Quentin  Durward  and 
Anne  of  Geierstein.  The  latter  novel 
contains  an  account  of  the  battle  of 
Nancy,  where  Charles  was  slain. 

Charles  prince  -f  Wales  (called  "Babie 
Charles"),  son  of  James  I.,  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel. 

Cunrles  "the  Good,"  earl  of  Flanders. 
In  1127  he  passed  a  law  that  whoever 
married  a  serf  should  become  a  serf : 
thus  if  a  prince  married  a  serf,  the 
prince  would  become  a  serf.  This  absurd 
law  caused  his  death,  and  the  death  of 
the  best  blood  in  Bruges. — S.  Knowles, 
The  Provost  of  Bruges  (1836). 

Charles  Edward  [Stuart],  called 
"The  Chevalier  Prince  Charles  Edward, 
the  Young  Pretender,"  introduced  by  sir 
W.  Scott  in  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
III.),  first  as  "  father  Buenaventura," 
and  afterwards  as  "  Pretender  to  the 
British  crown."  He  is  again  introduced 
in  Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Charles  Emmanuel,  son  of  Victor 
Amade'us  (4  syl.)  king  of  Sardinia.  In 
1730  his  father  abdicated,  but  somewhat 
later  wanted  his  son  to  restore  the  croAvn 
again.  This  he  refused  to  do  ;  and  when 
Victor  plotted  against  him,  D'Orme'a 
was  sent  to  arrest  the  old  man,  and  he 
died.  Charles  was  brave,  patient,  single- 
minded,  and  truthful. — R.  Browning, 
King  Victor  and  King  Charles,  etc. 

Charles's  Wain,  the  constellation 
called  The  Great  Bear,  a  corniption  of 
the  old  English  ceorles  ween  ("the  churl's 
or  farmer's  waggon"),  sometimes  still 
further  corrupted  into  "King  Charles's 
wain." 

Heigh  ho  !  An  't  be  not  four  by  the  day,  I'll  be  hanged. 
Charles'  wain  is  over  the  new  chimney.— Shakespeare, 
I  Henry  IV.  act  li.  sc.  1  (159/'), 

Could  he  not  beg  the  loan  of  Charles's  wain. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iU.  99  (ISSOJ. 


CHAKLEY. 


178 


CHASTE. 


■    Charley  (A),  an  imperial,  or  tuft  of 
hair  on  the  chin. 

A  tuft  of  hair  on  his  chin,  termed  grandiloquentljr  an 
"  imperial,"  but  familiarly  a  "  Charley."— K.  M.  Jephson, 
The  Girl  He  Left  behind.  Him,  i.  5. 

Charley,  plu.  Charlies,  an  old 
watchman  or  "  night  guardian,"  before 
the  introduction  of  the  police  force  by 
sir  Robert  Peel,  in  1829.  So  called  from 
Charles  I.,  who  extended  and  improved 
the  police  system. 

Chariot,  a  messenger  from  Liege  to 
Louis  XL — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin  Vur- 
uxird  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Charlotte,  the  faithful  sweetheart  of 
young  Wilmot,  supposed  to  have  perished 
at  sea. — Geo.  Lillo,  Fatal  Curiosity  (1736). 

Charlotte,  the  dumb  girl,  in  love  with 
Leander ;  but  her  father,  sir  Jasper, 
wants  her  to  marry  Mr.  Dapper.  In 
order  to  avoid  this  hateful  alliance,  Char- 
lotte pretends  to  be  dumb,  and  only 
answers,  "  Han,  hi,  han,  hon."  The 
"mock  doctor"  employs  Leander  as  his 
apothecary,  and  the  young  lady  is  soon 
cured  by  "  pills  matrimoniac."  In 
Moliere's  Le  Me'decin  Malgre'  Lui,  Char- 
lotte is  called  "  Lucinde."  The  jokes  in 
act  ii.  6  are  verbally  copied  from  the 
French. — H.  Fielding',  The  Mock  Doctor. 

Charlotte,  daughter  of  sir  John  Lam- 
bert, in  Tlie  JIt/pocrite,  by  Is.  Bicker- 
staff  (1768) ;  in  love  with  Damley.  She 
is  a  giddy  girl,  fond  of  tormenting  Dam- 
ley  ;  but  being  promised  in  marriage  to 
Dr.  Cantwell,  who  is  69,  and  whom  she 
utterly  detests,  she  becomes  somewhat 
sobered  down,  and  promises  Damley  to 
become  his  loving  wife.  Her  constant 
exclamation  is  "  Lud  !  "  In  Moliere's 
comedy  of  Tartuffe,  Charlotte  is  called 
"  Mariane,"  and  Damley  is  "  Valere." 

Charlotte,  the  pert  maid-servant  of  the 
countess  Wintersen.  Her  father  was 
"  state  coachman."  Charlotte  is  jealous 
of  Mrs.  Haller,  and  behaves  rudely  to 
her  (see  act  ii.  3). — Benjamin  lliompson, 
The  Stranger  (1797). 

Char'lotte,  servant  to  Sowerberry.  A 
dishonest,  rough  servant-girl,  who  ill- 
treats  Oliver  Twist,  and  robs  her  master. 
— C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Charlotte  {Lady),  the  servant  of  a  lady 
so  called.  She  assumes  the  airs  with  the 
name  and  address  of  her  mistress.  The 
servants  of  her  own  and  other  households 
address  her  as  "  Your  ladyship,"  or 
"  lady  Charlotte  ; "  but  though  so  mighty 


grand,  she  is  "  noted  for  a  plaguy  pair  of 
thick  legs." — Rev.  James  Townley,  High 
Life  Below  Stairs  (1759). 

Charlotte  Elizabeth,  whose  sur- 
name was  Phelan,  afterwards  Tonna, 
author  of  numerous  books  for  children, 
tales,  etc.  (1825-1862). 

Charlotte  Qoodchild,  a  merchants 
orphan  daughter  of  large  fortune.  She 
is  pestered  by  many  lovers,  and  her 
guardian  gives  out  that  she  has  lost  all 
her  money  by  the  bankruptcy  of  his  house. 
On  this  all  her  suitors  but  one  call  off, 
and  that  one  is  sir  Callaghan  O'Brallaghan, 
who  declares  he  loves  her  now  as  an 
equal,  and  one  whom  he  can  serve,  but 
before  he  loved  her  "with  fear  and 
trembling,  like  a  man  that  loves  to  be  a 
soldier,  yet  is  afraid  of  a  gun." — C.  Mack- 
lin,  Love  a-la-mode  (1779). 

Char'mian,  a  kind-hearted,  simple- 
minded  attendant  on  Cleopatra.  After 
the  queen's  death,  she  applied  one  of  the 
asps  to  her  own  arm,  and  when  the  Roman 
soldiers  entered  the  room,  fell  down 
dead. — Shakespeare,  Antony  and  Cleopatra 
(1608). 

Char'teris  (Sir  Patrick)  of  Kin- 
fauns,  provost  of  Perth. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fair  Maid  of  Ferth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Chartist  Clergyman  {2'he),  Rev. 
Charles  Kingsley  (1809-1877). 

Chartre  (Le  billet  qu'  a  la),  the 
promise  of  a  candidate  to  those  he  can- 
vasses. The  promise  of  a  minister  or 
prince,  which  he  makes  from  politeness, 
and  forgets  as  soon.  Ah,  le  bon  billet  qu"  a 
la  Chartre. — Ninon  de  Lenclos. 

Chary  llis,  in  Spenser's  pastoral 
Colin  Cloufs  Come  Home  Again,  is  lady 
Compton.  Her  name  was  Anne,  and  she 
was  the  fifth  of  the  six  daughters  of  sir 
John  Spenser  of  Althorpe,  ancestor  of 
the  noble  houses  of  Spenser  and  Marl- 
borough. Edmund  Spenser  dedicated  to 
her  his  satirical  fable  called  Mother 
Hubbard's  Tale  (1591).  She  was  thrice 
married,  her  first  husband  was  lord  Mont- 
eagle,  and  her  third  was  Robert  lord 
Buckhurst  (son  of  the  poet  Sackville), 
who  succeeded  his  father  in  1608  as  earl 
of  Dorset. 

No  less  praiseworthy  are  the  sisters  three. 
The  honour  of  the  noble  family 
Of  which  I  meanest  boast  myselt  to  be,  .  .  . 
Phyllis,  Charyllis,  and  sweet  Amaryllis : 
Phyllis  the  fair  is  eldest  of  the  three, 
The  next  to  her  is  bountiful  Charyllis. 

Oolin  Clout'i  Come  Home  Again  (1594). 

Chaste  (The)^  Alfonso  II.    of   Av 


CHASTITY. 


179 


CHEERYBLE  BROTHERS. 


turias  and  Leon  ^758,  791-835  abdicated, 
died  842). 

Chastity  ( Tests  of) :  Alasnam's 
mirror,  Arthur's  drinking-horn,  the  boy's 
mantle,  cutting  the  brawn's  head,  Flori- 
mel's  girdle,  the  horn  of  fidelity,  la  coupe 
encliante'e,  the  mantle  of  fidelity,  the 
grotto  of  Ephesus,  etc.  (See  Cauadoc, 
and  each  article  named.) 

Chateau  en  Espagne.  (See 
Castle  in  the  Air.) 

Chatookee,  an  Indian  bird,  that 
never  drinks  at  a  stream,  but  catches  the 
rain-drops  in  falling. — Period,  Account 
of  t/w  Baptist  Missionaries,  ii.  309. 

Less  pure  than  these  is  that  strange  Indian  bird, 
Who  never  dips  in  earthly  streams  her  bill. 

But,  wlien  the  sound  of  coming  sho*'ers  Is  heard, 
Looks  up,  and  from  the  clouds  receives  her  fill. 
Southey,  Ourie  of  Kehama,  xxi.  6  (X809). 

Chat'tanach  (M^ Gillie),  chief  of  the 
clan  Chattan. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Chat'terley  (Pev.  Simon),  "the  man 
of  religion  "  at  the  Spa,  one  of  the  manag- 
ing committee. — Sir  W.  Scott,  St, 
Ponan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Chaubert  (Mons.),  Master  Chif- 
finch's  cook. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Chaucer  of  France,  Clement 
Marot  (1484-1544). 

Chau'nus,  Arrogance  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(1633).  "Fondly  himself  with  praising 
he  dispraised."  Fully  described  in  canto 
viii.    (Greek,  chaunos,  "vain.") 

Chau'vinism,  a  blind  idolatry  of 
Napoleon  I.  Now  it  is  applied  to  a  blind 
idolatry  of  France  and  Frenchmen.  A 
chauvin  is  the  person  who  idolizes.  The 
word  is  taken  from  "Chauvin"  in 
Scribe's  Soldat  Labourcu^,  a  veteran 
Boldier  of  the  first  empire,  whose  admira- 
tion of  Napoleon  was  unbounded,  and 
who  honoured  even  "the  shadow  of  his 
shoe-tie." 

Such  is  the  theme  on  which  French  chauvinism  ia 
Inexhaustible.— 7'i»n««,  1871. 

Cheap     as     the      Sardin'ians 

(Latin).  The  reference  is  to  the  vast 
crowds  of  Sardinian  prisoners  and  slaves 
brought  to  Rome  by  Tiberius  Gracchus. 

Cheap  Jack  means  market  Jack  or 
Jack  the  chapman.  (Anglo-Saxon,  chepe, 
*'  a  market,"  hence  Cheap-side.) 

Cheat'ly  (2  syl.),  a  lewd,  imprudent 


debauchee  of  Alsatia  (Whitefriars).  He 
dares  not  leave  the  "  refuge"  by  reason 
of  debt ;  but  in  the  precincts  he  fleeces 
young  heirs  of  entail,  helps  them  to 
money,  and  becomes  bound  for  them, — 
Shadwell,  Squire  of  Alsatia  (1688). 

Che'bar,  the  tutelar  angel  of  Mary, 
sister  of  Martha  and  Lazarus  of  Bethany, 
— Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  xii.  (1771). 

Ched'eraza'de  (5  syl.),  mother  of 
Hem'junah  and  wife  of  Zebene'zer 
sultan  of  Cassimir'.  Her  daughter  having 
run  away  to  prevent  a  forced  marriage 
with  the  prince  of  Georgia,  whom  she  had 
never  seen,  the  sultana  pined  awav  and 
died.— Sir  C.  Morell  [J.  Ridley],  Tales  of 
the  Genii  ("  Princess  of  Cassimir,"  talo 
vii.,  1751). 

Chederles  (3  syl.),  a  Moslem  hero, 
who,  like  St.  George,  saved  a  virgin 
exposed  to  the  tender  mercies  of  a  huge 
dragon.  He  also  drank  of  the  waters  of 
immortality,  and  lives  to  render  aid  in 
war  to  any  who  invoke  it. 

When  Chederlfis  comes 
To  aid  the  Moslem  on  his  deatliless  horse, 
.  .  .  as  |t/]he  had  newly  quafled 
The  hidden  waters  of  eternal  vouth. 

Southey.  Joan  of  Arc,  vi.  30-2,  etc.  (1837). 

Cheeney  {Frank),  an  outspoken 
bachelor.  He  marries  Kate  Tyson. — 
Wybert  Reeve,  Parted, 

Cheer ly'  (Mrs.),  daughter  of  colonel 
Woodley.  After  being  married  three 
years,  she  was  left  a  widow,  young,  hand- 
some, rich,  lively,  and  gay.  She  came 
to  London,  and  was  seen  in  the  opera  by 
Frank  Heartall,  an  open-hearted,  im- 
pulsive young  merchant,  who  fell  in 
love  with  her,  and  followed  her  to  her 
lodging.  Ferret,  the  villain  of  the  story, 
misinterpreted  all  the  kind  actions  of 
Frank,  attributing  his  gifts  to  hush- 
money  ;  but  his  character  was  amply  vin- 
dicated, and  "the  soldier's  daughter" 
became  his  blooming  wife. — Cherry, 
T/ie  Soldier's  Daughter  (1804). 

Miss  O'Neill,  at  the  age  of  19,  made  her  d6but  at  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Crow  Street,  in  1811,  as  "The  Widow 
Cheerly."— W.  Donaldson. 

Cheery ble  Brothers  (The), brother 
Ned  and  brother  Charles,  the  incarnations 
of  all  that  is  warm-hearted,  generous, 
benevolent,  and  kind.  They  were  once 
homeless  boys  running  about  the  streets 
barefooted,  and  when  they  grew  to  be 
wealthy  London  merchants,  were  ever 
ready  to  stretch  forth  a  helping  hand  to 
those  struggling  against  the  buffets  of 
fortune. 


CHEESE. 


180 


CHESTER  MYSTERIES. 


Frank  Cheeryble,  nephew  of  the  brothers 
Cheeryble.  He  married  Kate  Nickleby. 
— C.  Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Cheese.  The  "  ten  topping  guests." 
(See  CiSLEY.) 

Cheese  (Dr.),  an  English  translation 
of  the  Latin  Dr,  Caseus,  that  is,  Dr.  John 
Chase,  a  noted  quack,  who  was  born  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  died  in  that  of 
queen  Anne. 

Cheese-Cakes.  Sir  "VV.  Scott,  allud- 
ing to  the  story  of  "  Nour'eddin'  Ali  and 
Bed'reddin'  Hassan,"  in  the  Arabian  Nights^ 
Entertainments,  makes  in  four  or  five 
lines  as  many  blunders.  The  quotation  is 
from  The  Heart  of  Midlothian. 

She,  i.e.  EfBe  Deans,  amused  herself  with  visiting  the 
dairy  .  .  .  and  was  near  discovering  herself  to  Mary 
Hetley  by  betraying  her  acquaintance  with  tlie  celebrated 
receipt  for  Dunlop  cheese,  that  she  compared  herself  to 
JBedreddin  Hassan,  wlioni  the  nizier  his  father -in-Uiv> 
discovered  by  his  superlative  skill  in  composing  creain- 
Uirti  with  pepper  in  them. 

(1)  It  was  not  "cream-tarts"  but 
cheese-cakes.  (2)  The  charge  was  that  he 
made  cheese-cakes  without  putting  pepper 
in  them,  and  not  "  cream-tarts  with 
pepper."  (3)  It  M'as  not  "  the  vizier  his 
father-in-law,"  but  the  widow  of  Nour- 
eddin  Ali  and  the  mother  of  Bedreddin, 
who  made  the  discovery.  She  declared 
that  she  herself  had  given  the  receipt  to 
her  son,  and  it  was  known  to  no  one  else. 

Chemistry  {The  Father  of),  AmsiudL 
de  Villeueuve  (1238-1314). 

Che'mos  (ch  =  h) ,  god  of  the  Moabites ; 
also  called  Baal-Pe'or;  the  Pria'pus  or 
idol  of  turpitude  and  obscenity.  Solomon 
built  a  temple  to  this  obscene  idol  "  in 
the  hill  that  is  before  Jerusalem " 
(1  Kings  xi.  7).  In  the  hierachy  of  hell 
Milton  gives  Chemos  the  fourth  rank  :  (1) 
Satan,  (2)  Beelzebub,  (3)  Moloch,  (4) 
Chemos. 

Next  Chemos,  the  ob'scene  dread  of  Moab's  sons  . 
PeOr  his  other  name. 

Paradise  Lost,  406,  412  (1665). 

Cheq'uers,  a  public-bouse  sign  ;  the 
arms  of  Fitz-Warren,  the  head  of  which 
house,  in  the  days  of  the  Plantagenets, 
was  invested  with  the  power  of  licensing 
vinters  and  publicans. 

The  Chequers  of  Abingdon  Street,  West- 
minster, the  bearing  of  the  earls  of 
Arundel,  at  one  time  empowered  to  grant 
licences  to  public-houses. 

Cherone'an  ( The)  or  The  Cheboxe'- 
AN  Sage    (ch=k),   Plutarch,   who    was 


bom  at  Chaerone'a,  in  Bceo'tia  (a.d.  4&- 
120). 

This  praise,  0  Cheronean  sage,  is  thine  I 

Beattie,  .Viiistrel  (1773). 

Cher'ry,  the  lively  daughter  of  Boni- 
face, landlord  of  the  inn  at  Lichfield. — 
Geo.  Farquhar,  17ie  Beaux'  Stratagem 
(1705).     (See  Chery.) 

Cherry  (Andrew),  comic  actor  and  dra- 
matist (1762-1812),  author  of  The  Soldier's 
Daughter,  All  for  Fame,  Two  Strincjs  to 
your  Bow,  The  Village,  Spanish  Dollars, 
etc.  He  was  specially  noted  for  his  ex- 
cellent wigs. 

Shall  sapient  managers  new  scenes  produce 
From  Clierry,  Sksffington,  and  Moth<n-  Goose  f 
BjTon,  Knglish  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

*^*  Mother  Goose  is  a  pantomime  by 
C.  Dibdin. 

Cher'sett  (Anglo-Saxon,  chtrch-sett, 
or  "church-seed,"  ecclesice  semen),  a  cer- 
tain quota  of  wheat  annually  made  to  the 
Church  on  St.  Martin's  Day. 

All  that  measure  of  wlieat  called  cliersett— Deed  <if  Gift 
to  Itoxgrove  Priory  (near  Cliichester). 

Cher'ubim  {Don),  the  "bachelor  of 
Salamanca,"  who  is  placed  in  a  vast 
number  of  different  situations  of  life,  and 
made  to  associate  with  all  classes  of 
society,  that  the  authors  may  sprinkle 
bis  satire  and  wit  in  every  direction. — 
Lesage,  The  Bachelor  of  Salamanca 
(1737). 

Cher'y,  the  son  of  Brunetta  (who  was 
the  wife  of  a  king's  brother),  married 
his  cousin  Fairstar,  daughter  of  the  king. 
He  obtained  for  his  cousin  the  three 
wonderful  things :  The  dancimj  water, 
which  had  the  power  of  imparting 
beauty  ;  the  singing  apple,  which  had  the 
power  of  imparting  wit ;  and  the  little  green 
bird,  which  had  the  power  of  telling 
secrets. — Comtesse  D'Aunov,  Faii^y  Tales 
("The  Princess  Fairstar,"  1682). 

Ches'ter  {Sir  John),  a  plausible, 
foppish  villain,  the  sworn  enemy  o 
Geoffrey  Haredale,  by  whom  he  is  killed 
in  a  duel.  Sir  John  is  the  father  of  Hugh, 
the  gigantic  servant  at  the  Maypole  inn. 

Edward  Chester,  son  of  sir  John,  and 
the  lover  of  Emma  Haredale. — C.  Dickens, 
Barnaby  Rudge  (1841). 

Chester  Mysteries,  certain  miracle- 
plavs  performed  at  Chester,  composed  in 
1600,  1604,  1607,  and  printed  in  1843  for 
the  Shakespeare  Society,  under  the  care 
of  Thomas  Wright..  "(See  Townelkt 
Mysteries.) 


41 


d 


CHESTERFIELD. 


181     CHICKENS  AND  THE  AUGURS. 


Chesterfield  (Charles),  a  young 
man  of  genius,  the  hero  and  title  of  a 
novel  by  Mrs.  TroUope  (1841).  The  object 
of  this  novel  is  to  satirize  the  state  of 
literature  in  England,  and  to  hold  up  to 
censure  authors,  editors,  and  publishers, 
as  profligate,  selfish,  and  corrupt. 

Chesterfield  House  (London), 
built  by  Isaac  Ware  for  Philip  fourth 
earl  of  Chesterfield,  author  of  Chester- 
field's Letters  to  His  Son  (1694-1773). 

Chesterton  {Paul),  nephew  to  Mr. 
Percy  Chaffington,  stock-broker  andM.P. 
— T.  M.  Morton,  If  I  had  a  Thousand  a 
Year  (1764-1838). 

Chevalier  d'Tndustrie,  a  man 
who  lives  by  his  wits  and  calls  himself  a 
"gentleman." 

Denicl\eur  de  fauvettes,  chavalier  de  I'ordre  de  I'indus- 
trie,  qui  va  chercher  quelque  bon  nid,  quelque  femnie  qui 
lui  fassa  sa  fortun«. — Qongam  ou  L'homme  Prodigieux 
(1713). 

Chevalier  Malfet  {Le).  So  sir 
Launcelot  calls  himself  after  he  was  cured 
of  his  madness.  The  meaning  of  the 
phrase  is  "  The  knight  who  has  done  ill," 
or  "The  knight  who  has  trespassed." — 
Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
iii.  20  (1470). 

Cheveril  {Hans),  the  ward  of  Mor- 
dent, just  come  of  age.  Impulsive, 
generous,  hot-blooded.  He  resolves  to 
be  a  rake,  but  scorns  to  be  a  villain. 
However,  he  accidentally  meets  with 
Joanna  "the  deserted  daughter,"  and 
falls  in  love  with  her.  He  rescues  her 
from  the  clutches  of  Mrs.  Enfield  the 
crimp,  and  marries  her.— Holcroff,  The 
Deserted  Daughter  (altered  into  The 
Steward). 

"Die  part  that  placed  me  [Walter  Ixicy]  in  the  position 
of  a  light  coine<lian  was  "Cheveril,"  in  The  Steward, 
jUtered  from  Holcroft's  Deterte*  Daughter.— 'Vi .  Lacy, 
LetUr  to  W.  C.  Kutsell. 

Chevy  Chase  is  not  the  battle  of 
Otterburn,  although  the  two  are  mixed 
up  together  in  the  ballad  so  called.  Chevy 
Chase  is  the  chase  of  the  earl  of  Douglas 
among  "the  Chyviat  Hyls"  after  Percy 
of  Northumberland,  who  had  vowed  "he 
would  hunt  there  three  days  without 
asking  the  warden's  consent." 

The  Persd  owt  of  Northombarlande, 

And  a  vowe  to  God  niayd  he 
That  he  wolde  hunte  in  tlie  inountayns 

Oir  Chyviat  within  d»yes  thre, 
In  mauger  of  doughte  Dogles 

And  all  that  with  him  be. 

Percy,  Religuei,  I.  1. 1, 

Chibialbos,  the  Harmony  of  Nature 


personified ;  a  musician,  the  friend  of 
Hiawatha,  and  ruler  in  the  land  of  spirits. 
When  he  played  on  his  pipe,  the  "brooks 
ceased  to  murmur,  the  wood-birds  to  sing, 
the  squirrel  to  chatter,  and  the  rabbit  sat 
upright  to  look  and  listen."  He  was 
drowned  in  lake  Superior  by  the  breaking 
of  the  ice. 

Most  beloved  by  Hiawatha 
Was  the  gentle  Chibiabos  ; 
He  the  best  of  all  musicians. 
He  the  sweetest  of  all  singers. 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  vL  and  xr. 

Chicaneau  IShe'.ka.no'l,  a  litigious 
tradesman,  in  Les  Plaideurs,  by  Racine 
(1668). 

Chich'i-Vache  (3  syl.),  a  monstei 
that  fed  only  on  good  women.  The  word 
means  the  "  sorry  cow."  It  was  all  skin 
and  bone,  because  its  food  was  so  ex- 
tremely scarce.     (See  Bycokn.) 

O  noble  wyvSs,  full  of  heigh  prudence, 
Let  noon  humilitie  your  tong&i  nayle  .  .  . 
Lest  Chichi- Vache  you  swolive  in  her  entraile. 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tale*  ("  Merchant's  Tale,"  1388). 

Chick  {Mr.),  brother-in-law  of  Mr. 
Dombey ;  a  stout  gentleman,  with  a 
tendency  to  whistle  and  hum  airs  at  in- 
opportune moments.  Mr.  Chick  is  some- 
what hen-pecked;  but  in  the  matrimonial 
squalls,  though  apparently  beaten,  he  not 
unfrequently  rises  up  the  superior  and 
gets  his  own  way. 

Louisa  Chick,  Mr.  Dombey's  married 
sister.  She  is  of  a  snappish  temper,  but 
dresses  in  a  most  juvenile  style,  and  is 
persuaded  that  anything  can  be  accom- 
plished if  persons  will  only  "make  an 
effort." — C.  Dickens,  Donibey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Chicken  {Tlie),  Michael  Angelo 
Taylor,  barrister,  so  called  because  in  his 
maiden  speech,  1785,  he  said,  "  I  deliver 
this  opinion  with  great  deference,  being 
but  a  chicken  in  the  profession  of  the 
law." 

Chicken  {The  Game),  a  low  fellow,  to  be 
heard  of  at  the  bar  of  the  Black  Badger, 
Mr.  Toots  selects  this  man  as  his  instruc- 
tor in  fencing,  betting,  and  self-defence. 
The  Chicken  has  short  hair,  a  low  fore- 
head, a  broken  nose,  and  "a  considerable 
tract  of  bare  and  sterile  country  behind 
each  ear." — C.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son 
(1846). 

Chickens    and     the     Augurs. 

When  the  augurs  told  Publius  Claudius 
Pulcher,  the  Roman  consul,  who  was 
about  to  engage  the  Carthaginian  fleet, 
that  the  sacred  chickens  would  not  eat,  he 


CIIICKENSTALKER. 


182 


CHILDREN. 


replied,   "Then  toss  them  into  the  sea, 
that  they  may  drink." 

Chick'enstalker  (Mrs.),  a  stout, 
bonuy,  kind-hearted  woman,  who  keeps  a 
jjeneral  shop.  Toby  Veck,  in  his  dream, 
imaj^ines  her  married  to  Tugby,  the 
porter  of  sir  Joseph  Bowley. — C.  Dickens, 
The  Clwaes  (1844). 

Chick' weed  (Conkey,  i.e.  Nosey), 
the  man  who  robbed  himself.  He  was  a 
licensed  victualler  on  the  point  of  failing, 
and  gave  out  that  he  had  been  robbed  of 
327  guineas  "  by  a  tall  man  with  a  black 
patch  over  his  eye."  He  Avas  much 
])itied,  and  numerous  subscriptions  were 
made  on  his  behalf.  A  detective  was 
Bent  to  examine  into  the  *'  robbery,"  and 
Chickweed  would  cry  out,  "There  he  is ! " 
and  run  after  the  "hypothetical  thief" 
for  a  considerable  distance,  and  then  lose 
Bight  of  him.  This  occurred  over  and 
over  again,  and  at  last  the  detective  said 
to  him,  "  I've  found  out  who  done  this 
here  robbery."  "Have  you?"  said 
Chickweed.  "Yes,"  says  Spyers,  "you 
done  it  yourself."  And  so  he  had. — C. 
Dickens,  Oliver  Twist,  xxxi.  (1837). 

Chif finch.  (Master  Thomas),  alias 
Will  Smith,  a  friend  of  Richard  Gan- 
lesse  (2  syl.).  The  private  emissary  of 
Charles  II.  He  was  employed  by  the 
duke  of  Buckingham  to  carry  off  Alice 
Bridgenorth  to  Whitehall,  but  the  captive 
escaped  and  married  Julian  Peveril. 

Kate  Chiffinch,  mistress  of  Thomas  Chif- 
finch.— Sir  W.  Scott,  FeverU  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.), 

Chignon  IShln.yongl,  the  French 
valet  of  Miss  Alscrip  "  the  heiress."  A 
sill}-^,  affected,  typical  French  valet-de- 
chambre. — General  Burgoyne,  The  Heiress 
(1718). 

Chi'lax,  a  merry  old  soldier,  lieu- 
tenant to  general  Memnon,  in  Paphos. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Mad  Lover 
(1617). 

Child.  The  notes  of  this  bank  bear  a 
marigold,  because  this  flower  was  the 
trade-mark  of  "Blanchard  and  Child." 
The  original  "marigold"  is  still  to  be 
Been  in  the  front  office,  with  the  motto 
Ainsi  mon  a/Tie.^-See  First  London  Direc- 
tory, 1G77. 

Child  (The),  Bettina,  daughter  of  Maxi- 
miliane  Breutano.  So  called  from  the 
title  of  her  book,  (.iitethe's  Correspondence 
with  a  Chile',. 

Child  of  Nature  (The),  a  play  by 


Mrs.  Inchbald.  Amantis  is  the.  "  child  of 
Nature."  She  was  the  daughter  of  Al- 
berto, banished  "  by  an  unjust  sentence," 
and  during  his  exile  he  left  his  daughter 
under  the  charge  of  the  marquis  Almanza. 
Amantis  was  brought  up  in  total  ignorance 
of  the  world  and  the  passion-principles 
which  sway  it,  but  felt  grateful  to  her 
guardian,  and  soon  discovered  that  what 
she  called  "gratitude"  the  world  calls 
"  love."  Her  father  returned  home  rich, 
his  sentence  cancelled  and  his  innocence 
allowed,  just  in  time  to  give  his  daughter 
in  marriage  to  his  friend  Almanza. 

Child  of  the  Cord.  So  the  defend- 
ant was  called  by  the  judges  of  the 
Vehm-gericht,  in  Westphalia ;  because 
every  one  condemned  by  the  tribunal  was 
hanged  to  the  branch  of  a  tree. 

Child-King.  Shakespeare  says, 
"Woe  to  that  land  that's  governed  by  a 
child  !  "  (Richard  III.  act  ii.  sc.  3). 

Woe  to  thee,  O  land,  when  thy  king  is  a  child!— 
Ecclvt.  X.  16. 

Childe  Harold,  a  man  sated  with 
the  world,  who  roams  from  place  to  place, 
to  kill  time  and  escape  from  himself. 
The  "childe''  is,  in  fact,  lord  Byron 
himself,  who  was  only  22  when  he  began 
the  poem,  which  was  completed  in  seven 
years.  In  canto  i.  the  "childe"  visits 
Portugal  and  Spain  (1809)  ;  in  canto  ii. 
Turkey  in  Europe  (1810)  ;  in  canto  iii. 
Belgium  and  Switzerland  (1816) ;  and  in 
canto  iv.  Venice,  Rome,  and  Florence 
(1817). 

("  Childe  "  is  a  title  of  honour,  about 
tantamount  to  "lord,"  as  childe  Waters, 
childe  Rolande,  childe  Tristram,  childe 
Arthur,  childe  Childers,  etc.) 

Chil'ders  (E.  W.  B.),  one  of  the 
riders  in  Sleary's  circus,  noted  for  his 
vaulting  and  reckless  riding  in  the  cha- 
racter of  the  "  Wild  Huntsman  of  the 
Prairies."  This  compound  of  groom 
and  actor  marries  Josephine,  Sleary's 
daughter. 

Kidderminster  Childers,  son  of  the 
above,  known  in  the  profession  as 
"  Cupid."  He  is  a  diminutive  boy,  with 
an  old  face  and  facetious  manner  wholly 
bevond  his  years. — C.  Dickens,  Hard 
Times  (1854). 

Ch.ild.reJi  (The  ffenneberg).  It  is  said 
that  the  countess  of  Henneberg  railed  at  a 
beggar  for  having  twins,  and  the  beggar, 
turning  on  the  countess,  who  was  42  years 
old,  said,  "  May  you  have  as  many 
children  as  there  are  days  in  a  year,"  and 


I 


CHILDREN  IN  THE  WOOD. 


183 


CHIRON. 


sure  enough  on  Good  Friday,  1276,  the 
countess  brought  forth  365  at  one  birth  ; 
all  the  males  were  christened  John,  and 
all  the  females  Elizabeth.  They  were 
buried  at  a  village  near  La  Hague,  and  the 
]ug  is  still  shown  in  which  they  were 
baptized. 

Children  in  the  Wood,  the  little 
son  (three  years  old)  and  younger 
daughter  (Jane),  left  by  a  Norfolk  gentle- 
man on  his  death-bed  to  the  care  of  his 
deceased  wife's  brother.  The  boy  was  to 
have  £300  a  year  on  coming  of  age,  and 
the  girl  £500  as  a  wedding  portion  ;  but 
if  the  children  died  in  their  minority  the 
money  was  to  go  to  the  uncle.  The 
uncle,  in  order  to  secure  the  property, 
hired  two  ruffians  to  murder  the  children, 
but  one  of  them  relented  and  killed  his 
companion;  then,  instead  of  murdering 
the  babes,  he  left  them  in  Wayland  Wood, 
where  they  gathered  blackberries,  but 
died  at  night  with  cold  and  terror.  All 
things  went  ill  with  the  uncle,  who 
perished  in  gaol,  and  the  ruffian,  after  a 
lapse  of  seven  years,  confessed  the  whole 
rillainy. — Percy,  Ecliques,  III.  ii.  18. 

Children  of  the  Mist,  one  of  the 
branches  of  the  MacGregors,  a  wild  race 
of  Scotch  Highlanders,  who  had  a  skir- 
mish with  the  soldiers  in  pursuit  of  Dal- 
gettv  and  M'Eagh  among  the  rocks 
(ch.'U).— Sir  W.  Scott,  Legerui  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I.). 

Chillijp  {Dr.),  a  physician  who  at- 
tended Mrs.  Copperfield  at  the  birth  of 
David. 

He  was  the  meekest  of  his  set,  the  mildest  of  little  men. 
— C.  Dickens,  DavUl  Copperfield,  i.  (l*ia). 

Chillon'  {Prisoner  of),  Franfois  de 
Bonnivard,  of  Lunes,  the  Genevese  pa- 
triot (1496-1571),  who  opposed  the  enter- 
prises of  Charles  III.  (the  duke-bishop 
of  Savoy)  against  the  independence  of 
Geneva,  and  was  cast  by  him  into  the 
prison  of  Chillon,  where  he  was  confined 
for  six  years.  Lord  Byron  makes  him 
one  of  six  brothers,  two  of  whom  died 
on  the  battle-field;  one  was  burnt  at 
the  stake,  and  three  were  imprisoned 
at  Chillon.  Two  of  the  prisoners  died, 
but  Francois  was  set  at  liberty  by  the 
people  of  Berne. — Byron,  Prisoner  of 
Chillon  (1816). 

Chil'niinar',  the  city  of  "forty 
pillars,"  built  by  the  genii  for  a  lurking- 
place  to  hide  themselves  in.  Balhec  was 
also  built  by  the  genii. 


Chimfene  {La  Belle)  or  Xime'na, 
daughter  of  count  Lozano  de  Gormaz, 
wife  of  the  Cid.  After  the  Cid's  death 
she  defended  Valentia  from  the  Moors 
with  great  bravery,  but  without  success. 
Corneille  and  Guilhem  de  Cantro  have 
introduced  her  in  their  tragedies,  but  the 
role  they  represent  her  to  have  taken  is 
wholly  imaginary. 

China,  a  corruption  of  Tsina,  the  ter- 
ritory of  Tsin.  The  dynasty  of  Tsia 
(B.C.  256-202)  takes  the  same  position  in 
Chinese  history  as  that  of  the  Nomans 
(founded  by  William  the  Conqueror)  does 
in  English  history.  The  founder  of  the 
Tsin  dynasty  built  the  Great  Wall,  divided 
the  empire  into  thirty-six  provinces,  and 
made  roads  or  canals  in  every  direction, 
so  that  virtually  the  empire  begins  with 
this  dynasty. 

Chinaman  {John),  a  man  of  China. 

Chindasuin'tho  (4  syL),  king  of 
Spain,  father  of  Theod'ofred,  and  grand- 
father of  Roderick  last  of  the  Gothic 
kings. — Southey,  Roderick,  etc.  (1814). 

Chinese  Philosopher  {A).  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  in  the  Citizen  of  the  World, 
calls  his  book  "  Letters  from  a  Chinese 
Philosopher  residing  in  London  to  his 
Friends  in  the  East  "  (1759). 

Chingachcook,  the  Indian  chief, 
called  in  French  Le  Gros  Serpent.  Feni- 
more  Cooper  has  introduced  this  chief  in 
four  of  his  novels,  The  Last  of  the  Mo- 
hicans, The  Pathfinder,  The  Deerslayer, 
and  The  Pioneer. 

Chintz  {Mary),  Miss  Bloomfield'a 
maid,  the  bes|ioke  of  Jem  Miller. — C. 
Selby,  The  Unfinished  Gentleman. 

Chi'os  {The  Man  of),  Homer,  who 
lived  at  Chios  [AY.os].  At  least  Chios 
was  one  of  the  seven  cities  which  laid 
claim  to  the  bard,  according  to  the  Latin 
hexameter  verse : 


Chim'side  {Jjuckie),  poulterer  at 
Wolfs  Hope  village.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Bride  of  Laminermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

Chi 'r on,  a  centaur,  renowned  for  his 
skill  in  hunting,  medicine,  music,  gymnas- 
tics, and  prophecy.  He  numbered  among 
his  pupils,  Achilles,  Peleus,  Diomede, 
and  indeed  all  the  most  noted  heroes  of 
Grecian    story.      Juoiter    took   him    to 


CHIRRUP. 


184  CHRIST'S  VICTORY,  ETC. 


heaven,  and  made  him  the  constellation 

Sagittarius. 

...  as  Chiron  erst  had  done 
To   that  proud  baiie  of  Troy,    her   god-resembUng   son 
[Athill^l 

Drayton,  Pmlyolbion,  v.  (1612). 

Chirrup  (Betsey),  the  housekeeper  of 
Mr.  Sowerberry  the  misanthrope. — W. 
Brongh,  A  Phenomenon  in  a  Smock  Frock, 

Chitling  (Tain),  one  of  the  associates 
of  Fagin  the  Jew.  Tom  Chitling  was 
always  most  deferential  to  the  "Artful 
Dodger." — C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist 
(1837). 

Chivalry  (Tlie  Flower  of),  William 
Douglas,  lord  of  Liddesdale  (fourteenth 
centuiy). 

Chlo'e  [Klo'.^,  the  shepherdess 
beloved  by  Daphnis,  in  the  pastoral 
romance  called  Daphnis  and  Chloe,  by 
Longus.  St.  Pierre's  tale  of  FcuU  and 
Virginia  is  based  on  this  pastoral. 

Chlo'e  or  rather  Cloe.  So  Prior  calls 
Mrs.  Centlivre  (1661-1723). 

Chlo'ris,  the  ancient  Greek  name  of 
Flora. 

Around  your  haunts 
The  laughin;;  Chloriswith  profusest  hand 
Tlirows  wide  her  blooms  and  odpurs. 

Altenside,  Jlymn  to  the  Jfaiadt. 

Choas'pes  (3  syl.),  a  river  of  Susia'na, 
noted  for  the  excellency  of  its  water. 
The  Persian  kings  used  to  carry  a  suffi- 
cient quantity  of  it  with  them  when 
journeying,  so  that  recourse  to  other 
water  might  not  be  required. 

There  Susa,  by  Choaspes'  amt>er  gtream, 
The  drinlc  of  none  but  kings. 

Milton,  Paradise  Regained,  iii.  288  (1661). 

^  Choe'reas  (ch—k),  the  lover  of  Cal- 
lirrhoe,  in  the  Greek  romance  called  The 
Loves  of  Chosreas  and  Callirr/toe,  by 
Char'iton  (eighth  century). 

Choke  (Ge7ierar),  a  lank  North 
American  gentleman,  "one  of  the  most 
remarkable  men  in  the  centur}'."  He 
was  editor  of  The  Watertoast  Gazette, 
and  a  member  of  "The  Eden  Land 
Corporation."  It  was  general  Choke 
who  induced  Martin  Chuzzlewit  to  stake 
his  all  in  the  egregious  Eden  swindle. — 
C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Cholmondeley  [Chum'. I y],  of  Vale 
Royal,  a  friend  of  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the  Feak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Cholula  (Fyramid  of),  the  great 
Mexican  pyramid,  west  of  Puebla, 
erected    in    the    reign    of    Montezuma 


emperor  of  Mexico  (146a-1520).  Ita 
base  is  1423  feet  each  side,  or  double 
that  of  the  largest  Egyptian  pyramid,  but 
its  height  does  not  exceed  164  feet. 

Choppard  (Pierre),  one  of  the  gang 
of  thieves,  called  "Tlie  Ugly  Mug."  ^^^len 
asked  a  disagreeable  question,  he  always 
answered,  "  I'll  ask  my  wife,  my 
memory's  so  slippery." — Edward  Stirling, 
The  Courier  of  Lyons  (1852). 

Choruses.  The  following  are  druid- 
ical,  and  of  course  Keltic  in  origin  : — 
"  Down,  down,  derry  down  !  "  (for  dun  I 
dun  I  daragon,  dun  !),  that  is,  "  To  the 
hill !  to  the  hill !  to  the  oak,  to  the  hill ! " 
"  Fal,  lal,  la  !  "  (for  falla  la),  that  is,  "  The 
circle  of  day  !  "  The  day  or  sun  has  com- 
pleted its  circle.  "  Fal,  lero,  loo  !  "  (for 
falla  lear  lu  [aidh]),  that  is,  "  The  circle 
of  the  sun  praise ! "  "  Hey,  nonnie,  nonnie  !" 
that  is,  "  Hail  to  the  noon  !  "  "  High 
trolollie,  lollielol"  (for  ai  [or  aibhel,  trah 
la,  "  Hail  early  day !  "trahla,  "early  day," 
la  lee  [or  la  lo],  "  bright  day  !  ").  "  Lilli 
burlero  "  (for  Li,  li  beur,  Lear-a  I  bxiille 
na  III),  that  is,  "  Light,  light  on  the  sea, 
bevond  the  promontorv  !  'Tis  the  stroke 
of'day  !"— ^//  the  Year  Round,  316-320, 
August,  1873. 

Chriemhil'da.     (See  under  K.) 

Chrisom  Child  (^),  a  child  that  dies 
within  a  month  of  its  birth.  So  called 
because  it  is  buried  in  the  white  cloth 
anointed  with  chrism  (oil  and  balm),  worn 
at  its  baptism. 

He's  in  Arthur's  [A  braham'K]  bosom,  if  ever  man  went 
to  Arthur's  bosom.  'A  made  a  finer  end,  and  went  away, 
an  it  had  lieen  any  christom  [chrisom]  child.  'A  parted 
just ...  at  turning  o*  the  tide.  (Quiclily's  description  of 
the  death  of  Falstaff.) — Shalcespeare,  He^xry  V.  act  iL  3C.S 
(1599). 

Why,  Mike's  a.  child  to  him  ...  a  chrism  child. 

Jean  Ingelow,  Brothers  and  a  Sermon. 

Christ  and  His  Apostles.  Dupuis 
maintained  that  Christ  and  His  apostles, 
like  Hercules  and  his  labours,  should  be 
considered  a  mere  allegory  of  the  sun  and 
the  twelve  signs  of  the  zodiac. 

Christ's  Victory  and  Triumphs, 

a  poem  in  four  parts,  bv  Giles  Fletcher 
(1610):  Part  i.  "Christ's  Victory  in 
Heaven,"  when  He  reconciled  Justice  with 
Mercy,  by  taking  on  Himself  a  body  of 
human  flesh  ;  part  ii.  "Christ's  Triumph 
on  E)arth,"  when  He  was  led  up  into  the 
wilderness,  and  was  tempted  by  Pre- 
sumption, Avarice,  and  Ambition  ;  part 
iii.  "  Clirist's  Triumph  over  Death,"  when 
He  died  on  the  cross  ;  part  iv.  "  Christ's 
Triumph  after  Death,"  in  His  resurrection 


I 


CHRISTABEL. 


185 


CHRISTIE. 


and    ascension.      (See    Paradise    Rk- 

OAINED.) 

Chris'tabel  {ch—k)^  the  heroine  of 
a  fragmentary  poem  of  the  same  title  by 
Coleridge. 

Christabel,  the  heroine  of  an  ancient 
romance  entitled  Sir  Eglamour  of  Artois. 

Christabelle  [Kris'. taMet],  daughter 
of  "a  bonnie  king  of  Ireland,"  beloved 
by  sir  Cauline  (2  stjl.).  When  the  king 
knew  of  their  loves,  he  banished  sir 
Cauline  from  the  kingdom.  Then  as 
Christabelle  drooped  the  king  held  a 
tournament  for  her  amusement,  every 
prize  of  which  was  carried  off  by  an 
imknown  knight  in  black.  On  the 
last  day  came  a  giant  with  two  "  gog- 
gling eyes,  and  moutha  from  ear  to 
ear,"  called  the  Soldain,  and  defied  all 
comers.  No  one  would  accept  his  chal- 
lenge save  the  knight  in  black,  who 
succeeded  in  killing  his  adversary,  but 
died  himself  of  the  wounds  he  had 
received.  When  it  was  discovered  that 
the  knight  was  sir  Cauline,  the  lady 
"fette  a  sighe,  that  burst  her  gentle  hcarte 
in  twaj'ne." — Vercyy  Bel Iques  ("Sir  Cau- 
line," I.  i.  4). 

Christian,  the  hero  of  Bunyan's 
allegory  called  The  Pilgrbn's  Progress. 
He  flees  from  the  City  of  Destruction 
and  journeys  to  the  Celestial  City.  At 
starting  he  has  a  heavy  pack  upon  his 
shoulders,  which  falls  off  immediately  he 
reaches  the  foot  of  the  cross.  (The  pack, 
of  course,  is  the  bundle  of  sin,  which  is 
re«ioved  by  the  blood  of  the  cross.    1678.) 

Christian,  a  follower  of  Christ.  So 
called  first  at  Antioch. — Acts  xi.  26. 

Christian,  captain  of  the  patrol  in  a 
small  German  town  in  which  Mathis  is 
burgomaster.  He  marries  Annette,  the 
burgomaster's  daughter. — J.  R.  Ware, 
The  Polish  Jew. 

Christian,  synonym  of  "  Peasant "  in 
Russia.  This  has  arisen  from  the  abund- 
ant legislation  under  czar  Alexis  and  czar 
Peter  the  Great  to  prevent  Christian  serfs 
from  entering  the  service  of  Mohammedan 
masters.  No  Christian  is  allowed  to  belong 
to  a  Mohammedan  master,  and  no  Moham- 
medan master  is  allowed  to  employ  a 
Christian  on  hig  estate. 

Christian  II.  (or  Christiern),  king  of 
Norwaj',  Sweden,  and  Denmark.  When 
the  Dalecarlians  rose  in  rebellion  against 
him  and  chose  Gustavus  Vasa  for  their 
Uader,  a  great  battle  was  fought,  in  which 


the  Swedes  were  victorious  ;  but  Gustayoff 
allowed  tlie  Danes  to  return  to  their 
country-.  Christian  then  abdicated,  and 
Sweden  became  an  independent  kiogdom. 
— H.  Brooke,  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Chris'iian  {Edward)^  a  conspirator. 
He  has  two  aliases,  "  Richard  Gan'lesse" 
(2  syl.)  and  "  Simon  Can'ter." 

Colonel  William  Christian,  Edward's 
brother.     Shot  for  insurrection. 

Fenella  alias  Zarah  Christian,  daughter 
of  Edward  Christian.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Christian  (Fletcher),  mate  of  the 
Bounty,  under  the  command  of  captain 
Bligh,  and  leader  of  the  mutineers. 
After  setting  the  captain  and  some  others 
adrift,  Christian  took  command  of  the 
ship,  and,  according  to  lord  Byron,  the 
mutineers  took  refuge  in  the  island  of 
Toobouai  (one  of  the  Society  Islands). 
Hero  Torquil,  one  of  the  mutineers,  mar- 
ried Neuha,  a  native.  After  a  time,  a 
ship  was  sent  to  capture  the  mutineers. 
Torquil  and  Neuha  escaped,  and  lay 
concealed  in  a  cave  ;  but  Christian,  Ben 
Bunting,  and  Skyscrape  were  shot.  This 
is  not  according  to  fact,  for  Christian 
merely  touched  at  Toobouai,  and  then, 
with  eighteen  of  the  natives  and  nine 
of  the  mutineers,  sailed  fot  Tahiti,  where 
all  soon  died  except  Alexander  Smith, 
who  changed  his  name  to  John  Adams, 
and  became  a  model  patriarch. — Byron, 
The  Island. 

Christian  Doctor  {Most),  John 
Charlier  de  Gerson  (1363-1429). 

Christian  Eloquence  ( The  Founder 
of),  Louis  Bourdaloue  (1632-1704). 

Christian  King  (Afost).  So  the 
kings  of  France  Avere  styled.  Pepin  le 
Bref  was  so  styled  by  pope  Stephen  III. 
(714-768).  Charies  II.  le  Chauve  was 
so  styled  by  the  Council  of  Savonnieres 
(823,  840-877).  Louis  XI.  was  so  styled 
by  Paul  II.  (1423,  1461-1483). 

Christian'a  (ch-k),  the  wife  of 
Christian,  who  started  with  her  children 
and  Mercy  from  the  City  of  Destruction 
long  after  her  husband's  flight.  She  was 
under  the  guidance  of  Mr.  Greatheart, 
and  went,  therefore,  with  silver  slippers 
along  the  thorny  road.  This  forms  the 
second  part  of  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress (1684). 

Chris'tie  (2  syl.)  of  the  Clint  Hill, 
one  of  the  retainers  of  Julian  Avenel  (2 


CHRISTIE. 


186     CHRONICLES  OF  CANONGATE. 


syL). — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monastery  (tim«, 
Elizabeth). 

Chris' tie  {John),  ship-chandler  at  Paul's 
Wharf. 

Dame  Nelly  Christie,  his  pretty  wife, 
carried  off  by  lord  Dalgamo. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Christi'na,  daughter  of  Christian  II. 
king  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway. 
She  is  sought  in  marriage  by  prince 
Arvi'da  and  by  Gustavus  Vasa  ;  but  the 
prince  abandons  his  claim  in  favour  of 
his  friend.  After  the  great  battle,  in 
which  Christian  is  defeated  by  Gustavus, 
Christina  clings  to  her  father,  and  pleads 
with  Gustavus  on  his  behalf.  He  is  sent 
back  to  Denmark,  with  all  his  men,  with- 
out ransom,  but  abdicates,  and  Sweden 
is  erected  into  a  separate  kingdom. — H. 
Brooke,  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Chris'tine  (2  syl.),  a  pretty,  saucy 
young  woman  in  the  ser\uce  of  the 
countess  Marie,  to  whom  she  is  devotedly 
attached.  After  the  recapture  of  Ernest 
("the  prisoner  of  State"),  she  goes 
boldly  to  king  Frederick  II.,  from  whom 
she  obtains  his  pardon.  Being  set  at 
liberty,  Ernest  marries  the  countess. — 
E.  Stirling,  The  Prisoner  of  State  (1847). 

Christmas  comes  but  Once  a 
Year. — Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Points  of 
Good  Husbandry  (1667). 

Christmas  Day,  called  "the  day 
of  new  clothes,"  from  an  old  French 
custom  of  giving  those  who  belonged  to 
the  court  new  cloaks  on  that  day. 

On  Christinas  Eve,  1245,  the  king  \LouU  XL]  bade  all 
hia  court  be  present  at  early  morning  mass.  At  the 
chapel  door  each  man  received  his  new  cloak,  put  it  on, 
and  went  in  ...  As  the  day  rose,  each  man  saw  on  his 
neighbour's  shoulder  betokened  "  the  crusading  vow." — 
Kitchin.  nutory  of  France,  i.  328. 

Chris'topher  {St.),  a  saint  of  the 
Roman  and  Greek  Churches,  said  to  have 
lived  in  the  third  centurj\  His  pagan 
name  was  Offgrus,  his  body  was  twelve 
ells  in  height,  and  he  lived  in  the  land  of 
Canaan.  Otferus  made  a  vow  to  serv^e 
only  the  mightiest;  so,  thinking  the 
emperor  was  "the  mightiest,"  he  entered 
his  service.  But  one  day  the  emperor 
crossed  himself  for  fear  of  the  devil,  and 
the  giant  perceived  that  there  was  one 
mightier  than  his  present  master,  so  he 
quitted  his  service  for  that  of  the  devil. 
After  a  while,  Oiferus  discovered  that 
the  devil  was  afraid  of  the  cross,  where- 
upon he  enlisted  under  Christ,  em- 
ploying himself  in  carrying  pilgrims 
across  a  deep  stream.     One  day,  a  very 


I  small  child  was  carried  across  by  him, 
I  but  proved  so  heavy  that  Olierus,  though 
a  huge  giant,  was  well-nigh  borne  down 
by  the  weight.  This  child  was  Jesus, 
who  changed  the  giant's  name  to  Christo- 
ferus,  "bearer  of  (Christ."  He  died  three 
days  afterwards,  and  was  canonized. 

Like  the  great  giant  Christoplier,  it  stands 
Upon  the  brink  of  the  tempestuous  wave. 

Longfellow,  The  Lighthome. 

Chronicle  {The  Saxon),  an  historical 
prose  work  in  Anglo-Saxon,  down  to  the 
reign  of  Henry  II.,  a.d.  1164. 

Chroniclers  {Anglo-Norman),  a 
series  of  writers  on  British  history  in 
verse,  of  very  early  date.  Geffroy  Gai- 
mar  wrote  his  Anglo-Norman  chronicle 
before  1146.  It  is  a  history  in  verse  of 
the  Anglo-Sakon  kings.  Robert  Wace 
wrote  the  Brut  d' Angleterre  [i.e.  Chronicle 
of  England'^  in  eight-syllable  verse,  and 
presented  his  work  to  Henry  II.  It  was 
begun  in  1160,  and  finished  in  1170. 

Chroniclers  {Latin),  historical  writers 
of  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  centuries. 

Chroniclers  {Rhyming),  a  series  of 
writers  on  English  history,  from  the 
thirteenth  century.  The  most  noted  are : 
Layamon  (called"  The  English  Ennius  ") 
bishop  of  Ernleye-upon-Severn  (1216). 
Robert  of  Gloucester,  who  wrote  a  narra- 
tive of  British  history,  from  the  landing 
of  Brute  to  the  close  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  III.  (*  to  1272).  No  date  is 
assigned  to  the  coming  of  Brute,  but  he 
was  the  son  of  Silvius  iEne'as  (the  third 
generation  from  ^Eneas,  who  escaped  from 
Troy,  B.C.  1183),  so  that  the  date  may  be 
assumed  to  be  u.c.  1028,  thus  giving  a 
scope  of  2300  years  to  the  chronicle. 
(The  verse  of  this  chronicle  is  eight  and 
six  syllables  displayed  together,  so  as  to 
form  lines  of  fourteen  syllables  each.) 
Robert  de  Brunne,  whose  chronicle  is  in 
two  parts.  The  first  ends  with  the  death 
of  Cadwallader,  and  the  second  with  the 
death  of  Edward  I.  The  earlier  parts  are 
similar  to  the  Anglo-Norman  chronicle  of 
Wace.     (The  verse  is  octo-syllabic.) 

Chronicles  of  Canongate,  cer- 
tain stories  supposed  to  have  been  written 
by  Mrs.  Martha  Bethune  Baliol,  a  lady 
of  quality  and  fortune,  who  lived,  when 
in  Edinburgh,  at  Baliol  Lodging,  in  the 
Canongate.  These  tales  were  written 
at  the  request  of  her  cousin,  Mr.  Croft- 
angry,  by  whom,  at  her  death,  they 
were  published.  The  fir'«t  series  contains 
The  Highland  Widow,  The  Two  Dr&oerSf 


CHRONOLOGY. 


187 


CHURCH. 


and  The  Surgeon's  Daughter,  [afterwards 
removed  from  this  series].  The  second 
series  contains  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  "Chronicles  of  Canongate" 
(introduction  to  The  Highland  Widow). 

Chronology  {The  Father  of),  J.J. 
Scaliger  (1540-1609). 

Chronon-Hoton-Thol'ogos  {King) . 
He  strikes  Bombardin'ean,  general  of  his 
forces,  for  giving  him  hashed  pork,  and 
Baying,  "  Kings  as  great  as  Chronon- 
hotonthologos  have  made  a  hearty  meal 
on  worse."  The  king  calls  his  general  a 
traitor.  "  Traitor  in  thj''  teeth,"  retorts 
the  general.  They  fight,  and  the  king 
dies. — H.  Carey,  Chrononhotonthologos  (a 
burlesque). 

Chrysalde'  (2  syl.),  friend  of  Ar- 
nolphe. — Moliere,  Vecole  des  Femmes 
(1662). 

Chrysale  (2  syl.),  a  simple-minded, 
hen-pecked  French  tradesman,  whose  wife 
Philaminte  (3  syl.)  neglects  her  house  for 
the  learned  languages,  women's  rights, 
and  the  aristocracy  of  mind.  He  is  him- 
self a  plain  practical  man,  who  has  no 
sympathy  with  the  pas  blue  movement. 
He  has  two  daughters,  Armande  (2  syl.) 
and  Henriette,  both  of  whom  love  Cli- 
tandre  ;  but  Armande,  who  is  a  *'  blue- 
stocking," loves  him  platonicly ;  while 
Henriette,  who  is  a  "thorough  woman," 
loves  him  with  woman's  love.  Chrysale 
sides  with  his  daughter  Henriette,  and 
when  he  falls  into  money  diflliculties 
through  the  "  learned  proclivities  "  of  his 
wife,  Clitandre  comes  forward  like  a 
man,  and   obtains  the  consent   of  both 

Sarents  to  his  marriage  with  Henriette. — 
loliere,  Les  Femmes  Savantes  (1672). 

Chrysa'or  {ch  =  k),  the  sword  of 
sir  Ar'tegal,  which  "exceeded  all  other 
swords."  It  once  belonged  to  Jove,  and 
was  used  by  him  against  the  Titans,  but 
it  had  been  laid  aside  till  Astraea  gave 
it  to  the  Knight  of  Justice. 

Of  most  perfect  metal  it  was  made, 

Tempered  with  adamant  ...  no  substance  was  no  .  .  . 

liard 
But  it  would  pierce  or  cleave  whereso  it  came. 

Spenser,  Faerj/  Queen,  v.  (1596). 

_  *^*  The  poet  tells  us  it  was  broken  to 
pieces  by  Kadigund  queen  of  the  Ama- 
zons (bk.  v.  7),  yet  it  re-appears  whole 
and  sound  (canto  12),  when  it  is  used  with 
good  service  against  Grantorto  {the  spirit 
of  rebellion).  Spenser  says  it  was  called 
Chrj'saor  because  "the  blade  was  gar- 
nished all  with  gold." 


Chrysa'or,  son  of  Neptune  and  Medu'M. 
He  married  Callir'rhoe  (4  syl.),  one  of 
the  sea-nymphs. 

Chrysaor  rising  out  of  the  sea. 

Showed  thus  glorious  and  thus  emulous, 

Leaving  the  arms  of  CaI!irrho«. 

Longfellow,  The  Evening  Star. 

Chryseis  [^Kri.see' .iss^,  daughter  of 
Chryses  priest  of  Apollo.  She  was 
famed  for  her  beauty  and  her  embroider}-. 
During  the  Trojan  war  Chryseis  was  taken 
captive  and  allotted  to  Agamemnon 
king  of  Argos,  but  her  father  came  to 
ransom  her.  The  king  would  not  accept 
the  offered  ransom,  and  Chrj'sSs  prayed 
that  a  plague  might  fall  on  the  Grecian 
camp.  His  prayer  was  answered,  and 
in  order  to  avert  the  plague  Agamemnon 
sent  the  lady  back  to  her  father  not  only 
without  ransom  but  with  costly  gifts. — 
Homer,  Hiad,  i. 

Chrysostom,  a  famous  scholar,  who 
died  for  love  of  Marcella,  "rich  Wil- 
liam's daughter." 

Unrivalled  in  learning  and  wit,  he  was  sincere  in 
disposition,  generous  and  msigniflceiit  without  ostentation, 
prudent  and  sedate  without  aifectation,  modest  and 
complaisant  without  meanness.  In  a  word,  one  of  tlie 
foremost  in  goodness  of  lieart,  and  second  to  none  in 
misfortunes.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  iL  5  (1605). 

Chucks,  the  boatswain  under  captain 
Savage. — Captain  Marryat,  Peter  Simple 
(1833). 

Chuffey,  Anthony  Chuzzlewitt's  old 
clerk,  almost  in  his  dotage,  but  master 
and  man  love  each  other  with  sincerest 
aifection. 

ChuflTey  fell  back  Into  a  dark  corner  on  one  side  of  the 
fire-place,  where  he  always  spent  his  evenings,  and  was 
neither  seen  nor  heard  .  .  .  save  once,  when  a  cup  of 
tea  was  given  him.  In  which  he  was  seen  to  soak  his 
bread  mechanically.  ...  He  remained,  as  it  were,  frozen 
up,  if  any  term  expressive  of  such  a  vigorous  process  can 
be  applied  to  him. — C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzeltoit,  xi. 
(1843). 

Chunee  {A  la),  very  huge  and  bulky. 
Chunee  was  the  largest  elephant  ever 
brought  to  England.  Henry  Harris, 
manager  of  Covent  Garden,  bought  it 
for  £900  to  appear  in  the  pantomime  of 
Harlequin  Padinenaba,  ia  1810.  It  was 
subsequently  sold  to  Cross,  the  pro- 
prietor of  Exeter  'Change.  Chunee  at 
length  became  mad,  and  was  shot  by  a 
detachment  of  the  Guards,  receiving  152 
wounds.  The  skeleton  is  preserved  in 
the  museum  of  the  College  of  Surgeons. 
It  is  12  feet  4  inches  high. 

Church.  I  go  to  church  to  hear  God 
praised,  not  the  king.  This  was  the  wise 
but  severe  rebuke  of  George  III.  to  Dr. 
Wilson,  of  St.  Margaret's  Church,  Lon- 
don. 


CHURCH  BUILT  BY  VOLTAIRE.     188 


CID. 


Church     built     by     Voltaire. 

Voltaire  the  atheist  built  at  Ferney  a 
Christian  church,  and  had  this  inscrip- 
tion affixed  to  it,  '■'■  Deo  erexlt  Voltaire.'''' 
Campbell,  in  the  life  of  Cowper  (vol.  vii. 
358),  says  "he  knows  not  to  whom 
Cowper  alludes  in  these  lines  :  " 

Nor  his  who  for  the  bane  of  thousands  bom. 
Built  God  a  church,  and  laughed  His  Word  to  scorn. 
Cowper,  Retirement  (1782). 

Church  -  of-  Englandism.  This 
word  was  the  coinage  of  Jeremy  Ben- 
tham  (1748-1832). 

Chuz'zle'wit  {Anthony),  cousin  of 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  the  grandfather. 
Anthony  is  an  avaricious  old  hunks, 
proud  of  having  brought  up  his  son 
Jonas  to  be  as  mean  and  grasping  as 
himself.  His  two  redeeming  points  are 
his  affection  for  his  old  servant  Chuffey, 
and  his  forgiveness  of  Jonas  after  his 
attempt  to  poison  him. 

The  old-established  fimi  of  Anthony  Chuezlewit  and 
S<jn,  Manchester  warehousemen  .  .  .  had  its  place  of 
business  in  a  very  narrow  street  somewhere  beliind  the 
Post-Oflice.  ...  A  dim,  dirty,  smoky,  tumble-down, 
rotten  old  house  it  was  ,  .  .  but  here  the  firm  ,  .  . 
transacted  their  business  .  .  .  and  neither  the  young 
man  nor  the  old  one  Imd  any  other  residence. — Chap.  xi. 

Jonas  Chuzzleicit,  son  of  Anthony,  of 
the  "firm  of  Anthony  Chuzzlewit  and 
Son,  Manchester  warehousemen."  A 
consummate  villain  of  mean  brutality 
and  small  tyranny.  He  attempts  to 
poison  his  old  father,  and  murders  Mon- 
tague Tigg,  who  knows  his  secret.  Jonas 
marries  Mercy  Pecksniff,  his  cousin,  and 
leads  her  a  life  of  utter  misery.  His 
education  had  been  conducted  on  money- 
grubbing  principles ;  the  first  word  he 
was  taught  to  spell  was  gain,  and  the 
second  money.  He  poisons  himself  to 
save  his  neck  from  the  gallows. 

This  fine  young  man  had  all  the  inclination  of  a 
profligate  of  tlie  first  water,  and  only  lacked  the  one 
good  trait  in  the  common  catalogue  of  debauched  vices— 
oi)en-handedness — to  be  a  notable  vagabond.  But  there 
his  grip?ng  and  penurious  habits  stepped  in. — Chap.  xi. 

Martin  Chuzzlewit,  sen.,  grandfather 
to  the  hero  of  the  same  name.  A  stem 
old  man,  whose  kind  heart  has  been 
turned  to  gall  by  the  dire  selfishness  of 
bis  relations.  Being  resolved  to  expose 
Pecksniff,  he  goes  to  live  in  his  house, 
and  pretends  to  be  weak  in  intellect,  but 
keeps  his  ej'es  sharp  open,  and  is  able  to 
expose,  the  canting  scoundrel  in  all  his 
deformity. 

Martin  Chuzzlewit,  jun.,  the  hero  of 
the  tale  called  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  grand- 
son to  old  Martin.  His  nature  has  been 
warped  by  bat'  training,  and  at  first  he 
is  both  selfish  and  exacting ;    but  the 


troubles  and  hardships  he  undergoes  in 
"Eden"  completely  transform  him,  and 
he  becomes  worthy  of  Mary  Graham, 
whom  he  marries. — C.  Dickens,  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Chyndo'nax,  a  chief  dmid,  whose 
tomb  (with  a  Greek  inscription)  was 
discovered  near  Dijon,  in  1598. 

Ciacco'  (2  syL),  a  glutton,  spoken  to 
by  Dante,  in  the  third  circle  of  hell,  the 
place  to  which  gluttons  are  consigned  to 
endless  woe.  The  word  means  "a  pig," 
and  is  not  a  proper  name,  but  only  a 
symbolical  one.— Dante,  Hell,  vi.  (1300). 

Ciacco,  thy  dure  aflSiction  grieves  me  much. 

Hell,  vl. 

Cicero.  When  the  great  Roman 
orator  Avas  given  up  by  Augustus  to  the 
revenge  of  Antony,  it  was  a  cobbler  who 
conducted  the  sicarii  to  Formiae,  whither 
Cicero  had  fled  in  a  litter,  intending  to 
put  to  sea.  His  bearers  would  have 
fought,  but  Cicero  forbade  them,  and 
one  Herennius  has  the  unenviable  noto- 
riety of  being  his  murderer. 

It  was  a  cobbler  that  set  the  murderers  on  Cicero.— 
Ouidk,  A  riadnS,  i.  6. 

Cicero  of  the  British  Senate,  George 
Canning  (1770-1827). 

Cicero  of  France,  Jean  Baptiste  Mat)- 
sillon  (1663-1742). 

Cicero  of  Germany,  John  elector  of 
Brandenberg  (1455,  1486-1499). 

Cicei'd's  Mouth,  Philippe  Pot,  prime 
minister  of  Louis  XI.  (1428-1494). 

The  British  Cicero,  William  Pitt,  earl 
of  Chatham  (1708-1778). 

The  Christian  Cicero,  Lucius  Ccelius 
Lactantius  (died  330). 

The  German  Cicero,  Johann  Sturm, 
printer  and  scholar  (1507-1589). 

Ciele'nius.  So  Chaucer  calls  Mer- 
cury. He  was  named  Cylle'nius  from 
mount  Cylle'ne,  in  Peloponnesus,  where 
he  was  born. 

Ciclenius  riding  in  his  chirachee. 
Chaucer,  Compl.  of  Mars  and  Ventu  (1391). 

Cid  (The)  =  Seid  or  Signior,  also 
called  Campeador  [Ca7n.pa'.dor'\  or 
"  Camp  hero."  Rodrigue  Diaz  de  Bivar 
was  surnamed  "the  Cid."  The  great 
hero  of  Castille  ;  he  was  bom  at  Burgos 
1030  and  died  1099.  He  signalized  him- 
self by  his  exploits  in  the  reigns  of 
Ferdinand,  Sancho  II.,  and  Alphonso  VI, 
of  Leon  and  Castille.  In  the  wars  be- 
tween Sancho  II.  and  his  brother  (Al- 
phonso VI.),  he  sided  with  the  former; 
and  on  the  assassination  of  Sancho,  was 
disgraced,  and  quitted   the  court.     He 


OID. 


189 


CINQ-MARS. 


then  assembled  his  vassals,  and  marched 
against  the  Moors,  whom  he  conquered 
in  several  battles,  so  that  Alphonso  was 
necessitated  to  recall  him.  Both  Cor- 
neille  and  Guilhem  de  Cantro  have 
admirable  tragedies  on  the  subject ; 
Ross  Neil  has  an  English  drama  called 
The  Cid ;  Sanchez,  in  1775,  wrote  a 
long  poem  of  1128  verses,  called  Poema 
del  Cid  Campcador,  Snuthey,  in  his 
Chronicle  of  the  Cid  (1808),  has  collected 
all  that  is  known  of  this  extraordinary 
hero. 

(It  was  The  Cid  (163G)  which  gained  for 
Corneille  the  title  of  "  Le  Grand  Cor- 
neille.") 

The  CicFs  Father,  don  Diego  Lainez. 

The  Cid's  Mother,  dona  Teresa  Nunez. 

The  Cid's  Wife,  Xime'na,  daughter  of 
count  Lozano  de  Gormaz.  The  Trench 
call  her  La  Belle  Chimene,  but  the  role 
ascribed  to  her  by  Corneille  is  wholly 
imaginary. 

Never  more  to  thine  own  castle 
Wilt  thou  turn  BaUieca's  rein ; 

Never  will  thy  loved  Xiiiiena 
See  thee  at  her  side  agiviu. 

The  Cid. 

The  ad's  Children.  His  two  daughters 
were  Elvi'ra  and  Sol ;  his  son  Diego 
Rodriquez  died  young. 

The  Cids  Horse  was  Babieca  [either 
Bah.i.e'.keh  or  Ba.bee'.heh'].  It  survived 
its  master  two  j'ears  and  a  half,  but  no  one 
was  allowed  to  mount  it.  Babieca  was 
buried  before  the  monastery  gates  of 
Valencia,  and  two  elms  were  planted  to 
mark  the  spot. 

Troth  it  gowlly  was  and  pleasant 
To  Ijehold  him  at  their  heiul, 

All  in  mail  on  Babieca, 
And  to  list  the  words  he  said. 

The  Cid. 

(Here  "Babieca"  is  4  si/l.,  but  in  the 
Terse  above  it  is  only  3  syL) 

The  Cid's  Swords,  Cola'da  and  Tizo'na 
("  terror  of  the  world  ").  The  latter  was 
taken  by  him  from  king  Bucar. 

Cid  (The  Portuguese),  Nunez  Alva'rez 
Perei'ra  (1360-1431). 

Cid  Hamet  Benengeli,  the  hy- 
pothetical author  of  Don  Quixote.  (See 
Benengeli.) 

Spanish  commentators  have  discovered 
this  pseudonym  to  be  only  an  Arabian 
version  of  Siipiior  Cervantes.  Cid,  i.e. 
"signior;"  Hamet,  a  Moorish  prefix; 
and  Ben-en-geli,  meaning  "son  of  a  stag." 
So  cervato  ("  a  young  stag  ")  is  the  basis 
of  the  name  Cervantes. 

Cid'li,  the  daughter  of  Jairus,  re- 
stored to  life  by  Jesus.     She  was  beloved 


by  Sem'ida,  the  young  man  of  Nain,  also 
raised  by  Jesus  from  the  dead. — Klop- 
stock.  The  Messiah,  iv.  (1771). 

Ciriaros,  the  horse  of  Castor  or 
Pollux,  so  named  from  Cylla,  in  Troas. 

Cimmerian  Darkness.  Homer 
places  the  Cimmerians  beyond  the  Oceanus, 
in  a  land  of  never-ending  gloom ;  and 
immediately  after  Cimmeria,  he  places 
the  empire  of  Hades.  Pliny  {Historia 
Naturalis,  vi.  14)  places  Cimmeria  near 
the  lake  Avemus,  in  Italy,  where  "the 
sun  never  penetrates."  Cimmeria  is  now 
called  Kertch,  but  the  Cossacks  call  it 
Prekla  {Hell). 

There  under  ebon  shades  and  iow-browed  necks  .  .  . 
In  dark  Cimmerian  deserts  ever  dwell. 

Milton,  L'Allegro^^ZS). 
Ye  spectre-doubts  that  roll 
Cimmerian  darkness  on  the  parting  soul. 

Campbell.  Pleasures  of  Hope-,  ii.  (1799). 

Cineinna'tus  of  the  Americans, 

George  Washington  (1732-1799). 

Cinderella,  the  heroine  of  a  fairy 
tale.  She  was  the  dnidge  of  the  house, '  'put 
upon"  by  her  two  elder  sisters.  While  the 
elder  sisters  were  at  a  ball,  a  fairy  came, 
and  having  arrayed  the  "little  cinder- 
girl  "  in  ball  costume,  sent  her  in  a  mag- 
nificent coach  to  the  palace  where  the  ball 
was  given.  The  prince  fell  in  love  with 
her,  but  knew  not  who  she  was.  This,  how- 
ever, he  discovered  by  means  of  a  "  glass 
slipper"  which  she  dropped,  and  which 
fitted  no  foot  but  her  own. 

(This  tale  is  substantially  the  same  as 
that  of  Phodopis  and  Psammit'ichus  in 
iElian  ( Var.  Hist.,  xiii.  32).  A  similar 
one  is  also  told  in  Strabo  (Geog.  xvii.).) 

The  glass  slipper  should  be  the  /wr 
slipper,  pantoufte  en  vair,  not  en  verre  ;  our 
version  being  taken  from  the  Contes  de 
Fees  of  C.  Perrault  (1697). 

Cinna,  a  tragedv  by  Pierre  Corneille 
(1637).  Mdlle.  Rachel,  in  1838,  took  the 
chief  female  character,  and  produced 
a  great  sensation  in  Paris. 

Cinq-Mars  (//.  Coiffier  de  Euze, 
marquis  de),  favourite  of  Louis  XIII.  and 
protege  of  Richelieu  (1620-1042).  Irri- 
tated by  the  cardinal's  opposition  to  his 
marriage  with  Marie  de  Gonzague,  Cinq- 
Mars  tried  to  overthrow  or  to  assassinate 
him.  Gaston,  the  king's  brother,  sided  with 
the  conspirator,  but  Richelieu  discovered 
the  plot,  and  Cinq-Mars,  being  arrested, 
was  condemned  to  death.  Alfred  de 
Vigny  published,  in  1820,  a  novel  (iu 
imitation  of  Scott's  historical  novels)  ou 
the  subject,  under  the  title  of  Cinq-Mars, 


CINQUECENTO. 


190 


CITIZEN. 


Cinquecento  (3  sr/L),  the  fifteenth 
century  of  Italian  notables.  Thev  were 
Ariosto  (1474-1533),  Tasso  (1644ll695), 
andGiovanni  Rucellai  (1475-1526), /)oe^s; 
Raphael  (1483-1520),  Titian  (1480-1576), 
and  Michael  Angelo  (1474-1664),  joami<?rs. 
These,  with  Machiavelli,  Luigi  Alamanni, 
Bernardo  Baldi,  etc.,  make  up  what  is 
termed  the  "  Cinquecentesti."  The  word 
means  the  worthies  of  the  '500  epoch, 
and  it  will  be  observed  that  they  all 
flourished  between  1500  and  the  close  of 
that  century.     (See  Seicenta.) 

Ouidi  writes  in  winter  mornings  at  a  Venetian  writing- 
table  of  ctn<|uecento  worli  tliat  would  enrapture  the  souls 
of  the  virtuosi  who  haunt  Chxistie's. — E.  Yates,  Cele- 
brities, xix. 

Cipan'go  or  Zipango,  a  marvel- 
lous island  described  in  the  Voyages 
of  Marco  Polo,  the  Venetian  traveller. 
He  described  it  as  lying  some  1500  miles 
from  land.  This  island  was  an  object  of 
diligent  search  with  Columbus  and  other 
early  navigators,  but  belongs  to  that 
wonderful  chart  which  contains  the  El 
Dorado  of  sir  Walter  Raleigh,  the  Utopia 
of  sir  Thomas  More,  the  Atlantis  of  lord 
Bacon,  the  Laputa  of  dean  Swift,  and 
other  places  better  known  in  story  than 
in  geograph}'. 

Cipher.  The  Rev.  R.  Egerton  "War- 
burton,  being  asked  for  his  cipher  by 
a  lady,  in  1845,  wrote  back  : 

A  0  u  0  I  0  thee. 

Oh!  OnoObutOme: 

Yet  thy  0  my  0  one  0  go, 

Till  u  d  0  tlie  0  u  0  so 
A  cipher  you  sigh-for,  I  sigh-for  thee. 
Oh  I  sigh-for  no  cipher,  hut  sigh-for  me ; 
Yet  thy  sigh-for  my  cipher  oiie-ci-for-go  [on-ce  I  for-gol 
Till  you  de-cipher  the  cipher  you  sigh-for  so. 

(Erroneously  ascribed  to  Dr.  Whewell.) 

Circe  (2  syl.),  a  sorceress  who  meta- 
morphosed the  companions  of  Ulysses 
into  swine.  Ulysses  resisted  the  en- 
chantment by  means  of  the  herb  moly, 
given  him  by  Mercury. 

Who  knows  not  Circe, 
The  daughter  of  the  sun,  whose  charmed  cup 
Whoever  tasted  lost  his  upright  shape. 
And  downward  fell  into  a  grovelling  swine? 

Milton,  Comiu  (1634). 

Circuit  (Serjeant),  in  Foote's  farce 
called  The  Lame  Lover. 

Circumlocution  Office,  a  term 
applied  by  C.  Dickens,  in  Little  Dorrit 
(1856),  to  our  public  offices,  where  the 
duty  is  so  divided  and  subdivided  that 
the  simplest  process  has  to  pass  through 
a  whole  serits  of  officials.  The  following, 
from  baron  Stockmar,  will  illustrate  the 
absurdity : — 

In  fie  English  palace  the  lord  steward  finds  the  fuel 


and  Jatfs  the  fire,  but  the  lord  chamberlain  tights  It.  Th» 
baron  says  he  was  once  sent  by  the  queen  [  Victoria]  to  sir 
Frederick  Watson  (master  of  the  household),  to  complain 
that  the  drawing-room  was  always  cold.  Sir  Frederick 
replied,  "You  see,  it  is  not  wiy  fault,  for  the  lord  steward 
only  lays  the  fire,  it  is  the  lord  chamberlain  who  lijflits 
it." 

Again  he  says : 

The  lord  chamberlain  provides  the  lamps,  but  the  lord 
steward  has  to  see  that  they  are  trimmed  and  lighted. 

Here,  therefore,  the  duty  is  reversed. 
Again : 

If  a  pane  of  glass  or  the  door  of  a  cupboard  in  the 
kitchen  needs  mending,  the  process  is  as  follows :  (1)  A 
requisition  must  be  prepared  and  signed  by  the  chief  cook. 
(2)  This  must  be  countersigned  by  the  clerk  of  the  kitchen. 
(8)  It  is  then  taken  to  the  master  of  the  household.  (4) 
It  must  next  be  authorized  at  the  lord  chamberlains  office. 
(5)  Being  thus  authorized,  it  is  laid  before  the  clerk  of  the 
works  under  the  office  of  Woods  and  Forests.  So  that  it 
would  take  months  before  the  pane  of  glass  or  cupboard 
could  be  mended. — Memoirs,  ii.  121, 122. 

(Some  of  this  foolery  has  been  recently 
abolished.) 

Cirrha,  one  of  the  summits  of  Par- 
nassus, sacred  to  Apollo.  That  of  Nysa, 
another  eminence  in  the  same  mountain, 
was  dedicated  to  Bacchus. 

My  vows  I  send,  my  homage,  to  the  seats 
Of  rocky  Cirrha. 

Akenside,  Hymn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

Cisley    or    Ciss,    any  dairy-maid. 
Tusser  frequently  speaks  of  the  "  daiiy- 
maid   Cisley,"  and   in  April  Husbandry 
tells  Ciss  she  must  carefully  keep  these 
ten  guests   from    her   cheeses :    Geha'zi, 
Lot's  wife,  Argus,   Tom  Piper,  Crispin, 
Lazarus,   Esau,  Mary  Maudlin,  Gentiles, 
and    bishops.     (1)     Gehazi,    because    a 
cheese  should    never  be  a  dead  white, 
like  Gehazi  the  leper.     (2)  Lot's  wife, 
because  a  cheese  should  not  be  too  salt, 
like   Lot's   wife.     (3)   Argus,   because  a 
cheese  should  not  be  full  of  eyes,  like 
Argus.     (4)  Tom  Piper,  because  a  cheese 
should  not  be  "  hoven  and  puffed,"  lik< 
the    cheeks    of    a    piper.      (5)    Crispin,j 
because  a  cheese  should  not  be  leathery,! 
as  if  for  a  cobbler's   use.     (6)    Lazarus 
because  a  cheese  should  not  be  poor,  lik« 
the  beggar  Lazarus.     (7)  Esau,   becaus 
a  cheese  should  not  be  hairj',  like  Esai 
(8)    Mary    Maudlin,    because    a    chees 
should  not  be  full   of   whey,   as  Mar 
Maudlin  was  full  of  tears.     (9)  Gentiles 
because  a  cheese  should  not  be  full  oi 
maggots   or    gentils.     (10)  Bishops,  be 
cause  -a  cheese  should  not  be   made  ol 
burnt    milk,    or    milk    "  banned     by 
bishop." — T.  Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Point 
of  Good  Husbandry  ("  April,"  1657). 

Citi25en    (The),   a  farce    by    Arthi 
Murphy.     George  Philpot  is  destined 
be  the  husband  of  Maria  Wilding,  but 


CITIZEN  KING. 


191 


CIVIL  WARS. 


Maria  Wilding  is  in  love  with  Beaufort, 
she  behaves  so  sillily  to  her  betrothed 
that  he  refuses  to  marry  her,  whereupon 
sh3  gives  her  hand  to  Beaufort  (1757). 

Citizen  King  (The),  Louis  Philippe, 
the  first  elective  king  of  France  (1773, 
3830-1849,  abdicated  and  died  1850). 

City,  plu.  Cities. 

City  of  Churches,  Brooklyn,  New 
York,  which  has  an  unusual  number  of 
churches. 

Citij  of  David,  Jerusalem. — 2  Sam.  v. 
7,9. 

City  of  Destruction,  this  world,  or 
rather  the  worldly  state  of  the  uncon- 
verted. Bunyan  makes  "  Christian  "  flee 
from  the  City  of  Destruction  and  journey 
to  the  Celestial  City,  by  which  he  alle- 
gorizes the  "walk  of  a  Christian"  from 
his  conversion  to  death  (1678). 

City  of  Enchantments,  a  magical  city 
described  in  the  story  of  "  Beder  Prince 
of  Persia." — Arabian  Nights'  Entertain^ 
ments. 

City  of  God,  the  Church  or  whole  body 
of  believers.  The  phrase  is  used  by  St. 
Augustine. 

City  of  Lanterns,  an  imaginary  cloud- 
city  somewhere  beyond  the  zodiac. — 
Luciau,  Veroe  Historice. 

City  of  Legions,  Caerleon-on-Usk.  New- 
port is  the  port  of  this  ancient  city 
(Monmouthshire  and  Glamorganshire). 
It  was  in  the  City  of  Legions  that  Arthur 
held  his  court.  It  contained  two  cathe- 
drals, viz.,  St.  Julius  and  St.  Aaron,  built  in 
honour  of  two  martyrs  who  suffered  death 
here  in  the  reign  of  Diocletian. 

City  of  Masts,  London. 

City  of  Monuments,  Baltimore,  in  Mary- 
land. One  of  its  streets  is  called  Monu- 
ment Street. 

City  of  Palaces.  Three  cities  are  so 
called :  (1)  Rome  from  the  reign  of 
Augustus.  Agrippa  converted  "a  city  of 
brick  huts  into  a  city  of  marble  palaces." 
(2)  Calcutta.  (3)  St.  Petersburg  is  so 
called,  from  its  numerous  Imperial  and 
Government  edifices. 

City  of  Refuge,  Medi'na,  m  Arabia, 
where  Mahomet  took  refuge  when  driven 
by  conspirators  from  Mecca.  He  en- 
tered the  city  not  as  a  fugitive,  but  in 
trmmph  (a.d.  622). 

Cities  of  Eefwje,  Bezer,  Ramoth,  and 
Golan  {east  of  Jordan)  ;  Hebron,  She- 
chem,  and  Kedesh  {west  of  that  river). 
^Deut.  iv.  43 ;  Josh.  xx.  1-8.  • 

City  of  tlie  Great  King,  Jerusalem.— 
tMlm  xlviii.  2  :  Matt.  v.  35. 


Cities  of  the  Plain,  Sodom  and  Go- 
morrah.— Gen.  xiii.  12. 

City  of  the  Prophet,  Medi'na,  in  Arabia, 
where  Mahomet  was  protected  when  he 
fled  from  Mecca  (July  16,  a.d.  622). 

City  of  the  Sun,  Balbec,  called  in 
Greek,  lleliop'olis  ("sun-city"). 

*^*  In  Campanella's  romance  the 
"City  of  the  Sun"  is  an  ideal  republic, 
constructed  on  the  model  of  Plato's 
republic.  It  is  an  hypothetical  perfect 
society  or  theocratic  communism.  Sir 
T.  More  in  his  Utopia,  and  lord  Bacon 
in  his  Atlantis,  devised  similar  cities. 

City  of  the  Tribes,  Galway,  in  Ireland, 
"  the  residence  of  thirteen  tribes,"  which 
settled  there  in  1235. 

City  of  the  West,  Glasgow,  in  Scotland, 
situate  on  the  Clyde,  the  principal  river 
on  the  west  coast. 

I'he  Cleanest  City  in  the  World,  Broek, 
in  Holland,  which  is  "painfully  neat 
and  clean." 

The  Seven  Cities,  Egypt,  Jerusalem, 
Babylon,  Athens,  Rome,  Constantinople, 
and  London  (for  commerce)  or  Paris  (for 
beauty). 

(In  the  Seven  Wonders  of  the  World, 
the  last  of  the  wonders  is  doubtful,  some 
giving  the  Pharos  of  Egypt,  and  others 
the  Palace  of  Cyrus ;  so  again  in  the  Seven 
Sages  of  Greece,  the  seventh  is  either 
Periander,  Myson,  or  Epimenides.) 

City  Madam  {The),  a  comedy  by 
Philip  Massinger  (1633).  She  was  the 
daughter  of  a  farmer  named  Goodman 
Humble,  and  married  a  merchant,  sir 
John  Frugal,  who  became  immensely 
wealthy,  but  retired  from  business,  and 
by  a  deed  of  gift  transferred  his  wealth 
to  his  brother  Luke,  whereby  madam  and 
her  daughter  were  both  dependent  on 
him.  During  her  days  of  wealth  the 
extravagance  of  lady  Frugal  was  un- 
bounded, and  her  dress  costly  beyond 
conception;  but  Luke  reduced  her  state  to 
that  of  farmers'  daughters  in  general. 
Luke  says  to  her: 

You  were  served  in  plate ; 
Stirred  not  a  foot  without  a  coach,  and  going 
To  churcli,  not  for  devotion,  but  to  show 
Your  pomp. 

The  City  Madam  is  an  extraordinarily  spirited  picture 
of  actual  life,  idealized  into  a  scnu-couiic  strain  of  poetry. 
—Professor  Spalding. 

Civil  "Wars  of  England. 

There  Dutton  Dutton  kills ;  a  Done  dotli  kill  a  Done ; 

A  Booth  a  Dooth,  and  Leigh  by  Leigh  is  overthrown ; 

A  Venables  against  a  Venables  doth  stand ; 

A  TroHtbeck  figliteth  with  a  Troutbcck  hand  to  hand ; 

There  Molineux  doth  make  a  Moliueux  to  die, 

And  Egerton  the  strength  of  Egerton  doth  try. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xitiL  (1622). 


CLACK-DISH. 


192 


CLARCHEN. 


Clack-Dish,  a  dish  or  platter  with  a 
lid,  used  at  one  time  by  beggars,  who 
clacked  the  lid  when  persons  drew  near,  to 
arrest  attention  and  thus  solicit  alms. 

Your  beg^a*  of  fifty;  and  his  use  was  to  put  a  ducat  In 
her  clack-dish.— Shakespeare,  Measure  for  Measure,  act 
lU.  so.  2  (1603). 

Cladpole  {Tim),  Richard  Lower,  of 
Chiddingly,  author  of  Tom  Cladpold's 
Journey  to  Lunnun  (1831)  ;  Jan  Glad- 
pole's  Trip  to  'Merricur  (1844),  etc. 

Claimant  (The).  William  Knollys, 
in  The  Great  Banbury  Case,  claimed  the 
baronetcy,  but  was  non-suited.  This 
suit  lasted  150  years  (lGGO-1811). 

Douglas  V.  Hamilton,  in  The  Great 
Douglas  Case,  was  settled  in  favour  of  the 
claimant,  who  was  at  once  raised  to  the 
peerage  under  the  name  and  title  of 
baron  Douglas  of  Douglas  Castle,  but 
was  not  restored  to  the  title  of  duke 
(1767-1769). 

Tom  Pro\'is,  a  schoolmaster  of  ill 
repute,  who  had  married  a  servant  of  sir 
Hugh  Smithes  of  Ashton  Hall,  near 
Bristol,  claimed  the  baronetcy  and  estates, 
but  was  non-suited  and  condemned  to 
imprisonment  for  twenty-one  years 
(1853). 

Arthur  Orton,  who  claimed  to  be  sir 
Roger  Tichborne  (drowned  at  sea).  He 
was  non-suited  and  sentenced  to  fourteen 
years'  imprisonment  for  perjury  (1871- 
1872). 

Clandestine  Marriage  (Tlie). 
Fanny  Sterling,  the  younger  daughter  of 
Mr.  Sterling,  a  rich  city  merchant,  is 
clandestinely  married  to  Mr.  Lovewell, 
an  apprentice  in  the  house,  of  good 
family ;  and  sir  John  Melvil  is  engaged 
to  Miss  Sterling,  the  elder  sister.  Lord 
Ogleby  is  a  guest  in  the  merchant's  house. 
Sir  John  prefers  Fanny  to  her  elder  sister, 
and  not  knowing  of  her  marriage  proposes 
to  her,  but  is  rejected.  Fanny  appeals  to 
lord  Ogleby,  who  being  a  vain  old  fop, 
fancies  she  is  in  love  with  him,  and  tells 
Sterling  he  means  to  make  her  a  countess. 
Matters  being  thus  involved,  Lovewell 
goes  to  consult  with  Fanny  about  de- 
claring their  marriage,  and  the  sister,  con- 
vinced that  sir  John  is  shut  up  in  her 
sister's  room,  rouses  the  house  with  a  cry 
of  "  Thieves  !  "  Fanny  and  Lovewell  now 
make  their  appearance.  All  parties  are 
scandalized.  But  Fanny  declares  they 
have  been  married  four  months,  and  lord 
Ogleby  takes  their  part.  So  all  ends 
"srell. — G.  Colman  and  D.  Garrick  (1766). 

This  comedy  is    a    rechauffe  of    The 


False  Concord,  by  Rev.  James  Townley, 
many  of  the  characters  and  much  of  the 
dialogue  being  preserved. 

Clang  of  Shields.  To  strike  the 
shield  with  the  blunt  end  of  a  spear  was 
in  Ossianic  times  an  indiqation  of  war  to 
the  death.  A  bard,  when  the  shield  was 
thus  struck,  raised  the  mort-song. 

Cftirbar  rises  in  his  arms.  Darkness  gathers  on  hig 
brow.  The  hundred  harps  cease  at  once.  Tiie  clang  of 
shields  is  heard.  Far  distant  on  Uie  heath  OUa  raised  the 
song  of  woe.— Osslan,  Temora,  L 

Cla'ra,  in  Otway's  comedy  called  The 
Cheats  of  Scaj)in,  an  English  version  of 
Les  Fourheries  de  Scapin,  by  Moliere, 
represents  the  French  character  called 
"  Hj'acinthe."  Her  father  is  called  by 
Otway  "Gripe,"  and  by  Molibre  "Ge'- 
ronte"  (2  syl.) ;  her  brother  is  "Leander," 
in  French  "Leandre;"  and  her  sweetheart 
"  Octavian  "  son  of  "  Thrifty,"  in  French 
"Octave"  son  of  "Argante."  The  sum 
of  money  wrung  from  Gripe  is  £200, 
l)ut  that  squeezed  out  of  Ge'ronte  is  1500 
livres. 

Clara  [d'Almanza],  daughter  of 
don  Guzman  of  Seville,  beloved  by  don 
Ferdinand,  but  destined  by  her  mother 
for  a  cloister.  She  loves  Ferdinand,  but 
repulses  him  from  shyness  and  modest}'', 
quits  home,  and  takes  refuge  in  St. 
Catherine's  Convent.  Ferdinand  discovers 
her  retreat,  and  after  a  few  necessary 
blunders  they  are  married. — Sheridan^ 
The  Du^7ina  (1773). 

(7/ara  (Donna),  the  trotn-plignt  wife  of 
Octavio.  Her  affianced  husband,  having 
killed  don  Felix  in  a  duel,  was  obliged  to 
lie  ])erdu  for  a  time,  and  Clara,  assuming 
her  brother's  clothes  and  name,  went  im 
search  of  him.  Both  came  to  Salamanca, 
both  set  up  at  the  Eagle,  both  hired  the 
same  servant  Lazarillo,  and  ere  long  they 
met,  recognized  each  other,  and  became 
man  and  wife. — Jephson,  Two  Strings  to 
your  Dow  (1792). 

Clara  [Dougi-as],  a  lovely  girl,  of 
artless  mind,  feeling  heart,  great  modesty, 
and  well  accomplished.  She  loved  Alfred 
Evelyn,  but  refused  to  marry  him  because 
they  were  both  too  poor  to  support  a 
house.  Evelyn  was  left  an  immense  for- 
tune, and  proposed  to  Georgina  Vesey, 
but  Georgina  gave  her  hand  to  sir 
Frederick  Blount.  Being  thus  disen- 
tangled, Evelyn  again  proposed  to  Clara, 
and  was  joyfullv  accepted. — Lord  L. 
Bulwer  Lj-tton,  Mmey  (1840). 

Clarchen  [A7er'.An],  a  female  ch»- 


CLARE. 


193 


CLAUDINE. 


racter  in  Goethe's  E^mont,  noted  for  her 
constancy  and  devotion. 

Clare  {Ada),  cousin  of  Richard  Car- 
stone,  both  of  whom  are  orphans  and 
wards  in  Chancery..  ^They  marry  each 
other,  but  Richard  dies  young,  blighted 
by  the  law's  delay  in  the  great  Chancery 
suit  of  "  Jarndyce  v.  Jamdyce." — C. 
Dickens,  Bleak  House  (1853). 

Clarence  {George  duke  of),  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Anne  of  Geier- 
»i£ia_4tiaie>  Edward  IV.). 

Clarence    and   the    Malmsey- 

futt.  According  to  tradition,  George 
iuke  of  Clarence,  having  joined  Warwick 
^0  replace  Henry  VI.  on  the  throne,  was 
pt  to  death,  and  the  choice  being  offered 

im,  was  drowned  in  a  butt  of  malmsey 
le  (1478). 

'Twere  better  sure  to  die  so,  than  be  shut 
With  maudlin  Clarence  in  liis  in:iliiisey-butt 

Byron,  Don  Juant,  i.  1«6  (1819). 

Clarendon  {The  earl  of),  lord  chan- 
cellor to  Charles  II.  Introduced  by  sir 
W.  Scott  in  Woodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Claribel  {Sir),  sumamed  "The 
Lewd."  One  of  the  six  knights  who  con- 
tended for  the  false  Florimel. — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  iv.  9  (1596). 

Clar'ibel,  the  pseudonym  of  Mrs. 
Barnard,  author  of  numerous  popular 
songs  (from  18G5  to  ). 

Clar'ice  (3  syL),  wife  of  Rinaldo,  and 
sister  of  Huon  of  Bordeaux.  Introduced 
in  the  romances  of  Bojardo,  Ariosto, 
Tasso,  etc. 

Clann  or  Clarin'da,  the  con- 
fidential maid  of  Radigund  queen  of  the 
Am'azons.  When  the  queen  had  got  sir 
Ar'tegal  into  her  power,  and  made  him 
change  his  armour  for  an  apron,  and  his 
sword  for  a  distaff,  she  fell  in  love  with 
the  captive,  and  sent  Clarin  to  win  him 
over  by  fair  promises  and  indulgences. 
Clarin  performed  the  appointed  mission, 
but  fell  in  love  herself  with  the  knight, 
and  told  the  queen  that  sir  Artegal  was 
obstinate,  and  rejected  her  advances  with 
scorn. — Spenser,  FaiirtJ  Queen,  v.  6 
(1696). 

Clarinda,  the  heroine  of  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre's  drama  The  Beau's  Duel  (1703). 

Nothing  could  be  more  captivating  than  Mrs.  Pritchard 
[1711-1768J  in  "  lady  Macbeth,"  "  The  Queen  "  in  Jlamlet, 
"  Clarinda,"  '•  Estil'ania ;"  in  short,  every  species  of  strong 
nature  received  from  her  a  polish  and  perfection  than 
which  nothing  rould  lie  more  truly  captivating.— C.  Dib- 
•in,  Hiitory  qf  tne  Staee. 
9 


*#*  "  Kstifania,"  in  Ru/o  a  Wife  and 
Have  a  Wife,  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Clarin'da,  a  merry,  good-humoured, 
high-spirited  lady,  in  love  with  Charles 
Frankly.  The  madcap  Ranger  is  her 
cousin. — Dr.  Hoadly,  Tlus  Suspicious 
Husband  (1747). 

Clarinda  of  Robert  Burns,  was  Mrs. 
Maclehose,  who  was  alive  in  1833. 

Clar'ion,  the  son  and  heir  of  Mus- 
carol.  He  was  the  fairest  and  most 
prosperous  of  all  the  race  of  flies. 
Aragnol,  the  sou  of  Arachne  (the  spider), 
entertained  a  deep  and  secret  hatred 
of  the  young  prince,  and  set  himself  to 
destroy  him  ;  so,  weaving  a  most  curious 
net.  Clarion  was  soon  caught,  and  Aragnol 
gave  him  his  death-wound  by  piercing 
him  under  the  left  wing. — Spenser, 
Muiopotmos  or  The  Butterfly's  Fate 
(1690). 

Claris'sa,  wife  of  Grijje  the 
scrivener.  A  lazy,  lackadaisical,  fine 
city  lady,  who  thinks  "a  woman  must 
be  of  mechanic  mould  who  is  either 
troubled  or  pleased  with  anything  her 
husband  can  do  "  (act  i.  3).  She  has  "  wit 
and  beauty,  with'a  fool  to  her  husband," 
but  though  "  fool,"  a  hard,  grasping, 
mean,  old  hunks. 

"  I  have  more  subjects  for  spleen  than  one.  Is  it  not  a 
most  horrible  thing  that  I  should  be  a  scrivener's  wife  f . . . 
Don't  you  think  nature  designed  me  for  something  phtt 
elevie  >  Why,  1  dare  abuse  nobody.  I'm  afniid  to  affront 
people,  .  .  .  or  to  ruin  their  reputations.  ...  I  dare  not 
raise  the  lie  of  a  man,  though  he  neglects  to  make  love  to 
me  ;  nor  report  a  woman  to  be  a  fool,  though  she  is  hand- 
somer tlian  I.  In  short,  1  dare  not  so  much  as  bid  my 
footman  kick  people  out  of  doors,  though  they  come  to 
dun  nje  for  what  I  owe  them."— Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  Th« 
ConfecLeracy,  i.  3  (1695). 

Claris'sa,  sister  of  Beverlej',  plighted 
to  George  Bellmont. — A.  Murphy,  All  in 
the  Wrong  (1761). 

Clarissa    Harlowe.     (See    Har- 

LOWE.) 

Clark  {The  Rev.  T.),  the  pseudonym 
of  John  Gall,  the  novelist  (1779-1839). 

Clarke  {The  Rev.  C.  C),  one  of  the 
many  pseudonyms  of  sir  Richard  Phillips, 
author  of  The  Hundred  Wonders  of  the 
World  (1818),  Readings  in  Natural 
Fhilosophy. 

Cla'tho,  the  last  wife  of  Fingal  and 
mother  of  Fillan,  Fingal's  youngest  son. 

Claude  {The  English),  Richard  Wilson 
(1714-1782). 

Clau'dine  (2  syl.),  wife  of  the  porter 
of  the  hotel  Harancour,  and  old  nurse  of 
o 


CLAUDIO. 


194 


CLAYPOLE. 


Julio  "  the  deaf  and  dumb  "  count.  She 
recognizes  the  lad,  who  had  been  rescued 
by  De  I'Epee  from  the  streets  of  Paris, 
and  brought  up  by  him  under  the  name 
of  Theodore.  Ultimately,  the  guardian 
Darlemont  confesses  that  he  had  sent 
him  adrift  under  the  hope  of  getting  rid 
of  him  ;  but  being  proved  to  be  the  count, 
he  is  restored  to  his  rank  and  property. — 
Th.  Holcroft,  The  Deaf  and  Dumb  (1785). 

Claudio  {Lord)  of  Florence,  a  friend 
of  don  Pedro  prince  of  Aragon,  and 
engaged  to  Hero  (daughter  of  Leonato 
governor  of  Messina). — Shakespeare, 
MvA^h  Ado  about  Nothing  (1600). 

Clau'dio,  brother  of  Isabella  and  the 
suitor  of  Juliet.  He  is  imprisoned  by  lord 
Angelo  for  the  seduction  of  Juliet,  and  it 
is  on  the  effort  made  to  release  him  by  his 
sister  Isabella  that  the  whole  plot  turns. — 
Shakespeare,  Measure/or  JlfeasHr€(1603). 

Clau'dius,  king  of  Denmark^  who 
poisoned  his  brother,  married  the  widow, 
and  usurped  the  throne.  Claudius  in- 
duced Laertes  to  challenge  Hamlet  to 
play  with  foils,  but  persuaded  him  to 
poison  his  weapon.  In  the  combat  the 
foils  got  changed,  and  Hamlet  wounded 
Laertes  with  the  poisoned  weapon.  In 
order  still  further  to  secure  the  death  of 
Hamlet,  Claudius  had  a  cup  of  poisoned 
wine  prepared,  which  he  intended  to  give 
Hamlet  when  he  grew  thirsty  with 
playing.  The  queen,  drinking  of  this  cup, 
died  of  poison,  and  Hamlet,  rushing  on 
Claudius,  stabbed  him  and  cried  aloud, 
*'  Here,  thou  incestuous,  murderous  Dane, 
.  .  .  Follow  my  mother ! " — Shakespeare, 
Hamlet  (1696). 

*^*  In  the  History  of  Hamblet,  Clau- 
dius is  called  "  Fengon,"  afar  better  name 
for  a  Dane. 

Claudius,  the  instrument  of  Appius  the 
decemvir  for  entrapping  Virginia.  He 
pretended  that  Virginia  was  his  slave, 
who  had  been  stolen  from  him  and  sold 
to  Virginius. — J.  S.  Knowles,  Virqinius 
(1820). 

Claudius  (Mathias),  a  German  poet  born 
at  Rheinfeld,  and  author  of  the  famous 
song  called  Rheinweinlied  ("Rhenish  wine 
song"),  sung  at  all  convivial  feasts  of  the 
Germans. 

Claudius,  though  he  sang  of  flagons, 
And  huge  tankards  filled  with  Rhenish, 

From  the  fiery  blood  of  dragons 
Never  would  his  own  replenish. 

Longfellow,  DHtMng  Song. 

Claus  {Peter).     (See  under  K.) 


Claus  (Santa),  a  familiar  name  for  St. 
Nicholas,  the  patron  saint  of  children. 
On  Christmas  Eve  German  children  have 
presents  stowed  away  in  their  socks  and 
shoes  while  they  are  asleep,  and  the  little 
credulous  ones  suppose  that  Santa  Claus 
or  Klaus  placed  them  there. 

St.  Nicholas  is  said  to  have  supplied  three  dtstitute 
m^dens  with  marriage  portions  by  secretly  leaving  money 
with  their  widowed  mother,  and  as  his  day  occurs  just 
before  Christmas,  he  was  selected  for  the  gift-giver  on 
Christmas  Eve. — Yonge. 

"  Claverhouse  "  or  the  marquis  of 
Argyll,  a  kinsman  of  Ravenswood,  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Bride  of 
Lammermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

Claver' house  (3  syl.),  John  Graham  of 
Claverhouse  (viscount  Dundee),  a  relent- 
less Jacobite,  so  rapacious  and  profane, 
so  violent  in  temper  and  obdurate  of 
heart,  that  every  Scotchman  hates  the 
name.  He  hunted  the  covenanters  with 
real  vindictiveness,  and  is  almost  a  by- 
word for  barbarity  and  cruelty  (1650- 
1689). 

Clavijo  {Don),  a  cavalier  who  "  could 
touch  the  guitar  to  admiration,  write 
poetry,  dance  divinely,  and  had  a 'fine 
genius  for  making  bird-cages."  He 
married  the  princess  Antonomasia  of 
Candaya,  and  was  metamorphosed  by 
Malambru'no  into  a  crocodile  of  some 
unknown  metal.  Don  Quixote  disen- 
chanted him  "  by  simply  attempting  the 
adventure." — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote^ 
II.  iii.  4,  5  (1615). 

Clavilen'o,  the  wooden  horae  on 
which  don  Quixote  got  astride  in  order  to 
disenchant  the  infanta  Antonoma'sia,  her 
husband,  and  the  countess  TrifaJdi  (called 
the  "  Dolori'da  duena").  It  was  *'the 
very  horse  on  which  Peter  of  Provence 
carried  off  the  fair  Magalona,  and  was 
constructed  by  Merlin."  This  horse  was 
called  Clavileno  or  Wooden  Peg,  because 
it  was  governed  by  a  wooden  pin  in  the 
forehead. — Cervantes,  Don  QuixotCy  II, 
iii.  4,  5  (1615). 

There  is  one  peculiar  advantage  attending  this  horse  ; 
he  neither  eats,  drinks,  sleeps,  nor  wants  shoeing.  .  .  . 
His  name  is  not  Pegasus,  nor  Bucephalus ;  nor  is  It 
Brilladoro,  the  name  of  the  steed  of  Orlando  Furioso ; 
neither  is  it  Bayarte,  which  belonged  to  Reynaldo  de 
Montalbon ;  nor  Bootes,  nor  Peritoa,  the  horses  of  the 
sun ;  but  his  name  is  Clavileno  the  Winged.— Chap.  4. 

Claypole  {Noah),  alias  "Morris 
Bolter,"  an  ill-conditioned  charity-boy, 
who  takes  down  the  shutters  of  Sower- 
berry's  shop  and  receives  broken  meats 
from  Charlotte  (Sowerberry's  servant), 
whom  he  afterwards  marries. — C.  Dickens, 
Oliver  Twist  (1837). 


CLEANTE. 


195 


CLEMENTINA. 


t 


Cleante  (2  syL),  brother-in-law  of 
Orgon.  He  is  distinguished  for  his 
gertuine  piety,  and  is  both  high-minded 
and  compassionate. — Moliere,  La  Tartuffe 
(1664). 

Cleante  (2  syl.),  son  of  Har'pagon  the 
miser,  in  love  with  Mariane  (3  syL). 
Harpagon,  though  60  years  old,  wished 
to  marry  the  same  young  lady,  but 
Cleante  solved  the  difficulty  thus :  He 
dug  up  a  casket  of  gold  from  the  garden, 
hrdden  under  a  tree  by  the  miser,  and 
while  Harpagon  was  raving  about  the  loss 
of  his  gold,  Cleante  told  him  he  might  take 
his  choice  between  Mariane  and  the  gold. 
The  miser  preferred  the  casket,  which  was 
restored  to  him,  and  Cleante  married 
Mariane. — Molifere,  L'Avare  (1667). 

Cleante  (2  syl.),  the  lover  of  Angelique 
daughter  of  Argan  the  malade  ima'jinaire. 
As  Argan  had  promised  Angelique  in 
marriage  to  Thomas  Diafoirus  a  young 
surgeon,  Cleante  carries  on  his  love  as 
a  music-master,  and  though  Argan  is 
present,  the  lovers  sing  to  each  other  their 
plans  under  the  guise  of  an  interlude 
called  *'Tircis  and  Philis."  Ultimately, 
Argan  assents  to  the  marriage  of  his 
daughter  with  Clc'ante. — Moliere,  Le 
Malade  Imac/inaire  (1673). 

Clean'the  (2  syl.),  sister  of  Siphax 
of  Paphos. — lieaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Mad  Lover  (1617). 

Cleanthe  (3  si/t.),  the  lady  beloved  by 
Ion.— Talfourdj  lun  (1835). 

Clean'thes  (3  syl.),  son  of  Leon'ides 
and  husband  of  Hippolita,  noted  for  his 
filial  piety.  The  duke  of  Epire  made  a 
law  that  all  men  who  had  attained  the 
age  of  80  should  be  put  to  death  as  use- 
less incumbrances  of  the  commonwealth. 
Simonides,  a  young  libertine,  admired  the 
law,  but  Cleanthes  looked  on  it  with 
horror,  and  determined  to  save  his  father 
from  its  operation.  Accordingly,  he  gave 
out  that  his  father  was  dead,  and  an 
ostentatious  funeral  took  place ;  but 
Cleanthes  retired  to  a  wood,  where  he 
concealed  Leon'ides,  while  he  and  his  wife 
waited  on  him  and  administered  to  his 
wants. — I7ie  Old  Law  (a  comedy  of 
Philip  Massinger,  T.  Middleton,  and  W. 
Rowley,  1620). 

Clegg  (Holdfast),  a  puritan  mill- 
wright.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Cleisli'bothain  (Jededi'ah),  school- 
master and  parish  clerk  of  Gandercleuch, 


who  employed  his  assistant  teacher  to 
arrange  and  edit  the  tales  told  by  the 
landlord  of  the  Wallace  inn  of  tae 
same  parish.  These  tales  the  editor  dis- 
posed in  three  series,  called  by  the  general 
title  of  The  Tales  of  My  Landlord  (q.v.). 
(See  introduction  of  The  Black  Dwarf.) 
Of  course  the  real  author  is  sir  Walter 
Scott  (1771-1832). 

Mrs.  Dorothea  Cleishbotham,  wife  of  the 
schoolmaster,  a  perfect  Xantippe,  and 
*'  sworn  sister  of  tiie  Eumen'idOs." 

Clelia  or  Cloe'lia,  a  Roman  maiden, 
one  of  the  hostages  given  to  Por'sena. 
She  made  her  escape  from  the  Etruscan 
camp  by  swimming  across  the  Tiber. 
Being  sent  back  by  the  Romans,  Porsena 
not  only  set  her  at  liberty  for  her  gallant 
deed,  but  allowed  her  to  take  with  her 
a  part  of  the  hostages.  Mdlle.  Scudcri 
has  a  novel  on  the  subject,  entitled 
Cle'lie,  Histoire  Romaine. 

Our  statues — not  of  those  that  men  desire- 
Sleek  odalisques  [/"wrtisft  »<<»»<»].  .  .but 
The  Carian  Artemisia  .  .  .  LSee  Artemisia.] 
Clelia,  Cornelia  .  .  ,  and  the  Roman  brows 
Of  Agrippina. 

Tennyson,  TAe  Princeu,  11. 

Cle'lia,  a  vain,  frivolous  female  butter- 
fly, with  a  smattering  of  everything.  In 
youth  she  was  a  coquette ;  and  when  youth 
was  pasbcd,  tried  sundry  means  to  earn 
a  living,  but  without  success. — Crabbe, 
Borough  (1810). 

Clelie  (2  syL),  the  heroine  of  a  novel 
so  called  by  Mdlle.  Scude'ri.  (See 
Clklia.) 

Clement,  one  of  the  attendants  of 
sir  Reginal  Front  de  Bceuf  (a  follower  of 
prince  John). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Clem'ent  {.Justice),  a  man  quite  able 
to  discern  between  fun  and  crime. 
Although  he  had  the  weakness  "  of 
justices'  justice,"  he  had  not  the  weak- 
ness of  ignorant  vulgarity. 

Knotoell.  They  gay  he  will  commit  a  man  for  taking  the 
wall  of  his  horse. 

Wellbred.  Ay,  or  for  wearing  his  cloak  on  one  shoulder, 
or  serving  God.  Anything,  indeed,  if  it  comes  in  the  way 
of  his  humour. — B.  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  Bit  Humour, 
iil.  2  (1,W8). 

Clementi'na  (TTie  lady),  an  amiable, 
delicate,  beautiful,  accomplished,  but  un- 
fortunate woman,  deeply  in  love  with  sir 
Charles  Grandison.  Sir  Charles  married 
Harriet  Biron. — S.  Richardson,  The  His- 
tory of  Sir  Charles  Grandison  (1753). 

Those  scenes  relating  to  the  history  of  Clementina 
contain  passages  of  deep  pattios — Encye.  Brit.  Art. 
"  Fielding." 

Shakespeare  himself  has  scarcely  drawn  a  more  affect- 
ing or  harrowing  picture  of  high-souled  suffering  and 


CLEOFAS. 


196 


CLERKS. 


Higlitiiig  calamity  than  the  inadne«s  bf  Clenientina. — 
Clioiiibers,  Engliih  Liuruture,  il.  161. 

Cle'ofas  {Don)^  the  hero  of  a  novel 
by  Lesage,  entitled  Le  Viable  Boiteux 
(The  Devil  on  Two  Sticks).  A  fiery 
young  Spaniard,  proud,  high-spirited, 
and  revengeful ;  noted  for  gallantry,  but 
not  without  generous  sentiments.  Asmo- 
de'us  (4  syl.)  shows  him  what  is  going 
on  in  private  families  by  unroofing  the 
houses  (1707). 

Cleom'brotus  or  Ambracio'ta  of 
Ambrac'ia  (in  Epirus).  Having  read 
Plato's  book  on  the  soul's  immortality 
and  happiness  in  another  life,  he  was  so 
ravished  with  the  description  that  he 
leaped  into  the  sea  that  he  might  die 
and  enjoy  Plato's  elysium. 

He  who  to  enjoy 
Plato's  elyslum  leaped  into  the  gea, 
Cleombrotus. 
Milton,  ParadUe  Lout,  Ul.  471,  etc.  (1665). 

Cleom'enes  (4  syl.),  the  hero  and 
title  of  a  drama  by  Dry  den  (1692). 

As  Dryden  came  out  of  the  theatre  a  young  fop  of 
fashion  said  to  him,  "  If  I  had  been  left  alone  with  a 
young  beauty,  I  would  not  have  spent  my  time  like  your 
Siiartan  hero."  "  Perhaps  not,"  said  the  poet,  "  but  you 
are  not  my  hero."— W.  C.  Russell,  Jiepresentative  Actors. 

Cleom'enes  (4  syl.).  "The  Venus  of 
Cleomenes"  is  now  called  "The  Venus 
di  Medici." 

Such  a  mere  moist  lump  was  once  .  .  .  the  Venus  of 
Cleouiends.— Ouidi,  A  riculiU,  i.  8. 

Cle'on,  governor  of  Tarsus,  burnt  to 
death  with  his  wife  Dionys'ia  by  the 
enraged  citizens,  to  revenge  the  supposed 
murder  of  Mari'na,  daughter  of  Per'icles 
prince  of  Tvre. — Shakespeare,  Pericles 
Frince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

Cle'on,  the  personification  of  glory. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen. 

Cleop'atra,  queen  of  Egypt,  wife  of 
Ptolemy  Dionysius  her  brother.  She 
was  driven  from  her  throne,  but  re-estab- 
lished by  Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  47.  Antony, 
captivated  by  her,  repudiated  his  wife, 
Octavia,  to  live  with  the  fascinating 
Egyptian.  After  the  loss  of  the  battle 
of  Actium,  Cleopatra  killed  herself  by 
an  asp. 

E.  Jodelle  wrote  in  French  a  tragedy 
called  Cle'opdtre  Captive  (1550)  ;  Jean 
Mairet  one  called  Cle'opdtre  (1630)  ; 
Isaac  de  Benserade  (1670),  J.  F.  iSlar- 
montel  (1750),  and  Mde.  de  Girardin 
(1847)  wrote  tragedies  in  French  on  the 
same  subject.  S.  Daniel  (1600)  wrote  a 
tragedy  in  English  called  Cleopatra ; 
Shakespeare  one  called  Antony  and  Cleo- 
patra  (1608)  ;   and   Dry  den  one  on  the 


same  subject,  called  All.  for  Love  or  The 
World  Well  Lost  (1682). 

*#♦  Mrs.  Oldfield  (1683-1730)  and 
Peg  [Margaret]  Woffingtoa  (1718-1760] 
were  unrivalled  in  this  character. 

Cleopatra  and  the  Fearl.  The  tale  is 
that  (3leopatra  made  a  sumptuous  oan- 
quet,  which  excited  the  surprise  of 
Antony ;  whereupon  the  queen  took  a 
pearl  ear-drop,  dissolved  it  in  a  strong 
acid,  and  drank  the  liquor  to  the  health 
of  the  triumvir,  saying,  "My  draught 
to  Antony  shall  exceed  in  Value  the 
whole  banquet." 

*^*  When  queen  Elizabeth  visited  the 
Exchange,  sir  Thomas  Gresham  pledged 
her  health  in  a  cup  of  wine  containing  a 
precious  stone  crushed  to  atoms,  and 
worth  £15,000. 

Here  •£  15,000  at  one  clap  goes 
Instead  of  sugar ;  Gresham  drinks  the  pearl 
Unto  his  queen  and  mistress.     Pledge  it ;  lords  ! 
Th.  Heywood,  //  rou  Know  not  Me,  You  An<yw  Ifobodff. 

Cleopatra  in  Hades.  Cleopatra,  says 
Rabelais,  is  "a  crier  of  onions"  in  the 
shades  below.  The  Latin  for  a  pearl 
and  onion  is  unio,  and  the  pun  refers  to 
Cleopatra  giving  her  pearl  (or  onion)  to 
Antony  in  a  draught  of  Avine,  or,  as  some 
say,  drinking  it  herself  in  toasting  her 
lover.  —  Rabelais,  Fantagrnel,  ii.  30 
(1533). 

Cleopat'ra,  queen  of  Syria,  daughter 
of  Ptolemy  Philome'ter  king  of  Egypt. 
She  first  married  Alexander  Bala,  the 
usurper  (b.c.  149) ;  next  Deme'trius 
Nica'nor.  Demetrius,  being  taken  pri- 
soner by  the  Parthians,  married  Rodo- 
gune  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Phraa'tes  (3 
syl.)  the  Parthian  king,  and  Cleopatra 
married  Antiochus  Side'tes,  brother  of 
Demetrius.  She  slew  her  son  Seleucus 
(by  Demetrius)  for  treason,  and  as  this 
produced  a  revolt,  abdicated  in  favour 
of  her  second  son,  Anti'ochus  VIII.,  who 
compelled  her  to  drink  poison  which  she 
had  prepared  for  himself.  P.  Corneille 
has  made  this  the  subject  of  his  tragedy 
called  Rodoqune  (1646). 

*,,£*  This  is  not  the  Cleopatra  of  Shake- 
speare's and  Dryden's  tragedies. 

Clere'mont  (2  syl.),  a  merry  gentle- 
man, the  friend  of  Dinant'. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Little  French  Lawyer 
(1647). 

Cler'imond,  niece  of  the  Green 
Knight,  sister  of  Fer'ragus  the  giant, 
and  bride  of  Valentine  the  brave. —  Valen- 
tine and  Orson. 

Clerks  (-S^^  Nicholas's),  thieres,  also 


CLESSAMMOR. 


197 


CLINKER. 


wiUcd  "St.  Nicholas's  Clergymen,"  in 
allusion  to  the  tradition  of  "  St.  Nicholas 
and  the  thieves."  Probably  a  play  on 
the  words  Nich-oias  and  Ol'd  Nick  may 
be  designed. — See  Shakespeare,  1  Henry 
iF.  act  ii.  sc.  1  (1597). 

Cless'amnior,  son  of  Thaddu  and 
bro*^her  of  Morna  (Fingal's  mother).  He 
married  Moina,  daughter  of  Reutha'mir 
(the  principal  man  of  Balclutha,  on  the 
Clyde).  It  so  happened  that  Moina  was 
beloved  by  a  Briton  named  Reuda,  who 
came  with  an  army  to  carry  her  off. 
Reuda  was  slain  by  Clessammor;  but 
Clessammor,  being  closely  pressed  by 
the  Britons,  fled,  and  never  again  saw 
his  bride.  In  due  time  a  son  was 
born,  called  Carthon ;  but  the  mother 
died.  While  Carthon  was  still  an  infant, 
P'ingal's  father  attacked  Balclutha,  and 
slew  Reuthama  (Carthon's  grandfather). 
When  the  boy  grew  to  manhood,  he 
determined  on  vengeance;  accordingly 
he  invaded  Morven,  the  kingdom  of 
Fingal,  where  Clessammor,  not  knowing 
who  he  was,  engaged  him  in  single 
combat,  and  slew  him.  When  he  dis- 
covered that  it  was  his  son,  three  days  he 
mourned  for  him,  and  on  the  fourth  ha 
died. — Ossian,  Carthon. 

Cleveland  {Barbara  Villiers,  duchess 
of),  one  of  the  mistresses  of  Charles  II., 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Feveril  of 
the  Peak. 

Cleve'land  (Captain  Clement),  alias 
Vaughax  [Vawn],  "  the  pirate,"  son  of 
Noma  of  the  Fitful  Head.  He  is  in  love 
with  Minna  Troil  (daughter  of  Magnus 
Troil,  the  udaller  of  Zetland).— Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  IHrate  (time,  William  III.). 

Clever,  the  man-servant  of  Hero 
Sutton  "the  city  maiden."  When  Hero 
assumed  the  guise  of  a  quaker.  Clever 
called  himself  Obadiah,  and  pretended  to 
be  a  rigid  quaker  also.  His  constant 
exclamation  was  "Umph!" — S.  Knowles, 
Woman's  Wit,  etc.  (1838). 

Clifford  {Sir  Thomas),  betrothed  to 
Julia  (daughter  of  Master  Walter  "the 
hunchback  ").  He  is  wise,  honest,  truth- 
ful, and  well-favoured,  kind,  valiant,  and 
prudent. — S.  Knowles,  The  Hunchback 
(1831). 

Clifford  {Mr.),  the  heir  of  sir  William 
Charlton  in  right  of  his  mother,  and  in 
love  with  lady  Emily  Gayvilie.  T^e 
scrivener  Alscrip  had  fraudulentljWgolfc 
possession  of  the  deeds  of  the  Chanton 
estates,    which    he    had    given    to  *  his 


daughter  called  "  the  heiress,"  and  which 
amounted  to  £2000  a  year ;  but  Rightly, 
the  lawyer,  discovered  the  fraud,  and 
"  the  heiress  "  was  compelled  tu  relin- 
quish this  part  of  her  fortune.  Clifford 
then  proposed  to  lady  Emily,  and  was 
accepted. — General  Burgoyne,  The  Heiresi, 
(1781). 

Clifford  (Paul),  a  highwayman,  re- 
formed by  the  power  of  love. — Lord 
Lytton,  Paul  Clifford  (1830). 

Clifford  {Rosamond),  usually  called 
"The  Fair  Rosamond,"  the  favourite 
mistress  of  Henry  II.  ;  daughter  of 
Walter  lord  Clifford.  She  is  introduced 
by  sir  W.  Scott  in  two  novels.  The  I'alis- 
man  and  Woodstock.     Dryden  says  : 

Jane  Clifford  was  her  name,  as  books  aver, 

"  Fair  Rosamond"  was  but  her  nom  de  guerre. 

Epilogue  to  Uenry  IT. 

Clifford  {Henry  lord),  a  general  in  the 
English  army. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Clifford  Street  (London),  so  named 
from  Elizabeth  Clifford,  daughter  of  the 
last  earl  of  Cumberland,  who  married 
Richard  Boyle,  earl  of  Burlington.  (See 
Savilk  Row.) 

Clifton  {Harry),  lieutenant  of  H.M. 
ship  Tiger.  A  daring,  dashing,  care-for- 
nobody  young  English  sailor,  delighting 
in  adventure,  and  loving  a  good  scrape. 
Ho  and  his  companion  Mat  Mizen  take 
the  side  of  El  Hyder,  and  help  to  re- 
establish the  Chereddin,  prince  of  Delhi, 
who  had  been  dethroned  by  Haniet  Ab- 
dulerim. — Barrymore,  El  Hyder,  Chief  of 
the  Ghaut  Mountains. 

Clim  of  the  Clough.    (See  Clym.) 

Clink  {Jem),  the  turnkey  at  New- 
gate.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Clinker  {Humphry),  a  poor  work- 
house lad,  put  out  by  the  parish  as 
apprentice  to  a  blacksmith,  and  after- 
wards employed  as  an  ostler's  assistant 
and  extra  postilion.  Being  dismissed 
from  the  stables,  he  enters  the  service 
of  Mr.  Bramble,  a  fretful,  grumpy,  but 
kind-hearted  and  generous  old  gentle- 
man, greatly  troubled  with  gout.  Here 
he  falls  in  love  with  Winifred  Jenkins, 
Miss  Tabitha  Bramble's  maid,  and  turns 
out  to  be  a  natural  son  of  Mr.  Bramble. — 
1.'  Smollett,  The  Expedition  of  Humphry 
Clinker  (1771). 

(Probably  this  novel  suggested  to  C, 
Dickens  his  Adventures  of  Oliver  Twxst»^ 


CLIO. 


198 


CLORINDA. 


Clio,  an  anagram  of  C[hel8ea], 
Ij[ondon],     I[slington],    0[ffice],    the 

E laces  from  which  Addison  despatched 
is  papers  for  the  Spectator  The  papers 
signed  by  any  of  these  letters  are  by 
Addison  ;  hence  called  "  Clio." 

When  panting  virtue  her  last  efforts  made. 
You  brougtit  your  Clio  to  the  virgin's  aid 

Sonienrille. 

Clip'purse  {Lawyer),  the  lawyer 
employed  by  sir  Everard  Waverley  to 
make  his  will. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Cliquot  [A7ee'.^o],  a  nickname  given 
by  Punch  to  Frederick  William  IV.  of 
Prussia,  from  his  love  of  champagne 
of  the  "Cliquot  brand"  (1796,  1840- 
18G1). 

Clitandre,  a  wealthy  bourgeois,  in 
love  witJi  Henriette,  "  the  thorough 
woman,"  by  whom  he  is  beloved  with 
fervent  affection.  Her  elder  sister  Ar- 
mande  (2  syl.)  also  loves  him,  but  her 
love  is  of  ihe  Platonic  hue,  and  Clitandre 
prefers  in  a  wife  the  warmth  of  woman's 
love  to  the  marble  of  philosophic  ideality. 
— Moliere,  Les  Femmes  Savantes  (1672). 

Cloaci'na,  the  presiding  personifica- 
tion of  city  sewers.  (Latin,  cloaca,  "a 
Bewer.") 

.  .  .  Cloacitifl, goddess  of  the  tide, 

Whose  sable  streams  beneath  the  city  glide. 

Gay,  THttia,  u.  (in2). 

Clod'd^pole  (3  syl.),  "the  wisest 
lout  of  all  the  neighbouring  plain."    Ap- 

g minted  to  4ecide  the  contention  between 
uddy  and  Lobbin  Clout. 

From  Cloddlpole  we  learn  to  read  the  skies. 

To  know  when  hail  will  fall,  or  wiiKis  arise ; 

He  taught  us  erst  the  heifer's  tail  to  view. 

When  struck  aloft  that  showers  would  straight  ensue. 

He  first  that  useful  secret  did  explain. 

That  pricking  corns  foretell  the  gathering  rain  ; 

When  swallows  fleet  soar  high  and  sport  in  air. 

He  told  us  that  the  welkin  would  be  clear. 

Gay,  Pastoral,  i.  (1714). 

(Cloddipole  is  the  "  Palaemon "  of 
Virgil's  Eel.  iii.) 

Clo'dio  {Count),  governor.  A  dis- 
honourable pursuer  of  Zeno'cia,  the 
chaste  troth-plight  wife  of  Arnoldo. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Custom  of  the 
Country  (1^647). 

Clodio,  the  younger  son  of  don  Antonio, 
a  coxcomb  and  braggart.  Always  boast- 
ing of  his  great  acquaintances,  his  con- 
quests, and  iiis  duels.  His  snufE-box  he 
thinks  more  of  than  his  lady-love,  he 
interlards  his  speech  with  French,  and 
exclaims  *'  Split  me ! "  by  way  of  oath. 
Clodio  was  to  have  married  Angelina,  but 
the    lady    preferred    his    elder    brother 


Carlos,  a  bookworm,  and  Clodio  engaged 
himself  to  Elvira  of  Lisbon. — C.  Cibber, 
Love  Makes  a  Man  (1694). 

Clo'e,  in  love  with  the  shepherd 
Thenot,  but  Thenot  rejects  her  suit  out  of 
admiration  of  the  constancy  of  Clorinda 
for  her  dead  lover.  She  is  wanton, 
coarse,  and  immodest,  the  very  reverse  of 
Clorinda,  who  is  a  virtuous,  chaste,  and 
faithful  shepherdess.  ("  Thenot,"  the 
final  t  is  sounded.) — John  Fletcher,  I'he 
Faithful  Shepherdess  (1610).   (SeeCnLOE.) 

Clo'ra,  sister  to  Fabrit'io  the  merry 
soldier,  and  the  sprightly  companion  of 
Frances  (sister  to  Frederick). — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Captain  (1613). 

Clorida'no,  a  humble  Moorish  youth, 
who  joined  Medo'ro  in  seeking  the  body 
of  king  Dardinello  to  bury  it.  Medoro 
being  wounded,  Cloridano  rushed  madly 
into  the  ranks  of  the  enemy  and  was 
slain. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Clorin'da,  daughter  of  Sena'pus  of 
Ethiopia  (a  Christian).  Being  born  white, 
her  mother  changed  her  for  a  black  child. 
The  eunuch  Arse'tes  (3  syl.)  was  entrusted 
with  the  infant  Clorinda,  and  as  he  was 
going  through  a  forest,  saw  a  tiger, 
dropped  the  child,  and  sought  safety  in 
a  tree.  The  tiger  took  the  babe  and 
suckled  it,  after  which  the  eunuch  carried 
the  child  to  Figypt.  In  the  siege  of  Jeru- 
salem by  the  crusaders,  Clorinda  was  a 
leader  of  the  pagan  forces.  Tancred  fell 
in  love  with  her,  but  slew  her  unknow- 
ingly in  a  night  attack.  Before  she  ex- 
pired she  received  Christian  baptism  at 
the  hands  of  Tancred,  who  greatly 
mourned  her  death. — ^Tasso,  Jerusalem 
Delivered,  xii.  (1675). 

(The  story  of  Clorinda  is  borrowed  from 
the  Theag'anes  and  Charicle'a  of  Helio- 
dorus  bishop  of  Trikka.) 

Clorinda,  "the  faithful  shepherdess," 
called  "  The  Virgin  of  the  Grove,"  faith- 
ful to  her  buried  love.  From  this  beauti- 
ful character,  Milton  has  drawn  his 
"lady"  in  Comus.  Compare  the  words 
of  the  "  First  Brother "  about  chastity, 
in  Milton's  Comus,  with  these  lines  of 
Clorinda  : 

Yet  I  have  heard  (my  mother  told  it  me). 

And  now  I  do  believe  it,  if  I  keep 

My  virgin  flower  uncropt,  pure,  cliaste,  and  fair. 

No  goblin,  wood-god,  fairy,  elf,  or  fiend. 

Satyr,  or  other  power  that  haimts  the  grov«i 

Shall  hurt  my  body,  or  by  vain  illusion 

Draw  me  to  wander  after  idle  flre<). 

Or  voices  calling  me  in  dead  of  night 

To  make  me  follow,  and  so  tole  me  on 

Through  mire  and  standing  pools,  to  find  aty  nda. 

.  .  .  Sure  there's  a  power 


CLORIS. 


199 


CLUTHA. 


In  tliat  grrat  name  of  Virgin  that  binds  fiist 

All  rud«,  uncivil  bloods.  .  .  .  Then  strong  Chastity, 

Be  thou  my  strongest  guard. 

J.  Fletcher,  Th«  Faithful  SKepherdeu  (1610). 

Gloria,  the  damsel  beloved  by  prince 
Prettvman. — Duke  of  Buckingham,  The 
Rehearsal  (1671). 

Clotaire  (2  syL).  The  king  of  France 
exclaimed  on  his  death-bed,  "Oh  how- 
great  must  be  the  King  of  Heaven,  if  He 
can  kill  so  mighty  a  monarch  as  I  am  !  " 
—Gregory  of  Tours,  iv.  21. 

Cloten  or  Cloton,  king  of  Corn- 
wall, one  of  the  five  kings  of  Britain 
after  the  extinction  of  the  line  of  Brute 
(1  syl.). — Geoffrey,  British  History ,  ii.  17 
(1142). 

Clo'ten,  a  vindictive  lout,  son  of  the 
second  wife  of  Cymbeline  by  a  former 
husband.  He  is  noted  for  "his  unmean- 
ing frown,  his  shuffling  gait,  his  burst 
of  voice,  his  bustling  insignificance,  his 
fever-and-ague  fits  of  valour,  his  froward 
tetchiness,  his  unprincipled  malice,  and 
occasional  gleams  of  good  sense."  Cloten 
is  the  rejected  lover  of  Imogen  (the 
daughter  of  his  father-in-law  by  his  first 
wife),  and  is  slain  in  a  duel  by  Guiderius. 
— Shakespeare,  Cymbeline  (1605). 

Clotha'rius  or  Cloth  aire,  leader  of 
the  Franks  after  the  death  of  Hugo.  He 
is  shot  with  an  arrow  by  Clorinda. — 
Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xi.  (1676). 

Cloud.  A  dark  spot  on  the  forehead 
of  a  horse  between  the  eyes  is  so  called. 
It  gives  the  creature  a  sour  look  indicative 
of  ill-temper,  and  is  therefore  regarded  as 
a  blemish. 

Agrippa.  He  [Antony]  has  a  cloud  in  hts  face. 
Ji'nobarbui.  He  were  the  worse  for  that  were  he  a 
horse. 
Shakespeare.  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  iU.  sc.  2  (1608). 

Cloicd  (St.),  patron  saint  of  nail-smiths. 
A  play  on  the  French  word  clou  ("a 
nail "). 

Cloudesley  ( William  of),  a  famous 
North-country  archer,  the  companion  of 
Adam  Bell  and  Clym  of  the  Clough. 
Their  feats  of  robbery  were  chiefly  carried 
on  in  Englewood  Forest,  near  Carlisle. 
William  was  taken  prisoner  at  Carlisle, 
and  was  about  to  be  hanged,  but  was 
rescued  by  his  two  companions.  The 
three  then  went  to  London  to  ask  pardon 
of  the  king,  which  at  the  queen's  inter- 
cession was  granted.  The  king  begged 
to  see  specimens  of  their  skill  in  archery, 
and  was  so  delighted  therewith,  that  he 
made  William  a  "gentleman  of  fe,"  and 
the  other  two  "  yemen  of  hi»  chambre." 


The  feat  of  William  was  very  gimilarto 
that  of  William  TeU  (g.tj.).- Percy, 
Eeliques,  I.  ii.  1. 

Clout  {Colin),  a  shepherd  loved  by 
Marian  "  the  parson's  maid,"  but  for 
whom  Colin  (who  loved  Cicely)  felt  no 
affection.     (See  Colin  Clout.) 

Young  CJolin  Clout,  a  lad  of  peerless  meed, 
Full  woU  could  dance,  and  deftly  tune  the  reed ; 
In  every  wood  his  carols  sweet  were  known. 
At  every  wake  his  nimble  feats  were  shown. 

Gay,  Pattoral,  ii.  (1714). 

Clout  (Lohbin),  a  shepherd,  in  love  with 
Blouzelinda.  He  challenged  Cuddy  to  a 
contest  of  song  in  praise  of  their  respec- 
tive sweethearts,  and  Cloddipole  was 
appointed  umpire.  Cloddipole  was  unable 
to  award  the  prize,  for  each  merited  "an 
oaken  staff  for  his  pains."  "  Have  done, 
however,  for  the  herds  are  weary  of  the 
songs,  and  so  am  I." — Gay,  Pastoral,  i. 
(1714). 

(An  imitation  of  "Virgil's  Eel.  iii.) 

Club-Bearer  {The),  Periphe'tes,  the 
robber  of  Ar'golis,  who  murdered  his 
victims  with  an  iron  club. — Greek  Fable. 

Clumsey  {Sir  Tunbelly),  father  of 
Miss  Hoyden.  A  mean,  ill-mannered 
squire  and  justice  of  the  peace,  living 
near  Scarborough.  Most  cringing  to  the 
aristocracy,  whom  he  toadies  and  courts. 
Sir  Tunbelly  promised  to  give  his 
dai'ghter  in  marriage  to  lord  Foppington, 
but  Tom  Fashion,  his  lordship's  younger 
brother,  pretends  to  be  lord  Foppington, 
gains  admission  to  the  family,  and  marries 
her.  When  the  real  lord  Foppington 
arrives,  he  is  treated  as  an  impostor,  but 
Tom  confesses  the  ruse.  His  lordship 
treats  the  knight  with  such  ineffable  con- 
tempt, that  sir  Tunbelly's  temper  is 
aroused,  and  Tom  is  received  into  high 
favour. — Sheridan,  A  Trip  to  Scarborouqh 
(1777).  "^  ^ 

*^f*  This  character  appears  in  Van- 
brugh's  Relapse,  of  which  comedy  tie 
Trip  to  Scarborough  is  an  abridgment 
and  adaptation. 

Clumsey,  the  name  of  Belgrade's  dog. 

Clu'ricaune  (3  syl.),  an  Irish  elf  of 
evil  disposition,  especially  noted  for  his 
knowledge  of  hid  treasure.  He  generally 
assumes  the  appearance  of  a  wrinkled  old 
man. 

Clu'tha,  the  Clyde. 

I  came  in  my  liounding  ship  to  BaJdutha's  walls  of 
towers.  The  winds  had  roare<l  l)e!iind  my  sails,  anU 
Ciutlia's  stream  received  my  dark-bosomed  sliip. — Ossian. 
Cartlion. 


CLUTTERBUCK. 


200 


COATEL. 


Clutterbuck  (Captain),  the  hjijo- 
thetical  editor  of  some  of  sir  Walter 
Scott's  novels,  as  The  Monastery  and 
The  Fortunes  of  Nigel.  Captain  Clutter- 
buck  is  a  retired  officer,  who  employs 
himself  in  antiquarian  researches  and 
literary  idleness.  The  Abbot  is  dedicated 
by  the  "author  of  Waverley"  to  "cap- 
tain Clutterbuck,"  late  of  his  majesty's 
infantry  regiment. 

Clym  of  the  Clough  ("  Clerncnt 
of  the  Cliff"),  a  noted  outlaw,  associated 
with  Adam  Bell  and  William  of  Cloudes- 
ley,  in  EnjfleAvood  Forest,  near  Carlisle. 
When  William  was  taken  prisoner  at 
Carlisle,  and  was  about  to  be  hanged, 
Adam  and  Clym  shot  the  magistrates, 
and  rescued  their  companion.  The 
mayor  with  his  posse  went  out  against 
them,  but  they  shot  the  mayor,  as  they 
had  done  the  sheriff,  and  fought  their 
•way  out  of  the  town.  They  then  hastened 
to  London  to  beg  pardon  of  the  king, 
which  was  granted  them  at  the  queen's 
intercession.  The  king,  wishing  to  see  a 
specimen  of  their  shooting,  was  so  de- 
lightad  at  their  skill  that  he  made  Wil- 
liam a  "  gentleman  of  fe,"  and  the  other 
two  "yemen  of  his  chambre." — Percy, 
Jieliques  ("Adam  Bell,"  etc.,  I.  ii.  1). 

Cly'tie,  a  water-nymph,  in  love  with 
Apollo.  Meeting  with  no  return,  she  was 
chang'pd  into  a  sunflower,  or  rather  a 
tourftesolj  which  still  turns  to  the  sun, 
following  him  through  his  daily  course. 

The  sunflower  does  not  turn  to  the  sun. 
On  the  same  stem  may  be  seen  flowers  in 
every  direction,  and  not  one  of  them 
shifts  the  direction  in  which  it  has  first 
opened.    T.  Moore  (1814)  says  : 

The  sunflower  turns  on  lier  god,  when  he  sets, 
Thesame  look  which  she  turned  when  he  rose. 

This  may  do  in  poetry,  but  it  is  not 
correct.  The  sunflower  is  so  called 
simply  because  the  flower  resembles  a 
picture  sun. 

Lord  Thurlow  (1821)  adopted  Tom 
Moore's  error,  and  enlarged  it: 

Behold,  my  dear,  this  lofty  flower 
Tliat  row  the  golden  sun  receives; 

No  other  deity  hiis  power, 
But  only  Phoebus,  on  her  leaves; 

As  lie  in  nidiant  glory  burns, 

From  east  to  west  her  visjige  turns. 

The  Sunflower, 

Clytus,  an  old  officer  in  the  army  of 
Philip  of  Macedon,  and  subsequeutlj'  in 
that  of  Alexander.  At  a  banquet,  when 
both  were  heated  with  wine,  Clytus  said 
to  Alexander,  "  Philip  fought  men,  but 
Alexander  women,"  and  after  some  other 
tnsults,   Alexander  in  his  rage   stabbed 


the  old  soldier;   but  instantly  repented 
and  said : 

What  has  my  vengeance  done? 
Who  is  it  thou  hast  slain  r    Clytus?     What  was  h« 
The  faithfullest  subject,  worthiest  counsellor. 
The  bravest  soldier.    He  wlio  saved  niv  life. 
Fighting  bare-headed  at  the  river  Granic. 
For  a  rash  word,  spoke  in  the  heat  of  wine, 
Tlie  poor,  the  honest  CTytus  thou  hast  slain,— 
Clytus,  thy  friend,  thy  guardian,  thy  preserver  1 

N.  Lee,  Alexander  the  Oreat,  iv.  2  (1678). 

Cne'us,  the  Roman  officer  in  com- 
mand of  the  guard  set  to  watch  the  tomb 
of  Jesus,  lest  the  disciples  should  st<ial 
the  body,  and  then  declare  that  it  had 
risen  from  the  dead. — Klapstock,  The 
Messiah,  xiii.  (1771). 

Coaches,  says  Stow,  in  his  Chronicle, 
were  introduced  by  Fitz-Allen,  earl  of 
Arundel,  in  1580. 

Before  the  costly  coach  and  silken  stock  came  in. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Coals.  To  carry  coals,  to  put  up  with 
affronts.  The  boy  says  in  Henry  V. 
(act  iii.  sc.  2),  "I  knew  .  .  .  the  men 
would  carry  coals."  So  in  Romeo  and 
Juliet  (act  i.  sc.  1),  "  Gregory,  o'  my 
word,  we'll  not  carry  coals."  Ben  Jon- 
son,  in  Every  Man  out  of  His  Humour, 
says  •  "  Here  comes  one  that  will  carry 
coals,  ergo,  will  hold  my  dog." 

The  time  hath  been  when  I  would  'a  scorned  to  ennj 
coals.— £.,  Trouble*  of  queene  Elizabeth  (1639). 

{To  carry  corn,  is  to  bear  wealth, 
to  be  rich.  He  does  not  carry  corn  well, 
"  He  does  not  deport  himself  well  in  his 
prosperity.") 

Co'an  (The),  Hippocrates, the  "Father 
of  Medicine"  (b.c.  460-357). 

.  .  .  the  great  Coan,  him  whom  Nature  made 
To  serve  the  costliest  creature  of  her  tribe  [man]. 
Dautfi,  Purgatm-y,  xxix.  (1308). 

Co'anocot'zin  (5  syl.),  king  of  the 
Az'tecas.  Slain  in  battle  by  Madoc. — 
Southey,  Madoc  (1805). 

Co'atel,  daughter  of  AculTiua,  a  priest 
of  the  Az'tecas,  and  wife  of  Lincoya, 
Lincoya,  being  doomed  for  sacrifice, 
fled  for  refuge  to  Madoc,  the  Welsh 
prince,  who  had  recently  landed  on  the 
Worth  American  coast,  and  was  kindly 
entreated  by  him.  This  gave  Coatel 
a  sympathetic  interest  in  the  White 
strangers,  and  she  was  not  backward  in 
showing  it.  Thus,  when  young  Hoel 
was  kidnapped,  and  confined  in  a  cavern 
to  starve  to  death,  Coatel  visited  him  and 
took  him  food.  Again,  when  prince 
Madoc  was  entrapped,  she  contrived  to 
release  him,  and  assisted  the  prince  to 
carry  off  young  Hoel.     After  the  defeat 


COBB. 


201 


COCKLE. 


of  the  Az'tecas  by  the  White  strangers, 
the  chief  priest  declared  that  some  one 
had  proved  a  traitor,  and  resolved  to  dis- 
cover who  it  was  by  handing  round  a  cup, 
which  he  said  would  be  harmless  to  the 
innocent,  but  death  to  the  guilty.  "When 
it  was  handed  to  Coatel,  she  was  so 
frightened  that  she  dropped  down  dead. 
Her  father  stabbed  himself,  and  "fell 
upon  his  child,"  and  when  Lincoya  heard 
thereof,  he  flung  himself  down  from  a  steep 
precipice  on  to  the  rocks  below. — Souther, 
Modoc  (1805). 

Cobb  (Ephraim),  in  Cromwell's  troop. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  Com- 
monwealth). 

Cobbler-Poet  (The),  Hans  Sachs 
of  Nuremberg.  CSee  Twelve  Wise 
Masters.) 

Cobham  (Eleanor),  wife  of  Hum- 
phrey duke  of  Gloucester,  and  aunt  of 
king  Henrj  VI.,  compelled  to  do  penance 
bare-foot  in  a  sheet  in  London,  and  after 
that  to  live  in  the  Isle  of  Man  in  banish- 
ment, for  "  sorcery."  In  2  i/enry  VI., 
Shakespeare  makes  queen  Margaret  "  box 
her  ears,"  but  this  could  not  be,  as 
Eleanor  was  banished  three  years  before 
Margaret  came  to  England. 

Stand  forth,  dame  Eleanor  Cobham.  Gloster's  wife  .  .  . 
You,  madam  .  .  .  denpoiUd  of  your  honour  .  .  . 
Shall,  after  three  days'  open  penance  done, 
Live  in  your  country  here  in  banishment. 
With  sir  John  Stanley,  in  the  Isle  of  Man. 

Shakespeare,  2  Jlenrj/  VI.  act  U.  sc.  3  (1591). 

Cocagne  (The  Land  of),  a  poem  full 
of  life  and  animation,  by  Hans  Sachs, 
the  cobbler,  called  "The  prince  of  meis- 
ter-singers  "  (1494-1574). — SeeOockaigne. 

Cock  and  Pie.  Douce  explains  thus : 

In  the  days  of  chivalry  it  was  the  practice  to  make 
solemn  vows  for  the  performance  of  any  considerable 
enterprise.  This  was  usually  done  at  some  festival,  when 
a  roasted  peacock,  bein);  served  up  in  a  dish  of  gold  or 
silver,  was  preiiented  to  the  knight,  who  then  made  his 
vow  with  great  solemnity. 

Cock  of  Westminster  (The). 
Castell,  a  shoemaker,  was  so  called  from 
his  very  early  hours.  He  was  one  of  the 
benefactors  of  Christ's  Hospital  (London). 

Cockade. 

The  Black  Cockade.  Badge  of  the 
house  of  Hanover,  worn  at  first  only  by 
the  servants  of  the  royal  household,  the 
diplomatic  corps,  the  army,  and  navy; 
but  now  worn  by  the  servants  of  justices, 
deputy-lieutenants,  and  officers  both  of 
the  militia  and  volunteers. 

The  White  Cockade.  (1)  Badge  of  the 
Stuarts,  and  hence  of  the  Jacobites.  (2) 
Badge  of  the  Bourbons,  and  hence  of  the 
royalists  of  France, 


The  White  and  Green  Cockade.  Badge 
worn  by  the  French  in  the  "  Seven  Years' 
War"  (1756). 

The  Blue  and  Red  Cockade.  Badge  of 
the  city  of  Paris  from  1789. 

The  Tricolour  was  the  union  of  the 
white  Bourbon  and  blue  and  red  of  the 
citv  of  Paris.  It  was  adopted  by 
Louis  XVI.  at  the  Hotel  de  Ville, 
July  17,  1789,  and  has  ever  since  been 
recognized  as  the  national  symbol,  ex- 
cept during  the  brief  "restoration,"  when 
the  Bourbon  white  was  for  the  time 
restored. 

Royal  Cockades  are  large  and  circular, 
half  the  disc  projects  above  the  top  of 
the  hat. 

Naval  Cockades  have  no  fan-shaped 
appendage,  and  do  not  project  above  the 
top  of  the  hat. 

(All  other  cockades  worn  for  livery 
are  fan-shaped.) 

Cockaigne'  ( T/ie  Land  of),  an  imagi- 
nary land  of  pleasure,  wealth,  luxury, 
and  idleness.  London  is  so  called. 
Boileau  applies  the  word  to  Paris.  The 
Land  of  Cokaijne  is  the  subject  of  a  bur- 
lesque, which,  Warton  says,  "  was  evi- 
dently written  soon  after  the  Conquest,  at 
least'  before  the  reign  of  Henry  II." 
— History  of  English  Poetry,  i.  12. 

The  houses  were  made  of  barley-sugar  and  cakes,  the 
streets  were  paved  with  pastry,  and  the  shops  supplied 
goods  without  requiring  money  in  payment. — The  Land 
of  Cockaigne  (an  old  French  poem,  thirteenth  century). 

(This  satirical  poem  is  printed  at 
length  by  Ellis,  in  his  Spechnens  of  Early 
English  Poets,  i.  83-95.) 

Cocker  (Edward)  published  a  useful 
treatise  on  arithmetic  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.,  which  had  a  prodigious  suc- 
cess, and  has  given  rise  to  the  proverb, 
"According  to  Cocker"  (1632-1675). 

Cockle  (Sir  John),  the  miller  of 
Mansfield,  and  keeper  of  Sherwood 
Forest.  Hearing  a  gun  fired  one  night, 
he  went  into  the  forest,  expecting  to  find 
poachers,  and  seized  the  king  (Henry 
VIII.),  who  had  been  hunting  and  had  got 
separated  from  his  courtiers.  When  the 
miller  discovered  that  his  captive  M'as  not 
a  poacher,  he  offered  him  a  night's  lodging. 
Next  day  the  courtiers  were  brought  to 
Cockle's  house  by  under-keepers,  to  be 
examined  as  poachers,  and  it  was  then 
discovered  that  the  miller's  guest  was 
the  king.  The  "  merry  monarch " 
knighted  the  miller,  and  settled  on  him 
1000  marks  a  year.— R.  Dodsley,  The 
King  and  the  Miller  of  Mansfield  (1787). 


COCKLE  OF  REBELLION. 


202 


COLE. 


Cockle  of  Rebellion  {The),  that 
is  the  weed  called  the  cockle,  not  the 
crustacean. 

We  nourish  'gaJnst  our  senate 
The  cockle  of  rebellion. 

Shakespeare,  Coriolanut,  act  iU.  sc.  1  (1609). 

Cockney  (Nicholas),  a  rich  city- 
grocer,  brother  of  Barnacle.  Priscilla 
Tomboy,  of  the  West  Indies,  is  placed 
under  his  charge  for  her  education. 

Walter  Cockney,  son  of  the  grocer,  in 
the  shop.  A  conceited  young  prig,  not 
yet  out  of  the  quarrelsome  age.  He 
makes  boy-love  to  Priscilla  Tomboy  and 
Miss  La  Blond;  but  says  he  will  "tell 
papa  "  if  thev  cross  him. 

Penelope  Oockney,  sister  of  Walter. — 
The  Romp  (altered  from  Bickerstaff's 
Lcnte  in  the  City). 

Cockpit  of  Europe.  Belgium  is  so 
called  because  it  has  been  the  site  of  more 
European  battles  than  any  other:  e.g. 
Oudenarde,  Kamillies,  Fontenoy,  Fleu- 
rus,  Jemmapes,  Ligny,  Quatre  Bras, 
Waterloo,  etc. 

Cocy'tus,  one  of  the  five  rivers  of 
hell.  The  word  means  the  "  river  of 
weeping"  (Greek,  kohio,  "I  lament"),  be- 
cause "into  this  river  fall  the  tears  of  the 
wicked."  The  other  four  rivers  are  Styx, 
Ach'eron,  Phleg'ethon,  and  Le'the.  (See 
Styx.) 

Cocytiis,  named  of  lamentation  loud. 
Heard  on  the  rueful  oiream. 

MUton,  ParadUe  Lost,  ii.  579  (1668). 

CcBlebs*  Wife,  a  bachelor's  ideal  of 
a  model  wife.  Cotlebs  is  the  hero  of  a 
novel  by  Mrs.  Hannah  More,  entitled 
Coelcbs  in  Search  of  a  Wife  (1809). 

In  short  she  was  a  walking  calculation, 

Mias  Edgeworth's  novels  stepping  from  their  covers. 
Or  Mrs.  Trimmer's  books  on  education, 

Or  '  Ccelebs'  wife  "  set  out  in  quest  of  lovers. 

Byron,  Von  Juan,  i.  16  (1819). 

Coffin  {Long  Tom),  the  best  sailor 
character  ever  drawn.  He  is  introduced 
in  The  Pilot,  a  novel  by  J.  Fenimore 
Cooper,  of  New  York.  Cooper's  novel 
has  been  dramatized  by  E.  Fitzball, 
under  the  same  name,  and  Long  Tom 
Coffin  preserves  in  the  burletta  his  reck- 
less daring,  his  unswerving  fidelity,  his 
simple-minded  affection,  and  his  love  for 
the  sea. 

Cogia  Houssain,  the  captain  of 
forty  thieves,  outwitted  by  Morgiana,  the 
slave.  When,  in  the  guise  of  a  mer- 
chant, he  was  entertained  by  Ali  Baba, 
and  refused  to  eat  any  salt,  the  suspicions 
ef  Morgiana  w^ere  aroused,  and  she  soon 
detected  him  to  be  the  captain  of  the  forty 
thieves.    After  supper  she  amused  her 


master  and  his  guest  with  dancing ;  then 
playing  with  Cogia's  dagger  for  a  time, 
she  plunged  it  suddenly  into  his  heart 
and  killed  him. — Arabian  Nights  ("Ali 
Baba  or  the  Forty  Thieves  "). 

Coila  (2  syl.),  Kyle,  in  Ayrshire.  So 
called  from  Coilus,  a  Pictish  monarch. 
Sometimes  all  Scotland  is  so  called, 
as: 

Farewell,  old  Coila's  hills  and  dales, 
Her  heathy  moors  and  winding  vales. 

Bums. 

Cola'da,  the  sword  taken  by  the  Cid 
from  Ramon  Ber'enger,  count  of  Barce- 
lo'na.  This  sword  had  two  hilts  of  solid 
gold. 

Col'ax,  Flattery  personified  in  The 
Purple  Island  (1633),  by  Phineas  Flet- 
cher. Colax  "  all  his  words  with  sugar 
spices  .  .  .  lets  his  tongue  to  sin,  and 
takes  rent  of  shame  .  .  .  His  art  [teas] 
to  hide  and  not  to  heal  a  sore."  Fully 
described  in  canto  viii.  (Greek,  kOlax^ 
"  a  flatterer  or  fawner.") 

Colbrand  or  Colebrond  (2  syl.)^ 
the  Danish  giant,  slain  in  the  presence  of 
king  Athelstan,  by  sir  Guy  of  Warwick, 
just  returned  from  a  pilgrimage,  still 
"  in  homely  russet  clad,"  and  in  his  hand 
"  a  hermit's  staff."  The  combat  is 
described  at  length  by  Drayton,  in  his 
Polyolbion,  xii. 

One  could  scarcely  bear  his  axe  .  .  . 

Whose  squares  were  laid  with  plates,  and  riveted  with 

steel. 
And  armiSd   down  along  with  pikes,  whose   hardened 

points 
.  .  .  had  power  to  tear  the  Joints 
Of  cuirass  or  of  mail. 

Drayton,  PolyolUon,  xii.  (1613). 

Colchos,  part  of  Asiatic  Scythia, 
now  called  Mingrelia.  The  region  to 
which  the  Argonauts  directed  their 
course. 

Cold  Harbour  House,  the  origi- 
nal Heralds'  College,  founded  by  Richard 
II.,  in  Poultney  Lane.  Henry  VII. 
turned  the  heralds  out,  and  gave  the 
house  to  bishop  Tunstal. 

Coldstream  {Sir  Charles),  the  chief 
character  in  Charles  Mathew's  play  called 
Used  Up.  He  is  wholly  ennuye',  sees 
nothing  to  admire  in  anything  ;  but  is  a 
living  personification  of  mental  inanity 
and  physical  imbecility. 

Cole  (1  syl.),  a  legendary  British 
king,  described  as  "a  merry  old  soul," 
fond  of  his  pipe,  fond  of  his  glass,  and 
fond  of  his  "  fiddlers  three."  There  were 
two  kings  so  called — Cole  (or  Coil  I.)  was 
the  predecessor  of  Porrex ;  but  Coil  II. 


COLE. 


203        dOLLINGBOURNE'S  RHYME. 


was  succeeded  by  Lucius,  "  the  first 
British  king  who  embraced  the  Christian 
religion."  Which  of  these  two  mythical 
kings  the  song  refers  to  is  not  evident. 

Cole  {Mrs.),  This  character  is  de- 
signed for  Mother  Douglas,  who  kept  a 
'•gentlemen's  magazine  of  frail  beauties" 
in  a  superbly  furnished  house  at  the 
north-east  corner  of  Covent  Garden.  She 
died  1761.— S.  Foote,  Tlie  Minor  (1760). 

Colein  (2  syl.)^  the  great  dragon 
slain  by  sir  Bevis  of  Southampton. — 
Drayton,  Folyolbioit,  ii.  (1612). 

Colemi'ra  (3  syL),  a  poetical  name 
for  a  cook.  The  word  is  compounded  of 
coal  and  mire. 

"Could  I,"  he  cried,  "express  how  bright  a  grace 
Adorns  thy  morning  hands  and  well- washed  face, 
Thou  wouldst,  Colemira,  grant  what  I  implore, 
Aud  yield  me  love,  or  wash  thy  face  no  more." 

SUenstone,  Colemira  (an  eclogue). 

Cole'pepper  (Captain)  or  Captain 
PEPrEKCULL,  the  Alsatian  bully. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  I.). 

Colin,  or  in  Scotch  Cailen,  Green 
Colin,  the  laird  of  Dunstaffnage,  so  called 
from  the  green  colour  which  prevailed  in 
his  tartan. 

Colin   and  Rosalinde.     In   The 

Shephearde's  Calendar  (1579),  by  Edm. 
Spenser,  Rosalinde  is  the  maiden  vainly 
beloved  by  Colin  Clout,  as  her  choice  was 
already  fixed  on  the  shepherd  Menalcas. 
Rosalinde  is  an  anagram  of  "  Rose 
Danil,"  a  lady  beloved  by  Spenser  {Colin 
Clout)  f  but  Rose  Danil  had  already  fixed 
her  affections  on  John  Florio  the  Reso- 
lute, whom  she  subsequently  married. 

And  I  to  thee  will  be  as  kind 
As  Colin  was  to  Rosalinde, 
Of  courtesie  the  flower. 

M.  Drayton,  Dowaabel  (1593). 

Colin  Clout,  the  pastoral  name  as- 
sumed by  the  poet  Spenser,  in  I'he  Shep- 
hearde's  Calendar,  The  Buins  of  Time, 
Daphnaida,  and  in  the  pastoral  poem  called 
Colin  Cloufs  Corne  Home  Again  (from  his 
visit  to  sir  Walter  Raleigh).  Eel.  i.  and 
xii.  are  soliloquies  of  Colin,  being  lamen- 
tations that  Rosalinde  will  not  return  his 
love.  Eel.  vi.  is  a  dialogue  between  Hob- 
binol  aud  Colin,  in  which  the  former  tries 
to  comfort  the  disappointed  lover.  Eel. 
xi.  is  a  dialogue  between  Thenot  and 
Colin.  Thenot  begs  Colin  to  sing  some 
joyous  lay  ;  but  Colin  pleads  grief  iv.r 
the  death  of  the  shepherdess  Dido,  and 
then  sings  a  monody  on  the  great  shep- 


herdess deceased.  In  eel.  vi.  we  arc  told 
that  Rosalinde  has  betrothed  herself  to 
the  shepherd  Menalcas  (1579). 

In  the  last  book  of  the  Faery  Queen, 
we  have  a  reference  to  "  Colin  and  his 
lassie  "  (Spenser  and  his  wife)  supposed 
to  be  Elizabeth,  and  elsewhere  called 
"  Mirabella."    (See  Clout,  etc.) 

Witness  our  Colin,  whom  tho'  all  the  Graces 
And  all  the  Muses  nursed  .  .  . 
Yet  all  Ws  hopes  were  crossed,  all  suits  denied ; 
Discouraged,  scorneil,  his  writings  vilified. 
Poorly,  poor  man,  he  lived ;  poorly,  j>oor  man,  he  died. 
Ph.  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Islarui,  i.  1  (1G33). 

Colin  Clout  and  his  Lassie,  referred  to 
in  the  last  book  of  the  Faiiry  Quceii,  are 
Spenser  and  his  wife  Elizabeth,  elsewhere 
called  "Mirabella"  (1596). 

Colin  Clout's  Come  Home  Again. 

"Colin  Clout"  is  Spenser,  who  had  been  to 
London  on  a  visit  to  "the  Shepherd  of  tho 
Ocean  "  (sir  Walter  Raleigh),  in  1589  ;  on 
his  return  to  Kilcolman,  in  Ireland,  he 
wrote  this  poem.  "  Hobbinol "  his  friend 
(Gabriel  Harvey,  LL.D.)  tells  him  how 
all  the  shepherds  had  missed  him,  and 
begs  him  to  relate  to  him  and  them  his 
adventures  while  abroad.  The  pastoral 
contains  a  eulogy  of  British  contemporary 
poets,  and  of  the  court  beauties  of  queen 
Elizabeth  (1591).     (See  Colyx.) 

Colin  Tampon,  the  nickname  of  a 
Swiss,  as  John  Bull  means  an  English- 
man, etc. 

Colkitto  {Voung),  or"Vich  Alister 
More,"  or  "  Alister  M'Donnell,"  a  High- 
land chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time, 
Charles  I.). 

CoUean  (May),  the  heroine  of  a 
Scotch  ballad,  which  relates  how  "fause 
sir  John  "  carried  her  to  a  rock  for  tho 
purpose  of  throwing  her  down  into  tho 
sea ;  but  May  outwitted  him,  and  sub- 
jected him  to  the  same  fate  as  he  had 
designed  for  her. 

Colleen',  i.e.  "  girl ; "  Colleen  bawn 
("the  blond  girl ")  ;  Colleen  rhue  ("the 
red-haired  girl "),  etc. 

*^*  Dion  Boucicault  has  a  drama  en- 
titled The  Colleen  Bawn,  founded  upon 
Gerald  Griffin's  novel  The  Collegians. 

Collier  {Jem),  a  smuggler. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Collingboume's  Rhyme.  I'he 
rhyme  for  which  Collingbourne  waa 
executed  was  : 

A  cat,  a  rat,  and  Lovel  the  dog. 
Rule  all  England  under  the  hofi. 


COLLINGWOOD,  ETC. 


204 


COLONNA. 


For  where  I  meant  the  king  IRichard  J  J  J.]  by  name  of 

hog, 
I  only  alluded  to  the  badge  he  bore  [a  boar] ; 
To  Lo\el'ii  name  I  ndded  more — our  dog — 
Because  most  dogs  have  borne  that  name  of  yore. 
These  metaphors  I  used  with  other  more. 
As  cat  and  rat,  the  half-names  iCatetbi/e,  Ratdiffe]  of 

the  rest. 
To  bide  the  sense  that  they  so  wrongly  wrest. 

Th.  SackviUe,  A  Mirrour  for  MagiUraytea 
("  Complayut  of  Collingbounie"). 

Collingwood  and  the  Acoms. 

Collingwood  never  saw  a  vacant  place  in 
his  estate,  but  he  took  an  acorn  out  of  his 
pocket  and  popped  it  in. — Thackerav, 
Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

Colmal,  daughter  of  Dunthalmo 
lord  of  Teutha  {the  Tweed).  Her  father, 
having  murdered  Rathmor  in  his  halls, 
brought  up  the  two  young  sons  of  the  latter, 
Calthon  and  Colmar,  in  his  own  house ; 
but  when  grown  to  manhood  he  thought  he 
detected  a  suspicious  look  about  them, 
and  he  shut  them  up  in  two  separate  caves 
on  the  banks  of  the  Tweed,  intending  to 
kill  them.  Colmal,  who  was  in  love 
with  Calthon,  set  him  free,  and  the  two 
made  good  their  escape  to  the  court  of 
Fingal.  Fingal  sent  Ossian  with  300 
men  to  liberate  Colmar  ;  but  when  Dun- 
thalmo heard  thereof,  he  murdered  the 
prisoner.  Calthon,  being  taken  captive, 
was  bound  to  an  oak,  but  was  liberated 
by  Ossian,  and  joined  in  marriage  to  Col- 
mal, with  whom  he  lived  lovingly  in  the 
halls  of  Teutha. — Ossian,  Calthon  and 
Colmal. 

Colmar,  brother  of  Calthon.  When 
quite  young  their  father  was  murdered 
by  Dunthalmo,  who  came  against  him 
by  night,  and  killed  him  in  his  banquet 
hall ;  but  moved  by  pity,  he  brought  up 
the  two  boys  in  his  own  house.  When 
grown  to  manhood,  he  thought  he  ob- 
served mischief  in  their  looks,  and 
therefore  shut  them  up  in  two  separate 
cells  on  the  banks  of  the  Tweed.  Colmal, 
the  daughter  of  Dunthalmo,  who  was  in 
love  with  Calthon,  liberated  him  from 
his  bonds,  and  they  fled  to  Fingal  to 
crave  aid  on  behalf  of  Colmar;  but 
before  succour  could  arrive,  Dunthalmo 
had  Colmar  brought  before  him,  "  bound 
with  a  thousand  thongs,"  and  slew  him 
with  his  spear. — Ossian,  Calthon  and 
Colmal. 

Colmes-kill,  now  called  Icolmkill, 
the  famous  lona,  one  of  the  Western 
islands.  It  is  I-colm-kill ;  "  I  "—island^ 
'' colm  "=Columb  (St.),  and  "kiH"= 
hirryinc] -place  ("the  burying-ground  in 
St.  Columb's  Isle"). 


Rotse.  Where  is  Duncan's  body? 

Macduff.  Carried  to  Colmes-kill  ; 
The  sacred  store-house  of  his  predecessors, 
And  guardian  of  their  bones. 

Shakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  il.  sc.  4  (1606). 

Colna-Dona  ("/ow  of  heroes"), 
daughter  of  king  Car'ul.  Fingal  sent 
Ossian  and  Toscar  to  raise  a  memorial 
on  the  banks  of  the  Crona,  to  perpetuate 
the  memory  of  a  victory  he  had  obtained 
there.  Carul  invited  the  two  young 
men  to  his  hall,  and  Toscar  fell  in  love 
with  Colna-Dona.  The  passion  being 
mutual,  the  father  consented  to  their 
espousals. — Ossian,  Colna-Dona. 

Cologne  (The  three  kings  of),  the 
three  Magi,  called  Caspar,  Melchior,  and 
Baltha'zar.  Caspar  means  "the  white 
one;"  Melchior,  "king  of  light;" 
Balthazar,  "  lord  of  treasures."  Klop- 
stock,  in  The  Messiah,  says  there  were 
six  Magi,  whom  he  calls  Hadad,  Sel'ima, 
Zimri,  Mirja,  Beled,  and  Sunith. 

***  The  "three"  Magi  are  variously 
named ;  thus  one  tradition  gives  them 
as  Apellius,  Amerus,  and  Damascus ; 
another  calls  them  Magalath,  Galgalath, 
and  Sarasin ;  a  third  says  they  were 
Ator,  Sator,  and  Perat'oras.  They  are 
furthermore  said  to  be  descendants  of 
Balaam  the  Mesopotamian  prophet. 

Colon,  one  of  the  rabble  leaders  in 
Hvdibras,  is  meant  for  Noel  Perry  an  or 
Ned  Perry,  an  ostler.  He  was  a  rigid 
puritan  "  of  low  morals,"  and  very  fond 
of  bear-baiting. 

Colonna  {The  marquis  of),  a  high- 
minded,  incorruptible  noble  of  Naples. 
He  tells  the  young  king  bluntly  that  hia 
oily  courtiers  are  vipers  who  would  suck 
his  life's  blood,  and  that  Ludov'ico,  his 
chief  minister  and  favourite,  is  a  traitor. 
Of  course  he  is  not  believed,  and  Ludo- 
vico  marks  him  out  for  vengeance.  His 
scheme  is  to  get  Colonna,  of  his  own 
free  will,  to  murder  his  sister's  lover  and 
the  king.  With  this  view  he  artfully 
persuades  Vicentio,  the  lover,  _  that 
Evadne  (the  sister  of  Colonna)  is  the 
king's  wanton.  Vicentio  indignantly 
discards  Evadne,  is  challenged  to  fight 
by  Colonna,  and  is  supposed  to  be  killed. 
Colonna,  to  revenge  his  wrongs  on  the 
king,  invites  him  to  a  banquet  with 
intent  to  murder  him,  when  the  whole 
scheme  of  villainy  is  exposed :  Ludovlco 
is  slain,  and  Vicentio  marries  Evadne.— 
Shiel,  Evadne  or  the  Statue  (1820). 

Colonna,  the  most  southern  cape  of 
Attica.    Falconer  makes  it  the  site  of  his 


COLOPHON. 


205 


COMEDY  OF  ERRORS. 


"  shipwreck "   (canto    iii.)  ;    and  Byron 
Bays  the  isles  of  Greece, 

.  .  .  seen  from  far  Oolonna'g  height, 
Mike  glad  the  heiirt  that  hails  the  sight, 
And  lend  to  loneliness  delight. 

Byron,  The  Giaour  (1813). 

Col'ophon,  the  end  clause  of  a  book 
containing  the  names  of  the  printer  and 
publisher,  and  the  place  where  the  book 
was  printed ;  in  former  times  the  date 
and  the  edition  were  added  also.  Colo- 
phon was  a  city  of  lona,  the  inhabitants 
of  which  were  such  excellent  horsemen 
that  they  could  turn  the  scale  of  battle  ; 
hence  the  Greek  proverb  to  add  a  colo- 
phon meant  to  "  put  a  finishing  stroke 
to  an  affair." 

Colossos  (Latin,  Colossus),  a  gi- 
gantic brazen  statue  126  feet  high,  exe- 
cuted by  Chares  for  the  Rhodians. 
Blaise  de  Vignenere  says  it  was  a  striding 
figure,  but  comte  de  Caylus  proves  that 
it  was  not  so,  and  did  not  even  stand  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Rhodian  port.  Philo 
tells  us  that  it  stood  on  a  biH;h  of  white 
marble,  and  Lucius  Ampeilius  asserts 
that  it  stood  in  a  car.  Tickell  makes  out 
the  statue  to  be  so  enormous  in  size, 
that — 

While  at  one  foot  the  thronging  galleys  ride, 
A  whole  hour's  sail  scarce  reached  the  further  side  ; 
Betwixt  the  brazen  thighs,  in  loose  array. 
Ten  tbousaud  streamers  on  the  billows  play. 

Tickell,  On  the  Proipect  of  Peace. 

Col'thred.  (^Benjamin)  or  "  Little 
Benjie,"  a  spy  employed  by  Nixon 
(Edward  Redgauntlet's  agent). — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Hedijauntlet  (time,  George  IIL). 

Columb  (St.)  or  St.  Columba  was 
of  the  family  of  the  kings  of  Ulster ; 
and  with  twelve  followers  founded 
amongst  the  Picts  and  Scots  300  Chris- 
tian establishments  of  presbyterian  cha- 
racter ;  that  in  lo'na  was  founded  in 
663. 

The  PIctish  men  by  St.  Columb  taught 

Campbell,  Heunura. 

Columbus.  His  three  ships  were 
the  Santa  Maria,  the  Finta,  and  the 
Nina. — Washington  Irving,  History  of 
the  Life,  etc.,  of  Columbus,  183. 

Colyn  Clout  (The  Boke  of),  a  rhym- 
ing six-syllable  tirade  against  the  clergy, 
by  John  Skelton,  poet-laureate  (1460- 
1529). 

Comal  and  Galbi'na.  Comal  was 
the  son  of  Albion,  "chief  of  a  himdred 
hills."  He  loved  Galbi'na  (daughter  of 
Conlech),  who  was  beloved  by  Grumal 
also.  One  day,  tired  out  by  the  chase, 
Comal  and  Galbina  rested  in  the  cave  of 


Ronan  ;  but  ere  long  a  deer  appeared, 
and  Comal  went  forth  to  shoot  it» 
During  his  absence,  Galbina  dressed  her- 
self in  armour  "to  try  his  love,"  and 
"  strode  from  the  cave."  Ct)mal  thought 
it  was  Grumal,  let  fly  an  arrow,  and  she 
fell.  The  chief  too  late  discovered  hia 
mistake,  i  ushed  to  l>attle,  and  was  slain, 
— Ossian,  Fingal,  ii. 

Com'ala,  daughter  of  Sarno  king  of 
Inistore  {the  Orkneys).  She  fell  in  love 
with  Fingal  at  a  feast  to  which  Sarno 
had  invited  him  after  his  return  from 
Denmark  or  Lochlin  {Fingal,  iii.). 
Disguised  as  a  youth,  Comala  followed 
him,  and  begged  to  be  employed  in  his 
wars  ;  but  was  detected  by  Hidallan,  sou 
of  Lamor,  whose  love  she  had  slighted. 
Fingal  was  about  to  marry  her,  when 
he  was  called  to  oppose  Caracul,  who  had 
invaded  Caledonia.  Comala  witnessed  the 
battle  from  a  hill,  thought  she  saw  Fingal 
slain,  and  though  he  returned  victorious, 
the  shock  on  her  nerves  was  so  great  that 
she  died. — Ossian,  Comala, 

Com.an'ches  (3  syl.),  an  Indian  tribe 
of  the  Texas.     (See  Camanches.) 

Com.b  {Reynard's  Wonderful),  said  to 
be  made  of  Pan'thera's  bone,  the  per- 
fume of  which  was  so  fragrant  that  no 
one  could  resist  following  it ;  and  the 
wearer  of  the  comb  was  always  of  a 
merry  heart.  This  comb  existed  only  ia 
the  brain  of  Master  Fox. — Reynard  the 
Fox,  xii.  (1498). 

Co'me  {St.),  a  physician,  and  patron 
saint  of  medical  practitioners. 

"By  St.  Cornel"  said  the  surgeon,  "here's  a  pretty 
adventure." — Lesage,  UU  Bias,  vii.  1  (1735). 

Come  and  Take  Them,  The  re- 
ply of  Leon'idas,  king  of  Sparta,  to  the 
messengers  of  Xerxes,  when  commanded 
by  the  invader  to  deliver  up  his  arms. 

Com'edy  {The  Father  of),  Aristoph'- 
anes  the  Athenian  (b.c.  444-380). 

Comedy  {Prince  of  Ancient),  Aristoph'- 
anes  (b.c.  444-380). 

Comedy  {Prince  of  New),  Menandei 
(B.C.  342-291). 

Comedy  of  Errors,  by  Shakespeare 
(1593).  iEmilia  wife  of  JEgcon  had  two 
sons  at  a  birth,  and  nameA-both  of  them 
Antipholus.  When  grown  to  manhood, 
each  of  these  sons  had  a  slave  nam.ed 
Dromio,  also  twin-brothers.  The  brothers 
Antipholus    had    been    shipwrecked    in 


OOMHAL. 


206 


COMUS. 


infancy,  and  being  picked  up  by  different 
vessels,  were  carried  one  to  Syracuse  and 
the  other  to  Ephesus.  The  play  sup- 
poses that  Antipholus  of  Syracuse  goes 
in  search  of  his  brother,  and  coming  to 
Ephesus  with  his  slave  Dromio,  a  series 
of  mistakes  arises  from  the  extraordinary 
likeness  of  the  two  brothers  and  their 
two  slaves.  Andriana,  the  wife  of  the 
Ephesian,  mistakes  the  Syracusian  for 
her  husband ;  but  he  behaves  so 
strangely  that  her  jealousy  is  aroused, 
and  when  her  true  husband  arrives  he  is 
arrested  as  a  mad  man.  Soon  after,  the 
Syracusian  brother  being  seen,  the  wife, 
supposing  it  to  be  her  mad  husband 
broken  loose,  sends  to  capture  him  ;  but 
he  flees  into  a  convent.  Andriana  now 
lays  her  complaint  before  the  duke,  and 
the  lady  abbess  comes  into  court.  So 
both  brothers  face  each  other,  the  mis- 
takes are  explained,  and  the  abbess  turns 
out  to  be  iEmilia  the  mother  of  the  twin- 
brothers.  Now,  it  so  happened  that 
^geon,  searching  for  his  son,  also  came 
to  Ephesus,  and  was  condemned  to  pay  a 
fine  or  suffer  death,  because  he,  a  Syra- 
cusian, had  set  foot  in  Ephesus.  The 
duke,  however,  hearing  the  story,  par- 
doned him.  Thus  ^geon  found  his  wife 
in  the  abbess,  the  parents  their  twin  sons, 
and  each  son  his  long-lost  brother. 

*^*  The  plot  of  this  comedy  is  copied 
from  the  MencecAmi  of  Plautus. 

ComJial  or  Combal,  son  of  Tra- 
thal,  and  father  of  Fingal.  His  queen 
was  Morna,  daughter  of  Thaddu.  Com- 
hal  was  slain  in  battle,  fighting  against 
the  tribe  of  Momi,  the  very  day  that 
Fingal  was  born. — Ossian. 

Fingal  said  to  Aldo,  "I  was  born  in  the  midst  of 
battle."— Ossian,  The  Battle  <^f  Lora. 

Comines  [CMm'./n].  Philip  des  Co- 
mines,  the  favourite  minister  of  Charles 
*'  the  Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy,  is  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Quentin  Dur- 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Coining  Events. 

And  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before. 

Campbell,  LochieVt  Warning. 

Comleach  (2  syl.),  a  mountain  in 
Ulster.  The  Lubar  flows  between  Com- 
leach and  Cromal. — Ossian. 

Commander  of   the    Faithful 

(I'jTnir  al  Mwncnin),  a  title  assumed  by 
Omar  I.,  and  retained  by  his  successors 
in  the  caliphate  (581,  634-644). 


Commandmient     ( The    Eleventh), 

Thou  shalt  not  be  found  out. 

After  all,  that  Eleventli  Commandment  is  the  only  one 
that  it  is  vitally  important  to  keep  ir>  these  days.— B.  H. 
Buxton,  Jennie  of  the  Prince't,  iii.  314. 

Comminges  (2  syl.)  (Cownf  rfe),  the 
hero  of  a  novel  so  called  by  Mde.  de 
Tencin  (1681-1749). 

Committee  {The),  a  comedy  by  the 
Hon.  sir  R.  Howard.  Mr.  Day,  a  Crom- 
wellite,  is  the  head  of  a  Committee  of 
Sequestration,  and  is  a  dishonest,  canting 
rascal,  under  the  thumb  of  his  wife.  He 
gets  into  his  hands  the  deeds  of  two 
heiresses,  Anne  and  Arbella.  The  former 
he  calls  Ruth,  and  passes  her  off  as  his 
own  daughter ;  the  latter  he  wants  to 
marry  to  his  booby  son  Abel.  Ruth  falls 
in  love  with  colonel  Careless,  and  Arbella 
with  colonel  Blunt.  Ruth  contrives  to 
get  into  her  hands  the  deeds,  which  she 
delivers  over  to  the  two  colonels,  and 
when  Mr.  Day  arrives,  quiets  him  by 
reminding  him  that  she  knows  of  certain 
deeds  which  would  prove  his  ruin  if 
divulged  (1670). 

T.  Knight  reproduced  this  comedy  as 
a  farce  under  the  title  of  The  Honest 
Thieves. 

Common  {Dol),  an  ally  of  Subtle 
the  alchemist. — Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchemist 
(1610). 

Commoner  ( The  Great),  sir  John 
Barnard,  who  in  1737  proposed  to  reduce 
the  interest  of  the  national  debt  from 
4  per  cent,  to  3  per  cent.,  any  creditor 
being  at  liberty  to  receive  his  principal 
in  full  if  he  preferred  it.  William  Pitt, 
the  statesman,  is  so  called  also  (1769- 
1806). 

Comne'nus  {Alexius),  emperor  of| 
Greece,  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Anna  Comne'na,  the  historian,  daugh- 
ter of  A-lexius    Comnenus,   emperor  of  ■ 
Greece. — Same  novel. 

Compeyson,  a  would-be  gentleman^ 
and  a  forger.  He  duped  Abel  Magwitch- 
and  ruined  him,  keeping  him  completely 
under  his  influence.  He  also  jilted  Misa^ 
Havisham. — C.  Dickens,  Great  ExpectO'^ 
tions  (1860). 

Com'rade  (2  syl.)y  the  horse  given  byj 
a  fairy  to  Fortunio. 

He  has  many  rare  qualities  .  .  .  first  he  eats  but  once 
in  eight  days;  and  then  he  knows  what's  past,  present, 
and  to  come  [and  speaks  with  the  voice  of  a  nianj.- 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tale*  ("  Fortunio,"  168i!). 


Comus,    the   god    of   revelry.     In 


'^ 


CX)NA. 


207 


CONLATH. 


Milton's  "masque"  so  called,  the  "lady" 
is  lady  Alice  Egerton,  the  younger 
brother  is  Mr.  Thomas  Egerton,  and  the 
elder  brother  is  lord  viscount  Brackley 
(eldest  son  of  John  earl  of  Bridgewater, 
president  of  Wales).  The  lady,  weary 
with  long  walking,  is  left  in  a  wood  by 
her  two  brothers,  while  they  go  to  gather 
"cooling  fruit"  for  her.  She  sings  to 
let  them  know  her  whereabouts,  and 
Comus,  coming  up,  promises  to  conduct 
her  to  a  cottage  till  her  brothers  could 
be  found.  The  brothers,  hearing  a  noise 
of  revelry,  become  alarmed  about  their 
sister,  when  her  guardian  spirit  informs 
them  that  she  has  fallen  into  the  hands 
of  Comus.  They  run  to  her  rescue,  and 
arrive  just  as  the  god  is  offering  his  cap- 
tive a  potion  ;  the  brothers  seize  the  cup 
and  dash  it  on  the  ground,  while  the  spirit 
invokes  Sabri'na,  who  breaks  the  spell 
and  releases  the  lady  (1634). 

Co'na  or  Coe,  a  river  in  Scotland, 
falling  into  Lochleven.  It  is  distin- 
guished for  the  sublimity  of  its  scenery. 
Glen-coe  is  the  glen  held  by  the  M 'Do- 
nalds (the  chief  of  the  clan  being  called 
Maclan).  In  "Ossian,"  the  bard  Ossian 
(son  of  Fingal)  is  called  "The  voice  of 
Cona." — Ossian,  Songs  of  Sclma. 

They  praised  the  voice  of  Cooa,  first  among  a  thousana 
Ossian,  Songi  of  Salma, 

Conacll'ar,  the  Highland  apprentice 
of  Simon  Glover,  the  old  glover  of  Perth. 
Conachar  is  in  love  with  his  master's 
daughter,  Catharine,  called  "the  fair 
maid  of  Perth  ;  "  but  Catharine  loves  and 
ultimately  marries  Henry  Smith,  the 
armourer.  Conachar  is  at  a  later  period 
Ian  Eachin  [^HectorA  M'lan,  chief  of  the 
clan  Quhele.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Ferth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Conar,  son  of  Trenmor,  and  first 
"  king  of  Ireland."  When  the  Fir-bolg 
(or  Belgas  from  Britain  settled  in  the 
iiouth  of  Ireland)  had  reduced  the  Cael 
(or  colony  of  Caledonians  settled  in  the 
north  of  Ireland)  to  the  last  extremity 
by  war,  the  Cael  sent  to  Scotland  for 
aid.  Trathcl  (grandfather  of  Fingal) 
accordingly  sent  over  Conar  with  an 
army  to  their  aid  ;  and  Conar,  having 
reduced  the  Fir-bolg  to  submission,  as- 
sumed the  title  of  "  king  of  Ireland." 
Conar  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Corraac 
1. ;  Cormac  I.  by  his  son  Cairbre ;  Cair- 
bre  by  his  son  Artho  ;  Artho  by  his  son 
Cormac  II.  (a  minor)  ;  and  Cormac  (after 


a  slight   interregnum)    by    Ferad-Artho 
(restored  by  Fingal). — Ossian. 

Con-Cathlin  (means  "mild  beam  of 
the  wave"),  the  pole-star. 

While  yet  my  locks  were  young,  I  marked  Con-Cathlin 
on  high,  from  ocean's  mighty  wave.— Ossian,  Oina-Horul. 

Confessio  Amantis,  by  GoAver 
(1393),  above  30,000  verses.  It  is  a 
dialogue  between  a  lover  and  his  con- 
fessor, a  priest  of  Venus  named  Genius. 
As  every  vice  is  unamiable,  a  lover  must 
be  free  from  vice  in  order  to  be  amiable, 
i.e.  beloved ;  consequently.  Genius  ex- 
amines the  lover  on  every  vice  before  he 
will  grant  him  absolution.  Tale  after  tale 
is  introduced  by  the  confessor,  to  show 
the  evil  effects  of  particular  vices,  and 
the  lover  is  taught  science,  and  "  the 
Aristotelian  philosophy,"  the  better  to 
equip  him  to  win  the  love  of  his  choice. 
The  end  is  very  strange :  The  lover  does 
not  complain  that  the  lady  is  obdurate  or 
faithless,  but  that  he  himself  has  grown 
old. 

Gower  is  indebted  a  good  deal  to 
Eusebius's  Greek  romance  of  Isme.ne  and 
Ismenias,  translated  by  Viterbo.  Shake- 
speare drew  his  Pericles  Frince  of  Tyro 
from  the  same  romance. 

Confession.  The  emperor  Wenceslaa 
ordered  John  of  Nep'omuc  to  be  cast  from 
the  Moldau  bridge,  for  refusing  to  reveal 
the  confession  of  the  empress.  The  martyr 
was  canonized  as  St.  John  Nepomu'cen, 
and  his  day  is  May  14  (1330-1383). 

Confusion  worse  Confounded, 

With  ruin  upon  ruin,  rout  on  rout. 
Confusion  worse  confounded. 

MUton,  Paradise  Loit,  il.  996  (1665). 

Congreve  {The  Modern),  R.  B. 
Sheridan  (1751-1816). 

The  School  for  Scandal  crowned  the  reputation  of  the 
modern  Ck)ngreve  in  1777.  — Craik,  JMerature  and 
Learriing  in  Jingland,  v.  7. 

Conkey  Chick-weed,  the  man  who 
robbed  himself  of  327  guineas,  in  order  to 
make  his  fortune  by  exciting  the  sym- 
pathy of  his  neighbours  and  others.  The 
tale  is  told  by  detective  Blathers. — C. 
Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Con'lath,  youngest  son  of  Momi,  and 
brother  of  the  famous  Gaul  (a  man's 
name).  Conlath  was  betrothed  to  Cu- 
tho'na,  daughter  of  Ruma,  but  before  the 
espousals  Toscar  came  from  Ireland  to 
Mora,  and  was  hospitably  received  by 
Momi.  Seeing  Cuthona  out  hunting, 
Toscar  carried  her  off  in  his  skiff  by 
force,  and  being  overtaken  by  Conlaih 


CONNAL. 


208 


CONSTATS. 


they  both  fell  in  fight.  Three  days 
afterwards  Cuthona  died  of  grief. — 
Ossian,  Conlath  and  Cuthona. 

Connal,  son  of  Colgar  petty  king  of 
Togorma,  and  intimate  friend  of  Cuthullin 
general  of  the  Irish  tribes.  He  is  a  kind 
of  Ulysses,  who  counsels  and  comforts 
Cuthullin  in  his  distress,  and  is  the  very 
opposite  of  the  rash,  presumptuous, 
though  generous  Calmar. — Ossian,  Fingal. 

Con'nell  {Father),  an  aged  catholic 
priest,  full  of  gentle  affectionate  feelings. 
He  is  the  patron  of  a  poor  vagrant  boy 
called  Neddy  Fennel,  whose  adventures 
furnish  the  incidents  of  Banim's  novel 
caUcd  Father  Connell  (1842). 

Father  Connell  is  not  unworthy  of  association  witli  the 
protestant  Vicar  of  Wakefield.— 'B..  Chmnbera,  EnglUh 
Literature,  iu  i512. 

Conlng-sby,  a  novel  by  B.  Dis- 
raeli. The  characters  are  meant  for  por- 
traits :  thus,  "  Rigby"  represents  Crokerj 
"Menmouth,"  lord  Hertford;  "Esk- 
dale,"  Lowther;  "Ormsby,"  Irving; 
"  Lucretia,"  Mde.  Zichy  ;  "  countess 
Colonna,"  lady  Strachan;  "Sidonia," 
baron  A.  de  Rothschild;  "Henry  Sid- 
ney," lord  John  Manners  ;  "  Belvoir," 
duke  of  Rutland,  second  son  of  Beau- 
manoir. — Lord  Palmerston,  Notes  and 
Queries,  March  6,  1875. 

Conqueror  (The).  Alexander  the 
Great,  The  Conqueror  of  the  World 
(r.c.  356,  336-323).  Alfonso  of  Por- 
tugal (1094,  1137-1185).  Aurungzebe 
the  Great,  called  Alemgir  (1618,  1659- 
1707).  James  of  Aragon  (1206,  1213- 
1276).  Othman  or  Osman  I.,  founder  of 
the  Turkish  empire  (1259,  1299-1326). 
Francisco  Pizarro,  called  Conquistador, 
because  he  conquered  Peru  (1475-1541). 
William  duke  of  Normandy,  who  obtained 
England  by  conquest  (1027, 1066-1137). 

Con'rad  {Lord),  the  corsair,  after- 
wards called  Lara.  X  proud,  ascetic  but 
successful  pirate.  Hearing  that  the 
Bultan  Seyd  [Seed]  was  about  to  attack 
the  pirates,  he  entered  the  palace  in  the 
disguise  of  a  dervise,  but  being  found  out 
was  seized  and  imprisoned.  He  was 
released  by  Gulnare  (2  syl.),  the  sultan's 
favourite  concubine,  and  fled  with  her  to 
the  Pirates'  Isle,  but  finding  his 
Medo'ra  dead,  he  left  the  island  with 
Gulnare,  returned  to  his  native  land, 
headed  a  rebellion,  and  was  shot. — Lord 
Byron,  The  Corsair,  continued  in  Lara 
(1814). 


Con'rade  (2  syl.),  a  follower  of  don 
John  (bastard  brother  of  don  Pedro 
prince  of  Aragon). — Shakespeare,  Much 
Ado  About  Nothing  (1600). 

Con'rade  (2  syl.),  marquis  of  Mont- 
serrat,  who  with  the  Grand-Master  of  the 
Templars  conspired  against  Richard  Oeur 
de  Lion.  He  was  unhorsed  in  combat, 
and  murdered  in  his  tent  by  the  Templar. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  I'he  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Consenting  Stars,  stars  forming 
certain  configurations  for  good  or  evil. 
Thus  we  read  in  the  book  of  Judges  v.  20, 
*'  The  stars  in  their  courses  fought  against 
Sisera,"  i.e.  formed  configurations  which 
were  unlucky  or  malignant. 

.  .  .  scourge  the  bad  revolving  stars. 
That  have  consented  unto  Henry's  death  I 
King  Henry  the  Fifth,  too  famous  to  live  long! 
Shaliespeare,   1  Jlenry  Yl.  act  i.  sc.  1  (1589). 

Constance,  mother  of  prince  Arthur 
and  widow  of  Geoffrey  Plantagenet. — 
Shakespeare,  King  John  (1598). 

Mrs.  Hartley's  "  lady  Macbeth,"  "Constance,"  and 
"queen  Katherine  "  [Henry  V'///.],  were  powerful  em- 
bodiments, and  I  question  if  they  have  ever  since  been  so 
finely  portrayed  [1785-1850].— J.  Adolphus,  Recollection*. 

Constance,  daughter  of  sir  William 
Fondlove,  and  courted  by  Wildrake,  a 
country  squire,  fond  of  field  sports. 
"  Her  beautv  rich,  richer  her  grace,  her 
mind  yet  richer  still,  though  richest  all." 
She  was  "the  mould  express  of  woman, 
stature,  feature,  body,  limb ; "  she  danced 
well,  sang  well,  harped  well.  Wildrake 
was  her  childhood's  playmate,  and  be- 
came her  husband. — S.  Knowles,  The 
Love  Chase  (1837). 

Constance,  daughter  of  Bertulphe  pro-^  jH 
vost  of  Bruges,  and  bride  of  Bouchard,  a  ■ 
knight  of  Flanders.  She  had  "  beauty  to 
shame  young  love's  most  fervent  dream, 
virtue  to  form  a  saint,  with  just  enough 
of  earth  to  keep  her  woman."  By  an 
absurd  law  of  Charles  "the  Good,"  earl 
of  Flanders,  made  in  1127,  this  youns 
lady,  brought  up  in  the  lap  of  luxury^ 
was  reduced  to  serfdom,  because  hef 
grandfather  was  a  serf;  her  aristocratic 
husband  was  also  a  serf  because  h< 
married  her  (a  serf).  She  went  mad  at] 
the  reverse  of  fortune,  and  died. — S. 
Knowles,  The  Provost  of  Brwjes  (1836). 

Constans,  a  mythical  king  of  Britain^ 
He  was  the  eldest'  of  the  three  sons 
Constantine,    his     two     brothers     bein^ 
Aurelius    Ambrosius    and    Uther    Pen* 
dragon.     Constans  was  a  monk,  but 
the  death  of  his  father  he  laid  aside  th^ 


CONSTANT. 


209 


CONTINENCE. 


cowl  for  Uie  crown.  Vortigem  caused 
him  to  be  aasassinated,  and  usurped  the 
crown.  Aureliiis  Ambrosius  succeeded 
Vortigern,  and  was  himself  succeeded  by 
his  younger  brother,  Uther  Pendragon, 
father  of  king  Arthur.  Hence  it  will 
appear  that  Constans  was  Arthur's  uncle. 

Constant  (Ned),  the  former  lover  of 
lady  Brute,  with  whom  he  intrigued  after 
her  marriage  with  the  surly  knight. — 
Vanbrugh,  The  Provoked  Wife  (1697). 

Constant  (Sir  Bashful),  a  younger 
brother  of  middle  life,  who  tumbles  into 
an  estate  and  title  by  the  death  of  his 
elder  brother.  He  marries  a  woman  of 
quality,  but  finding  it  comme  il  faut  not 
to  let  his  love  be  known,  treats  her  with 
indifference  and  politeness,  and  though  he 
dotes  on  her,  tries  to  make  her  believe  he 
loves  her  not.  He  is  very  soft,  carried 
away  by  the  opinions  of  others,  and  is 
an  example  of  the  truth  of  what  Dr. 
Young  has  said,  '*  What  is  mere  good 
nature  but  a  fool  ?  " 

Lady  Constant,  wife  of  sir  Bashful,  a 
*^oman  of  spirit,  taste,  sense,  wit,  and 
beauty.  She  loves  her  husband,  and 
repels  with  scorn  an  attempt  to  shake 
her  fidelity  because  he  treats  her  with  cold 
indifference. — A.  Murphy,  The  Way  to 
keep  Him  (1760). 

Constan'tia,  sister  of  Petruccio  go- 
vernor of  Bologna,  and  mistress  of  the 
duke  of  Ferrara. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Chances  (1620). 

Constantia,  a  protegee  of  lady  McSy- 
cophant.  An  amiable  girl,  in  love  with 
Egerton  McSycophant,  by  whom  her 
love  is  amply  returned. — C.  Macklin,  The 
Man  of  the  World  (1764). 

Con'stantine  (3  syl.),  a  king  of 
Scotland,  who  (in  937)  joined  Anlaf  (a 
Danish  king)  against  Athelstan.  The 
allied  kings  were  defeated  at  Brunan- 
burh,  in  Northumberland,  and  Constan- 
tine  was  made  prisoner. 

Our  English  Athelstan  .  .  . 
Made  all  the  isle  his  own  .  .  . 

And  Constantine,  the  king,  a  prisoner  hither  brought 
Drayton,  Folyolbion,  xii.  3  (1613). 

Constantinople  (Little).      Kertch 
was  so  called  by  the  Genoese  from  its 
extent  and  its  prosperity.      Demosthenes 
!       calls  it  "  the  granary  of  Athens." 

}  Consuelo  (4  syl.),  the  impersonation 

»f  moral  purity  in  the  midst  of  temp- 
tations. Consuelo  is  the  heroine  of  a 
novel  so-called  by  George  Sand  (i.e.  Mde. 
Dudevant). 


Consul  Bib'ulus  (A),  a  cipher  xh 
ofiice,  one  joined  with  others  in  office  but 
without  the  slightest  influence.  Bibulus 
was  joint  consul  with  Julius  Caesar,  but  so 
insignificant  that  the  wits  of  Rome  called 
it  the  consulship  of  Julius  and  Caesar,  not 
of  Bibulus  and  Casar  (b.c.  69). 

Contemporaneous  Discoverers. 

Goethe  and  Vicq  d'Azyrs  discovered  at 
the  same  time  the  intermaxillary  bone. 
Goethe  and  Von  Baer  discovered  at  the 
same  time  •  Morphology.  Goethe  and 
Oken  discovered  at  the  same  time  the 
vertebral  system.  The  Penny  Cyclo- 
poedia  and  Chambers's  Journal  were  started 
nearly  at  the  same  time.  The  invention 
of  printing  is  claimed  by  several  contem- 
poraries. The  processes  called  Talbotype 
and  Daguerreotype  were  nearly  simul- 
taneous discoveries.  Leverrier  and  Adams 
discovered  at  the  same  time  the  planet 
Neptune. 

**♦  This  list  may  be  extended  to  a 
very  great  length. 

Contest  (Sir  Adam).  Having  lost 
his  first  wife  by  shipwreck,  he  married 
again  after  the  lapse  of  some  twelve  or 
fourteen  years.  His  second  wife  was  a 
girl  of  18,  to  whom  he  held  up  his  first 
wife  as  a  pattern  and  the  very  paragon 
uf  women.  On  the  wedding  day  this  first 
wife  made  her  appearance.  She  had  been 
saved  from  the  wreck;  but  sir  Adam 
wished  her  in  heaven  most  sincerely. 

Lady  Contest,  the  bride  of  sir  Adam, 
"  young,  extremely  lively,  and  pro- 
digiously beautiful."  She  had  been 
brought  up  in  the  country,  and  treated  as 
a  child,  so  her  naivete  was  quite  capti- 
vating. When  she  quitted  the  bride- 
groom's house,  she  said,  "  Good-bye,  sir 
Adam,  good-bye.  I  did  love  you  a  little, 
upon  my  word,  and  should  be  really  un- 
happy if  I  did  not  know  that  your  hap- 
piness will  be  infinitely  greater  with  your 
first  wife." 

Mr.  Contest,  the  grown-up  son  of  sir 
Adam,  by  his  first  wife. — Mrs.  Inchbald, 
The  Wedding  Day  (1790). 

Continence. 

Alexander  the  Cheat  having 
gained  the  battle  of  Issus  (b.c.  833), 
the  family  of  king  Darius  fell  into  his 
hands ;  but  he  treated  the  ladies  as 
queens,  and  observed  the  greatest  deco- 
rum towards  them.  A  eunuch,  having 
escaped,  told  Darius  that  his  wife  re- 
mained unspotted,  for  Alexander  had 
shown  himself  the  most   continent  and 


CONTRACTIONS. 


210 


COPPERFIELD. 


generous  of  men. — ^Arrian,  Anabasis  of 
Alexander,  iv.  20. 

SciPio  Africanus,  after  the  conquest 
of  Spain,  refused  to  touch  a  beautiful 
princess  who  had  fallen  into  his  hands, 
*'  lest  he  should  be  tempted  to  forget  his 

Srinciples."  It  is.  moreover,  said  that 
e  sent  her  back  to  her  parents  with 
presents,  that  she  might  marry  the  man 
to  whom  she  was  betrothed.  A  silver 
shield,  on  which  this  incident  was  de- 
picted, was  found  in  the  river  Rhone  by 
some  fishermen  in  the  seventeenth  cen- 
turj'. 

E'en  Scipio,  or  a  victor  yet  more  cold. 
Might  have  forgot  his  virtue  at  her  sight 

N.  Kowe,  Tamerlane,  iii.  3  (1702). 

Anson,  when  he  took  the  Senhora 
Tlieresa  de  Jesus,  refu-sed  even  to  see 
the  three  Spanish  ladies  who  formed 
part  of  the  prize,  because  he  was  resolved 
to  prevent  private  scandal.  The  three 
ladies  consisted  of  a  mother  and  her  two 
daughters,  the  younger  of  whom  was  "of 
surpassing  beauty." 

Contractions.  The  following  is 
probably  the  most  remarkable : — "  Utaca  - 
mund "  is  by  the  English  called  Ooty 
(India).  "  Cholmondeley,"  contractel 
into  Chumly,  is  another  remarkablii 
example. 

Conven'tual  Friars  are  those  who 
live  in  convents,  contrary  to  the  rule  of 
St.  Francis,  who  enjoined  absolute 
poverty,  without  land,  books,  chapel,  or 
house.  Those  who  conform  to  the  rule 
of  the  founder  are  called  "  Observant 
Friars." 

Conversation  Sharp,  Richard 
Sharp,  the  critic  (1759-1835). 

Cook  who  Killed  Himself  {The). 
Vatel  killed  himself  in  1671,  because 
the  lobster  for  his  turbot  sauce  did  not 
arrive  in  time  to  be  served  up  at  the 
banquet  at  Chantilly,  given  by  the  prince 
de  Condd  to  the  king. 

Cooks  {Wages  received  by).  In  Rome 
as  much  as  £800  a  year  was  given  to  a 
chef  de  cuisine ;  but  Careme  received 
£1000  a  year. 

Cooks     of     Modem      Times. 

Careme,  called  "The  Regenerator  of 
Cookery"  (1784-1833).  Charies  Elm^ 
Francatelli,  cook  at  Crockford's,  then 
in  the  Royal  Household,  and  lastly  at 
the  Reform  Club  (1805-1876).  Ude, 
Gouffe',  and  Alexis  Soyer,  the  last  of 
whom  died  in  1858. 


Cookery  {Regenerator  of)y  Careme 
(1784-1833), 

(Ude,  Gouffe',  and  Soyer  were  also 
regenerators  of  this  art.) 

Cooper  {Anthony  Ashly),  earl  of 
Shaftesbury,  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Cooper  {Do  you  want  a)?  that  is,  "Do 
you  want  to  taste  the  wines  ?  "  This  ques- 
tion is  addressed  to  those  who  have  an 
order  to  visit  the  London  docks.  The 
"cooper"  bores  the  casks,  and  gives  the 
visitor  the  wine  to  taste. 

Cophet'ua  or  Copefhua,  a  mythi- 
cal king  of  Africa,  of  great  wealth,  .who 
fell  in  love  with  a  beggar-girl,  and 
married  her.  Her  name  was  Penel'ophon, 
but  Shakespeare  writes  it  Zenel'ophon  in 
Love's  labour's  Lost,  act  iv.  sc,  1.  Tenny- 
son has  versified  the  tale  in  T/ie  Beggar- 
Maid. — Percy,  Eeliques,  I.  ii.  6, 

Copley  {Sir  Thomas),  in  attendance 
on  the  earl  of  Leicester  at  Woodstock. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Copper  Captain  {A),  Michael 
Perez,  a  captain  without  money,  but 
with  a  plentiful  stock  of  pretence,  who 
seeks  to  make  a  market  of  his  person  and 
commission  by  marrying  an  heiress.  He 
is  caught  in  his  own  trap,  for  he  marries 
Estifania,  a  woman  of  intrigue,  fancying 
her  to  be  the  heiress  Margaritta.  The 
captain  gives  the  lady  "  pearls,"  but  they 
are  only  whitings'  eyes.  His  wife  says 
to  him  : 

Here's  a  goodly  jewel  .  .  . 
Did  you  not  win  this  at  Goletta.  captain  t  .  ,  , 
See  liow  it  sparkles,  like  an  old  lady's  eyes  .  .  . 
And  here's  a  chain  of  whitings'  eyes  for  pearls  .  . 
Your  clothes  are  parallels  to  these,  all  counterfeits; 
Put  tbes«  and  them  on,  you're  a  man  of  copper, 
A  copper,  .  .  .  copper  captain. 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife  and 
Bave  a  Wife  (1640) 

(W.  Lewis  (1748-1811)  was  famous  in 
this  character  ;  but  Robert  Wilks  (1670- 
1732)  was  wholly  unrivalled.) 

The  old  stage  critics  delighted  In  the  "Copper  Cap- 
tain ; "  it  was  the  test  for  every  comedian.  It  could  bo 
worked  on  like  a  picture,  and  new  readings  given.  Here 
It  must  be  admitted  that  Wilk.s  had  no  rival.— Fitzgerald. 

Copperfield  {David),  the  hero  of  a 
novel  so  called,  by  C.  Dickens.  David 
is  Dickens  himself,  and  Micawber  ia 
Dickens's  father.  According  to  the  tale, 
David's  mother  was  nursery  governess  ia 
a  family  where  Mr.  Copperfield  visited. 
At  the  death  of  Mr.  Copperfield,  the 
widow   married    Edward    Murdstone, 


^ 


COPPERHEADS. 


211 


CORDELIA. 


hard,  tyrannical  man,  who  made  the 
home  of  DaWd  a  dread  and  terror  to 
the  boy.  When  his  mother  died,  Murd- 
stone  sent  Davad  to  lodge  with  the 
Micawbers,  and  bound  him  apprentice  to 
Messrs.  Murdstone  and  Grinby,  by  whom 
he  was  put  into  the  warehouse,  and  set  to 
paste  labels  upon  wine  and  spirit  bottles. 
David  soon  became  tired  of  this  dreary 
work,  and  ran  away  to  Dover,  where  he 
■was  kindly  received  by  his  [great] -aunt 
Betsey  Trotwood,  who  clothed  him,  and 
sent  him  as  day-boy  to  Dr.  Strong,  but 
placed  him  to  board  with  Mr.  Wickfield, 
a  lawyer,  father  of  Agnes,  between  whom 
and  David  a  mutual  attachment  sprang 
up.  David's  first  wife  was  Dora  Spen- 
low,  bat  at  the  death  of  this  pretty  little 
"  child-wife,"  he  married  Agnes  Wick- 
field.— C.  Dickens,  David  Copperfield 
(1849). 

Copperheads,  members  of  a  faction 
in  the  north,  during  the  civil  war  in  the 
United  States.  The  copperhead  is  a 
poisonous  serpent,  that  gives  no  warning 
of  its  approach,  and  hence  is  a  type  of  a 
concealed  or  secret  foe.  (The  Trigono- 
cephalus  contortrtx.) 

Coppemose  (3  syl).  Henry  VIH, 
was  so  called,  because  he  mixed  so  much 
copper  with  the  silver  coin  that  it  showed 
after  a  little  wear  in  the  parts  most  pro- 
nounced, as  the  nose.  Hence  the  sobri- 
quets "  Coppemosed  Harry,"  "Old 
Coppemose."  etc, 

Copple,  the  hen  killed  by  Reynard, 
in  the  beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Cora,  the  gentle,  loving  wife  of 
Alonzo,  and  the  kind   friend    of  Rolla 

feneral  of  the  Peruvian  army. — Sheridan, 
^izarro  (altered  from  Kotzebue,  1799). 

Co'rah,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absa- 
lom, and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for  Dr.  Titus 
Gates.  As  Corah  was  the  political  calum- 
niator of  Moses  and  Aaron,  so  Titus 
Gates  was  the  political  calumniator  of  the 
pope  and  English  papists.  As  Corah  was 
punished  by  "going  down  alive  into  the 
pit,"  so  Gates  was  "condemned  to  im- 
prisonment for  life,"  after  being  publicly 
whipped  and  exposed  in  the  pillory. 
North  describes  Titus  Gates  as  a  very  short 
man,  and  says,  "  if  his  mouth  were  taken 
for  the  centre  of  a  circle,  his  chin,  fore- 
head, and  cheekbones  would  fall  in  the 
circumference." 

Slink  were  liis  even,  his  voice  was  harsh  and  loud. 
Sure  sigiui  he  neither  choleric  wan,  nor  proud ; 


His  long  chin  proved  his  wit ;  his  mint-like  graM^ 

A  Church  vermilion,  and  a  Moses'  face ; 

His  memory  miraculously  great 

Could  plots,  exceeding  man's  belief,  repeat. 

Drj-den,  Al>$alom  and  Achitoithel,  1.  (1«81). 

Corbac'cio  (Signior),  the  dupe  of 
Mosca  the  knavish  confederate  of  Vol'- 
pone  (2  syl.).  He  is  an  old  man,  with 
"  seeing  and  hearing  faint,  and  under- 
standing dulled  to  childishness,"  yet  he 
wishes  to  live  on,  and 

Feels  not  his  g9Ut  nor  palsy  ;  feigns  himself 
Younger  by  scores  of  years  ;  flatters  his  age 
With  confident  belying  it ;  hopes  he  may 
With  charms,  like  .lEson,  have  his  youth  restorcA 
Ben  Jonson,  Volpone  or  the  fox  (1605). 
Benjamin    Johnson   [1665-1742]   .   .    .    seemed  to  be 
proud  to  wear  the  poet's  double  name,  and  was  particu- 
larly great  in  ail  that  author's  plays  that  were  usually 
performed,  viz.,  "  Wasp,"  hi  Bartholomew  Fair;    "  Cor- 
baccio;"  "Morose,"  in  The  Silent  Woman;  and  "Ana- 
nias,"  In  ITie  Alchemist.— Chetvood. 

C.  Dibdin  says  none  who  ever  saw  W. 
Parsons  (1736-1795)  in  "Corbaccio"  could 
forget  his  effective  mode  of  exclaiming 
"Has  he  made  his  will?  What  has  he 
given  me  ? "  but  Parsons  himself  says : 
"  Ah  !  to  see  '  Corbaccio  '  acted  to  per- 
fection, you  should  have  seen  Shuter. 
The  public  are  pleased  to  think  that  I  act 
that  part  well,  but  his  acting  was  as  far 
superior  to  mine  as  mount  Vesuvius  is  to 
a  rushlight." 

CorTbant,  the  rook,  in  the  beast-epic 
of  lieynard  the  Fox  (1498).  (French, 
corbeau,  "a  rook.") 

Corbrech'tan  or  Corybrechtan, 

a  whirlpool  on  the  west  coast  of  Scotland, 
near  the  isle  of  .Jura.  Its  name  signifies 
"  Whirlpool  of  the  prince  of  Denmark," 
from  the  tradition  that  a  Danish  prince 
once  wagered  to  cast  anchor  in  it,  bfat 
perished  in  his  foolhardiness.  In  calm 
weather  the  sound  of  the  vortex  is  like 
that  of  innumerable  chariots  driven  with 
speed. 

The  distant  isieg  that  hear  the  loud  Corbrechtan  roar. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  1.  6  (1809). 

Corce'ca  (3  sy/.),  mother  of  Abessa. 
The  word  means  "  blindness  of  heart,"  or 
Romanism.  Una  sought  shelter  under 
her  hut,  but  Corceca  shut  the  door 
against  her ;  whereupon  the  lion  which 
accompanied  Una  broke  down  the  door. 
The  "lion"  means  Fngland,  "Corceca" 
popery,  "  Una "  protestantism,  and 
"  breaking  down  the  door"  the  Refomui~ 
turn. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  3  (1590). 

Corde'lia,  youngest  daughter  of  king 
Lear.  She  was  disinherited  by  her  royal 
father,  because  her  protestations  of  love 
were  less  violent  than  those  of  her  sisters. 
Cordelia  married  the  king  of  France,  an  J 


CORI-LAMBO. 


212 


CORINTHIAN  BRASS. 


when  her  two  elder  siatcra  refused  to 
entertain  the  old  king  with  his  suite,  she 
brought  an  armj'  over  to  dethrone  them. 
She  was,  however,  taken  captive,  thrown 
into  prison,  and  died  there. 

Her  voice  was  ever  soft, 
Gentle,  and  low ;  an  excellent  thing  in  woman. . 
Shakespeare,  King  Lear,  act  v.  sc.  'i  (1605). 

Corflamnbo,  the  personification  of 
sensuality,  a  giant  killed  by  Arthur. 
Corflambo  had  a  daughter  named  Paea'na, 
who  married  Placidas,  and  proved  a  good 
wife  to  him. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iv.  8 
(1596). 

Coriat  (Thomas),  died  1617,  author 
of  a  book  called  Crudities. 

Besides,  'tis  known  he  could  speak  Greek, 
As  naturally  as  pigs  do  squeak. 
Lionel  Cranfield,  Panegyric  Verses  on  T.  Coriat. 
But  if  the  meaning  were  as  far  to  seek 
As  Coriat's  horse  was  of  his  master's  Greek, 
When  In  that  tongue  he  made  a  sfieech  at  length. 
To  show  the  beast  the  greatness  of  his  strength. 

G.  Wither,  Abutet  Stript  and  WMpt  (1613). 

Cor'in,  "the  faithful  shepherdess," 
who  having  lost  her  true  love  by  death, 
retired  from  the  busy  world,  remained  a 
virgin  for  the  rest  of  her  life,  and  was 
called  "  The  Virgin  of  the  Grove."  The 
shepherd  Thenot  (final  t  pronounced)  fell 
in  love  with  her  for  her  "fidelity,"  and 
to  cure  him  of  his  attachment  she  pre- 
tended to  love  him  in  return.  This  broke 
the  charm,  and  Thenot  no  longer  felt 
that  reverence  of  love  he  before  enter- 
tained. Corin  was  skilled  "  in  the  dark, 
hidden  \'irtuous  use  of  herbs,"  and  says  • 

Of  all  green  wounds  I  know  the  remedies 
In  men  and  cattle,  be  they  stung  by  snakes, 
Or  charmed  with  powerful  words  of  wicked  art. 
Or  be  they  love-sick. 
John  Fletcher,  The  Faittkful  ShejAerdesi,  I  1  (1610). 

Cor'in,  Corin' eus  (3  syl.),  or  Corine'us 
(4  syl.),  "  strongest  of  mortal  men,"  and 
one'  of  the  suite  of  Brute  (the  first 
mythical  king  of  Britain).     (See  Cori- 

NEUS.) 

From  Corin  came  it  first?     [i.e.  the  Cornith  hiig  in 
wrettlingl. 

M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  L  (1612). 

Corineus  (3  syl.).  Sou  they  throws 
the  accent  on  the  first  syllable,  and  Spen- 
ser on  the  second.  One  of  the  suite  of 
Brute.  He  overthrew  the  giant  Goem'- 
agot,  for  which  achievement  he  was 
rewarded  with  the  whole  western  horn  of 
England,  hence  called  Corin'ea,  and  the 
inhabitants  Corin'eans.     (See  Corin.) 

Corineus  challenged  the  giant  to  wrestle  with  him.  At 
the  beginning  of  the  encounter,  Corineus  and  the  giant 
stJinding  f -ont  to  front  held  each  other  strongly  in  their 
arms,  and  panted  aloud  for  breath  ;  but  GoCmagot  pre- 
sently grasping  Corineus  with  all  his  might  broke  three 
of  his  ribs,  two  on  his  right  side  and  one  on  his  left.  At 
which  Corineus,  highly  enraged,  roused  up  his  whole 
otrangth,  and  u'.atdxiiiK  up  the  giant,  rau  with  him  on 


hif,  shoulders  to  the  neighbouring  shore,  and  getting  on  M 
the  top  of  a  liigli  rock,  hurled  the  monster  into  theeea. 
.  .  .  Tho  place  where  he  fell  is  called  Ijini  GoCniagot  or 
GoPmaijot'a  Leap  to  this  day. — Geoffrey,  British  History, 
1. 16  (1142). 

When  father  Brute  and  Cor'ineus  set  foot 

On  the  White  Island  first 

Souther,  Madoc.  vi.  (1805). 

Cori'neus  had  that  province  utmost  west 

To  him  assigned. 

Spenser,  Faery  Qtieen,  ii.  10  (1590). 

Drayton  makes  the  name  a  word  of 
four  syllables,  and  throws  the  accent  on 
the  last  but  one. 

Which  to  their  general  then  great  Corine'us  had. 
Drayton,  PolyolUoa,  L  (1612). 

CoriniLa,  a  Greek  poetess  of  Bceotia, 
who  gained  a  victory  over  Pindar  at  the 
public  games  (fl.  b.c.  490). 

.  .  .  they  raised 
A  tent  of  satin,  elaborately  wrought 
With  fair  Corinna's  triumph. 

Tennyson,  The  Prineeu,  liL 

Corinna,  daughter  of  Gripe  the  scri- 
vener. She  marries  Dick  Amlet. — Sir 
John  Vanbrugh,  The  Confederacy  (1695). 

See  lively  Pope  advance  in  jig  and  trip 

"  Corinna,"  "Cherry,"  "Honeycomb,"  and  "Snip"; 

Not  without  art,  but  yet  to  nature  true. 

She  charms  the  town  with  humour  just  yet  new. 

ChurchiU,  Jioieiad  (1761). 

Corinne'  (2  syl.),  the  heroine  and  title 
of  a  nov?l  by  Mde.  de  Stacl.  Her  lover 
proved  false,  and  the  maiden  gradually 
pined  away. 

Corinth.  '  Tis  not  every  one  who  can 
afford  to  go  to  Corinth,  "  'tis  not  every  one 
who  can  afford  to  indulge  in  very  expen- 
sive licentiousness."  Aristophanes  speaks 
of  the  unheard-of  sums  (amounting  toi 
£200  or  more)  demanded  by  the  harlots  oC 
Corinth. — Plutarch,  Parallel  Lives,  i.  2. 

Non  culvis  hominum  contingit  adire  Corinthum. 

Horace,  Epist.,  I.  xviL  3ft, 

A  Corinthian,  a  rake,  a   "fast  man.^ 
Prince  Henry  says  (1  Henry  IV.  act  ii 
sc.  4),  "  IT/ieyl   tell  me  I  am  no  prou« 
Jack,  like  Falstaff,  but  a  Corinthian, 
lad  of  mettle." 

Corinthianism,  harlotry. 

To  Corinthianise,   to  live  an  idle  dia 
sipated  life. 

Corinthian  {To  act  the),  to  becomel 
fille  pvhliqiju;.  Corinth  was  called  th(j 
nursery  of  harlots,  in  consequence  of  th« 
temple  of  Venus,  which  was  a  vast  anc 
magnificent  brothel.  Strabo  says  {Ge 
viii.)  :  ' '  There  were  no  fewer  than  a  thoi 
sand  harlots  in  Corinth." 

Corin'thian  Brass,  a  mixture  of 
gold,  silver,  and  brass,  which  forms  the 
best  of  all  mixed  metals.  When  Mum- 
miuB  set  fire  to  Corinth,  the  heat  of  the 


he 

il 


CORINTHIAN  TOM. 


213 


CORMORAN. 


conflagration  was  so  great  that  it  melted 
the  metal,  which  ran  down  the  streets  in 
streams.  The  three  mentioned  above  ran 
together,  and  obtained  the  name  of 
"  Corinthian  brass." 

1  think  it  may  be  of  "  Corintliian  brass," 
Which  was  a  mixture  of  all  metals,  but 
The  brazen  uppermost 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  tL  66  (1821). 

Corinthian  Tom,  "a  fast  man," 
the  sporting  rake  in  Pierce  Egan's  Life  in 
London. 

Coriola'nus  (Caius  Marcius),  called 
Coriolanus  from  his  victory  at  Cori'oli. 
His  mother  was  Vetu'ria  (not  Volumnia), 
and  his  wife  Volumnia  (not  Virgilia). 
Shakespeare  has  a  drama  so  called.  La 
Harpe  has  also  a  drama  entitled  Coriolan, 
produced  in  1781. — Livy,  Annals,  ii.  40. 

1  remember  her  [Jlri.  Siddorui]  coming  down  the  stage 
in  the  triumphal  entry  of  her  son  Coriolanus,  wlieii  her 
dumb-show  drew  plaudits  that  shook  the  house.  Stie 
came  alone,  marching  and  beatin*;  time  to  the  music, 
rolling  .  .  .  from  side  to  side,  swelling  with  the  triumph 
of  her  son.  Such  was  the  intiuiicatiun  of  joy  which  flashed 
f'om  her  eye  and  lit  up  her  whole  face,  that  the  effect  was 
Irresistible.— C.  M.  Young. 

Corita'ni,  the  people  of  Lincolnshire, 
Nottinghamshire,  Derbyshire,  Leicester- 
shire, Rutlandshire,  and  Northampcon- 
Bhire.  Drayton  refers  to  them  in  his 
Polyolhion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Cork  Street  (London).  So  called 
from  the  Boyles,  earls  of  Burlington  and 
Cork.     (See  Cliffokd  Street.) 

Cormac  I.,  son  of  Conar,  a  Cael,  who 
succeeded  his  father  as  *'  king  of  Ireland," 
and  reigned  many  years.  In  the  latter 
part  of  his  reign  the  Fir-bolg  (or  Belgae 
settled  in  the  south  of  Ireland),  who  had 
been  subjugated  by  Conar,  rebelled,  and 
Cormac  was  reduced  to  such  extremities 
that  he  sent  to  Fingal  for  aid.  Fingal 
went  with  a  large  army,  utterly  defeated 
ColcuUa  "  lord  of  Atha,"  and  re-estab- 
lished Cormac  in  the  sole  possession  of 
Ireland.  For  this  ser^'ice  Cormac  gave 
Fingal  his  daughter  Roscra'na  for  wife, 
aud  Ossian  was  their  first  son.  Cormac  I. 
I  was  succeeded  by  his  son  Cairbre  ;  Cair- 
j  bre  by  his  son  Artho ;  Artho  by  his  son 
Cormac  II.  (a  minor)  ;  and  Cormac  II. 
after  a  short  interregnum)  by  Ferad- 
Artho. — Ossian. 

Cormac  II.  (a  minor),  king  of  Ire- 
j  land.  On  his  succeeding  his  father  Artho 
]  on  the  throne,  Swaran  king  of  Lochlin 
[Scandinavia]  invaded  Ireland,  and  de- 
feated the  army  under  the  command  of 
Cuthullin.  Fingal's  arrival  turned  the 
tide  of  events,  for  next  day  Swaran  was 


routed  and  returned  to  Lochlin.  In  the 
third  year  of  his  reign  Torlath  rebelled, 
but  was  utterly  discomfited  at  lake  Lego 
by  Cuthullin,  who,  however,  was  himself 
mortally  wounded  by  a  random  arrow 
during  the  pursuit.  Not  long  after  this 
Cairbar  rose  in  insurrection,  murdered 
the  young  king,  and  usurped  the  govern- 
ment. His  success,  however,  was  only  of 
short  duration,  for  having  invited  Oscar 
to  a  feast,  he  treacherously  slew  him,  and 
was  himself  slain  at  the  same  time.  His 
brother  Cathmor  succeeded  for  a  few 
days,  when  he  also  was  slain  in  battle  by 
Fingal,  and  the  Conar  dynasty  restored. 
Conar  (first  king  of  Ireland,  a  Cale- 
donian) was  succeeded  by  his  son 
Cormac  I.;  Cormac  I.  was  succeeded  by 
his  son  Cairbre ;  Cairbre  by  his  son 
Artho  ;  Artho  by  his  son  Cormac  II.; 
and  Cormac  II.  (after  a  short  inter- 
regnum) by  his  cousin  Ferad-Artho. — 
Ossian,  Fingal,  Dar-Thvla,  and  Temora. 

Cor'mack  {Donald),  a  Highland 
robber-chief. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Cor'malo,  a  "  chief  of  ten  thousand 
spears,"  who  lived  near  the  waters  of 
Lano  (a  Scandinavian  lake).  He  went  to 
Inis-Thona  (an  island  of  Scandinavia),  to 
the  court  of  king  Annir,  and  "  sought  the 
honour  of  the  spear  "  {i.e.  a  tournament). 
Argon,  the  elder  son  of  Annir,  tilted  with 
him  and  overthrew  him.  This  vexed 
Cormalo  greatly,  and  during  a  hunting 
expedition  he  drew  his  bow  in  secret 
and  shot  both  Argon  and  his  brother 
Ruro.  Their  father  wondered  they  did 
not  return,  when  their  dog  Runa  came 
bounding  into  the  hall,  howling  so  as  to 
attract  attention.  Annir  followed  the 
hound,  and  found  his  sons  both  dead. 
In  the  mean  time  his  daughter  was  carried 
off  by  Cormalo.  When  Oscar,  son  of 
Ossian,  heard  thereof,  he  vowed  vengeance, 
went  with  an  army  to  Lano,  encoisiered 
Cormalo,  and  slew  him.  Then  rescuing 
the  daughter,  he  took  her  back  to  Inis- 
Thona,  and  delivered  her  to  her  father. — 
Ossian,  The  War  of  Inis-Thona. 

Cor'moran'  {The  Giant),  a  Cornish 
giant  slain  by  Jack  the  Giant-killer. 
This  was  his  first  exploit,  accomplished' 
when  he  was  a  mere  boy.  Jack  dug  a 
deep  pit,  and  so  artfully  filmed  it  over 
atop,  that  the  giant  fell  into  it,  where- 
upop  Jack  knocked  him  on  the  head  and 
killed  him. 
XIm  Penian  trick  U  "Ameen  and  tbeGhool"  racnn 


CORNAVII. 


214 


CORSAIR. 


fal  thn  Scjuuliiiaviaii  visit  of  Thor  to  Loki,  wliich  bascome 
OBWn  to  Gerni.-uiy  in  The  Br<ive  Little  Tailor,  and  to  us 
la  Jmck  the  Giant-kiiler.—Yonge. 

This  is  ttie  valiant  Cornish  ipan 
Who  killed  the  giant  Cormoran. 

Jack  the  Giant-killer  (nursery  tale). 

Comavii,  the  inhabitants  of  Che- 
shire, Shropshire,  Staffordshire,  Warwick- 
shire, and  Worcestershire.  Dra5'ton 
refers  to  them  in  his  Folyolbion,  xvi. 
(1613). 

Cornelia,  wife  of  Titus  Sempronius 
Gracchus,  and  mother  of  the  two  tribunes 
Tiberius  and  Caius.  She  was  almost 
idolized  by  the  Romans,  who  erected  a 
statue  in  her  honour,  with  this  inscription  : 
Cornelia,  Mother  of  the  Gracchi. 

Clelia,  Cornelia,  .  .  .  and  the  Roman  brows 
Of  Agrippina. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  IL 

Corner  (The).  So  Tattersall's  used 
to  be  called. 

I  saw  advertised  a  splendid  park  hack,  and  .  .  .  imme- 
diately proceeded  to  the  Corner.— Lord  W.  Lennox,  Cele- 
brities, etc.,  ii.  1& 

Comet,  a  waiting-woman  on  lady 
Fanciful.  She  caused  great  offence 
because  she  did  not  flatter  her  ladyship. 
She  actually  said  to  her,  "  Your  lady- 
ship looks  very  ill  this  morning,"  which 
the  French  waiting-woman  contradicted 
by  saying,  "  My  opinion  be,  matam,  dat 
your  latyship  never  look  so  well  in  all 
your  life."  Lady  Fanciful  said  to 
Cornet,  "Get  out  of  the  room,  I  can't 
endure  you  ; "  and  then  turning  to  Mdlle. 
she  added,  "  This  wench  is  insufferably 
ugly.  .  .  .  Oh,  by-the-by,  Mdlle.,  you 
can  take  these  two  pair  of  gloves.  The 
French  are  certainly  well-mannered,  and 
never  flatter."  — Vanbrugh,  The  Provoked 
Wife  (1697). 

*^*  This  is  of  a  piece  with  the  arch- 
bishop of  Granada  and  his  secretary  Gil 
Bias. 

Corney  (Mrs.),  matron  of  the  work- 
house where  Oliver  Twist  was  born.  She 
is  a  well-to-do  widow,  who  marries  Bum- 
ble, and  reduces  the  pompous  beadle  to  a 
hen-pecked  husband. — C.  Dickens,  Oliver 
Twist,  xxxvii.  (1837). 

Cornflower  {Henry),  a  farmer,  who 
*'  beneath  a  rough  outside,  possessed  a 
heart  which  would  have  done  honour  to 
a  prince." 

Mrs.  Cornflower  (by  birth  Emma  Bel- 
ton),  the  farmer's  wife,  abducted  by  sir 
Charles  Courtly. — Dibdin,  The  Farmer's 
Wif6  (1780). 

Comio'le  (4  syl.),  the  cognomen 
given   to    Giovanni  Bernard!,  the  great 


cornelian  engraver,  in  the  time  of  Lorenzo 
di  Medici.  He  was  called  "Giovanni 
delle  Corniole"  (1495-1555). 

Corn-Law  Rhymer  {Tlie),  Ebe- 
nezer  Elliot  (1781-1849). 

Comu'bia,  Cornwall.  The  rivers  of 
Cornwall  are  more  or  less  tinged  with  the 
metals  which  abound  in  those  parts. 

Then  from  the  largest  stream  unto  the  lesser  brook  .  ,  . 
They  curl  their  ivory  fronts, .  . .  and  bred  such  courage  . .  , 
As  drew  down  many  a  nymph  [rt»er]  from  the  Cornubian 

shore. 
That  paint  their  goodly  breasts  lwater\  with  sundry  sorts 

of  ore. 

M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

CornuTbian  Shore  {The),  Corn- 
wall, famous  for  its  tin  mines.  Mer- 
chants of  ancient  Tyre  and  Sidon  used  to 
export  from  Cornwall  its  tin  in  large 
quantities. 

.  .  .  from  the  bleak  Cornubian  shore. 
Dispense  the  mineral  treasure,  which  of  old 
Sidonian  pilots  sought. 

Akenside,  Hymn  to  the  Naiads. 

Cornwall  {Barry),  an  imperfect 
anagram  of  Bryan  Waller  Proctor,  author 
of  English  Songs  (1788-1874). 

Corombona  {Vittoria),  the  White 
Devil,  the  chief  character  in  a  drama  by 
John  Webster,  entitled  T/ie  White  Devil 
or  Vittoria  Corombona  (1612). 

Coro'nls,  daughter  of  Phoroueus 
(3  stjl.)  king  of  Pho'cis,  metamorphosed 
by  Minerva  into  a  crow. 

Corporal  {The  Little).  General 
Bonaparte  was  so  called  after  the  battle 
of  Lodi  (1796). 

Corrector  {Alexander  the),  Alex-j 
ander  Cruden,  author  of  the  Concorda: 
to  the  Bible,  for  many  j^ears  a  corrector  o: 
the  press,  in  London.  He  believed  him 
self  to  be  divinely  inspired  to  correct  th 
morals  and  manners  of  the  world  (1701 
1770). 

Corriv'reckin,  an  intermitteni 
whirlpool  in  the  Southern  Hebrides,  s 
called  from  a  Danish  prince  of  thai 
name,  who  perished  there. 

Corrouge'  (2  syl.),  the  sword  of  si 
Otuel,  a  presumptuous  Saracen,  nephe 
of  Farracute  (3  syl.).  Otuel  was  in  th 
end  converted  to  Christianity. 

Corsair  {The),  lord  Conrad,  after- 
wards called  Lara.  Hearing  that  the 
sultan  Seyd  \^Secd]  was  about  to  attack 
the  pirates,  he  assumed  the  disguise  of  « 
dervise  and  entered  the  palace,  while  his 
crew  set  fire  to  the  sultan's  fleet.  Conrad 
was  apprehended  and  cast  into  a  dungeon^ 


i^ 


CORSAND. 


216 


COSMOS. 


but  being  released  by  Gulnare  (queen  of 
the  harem),  he  fled  with  her  to  the 
Pirates'  Isle.  Here  he  found  that  Medo'ra 
(his  heart's  darling)  had  died  during  his 
absence,  so  he  left  the  island  with  Gul- 
nare, returned  to  his  native  land,  headed 
a  rebellion,  and  was  shot. — Byron,  The 
Corsair,  continued  in  Lara  (1814). 

(This  tale  is  based  on  the  adventures  of 
Lafitte,  the  notorious  buccaneer.  Lafitte 
was  pardoned  by  general  Jackson  for 
services  rendered  to  the  States  in  1815, 
during  the  attack  of  the  British  on  New 
Orleans.) 

Cor'sand,  a  magistrate  at  the  ex- 
amination of  Dirk  Hatteraick  at  Kipple- 
tringan. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  II.). 

Corsican  Gheneral  {The),  Napoleon 
I.,  who  was  born  in  Corsica  (1769-1821). 

Cor'sina,  wife  of  the  corsair  who 
found  Fairstar  and  Chery  in  the  boat  as 
it  drifted  on  the  sea.  Being  made  very 
rich  by  her  foster-children,  Corsina 
brought  them  up  as  princes. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("The  Princess 
Fairstar,"  1682). 

Corte'jo,  a  cavalier  servcnte,  who  as 
Byron  says  in  Beppo : 

Coach,  servants,  gondola,  must  go  to  call, 
And  carries  fan  and  tippet,  gloves  and  shawL 
Was  it  for  thia  that  no  cortejo  ere 
1  yet  Lave  chosen  from  the  youth  of  Sev'ille? 

Byron,  J)on  Juan,  I.  148  (1819). 

Corti'na  (a  cauldron).  It  stood  on 
three  feet.  The  tripod  of  the  Pythoness 
was  so  called,  because  she  sat  in  a  kind 
of  basin  standing  on  three  feet.  When 
not  in  use,  it  was  covered  with  a  lid,  and 
the  basin  then  looked  like  a  large  metal 
ball. 

Cor'via  or  Corvi'na,  a  valuable 
stone,  which  will  cause  the  possessor  to 
be  both  rich  and  honoured.  It  is  obtained 
thus :  Take  the  eggs  from  a  crow's  nest, 
and  boil  them  hard,  then  replace  them  in 
the  nest,  and  the  mother  will  go  in  search 
of  the  stone,  in  order  to  revivify  her 
eggs.— J/trror  of  Stones. 

Corvi'no  (Signior),  a  Venetian  mer- 
chant, duped  by  Mosca  into  believing 
that  he  is  Vol'pone's  heir. — Ben  Jonson, 
Volpo7ie  or  the  Fox  (1605). 

Coryate's  Crudities,  a  book  of 
travels  by  Thomas  Coryate,  who  called 
himself  the  "Odcombian  Legstretcher." 
He  was  the  son  of  the  rector  of  Odcombe 
(1677-1617). 


Coryc'ian  Cave  (The)',  on  mount 
Parnassus,  so  called  from  the  nymph 
Coryc'ia.  Sometimes  the  Muses  are  called 
Cory c' ides  (4  syl.). 

The  immortal  Muse 
To  your  calm  habitations,  to  the  cave 
Corycian,  or  tlie  Delphic  mount,  will  guide 
His  footsteps. 

Akenside,  Ifymn  to  the  A'aiad*. 

Corycian  Nymphs  (The),  the 
Muses,  so  called  from  tne  cave  of  Corycia 
on  Lycorea,  one  of  the  two  chief  summits 
of  mount  Parnassus,  in  Greece. 

Cor'ydon,  a  common  name  for  a 
shepherd.  It  occurs  in  the  Idylls  of 
Theocritos ;  the  Eclogues  of  "Virgil ; 
2'he  Cantata,  v.,  of  Hughes,  etc. 

Cor'ydon,  the  shepherd  who  languished 
for  the  fair  Pastorella  (canto  9).  Sir 
Calidore,  the  successful  rival,  treated  him 
most  courteously,  and  when  he  married 
the  fair  shepherdess,  gave  Corydon  both 
flocks  and  herds  to  mitigate  his  dis- 
appointment (canto  11). — Spenser,  FaiHry 
Queen,  vi.  (1596). 

Cor'ydon,  the  shoemaker,  a  citizen. — • 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of  Faris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Cor5nph8eus  of  German  Litera- 
ture {T)ie),  Goethe. 

'Ihe  Polish  poet  called  upon  .  .  .  the  great  Coryph«ui 
of  Gernkin  literature. — W.  R.  Morfell,  Hotet  and  Queriet, 
April  27,  1878. 

Coryphe'us  (4  syl.),  a  model  man  or 
leader,  from  the  Koniphaios  or  leader  of 
the  chorus  in  the  Greek  drama.  Aris- 
tarchos  is  called  The  Corypheus  of  Gram- 
marians. 

I  was  io  love  with  honour,  and  reflected  with  pleasura 
that  I  should  pass  for  the  Corypheus  of  all  domestics.— 
Lesage,  GU  Slat,  iv.  7  (1724). 

Cosme  ('S'^.),  patron  of  surgeons, 
born  in  Arabia.  He  practised  medicine 
in  Cilicia  with  his  brother  St.  Damien^ 
and  both  suffered  martyrdom  under  Dio- 
cletian iii  303  or  310.  Their  fete  day  is 
December  27,  In  the  twelfth  century 
there  was  a  medical  society  called  Saint 
Cosme. 

Cos'miel  (3  syl.),  the  genius  of  the 
world.  He  gave  to  Theodidactus  a  boat 
of  asbestos,  in  which  he  sailed  to  the  sun 
and  planets. — Kircher,  Ecstatic  Journey 
to  Heaven. 

Cosmos,  the  personification  of  "the 
world"  as  the  enemy  of  man.  Phineas 
Fletcher  calls  him  "the  first  son  to  the 
Dragon  red"  {the  devil).  "Mistake," 
he  says,  "points  all  his  darts;"  or,  as  tne 


COSTAkD. 


216        COUNT  ROBERT  OF  IPARIS. 


Preacher  says,  "Vanity,  vanity,  all  is 
canity."  Fully  described  in  The  Purple 
fsland,  viii.  (1633).  (Greek,  kosmos,  "the 
world.") 

Cos'tard,  a  clown  who  apes  the  court 
wits  of  queen  Elizabeth's  time.  He  uses 
the  word  *'  honorificabilitudinitatibus," 
and  some  of  his  blunders  are  very  ridi- 
culous, as  "ad  dunghill,  at  the  fingers' 
ends,  as  they  say"  (act  v.  1). — Shake- 
speare, Love's  Labour's  Lost  (1694). 

Costin  (Lord),  disguised  as  a  beggar, 
in  The  Beggar's  Bush,  a  drama  by  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher  (1622). 

Cote  Male-taile  (Sir),  meaning  the 
**  knight  with  the  villainous  coat,"  the 
nickname  given  by  sir  Key  (the  seneschal 
of  king  Arthur)  to  sir  Brewnor  le  Noyre, 
a  young  knight  who  wore  his  father's 
coat  with  all  its  sword-cuts,  to  keep  him 
in  remembrance  of  the  vengeance  due  to 
his  father.  His  first  achievement  was 
to  kill  a  lion  that  "had  broken  loose 
from  a  tower,  and  came  hurling  after  the 
queen."  He  married  a  damsel  called 
Malcdisaunt  (3  syL),  who  loved  him,  but 
always  chided  him.  After  her  marriage 
she  was  called  Beauvinant.  —  Sir  T. 
Malorv,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  42- 
60  (1470). 

Cotyt'to,  goddess  of  the  Edrmi  of 
Thrace.  Her  orgies  resembled  those  of 
the  Thracian  Cyb'ele  (3  syl.). 

Hail,  goddess  of  nocturnal  sport. 
Dark-veiled  Cot)  tto,  to  whom  the  secret  flame 
Of  midnight  torches  burns. 

Milton,  Comm,  139,  etc.  (1634). 

Cougar,  the  American  tiger. 

Nor  foeman  then,  nor  cmtgar's  crouch  I  feared. 
For  I  was  strong  as  mountain  cataract 

Campbell,  Uertrude  of  Wyoming,  ill.  14  (1809). 

Coulin,  a  British  giant  pursued  by 
Debon  till  he  came  to  a  chasm  132  feet 
across  which  he  leaped  ;  but  slipping  on 
the  opposite  side,  he  fell  backwards  into 
the  pit  and  was  killed. 

And  eke  that  ample  pit  yet  far  renowned 
For  the  great  leap  which  Debon  diJ  compell 

Coulin  to  make,  being  eight  lugs  of  grownd, 
Into  the  which  retourning  back  he  fell. 

Spenser,  Faery  queen,  IL  10  (1590). 

Councils ( (Ecumenical).  Of  tbethirty- 
two  only  six  are  recognized  by  the  Church 
of  England,  viz.:  (1)  Nice,  325;  (2) 
Constantinople,  381 ;  (3)  Ephesus,  431 ; 
(4)  Chalce'don,  461 ;  (6)  Constantinople, 
553  ;  (6)  ditto,  680. 

Count  not  your  Chickens  before 
they  are  Hatched.  Generally  referred 


to  Lafontaine's  fable  of  the  milkmaid 
Perrette.  But  the  substance  of  this  fable 
is  very  old.     For  example : — 

In  A.D.  650  Barzliyeh  translated  for  the 
king  of  Persia  a  collection  cf  Indian 
fables  called  the  Panka  Tantra  ("  five 
books"),  and  one  of  the  stories  is  that  of 
a  Brahmin  who  collected  rice  by  begging ; 
but  it  occurred  to  him  there  might  be  a 
famine,  in  which  case  he  could  sell  his 
rice  for  100  rupees,  and  buy  two  goats. 
The  goats  would  multiply,  and  he  would 
then  buy  cows  ;  the  cows  would  calve, 
and  he  would  buy  a  farm ;  with  the 
savings  of  his  farm  he  would  buy  a 
mansion ;  then  marry  some  one  with  a 
rich  dowry  ;  there  would  be  a  son  in  due 
time,  who  should  be  named  Sonio  Sala, 
whom  he  would  dandle  on  his  knees.  If 
the  child  ran  into  danger  he  Avould  cry 
to  the  mother,  "  Take  up  the  baby  !  take 
up  the  baby  !  and  in  his  excitement  the 
dreamer  kicked  over  his  packet  of  rice. 
The  Persians  say  of  a  day-dreamer,  "  He 
is  like  the  father  of  Somo  Sala." 

Another  version  is  given  in  the  history 
of  Alnaschar  (q.  v.) — Arabian  Nights' 
Entertainments. 

Rabelais  has  introduced  a  similar  story, 
"  The  Shoemaker  and  a  Ha'poth  of  Milk," 
told  by  Echepron  (q.v.)  in  Pantngrnel. 

But  the  oldest  form  of  the  story  is  to 
be  found  in  iEsop,  in  the  fable  of  The 
Milkmaid  and  her  Pail,  of  which  La  Fon- 
taine's is  only  a  poetical  reproduction. 

Count  of  Narbonne,  a  tragedy  bj 
Robert  Jephson  (1782).  His  father,  cot 
Raymond,  having  poisoned  Alphonsc 
forged  a  will  barring  (Godfrey's  righl 
and  naming  Raymond  as  successot 
Theodore  fell  in  love  with  Adelaide, 
count's  daughter,  but  was  reduced  to  tl 
dilemma :  if  he  married  Adelaide 
could  not  challenge  the  count  and  obt 
the  possessions  he  had  a  right  to 
grandson  of  Alphonso  ;  if,  on  the  othc 
hand,  he  obtained  his  rights  and  kilU 
the  count  in  combat,  he  could  not  ex] 
that  Adelaide  would  marry  him.  At 
end  the  count  killed  Adelaide,  and  th« 
himself.  This  drama  is  copied  froB 
Walpole's  Castle  of  Otranto. 

Count  Robert  of  Paris,  a  noy 
by  sir  W.  Scott,  after  the  wreck  of  hiS 
fortune  and  repeated  strokes  of  paralysis 
(1831).  The  critic  can  afford  to  be 
indulgent,  and  those  who  read  this  story 
must  remember  that  the  sun  of  the  great 
wizard  was  hastening  to  its  set.  The 
time  of  the  novel  is  the  reign  of  Rufus. 


COUNTIES. 


217 


COUVADE. 


Counties.  "  The  clownish  blazon  of 
each  county"  (from  Drayton's  Folyolbion, 
xxiii.,  towards  the  close). 

Bedfordshire  :  Malthorses. 
Berkshire  :  Let's  tot,  and  toss  the  ball. 
Berwick  (to  the  Ouse) :  Suaffle,  spur,  and  spear. 

Bl'CKIKQHAMSHIRiS; 

Bread  and  beef. 

Where  if  you  beat  the  bush,  'tis  odds  you  start  a  thief. 
Cambridgbhhirk  :  Hold  nets,  and  let  us  win. 
Cheshire:  Chief  of  men. 

KNHmR=R:}^«'"--«''^»-'^ 
Perbyshire:  Wool  and  lead. 
Dorsetshire:  Dorsers. 
Essex  :  Calves  and  stiles. 
GJ.OUCK8TER8HIRE :  Weigh  thy  wood. 
Hants:  Hampshire  hogs. 
H  krekordshirk  :  Give  me  woof  and  warp. 
Hektb  : 

The  club  and  clouted  shoon, 
I'll  rise  betimes,  and  sleep  again  at  noon. 
Huntingdonshire  :  With  stilts  we'll  stalk  through  thick 

and  thin. 
Kent  :  Long  tails  and  liberty. 
Lancashire  :  Witches  or  Fair  maids. 
Leicestershire  :  Bean-bellies. 
Lincolnshike:  Bags  and  bagpipes. 
Middlesex  : 

Up  to  London  let  us  go. 

And  when  our  ninrket's  done,  let's  have  a  pot  or  two. 
Norfolk  :  Many  wiles. 

NoRTHANTS :  Lov^  below  the  girdle,  but  little  else  above. 
Nottinghamshire  :  Ale  and  bread. 
Oxfordshire: 

The  scholars  have  been  here. 

And  little  though  they  paid,  yet  have  they  hod  ijow* 
cheer. 
Rutlandshire:  Raddlemen. 

SllROPSHlRK: 

Sliins  be  ever  sharp ; 

Lay  wood  upon  tlie  fire,  reach  hither  me  the  harp, 
And  wliilst  tlie  black  bowl  walks,  we  merrily  will  carp. 
Somersetshire  :  Set  the  bandog  on  tlie  bulL 
Staffordshire  : 

Stay,  and  1  will  beet  [sic]  the  fire. 
An.i  nothing  will  I  ask  but  goodwill  for  my  hire. 
Suffolk  :  Maids  and  milk. 

ll'ssEX  :'  ^  '"**'"  ^^'  ^  '^^  ^<""®  '°^- 
Warwickshire  :  I'll  bind  the  sturdy  bear. 
Wiltshire  :  Get  home  and  p.iy  for  all. 
Worcestershire  :  And  I  will  squirt  the  pear. 
Yorkshire:  I'se  Yorkshire  and  Stingo. 

Country  {Father  of  his).    Cicero  was 

so    called    by  the   Roman    senate   (n.c. 

106-43).      Julius  Caesar    was    so    called 

after  quelling  the  insurrection  in  Spain 

(B.C.     100-43).      Augustus    Caesar    was 

called  Pater  atqrie  Princeps  (b.c.  63,  31- 

I         14).     Cosmo  de  Med'ici  (1389-1464).     G. 

I         Washington,  defender  and  paternal  coun- 

\        sellor  of  the  American  States  (1732-1799). 

ii         Andrea  Dor6a  is   so  called  on  the  base 

\        of   his    statue    in    Gen'oa    (1468-1560). 

AndronTcus  Palaeol'ogus  II.  assumed  the 


Country  Girl  {The),  a  comedy  by 
Garrick,  altered  from  Wj'cherly.  The 
"country  girl"  is  Peggy  Thrift,  the 
orphan  daughter  of  sir  Thomas  Thrift, 
and  ward  of  Moody,  vrho  brings  her,  up 
in  the  country  in  perfect  seclusion.  When 
Moody  is  50  and  Peggy  is  19,  he  wants 
to  marry  her,  but  she  outwits  him  and 

10 


marries  Belville,  a  young  man  of  suitable 
age  and  position. 

Country  Wife  iThe),  a  comedy  by 
William  Wycherly  (1675). 

Pope  was  proud  to  receive  notice  from  the  author  ol 
The  Country  Wife. — K.  Chambers,  English  Literature, 
L383. 

Coupee,  the  dancing-master,  who 
says  "  if  it  were  not  for  dancing-masters, 
men  might  as  well  walk  on  their  heads  as 
heels."  He  courts  Lucy  by  promising  to 
teach  her  dancing. — Fielding,  The  Virgin 
Unmasked. 

Courland  Weather,  wintry  weather 
with  pitiless  snow-storms.  So  called 
from  the  Russian  province  of  that  name. 

Court  Holy  Water, flummery;  the 
meaningless  compliments  of  politessc, 
called  in  French  Eau  benite  de  cour. 

To  flatter,  to  claw,  to  give  one  court  h ol ie- water. — 
Florio,  Italian  Dictionary,  Art.  "  Mantellizare." 

Cour'tain,  one  of  the  swords  of 
O^ier  the  Dane,  made  by  Munifican. 
His  other  sword  was  Sauvagine. 

But  Ogler  gazed  upon  it  [the  sea]  doubtfully 
One  moment,  and  then,  sheathing  Courtain,  said, 
"  What  talcs  are  these  ?" 

W.  Morris,  The  Karthty  ParadUe  ("August"). 

Courtall,  a  fop  and  consummate 
libertine,  for  ever  boasting  of  his  love- 
con(}uests  over  ladies  of  the  haut  rnonde. 
He  tries  to  corrupt  lady  Frances  Touch- 
wood, but  is  foiled  bv  Saville. — Mrs. 
Cowley,  The  Belle's  Stratagem  (1780). 

Courtly  {Sir  Charles),  a  young  liber- 
tine, who  abducted  the  beauljful  wife  of 
Farmer  Cornflower. — Dibdin,  The  Far- 
mer's Wife  (1780). 

Cousin  Michel  or  Miciiael,  the 
nickname  of  a  German,  as  John  Bull  is 
of  an  Englishman,  Brother  Jonathan  of 
an  American,  Colin  Tampon  a  Swiss, 
John  Chinaman  a  Chinese,  etc. 

Couvade'  (2  syl.),  a  man  who  takes 
the  place  of  his  wife  when  she  is  in 
child-bed.  In  these  cases  the  man  lies 
a-bed,  and  the  woman  does  the  household 
duties.  The  people  called  "  Gold  Tooth," 
in  the  confines  of  Burmah,  are  couvades. 
M.  Francisquc  Michel  tells  us  the  custom 
still  exists  in  Biscay  ;  and  colonel  Yule 
assures  us  that  it  is  common  in  Yunnan 
and  among  the  Miris  in  Upper  Assam. 
Mr.  Tylor  has  observed  the  same  custom 
among  the  Caribs  of  the  West  Indies, 
the  Abipones  of  Central  South  America, 
the  aborigines  of  California,  in  Guiana, 
in  West  Africa,  and  in  the  Indian 
Archipelago.     DiodOrus  speaks  of   it  a» 


COVENTRY. 


213 


CRAMP. 


existing  at  one  time  in  Corsica ;  Strabo 
f-ays  the  custom  prevailed  in  the  north  of 
Spain  ;  and  Apollonius  Rhodius  that  the 
Tabarenes  on  the  Euxine  Sea  observed 
the  same : 

In  the  Tabfirenian  land, 
When  some  good  woman  bears  her  lord  a  babe, 
'Tis  he  is  swathed,  and  groaning  put  to  bed  ; 
Wliile  she  arising  tends  his  bath  and  serves 
Nice  possets  for  her  husband  In  the  straw. 

Apollonius  Rhodius,  Argonautio  Exp. 

Coventry,  a  corruption  of  Cune-tre 
("  the  town  on  the  Cune"). 

Cune,  whence  Coventry  her  name  doth  take. 

Drayton,  PolyolHon,  xiiL  (1613). 

Coventry  Mysteries,  certain 
miracle-plays  acted  at  Coventry''  till 
1591.  They  were  published  in  1841  for 
the  Shakespeare  Society,  under  the  care 
of  J.  0.  Halliwell.  (See  Chkster 
Mysteries.) 

Cov'erley  {Sir  Boger  de),  a  member 
of  an  hypothetical  club,  noted  for  his 
modesty,  generosity,  hospitality,  and 
eccentric  whims  ;  most  courteous  to  his 
neighbours,  most  affectionate  to  his 
family,  most  amiable  to  his  domestics. 
Sir  Roger,  who  figures  in  thirty  papers  of 
the  Spectator,  is  the  very  beau-ideal  of 
an  amiable  country  gentleman  of  queen 
Anne's  time. 

What  would  sir  Roger  de  Coverley  be  without  his 
follies  and  his  charming  little  brain-cracks  7  If  the  good 
knight  did  not  call  out  to  the  people  sleeping  in  church, 
and  say  "Amen"  with  such  deliglitful  pomposity;  if  ho 
did  not  mistake  Mde.  Doll  Tearsheet  for  a  lady  of  quality 
In  Temple  Garden ;  if  he  were  wiser  than  he  is  ...  of 
what  worth  were  he  to  us  ?  We  love  liim  for  his  vanities 
as  much  as  for  his  virtues.— Thackeray. 

Covert-baron,  a  wife,  so  called 
because  she  is  under  the  covert  or  pro- 
tection of  her  baron  or  lord. 

Co"W  and  Calf,  Lewesdon  Hill  and 
Pillesdon  Pen,  in  Dorsetshire. 

Co"wards  and  Buu.ies.  In  Shake- 
speare we  have  Parolles  and  Pistol ;  in 
Ben  Jonson,  Bob'adil ;  in  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  Bessus  and  Mons.  Lapet,  the 
very  prince  of  cowards  ;  in  the  French 
drama,  Le  Capitan,  Metamore,  and  Scara- 
mouch. (See  also  Basilisco,  Captain 
Noll  Bluff,  Boroughcliff,  Captain 
Brazen,  Sir  Petronel  Flash,  Sacri- 
PANT,  Vincent  de  la  Rose,  etc.) 

Co^vper,  called  "Author  of  The 
Task,"  from  his  principal  poem  (1731- 
1800). 

Coxcomb,  an  empty-headed,  con- 
ceited fop,  like  an  ancient  jester,  who 
wore  on  the  top  of  his  cap  a  piece  of  red 
cloth  resembling  a  cock's  comb. 

The  Prince  of  Coxcombs,  Charles 
Joseph  prince  de  Ligne  (1535-1614). 


Richard  II.  of  England  (1366,  1377- 
1400). 

Henri  III.  of  France,  Le  Mignon  (1651, 
1574-1589). 

Coxe  (Captain),  one  of  the  masques 
at  Kenilworth. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Keniiworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Crabsha^W  {Timothy),  the  servant  of 
sir  Launcelot  Greaves's  squire. — Smollett, 
Adventures  of  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves 
(1760). 

Crab'tree,  in  Smollett's  novel  called 
The  Adventures  of  Peregrine  Fickle  (1751). 

Crab'tree,  uncle  of  sir  Harry  Bumber, 
in  Sheridan's  comedy,  The  School  for 
Scandal  (1777). 

Crab'tree,  a  gardener  at  Fairport. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Aniiqiuxi'y  (time,  George 

Crac  {M.  de),  the  French  baron  Mun- 
chausen ;  hero  of  a  French  operetta. 

Craca,  one  of  the  Shetland  Isles. — 
Ossian,  Fingal. 

Crack'enthorp  {Father),  a  publican. 

Dolly  Crackenthorp,  daughter  of  the 
publican. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Crackit  {Flash  Toby),  one  of  the 
villains  in  the  attempted  burglary  in 
which  Bill  Sikes  and  his  associates  were 
concerned. — C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist 
(1837). 

Cra'dlemont,  king  of  Wales,  sub- 
dued by  Arthur,  fighting  for  Leod'ogran 
king  of  Cam'eliard  (3  syl.). — Tennyson, 
Coming  of  Arthur. 

Cradock  {Sir),  the  only  knight  who  j 
could  carve  the  boar's  head  which  no  J 
cuckold  could  cut ;  or  drink  from  a  bowl  i 
which  no  cuckold  could  quaff  without  j 
spilling  the  liquor.  His  lady  was  the] 
only  one  in  king  Arthur's  court  who] 
could  wear  the  mantle  of  chastity  brought  | 
thither  by  a  boy  during  Christmas-tide.—  \ 
Percy,  Eeliques,  etc.,  III.  iii.  18. 

Craigdal'lie    {Adam),    the    senior} 
baillie    of    Perth.— Sir   W.   Scott,   Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  lY.). 

Craig'engelt     {Captain),    an     ad- 
venturer and  companion  of  Bucklaw. 
Sir    W.    Scott,   Bride    of   Lamm^nm 
(time,  William  III.). 

Cramp  {Corporal),  under  captain 
Thpmtan.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Rob  Roy  (time, 
George  I.). 


i^ 


CRANBOURNE. 


219 


CRAWLEY. 


CranHbourne  (Sir  Jasper),  a  friend 
of  sir  Geoffrey  PeveriL— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Crane  {Dame  Alison),  mistress  of  the 
Crane  inn,  at  Marlborough. 

Gajfer  Crane,  the  dame's  husband. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenil  worth  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Cram  (Ichabod),  a  credulous  Yankee 
schoolmaster.  He  is  described  as  **tall, 
exceedingly  lank,  and  narrow-shouldered ; 
his  arms,  legs,  and  neck  unusually  long  ; 
his  hands  dangle  a  mile  out  of  his 
sleeves  ;  his  feet  might  serve  for  shovels ; 
and  his  whole  frame  is  very  loosely  hung 
together." 

The  head  of  Ichabod  Crane  was  small  and  flat  at  top, 
with  huge  ears,  large  green  glassy  eyes,  and  a  long  snipe 
nose,  so  that  it  looked  like  a  weather-cock  perched  upon 
his  spindle  neck  to  tell  which  way  the  wind  blew. — W. 
Irving,  Sketch-Book  ("Legend  of  Sleepy  Hollow  "). 

Cranes  (1  sijl.).  Milton,  referring  to 
the  wars  of  the  pygmies  and  the  cranes, 
calls  the  former 

That  small  infantry 
Warred  on  by  cranes. 

ParadUe  Lost,  I.  675  (1665). 

Cranion,  queen  Mab's  charioteer. 

Four  nimble  gnats  the  horses  were. 
Their  harnesses  of  gossamere, 
Fly  Cranion,  her  charioteer. 

M.  Drayton,  Aymphidia  (156»-1631). 

Crank  (Dame),  the  papist  laundress 
at  Marlborough. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenil- 
worth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Cra'paud  (Johnnie),  a  Frenchman,  as 
John  Bull  is  an  Englishman,  Cousin 
Michael  a  German,  Colin  Tampon  a 
Swiss,  Brother  Jonathan  a  North  Ameri- 
can, etc.  Called  Crapaud  from  the  device 
of  the  ancient  kings  of  France,  "three 
toads  erect,  saltant."  Nostradamus,  in 
the  sixteenth  century,  called  the  French 
crapauds  in  the  well-known  line  : 

Les  anciens  crapauds  prendront  Sara. 

("Sara"  is  Aras  backwards,  a  city 
taken  from  the  Spaniards  under  Louis 
XIV.) 

Cratchit  (Boh  or  Robert),  clerk  of 
Ebenezer  Scrooge,  stock-broker.  Though 
Bob  Cratchit  has  to  maintain  nine  persons 
on  15s.  a  week,  he  has  a  happier  home 
and  spends  a  merrier  Christmas  than  his 
master,  with  all  his  wealth  and  selfish- 
ness. 

Tiny  Tim  Cratchit,  the  little  lame  son 
of  Bob  Cratchit,  the  Benjamin  of  the 
family,  the  most  helpless  and  most 
oeloved  of  all.  Tim  does  not  die,  but 
Ebenezer  Scrooge,   after  his  change  of 


character,  makes  him  his  special  care.— 
C.  Dickens,  A  Christm/is  Carol  (in  five 
staves,  1843). 

Craw'ford  (Lindsay  earl  of),  the 
young  earl-marshal  of  Scotland. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Craw'ford  (Ldrd),  captain  of  the  Scot- 
tish guard  at  Plessis  les  Tours,  in  the  pav 
of  Louis  XL— Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentm 
Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Crawley  (Sir  Pitt),  of  Great  Gaunfc 
Street,  and  of  Queen's  Crawley,  Hants. 
A  sharp,  miserly,  litigious,  vulgar,  ig- 
norant baronet,  very  rich,  desperately 
mean,  "a  philosopher  with  a  taste  for 
low  life,"  and  intoxicated  every  night. 
Becky  Sharp  was  engaged  by  him  to  teach 
his  two  daughters.  On  the  death  of  his 
second  wife,  sir  Pitt  asked  her  to  become 
lady  Crawley,  but  Becky  had  already  mar- 
ried his  son,  captain  Rawdon  Crawley. 
This  "aristocrat"  spoke  of  "brass  far- 
dens,"  and  was  unable  to  spell  the  simplest 
words,  as  the  following  specimen  will 
show :—"  Sir  Pitt  Crawley  begs  Miss  Sharp 
and  baggidge  may  be  hear  on  Tuseday, 
as  I  leaf  .  .  .  to-morrow  erly."  "The 
whole  baronetage,  peerage,  and  common- 
age of  England  did  not  contain  a  more 
cunning,  mean,  foolish,  disreputable  old 
rogue  than  sir  Pitt  Crawley."  He  died 
at  the  age  of  fourscore,  "lamented  and 
beloved,  regretted  and  honoured,"  if  we 
can  believe  his  monumental  tablet. 

Lady  Crawley.  Sir  Pitt's  first  wife  was 
"  a  confounded,  quarrelsome,  high-bred 
jade."  So  he  chose  for  his  second  wife 
the  daughter  of  Mr.  Dawson,  ironmonger, 
of  Mudbury,  who  gave  up  her  sweet- 
heart, Peter  Butt,  for  the  gilded  vanity 
of  Crawleyism.  This  ironmonger's  daugh- 
ter had  "  pink  cheeks  and  a  white  skin, 
but  no  distinctive  character,  no  opinions, 
no  occupation,  no  amusements,  no  vigour 
of  mind,  no  temper ;  she  was  a  mere 
female  machine."  Being  a  "blonde,  she 
wore  draggled  sea-green  or  slatternly 
sky-blue  dresses,"  went  about  slip-shod 
and  in  curl-papers  all  day  till  dinner- 
time. She  died  and  left  sir  Pitt  for  the 
second  time  a  widower,  "to-morrow  to 
fresh  woods  and  pastures  new." 

Mr.  Pitt  Crawley,  eldest  son  of  sir  Pitt, 
and  at  the  death  of  his  father  inheritor  of 
the  title  and  estates.  ]Mr.  Pitt  was  a 
most  propel  gentleman.  He  would  rather 
starve  than  dine  without  a  dress-coat  and 
white  neckcloth.    The  whole  house  bowed 


CRAWLEY. 


220 


CRESSWELL. 


down  to  him  ;  even  sir  Pitt  himself  threw 
oflt  his  muddy  gaiters  in  his  son's  presence. 
Mr.  Pitt  always  addressed  his  mother-in- 
law  with  *'  most  powerful  respect,"  and 
strongly  impressed  her  with  his  high 
aristocratic  breeding.  At  Eton  he  was 
called  "  Miss  Crawley."  His  religious 
opinions  were  offensively  aggressive 
and  of  the  "evangelical  type."  He 
even  built  a  meeting-house  close  by  his 
uncle's  church.  Mr.  Pitt  Crawley  came 
into  the  large  fortune  of  his  aunt,  Miss 
Crawley,  married  lady  Jane  Sheepshanks, 
daughter  of  the  countess  of  Southdown, 
became  an  M.P.,  grew  money-loving  and 
mean,  but  less  and  less  "  evangelical"  as 
he  grew  great  and  wealthy. 

Captain  Rawdon  Crawley,  younger 
brother  of  Mr.  Pitt  Crawley.  He  was  in 
the  Dragoon  Guards,  a  "blood  about 
town,"  and  an  adept  in  boxing,  rat- 
hunting,  the  fives-court,  and  four-in- 
hand  driving.  He  was  a  young  dandy, 
six  feet  high,  with  a  great  voice,  but  few 
brains.  He  could  swear  a  great  deal, 
but  could  not  spell.  He  ordered  about 
the  servants,  who  nevertheless  adored 
him  ;  was  generous,  but  did  not  pay  his 
tradesmen ;  a  L.othario,  free  and  easy. 
His  style  of  talk  was,  "Aw,  aw;  Jave- 
aw ;  Gad-aw ;  it's  a  coofounded  fine 
segaw-aw — confounded  as  I  ever  smoked. 
Gad-aw."  This  military  exquisite  was 
the  adopted  heir  of  Miss  Crawley,  but 
as  be  chose  to  marry  Becky  Sharp, 
was  set  aside  for  his  brother  Pitt.  For 
a  time  Becky  enabled  him  to  live  in 
splendour  "upon  nothing  a  year,"  but  a 
great  scandal  got  wind  of  gross  impro- 
prieties between  lord  Steyne  and  Becky, 
so  that  Rawdon  separated  from  his  wife, 
and  was  given  the  governorship  of  Coven- 
try Isle  by  lord  Steyne.  "  His  excellency 
colonel  Rawdon  Crawley  died  in  his  island 
of  yellow  fever,  most  deeply  beloved  and 
deplored,"  and  his  son  Rawdon  inherited 
his  uncle's  title  and  the  family  estates. 

The  Rev,  Bute  Crawley,  brother  of  sir 
Pitt.  He  was  a  "tall,  stately,  jolly, 
shovel-hatted  rector."  ' '  He  pulled  stroke- 
oar  in  the  Christ  Church  boat,  and  had 
thrashed  the  best  bruisers  of  the  town. 
The  Rev.  Bute  loved  boxing-matches, 
races,  hunting,  coursing,  balls,  elections, 
regattas,  and  good  dinners ;  had  a  fine 
singing  voice,  and  was  very  popular." 
His  wife  wrote  his  sermons  for  him. 

Mrs.  Bute  Crawley,  the  rector's  wife, 
was  a  smart  little  lady,  domestic,  politic, 
but  apt  to  overdo  her  "  policy."  She 
gave  her  husband  full  liberty  to  do  as  he 


liked ;  was  prudent  and  thrifty. — Thacke- 
ray,  Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

Cray 'on  (Le  Sieur  de),  one  of  the 
oflacers  of  Charles  "the  Bold,"  duke  of 
Burgundy.— ^ir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Crayon  (Geoffrey),  Esq.,  "Washington 
Irving,  author  of  The  Sketch-Book  (1820). 

CreaTile,  a  hard,  vulgar  school- 
master, to  whose  charge  David  Copper- 
field  was  entrusted,  and  where  he  first 
made  the  acquaintance  of  Steerforth. 

The  circumstance  about  him  which  impressed  me  most 
was  that  he  liad  no  voice,  but  spoke  in  a  whisper. — C. 
Dickens,  David  Copperfield,  vi.  (184a). 

CrelDillon  of  Romance  {The),  A. 
Fran9ois  Prevost  d'Exiles  (1697-1763). 

Credat  Judseus  Apella,  non 
ego  (Horace,  Sat.  I.  v.  100).  Of 
"  Apella  "  nothing  whatever  is  known. 
In  general  the  name  is  omitted,  and  the 
word  "  Judaeus"  stands  for  any  Jew.  "A 
disbelieving  Jew  would  give  credit  to  the 
statement  sooner  than  I  should." 

Cre'kenpit,  a  fictitious  river  near 
Husterloe,  according  to  the  hypothetical 
geography  of  Master  Reynard',  who  calls 
on  the  hare  to  attest  the  fact. — Reynard 
the  Fox  (1498). 

Crescent  City,  New  Orleans 
l^Or.leenz},  in  Louisiana,  U.S. 

Cres'sida,  in  Chaucer  Cresseide 
(2    syl.),    a    beautiful,    sparkling,    and 
accomplished  woman,  who  has  become, 
a  by-word  for  infidelity.      She  was  thej 
daughter  of  Calchas,  a  Trojan  priest,  who] 
took  part  with  the  Greeks.   Cressida  is  not 
a  character  of  classic  story,  but  a  mediaevall 
creation.     Pope  says  her  story  was  the] 
invention   of   Lollius  the  Lombard,  his-i 
toriographer  of  Urbino,  in  Italy.   Cressic 
betroths   herself    to    Troilus,    a    son   oi 
Priam,  and  vows  eternal  fidelity.   Troili 
gives  the  maiden  a  sleeve,  and  she  giveaj 
her  Adonis  a  glove,  as  a  love-knot.     Sooi 
after    this     betrothal    an    exchange    ol 
prisoners  is  made,  when  Cressida  falls 
the  lot  of  Diomed,  to  whom  she  ver 
soon  yields  her  love,  and  even  gives  hii 
the  very  sleeve  which  Troilus  had  givei 
her  as  a  love-token. 

As  false 
As  air,  as  water,  wind,  or  sandy  earth  .  . 
Yea,  let  [^nen]  say  t^i)  stick  the  heart  of  falsehood, 
"  As  false  as  Cressid." 
Shakespeare,  Troilus  and  Cretiida,  act  iii.  so.  2  (1602). 

Cresswell  (Madame),  a  woman  ol 
infamous  character,  who  bequeathed  £1C 
for  a  funeidl  sermon,  in  which  nothii 


CRETE. 


221 


CROAKER. 


ill  should  be  said  of  her.  The  duke  of 
Buckingham  wrote  the  sermon,  which 
was  as  follows  : — "  All  I  shall  say  of  her 
is  this :  she  was  born  tvell^  she  married 
well^  lived  vocU,  and  died  well ;  for  she 
was  born  at  Shad-well,  married  Cress- 
well,  lived  at  Clerken-well,  and  died  in 
Bride-well." 

Crete  (Hound  of),  a  blood-hound. — 
See  Midsmnmer  NighVs  Dreaniy  act  iii. 
sc.  2. 

Coupe  le  gorge,  that's  the  word ;  I  thee  defy  again, 
O  hound  of  Crete ! 

Shakespeare,  Henry  r.  act  ii.  sc.  1  (1599). 

Crete  {The  Infamy  of),  the  Minotaur. 

[There]  lay  stretched 
The  infamy  of  Crete,  detested  brood 
Of  the  feigned  heifer. 
Dauta,  Hell,  xu.  (1300,  Gary's  translation). 

Crevecour  (2  syL).  The  count 
Philip  de  Crfevecour  is  the  envoy  sent  by 
Charles  "the  Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy, 
with  a  defiance  to  Louis  XI.  king  of 
France. 

The  countess  of  Crevecour,  wife  of  the 
count. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin  Durward 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Crib  {Tom),  Thomas  Moore,  author 
of  Tom  Crib's  Memorial  to  Congress 
(1819). 

Crillon.  The  following  story  is  told 
of  this  brave  but  simple-minded  officer. 
Henri  IV.,  after  the  battle  of  Arques, 
wrote  to  him  thus : 

Preiids-toi,  brave  Crillon,  nous  arons  vaincu  k  Arques, 
et  tu  a'y  6tais  pas. 

The  first  and  last  part  of  this  letter  have 
become  proverbial  in  France. 

^Vhen  Crillon  heard  the  story  of  the 
Crucifixion  read  at  church,  he  grew  so 
excited  that  he  cried  out  in  an  audible 
voice,  Ou  €tais  tu,  Crillon 'i  ("What 
were  you  about,  Crillon,  to  permit  of 
such  atrocity?") 

*#*  When  Clovis  was  told  of  the 
Crucifixion,  he  exclaimed,  "  Had  I  and 
my  Franks  been  by,  we  would  have 
avenged  the  wrong,  I  warrant." 

Crime— Blunder.  Talleyrand  said 
of  the  execution  of  the  due  d'Enghien  by 
Napoleon  I.,  that  it  was  "not  merely 
a  crime,  it  was  a  blunder."  The  words 
have  been  attributed  to  Fouche  also. 

Criitto'ra  and  Connal.  Crimora, 
daughter  of  Rinval,  was  in  love  with 
Connal  of  the  race  of  Fingal,  who  was 
defied  by  Dargo.  He  begs  his  "sweet- 
ing "  to  lend  him  her  father's  shield,  but 
she  says  it  is  ill-fated,  for  her  father  fell 
by  the  spear  of  Gozmar.     Connal  went 


against  his  foe,  and  Crimora,  disguised  in 
armour,  went  also,  but  unknown  to  him. 
She  saw  her  lover  in  fight  with  Dargo, 
and  discharged  an  arrow  at  the  foe,  but  it 
missed  its  aim  and  shot  Connal.  She  ran 
in  agony  to  his  succour.  It  was  too  late. 
He  died,  Crimora  died  also,  and  both 
were  buried  in  one  grave. — Ossian. 
Carric-Thura, 

Crim-Tartary,  now  called  the 
Crime'a. 

Crispin  {St.).  Crispinos  and  Cris- 
pianus  were  two  brothers,  bora  at  Rome, 
from  which  place  they  travelled  to 
Soissons,  in  France  (about  a.d.  303),  to 
propagate  the  gospel,  and  worked  as  shoe- 
makers, that  they  might  not  be  chargeable 
to  any  one.  The  governor  of  the  town 
ordered  them  to  be  beheaded  the  very 
year  of  their  arrival,  and  they  were  made 
the  tutelary  saints  of  the  "gentle  craft." 
St.  Crispin's  Day  is  October  25. 

This  day  is  called  the  feast  of  Crispian  .  .  . 
And  Crispin  Crispian  shall  ne'er  go  by. 
From  this  day  to  the  ending  of  the  world. 
But  we  in  it  shall  be  remembered. 

Sliakespeare,  Henry  V.  act  iv.  so.  8  (1599). 

Critic  {A  Bossu),  one  who  criticizes 
the  "  getting  up  "  of  a  book  more  than  its 
literary  worth ;  a  captious,  carping  critic. 
Rene  le  Bossu  was  a  French  critic  (1631- 
1680). 

The  epic  poem  your  lordship  bade  me  look  at,  upon 
taking  the  length,  breadth,  height,  and  depth  of  it,  and 
trying  them  at  home  upon  an  exact  scale  of  Bossu's,  'tis 
out,  my  lord,  in  every  one  of  its  dimensions.  Admirable 
connoisseur !— Sterne. 

(Probably  the  scale  referred  to  was  that 
of  Bossut  the  mathematician,  and  that 
either  Bossu  and  Bossut  have  been  con- 
founded, or  else  that  a  pun  is  intended.) 

Critic  {The),  by  R.  B.  Sheridan,  sug- 
gested by  The  Rehearsal  (1779). 

*^*  The  Rehearsal  is  by  the  duke  of 
Buckingham  (1671). 

Critics  {The  Prince  of),  Aristarchos  of 
Byzantium,  who  compiled,  in  the  second 
century  B.C.,  the  rhapsodies  of  Homer. 

Croaker,  guardian  to  Miss  Richland. 
Never  so  happy  as  when  he  imagines 
himself  a  martyr.  He  loves  a  funeral 
better  than  a  festival,  and  delights  to 
think  that  the  world  is  going  to  rack  and 
ruin.  His  favourite  phrase  is  "  Mav  be 
not." 

A  poor,  fretful  soul,  that  has  a  new  distress  for  every  hour 
of  the  four  and  twenty.— Act  1.  L 

Mrs.  Croaker,  the  very  reverse  of  her 
grumbling,  atrabilious  husband.     She  is 


CROCODILE. 


222 


CROMWELL. 


mirthful,  light-hearted,  and  cheerful  as 
a  lark. 

The  very  reverse  of  each  other.  She  all  laugh  and 
no  joke,  he  always  complaining  and  never  sorrowful. 
—Act  1.  1. 

Leontine  Croaker,  son  of  Mr.  Croaker. 
Being  sent  to  Paris  to  fetch  his  sister,  he 
falls  in  love  with  Olivia  Woodville,  whom 
he  brings  home  instead,  introduces  her 
to  Croaker  as  his  daughter,  and  ulti- 
mately marries  her. — Goldsmith,  2'he 
Good-natured  Man  (1768). 

Crocodile  [King).  The  people  of 
Isna,  in  Upper  Egypt,  affirm  that  there 
is  a  king  crocodile  as  there  is  a  queen 
bee.  The  king  crocodile  has  ears  but 
no  tail,  and  has  no  power  of  doing  harm. 
Southey  says  that  though  the  king  croc- 
odile has  no  tail,  he  has  teeth  to  devour 
his  people  with. — Browne,  Travels. 

Crocodile  {Lady  Kitty),  meant  for  the 
duchess  of  Kingston. — Sam.  Foote,  A 
Trip  to    Calais. 

Crocodile's  Tears,  deceitful  show 
of  grief;  hypocritical  sorrow. 

It  is  written  that  a  crocodile  will  weep  over  a  man's 
head  when  he  hath  devoured  the  body,  and  then  he 
will  eat  up  the  head  too.  Wherefore  in  Latin  there  is 
a  proverbe :  Orocodili  lachrymce  ("  crocodile's  tears  '"» 
to  signify  such  tears  as  are  fained  and  spent  only  with 
intent  to  deceive  or  doe  harm.— Bullokar,  EnglUk 
JSxpositor  (1616). 

Csesar  will  weep,  the  crocodile  will  weep. 

Drydon,  All  for  Love  (1682), 

Crocus,  a  young  man  enamoured  of 
the  nymph  Smilax,  who  did  not  return 
his  love.  The  gods  changed  him  into 
the  crocus  flower,  to  signify  unrequited 
love. 

CrCBSUs,  king  of  Lydia,  deceived  by 
an  oracle,  was  conquered  by  Cyrus  king 
of  Persia.  Cyrus  commanded  a  huge 
funeral  pile  to  be  erected,  upon  which 
Croesus  and  fourteen  Lydian  youths  were 
to  be  chained  and  burnt  alive.  When 
this  was  done,  the  discrowned  king  called 
on  the  name  of  Solon,  and  Cyrus  asked 
why  he  did  so.  "Because  be  told  me  to 
call  no  one  happy  till  death."  Cyrus, 
struck  with  the  remark,  ordered  the  fire  of 
the  pile  to  be  put  out,  but  this  could  not 
be  done.  Croesus  then  called  on  Apollo, 
■who  sent  a  shower  which  extinguished 
the  flames,  and  he  with  his  Lydians  came 
from  the  pile  unharmed. 

*^*  The  resemblance  of  this  legend  to 
the  Bible  account  of  the  Jewish  youths 
condemned  by  Nebuchadnezzar  to  be  cast 
into  the  fiery  furnace,  from  which  they 
came  forth  uninjured,  will  recur  to  the 
reader* — Daniel  iii. 


Croesus's  Dream.  Crcesus  dreamt  that 
his  son  Afeys  would  be  slain  by  an  iron 
instrument,  and  used  every  precaution  to 
prevent  it,  but  to  no  purpose;  for  one 
day  Atys  went  to  chase  the  wild  boar,  and 
Adrastus,  his  friend,  threw  a  dart  at  the 
boar  to  rescue  Atysfrom  danger;  the  dart, 
however,  struck  the  prince  and  killed  him. 
The  tale  is  told  by  William  Morris  in  his 
Earthly  Pai'adise  ("July"). 

Croftangry  (ifr.  Chrystal),  a  gentle- 
man fallen  to  decay,  cousin  of  Mrs. 
Martha  Bethune  Baliol,  to  whom,  at 
death,  he  left  the  MS.  of  two  novels, 
one  The  Bujhland  Widow,  and  the  other 

The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  called  the  First 
and  Second  Series  of  the  "Chronicles  of 
Canongate"  {q.v.).  The  history  of  Mr. 
Chrystal  Croftaugry  is  given  in  the 
introductory  chapters  of    2'he  Highland 

Widow,  and  continued  in  the  introduction 
of  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth. 

Lockhart  tells  us  that  Mr.  Croftangry 
is  meant  for  sir  Walter  Scott's  father 
and  that  "  the  fretful  patient  at  tho 
death-bed  "  is  a  living  picture. 

Crofts  {Master),  the  person  killed  in 
a  duel  by  sir  Geoffrey  Hudson,  the  famous 
dwarf. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  IL). 

Croker's  Mare.  In  the  proverb  As 
coy  as  Croker^s  mare.  This  means  "as 
chary  as  a  mare  that  carries  crockery." 

She  was  to  them  as  koy  u&  a  croker's  mare. 

J.  Heywood,  JHitlogue,  ii.  1  (1566). 

Crokers.  Potatoes  are  bo  called, 
because  they  were  first  planted  in  Croker's 
field,  at  Youghal,  in  Ireland. — ^J.  R. 
Planche',  Recollections,  etc.,  ii.  119. 

Croma,  Ulster,  in  Ireland. — Ossian. 

Cromla,  a  hill  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  the  castle  Tura,  in  Ulster. — Ossian, 

Fingal. 

Crommal,  a  mountain  in  Ulster , 
the  Lubar  flows  between  Crommal  and 
Cromleach. — Ossian. 

Crom'well  {Oliver),  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  Woodstock. 

Cromwell's  daughter Elizaheth,\f\iO  mar- 
ried John  Clay  pole.  Seeing  her  father 
greatly  agitated  by  a  portrait  of  Charles  1., 
she  gently  and  lovingly  led  him  away 
out  of  the  room. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wc 
stock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Cromwell  is  called  by  the  preach* 
Burroughr  "the  archangel  who  did  batt" 
with  the  devil." 

Cromu'cWs  Lucky  Day.    The  3rd  Sephi 


CRONA. 


223 


CROSBIE. 


tember  was  considered  by  Oliver  Crom- 
well to  be  his  red-letter  day.  On  3rd 
September,  1650,  he  won  the  battle  of 
Dunbar  ;  on  3rd  September,  1651,  he  won 
the  battle  of  Worcester ;  and  on  3rd 
September,  1658,  he  died.  It  is  not, 
however,  true  that  he  was  born  on  3rd 
September,  as  many  affirm,  for  his  birth- 
day was  25th  April,  1599. 

CromweWs  Dead  Body  Insulted.  Crom- 
well's dead  body  was,  by  the  sanction  if 
not  by  the  express  order  of  Charles  II., 
taken  from  its  grave,  exposed  on  a 
gibbet,  and  finally  buried  under  the 
gallows. 

*^*Similarly,  the  tomb  of  Am'asis  king 
of  Egypt  was  broken  open  by  Camby'ses ; 
the  body  was  then  scourged  and  insulted 
in  various  ways,  and  finally  burnt,  which 
was  abhorrent  to  the  Egyptians,  who 
used  every  possible  method  to  preserve 
dead  bodies  in  their  integrity. 

The  dead  body  of  admiral  Coligny 
[Co.leen.ye']  was  similarly  insulted  by 
Charles  IX.,  Catherine  de  Medicis,  and 
all  the  court  of  France,  who  spattered 
blood  and  dirt  on  the  half-burnt  black- 
ened mass.  The  king  had  the  bad  taste 
to  say  over  it : 

Fragrance  sweeter  than  a  rose 
Eises  from  our  slaughtered  foes. 

It  will  be  remembered  that  Coligny  was 
the  guest  of  Charles,  his  only  crime  being 
that  he  was  a  huguenot. 

Crona  ( ' '  murmurinrj  ") ,  a  small  stream 
running  into  the  Carron.-— Ossian. 

Cro'nian  Sea  ( Tlie),  the  Arctic  Ocean. 
Pliny  (in  his  Nat.  Hist.  iv.  16)  says  :  *' A 
Thule  unius  diei  navigatione  mare  con- 
cretum  a  nonnullis  cronium  appellatur." 

As  when  two  polar  winds  blowing  adverse 
Upoa  the  Cronian  sea. 

Milton,  J'aradUe  Lott,  x.  290  (1665). 

Crook-fingered  Jack,  one  of  Mac- 
heath's  gang  of  thieves.  In  eighteen 
months'  service  he  brought  to  the  general 
stock  four  fine  gold  watches  and  seven 
silver  ones,  sixteen  snuff-boxes  (five  of 
which  were  gold) ,  six  dozen  handkerchiefs, 
four  silver-hilted  swords,  six  shirts,  three 
periwigs,  and  a  "  piece  "  of  broadcloth. 
Pea'chum  calls  him  "  a  mighty  clean- 
handed fellow,"  and  adds : 

"Considering  these  are  only  the  fruita  of  his  leisure 
hours,  I  don't  know  a  prettier  fellow,  for  no  man  alive 
hath  a  more  engaging  presence  of  mind  upon  the  road."— 
Gay,  r/w Beggars  Opera,  i.  1  (1727). 

Crop  (George),  an  honest,  hearty 
farmer,  who  has  married  a  second  wife, 
named  Dorothy,  betvreen  whom  there  are 
endless   quarrels.     Two   especially    are 


noteworthy.  Crop  tells  his  wife  he  hopes 
that  better  times  are  coming,  and  when 
the  law-suit  is  over  "we  will  have  roast 
pork  for  dinner  every  Sunday."  The 
wife  replies,  "It  shall  be  lamb."  "But 
I  say  it  shall  be  pork."  *'I  hate  pork,  I'll 
have  lamb."  "  Pork,  I  tell  you."  "  I  say 
lamb."  "  It  shan't  be  lamb,  I  will  have 
pork."  The  other  quarrel  arises  from 
Crop's  having  left  the  door  open,  which 
he  asks  his  wife  civilly  to  shut.  She 
refuses,  he  commands  ;  she  turns  ob- 
stinate, he  turns  angry ;  at  length  they 
agree  that  the  person  who  first  speaks 
shall  shut  the  door.  Dorotliy  speaks 
first,  and  Crop  gains  the  victory. — P. 
Hoare,  No  Soruj  no  Supper  (1764-1834), 

Cropland  {Sir  Charles),  an  ex- 
travagant, heartless  libertine  and  man  of 
fashion,  who  hates  the  country  except 
for  hunting,  and  looks  on  his  estates  and 
tenants  only  as  the  means  of  supplying 
money  for  his  personal  indulgence. 
Knowing  that  Emily  Worthington  was 
the  daughter  of  a  "  poor  gentleman,"  he 
offers  her  "a  house  in  town,  the  run 
of  his  estate  in  the  country,  a  chariot, 
two  footmen,  and  £600  a  year  ;  "  but  the 
lieutenant's  daughter  rejects  with  scorn 
such  "  splendid  infamy."  At  the  end 
sir  Charles  is  n.ade  to  see  his  own 
ba.seness,  and  offers  the  most  ample 
apologies  to  all  whom  he  has  offended. — 
G.  Colman,  The  Foot  Gentleman  (1802). 

Croquemitaine  \^Croak.mit.tain'], 
the  bogie  raised  by  fear.  Somewhere  near 
Saragossa  was  a  terrible  castle  called 
Fear  Fortress,  which  appeared  quite  im- 
pregnable ;  but  as  the  bold  approached 
it,  the  difficulties  of  access  graduallj'- 
gave  way  and  even  the  fortress  itself 
vanished  into  thin  air. 

Croquemitaine  is  a  romance  in  three 
parts :  the  first  part  is  a  tournament 
between  the  knights  of  Marsillus,  a 
Moorish  king,  and  the  paladins  of  Char- 
lemagne ;  the  second  part  is  the  siege  of 
Saragossa  by  Charlemagne ;  and  the 
third  part  is  the  allegory  of  Fear  Fortress. 
Mitaine  is  the  godchild  of  Charlemagne, 
who  goes  in  search  of  Fear  Fortress. 

Croquis  {Alfred),  Daniel  Maclise, 
R.A.  This  pseudonym  was  attached  to 
a  series  of  character-portraits  in  Frazer's 
Magazine  between  the  years  1830  and 
1838.  Maclise  was  born  1811,  and  died 
1870. 

Cros'bie  (  William),  provoat  of  Dum- 


CROSBITE. 


224 


CROTHAR. 


fries,     a    friend     of    Mr.    Fairford    the 
iawyer. 

M7's.  Croshie,  wife  of  the  provost,  and  a 
cousin  of  Redgauntlet. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
'Eedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

CrosTbite  (2  syl.)^  a  barrister. — Sir 
W.  Scott.  Eedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Cross.  A  favourite  legend  used  to 
be  that  the  Cross  was  made  of  three 
diiferent  trees,  and  that  these  trees  sprang 
from  three  seeds  taken  from  the  "Tree 
of  Life  "  and  planted  in  Adam's  mouth  at 
death.  They  were  given  to  Adam's  son 
Soth  by  the  angel  who  guarded  paradise, 
and  the  angel  told  Seth  that  when  these 
seeds  became  trees,  Adam  would  be  free 
from  the  power  of  death. 

(This  is  rather  an  allegory  than  a 
legend.  For  other  legends  and  traditions 
Bee  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable.) 

Cross-legged  Host  {Dinina  with 
our),  going  without  dinner.  Lawyers  at 
one  time  gave  interviews  to  their  clients 
in  the  Round  Church,  famous  for  its 
effigies  of  knights  lying  cross-legged. 

Or  walk  the  Round  [Church^  with  knights  o'  the  posts, 
Abiiut  the  cross-legged  knights,  their  hosts. 

S.  BuUer,  Hvditn-at.  iii.  3  (1678). 

Cross  Purposes,  a  farce  by 
O'Brien.  There  are  three  brothers  named 
Bevil — Francis  an  M.P.,  Harry  a  lawyer, 
and  George  in  the  Guards.  They  all, 
unknown  to  each  other,  wish  to  marry 
Emily  Grub,  the  handsome  daughter  of 
a  rich  stock-broker.  Francis  pays  court 
to  the  father,  and  obtains  his  consent ; 
Harry  to  the  mother,  and  obtains  her 
consent ;  and  George  to  the  daughter, 
whose  consenthe  obtains,  and  the  two  elder 
brothers  retire  from  the  field.  The  fun 
of  the  farce  is  the  contention  of  the 
Grubs  about  a  suitable  husband,  their  joy 
at  finding  they  have  all  selected  Mr. 
Bevil,  and  their  amazement  at  discovering 
that  there  are  three  of  the  same  name. 

Cross  Questions  and  Crooked 
Answers.  An  Irish  recruit  about  to 
be  inspected  by  Frederick  the  Great,  was 
told  he  would  be  asked  these  questions : 
(1)  Howoldareyou  V  (2)  Howlonghave 
you  been  in  the  service  ?  (3)  Are  you 
content  with  your  pay  and  rations  ?  So 
he  prepared  his  answers  accordingly. 
But  it  so  happened  that  the  king  began 
with  the  second  question  :  "  How  long 
have  you  been  in  the  service  ?  "  Paddy 
glibly  ref)lied,"  Twenty  years."  "  Why," 
said  the  king,  "  how  old  are  you  ?  "  "  Six 
months."   "  Six  months  ! "  rejoined  the 


king;  "surely  either  you  or  I  must  be 
mad  !  "  "  Yes,  both,  your  majesty." 

Some  Highlanders,  coming  to  England 
for  emplov,  conceived  they  would  be 
aaked  (1) 'Who  are  you?  '(2)  Why  do 
you  come  here  ?  and  that  the  questioner 
might  then  say,  "  No,  I  don't  want  your 
ser\'ice."  Scarcely  had  they  crossed  the 
border  than  they  came  to  the  body  of  a 
man  who  had  been  murdered.  They 
stopped  to  look  at  it,  when  a  constable 
came  up  and  said,  "Who  did  this?" 
"We  three  Highlanders,"  was  the  pre- 
pared answer.  "Why  did  you  do  it?" 
said  the  constable.  "  Pot  the  monej  and 
the  silver,"  was  the  answer  they  had 
prepared.  "You  scoundrels,"  said  the 
constable,  "I  shall  hang  you  for  this." 
"  If  you  don't,  another  will,"  said  the 
men,  and  were  preparing  to  go  away, 
when  they  were  marched  off  to  jail. 

Cross'myloof,  a  lawyer. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 

Crothar,  "lord  of  Atha,"  in  Con- 
naught  (then  called  Alnec'ma).  He  was 
the  first  and  most  powerful  chief  of  the 
Fir-bolg  ("bowmen")  or  Belgae  from  Bri- 
tain who  colonized  the  southern  parts  of 
Ireland.  Crothar  carried  off  Conla'ma, 
daughter  of  Cathmin  a  chief  of  the  Cae* 
or  Caledonians  who  had  colonized  the 
noi^thern  parts  of  Ireland  and  held  their 
court  in  Ulster.  As  Conlama  was  be- 
trothed to  Turloch  a  Cael,  he  made  an 
irruption  into  Connaught,  slew  (lormul, 
but  was  himself  slain  by  Crothar,  Connul's 
brother.  The  feud  now  became  general, 
"  Blood  poured  on  blood,  and  Erin's 
clouds  were  hung  with  ghosts."  The 
Cael  being  reduced  to  the  last  extremity, 
Trathel  (the  grandfather  of  Fingal)  sent 
Conar  (son  of  Trenmor)  to  their  relief. 
Conar,  on  his  arrival  in  Ulster,  was 
chosen  king,  and  the  Fir-bolg  bein 
subdued,  he  called  himself  "the  king 
Ireland." — Ossian,  Temora,  ii. 


Crothar,  vassal  king  of  Croma  (] 
Ireland),  held  under  Axtho  over-lord 
all  Ireland.  Crothar,  being  blind  with 
age,  was  attacked  by  Rothmar  chief  of 
Tromlo,  who  resolved  to  annex  Croma  to 
his  own  dominion  Crothar  sent  to 
Fingal  for  aid,  and  Fingal  sent  his  son 
Ossian  with  an  army ;  but  before  he 
could  arrive  Fovar-Gormo,  a  son  of 
Crothar,  attacked  the  invader,  but  was 
defeated  "  and  slain.  When  Ossian 
reached  Ulster,  he  attacked  the  victorioua 


??VI 


u 


CROTONA'S  SAGE. 


226 


CRUCIFIXION. 


Rofchmar,  and  both  routed  the  army  and 
slew  the  chief. — Ossian,  Croma. 

Croto'na's  Sage,  Pythagoras,  so 
called  because  his  first  and  chief  school 
of  philosophy  was  established  at  Cro- 
tona  (fl.  B.C.  640). 

Crouch'mas,  from  the  invention  of 
the  Cross  to  St.  Helen's  Day,  i.e.  from 
May  3  to  August  18.  Halliwell,  in  his 
Archaic  Dictionary,  says  it  means  "  Christ- 
mas," but  this  is  wholly  impossible,  as 
Tusser,  in  his  "May  Remembrances," 
says  :  "  From  bull  cow  fast,  till  Crouch- 
minas  be  past,  i.e.  St.  Helen's  Day." 
The  word  means  "  Cross-mas." 

Crow,  -lis  the  crow  flies,  that  is, 
straight  from  the  point  of  starting  to  the 
point  to  be  reached,  without  being  turned 
from  the  path  by  houses,  rivers,  hills,  or 
other  obstacles,  which  do  not  divert  the 
crow  from  its  flight.  The  Americans  call 
it  <«  The  Bee-line." 

Crowde'ro,  one  of  the  rabble  leaders 
encountered  by  lludibras  at  a  bear- 
baiting.  The  academy  figure  of  this 
character  was  Jackson  or  Jephson,  a 
milliner  in  the  New  Exchange,  Strand, 
London.  He  lost  a  leg  in  the  service  of 
the  roundheads,  and  was  reduced  to  the 
necessity  of  earning  a  living  by  playing 
on  the  crowd  or  crouth  from  ale-house 
to  ale-house. — S.  Butler,  Budibras,  i.  2 
(1664). 

(The  crouth  was  a  long  box-shaped 
instrument,  with  six  or  more  strings,  sup- 
ported by  a  bridge.  It  was  played  with 
a  bow.  The  last  noted  performer  on  this 
instrument  was  John  Morgan,  a  Welsh- 
man, who  died  1720.) 

Crowe  (Captain),  the  attendant  of  sir 
Launcelot  Greaves  (1  syl.),  in  his  peregri- 
nations to  reform  society.     Sir  Launcelot 
is  a  modern   don   Quixote,  and  captain 
i       Crowe  is  his  Sancho  Panza. 

!  Captain  Growe  had  commanded  a  merchant  ship  in  the 

[  Mediterranean  trade  for  many  years,  and  saved  some 
money  by  dint  of  frugality  and  traffic.  He  was  an  ex- 
j  cellent  seaman,  brave,  active,  friendly  in  his  way,  and 
scrupulously  honest,  but  as  little  acquainted  with  the 
1  world  as  a  suckinj?  child  ;  whimsical,  impatient,  and  so 
,  Impetuous  that  he  could  not  lielp  brejiliing  in  upon  the 
;,  conversation,  whatever  it  might  be,  witli  repeated  inter- 
ruptions. .  .  .  When  he  himself  attempted  to  speak,  he 
never  finished  his  period.— T.  SraoUett,  The  Adventure* 
0/  Sir  Launcelot  Oreavet  (1760). 

Cro'wfi.eld  (Christopher),  a  pseu- 
donym of  Mrs.  Harriet  Beecher  Stowe 
(1814-        ). 

Cro"Wii.  Godfrey,  when  made  the 
over-lord  of  Jerusalem,  or  "  Baron  of  the 
Holy  S«pulchre,"  refused  to  wear  a  crown 


of  gold  where  his  Saviour  had  only  worn 
a  crown  of  thorns. 

Canute,  after  the  rebuke  he  gave  to  his 
flatterers,  refused  to  wear  thenceforth  any 
symbol  of  royalty  at  all. 

Canute  (truth  worthy  to  be  known) 

From  that  time  forth  did  for  l>is  brows  disown 

The  ostentatious  symbol  of  a  crown. 

Esteeming  earthly  royalty 

Presumptuous  and  vain, 

■  CrowTi  of  the  East,  Antioch,  also 
called  "Antioch  the  Beautiful." 

Crown  of  Ionia,  Smyrna,  the 
largest  city  of  Asia  Minor. 

Crowns.  Byron,  in  Don  Juan,  says 
the  sultan  is  "'master  of  thirty  king- 
doms" (canto  vi.  90).  The  czar  of 
Russia  is  proclaimed  as  sovereign  of 
seventeen  crowns. 

*j^*  Of  course  the  sultan  is  no  longer 
master  of  thirty  kingdoms,  1878. 

Crowned  after  Death.  Inez  da 
Castro  was  exhumed  six  years  after  her 
assassination,  and  crowned  queen  of 
Portugal  by  her  husband,  don  Pedr^. 
(See  Inez  de  Castro.) 

Crowquill  (Alfred),  Alfred  Henry 
Forrester,  author  of  Leaves  from  my 
Memorandum-Book  (1859),  one  of  the 
artists  of  Funch  (1805-1872). 

Croye  (Isabelle  countess  of),  a  ward 
of  Charles  "the  Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy. 
She  first  appears  at  the  turret  window  in 
Plessis  le's  Tours,  disguised  as  Jacqueline ; 
and  her  marriage  with  Quentin  Durward 
concludes  the  novel. 

The  countess  Hameline  of  Croye,  aunt 
to  countess  Isabelle.  First  disguised  as 
Dame  Perotte  (2  syl.)  at  Plessis  les 
Tours  ;  afterwards  married  to  William  do 
la  Marck. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin  Dur-i 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Croye  (Monseigneur  de  la),  an  officer  of 
Charles  "the  Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Croysa'do  (The  Great),  general  lord 
Fairfax  (1611-1671).— S.  Butler,  Jludi- 
bras. 

Crucifixion  (The).  When  Clovis 
was  told  the  story  of  the  Crucifixion,  he 
exclaimed,  "  Had  I  and  my  Franks  been 
there,  we  would  soon  have  avenged  the 
wrong." 

When  Crillon  "the  Brave"  heard  the 
tale,  he  grew  so  excited  th^t  he  could  not 
tiontain  himself,  and  btarting  up  in  thft 


CRUDOR. 


226 


CUCKOO. 


church,  he  cried  aloud,  Ou  €tais  tu, 
Crillon  ?  ( "  What  were  you  about,  Crillon, 
to  allow  of  such  deeds  as  these  ?  ") 

Crudor  {Sir)^  the  knight  who  told 
Bria'na  he  would  not  marry  her  till  she 
brought  him  enough  hair,  consisting  of 
ladies'  locks  and  the  beards  of  knights, 
to  purfle  his  cloak  with.  In  order  to 
obtain  this  love-gift,  the  lady  established 
a  toll,  by  which  every  lady  who  passed 
her  castle  had  to  give  the  hair  of  her 
head,  and  every  knight  his  beard,  as 
"  passing  pay,"  or  else  fight  for  their 
lives.  Sir  Crudor  being  overthrown  by 
sir  Calidore,  Briana  was  compelled  to 
abolish  this  toll. — Spenser,  Fdery  Queen, 
V.  1  (1596). 

Cruel  {The),  Pedro  king  of  Castile 
(1334,  1350-1369). 

Cruik'shanks  {Ebemzer),  landlord 
of  the  Golden  Candlestick  inn. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Crmn'mles  {Mr.  Vincent),  the 
eccentric  but  kind-hearted  manager  of 
the  Portsmouth  Theatre. 

It  was  necessary  that  the  writer  should,  like  Mr. 
Crummies,  dramatist,  eonstnict  his  piece  in  the  interest 
of  "  the  pump  and  washing-tubs." — P.  FitJSgerald. 

Mrs.  Crummies,  wife  of  Mr.  Vincent 
Crummies,  a  stout,  ponderous,  tragedy- 
queen  sort  of  a  lady.  She  walks  or 
rather  stalks  like  lady  Macbeth,  and 
always  speaks  theatrically.  Like  her 
husband,  she  is  full  of  kindness,  and 
always  willing  to  help  the  needy. 

Miss  Ninetta  Crummies,  daughter  of 
the  manager,  and  called  in  the  play-bills 
"the  infant  phenomenon." — C.  Dickens, 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Crumthormo,  one  of  the  Orkney  or 
Shetland  Islands.— -Ossian,  Cath-Loda. 

Cruncher  {Jerry),  an  odd-job  man 
in  Tellson's  bank.  His  wife  was  con- 
tinually saying  her  prayers,  which  Jerry 
termed  "flopping."  He  was  a  "resurrec- 
tion man."— C.  Dickens,  A  Tale  of  Two 
Cities  (1859). 

Crupp  {Mrs.),  a  typical  humbug,  who 
let  chambers  in  Buckingham  Street  for 
young  gentlemen.  David  Copperfield 
lodged  with  her. — C.  Dickens,  David 
Copperfield  (1849). 

Crushed  by  Omaments.     Tar- 

peia,  daughter  of  the  governor  of  the 
lioman  citadel  on  the  Saturnian  Hill,  was 
tempted  by  the  gold  on  the  Sabine 
bracelets  and  ^JoUars  to  open  a  gate  of 
the  fortress  to  the  besiegers,  on  condition 


that  they  would  give  her  the  omaments 
which  they  wore  on  their  arms.  Tarpeia 
opened  the  gate,  and  the  Sabines  as  they 
passed  threw  on  her  their  shields,  saying, 
"These  are  the  ornaments  worn  by  the 
Sabines  on  their  arms,"  and  the  maid  was 
crushed  to  death.  G.  Gilfillan,  alluding 
to  Longfellow,  has  this  erroneous  allu- 


His  ornaments,  unlike  those  of  the  Sabine  [He]  maid, 
have  not  crushed  Ima.— Introductory  £uay  to  Long, 
fellow. 

Crusoe  {Hobinson),  the  hero  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  Daniel  Defoe.  Robinson 
Crusoe  is  a  shipwrecked  sailor,  who  leads 
a  solitary  life  for  many  years  on  a  desert 
island,  and  relieves  the  tedium  of  life  by 
ingenious  contrivances  (1719). 

(The  story  is  based  on  the  adventures 
of  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  Scotch  sailor, 
who  in  1704  was  left  by  captain  Stradding 
on  the  uninhabited  island  of  Juan  Fer- 
nandez. Here  he  remained  for  four  years 
and  four  months,  when  he  was  rescued 
by  captain  Woods  Rogers  and  brought  to . 
England.) 

Was  there  ever  anything  written  by  mere  man  that ! 
the  reader  wished  longer  except  Jiobinson  Crutoe,  Don^, 
fixate,  and  The  Pilgrim't  Proj/resi  /—Dr.  Johnson. 

Cruth-Loda,  the  war-god   of  the 

ancient  Gaels. 

On  thy  top,  U-thormo,  dwells  the  misty  Loda ; 
house  of  the  spirits  of  men.  In  the  end  of  his  cloudy  halll 
bends  forward  Cruth-Loda  of  swords.  His  form  is  dimlyl 
seen  amid  the  wavy  mists,  his  right  hand  is  on  bis  shieltL] 
—Ossian,  Cath-Loda. 

Crystal'line  ( The) .  According  to  the 
theor)'  of  Ptolemy,  the  crystalline  sphei 
comes  after  and  beyond  the  firmament  or| 
sphere  of  the  fixed  stars.    It  has  a  shim-j 
mering  motion,  which  somewhat  inter-j 
feres  with  that  of  the  stars. 

They  pass  the  planets  seven,  and  pass  the  "  fixed," 
And  that  crystalline  sphere  whose  balance  weighs 
The  trepidation  talked  [of]. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  (1665). 

Cuckold  King  {The),  sir  Mark  ol 
Cornwall,  whose  wife  Ysolde  lE.sdld]\ 
intrigued  with  sir  Tristram  (his  nephew),] 
one  of  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table. 

Cuckoo.  Pliny  (iVa^.  Hist.  x.  9)  says  t^ 
"Cuckoos    lay    always  in    other    birds* 


But,  since  the  cuckoo  builds  not  for  himself. 
Remain  in  't  as  thou  mayst. 
Bhakespeare,  A  ntony  and  Cleopatra,  act  ii.  sc.  6  (1608). 

(The  Bohemians  say  the  festivals  of 
the  Virgin  used  to  be  held  sacred  even  by 
dumb  animals,  and  that  on  these  sacred 
days  all  the  birds  of  the  air  ceased  build- 
ing their  nests  except  the  cuckoo,  which 
was  therefore  doomed  to  wander  without 
having  a  nest  of  its  own.) 


■^ 


CUDDIE. 


227 


CUMNOR  HALL. 


Cud'die  or  Cuthbert  Headrigg, 
a  ploughman,  in  the  service  of  lady 
Bellenden  of  the  Tower  of  Tillietudlem. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time, 
Charles  IL). 

Cuddy,  a  herdsman,  in  Spenser's 
Shephearae' s  Calendar,  in  three  eclogues 
of  which  Cuddy  is  introduced  : 

Eel.  ii.  is  a  dialogue  between  Thenot 
and  Cuddy,  in  which  Cuddy  is  a  lad 
who  complains  of  the  cold,  and  Thenot 
laments  the  degeneracy  of  pastoral  life. 
At  one  time  shepherds  and  herdsmen 
were  hardy,  frugal,  and  contented ;  but 
nowadays,  he  says,  "they are  effeminate, 
luxurious,  and  ambitious.'  He  then  tells 
Cuddy  the  fable  of  "The  Oak  and  the 
Bramble."     (See  Thenot.) 

Eel.  viii.  Cuddy  is  a  full-grown  man, 
appointed  umpire  to  decide  a  contention 
in  song  between  the  two  shepherds,  Willy 
and  Perigot.  He  pronounced  each  to  be 
worthy  of  the  prize,  and  then  sings  to 
them  the  "  Lament  of  Colin  for  Rosa- 
lind." 

Eel.  X.  is  between  Piers  and  Cuddy, 
the  subject  being  "divine  poetry." 
Cuddy  declares  no  poet  would  be  equal  to 
Colin  if  his  mind  were  not  unhappily 
unhinged  by  disappointed  love. — Spenser, 
The  Shephearde's  Calendar  (1579). 

Cuddy,  a  shepherd,  who  boasts  that  the 
charms  of  his  Buxo'ma  far  exceed  those 
of  Blouzelinda.  Lobbin,  who  is  Blouze- 
linda's  swain,  repels  the  boast,  and  the 
two  shepherds  agree  to  sing  the  praises 
of  their  respective  shepherdesses,  and  to 
make  Clod'dipole  arbiter  of  their  con- 
tention. Cloddipole  listens  to  their 
alternate  verses,  pronounces  that  "  both 
merit  an  oaken  staff,"  but,  says  he,  "the 
herds  are  weary  of  the  songs,  and  so  am 
L"— Gay,  Pastoral,  i.  (1714). 

(This  eclogue  is  in  imitation  of  Virgil's 
Eel.  iii.) 

Cui  Bono?  "  Of  what  practical  use 
is  it  ?  "—See  Cicero,  Pro  Milone,  xii.  32. 

Cato,  that  great  and  grave  philosopher,  did  commonly 
demand,  wlien  any  new  project  was  propounded  unto 
him,  "Cul  bono?"  What  good  would  ensue  in  case  the 
same  were  effected?— Th.  Fuller.  Worthiot  ("  The  Design, 
etc.,"i.). 

Culdees  {i,e.  sequestered  persons), 
tlie  primitive  clergy  of  presbyterian 
character,  established  in  lo'na  or  Icolm- 
kill  [I-columb-kill]  by  St.  Columb  and 
twelve  of  his  followers  in  563.  They 
also  founded  similar  church  establish- 
ments at  Abernethy,  Dunkeld,  Kirk- 
caldy [Kirk-Culdee],  etc.,  and  at  Lindes- 


fame,  in  England.  Some  say  as  many  as 
300  churches  were  founded  by  them. 
Augustine,  a  bishop  of  Waterford,  began 
against  them  in  1176  a  war  of  exter- 
mination, when  those  who  could  escape 
sought  refuge  in  lona,  the  original  cradle 
of  the  sect,  and  were  not  driven  thenca 
till  1203. 

Peace  to  their  shades !  the  pure  Culdees 
Were  Albyn's  [Scotland't]  earliest  priests  of  God, 
Ere  yet  ,in  island  of  her  seas 
By  foot  of  Saxon  monk  was  trod. 

Campbell,  Jleullurat 

Culloch  (Sawney),  a  pedlar. — Sir  W. 
Scott,    Guy    Mannering    (time,    George 

Cumberland (/o^no/).  "The devil 
and  John  of  Cumberland"  is  a  blunder 
for  "  The  devil  and  John-a-Cumber." 
John-a-Cumber  was  a  famous  Scotch 
magician. 

He  poste  to  Scotland  for  brave  John-a-Cumber, 
Tlie  only  man  renownde  for  magick  skill. 
Oft  have  I  heard  lie  once  beguylde  the  devill. 
A.  Munday,  John-a-Kent  and  John-a-Cumber  (1595). 

Cumberland  (William  Augustus  duke 
of),  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  of 
George  IL,  whose  son  he  was.  The 
duke  was  especially  celebrated  for  his 
victory  of  CuUo'den  (1746)  ;  but  he  was 
called  "The  Butcher"  from  the  great 
severity  with  which  he  stamped  out  the 
clan  system  of  the  Scottish  Highlanders. 
He  was  wounded  in  the  leg  at  the  battle 
of  Dettingen  (1743).  Sir  W.  Scott  has 
introduced  him  in  Waverley  (time, 
George  H.). 

Proud  Cumberland  prances.  Insulting  the  slain. 
And  their  hoof-beuten  bosoms  are  trod  to  the  plain. 
Campbell,  LochieVt  Warning. 

Cumberland  Poet  {The),  William 
Wordsworth,  bom  at  Cockermouth 
(1770-1850). 

Cum'bria.  It  included  Cumberland, 
Dumbarton,  Renfrew,  Ayr,  Lanark, 
Peebles,  Selkirk,  Roxburgh,  and  Dum- 
fries 

Cumnor  Hall,  a  ballad  by  Mickle, 
the  lament  of  Amy  Robsart,  who  had 
been  won  and  thrown  away  by  the  earl 
of  Leicester.  She  says  if  roses  and 
lilies  grow  in  courts,  why  did  he  pluck 
the  primrose  of  the  field,  which  some 
country  Bwain  might  have  won  and 
valued?  Thus  sore  and  sad  the  lady 
grieved  in  Cumnor  Hall,  and  ere  dawn 
the  death  bell  rang,  and  never  more  was 
that  countess  seen. 

***  Sir  W.  Scott  took  this  for  the 
groundwork  of  his  Kenilworth,  which  ha 
called  Cumnor  Hall,  but  Constable,  hi« 


CUNEGONDE. 


228 


CURTAIN  PAINTED. 


publisher,  induced  him  to  change  the 
nnme. 

Cundgonde  [Ku'.na.gond] ,  the 
mistress  of  Candide  (2  syL),  in  Voltaire's 
novel  called  Candide.  Sterne  spells  it 
"  Cunegund." 

Cun'ningham  (Archie),  one  of  the 
archers  of  the  Scotch  guards  at  Plessis 
le's  Tours,  in  the  pay  of  Louis  XI. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Ed- 
ward IV.). 

Cu'no,  the  ranger,  father  of  Agatha. 
—Weber,  Der  Freischutz  (1822). 

Cuno'beline,  a  king  of  the  Sil'ures, 
son  of  Tasciov'anus  and  father  of  Carac- 
tScus.  Coins  still  exist  bearing  the 
name  of  "  Cunobeline,"  and  the  word 
"  Camalodunum "  [^Colchester],  the 
capital  of  his  kingdom.  The  Roman 
general  between  a.d.  43  and  47  was 
Aulus  Plautius,  but  in  47  Ostorius 
Scapula  took  Caractacus  prisoner. 

Some  think  Cunobeline  is  Shake- 
speare's "  Cj-^mbeline,"  who  reigned  from 
B.C.  8  to  A.D.  27  ;  butCymbeline's  father 
was  Tenantius  or  Tenuantius,  his  sons 
Guide'rius  and  Arvir'agus,  and  the  Roman 
general  was  Caius  Lucius. 

.  .  .  the  courageous  sons  of  our  Cunobelin 
Sank  under  Plautius'  sword. 

Drayton.  Polyolbion,  vili.  (1612). 

Cunstance  or  Constance.     (See 

CUSTANCE.) 

Cupar  Justice,  hang  first,  and  try 
afterwards.  (Same  as  "  Jedbury  Jus- 
tice.") 

Cupid  and  Psyche  [Sl'.ky'],  an 
episode  in  The  Golden  Ass  of  Apuleius. 
The  allegory  represents  Cupid  in  love 
with  Psyche.  He  visited  her  every 
evening,  and  left  at  sunrise,  but  strictly 
enjoined  her  not  to  attempt  to  discover 
who  he  was.  One  night  curiosity  over- 
came her  prudence,  and  going  to  look 
upon  her  lover  a  drop  of  hot  oil  fell  on 
his  shoulder,  awoke  him,  and  he  fled. 
Psyche  now  wandered  in  search  of  the 
lost  one,  but  was  persecuted  by  Venus 
with  relentless  cruelty.  Having  suffered 
almost  to  the  death,  Cupid  at  length 
married  her,  and  she  became  immortal. 
Mrs.  Tighe  has  a  poem  on  the  subject ; 
Wm.  Morris  has  poetized  the  same  in 
his  Earthly  Paradise  ("  May  ")  ;  Lafon- 
taine  has  a  poem  called  Psyche',  in  imita- 
tion of  the  episode  of  Apuleius ;  and 
Molifere  has  dramatized  the  subject. 

*^*  Woman's  ideal  of  love  must  not 
be  subjected  to  too  strong  a  light,  or  it 
will  flee  away,  and  the  woman  will  suffer 


long  years  of  torment.  At  length  truth 
will  correct  her  exaggerated  notions,  and 
love  will  reside  with  her  for  the  rest  of 
her  life. 

Cupid's  Jack  -  o' -  Lantern,  the 
object  of  an  affair  of  gallantry.  Bob 
Acres  says  : 

"  Sir,  1  have  followed  Cupid's  Jack-o'-lantern,  and  find 
myself  in  a  quagmire  at  last."— Sheridan,  The  Hivals, 
iii.  4  (1775). 

Cu'pidon  (Jean).  Count  d'Orsay 
was  so  called  by  lord  Byron  (1798-1852). 
The  count's  father  was  styled  Le  Beau 
d'Orsay. 

Cur'an,  a  courtier  in  Shakespeare's 
tragedy  of  King  Lear  (1605). 

Cure  de  Meudon,  Rabelais,  who 
was  first  a  monk,  then  a  leech,  then 
prebendary  of  St.  Maur,  and  lastly  cure 
of  Meudon  (1483-1553). 

Cu'rio,  a  gentleman  attending  on  the 
duke  of  Illyria. — Shakespeare,  Twelfth 
Night  (1614). 

Curio.  So  Akenside  calls  Mr.  Pul- 
teney,  and  styles  him  "  the  betrayer  of 
his  country,"  alluding  to  the  great  states- 
man's change  of  politics.  Curio  was  a 
young  Roman  senator,  at  one  time  the 
avowed  enemy  of  Caesar,  but  subsequently 
of  CaBsar's  party,  and  one  of  the  victims 
of  the  civil  war. 

Is  this  the  man  in  freedom's  cause  approved, 
The  man  so  great,  so  honoured,  so  beloved  .  .  . 
Tills  Curio,  hated  now  and  scorned  by  all. 
Who  fell  himself  to  work  liis  country's  fall  ? 

Akenside,  £pistle  to  Curio. 

Curious  Impertinent  (The),  a 
tale  introduced  by  Cervantes  in  his  Don 
Quixote.  The  "impertinent"  is  an 
Italian  gentleman  who  is  silly  enough 
to  make  trial  of  his  wife's  fidelity  by 
persuading  a  friend  to  storm  it  if  he 
can.  Of  course  his  friend  "takes  the 
fort,"  and  the  fool  is  left  to  bewail  his 
own  folly.— Pt.  I.  iv.  5  (1605). 

Currer  Bell,  the  nom  de  plume  of 
Charlotte  Bronte,  author  of  Ja7ie  Eyre 
lAir'\  (1816-1865). 

Curtain  Painted.  Parrhasioi 
painted  a  curtain  so  wonderfully  well 
that  even  Zeuxis,  the  rival  artist, 
thought  it  was  real,  and  bade  him  draw 
his  drapery  aside  and  show  his  picture. 
The  painting  of  Zeuxis  Avas  a  bunch  of 
grapes  so  true  to  nature  that  the  birds 
came  to  peck  at  the  fruit.  The  "cur- 
tain," however,  gained  the  prize ;  for 
though  the  grapes  deceived  the  hirds^ 
the  curtain  deceived  Zeuxis. 


I 


CURTANA. 


229 


CUTHIJLLIN. 


Curta'na,  the  sword  of  Edward  the 
Con'fessor,  which  had  no  point,  and  was 
therefore  the  emblem  of  mercy.  Till  the 
reign  of  Henry  III.  the  royal  sword  of 
England  was  so  called. 

But  when  Curtana  will  not  do  the  deed, 
You  lay  the  pointless  clergy-weapon  by, 
And  to  the  laws,  your  sword  of  justice,  fly. 
Dryden,  The  Hind  and  the  Panther,  u.  (1687). 

Curta'na  or  Courtain,  the  sword 
of  Ogier  the  Dane. 

He  [Ogier}  drew  Courtain  his  sword  out  of  its  sheath. 
W.  MorrU,  Earthly  ParadUe,  1534. 

Curt-Hose  (2  sijL),  Robert  II.  due 
de  Normandie  (1087-1134). 

Curt-Mantle,  Henry  II.  of  Eng- 
land (1133,  1154-1180).  So  called  be- 
cause he  wore  the  Anjou  mantle,  which 
was  shorter  than  the  robe  worn  by  his 
predecessors. 

Curtis,  one  of  Petruchio's  servants. 
— Shakespeare,  Taming  of  the  Shrew 
(1594). 

Cur'zon  Street  (London).  So  named 
after  the  ground-landlord,  George  Au- 
gustus Curzon,  third  viscount  Howe. 

Cushla  Machree  (Irish),  "  My 
heart's  delight." 

Custance,  daughter  of  the  emperor 
of  Rome,  affianced  to  the  sultan  of  Syria, 
who  abjured  his  faith  and  consented  to 
be  baptized  in  order  to  marry  her.  His 
mother  hated  this  apostacy,  and  at  the 
wedding  breakfast  slew  all  the  apostates 
except  the  bride.  Her  she  embarked  in  a 
ship,  which  Was  set  adrift,  and  in  due 
time  reached  the  British  shores,  where 
CustanCe  was  rescued  by  the  lord-con- 
stable of  Northumberland,  who  took  her 
home,  and  placed  her  under  the  care  of 
his  wife  Hermegild.  Custance  converted 
both  the  constable  and  his  wife.  A 
young  knight  wished  to  marry  her,  but 
she  declined  his  suit,  whereupon  he 
murdered  Hermegild,  and  then  laid  the 
bloody  knife  beside  Custance,  to  make  her 
suspected  of  the  crime.  King  Alia  ex- 
amined the  case,  and  soon  discovered  the 
real  facts,  whereupon  the  knight  was  exe- 
cuted, and  the  king  married  Custance. 
The  queen-mother  highly  disapproved  of 
the  match,  and  during  the  absence  of  her 
son  in  Scotland  embarked  Custance  and 
her  infant  boy  in  a  ship,  which  was 
turned  adrift.  After  floating  about  for 
five  years,  it  was  taken  in  tow  by  a 
Roman  fleet  on  its  return  from  Syria,  and 
Custance  with  her  son  Maurice  became 
the  guests  of  a  Roman  senator.    It  so 


happened  that  Alia  at  this  same  time  was 
at  Rome  on  a  pilgrimage,  and  encountered 
his  wife,  who  returned  with  him  to 
Northumberland  and  lived  in  peace  and 
happiness  the  rest  of  her  life. — Chaucer, 
Canterbury  Tales  ("  The  Man  of  Law's 
Tale,"  1388). 

Cusiance,  a  gay  and  rich  widow,  whom 
Ralph  Roister  Doister  wishes  to  marry, 
but  he  is  wholly  baflled  in  his  scheme. — • 
Nicholas  Udall,  Ralph  Eoistcr  Doister 
(first  English  comedy,  1534). 

Cute  (Alderman),  a  "  practical  philo- 
sopher," resolved  to  put  down  everything. 
In  his  opinion  "everything  must'be  put 
down."  Starvation  must  be  put  down, 
and  so  must  suicide,  sick  mothers,  babies, 
and  poverty. — C.  Dickens,  IViO  Chirnes 
(1844). 

Cuthal,  same  aa  Uthal,  one  of  the 
Orkneys. 

Cuthbert  (St.),  a  Scotch  monk  of 
the  sixth  century. 

St.  Cuthbjrt' s  Beads,  joints  of  the 
articulated  stems  of  encrinites,  used  for 
rosaries.  So  called  from  the  legend  that 
St.  Cuthbert  sits  at  night  on  the  rock  in 
Holy  Island,  forging  these  "  beads." 
The  opposite  rock  serves  him  for  anvil. 

On  a  rock  of  Lindisfam 
St.  Cuthbert  sits,  and  toils  to  frame 
The  sea-born  beads  that  bear  his  name. 

Sir  W.  Scott.  Marmion  (1808). 

St.  Cuthherfs  Stane,  a  granite  rock 
in  Cumberland. 

St.  CuthberVs  Well,  a  spring  of  water 
close  by  St.  Cuthbert' s  Stane. 

Cuthbert  Bede,  the  Rev.  Edw. 
Bradley,  author  of  Verdant  Green  (1857). 

Cutho'na,  daughter  of  Rumar,  was 
betrothed  to  Coulath,  youngest  son  of 
Morni,  of  Mora.  Not  long  before  the 
espousals  were  to  be  celebrated,  Toscar 
came  from  Ireland,  and  was  hospitably 
entertained  by  Morni.  On  the  fourth  day, 
he  saw  Cuthona  out  hunting,  and  carried 
her  off  by  force.  Being  pursued  by 
Conlath,  a  fight  ensued,  in  which  both 
the  young  men  fell,  and  Cuthona,  after 
languishing  for  three  days,  died  also. — • 
Ossian,  Conlath  and  Cuthona. 

Cuthullin,  son  of  Semo,  commander 
of  the  Irish  army,  and  regent  during  the 
minority  of  Cormac.  His  wife  was 
Brag'ela,  dauj'hter  of  Sorglan.  In  the 
poem  called  Fingal,  CuthuUin  was  de- 
feated by  Swaran  king  of  Lochlin 
IScandinavia],    and    being    ashanwa    to 


CUTLER. 


230 


CYLLAROS. 


meet  Fingal,  retired  from  the  field  gloomy 
and  sad.  Fingal,  having  utterly  defeated 
Swaran,  invited  CuthuUin  to  the  ban- 
quet, and  partially  restored  his  depressed 
spirits.  In  the-  third  year  of  Cormac's 
reign,  Torlath,  son  of  Can'tela,  rebelled. 
Cuthullin  gained  a  complete  victory  over 
him  at  the  lake  Lego,  but  was  mortally 
wounded  in  the  pursuit  by  a  random 
arrow.  Cuthullin  was  succeeded  by 
Nathos,  but  the  young  king  was  soon 
dethroned  by  the  rebel  Cairbar,  and 
murdered. — Ossian,  Fingal  and  The  Death 
of  CuthtUlin. 

Cutler  (Sir  John),  a  royalist,  who 
died  1699,  reduced  to  the  utmost  poverty. 

Cutler  saw  tenants  break,  and  houses  fall. 

For  very  want  he  could  not  build  a  wall 

His  only  daughter  in  a  stranger's  power, 

For  very  want  he  could  not  pay  a  dower. 

A  few  grey  hairs  his  reverend  temples  crowned, 

'Twas  very  want  that  sold  them  for  two  pound.  .  . . 

Cutler  and  Brutus,  dying,  both  exclaim, 

"  Virtue  and  Wealth,  what  are  ye  but  a  name  T  " 

Pope,  Moral  Esiays,  iii.  (1709). 

Cutpurse  {Moll),  Mary  Frith,  the 
heroine  of  Middleton's  comedy  called  The 
Roaring  Girl  (1611).  She  was  a  woman 
of  masculine  vigour,  who  not  unfre- 
quently  assumed  man's  attire.  This 
notorious  cut-purse  once  attacked  general 
Fairfax  on  Hounslow  Heath,  but  was 
arrested  and  sent  to  Newgate  ;  she  es- 
caped, however,  by  bribing  the  turnkey, 
and  died  of  dropsy  at  the  age  of  76. 
Nathaniel  Field  introduces  her  In  his 
drama  called  Amends  for  Ladies  (1618). 

Cuttle  {Captain  Edward),  a  great 
friend  of  Solomon  Gills,  ship's  instru- 
ment maker.  Captain  Cuttle  had  been  a 
skipper,  had  a  hook  instead  of  a  right 
hand,  and  always  wore  a  very  hard, 
glazed  hat.  He  was  in  the  habit  of 
quoting,  and  desiring  those  to  whom  he 
spoke  "to  overhaul  the  catechism  till 
they  found  it ;  "  but,  he  added,  "  when 
found,  make  a  note  on."  The  kind- 
hearted  seaman  was  very  fond  of 
Florence  Dombey,  and  of  Walter  Gay, 
■whom  he  called  "  Wal'r."  When  Flo- 
rence left  her  father's  roof,  captain 
Cuttle  sheltered  her  at  the  Wooden 
Midshipman.  One  of  his  favourite 
eentiments  was  "  May  we  never  want  a 
friend,  or  a  bottle  to  give  him." — C. 
l)ickens,  Domhey  and  Son  (1846). 

("  When  found,  make  a  note  of  "  is  the 
motto  of  Notes  and  Qvuiries.) 

Cyan'earL    Rocks,    the    Symple'- 
gSdes  (which  see),  so  called  from  their 
deep  greenish-blue  colour. 
Hero  are  those  bard  rocks  of  trap  of  a  greenUb-blue 


coloured  with  copper,  and  hence  called  the  Cyaocia. 
—Olivier. 

Cyc'lodes  (3  syL),  some  t«'enty 
islands,  so  called  from  the  classic  legend 
that  they  circled  round  Dolos  when  that 
island  was  rendered  stationary  by  the 
birth  of  Diana  and  Apollo. 

Cyclic  Poets,  a  series  of  epic  poets, 
who  wrote  continuations  or  additions  to 
Homer's  Iliad  and  Odyssey  ;  they  were 
called  "Cyclic"  because  they  confined 
themselves  to  the  cycle  of  the  Trojan 
war. 

Ag'ias  wrote  an  epic  on  "  the  return  of 
the  Greeks  from  Troy  "  (b.c.  740). 

Arcti'nos  wrote  a  continuation  of  the 
Iliad,  describing  the  taking  of  Troy  by 
the  "Wooden  Horse,"  and  its  conflagra- 
tion. Virgil  has  copied  from  this  poet 
(B.C.  776). 

Eu'gamon  wrote  a  continuation  of  the 
Odyssey.  It  contains  the  adventures  of 
Teieg'onos  in  search  of  his  father 
Ulysses.  When  he  reached  Ith'aca, 
Ulysses  and  Telemachos  went  against 
him,  and  Telegonos  killed  Ulysses  wit'n 
a  spear  which  his  mother  Circe  had  given 
him  (h.c.  568). 

Les'ches,  author  of  the  Little  Iliad,  in 
four  books,  containing  the  fate  of  Ajax, 
the  exploits  of  Philoctetes,  Neoptol'emos, 
and  Ulysses,  and  the  final  capture  of 
Troy  (B.C.  708). 

SxAsi'iJOs,  "  son-in-law "  of  Homer. 
He  wrote  an  introduction  to  the  Iliad. 

Cyclops.  Their  names  are  Brontes, 
SterSpes,  and  Arges.  (See  Sindbai>, 
voy.  -6.) 

Cyclops  ( The  Holy).     So  Dryden,  in 
Masque  of   Albion    and    Albanius,   cal: 
Richard  liumbold,   an  Englishman, 
chief  conspirator  in  the  "  Ryehouse  P'lol 
He  had  lost  one  eye,  and  was  executed. 

Cydip'pe  (3  syL),  a  lady  courted 
Acontius   of   Cea,   but  being  unable 
obtain  her,   he  wrote   on  an  apple, 
swear  by  Diana  that  Acontius  shall  be  m; 
husband."     This  apple  was  presented  to 
the  maiden,  and  being  persuaded  that  she 
had  written  the  words,  though  inadveXj 
teutly,  she  consented  to  marry  Acontii 
for  "  the  oath's  sake." 


Cydippe  by  a  letter  was  betrayed, 
Writ  on  an  apple  to  th'  unwary  maid. 

Ovid,  Arto/  Lwe, 


Cyl'laros,     the    horse    of     PoUu 
according  to  Virgil  {Georg.  iii.  90),  but  of 
Castor  according  to  Ovid    (Metam.   xii. 
408),     It  was  coal-black,  with  white  legs 
and  tail. 


she      I 

I 

ux      f 


u 


CYLLENIUS. 


231 


CYNTHIA. 


Cylle'riius,  Mercurj-- ;  so  called  from 
mount  Cyllene,  in  Arcadia,  where  lie  was 
born. 

CyinTbeline  (3  syL),  mythical  king 
of  Britain  for  thirty-tive  years.  He 
began  to  reign  in  the  nineteenth  year  of 
Augustus  Ca?sar.  His  father  was  Tenan- 
tius,  who  refused  to  pay  the  tribute  to 
the  Romans  exacted  of  Cassibelan  after 
his  defeat  by  Julius  Casar.  Cymbeline 
married  tAvice.  By  his  first  wife  he  had 
a  daughter  named  Imogen,  who  married 
Posthumus  Leonatus.  His  second  wife 
had  a  son  named  Cloten  by  a  former 
husband. — Shakespeare,  Cymheline  (1605). 

Cjniiocliles  {^Sl.mdk' .leezl,  brother 
of  Pyroch'les,  son  of  Aerates,  and  hus- 
band of  Acras'ia  the  enchantress.  He 
sets  out  against  sir  Guyon,  but  being 
ferried  over  Idle  Lake,  abandons  him- 
self to  self-indulgence,  and  is  slain  by 
king  Arthur  (canto  8). — Spenser,  FaMry 
Queen,  ii.  5,  etc.  (1590). 

Cymod'oce  (4  syl.).  The  mother  of 
Mar'inel  is  so  called  in  bk.  iv.  12  of  the 
Faery  Queen,  but  in  bk.  iii.  4  she  is 
spoken  of  as  Cymo'ent  "daughter  of 
Kerens"  (2  syl.)  by  an  earth-born  father, 
'*  the  famous  Dumarin." 

Cymoent.    (See  Cymodoce.) 

Cyrn'ry,  the  Welsh. 

The  Welsh  always  called  themselves  "Cymnr,"  the 
literal  meaning  of  which  Is  "aborigines."  ...  It  is  tlie 
same  word  as  "Cinibri."  .  .  .  They  call  their  Linguage 
"Cymraeg,"  i.e.  "the  primitive  tongue."— E.  Williams. 

Cynaegi'ros,   brother    of   the    poet 
iEschylos.      When    the    Persians,    after 
the  battle  of  Marathon,  were  pushing  off 
from   shore,    Cynaegiros    seized    one    of 
I        their  ships  with  his  right  hand,  which 
being  lopped  off,  he  grasped  it  with  his 
I        left  hand  ;  this  being  cut  off,  he  seized  it 
with  his  teeth,  and  lost  his  life. 
Admiral    Benbow,    in    an    engage- 
!         ment  with  the  French,  near  St.  Martha, 
I        in  1701,  had  his  legs  and  thighs  shivered 
\        into  splinters  by  chain-shot ;  but   (sup- 
ported on  a  wooden  frame)  he  remained 
\       on  deck  till  Du  Casse  sheered  off. 
j:  Almeyda,   the    Portuguese    governor 

IJ  of  India,  had  his  legs  and  thighs  shattered 
I  in  a  similar  way,  and  caused  himself  to 
I  be  bound  to  the  ship's  mast,  that  he  might 
wave  his  sword  to  cheer  on  the  com- 
i       batants. 

i  Jaafek,  at  the  battle  of  Muta,  car- 

1       ried  the   sacred  banner  of  the  prophet. 

(       One  hand  being  lopped  off,  he  held  it 

with  the  other  5  this  also  being  cut  off,  he 


held  it  with  his  two  stumps,  and  when  at 
last  his  head  was  cut  off,  he  contrived  to 
fall  dead  on  the  l»anner,  which  was  thus 
detained  till  Abdallah  had  time  to  rescue 
it  and  hand  it  to  Khal'ed. 

Cyne'tha  (3  syl.),  eldest  son  of  Cad- 
wallon  (king  of  North  Wales).  He  was 
an  orphan,  brought  up  by  his  uncle  Owen. 
During  his  minority,  Owen  and  Cynetha 
loved  each  other  dearly ;  but  when  the 
orphan  came  of  age  and  claimed  his  in- 
heritance, his  uncle  burnt  his  eyes  out  by 
exposing  them  to  plates  of  hot  brass. 
Cynetha  and  his  son  Cadwallon  accom- 
panied Madoc  to  North  America,  where 
the  blind  old  man  died  while  Madoc  was 
in  Wales  preparing  for  his  second  voyage. 
— Southe}',  Madoc,  i.  3  (1805). 

Cadwallonls  erat  primnevus  jure  Cynetha : 
Froh  pudor  1  hunc  oculis  patruus  privavit  Oenus. 
The  Pentarchia. 

C3mic  Tub  (  7'Ae),Diog'enes,  the  Cynio 
philosopher  lived  in  a  tub,  and  it  is  to 
this  fact  that  allusion  is  made  in  the  line : 

[rAeu]  fetch  their  doctrines  from  the  Cynic  tub. 

Milton.  Comut,  708  (1634). 

Cy'nosure  (3  syl),  the  pole-star. 
The  word  means  "  the  dog's  tail,"  and  is 
used  to  signify  a  guiding  genius,  or  the 
observed  of  all  observers.  Cynosu'ra  was 
an  Ida;an  nymph,  one  of  the  nurses  of 
Zeus  (I  syl.). 

Some  gentle  taper, 
Tho'  a  nush  candle,  from  the  wicker  hole 
Of  some  clay  habitation,  visit  us 
With  thy  long  levelled  rule  of  streaming  light, 
And  thou  shall  be  our  star  of  Arcady, 
Or  Tyrian  cynosure. 

Milton,  Comttt  (1634). 
Where  perhaps  some  Beauty  lies, 
TUe  cynosure  of  neighbouring  eyes. 

Milton,  L' Allegro  (ISSSK 

Cyn'tliia,  the  moon  or  Diana,  who 
was  born  on  mount  Cynthus,  in  Delos. 
Apollo  is  called  "Cynthius." 

.  .  .  watching,  in  the  night. 
Beneath  pale  Cynthia's  melancholy  light. 

Falconer,  The  Suipmreck,  iii.  2  (1756). 

Cyn'thia.  So  Spenser,  in  Colin  Chufs 
Come  Home  Again,  calls  queen  Elizabeth, 
"whose  angel's  eye"  was  his  life's  sole 
bliss,  his  heart's  eternal  treasure.  Ph. 
Fletcher,  in  The  Purple  Island,  iii., 
also  calls  queen  Elizabeth  "Cynthia." 

Her  words  were  like  a  stream  of  honey  fleeting  .  .  . 
Her  deeds  were  like  great  clusters  of  ripe  grapes  .  .  . 
Her  looks  were  like  beams  of  tlie  morning  sun 
Forth  looking  thro'  the  windows  of  the  east  .  .  . 
Her  thoughts  were  like  the  fumes  of  frankincense 
Which  from  a  golden  censer  forth  doth  ri.se. 

Spenser,  Colin  Clout's  Come  Home  Again  (1591). 

Cynth'ia,  daughter  of  sir  Paul  Pliant, 
and  daughter-in-law  of  lady  Pliant.  She 
is  in  love  with  Meile'font  (2  syl.).    Sir 


CYPRIAN. 


DAGONET. 


Paul   calls  her   "Thy."— W.  C!ongreve, 

The  Double  Dealer  (1694). 

Cyp'rian  {A),  a  woman  of  loose 
morals  ;  so  called  from  the  island  Cyprus, 
a  chief  seat  of  the  worship  of  Venus  or 
Cyp'ria. 

Cyp'rian  {Brother),  a  Dominican  monk 
at  the  monastery  of  Holy  rood. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maui  of  Ferih  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Cyrena'ic  Shell  {The),  the  lyre 
or  strain  of  Callim'achos,  a  Greek  poet  of 
Alexandria,  in  Egypt.  Six  of  his  hymns 
in  hexameter  verse  are  still  extant. 

For  you  the  Cyrenaic  shell 
Behold  I  touch  revering. 

Akeiiside,  Uymn  to  the  Naiads. 

Cyr'ie  {St.),  the  saint  to  whom 
Bailors  address  themselves.  The  St.  Elmo 
of  the  Welsh. 

The  weary  mariners 
Called  on  St.  Cyric's  aid. 

Southey.  itadoc,  i.  4  (1805), 

Cyrus  and  Tom'yris.  Cyrus, 
after  subduing  the  eastern  parts  of  Asia, 
was  defeated  by  Tomyris  queen  of  the 
Massage'tse,  in  Scythia.  Tomyris  cut  off 
his  head,  and  threw  it  into  a  vessel  filled 
with  human  blood,  saying,  as  she  did  so, 
"  There,  drink  thy  fill."  Dante  refers  to 
this  incident  in  his  Purgatory,  xii. 

Consyder  Cyrus  .  .  . 

He  whose  huge  power  no  man  might  overthrowe, 

Tomy'ris  queen  with  great  despite  hath  slowe, 

His  head  dismembered  from  his  mangled  corps 

Herself  s!ie  cast  into  a  vessel  fraught 

With  clotted  bloud  of  them  that  felt  her  force. 

And  with  these  words  a  just  reward  she  taught— 

••Drynke  now  thy  fyll  of  thy  desired  draught." 

T.  Sackville.  A  Mirrour  for  Magistraytet 
{"  The  Complaynt."  1587). 

Cythere'a,  Venus ;  so  called  from 
Cythe'ra  (now  Cerigo),  a  mountainous 
island  of  Laco'nia,  noted  for  the  worship 
of  Aphrodite  (or  Venus).  The  tale  is 
that  Venus  and  Mars,  having  formed  an 
illicit  affection  for  each  other,  were 
caught  in  a  delicate  net  made  by  Vulcan, 
and  exposed  to  the  ridicule  of  the  court 
of  Olympus. 

He  the  fate  [may  iing] 
Of  naked  Mars  with  Cytherea  chained. 

Akenside,  Hymn  to  the  Jfaiadt. 

Cyze'nis,  the  infamous  daughter  of 
Diomed,  who  killed  every  one  that  fell 
into  her  clutches,  and  compelled  fathers 
to  eat  their  own  children. 

Czar  (Caesar),  a  title  first  assumed  in 
Russia  by  Ivan  III.,  who,  in  1472,  mar- 
ried a  princess  of  the  imperial  Byzantine 
line.  He  also  introduced  the  double- 
headed  black  eagle  of  Byzantium  as  the 
imtional  symbol.  The  official  style  of 
iiie  Rubsian  autocrat  is  Samoderjetz, 


J>. 


D'Acunha  {Teresa),  waiting-woman 
to  the  countess  of  Glenallan. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Daffodil.  "When  Perseph'one,  the 
daughter  of  Deme'ter,  was  a  little  maiden, 
she  wandered  about  the  meadows  of 
Enna,  in  Sicily,  to  gather  white  daffodils 
to  wreathe  into  her  hair,  and  being  tired 
she  fell  asleep.  Pluto,  the  god  of  the 
infernal  regions,  carried  her  off  to  be- 
come his  wife,  and  his  touch  turned  the 
white  flowers  to  a  golden  yellow.  Some 
remained  in  her  tresses  till  she  reached 
the  meadows  of  Acheron,  and  falling  off 
there  grew  into  the  asphodel,  with  which 
the  meadows  thenceforth  abounded. 

She  stepped  upon  Sicilian  grass, 
Denieter's  daughter,  fresh  and  fair, 

A  cliiW  of  light,  a  radiant  lass, 
And  gamesome  as  the  morniug  air. 

The  daffodils  were  fair  to  see, 

They  nodded  lightly  on  the  lea; 
Persephonfil  Persephonfil 

Jean  Ingelow,  Peruphone. 

Dagon,  sixth  in  order  of  the  hierarchy 
of  hell:  (1)  Satan,  (2)  Beelzebub,  (3) 
Moloch,  (4)  Chemos,  (5)  Thammuz,  (6) 
Dagon.  Dagon  was  half  man  and  half 
fish.  He  was  worshipped  in  Ashdod, 
Gath,  Ascalon,  Ekron,  and  Gaza  (the  five 
chief  cities  of  the  Philistines).  When 
the  "  ark "  was  placed  in  his  temple, 
Dagon  fell,  and  the  palms  of  his  hands 
were  broken  off. 

Next  came  .  .  . 
Dagon  .  .  .  sea-monster,  upward  mau 
And  downward  fish. 

MUton,  Paradise  Lost,  i.  457,  etc  (1665). 

Dag'onet  {Sir),  king  Arthur's  fool.. 
One  day  sir  Dagonet,  with  two  squires, 
came  to  Cornwall,  and  as  they  drew  near 
a  well  sir  Tristram  soused  them  all  three 
in,  and  dripping  wet  made  them  mount 
their  horses  and  ride  off,  amid  the  jeei 
of  the  spectators  (pt.  ii.  60). 

King  Arthur  loved  sir  Dagonet  passing  well,  and  madaj^ 
him  knight  with  his  own  hands ;  and  at  every  tourna-  ' 
ment  he  made  king  Arthur  laugh.— Sir  T.  Malory,  Hitto\ 
of  Prince  Arthur,  U.  97  (1470). 

Justice  Shallow  brags  that  he  once 
personated  sir  Dagonet,  while  he  was 
student  at  Clement's  Inn. — Shakespeare, 
2  Jlenry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  2  (1598).  _ 

*^*  Tennyson  deviates  in  this,  as  he 
does  in  so  many  other  instances,  from  the 
old  romance.  The  History  says  that 
king  Arthur  made  Dagonet  knight  "with 
his  own  hands,"  because  he  "loved  him 


^ 


DALDAH. 


233 


DAMOCLES. 


passing  well ; "  but  Tennyson  says  that 
sir  Gawain  made  him  "  a  mock-kuight  of 
the  Round  Table."— The  Last  Tiruma- 
rmnt,  1. 

Dal'dah,  Mahomet's  favourite  white 
mule. 

Dalga,  a  Lombard  harlot,  who  tries  to 
seduce  young  Goltho,  but  Goltho  is  saved 
by  his  friend  Ulfinore. — Sir  W.  Da- 
»renant,  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Dalgamo  {Lord  Malcolm  of),  a  pro- 
fligate young  nobleman,  son  of  the  earl 
of  Huntinglen  (an  old  Scotch  noble 
family).  Nigel  strikes  Dalgamo  with 
his  sword,  and  is  obliged  to  seek  refuge 
in  "  Alsatia."  Lord  Dalgarno's  villainy 
to  the  lady  Hermione  excites  the  displea- 
sure of  king  James,  and  he  would  have 
been  banished  if  he  had  not  married  her. 
After  this,  lord  Dalgamo  carries  oif  the 
wife  of  John  Christie,  the  ship-owner, 
and  is  shot  by  captain  Colepepper,  the 
Alsatian  bully. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  L). 

Dalgetty  (Dugald),  of  Drum- 
thwacket,  the  union  of  the  soldado  with 
the  pedantic  student  of  Mareschal  College. 
As  a  soldier  of  fortune,  he  is  retained  in 
the  service  of  the  earl  of  Monteith.  The 
marquis  of  Argyll  (leader  of  the  parlia- 
mentary army)  tried  to  tamper  with  him 
in  prison,  but  Dugald  seized  him,  threw 
him  down,  and  then  made  his  escape, 
locking  the  marquis  in  the  dungeon. 
After  the  battle,  captain  Dalgetty  was 
knighted.  This  "Rittmaster"  is  a  pe- 
dant, very  conceited,  full  of  vulgar 
assurance,  with  a  good  stock  of  worldly 
knowledge,  a  student  of  divinity,  and  a 
soldier  who  lets  his  sword  out  to  the 
highest  bidder.  The  character  is  original 
and  well  drawn. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend 
of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  L). 

It  was  an  old  fortalice,  but  is  now  reduced  to  the 
dimensions  of  a  "  sconce  "  that  would  have  delighted  the 
strategic  soul  of  Dugald  Dalgetty,  of  Drumtliwacket— 
Yates,  CeUbrUieg,  etc.,  46. 

I  ***  The  original  of  this  character  was 

I  Munro,  who  wrote  an  account  of  the 
campaigns  of  that  band  of  Scotch  and 
English    auxiliaries     in    the    island    of 

I  Swmemtinde,  in  1630.  Munro  was  himself 
one  of  the  band.    Dugald  Dalgetty  is  one 

•      of  the  best  of  Scott's  characters. 

j  Dalton  (Mrs.),  housekeeper  to  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Staunton,  of  Willingham  Rec- 
tory.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian 

I      (time,  George  II.). 

i  Dalton  {Reginald),  the  hero  of  a  novel 
so  called,  by  J.  G.  Lockhart  (1832) 


Dalzell  {General  Thomas),  in  tho 
royal  army  of  Charles  II.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Old  Mortality  (1816). 

Damascus  of  the  North.   Bosna- 

Serai,  capital  of  Bosnia,  is  so  called  from 
its  garden-like  aspect,  trees  being  every- 
where mingled  with  the  houses. 

Dame  du  Lac,  Vivienne  le  Fay, 
The  lake  was  "en  la  marche  de  la  petite 
Bretaigne  ; "  "en  ce  lieu  .  .  .  avoit  la 
dame  moult  de  belles  maisons  et  moult 
riches." 

Dame  du  Lac,  Sebille  (2  syl.).  Her 
castle  was  surrounded  by  a  river  on  which 
rested  so  thick  a  fog  that  no  eye  could 
see  across  it.  Alexander  the  Great 
abode  a  fortnight  with  this  fay,  to  be 
cured  of  his  wounds,  and  king  Arthur 
was  the  result  of  their  amour.  (This  ig 
not  in  accordance  with  the  general 
legends  of  this  noted  hero.  See  Ar- 
thur.)— Ferceforest,  i.  42. 

Dam'ian,  a  squire  attending  on  the 
Grand-Master  of  the  Knights  Templars. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Dam.iot'ti  {Dr.  Baptisti),  a  Paduan 
quack,  who  exhibits  "  the  enchanted 
mirror  "  to  lady  Forester  and  lady  Both- 
well.  They  see  therein  the  clandestine 
marriage  and  infidelity  of  sir  Philip 
Forester. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Aunt  Margaret's 
Mirror  (time,  William  III.). 

Damis  \_Ddh.me'],  son  of  Orgon  and 
Elmire  (2  syl.),  impetuous  and  self- 
willed.— Molifere,  Tartuffe  (1664). 

Damn  with  Faint  Praise. 

Damn  with  faint  praise,  assent  with  civil  leer, 
And  without  sneering  teach  the  rest  to  sneer. 

Pope,  Prologue  to  the  Satires,  201  (1734). 

Damno'nii,  the  people  of  Damno'- 
nium,  that  is,  Cornwall,  Devon,  Dorset- 
shire, and  part  of  Somersetshire.  This 
region,  says  Richard  of  Cirencester  {Hist. 
vi.  18)  was  much  frequented  by  the 
Phoenician,  Greek,  and  Gallic  merchants, 
for  the  metals  with  which  it  abounded, 
and  particularly  for  its  tin. 

Wherein  our  Devonshire  now  and  farthest  Cornwal  are, 
The  old  Danmouii  [<icj  dwelt. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (161.3). 

Dam'ocles  (3  syl.),  a  sycophant,  in  the 
court  of  Dionys'ius  the  Elder,  of  Syracuse. 
After  extolling  the  felicity  of  princes, 
Dionysius  told  him  he  would  give  him 
experimental  proof  thereof.  Accordingly 
he  had  the  courtier  arrayed  in  royal  robes 
and  seated  at  a  sumptuous  banquet,  but 
overhead  was  a  sword  suspended  by 


DAMCETAS. 


234 


DANAID. 


•ingle  horsehair,  and  Damocles  was  afraid 
to  stir,  lest  the  hair  should  break  and  the 
sword  fall  on  him.  Dionysius  thus  inti- 
mated that  the  lives  of  kings  are  threatened 
every  hour  of  the  day. — Cicero. 

Let  us  who  have  not  our  names  In  the  Red  Book  con- 
sole ourselves  by  thinking  comfortably  how  miserable  our 
letters  may  be,  and  that  Damocles,  who  sits  on  satin 
cushions,  and  is  served  on  gold  plate,  has  an  awful  sword 
banging  over  his  head,  in  the  shape  of  a  baililT,  or  heredi- 
tary disease,  or  family  secret— Thackeray,  Vaniti/  fair, 
xlvli.  (1848). 

Damoe'tas,  a  herdsman.  Theocritos 
itnd  Virgil  use  the  name  in  their  pastorals. 

And  old  Damcetas  loved  to  hear  our  song. 

Milton,  Lycida*  (1638). 

Da'mon,  a  goat-herd  in  Virgil's  third 
Eclogue.  Walsh  introduces  the  same 
name  in  his  Eclogues  also.  Any  rustic, 
swain,  or  herdsman. 

Damon  and  Delia.  Damon  asks 
Delia  why  she  looks  so  coldly  on  him. 
She  replies  because  of  his  attentions  to 
Belvidera.  He  says  he  paid  these  atten- 
tions at  her  own  request,  "  to  hide  the 
secret  of  their  mutual  love."  Delia  con- 
fesses that  his  prudence  is  commendable, 
but  his  acting  is  too  earnest.  To  this  he 
rejoins  that  she  alone  holds  his  heart;  and 
Delia  replies : 

Tho*  well  I  miglit  your  truth  mistrust. 
My  fooL'sh  heart  believes  you  just ; 
Reason  this  faith  may  disiipprove, 
But  I  believe,  because  I  love. 

Lord  Lyttleton. 

Damon  and  Musido'ra,  two 
lovers  who  misunderstood  each  other. 
Musidora  was  coy,  and  Damon  thought 
her  shyness  indicated  indifference  ;  but 
one  day  he  saw  her  bathing,  and  his 
delicacy  on  the  occasion  so  charmed  the 
maiden  that  she  at  once  accepted  his 
proffered  love. — Thomson,  The  Seasons 
("  Summer,"  1727). 

Da'mon  and  Pyth'ias.  Damon, 
a  senator  of  Syracuse,  was  by  nature  hot- 
mettled,  but  was  schooled  by  Pytha- 
gore'an  philosophy  into  a  Stoic  coldness 
and  slowness  of  speech.  He  was  a  fast 
friend  of  the  republic,  and  when  Dio- 
nysius was  made  "king"  by  a  vote  of 
the  senate,  Damon  upbraided  the  be- 
trayers of  his  country,  and  pronounced 
Dionysius  a  "tyrant."  For  this  he  was 
seized,  and  as  he  tried  to  stab  Dionysius, 
he  was  condemned  to  insttint  death. 
Damon  now  craved  respite  for  four  hours 
to  bid  farewell  to  his  wife  and  child,  but 
the  request  was  denied  him.  On  his  way 
to  execution,  his  friend  Pythias  en- 
countered him,  and  obtained  permission 
of  Dionysius  to  become  his  surety,  and 


to  die  in  his  stead,  if  within  four  honro 
Damon  did  not  return.  Dionysius  not 
only  accepted  the  bail,  but  extended  the 
leave  to  six  hours.  When  Damon  reached 
his  country  villa,  Lucullus  killed  his 
horse  to  prevent  his  return  ;  but  Damon, 
seizing  the  horse  of  a  chance  traveller, 
reached  Syracuse  just  as  the  executioner 
was  preparing  to  put  Pythias  to  death. 
Dionysius  so  admired  this  proof  of 
friendship,  that  he  forgave  Damon,  and 
requested  to  be  taken  into  his  friendship. 

This  subject  was  dramatized  in  1571  by 
Richard  Edwards,  and  again  in  1825  by 
John  Banim. 

(The  classic  name  of  Pythias  is  "Phin- 
tias.") 

Damsel  or  Damoiseau  (in  Italian, 
donzel ;  in  Latin,  domisellus),  one  of  the 
gallant  youths  domiciled  in  the  maison  du 
roi.  These  youths  were  always  aons  of 
the  greater  vassals.  Louis  VIL  {le 
Jeune)  was  called  "The  Royal  Damsel ;" 
and  at  one  time  the  royal  body-guard 
was  called  "The  King's  Damsels." 

Damsel  of  Brittany,  Eleanor, 
daughter  of  Geoffrey  (second  son  of 
Henry  H.  of  England).  After  the  death 
of  Arthur,  his  sister  Eleanor  was  next  in 
succession  to  the  crown,  but  John,  who 
had  caused  Arthur's  death,  confined 
Eleanor  in  Bristol  Castle,  where  she  re- 
mained till  her  death,  in  1241. 

D*Amville  (2  syl),  "the  atheist," 
with  the  assistance  of  Borachio,  murdere 
Montferrers,  his  brother,  for  his  estates*| 
— Cyril  Tourneur,  The  Atheist's  Tragedy^ 
(seventeenth  century). 

Dam'yan  (3  syl.)^  the  lover  of  Maj 
(the  youthful  bride  of  January  a  Lombai ' 
knight,  60  years  of  age). — Chaucer,  Gat 
terbury  Tales  ("The  Merchant's  Tale,* 
1388). 

Dan  of  the  Howlet  Hirst, 

dragon  of  the  revels  at  Kennaquhai 
Abbey.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot  and 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Dan'ae  (3  syl.),  an  Argive  princess,'' 
risited  by  Zeus  [Jupiter]  in  the  form  of 
a  shower  of  gold,  while  she  was  confined 
in  an  inaccessible  tower. 

Danaid  (3  syl.).  Dan'aus  had  fifty 
daughters,  called  the  Danaids  or  Da- 
na'ides.  These  fifty  women  married  the 
fifty  sons  of  ^Egyptus,  and  (with  one 
exception)  murdered  their  husbands  on 
the  night  of  their  espousals.     For  thi» 


i 


DANAW. 


235 


DANTE  AND  BEATRICE. 


crime  they    were  doomed    in  hades  to 
pour  water  everlastingly  into  sieves. 

Let  not  your  prudence,  dearest,  drowse,  or  prove 
The  Danaid  of  a  leaky  vase. 

Xennyson,  The  Princeu,  li 

*^*  The  one  who  spared  her  husband 
was  Hypermnestra,  whose  husband's 
name  was  Lynceus  \^Lin' .suse], 

Dan'aw,  the  German  word  for  the 
Dan'ube,  used  by  Milton  in  his  Paradise 
Lost,  i.  353  (1665). 

Dancing  Chancellor  {The),  sir 
Christopher  Hatton,  who  attracted  the 
attention  of  queen  Elizabeth  by  his  grace- 
ful dancing  at  a  masque.  She  took  him 
into  favour,  and  made  him  both  chan- 
cellor and  knight  of  the  Garter  (died 
1591). 

*^*  Mons.  de  Lauzun,  the  favourite  of 
Louis  XIV.,  owed  his  fortune  to  his 
grace  in  dancing  in  the  king's  quadrille. 

Many  more  than  one  nobleman  owed  tlie  favour  he 
enjoyed  at  court  to  the  way  he  pointed  his  toe  or  moved 
his  leg. — A.  Dumas,  Taking  the  JBoitile. 

Dancing  Water  (The),  from  the 
Burning  Forest.  This  water  had  the 
power  of  imparting  youthful  beauty  to 
those  who  used  it.  Prince  Chery,  aided 
by  a  dove,  obtained  it  for  Fairstar. 

The  dancing  water  is  the  eighth  wonder  of  the  world. 
It  beautifies  ladies,  makes  them  young  again,  and  even 
enriches  them. — Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("Prin- 
cess FairsUr,"  1682). 

Dandies  (The prince  of),  BeauBrum- 
mel  (1778-1840). 

Dandin  (George),  a  rich  French 
tradesman,  who  marries  Ang'elique,  the 
daughter  of  Mons.  le  baron  de  Sotenville, 
and  has  the  "  privilege "  of  paying  oft" 
the  family  debts,  maintaining  his  wife's 
noble  parents,  and  being  snubbed  on  all 
occasions  to  his  heart's  content.  He 
constantly  said  to  himself,  in  self-rebuke, 
Vous  l^avez  voulu,  vous  I'avez  voulu,  George 
Dandin!  ("You  have  no  one  to  blame 
but  yourself !  you  brought  it  on  yourself, 
George  Dandin ! ") 

Vous  I'avez  voulu,  vous  I'avez  voulu,  George  Dandin  I 
Tous  I'avez  volu  1  .  .  .  vous  avez  justement  ce  que  vous 
in^ritez.— Molidre,  George  J)andin,  1.  »  (1668). 

"  Well,  tu  Vat  voulu,  George  Dandin,"  she  said,  with  a 
Bmile,  "you  were  determined  on  it,  and  must  bear  the 
consequences."— Percy  Fitzgerald.  The  Parvenu  Family, 
iLiJ62. 

*,!,*  There  is  no  such  phrase  in  the 
comedy  as  Tu  Vas  voulu,  it  is  always  Vous 
Vavez  voulu. 

Dan'dolo  (Signer),  a  friend  to  Fazio 
in  prosperity,  but  who  turns  from  him 
wiieu  iu  disgrace.     He  says : 

Siguor,  I  am  paramount 
In  all  affairs  of  boot  and  spur  and  boae; 


In  matters  of  the  robe  and  cap  supreme  ; 
In  ruff  disputes,  my  lord,  there's  no  appeal 
From  my  hrefragibility. 

Dean  Miliuan,  Fazio,  IL  1  (181S). 

Danelagh  (2  sgL),  the  fifteen 
counties  in  which  the  Danes  settled  in 
England,  viz.,  Essex,  Middlesex,  Suffolk, 
Norfolk,  Herts,  Cambs.,  Hants,  Lincoln, 
Notts.,  Derby,  Northampton,  Leicester- 
shire, Bucks.,  Beds.,  and  the  vast  ter- 
ritory called  Northumbria.  —  Bromton 
Chronicle  (printed  1G52). 

Dangeau  (Jouer  a  la),  to  play  as 
good  a  hand  at  cards  as  Philippe  de 
Courcillon,  marquis  de  Dangeau  (1638- 
1720). 

Dan'gerfield  (Captain),  a  hired  wit- 
ness in  the  "  Popish  Plot." — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 
IL). 

Dangle,  a  gentleman  bitten  with  the 
theatrical  mania,  who  annoys  a  manager 
with  impertinent  flattery  and  advice.  It 
is  said  that  Thomas  Vaughan,  a  play- 
wright of  small  reputation,  was  the 
original  of  this  character. — Sheridan, 
The  Critic  (see  act  i.  1),  (1779). 

The  latter  portion  of  the  sentence  is  Intelligible  .  .  . 
but  the  rest  reminds  us  of  Mr.  Dangle's  remark,  that  the 
interpreter  appears  the  harder  to  be  understood  of  the 
two. — Fncyc.  Itrit.  Art,  "  Koniauce." 

Dan'hasch,  one  of  the  genii  who 
didnot  "acknowledge  the  great  Solomon." 
"When  the  princess  Badoura  in  her  sleep 
was  carried  to  the  bed  of  prince  Camaral'- 
zaman  that  she  might  see  him,  Danhasch 
changed  himself  into  a  flea,  and  bit  her 
lip,  at  which  Badoura  awoke,  saw  the 
prince  sleeping  by  her  side,  and  after- 
wards became  his  wife. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura"). 

Daniel,  son  of  Widow  I^ackitt ;  a 
wealthy  Indian  planter.  A  noodle  of  the 
softest  mould,  whom  Lucy  Weldon  mar- 
ries for  his  money. — Thomas  Southern, 
Oroonoko  (1696). 

Dan'nischemend,  the  Persian 
sorcerer,  mentioned  in  Donnerhugel's 
narrative. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Dante  and  Beatrice.  Some  say 
that  Beatrice,  in  Dante's  Divina  Corn- 
media,  merely  personifies  faith  ;  others 
think  it  a  real  character,  and  say  she  was 
the  daughter  of  an  illustrious  family  of 
Portinari,  for  whom  the  poet  entertained 
a  purely  platonic  affection.  She  meets 
the  poet  after  he  has  been  dragged 
through  the  river  Lethe  (Purgatory ^ 
xxxi.),  and  conducts  him  through  para- 


DANTON  OF  THE  CEVENNES.  236 


DARGONET. 


dipe.  Beatrice  Portina'ri  married  Simon 
de  Bardi,  and  died  at  the  age  of  24 ; 
Dante  was  a  few  months  older. 

Some  persons  say  that  Dante  meant  Theologjr 
By  Beatrice,  and  not  a  mistress ;  I  .  .  . 
Oeem  thU  a  commentator's  phantasy. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iiL  11  (1820). 

*^*  The  poet  married  Gemma,  of  the 
powerful  house  of  Donati.    (See  Loves.) 

Dante's  Beard.  All  the  pictures  of 
Dante  which  I  have  seen  represent  him 
without  any  beard  or  hair  on  his  face  at 
all ;  but  in  Purgatory,  xxxi.,  Beatrice 
says  to  him,  "  Raise  thou  thy  beard,  and 
lo !  what  sight  shall  do,"  i.e.  lift  up 
your  face  and  look  about  you ;  and  he 
adds,  "  No  sooner  lifted  I  mino  aspect  up 
.  .  .  than  mine  eyes  [encountered'\  Bea- 
trice." 

Danton  of  the  Cevennes, 
Pierre  Seguier,  prophet  and  preacher  of 
Magistavols,  in  France.  He  was  a  leader 
amongst  the  Camisards. 

Dan  vers  (Charles),  an  embryo  bar- 
rister of  the  Middle  Temple. — C.  Selby, 
The  Unfinished  Gentleman. 

Daph'ne  (2  syl.),  daughter  of  Sileno 
and  Mysis,  and  sister  of  Nysa.  The 
favourite  of  Apollo  while  sojourning  on 
earth  in  the  character  of  a  shepherd  lad 
named  "Pol." — Kane  O'Hara,  Midas  (a 
burletta,  1778). 

(In  classic  mythology  Daphn§  fled 
from  the  amorous  god,  and  escaped  by 
being  changed  into  a  laurel.) 

Daph'nis,  a  beautiful  Sicilian  shep- 
herd, the  inventor  of  bucolic  poetry.  He 
was  a  son  of  Mercury,  and  friend  both  of 
Pan  and  of  Apollo. 

Daph'nis,  the  modest  shepherd. 

This  is  that  modest  shepherd,  bo 
That  only  dare  salute,  but  !;e  er  could  b« 
Brought  to  kiss  any,  hold  discour&e,  or  sing, 
Whisper,  or  boldly  ask. 
John  Fletcher,  TJie  Faithful  Sliepherdett,  i  3  (1610). 

Daph'nis  and  Chlo'e,  a  prose- 
pastoral  love  story  in  Greek,  by  Longos 
(a  Byzantine),  not  unlike  the  tale  of 
The  Gentle  Shepherd,  by  Allan  Ramsay. 
Gessner  has  also  imitated  the  Greek 
romance  in  his  idyll  called  Daphnis. 
In  this  love  story  Longos  says  he  was 
hunting  in  Lesbos,  and  saw  in  a  grove 
consecrated  to  the  nymphs  a  beautiful 
picture  of  children  exposed,  lovers 
plighting  their  faith,  and  the  incursions 
of  pirates,  which  he  now  expresses  and 
dedicates  to  Pan,  Cupid,  and  the  nymphs. 
Daphnis,  of  course,  is  the  lover  of  Chloe. 

(Probably  this    Greek   pastoral  story 


suggested  to  St.  IMerre  his  story  of  luul 
and  Virginia.  Gay  has  a  poem  entitled 
Daphnis  and  Chloe.) 

Dapper,  a  lawyer's  clerk,  who  went 
to  Subtle  "  the  alchemist,"  to  be  sop- 
plied  with  "a  familiar"  to  make  him 
win  in  horse-racing,  cards,  and  all  games 
of  chance.  Dapper  is  told  to  prepare 
himself  for  an  interview  with  the  fairy 
queen  by  taking  "three  drops  of  vinegar 
in  at  the  nose,  two  at  the  mouth,  and 
one  at  either  ear,"  "  to  cry  hum  thrice 
and  buzz  as  often." — Ben  Jonson,  The 
Alchemist  (1610). 

Dapple,  the  donkey  ridden  by  Sancho 
Panza,  in  Cervantes'  romance  of  Don 
Quixote  (1605-1615). 

Darby  and  Joan.  This  ballad,' 
called  The  Happy  Old  Couple,  is  printed 
in  the  Gentlernan's  Magazine,  v.  153 
(March,  1735).  It  is  also  in  Plumptre's 
Collection  of  Songs,  152  (Camb.  1805), 
with  the  music.  The  words  are  some- 
times attributed  to  Prior,  and  the  first 
line  favours  the  notion :  "  Dear  Chloe, 
while  thus  beyond  measure  ;  "  only  Prior 
always  spells  Chloe  without  "  h." 

Darby  and  Joan  are  an  old-fashioned, 
loving  couple,  wholly  averse  to  change 
of  any  sort.  It  is  generally  said  that 
Henry  Woodfall  was  the  author  of  the 
ballad,  and  that  the  originals  were  John 
Darby  (printer,  of  Bartholomew  Close, 
who  died  1730)  and  his  wife  Joan. 
Woodfall  served  his  apprenticeship  with 
John  Darby. 

"  You  may  be  a  Darby  [Mr.  Hardcastte],  but  I'll  be  i 
Joan,  I  promise  you."— Goldsmith,  She  Stoop*  to  Gonq 
L  1  (1773). 

Dardu-Le'na,  the  daughter  of  Fol 
dath  general  of  the  Fir-bolg  or  Bel^ 
settled  in  the  south  of  Ireland.  Wh€ 
Foldath  fell  in  battle, 

His  soul  rushed  to  the  vale  of  Mona,  to  Dardu-Ier 
dream,  by  Dalrutho's  stream,  where  she  slept,  return! 
from  the  chase  of  hinds.    Her  bow  is  near  the  maid, 
unstrung.  .  .  .  Clothed  in  the  beauty  of  youth,  the  lo?e 
of  heroes  lay.    Dark-bending  from  .  .  .  the  wood  her 
wounded  father  seemed  to  come.    He  appefired  at  tin 
then  hid  himself  in  mist.     Bursting  into  tears,  she  an 
She  knew  that  the  chief  was  low.  .  .  .  Thou  wert 
last   of  his   race,  O  blue-eyed   Dardu-Lena  1  —  < 
Temora,  v. 

Dare.   Hum/mi  nihil  a  me  alienum  e 
puto. — Terence. 

I  dare  do  all  that  may  become  a  man, 
Who  dares  do  more  is  none.  . 

Shakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  i.  sc  7  (1600).  1 

Dargo,  the  spear  of   Ossian   son 
Fingal. — Ossian,  Calthon  and  Colmal. 

Dar'gonet  "  the  Tall,"  son  of 


DARIUS  AND  HIS  HORSE. 


237 


D'ASUMAR. 


tolpho,  and  brother  of  Paradine.  In  the 
fight  provoked  by  Oswald  against  duke 
Gondibert,  which  was  decided  by  four 
combatants  against  four,  Dargonet  was 
slain  by  Hugo  the  Little.  Dargonet  and 
his  brother  were  rivals  for  the  love  of 
Laura. — Sir  Wm.  Davenant,  Gondibert, 
i.  (died  1668). 

Dari'us   and   His    Horse.    The 

seven  candidates  for  the  throne  of  Persia 
agreed  that  he  should  be  king  whose 
horse  neighed  first.  As  the  horse  of 
Darius  was  the  first  to  neigh,  Darius  was 
proclaimed  king. 

That  brave  Sc)-thian, 
Who  found  more  sweetness  in  his  horse's  neighing 
Than  all  the  Phrygian,  Dorian,  Lydian  playing. 

Lord  Brooka 

(All  the  south  of  Russia  and  west  of 
Asia  wa3  called  Scythia.) 

Darlemont,  guardian  and  maternal 
uncle  of  Julio  of  Harancour ;  formerly  a 
merchant.  He  takes  possession  of  the 
inheritance  of  his  ward  by  foul  means, 
but  is  proud  as  Lucifer,  suspicious,  ex- 
acting, and  tyrannical.  Every  one  fears 
him  ;  no  one  loves  him. — Thom.  Hol- 
croft.  Deaf  and  Dumb  (1785). 

Darling  {Grace) ^  daughter  of  William 
Darling,  lighthouse-keeper  on  Longstone, 
one  of  the  Fame  Islands.  On  the  morn- 
ing of  September  7,  1838,  Grace  and  her 
father  saved  nine  of  the  crew  of  the 
Forfarshire  steamer,  wrecked  among  the 
Fame  Islands  opposite  Bamborough 
Castle  (1815-1842). 

Damay  {Charles),  the  lover  and 
afterwards  the  husband  of  Lucie  Ma- 
nette.  He  bore  a  strong  likeness  to 
Sydney  Carton,  and  was  a  noble  character, 
worthy  of  Lucie.  His  real  name  was 
Evre'monde. — C.  Dickens,  A  Tale  of  Two 
Cities  (1869). 

Darnel  {Aurelia),  a  character  in 
Smollett's  novel  entitled  The  Adventures 
of  Sir  Launcelot  Greaves  (1760). 

Darnley,  the  amant  of  Charlotte 
[Lambert],  in  The  Hypocrite,  by  Isaac 
Bickerstaff.  In  Molibre's  comedy  of 
Tartuffe,  Charlotte  is  called  "  Mariane," 
and  Darnley  is  "  Valere." 

Dar'-Thula,  daughter  of  CoUa,  and 
"  fairest  of  Erin's  maidens."  She  fell  in 
love  with  Nathos,  one  of  the  three  sons 
of  Usnoth  lord  of  Etha  (in  Argyllshire). 
Cairbar,  the  rebel,  was  also  in  love  with 
her,  but  his  suit  Avas  rejected.  Nathos 
was  made  commander  of  king  Cormac's 


army  at  the  death  of  Cuthullin,  and  for 
a  time  upheld  the  tottering  throne.  But 
the  rebel  grew  stronger  and  stronger, 
and  at  length  found  means  to  murder 
the  young  king  ;  whereupon  the  army 
under  Nathos  deserted.  Nathos  was  now 
obliged  to  quit  Ireland,  and  Dar-Thula 
fled  with  him.  A  storm  drove  the  vessel 
back  to  Ulster,  where  Cairbar  was  en- 
camped, and  Nathos,  with  his  two 
brothers,  being  overpowered  by  numbers, 
fell.  Dar-Thula  was  arrayed  as  a  young 
warrior ;  but  when  her  lover  was  slain 
"  her  shield  fell  from  her  arm ;  her 
breast  of  snow  appeared,  but  it  was 
stained  with  blood.  An  arrow  was  fixed 
in  her  side,"  and  her  dying  blood  was 
mingled  with  that  of  the  three  brothers. 
— Ossian,  Dar-Thula  (founded  on  the 
story  of  "  Deirdri,"  i.  Trans,  of  the 
Gaelic  Soc.). 

Dar'tle  {Rosa),  companion  of  Mrs. 
Steerforth.  She  loved  Mrs.  Steerforth's 
son,  but  her  love  was  not  reciprocated. 
Miss  Dartle  is  a  vindictive  woman,  noted 
for  a  scar  on  her  lip,  which  told  tales 
when  her  temper  was  aroused.  This  scar 
was  from  a  wound  given  by  young  Steer- 
forth,  who  struck  her  on  the  lip  when  a 
boy. —  C.  Dickens,  David  Copperfield 
(1849). 

Dar-win's  Missing  Link,  the 
link  between  the  monkey  and  man. 
According  to  Darwin,  the  present  host 
of  animal  life  began  from  a  few  elemental 
forms,  which  developed,  and  by  natural 
selection  propagated  certain  types  of 
animals,  while  others  less  suited  to  the 
battle  of  life  died  out.  Thus,  beginning 
with  the  larvae  of  ascidians  (a  marine 
mollusc),  we  get  by  development  to  fish 
lowly  organized  (as  the  lancelet),  thence 
to  ganoids  and  other  fish,  then  to  amphi- 
bians. From  amphibians  wc  get  to  birds 
and  reptiles,  and  thence  to  mammals, 
among  which  comes  the  monkey,  between 
which  and  man  is  a  Missing  Link. 

Dashall  {The  Hon.  Tom),  cousin  of 
Tally-ho.  The  rambles  and  adventures 
of  these  two  blades  are  related  by  Pierce 
Egan  (1821-1822). 

D'Asumar  {Count),  an  old  Nestor, 
who  fancied  nothing  was  so  good  as  when 
he  was  a  young  man. 

"  Alas  1  I  see  no  men  nowadays  comparable  to  thosa 
I  knew  heretofore  ;  and  the  toiirnainents  are  not  per- 
formed with  half  the  magnificense  as  when  1  was  a  young 
man.  .  .  ."  Seeing  some  fine  peaches  served  up,  h« 
observed.  "  In  my  time,  the  peaches  were  much  largw 
than  they  are  at  present ;  nature  degenerates  every  da} ." 


DAUGHTER. 


238 


DAVID. 


*At  that  rate,"  said  his  companion,  smiling,  "the 
peaches  of  Adam's  time  must  have  been  wonderfully 
lMge."~LesRge,  Oil  Bias,  iv.  7  (1724). 

Daughter  (The),  a  drama  by  S. 
Knowles  (1836).  Marian,  "daughter" 
of  Robert,  once  a  wrecker,  was  betrothed 
to  Edward,  a  sailor,  who  went  on  his  last 
voyage,  and  intended  then  to  marry  her. 
During  his  absence  a  storm  at  sea  arose, 
a  body  was  washed  ashore,  and  Robert 
went  down  to  plunder  it.  Marian  went 
to  look  for  her  father  and  prevent  his 
robbing  those  washed  ashore  by  the 
waves,  when  she  saw  in  the  dusk  some 
one  stab  a  wrecked  body.  It  was  Black 
Norris,  but  she  thought  it  was  her  father. 
Robert  being  taken  up,  Marian  gave 
witness  against  him,  and  he  was  con- 
demned to  death.  Norris  said  he  would 
save  her  father  if  she  would  marry  him, 
and  to  this  she  consented  ;  but  on  the 
wedding  day  Edward  returned.  Norris 
was  taken  up  for  murder,  and  Marian 
was  saved. 

Daughter  with.  Her  Murdered 
Father's  Head.  Margaret  Roper, 
daughter  of  sir  Thomas  More,  obtained 
privately  the  head  of  her  father,  which 
had  been  exposed  for  some  days  on 
London  Bridge,  and  buried  it  in  St. 
Dunstan's  Church,  Canterbury  (1535). 
Tennyson  alludes  to  this  in  the  following 
lines : — 

Morn  broadeijcd  on  the  borders  of  the  dark, 
Ere  1  saw  her  who  clasped  in  her  last  trance 
kei  murdered  father's  head. 

The  head  of  the  young  earl  of  Derwent- 
water  was  exposed  on  Temple  Bar  in 
1716.  His  wife  drove  in  a  cart  under 
the  arch,  and  a  man,  hired  for  the  pur- 
pose, threw  the  young  earl's  head  into 
the  cart,  that  it  might  be  decently  buried. 
— Sir  Bernard  Burke. 

Mdlle.  de  Sombreuil,  daughter  of  the 
comte  de  Sombreuil,  insisted  on  sharing 
her  father's  prison  during  the  "  Reign  of 
Terror,"  and  in  accompanying  him  to  the 
guillotine. 

Dauphin  (Le  Grand),  Louis  due  de 
Bourgogne,  eldest  son  of  Louis  XIV., 
for  whom  was  published  the  Delphine 
Classics  (1661-1711). 

Dauphin  {Le  Petit),  son  of  the  "Grand 
Dauphin"  (1682-1712). 

Daura,  daughter  of  Armin.  She 
was  betrothed  to  Armar,  son  of  Armart, 
Erath  a  rival  lover  having  been  rejected 
by  her.  One  day,  disguised  as  an  old 
grey-beard,  Erath  told  Daura  that  he 
was  sent  to  conduct  her  to  Armar,  who 


was  waiting  for  her.  Without  •'the 
slightest  suspicion,  she  followed  her 
guide,  who  took  her  to  a  rock  in  the 
midst  of  the  sea,  and  there  left  her. 
Her  brother  Arindal,  returning  from  the 
chase,  saw  Erath  on  the  shore,  and 
bound  him  to  an  oak  ;  then  pushing  off 
the  boat,  went  to  fetch  back  his  sister. 
At  this  crisis  Armar  came  up,  and  dis- 
charged his  arrow  at  Erath ;  but  the 
arrow  struck  Arindal,  and  killed  him. 
"The  boat  broke  in  twain,"  and  Armar 
plunged  into  the  sea  to  rescue  his  be- 
trothed ;  but  a  "  sudden  blast  from  the 
hills  struck  him,  and  he  sank  to  rise  no 
more."  Daura  was  rescued  by  her  father, 
but  she  haunted  the  shore  all  night  in  a 
drenching  rain.  Next  day  "her  voice 
grew  very  feeble  ;  it  died  away  ;  and, 
spent  with  grief,  she  expired." — Ossian, 
SoTigs  of  Selma. 

Davenant  (Lord),  a  bigamist.  One 
wife  was  Marianne  Dormer,  whom  he 
forsook  in  three  months.  It  was  given 
out  that  he  was  dead,  and  Marianne 
in  time  married  lord  Davenant's  son. 
His  other  wife  was  Louisa  Travers,  who 
was  engaged  to  captain  Dormer,  but 
was  told  that  the  captain  was  faithless 
and  had  married  another.  When  the 
villainy  of  his  lordship  could  be  no  longer 
concealed,  he  destroyed  himself. 

Lady  Davenant,  one  of  the  two  wives 
of  lord  Davenant.  She  was  ''a  faultless 
wife,"  with  beauty  to  attract  affection, 
and  every  womanly  grace. 

Charles  Davenant,  a  son  of  lord  Dave- 
nant, who  married  Marianne  Dormer,  hi^ 
father's  wife. — Cumberland,  Vhe  Myi~ 
terious  Husband  (1783). 

Davenant  (Will),  a  supposed  descenc 
ant  from  Shakespeare,  and  Wildrake^ 
friend. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodst(*<ik  (tim« 
the  Commonwealth). 

David,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Ahsalc 
and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for  Cbnrles  H 
As  David's  beloved  son  Absalom  rebelle 
against  him,  so  the  duke  of  Monmout 
rebelled  against  his  father  Charles  I] 
As  Achitophel  was  a  traitorous  counsellc 
to  David,  so  was  the  earl  of  Shaftesbury 
to    Charles    II.     As    Hushai    outwitted 
Achitophel,  so  Hyde  (duke  of  Rochester) 
outwitted  the  earl  of  Shaftesbury,  -stc., 
etc. 


Auspicious  prince. 

Thy  longing  country  s  darling  and  deshw. 
Their  cloudy  pillar,  and  their  guardian  fire  .  .  . 
The  people's  prayer,  the  glad  diviner's  themo. 
The  young  men's  vision,  and  the  old  men's  dream 
Diyden,  Abtalom  and  Achitophel,  i  (IGtii) 


^ 


DAVID. 


DAWSON. 


Z^jvid,  king  of  North  Wales,  eldest 
8on  of  Owen,  by  his  second  wife.  Owen 
died  in  11G9.  David  married  Emma 
Plantagenet,  a  Saxon  princess.  He  slew 
his  brother  Hoel  and  his  half-brother 
Yorwerth  (son  of  Owen  by  his  first  wife), 
who  had  been  set  aside  from  the  succes- 
sion in  consequence  of  a  blemish  in  the 
face.  He  also  imprisoned  his  brother 
Rodri,  and  drove  others  into  exile. 
Madoc,  one  of  his  brothers,  went  to 
America,  and  established  there  a  Welsh 
colony. — Southey,  Madoc  (1805). 

David  (St.),  son  of  Xantus  prince  of 
Cereticu  (Cardiganshire)  and  the  nun  Ma- 
learia.  He  was  the  uncle  of  king  Arthur. 
St.  David  first  embraced  the  ascetic  life 
in  the  Isle  of  Wijjht,  but  subsequently 
removed  to  Menevia,  in  Pembrokeshire, 
where  he  founded  twelve  convents.  In 
677  the  archbishop  of  Caerleon  resigned 
nis  see  to  him,  and  St.  David  removed 
the  seat  of  it  to  Menevia,  which  was  sub- 
sequently called  St.  David's,  and  became 
the  metropolis  of  Wales.  He  died  at  the 
age  of  146,  in  the  year  642.  The  waters 
of  Bath  "  owe  their  warmth  and  salutary 

Jualities  to  the  benediction  of  this  saint." 
)rayton  says  he  lived  in  the  valley  of 
Ewias  (2  syL),  between  the  hills  of 
Hatterill,  in  Monmouthshire. 

Here,  in  an  aged  cell  with  moss  and  ivy  grown. 
In  which  not  to  this  day  the  sun  hath  ever  shone. 
That  reverend  British  saint  in  zealous  ages  past. 
To  contemplation  lived. 

PolyolHon,  Iv.  (1612). 

St.  David's  Day,  March  1.  The  leek 
worn  by  Welshmen  on  this  day  is  in 
memory  of  a  complete  victory  obtained 
by  them  over  the  Saxons  (March  1,  640). 
This  victory  is  ascribed  "to  the  prayers 
of  St.  David,"  and  his  judicious  adoption 
of  a  leek  in  the  cap,  that  the  Britons 
might  readily  recognize  each  other.  The 
Saxons,  having  no  badge  not  unfre- 
quently  turned  their  swords  Rgainst  their 
own  supporters. 

David  and  Jonathan,  inseparable 
friends.  The  allusion  is  to  David  the 
psalmist  and  Jonathan  the  son  of  Saul. 
David's  lamentation  at  the  death  of 
Jonathan  was  never  surpassed  in  pathos 
and  beauty.— 2  Samtiel  i.  19-27. 

Davie  Debet,  debt. 

So  ofte  thy  neighbours  banquet  in  thy  hall, 

lill  Davie  Debet  in  thy  parler  stand. 

And  bids  the[ej  welcome  to  thine  own  decay. 

G.  Gascoigne,  Magnum  Vectigal,  etc.  (died  1775). 

Davie  of  Stenhouse,  a  friend  of 
Bobbie  Elliott.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Black 
Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 


Davies  (John),  an  old  fisherman 
employed  by  Joshua  Geddes  the  quaker, 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time, 
George  III.). 

Da'vus,  a  plain,  uncouth  servitor; 
a  common  name  for  a  slave  in  Greek  and 
Roman  plays,  as  in  the  Andrla  of 
Terence. 

His  face  made  of  brass,  like  a  vice  in  a  game. 
His  gesture  like  Davus,  whom  Terence  doth  name. 

T.  Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Hxtsbandry,  liv.  (1557). 

Davus  sum,  nan  (E'dipus,  I  am  a 
homely  man,  and  do  not  understand 
hints,  innuendoes,  and  riddles,  like  Gidi- 
pus.  Q^^dipus  was  the  Theban  who 
expounded  the  riddle  of  the  Sphinx,  that 
puzzled  all  his  countrymen.  Davus  was 
the  stock  name  of  a  servant  or  slave  iu 
Latin  comedies.  The  proverb  is  used  by 
Terence,  Andrla,  1,  2,  23. 

Davy,  the  varlet  of  justice  Shallow, 
who  so  identifies  himself  with  his  master 
that  he  considers  himself  half  host  half 
varlet.  Thus  when  he  seats  Bardolph 
and  Page  at  table,  he  tells  them  they 
must  take  "his"  good  will  for  their 
assurance  of  welcome. — Shakespeare,  2 
Henry  IV.  (1598). 

Daw  (Sir  David),  a  rich,  dunder- 
headed  baronet  of  Monmouthshire,  with- 
out wit,  words,  or  worth,  but  believing 
himself  somebody,  and  fancying  himself 
a  sharp  fellow,  because  his  servants  laugh 
at  his  good  sayings,  and  his  mother  call? 
him  a  wag.  Sir  David  pays  his  suit  to 
Miss  [Emily]  Tempest ;  but  as  the  affec- 
tions of  the  young  lady  are  fixed  on 
Henry  Woodville,  the  baron  goes  to  the 
wall.— Cumberland,  The  Wheel  of  For- 
tune (1779). 

Dawiyd,  "the  one-eyed"  freebooter 
chief.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  II.). 

Dawkins  (Jack),  known  by  the 
sobriquet  of  the  "Artful  Dodger."  He 
is  one  of  Fagin's  tools.  Jack  Dawkins  is 
a  young  scamp  of  unmitigated  villainy, 
and  full  of  artifices,  but  of  a  cheery, 
buoyant  temper. — C.  Dickens,  Oliver 
Twist,  viii.  (1837). 

Da"WSon  (Bully),  a  London  sharper, 
bully,  and  debauchee  of  the  seventeenth 
century. — See  Spectator,  No.  2. 

Bully  Dawson  kicked  by  half  the  town,  and  half  tha 
town  kicked  by  Bully  Dawson.— Charles  Lamb. 

Dawson  (Jemmy).  Captain  James  Daw- 
son was  one  of  the  eight  officers  belong- 
ing to  the  Manchester  volunteers  iu  tM 


DAWSON. 


240 


DAYS  RECURRENT,  ETC. 


service  of  Charles  Edward,  the  young 
pretender.  He  was  a  very  amiable 
young  man,  engaged  to  a  young  lady  of 
family  and  fortune,  who  went  in  her 
carriage  to  witness  his  execution  for 
treason.  When  the  body  was  drawn,  i.e. 
embowelled,  and  the  heart  thrown  into  the 
fire,  she  exclaimed,  "James  Dawson!" 
and  expired.  Shenstone  has  made  this 
the  subject  of  a  tragic  ballad. 

Young  Dawson  was  a  gallant  youth, 
A  brigliter  never  trod  the  plain ; 

And  well  he  loved  one  charming  maid, 
And  dearly  was  he  loved  again. 

Sbenstune,  Jertimy  Dawson. 

Dawson  (Phcebe),  "the  pride  of  Lam- 
mas Fair,"  courted  by  all  the  smartest 
young  men  of  the  village,  but  caught 
"by  the  sparkling  eyes"  and  ardent 
words  of  a  tailor.  Phoebe  had  by  him  a 
child  before  marriage,  and  after  marriage 
he  turned  a  "  captious  tyrant  and  a  noisy 
sot."  Poor  Phoebe  drooped,  "pinched 
were  her  looks,  as  one  who  pined  for 
bread,"  and  in  want  and  sickness  she 
sank  into  an  early  tomb. 

This  sketch  is  one  of  the  best  in  Crabbe's 
Farish  Register  (1807). 

Day  (Justice),  a  pitiable  hen-pecked 
husband,  who  always  addresses  his  wife 
as  "duck"  or  "duckie." 

Mrs.  Day,  wife  of  the  "justice,"  full 
of  vulgar  dignity,  overbearing,  and  loud. 
She  was  formerly  the  kitchen-maid  of 
lier  husband's  father ;  but  being  raised 
from  the  kitchen  to  the  parlour,  became 
my  lady  paramount. 

In  the  comedy  from  which  this  farce  is 
taken,  "  Mrs.  Day  "  was  the  kitchen-maid 
in  the  family  of  colonel  Careless,  and 
went  by  the  name  of  Gillian.  In  her 
exalted  state  she  insisted  on  being  ad- 
dressed as  "Your  honour"  or  "Your 
ladyship." 

Margaret  Wofflngton  [1718-1760],  in  "Mrs.  Day." 
made  no  scruple  to  disguise  her  beautiful  face  by  dniwing 
on  it  the  lines  of  deformity,  and  to  put  on  the  tawdry 
habiliments  and  vulgar  manners  of  an  old  hypocritical 
city  vixen.— Thomas  Davies. 

Abel  Day,  a  puritanical  pri^,  who  can 
do  nothing  without  Obadiah.  This 
«'  downright  ass"  (act  i.  1)  aspires  to  the 
hand  of  the  heiress  Arabella.— T.  Knight, 
The  Honest  Thieves. 

This  farce  is  a  mere  rdchauffe  of  The 
Committee,  a  comedv  by  the  Hon.  sir 
R.  Howard  (1670).  The  names  of  "  Day," 
"Obadiah,"  and  "Arabella"  are  the 
■ame. 

Day  (Ferquhard),  the  absentee  from 
the  clan  Chattan  ranks  at  the  conflict. — 


Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

Day  of  the  Barricades,  May  12, 
1588,  when  Henri  de  Guise  returned  to 
Paris  in  defiance  o'f  the  king's  order. 
The  king  sent  for  his  Swiss  guards,  and 
the  Parisians  tore  up  the  pavements, 
threw  chains  across  the  streets,  and  piled 
up  barrels  filled  with  earth  and  stones, 
behind  which  they  shot  down  the  Swiss 
as  they  paraded  the  streets.  The  king 
begged  the  duke  to  put  an  end  to  the  con- 
flict, and  fled. 

Another  Jourmfe  des  Barricades  was 
August  27,  1688,  the  commencement  of 
the"  Fronde  war. 

Another  was  June  27,  1830,  the  first 
day  of  the  grand  semain  which  drove 
Charles  X.  from  the  throne. 

Another  was  February  24,  1848,  when 
Affre,  archbishop  of  Paris,  was  shot  in 
his  attempt  to  quell  the  insurrection. 

Another  was  December  2,  1851,  the 
day  of  the  coup  d'etat,  when  Louis 
Napoleon  made  his  appeal  to  the  people 
for  re-election  to  the  presidency  for  ten 
years. 

Day  of  the  Comsacks  {Jourrufe 
des  Farines),  January  3,  1591,  when  some 
of  the  partizans  of  Henri  IV.,  disguised 
as  millers,  attempted  to  get  possession  of 
the  barrier  de  St.  Honore'  (Paris),  with| 
the  view  of  making  themselves  mastersj 
of  the  city.     In  this  they  failed. 

Day  of  the  Dupes,  November  11,1 
1630.  The  dupes  were  Marie  de  Medicis, 
Anne  of  Austria,  and  Gaston  due  d'Or-j 
leans,  who  were  outwitted  by  cardinalj 
Richelieu.  The  plotters  had  induced] 
Louis  XIII.  to  dismiss  his  obnoxioi 
minister,  whereupon  the  cardinal  went 
at  once  to  resign  the  seals  of  office ;  the| 
king  repented,  re-established  the  cardinalJ 
and  he  became  more  powerful  than  ever* 

Days  Recurrent  in  the  Live 
of  Great  Men. 

Bkcket.  Tuesday  was  Beckec's  day. 
He  was  bom  on  a' Tuesday,  and  on 
Tuesday  was  assassinated.  He  Wi 
baptized  on  a  Tuesday,  took  his  fligh 
from  Northampton  on  a  Tuesday,  with 
drew  to  France  on  a  Tuesday,  L 
his  vision  of  martyrdom  on  a  Tuesday, 
returned  to  England  on  a  Tuesday,  hii 
body  was  removed  from  the  crypt  to  th 
shrine  on  a  Tuesday,  and  on  Tuesday 
(April  13,  1875)  cardinal  Manning  conse- 
crated the  new  church  dedicated  to  SU 
Thomas  a  Becket. 


^ 


DAZZLE. 


241 


DEANS. 


Cromwell's  day  was  September  3. 
On  September  3,  1650,  he  won  the  battle 
of  Duubar;  on  September  3,  1651,  he 
won  the  battle  of  Worcester ;  on  Septem- 
ber 3,  1658,  he  died. 

Harold's  day  was  October  14.  It  was 
his  birthday,  and  also  the  day  of  his 
death.  William  the  Conqueror  was  born 
on  the  same  da}',  and,  on  October  14,  1066, 
won  England  by  conquest. 

Napoleon's  day  was  August  15,  his 
1  irthday ;  but  his  "lucky"  day,  like 
tliat  of  his  nephew,  Napoleon  III.,  was 
the  2nd  of  the  month.  He  was  made 
consul  for  life  on  August  2,  1802 ;  was 
crowned  December  2,  1804 ;  won  his 
greatest  battle,  that  of  Austerlitz,  for 
which  he  obtained  the  title  of  "  Great," 
December  2,  1805 ;  married  the  arch- 
ducliess  of  Austria  April  2,  1810  ;  etc. 

Napoleon  III.  The  coup  d'etat  was 
December  2,  1851.  Louis  Napoleon  was 
made  emperor  December  2,  1852 ;  he 
opened,  at  Saarbrlick,  the  Franco-German 
war  August  2,  1870  ;  and  surrendered  his 
sword  to  William  of  Prussia,  September  2, 
1870. 

Dazzle,  in  London  Assurance,  by 
D.  Boucicault. 

"  Dazzlo  "  and  "  lady  Gay  Spanker  "  "  act  themselves," 
and  will  never  be  dropped  out  of  the  list  of  nctiiii;  plays. 
—Percy  Fitzgerald. 

De  Bourgo  ( William),  brother  of  the 
earl  of  Ulster  and  commander  of  the 
English  forces  that  defeated  Felim 
O'Coiyior  (1315)  at  Athunree,  in  Con- 
naught. 

Why  tlio'  fallen  her  brothers  kerne  [Irith  infantry] 
Beneatli  De  Bourgo's  battle  sUru. 

Campbell,  O'Connor'i  Child, 

De  Courcy,  in  a  romance  called 
Wornen,  by  the  Rev.  C.  li.  Maturin.  An 
Irishman,  made  up  of  contradictions  and 
improbabilities.  He  is  in  love  with 
Zaira,  a  brilliant  Italian,  and  also  with 
her  unknown  daughter,  called  Eva  Went- 
worth,  a  model  of  purity.  Both  women 
are  blighted  by  his  inconstancy.  Eva 
dies,  but  Zaira  lives  to  see  De  Courcy 
perish  of  remorse  (1822). 

De  Gard,  a  noble,  staid  gentleman, 
newly  lighted  from  his  travels ;  brother 
bf  Oria'na,  who  "chases"  Mi'rabel  "the 
wild  goose,"  and  catches  him. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Wild-goose  Chase  (1652). 

DeL'Epee(^WO.  Seeing  a  deaf  and 

dumb   lad  abandoned  in  the   streets  of 

Paris,  he  rescues  him,  and  brings  him  up 

under  the  nam  e  of  Theodore.    The  f  oimd- 

11 


ling  turns  out  to  be  Julio  count  of  Har- 
ancour. 

"In  your  opinion,  vrho  is  the  greatest  genius  that 
France  has  ever  produced  ?"  "  Science  would  decide  for 
D'Alenibert,  and  Nature  [woiild]  say  Buffon  ;  Wit  and 
Taste  [would]  present  Voltaire ;  and  Scntunent  plead  for 
Rousseau ;  but  Genius  and  Humanity  cry  out  for  Da 
l'Ep6e.  and  him  I  call  the  best  and  greatest  of  human 
creatures,"— Ih.  Holcroft,  The  Deaf  and  Dumb,  iii.  8 
(1785). 

De     Profundis     {'^  out      of    the 

depths  .  .  ."),  the  first  two  words  of 
Psalm  cxxx.  in  the  Roman  Catholic 
Liturgy,  sung  when  the  dead  are  com- 
mitted to  the  grave. 

At  eve,  Instead  of  bridal  verse. 
The  De  Profundis  filled  the  air. 

Longfellow,  The  Blind  Girl 

De  Valmont  (Count),  father  of 
Florian  and  uncle  of  Geraldinc.  During 
his  absence  in  the  wars,  he  left  his  kins- 
man, the  baron  Longueville,  guardian  of 
his  castle  ;  but  under  the  hope  of  coming 
into  the  property,  the  baron  set  fire  to  the 
castle,  intending  thereby  to  kill  the  wife 
and  her  infant  boy.  When  De  Valmont 
returned  and  knew  his  losses,  he  became 
a  wayward  recluse,  querulous,  despondent, 
frantic  at  times,  and  at  times  most  melan- 
choly. He  adopted  an  infant  "  found  in  a 
forest,"  who  turned  out  to  be  his  son.  His 
wife  was  ultimately  found,  and  the  vil- 
lainy of  Longueville  was  brought  to  light. 
— W.  Dimond,  The  Foundling  of  the  Forest. 

Many  "  De  Valmonts "  I  have  witnessed  in  fifty-four 
years,  but  have  never  seen  the  equal  of  Joseph  George 
Uolman  [17(W-1817J.  —Donaldson. 

Deaf  and  Dumb  (The),  a  comedy 
by  Thomas  Holcroft.  "The  deaf  and 
dumb  "  boy  is  Julio  coimt  of  Harancour, 
a  ward  of  M.  Darlemont,  who,  in  order  to 
get  possession  of  his  ward's  propert}'', 
abandons  him  when  very  young  in  the 
streets  of  Paris.  Here  he  is  rescued  by 
the  abbe  De  I'Epe'e,  who  brings  him  up 
under  the  name  of  Theodore.  The  boy 
being  recognized  by  his  old  nurse  and 
others,  Darlemont  confesses  his  crime, 
and  Julio  is  restored  to  his  rank  and 
inheritance. — Th.  Holcroft,  The  Deaf  and 
Dumb  (1785). 

Dean  of  St.  Patrick  (The),  Jona- 
than Swift,  who  was  appointed  to  the 
deanery  in  1713,  and  retained  it  till  his 
death  (1667-1745). 

Deans  (Douce  Davie),  the  cowherd 
at  Edinburgh,  noted  for  his  religious 
peculiarities,  his  magnanimity  in  affec- 
tion, and  his  eccentricities. 

Mistress  Rebecca  Deans,  Douce  Davie'a 
second  wife. 

Jeanie  Deans,  daughter  of  Douce  Davie 
Deans,   by  his  first  wife.     She  raarries 


DEATH. 


242 


DEBATABLE  LAND 


Reuben  Butler,  the  pvesbyterian  minister. 
Jeanie  Deans  is  a  model  of  good  sense, 
strong  affection,  resolution,  and  dis- 
interestedness. Her  journey  from  Edin- 
burgh to  Londorn  is  as  interesting  as  that 
of  Elizabeth  from  Siberia  to  Moscow,  or 
of  Bunyan's  pilgrim. 

F.^^e  \Euphemia]  Deans,  daughter  of 
Douce  Davie  Deana,  by  his  second  wife. 
She  is  betrayed  by  George  [after- 
v/ards  sir  George]  Staunton  (called 
Geordie  liobertson),  and  imprisoned  for 
child  murder.  Jeanie  goes  to  the  queen 
and  sues  for  pardon,  which  is  vouchsafed 
to  her,  and  Staunton  does  what  he  can 
to  repair  the  mischief  he  has  done  by 
marrying  Effie,  who  thus  becomes  lady 
Staunton.  Soon  after  this  sir  George  is 
shot  by  a  gipsy  boj-,  who  proves  to  be 
his  own  son,  and  Effie  retires  to  a  convent 
on  the  Continent. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

*^t*  J.  E.  Millais  has  a  picture  of  Effie 
Deans  keeping  tryst  with  George  Staunton. 

*^*  The  prototype  of  Jeanie  Deans 
was  Helen  Walker,  to  whose  memory 
sir  W.  Scott  erected  a  tombstone  in 
Irongray  Churchyard  (Kirkcudbright). 

Death  or  Mors.  So  Tennyson  calls 
3;r  Ironside  the  Red  Knight  of  the  Red 
Lands,  who  kept  Lyonors  (or  Liones) 
captive  in  Castle  Perilous.  The  name 
*'  Mors,"  which  is  Latin,  is  very  incon- 
sistent with  a  purely  British  tale,  and  of 
course  does  not  appear  in  the  original 
story. — Tennyson,  Idylls  ("  Gareth  and 
Lynette")  ;  sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Frinoe  Arthur,  i.  134-137  (l470). 

Death  {The  Ferry  of).  The  ferry  of 
the  Irtish,  leading  to  Siberia,  is  so  called 
because  it  leads  the  Russian  exile  to 
political  and  almost  certain  physical 
death.  To  be  "laid  on  the  shelf"  is  to 
cross  the  ferry  of  the  Irtish. 

Death  from  Strange  Causes. 

iEscHYLijs  was  killed  by  the  fall  of  a 
tortoise  on  his  head  from  the  claws  of  an 
eagle  in  the  air. — Pliny,  Hist.  vii.  7. 

Agath'oci.es  (4  syl.),  tyrant  of  Sicily, 
was  killed  by  a  tooth-pick,  at  the  age  of  95. 

Anacreon  was  choked  by  a  grape- 
stone. — Pliny,  Hist.  vii.  7. 

Bassus  {Q.  Lccanius)  died  from  the 
prick  of  a  fine  needle  in  his  left  thumb. 

Chalchas,  the  soothsayer,  died  of 
laughter  at  the  thought  oi  his  having 
outlived  the  time  predicted  for  his  death. 

Charles  VIII.,  conducting  his  queen 
into  a  t  ennis-tourt,  struck  nis  hea  J  against 
tht  lintel,  and  it  caused  his  death. 


Fabius,  the  Roman  praetor,  was  choked 
by  a  single  goat-hair  in  the  milk  which 
he  was  drinkmg. — Pliny,  Hist.  vii.  7. 

Fkedeuick  Lewis,  'prince  of  Wales, 
died  from  the  blow  of  a  cricket-ball. 

Itadach  died  of  thirst  in  the  harvest- 
field,  because  (in  observance  of  the  rule 
of  St.  Patrick)  he  refused  to  drink  a 
drop  of  anything. 

Louis  Vi.  met  with  his  death  from  a 
pig  running  under  his  horse,  and  causing 
it  to  stumble. 

Margutte  died  of  laughter  on  seeing  a 
monkey  trying  to  pull  on  a  pair  of  his  boots. 

PniLOM'ENE&  (4  syl.)  died  of  laughter 
at  seeing  an  ass  eating  the  figs  provided 
for  his  own  dessert. — Valerius  Maximus. 

Placut  {Phillipot)  dropped  down  dead 
while  in  the  act  of  paying  a  bill. — Baca- 
berry  the  elder. 

QuENELAULT,  a  Norman  physician  j- 
Montpellier,  died  from  the  slight  wour""^ 
made  in  his  hand  in  the  extraction  of  a 
splinter. 

Saufetus  (A^nws)  was  choked  suppv*-'' 
up  the  albumen  of  a  soft-boiled  q^^.    i 

Zeuxis,  the  painter,  died  of  lauglit^' 
at  sight  of  a  hag  which  he  had  jif- 
depicted.  =  • 

Death  Proof   of    Guilt.    A\Tiv 
combats  and    ordeals  were  appealed  ^^ 
in  proof  of  guilt,  in  the  belief  that  'vf    « 
would  defend  the  right,"  the  deat>  -*" 
combatant  was  his  sentence  of  gf**  ■• 

Take  hence  that  traitor  from  our  sishf 
For.  by  his  death,  we  do  perceive  liis      iL.--    5.5^ 
Shakespeare,  2  Jlenry  Vl.  act  ii.  .      ■  ;  '; 

Death  Ride  {The),  the  charg;,  ■.! 
the  Light  Brigade  at  Balaklava,  OcVjj- 
25,  1854.  In  this  action  600  Engh  ,' 
horsemen,  under  the  command  of  the  ear: 
of  Cardigan,  charged  a  Russian  force  * 
5000  cavalry  and  six  battalions  of  ir 
fantry.  They  galloped  through  t**" 
battery  of  thirty  guns,  cutting  do^.;'* 
the  artillerymen,  and  through  the  cavalfr  " 
but  then  discovered  the  battalions,  ?  " 
cut  their  Avay  back  again.  Of  the  670  v^  ' 
advanced  to  this  daring  charge,  not  *'  " 
returned.  This  reckless  exploit  was  \i'. 
result  of  some  misunderstanding  ^° .'.!  ■' 
order  from  the  commander-m-chifcfi: 
Tennvson  has  a  poem  on  the  subject, 
called  The  Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade. 

For  chivalrous  devotion  and  daring,  "the  Death  Ride" 
of  the  Light  Brigiule  will  not  easily  be  paralleled.— SIT 
Edw.  Creasy,  The.  Fifteen  Decisive  Battles  (preface). 

Debatable  Land  {Tie),  a  tract  of 
land  between  the  Esk  and  the  Sark.  It 
seems  properly  to  belong  to  Scotland,  bat 
having  been  claimed  by  both  crowns  was 


I 


DEBON. 


243 


DEFARGE. 


•tyled  The  Debatable  Land.  Sir  Richard 
Graham  bought  of  James  I.  of  England  a 
lease  of  this  tract,  and  got  it  united  to 
the  county  of  Cumberland.  As  James 
ruled  over  both  kingdoms,  he  was 
supremely  indifferent  to  which  the  plot 
was  annexed. 

Deb'on,  one  of  the  companions  of 
Brute.  According  to  British  fable,  Devon- 
shire is  a  corruption  of  "  Debon's-share," 
or  the  share  of  country  assigned  to  Debon. 

Deborah.  Debbitch,  govemante  at 
ladv  Peveril's. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of 
the' Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Dec'adi,    plu.    dec'adis,  the  holiday 
every  tenth   day,  in  substitution  of  the 
Sunday  or  iabbath,  in  the  first  French 
Revolution. 
.    All  (l^cadi  be  labours  in  the  comer  of  the  Augustin 

lister,  Mid  he  calls  that  his  holiday.— T/ie  A  tetier  du 

't.a. 

Decern    Scriptores,    a    collection 

of    ten    ancient    chronicles    on    English 

■   ry,    edited   by   Twysden  and  John 

■n.      The  names  of    the  chroniclers 

.e  Simeon  of  Durham,  John  of  Hexham, 

"ichard  of    Hexham,  Ailred  of  Rieval, 

'    alph    de    Diceto,    John    Brompton    of 

.  .-val,  Gervase  of  Canterbury,  Thomas 

®'tubbs,    William  Thorn   of  Canterbury, 

'     d  Henry  Knighton  of  Leicester. 

''cius,  friend  of  Antin'ous  (4  syl.). 
lont  and  Fletcher,  Laws  of  Candy 

e    of   Fontainebleau,    an 

.a.  Napoleon  I.,  ordering  the  destruc- 
by  fire  of  all  English  goods  (dated 
ber  18,  1810,  from  Fontainebleau). 

'    Dec'uman  G-ate,  one  of   the  four 
atcs  in  a  Roman  camp.     It  was  the  gate 
)site  the  praetorian,  and  furthest  from 
rncmy.     Called  (itfc«man  because  the 
',  legion  was  always  posted  near  it. 
■  other  two  gates  (the  porta  principalis 
■ra  and  the  porta  principalis  sinistra) 
Vi,  re  on  the  other  sides  of  the  square.     If 
Hk:i  pra'torian  gate  was  at  the  top  of  this 
j^e,  tiie  dr;yijlrnan  gate  would  be  at  the 
^jttom,    the  porta  dextra  on  the  right 
-nd,  and  the  porta  sinistra  on  the  left. 
Dedlock   {Sir  Leicester),  bart.,  who 
has  a  general   opinion   that    the    world 
might  get  on  without  hills,  but  would 
be  "totally  done  up  "  without  Dedlocks. 
He  loves  lady  Dedlock,  and  believes  in 
her  implicitly.     Sir  Leicester  is  honour- 
able and  truthful,   but  intensely  preju- 
diced, immovably  obstinate,  and  proud 
,M  "  county  "  can  make  a  man  ;  but  his 


pride  has  a  most  dreadful  fall  when  the 
guilt  of  lady  Dedlock  becomes  known. 

Lady  Dedlock,  wife  of  sir  Leic(?ster, 
beautiful,  cold,  and  apparently  heartless  ; 
but  she  is  weighed  down  with  this  terrible 
secret,  that  before  marriage  she  had  had 
a  daughter  by  captain  Hawdon.  This 
daughter's  name  is  Esther  [Summerson] 
the  heroine  of  the  novel. 

Volumnia  Dedlock,  cousin  of  sii 
Leicester.  A  "young"  lady  of  60, 
given  to  rouge,  pearl-powder,  and  cos- 
metics. She  has  a  habit  of  prying  into 
the  concerns  of  others. — C.  Dickens, 
Bleak  Hmse  (1853). 

Dee's  Spec'ulum,  a  mirror,  which 
Dr.  John  Dee  asserted  was  brought 
to  him  by  the  angels  Raphael  and 
Gabriel.  At  the  death  of  the  doctor  it 
passed  into  the  possession  of  the  earl  of 
Peterborough,  at  Drayton  ;  then  to  lady 
Betty  Germaine,  by  whom  it  was  given 
to  John  last  duke  of  Argyll.  The  duke's 
grandson  (lord  Frederic  Campbell)  gave 
it  to  Horace  Walpole  ;  and  in  1842  it  was 
sold,  at  the  dispersion  of  the  curiosities 
of  Strawberry  Hill,  and  bought  by  Mr. 
Smythe  Pigott.  At  the  sale  of  Mr. 
Pigott's  library,  in  1853,  it  passed  into 
the  possession  of  the  late  lord  Londes- 
borough.  A  writer  in  Notes  and  Queries 
(p.  376,  November?,  1874)  says,  it  "has 
now  been  for  many  years  in  the  British 
Museum,"  where  he  saw  it  "  some 
eighteen  years  ago." 

This  magic  speculum  is  a  flat  polished 
mineral,  like  cannel  coal,  t-f  a  circular 
form,  fitted  with  a  handle. 

Deerslayer  ( 7'he),  the  title  of  a  novel 
by  J.  F.  Cooper,  and  the  nickname  of  its 
hero,  Natty  or  Nathaniel  Bumppo.  Ho 
is  a  model  uncivilized  man,  honourable, 
truthful,  and  brave,  pure  of  heart  and 
without  reproach.  He  is  introduced  in 
five  of  Cooper's  novels  :  The  Deerslayer, 
The  Pathfinder,  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans, 
The  Pioneers,  and  The  Prairie.  He  ia 
called  "Hawk-eye"  in  The  Last  of  the 
Mohicans;  "Leather-stocking"  in  The 
Pioneers;  and  "The  Trapper"  in  Tlie 
Prairie,  in  which  last  book  he  dies. 

Defarge  {Mons.),  keeper  of  a  wine 
shop  in  the  Faubourge  St.  Antoine,  in 
Paris.  He  is  a  bull-necked,  good- 
humoured,  but  implacable-looking  man. 

Mde.  Defarge,  his  wife,  a  dangerous 
woman,  with' great  force  of  character; 
everlastingly  knitting. 

Mde.  Defarge  had  a  watchful  eye,  that  seldom  seemed 
to  look  at  anythlns.— C.  Dickens,  A  XaU  of  Two  CMm 


DEFENDER  OF  THE  FAITH.      244 


DELLA  CRUSCA  SCHOOL. 


Defender  of  the  Faith,  the  title 
first  given  to  Henry  VIH.  by  pope  Leo 
X.,  for  a  volume  against  Luther,  in 
defence  of  pardons,  the  papacy,  and  the 
seven  sacraments.  The  original  volume 
is  in  the  Vatican,  and  contains  this 
inscription  in  the  king's  handwriting : 
Anglorum  rex  Ilenrlcus,  Leoni  X.  mittit 
hoc  opus  etfidei  testem  et  amicitice;  where- 
upon the  pope  (in  the  twelfth  year  of  his 
reign)  conferred  upon  Henry,  by  bull,  the 
title  "  Fidei  Defensor,"  and  commanded 
all  Christians  so  to  address  him.  The 
original  bull  was  preserved  by  sir  Robert 
Cotton,  and  is  signed  by  the  pope,  four 
bishop-cardinals,  fifteen  priest-cardinals, 
and  eight  deacon-cardinals.  A  complete 
copy  of  the  bull,  with  its  seals  and  sig- 
natures, may  be  seen  in  Selden's  Titles  of 
Honour,  v.  53-57  (1672). 

Defensaetas,  Devonshire. 

Defoe  writes  The  History  of  the 
Pla(jv£  of  London  as  if  he  had  been  a 
personal  spectator,  but  he  was  only  three 
years  old  at  the  time  (16G3-1731). 

Deggial,  antichrist.  The  Moham- 
medan writers  say  he  has  but  one  eye  and 
one  eyebrow,  and  on  his  forehead  is 
written  cafeii  ("infidel"). 

Chilled  with  terror,  we  concluded  that  the  Deggial,  with 
his  exterminating  angels,  had  sent  forth  their  plagues  on 
the  earth.— W.  Beckfoi-d,  V'athek  (1784), 

Degree.  "  Fine  by  degrees  and  beau- 
tifully less." — Prior. 

Deheubarth,  South  Wales. — Spen- 
ser, Faery  Queen,  iii.  2  (1590). 

Deird'ri,  an  ancient  Irish  story 
similar  to  the  Dar-Tliula  of  Ossian. 
Conor,  king  of  Ulster,  puts  to  death  by 
treachery  the  three  sons  of  Usnacli. 
This  leads  to  the  desolating  war  against 
Ulster,  which  terminates  in  the  total 
destruction  of  Eman.  This  is  one  of  the 
three  tragic  stories  of  the  Irish,  which 
are:  (I)  The  death  of  the  children  of 
Touran  (regarding  Tuatha  de  Danans) ; 
(2)  the  death  of  the  children  of  Lear  or 
Lir,  turned  into  swans  by  Aoife ;  (3) 
the  death  of  the  children  of  Usnach  (a 
"Milesian  "  story). 

Dei'ri  (3  syL),  separated  from  Ber- 
nicia  by  Soemil,  the  sixth  in  descent  from 
Woden.  Deiri  and  Bernicia  together 
constituted  Northumbria. 

Diera  \Hc]  beareth  thro'  the  spacious  Yorkish  boinids. 
From  Durham  down  along  to  the  Lancastrian  sounds .  .  . 
And  did  the  greiiter  part  of  Cumberland  conUiin. 

Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Dek'abrist,  a  Decembrist,  from 
J}ekabtr^  the  Russian  for  December.     It  , 


denotes  those  persons  who  suffered  death 
or  captivity  for  the  part  they  took  in  tlie 
military  conspiracy  which  broke  out  in 
St.  Petersburg  in  December,  1825,  on  the 
accession  of  czar  Nicholas  to  the  throne. 

Dela'da,  the  tooth  of  Buddha,  pre- 
served in  theMalegawa  temple  at  Kandy. 
The  natives  guard  it  with  the  greatest 
jealousy,  from  a  belief  that  whoever 
possesses  it  acquires  the  right  to  govern 
Ceylon.  AVhen  the  English  (in  1815)  ob- 
tained possession  of  tliis  palladium,  the 
natives  submitted  without  resistance. 

Delaserre  (Captoin  Philip),  a  friend 
of  Harry  Bertram. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.), 

Delec'table  Mcuntains,a  raage 
of  hills  from  the  surimits  of  which  tbi 
Celestial  City  coulci  be  seen.  The&o 
mountains  were  beautiful  with  woods, 
vineyards,  fruits  of  all  sorts,  flowers, 
springs  and  fountains,  etc. 

Now  there  were  on  the  tops  of  these  mountains  shep 
herds  feeding  their  fl^^ks.  The  pilgrims,  thtiefore,  wem 
to  them,  and  leiiiiint;  on  Ujeir  staffs  .  .  .  they  a-nked, 
"  Whose  delectable  mountains  are  these,  and  whose  l^e  thd 
sheep  that  feed  ut.on  them  t"  Tlie  shepK;rdi  answen  il, 
"These  mountains  are  Emmanuers  land  .  .  and  tlio 
sheep  are  His,  and  He  laid  down  His  life  for  them." - 
Bunyan,  Pitjrim's  Pro<jrest,  i.  (1078). 

De'Ha,  Diana ;  uo  called  from  lb 
island  Delos,  wheri  she  was  bon 
Similarly,  Apollo  ^va3  called  Deliui 
Milton  sa}'s  that  Eve,  e'en 

Delia's  wlf. 
In  gate  surpasse<l  and  go. Ideas-like  deport 
Though  not  .is  she  with  bow  and  quixi-r  -jm 

Pciradiea  Lost,  ix.  333,  t.c.  (it 

De'lia,  any  female  sweetheart.  Si..;  , 
one  of  the  shepherdesses  in  YirgiJ 
Eclogues.  TibuUus,  th  e  Roman  poet,  caf 
his  lady-love  "  Delia,"  but  what  her  res 
name  was  is  not  certaisi. 

Delia,  the  lady-love  of  James  Hat 
mond's  elegies,  was  Miss  Dashwood, ' 
died  in  1779.     She  rejected  his  suit,, 
died  unmarried.     In  one  of  the  ele 
the  poet  imagines  himself  married  to 
and    that     they    were    living    happ 
together  till  death,  when  pitying  m.nif 
would  tell  of  their  wondrous  ioves. 

Delian  King  {The).     Apollo  or  t> 
sun  is  so  called  in  the  Orphic  hymn. 

Oft  Bs  thp  Delian  king  with  Sirius  holds 
The  centred  heavens. 

.'Vkcnside,  Hymn  to  the  NaUida  (1737). 

Delight  of  Mankind  ( The),  Tilua 
the  Ro-»i;iri  ciipcror  (a.d.  40,  79-81) 

T'  .'^^  in  Iced  pHve  one  short  f.veniiig  glean, 
M  .L  r,iiriliiil  lelt, as  in  the  uiiilsr.  it  npiefid 
01  ■^U>n\>  and  Horror  :  "The  Do  U;   i  of  Mei;." 

Tliomson,  LiUrt),  iii.  (1736). 

Del] A  Cnisca  School,  originally 


DELPHINE. 


246 


DEMOGORGON. 


applied  in  1582  to  a  society  in  Florence, 
established  to  purify  the  national  lan- 
guage and  sift  from  it  all  its  impurities  ; 
but  applied  in  England  to  a  brotherhood 
of  poets  (at  the  close  of  the  last  century) 
under  the  leadership  of  Mrs.  Piozzi. 
This  school  was  conspicuous  for  affec- 
tation and  high-flown  panegyrics  on  each 
other.  It  was  stamped  out  by  Gifford,  in 
The  Baviad,  in  1794,  and  The  MoBviad,  in 
1796.  Robert  Merry,  who  signed  himself 
Delia  Crusca,  James  Cobb  a  farce-writer, 
James  Boswell  (biographer  of  Dr.  John- 
son), O'Keefe,  Morton,  Reynolds,  Hol- 
croft,  Sheridan,  Colman  the  younger, 
Mrs.  H.  Cowley,  and  Mrs.  Robinson  were 
its  best  exponents. 

Del'phine(2sy^.),theheroineandtitle 
of  a  novel  by  Mde.  de  StaCl.  Delphine  is 
a  charming  character,  who  has  a  faithless 
lover,  and  dies  of  a  broken  heart.  This 
novel,  like  Corinne,  was  written  during 
her  banishment  from  France  by  Napo- 
leon I.,  when  she  travelled  in  Switzerland 
and  Italy.  It  is  generally  thought  that 
**  Delphine  "  was  meant  for  the  authoress 
herself  (1802). 

Delphine  Classics  (The),  a  set  of 
Latin  classics  edited  in  France  for  the  use 
of  the  grand  dauphin  (son  of  Louis  XIV.). 
Huet  was  chief  editor,  assisted  by  Mon- 
tausier  and  Bossuet.  They  had  thirty- 
nine  scholars  working  under  them.  The 
indexes  of  these  classics  are  very  valu- 
able. 

Delta  [A]  of  Blackwood  is  D.  M. 
Moir  (1798-1851). 

Del'ville  (2  syl.),  one  of  the  guardians 
of  Cecilia.  He  is  a  man  of  wealth  and 
great  ostentation,  with  a  haughty  hu- 
mility and  condescending  pride,  especially 
in  his  intercourse  with  his  social  inferiors. 
—Miss  Burney,  Cecilia  (1782). 

Demands.  In  full  of  all  demands, 
as  his  lordship  says.  His  "lordship"  is 
the  marquis  of  Blandford ;  and  the 
allusion  is  to  Mr.  Benson,  the  jeweller, 
who  sent  in  a  claim  to  the  marquis  for 
interest  to  a  bill  which  had  run  more  than 
twelve  months.  His  lordship  sent  a 
cheque  for  the  bill  itself,  and  wrote  on  it, 
*'  In  full  of  all  demands."  Mr.  Benson 
accepted  the  bill,  and  sued  for  the 
interest,  but  was  non-suited  (1871). 

Deme'tia,  South  Wales  ;  the  inhabit- 
ants are  called  Demetians. 

Doneroir,  the  leat  of  the  Demetian  king. 

Dnyton,  Polyolbion,  v.  (1612). 


Deme'trius,  a  young  Athenian,  to 
whom  Egeus  (3  syl.)  promised  his 
daughter  Hermia  in  marriage.  As 
Hermia  loved  Lysander,  she  refused  to 
marry  Demetrius,  and  fled  from  Athens 
with  Lysander.  Demetrius  went  in  quest 
of  her,  and  was  followed  by  Hel'ena,  who 
doted  on  him.  All  four  fell  asleep,  and 
"dreamed  a  dream"  about  the  fairies. 
On  waking,  Demetrius  became  more 
reasonable.  He  saw  that  Hermia  dis- 
liked him,  but  that  Helena  loved  him 
sincerely,  so  he  consented  to  forego  the 
one  and  take  to  wife  the  other.  When 
Egeus,  the  father  of  Hermia,  found  out 
how  the  case  stood,  he  consented  to  the 
union  of  his  daughter  with  Lysander. — ■ 
Shakespeare,  Midsummer  Night's  Dream 
(1592). 

Beme'triuSy  in  The  Poetaster,  by  Ben 
Jonson,  is  meant  for  John  Marston  (died 
1633). 

Dems'trius  (4  syl.),  son  of  king  Antig'- 
onus,  in  love  with  Celia,  alias  Enan'the. 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Humx)rous 
Lieutenant  (1647). 

Deme'trius,  a  citizen  of  Greece  during 
the  reign  of  Alexius  Comnenus. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Count  Eobert  of  Paris  (time, 
Ruius). 

Demiurgus,  that  mysterious  agent 
which,  according  to  Plato,  made  the 
world  and  all  that  it  contains.  The 
Logos  or  "Word"  of  St.  John's  Gospel 
(ch.  i.  1)  is  the  demiurgus  of  platonizing 
Christians. 

Democ'ritos  (in  Latin  Democritus), 
the  laughing  or  scoffing  philosopher,  the 
friar  Bacon  of  his  age.  To  "  dine  with 
Democritos  "  is  to  go  without  dinner,  the 
same  as  "dining  with  duke  Humphrey," 
or  "  dining  with  the  cross-legged 
knights." 

People  think  that  we  [authors]  often  dine  with  Democ- 
ritos, but  there  they  are  niistiiken.  There  is  not  one  of 
tlie  fraternity  who  is  not  welcome  to  some  good  table. — 
Lesa^e.  Oil  Blot,  xii.  7  (1735). 

Democritus  Junior,  Robert  Bur- 
ton, author  of  The  Anatomy  of  Melancholy 
(1576-1640). 

Demod'ocos  (in  Latin  Demodocus), 
bard  of  Alcin'ous  (4  syl.)  king  of  the 
Phaea'cians. 

Such  as  the  wise  Demodlcos  once  told 
In  solemn  songs  at  king  Alcinous'  feast. 
While  sad  Ulysses'  soul  and  all  the  rest 
Are  held,  with  his  melodious  harmony, 
In  willing  chains  and  sweet  captivity. 

Milton,  Vacation  Exereite  (1627). 

Dem'ogor'gon,  tyrant  of  the  elvea 


DEMOPHOON. 


246 


DERBY. 


and  fays,  whose  very  name  inspired  terror; 
hence  Milton  speaks  of  "the  dreaded 
name  of  Demogorgon"  {Paradise  Lost, 
ii.  9G6).  Spenser  says  he  "dwells  in  the 
deep  abyss  where  the  three  fatal  sisters 
dwell  "  {Faery  Queen,  iv.  2) ;  but  Ariosto 
says  he  inhabited  a  splendid  })alace  on 
the  Himalaya  Mountains.  Demogorgon 
is  mentioned  by  Statins  in  the  2/wbatd, 
iv.  516. 

He's  the  first-begotten  of  BeSlzebub,  with  a  face  as 
terrible  as  Demogorgon.— Drjdeu,  The  Spanish  tYyar, 

T.  a  (1680). 

Demopli'oon  (4  syl.)  was  brought 
up  by  Demeter,  who  anointed  him  with 
ambrosia  and  plunged  him  every  night 
into  the  fire.  One  day,  his  mother,  out 
of  curiosity,  watched  the  proceeding,  and 
was  horror-struck ;  whereupon  Demeter 
told  her  that  her  foolish  curiosity  had 
robbed  her  son  of  immortal  youth. 

*^*  This  story  is  also  told  of  Isis. — 
Plutarch,  De  Isid.  et  Osirid.,  xvi.  357. 

*^*  A  similar  story  is  told  of  Achilles. 
His  mother  Thet'is  was  taking  similar 
precautions  to  render  him  immortal,  when 
his  father  Pe'leus  (2  syl.)  interfered. — 
Apollonius  RhodiuB,  Argonaut ic  Exp.,  iv. 
8G6. 

Demos'thenes    of  the    Pulpit. 

Dr.  Thomas  Eennell,  dean  of  West- 
minster, was  so  called  by  William  Pitt 
(1753-1840). 

Dendin  {Peter),  an  old  man,  who 
had  settled  more  disputes  than  all  the 
magistrates  of  Poitiers,  though  he  was  no 
judge.  His  plan  was  to  wait  till  the 
litigants  were  thoroughly  sick  of  their 
contention,  and  longed  to  end  their  dis- 
putes ;  then  would  he  interpose,  and  his 
judgment  could  not  fail  to  be  acceptable. 

l^eTiot  Dendin,  son  of  the  above,  but, 
unlike  his  father,  he  always  tried  to 
crush  quarrels  in  the  bud  ;  consequently, 
he  never  succeeded  in  settling  a  single 
dispute  submitted  to  his  judgment. — 
Rabelais,  Pantagruel,  iii.  41  (1545). 

(Racine  has  introduced  the  same  name 
in  his  comedy  called  Les  Plaideurs  (1669), 
and  Lafontaine  in  his  Fables,  1668.) 

Dennet  {Father),  an  old  peasant  at 
the  Lists  of  St.  George.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Jvanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Dennis  the  hangman,  one  of  the 
ringleaders  of  the  "No  Popery  riots ; " 
the  other  two  were  Hugh  servant  of  the 
Maypole  mn,  and  the  half-witted  Bamaby 
Rudge.  Dennis  was  cheerful  enough 
when  ha  "  turned  off  "  others,  but  when 


he  himself  ascended  the  gibbet  he  showed 
a  most  grovelling  and  craven  spirii.— C. 
Dickens,  Bamaby  Rvdye  (1841). 

Dennis  {John),  "the  best  abused  man 
in  English  literature."  Swift  lampooned 
him  ;  Pope  assailed  him  in  the  Essay  on 
Criticism;  and  finally  he  was  "damned 
to  everlasting  fame  "  in  the  Dunciad,  He 
is  called  "Zo'ilus"  (1657-1733). 

Dennison  {Jenny),  attendant  on 
Miss  Edith  Bellenden.  She  marries 
Cuddie  Headrigg.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Dent  le  Lait  {Une),  a  prejudice. 
After  M.  Be'ralde  has  been  running  down 
Dr.  Purgon  as  a  humbug,  Argan  replies, 
"C'est  que  vous  avez,  mon  frfere,  une 
dent  de  lait  contre  lui." — Moliere,  Le 
Malade  Innaginaire,  iii.  3  (1673). 

D'Eon  de  Beaumont  {Le  cheva- 
lier), a  person  notorious  for  the  ambiguity 
of  his  sex  ;  said  to  be  the  son  of  an 
advocate.  His  face  was  pretty,  without 
beard,  moustache,  or  whiskers.  Louis 
XV.  sent  him  as  a  woman  to  Russia  on  a 
secret  mission,  and  he  presented  himself 
to  the  czarina  as  a  woman  (1756).  In 
the  Seven  Years'  War  he  was  appointed 
captain  of  dragoons.  In  1777  he  assumed 
the  dress  of  a  woman  again,  which  he 
maintained  till  death  (1728-1810). 

Derbend  {The  Iron  Gates  of),  called 
the  "Albftnicae  Portse."  or  the  "Caspian's 
Gate."  Iron  gates,  which  closed  the  defile 
of  Derbend.     There  is  still  d^ris  of  a 
great  wall,   which  once    ran  from    the 
Black  Sea  to  the  Caspian.    It  is  said  that 
Alexander  founded  Derbend  on  the  west  | 
coast  of  the  Caspian,  and  that  Khosra] 
the   Great  fortified  it.      Haroun-al-Ras-J 
chid    often  resided  there.      Its  ancienfei 
name  was  Albana,  and  hence  the  pro 
vince  Schirvan  was  called  Albania. 

*^*  The  gates  called  Albanioe  PylaX 
were  not  the  "Caspian's  Gate,"  but] 
"Trajan's  Gate"  or  "  Kopula  Derbend.*^ 

Derby  {Earl  of),  third  son  of  the  ear^ 
of  Lancaster,  and  near  kinsman 
Edward  III.  His  name  was  Hen 
Plantagenet,  and  he  died  1362.  Hen: 
Plantagenet,  earl  of  Derby,  was  sent  to 
protect  Guienne,  and  was  noted  for  his 
humanity  no  less  than  for  his  braver^'. 
He  defeated  the  comte  de  I'lsle  at 
Bergerac,  reduced  Perigord,  took  the 
castle  of  Auberoche,  in  Gascony,  over- 
threw 10,000  French  with  only  1000, 
taking  prisoners  nine  earls  and  nearly  all 


k\ 


DERBY. 


247 


DESERTER. 


the  barons,  knights,  and  squires  (1345). 
Next  year  he  took  the  fortresses  of 
Monsegur,  Monsepat,  Villefranche,  Mire- 
mont,  Tennins,  Damassen,  Aiguilon,  and 
Keole. 

That  most  deserving  earl  of  Derby,  wp  prefer 
Henry's  third  valiant  son,  tlie  earl  of  Lancaster, 
That  only  Mars  of  men. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion.  xviiL  (1613). 

Derby  (Countess  of),  Charlotte  de  la 
Treraouille,  countess  of  Derby  and  queen 
of  Man. 

Philip  earl  of  Derby,  king  of  Man,  son 
of  the  countess. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Der'rick,  hangman  in  the  first  half  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  The  crane  for 
hoisting  goods  is  called  a  derrick,  from 
this  hangman. 

Derrick  (Tom),  quarter-master  of  the 
pirate's  vessel.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Pirate 
(time,  William  III.). 

Derry-Down  Triangle  (The), 
lord  Castlereagh  ;  afterwards  marquis  of 
Londonderry ;  so  called  by  William 
Hone.  The  first  word  is  a  pun  on  the 
title,  the  second  refers  to  his  lordship's 
oratory,  a  triangle  being  the  most  feeble, 
monotonous,  and  unmusical  of  all  musical 
instruments.  Tom  Moore  compares  the 
oratory  of  lord  Castlereagh  to  "water 
spouting  from  a  pump." 

Q.  Why  is  a  pump  like  viscount  Castlereagh! 
A.  Because  it  is  a  slender  thing  of  wood, 

That  up  and  down  its  awkward  arm  doth  sway. 
And  coolly  spout,  and  spout,  and  spout  away. 
In  one  weak,  washy,  everlasting  flood. 

T.  Moore. 

Dervise  ("  a  poor  man "),  a  sort  of 
religious  friar  or  mendicant  among  the 
Mohammedans. 

Desborough  (Colonel),  one  of  the 
parliamentary  commissioners. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Desdemo'na,  daughter  of  Brabantio 
a  Venetian  senator,  in  love  with  Othello 
the  Moor  (general  of  the  Venetian  army). 
The  Moor  loves  her  intensely,  and  marries 
her ;  but  lago,  by  artful  villainy,  induces 
him  to  believe  that  she  loves  Cassio  too 
well.  After  a  violent  conflict  between 
love  and  jealousy,  Othello  smothers  her 
with  a  bolster,  and  then  stabs  himself. — 
Shakespeare,  Othello  (iGil). 

The  soft  simplicity  of  Desderaona,  confident  of  merit 
»nd  conscious  of  innocence,  her  artless  perseverance  in 
her  suit,  and  her  slowness  to  suspect  that  she  can  be  sus- 
pected, are  proofs  of  Shakespeare's  skill  in  human  nature. 
—Dr.  Johnson. 

Desert  Fairy  (The).  This  fairy 
was  guarded  by  two  lions,  which  could 


be  pacified  only  by  a  cake  made  of 
millet,  sugar  candy,  and  crocodiles'  eggB, 
The  Desert  Fairy  said  to  Allfair,  "I  swear 
by  my  coif  you  shall  marry  the  Yellow? 
Dwarf,  or  I  will  burn  my  crutch."— 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  The 
Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 

Deserted  Daughter  (The),  a 
comedy  by  Holcroft.  Joanna  was  the 
daughter  of  Mordent,  but  her  mother 
died,  and  Mordent  married  lady  Anne. 
In  order  to  do  so  he  ignored  his  daughter 
and  had  her  brought  up  by  strangers, 
intending  to  apprentice  her  to  some  trade. 
Item,  a  money-lender,  acting  on  the  ad- 
vice of  Mordent,  lodges  the  girl  with 
Mrs.  Enfield,  a  crimp,  where  Lennox  is 
introduced  to  her,  and  obtains  Mordent's 
consent  to  run  away  with  her.  In  the 
interim  Cheveril  sees  her,  falls  in  love 
with  her,  and  determines  to  marry  her. 
Mordent  repents,  takes  the  girl  home, 
acknowledges  her  to  be  his  daughter,  and 
she  becomes  the  wife  of  the  gallant 
young  Cheveril  (1784). 

*4f*  This  comedy  has  been  recast,  and 
called  The  Steward. 

Deserted  Village  (The).  The 
poet  has  his  eye  chiefly  on  Lissoy,  its 
landscapes  and  characters.  Here  his 
father  was  pastor.  He  calls  the  village 
Auburn,  but  tells  us  it  was  the  seat  of 
his  youth,  every  spot  of  which  was  dear 
and  familiar  to  him.  He  describes  the 
pastor,  the  schoolmaster,  the  ale-house ; 
then  tells  us  that  luxury  has  killed  all 
the  simple  pleasures  of  village  life,  but 
asks  the  friends  of  truth  to  judge  how 
wide  the  limits  "between  a  splendid  and 
a  happy  land."  Now  the  man  of  wealth 
and  pride 

Takes  up  a  space  that  many  poor  supplied : 
Space  for  his  lake,  his  parks'  extended  bounds. 
Space  for  his  horses,  equipage,  and  hounds. 

O.  Goldsmith  (1770). 

Some  think  Springfield,  Essex,  is  the 
place  referred  to. 

A  traveller,  whom  Washington  Irving  accepts  as  an 
authority,  identified  Lissoy'«  ale-house,  with  the  sign  of  the 
Tliree  Pigeons  swinging  over  the  door-way,  as  "that 
house  where  nutbrown  draughts  inspired,  and  where  once 
the  signpost  caught  the  passing  eye."— G.  lledway,  ^otet 
and  Querivt,  October  12,  1878. 

Dr.  Goldsmith  composed  his  Deserted  Village  whilst 
residing  at  a  farm-house  nearly  opiKjsite  the  church  here 
[i.e.  Springfield].  Joseph  Strutt,  the  engraver  and 
antiquary,  was  born  here  in  1749,  and  died  180-,>.— Lewis, 
Topographical  Dictionary  <tf  £ng!and,  Art  "Spring- 
field" (1831). 

Deserter  (The),  a  musical  drama  by 
Dibdin  (1770).  Henry,  a  soldier,  is  en- 
gaged to  Louisa,  but  during  his  absence 
some  rumours  of  gallantry  to  Lis  disad- 


DESMAS. 


248 


DEVIL. 


vantage  reach  the  village,  and  to  test  his 
love,  Louisa  in  pretence  goes  with  Sim- 
kin  as  if  to  be  married.  Henry  sees  the 
procession,  is  told  it  is  Louisa's  wedding 
day,  and  in  a  fit  of  desperation  gives 
himself  up  as  a  deserter,  and  is  con- 
demnad  to  death.  Louisa  goes  to  the 
king,  explains  the  whole  affair,  and  re- 
turns with  his  pardon  as  the  muffled 
drums  begin  to  beat. 

Desxuas.  The  repentant  thief  is  so 
called  in  The  Story  of  Joseph  of  Arima- 
thea ;  but  Dismas  m  the  apocryphal 
Gospel  of  Nicodcmus.  Longfellow,  in  The 
Golden  Legend,  calls  him  Dumachus. 
The  impenitent  thief  is  called  Gestas,  but 
Longfellow  calls  him  Titus. 

Imjiaribus  meritis  pendent  tria  corpora  ramis  : 
Disma*  et  Octmat,  media  est  Diviiia  Fotestas ; 
Alia  petit  Dismas,  infelix  inflma  Gesmas  ; 
Nos  et  les  nostras  conservet  Sunimu  Potestaa. 

Of  differing  merits  from  three  trees  incline 
Dismas  and  Gesmas  and  tlie  Power  Divine  ; 
Dismas  repents,  Gesmas  no  pardon  craves, 
The  Power  Divine  by  death  the  sinner  saves. 

Desmonds  of  Kilmalloek 
(Limerick).  The  legend  is  that  the  lasi 
powerful  head  of  this  family,  who 
perished  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
still  keeps  his  state  under  the  waters  of 
lough  Gur,  that  every  seventh  year  he 
re-appears  fully  armed,  rides  round  the 
lake  early  in  the  morning,  and  will 
ultimately  return  in  the  flesh  to  claim  his 
own  again.  (See  Barbarossa.) — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel. 

Despair  (Giant)  lived  in  Doubting 
Castle.  He  took  Christian  and  Hopeful 
captives  for  sleeping  on  his  grounds,  and 
locked  them  in  a  dark  dungeon  from 
Wednesday  to  Saturday,  without  "  one 
bit  of  bread,  or  drop  of  drink,  or  ray  of 
light."  By  the  advice  of  his  wife.  Diffi- 
dence, the  giant  beat  them  soundly 
"  with  a  crab-tree  cudgel."  On  Saturday 
night  Christian  remembered  he  had  a  key 
in  his  bosom,  called  "Promise,"  which 
would  open  any  lock  in  Doubting  Castle. 
So  he  opened  the  dungeon  door,  and  they 
both  made  their  escape  with  speed. — John 
Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i.  (1G78). 

Deucal'idon,  the  sea  which  washes 
the  north  coast  of  Scotland. 

Till  thro'  the  sleepy  main  to  Thuly  I  have  gone. 
And  seen  the  frozen  isles,  the  cold  Deucalidon. 

M.  Drayton,  J'olyolbion,  i.  (1612). 

Deucalidon'ian  Ocean,  the  sea 
which  washes  the  northern  side  of  Ire- 
land.— Kichard  of  Cirencester,  JIist.f  i.  8 
(1702). 

Deuce  is  in  Him  {The),  a  farce  by 


George  Colman,  senior.  The  person  re- 
ferred to  is  colonel  Tamper,  under  which 
name  the  plot  of  the  farce  is  given  (1702). 

Deugala,  says  Ossian,  "was  covered 
with  the  light  of  beauty,  but  her  heart 
was  the  house  of  pride." 

Deve'ta,  plu.  Devktas,  inferior  or 
secondary  deities  in  Hindu  mythology. 

Devil  (The).  Olivier  Ledain,  the 
tool  of  Louis  XL,  and  once  the  king's 
barber,  was  called  Le  Diable,  because  he 
was  as  much  feared,  was  as  fond  of 
making  mischief,  and  was  far  more  dis- 
liked than  the  prince  of  evil.  Olivier 
was  executed  in  1484. 

Devil  ( The).  The  noted  public-house  sc 
called  was  No.  2,  Fleet  Street.  In  1788, 
it  was  purchased  by  the  bank  firm  and 
formed  part  of  "  Child's  Place."  The 
original  "Apollo"  (of  the  Apollo  Club, 
held  here  under  the  presidency  of  Ben 
Jonson),  is  still  preser\'ed  in  Child^s 
bank. 

When  the  lawyers  in  the  neighbourhood 
went  to  dinner,  they  hung  a  notice  on 
their  doors,  "  Gone  to  the  Devil,"  that 
those  who  wanted  them  might  know 
where  to  find  them. 

Dined  to-day  with  Dr.  Garth  and  Mr.  Addison  at  tire 
Devil  tavern,  near  Temple  Bar,  and  Garth  treated.— 
Bwift,  Letter  to  Stella. 

Devil  (The  French),  Jean  Bart,  an  in- 
trepid French  sailor,  born  at  Dunkirk 
(1G50-1702). 

Devil  (The  White).  George  Castriot, 
sumamed  "  Scanderbeg,"  was  called  by 
the  Turks  "The  White  Devil  of  Wal- 
lachia"  (1404-1467). 

Devil   (The  Printer's),    Aldus  Mann 
tins,   a  printer    in  Venice  to  the    hoi 
Church  and  the  doge,  employed  a  neg 
boy  to  help  him  in  his  office.     This  littli 
black  boy  was  believed  to  be  an  imp 
Satan,   and  went  by  the   name  of   t 
"  printer's  devil."     In   order  to  prote 
him    from    persecution,   and    confute 
foolish  superstition,   Manutius    made 
public   exhibition  of   the   boy,   and   ai 
nounced  that  "any  one  who  doubted  hi 
to  be  flesh  and  blood  might  come  f  orwa: 
and  pinch  him." 

Devil  (Robert  the),  of  Normandy ; 
called  because  his  father  was  said  to  ha^ 
been  an  incubus  or  fiend  in  the  disguise 
of  a  knight  (1028-1035). 

*^*  Robert  Francois  Damiens  is  also 
called  Pohert  le  Diable,  for  his  attempt  to 
assassinate  Louis  XV.  (1714-1767) 


y 


DEVIL. 


249        DEVIL'S  DYKE,  BRIGHTON. 


Devil  (Son  of  the),  Ezzeli'no,  chief  of 
the  Gibelins,  governor  of  Vicenza.  He 
was  so  called  for  his  infamous  cruelties 
(1215-1259). 

Devil  Dick,  Richard  Person,  the 
critic  (1759-1808). 

Devil  on  Two  Sticks  (The),  that 
13  Le  Diable  Boitcux,  by  Lesagc  (1707). 
The  plot  of  this  humorous  satirical  tale 
is  borrowed  from  the  Spanish,  El  Diabolo 
Cojiielo,  by  Gueva'ra  (1C36).  Asmode'us 
(le  diable  boiteux)  perches  don  Cle'ofas 
on  the  steeple  of  St.  Salva'dor,  and 
Stretching  out  his  hand  the  roofs  of  all 
the  houses  open,  and  expose  to  him  what 
is  being  done  privately  in  every  dwelling. 

Devil  on  Two  Sticks  (The),  a  farce  by 
S.  Foote ;  a  satire  on  the  medical  pro- 
fession. 

Devil  to  Pay  (The),  a  farce  by  C. 
Coffey.  Sir  John  Loverule  has  a  terma- 
gant wife,  and  Zackel  Jobson  a  patient 
grissel.  Two  spirits  named  Nadir  and 
Ab'ishog  transform  these  two  wives  for  a 
time,  so  that  the  termagant  is  given  to 
Jobson,  and  the  patient  wife  to  sir  John. 
When  my  lady  tries  her  tricks  on  Jobson, 
he  takes  his  strap  to  her  and  soon  reduces 
her  to  obedience.  After  she  is  well  re- 
formed, the  two  are  restored  to  their 
original  husbands,  and  the  shrew  becomes 
an  obedient,  modest  wife  (died  1745). 

The  Devil  to  Pay  xms  long  a  tavourite,  chiefly  for  the 
character  of  "  Nell  "  [the  cobbler't  wife],  which  made 
the  fortunes  of  several  actresses.— Chambers,  Englith 
LUeKUure,  U.  151. 

Devil's  Age  (The).  A  wealthy  man 
once  promised  to  give  a  poor  gentleman 
and  his  wife  a  large  sum  of  money  if  at 
a  given  time  they  could  tell  him  the  devil's 
age.  When  the  time  came,  the  gentleman, 
at  his  wife's  suggestion,  plunged  first 
into  a  barrel  of  honey  and  then  into  a 
barrel  of  feathers,  and  walked  on  all 
fours.  Presently,  up  came  his  Satanic 
majesty,  and  said,  ^^Xand  x  years  have  I 
lived,"  naming  the  exact  number,  "yet 
never  saw  I  an  animal  like  this."  The 
gentleman  had  heard  enough,  and  was 
able  to  answer  the  question  without  diffi- 
culty.— Rev.  W.  Webster,  Basque  Legends, 
68(1877). 

Devil's  Arrows,  three  remarkable 
*'druidicar*  stones,  near  Boroughbridge, 
in  Yorkshire.  Probably  these  stones 
simply  mark  the  boundary  of  some  pro- 
perty or  jurisdiction. 

Devil's  Bridge  (The),  mentioned  by 
Longfellow,  in  the  Golden  Legend,  is  the 


bridge  over  the  falls  of  the  Reuss,  in  th« 
canton  of  the  Uri,  in  Switzerland. 

Devil's  Chalice  (The).  A  wealthy 
man  gave  a  poor  farmer  a  large  sum  of 
money  on  this  condition  :  at  the  end  of  a 
twelvemonth  he  was  either  to  say  "of 
what  the  devil  made  his  chalice,"  or  else 
give  his  head  to  the  devil.  The  poor 
farmer,  as  the  time  came  round,  hid 
himself  in  the  cross-roads,  and  presently 
the  witches  assembled  from  all  sides. 
Said  one  witch  to  another,  "You  know 
that  Farmer  So-and-so  has  sold  his  head 
to  the  devil,  for  he  will  never  know 
of  what  the  devil  makes  his  chalice. 
In  fact,  I  don't  know  myself."  "  Don't 
you?"  said  the  other;  "why,  of  the 
parings  of  finger-nails  trimmed  on  Sun- 
days." The  farmer  was  overjoyed,  and 
when  the  time  came  round  was  quite 
ready  with  his  answer. — Rev.  W.  Web- 
ster, Basque  Legends,  71  (1877). 

Devil's  Current  (The).  Part  of  the 
current  of  the  BosphSrus  is  so  called  from 
its  great  rapidity. 

Devil's  Den,  a  cromlech  in  Pres- 
chute,  near  Marlborough. 

Devil's  Dyke  (The),  otherwise 
called  Grim's  Dyke.  This  dyke  ran  from 
Newmarket  into  Lincolnshire,  and  was 
designed  to  separate  Mercia  from  the  East 
Angles.  Part  of  the  southern  boundary 
of  Mercia  (from  Hampshire  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Severn)  was  called  "Woden's 
Dyke,"  the  present  Wan's  Dyke. 

Because  my  depth  and  breadth  so  strangely  doth  exceed 
Men's  low  and  wretched  thoughts,  they  constantly  decree4 
That  by  the  devil's  help  I  needs  must  rais<bd  be, 
Wherefore  the  "  Devil's  Ditch  "  they  basely  namid  me 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxi.  (162J). 

Devil's  Dvke,  Brighton  (The). 
One  day,  as  St.  Cuthman  was  walking  over 
the  South  Downs,  and  thinking  to  him- 
self how  completely  he  had  rescued  the 
whole  country  from  paganism,  he  was 
accosted  by  his  sable  majesty  in  person. 
"  Ha,  ha  !  "  said  the  prince  of  darkness  ; 
"  so  you  think  by  these  churches  and 
convents  to  put  me  and  mine  to  your 
ban ;  do  you  ?  Poor  fool !  why,  this  very 
night  will  I  swamp  the  whole  land  with 
the  sea."  "  Forewarned  is  forearmed," 
thought  St.  Cuthman,  and  hies  him  to 
sister  Cecilia,  superior  of  a  convent  which 
then  stood  on  the  spot  of  the  present 
Dyke  House.  "  Sister,"  said  the  saint, 
"I  love  you  well.  This  night,  for  the 
grace  of  God,  keep  lights  burning  at  the 
convent  windows  from  midnight  to  day- 


DEVIL'S  FRYING-PAN. 


250 


DIAMOND  JOUSTS. 


break,  and  let  masses  be  said  by  the  holy 
sisterhood."  At  Bundown  came  the  devil 
with  pickaxe  and  spade,  mattock  and 
shovel,  and  set  to  work  in  right  good  earnest 
to  dig  a  dyke  which  should  let  the  waters  of 
the  sea  into  the  downs.  "  Fire  and  brim- 
stone !  " — he  exclaimed,  as  a  sound  of 
voices  rose  and  fell  in  sacred  song — "  Fire 
and  brimstone  !  What's  the  matter  with 
nie  ?  "  Shoulders,  feet,  wrists,  loins,  all 
seemed  paralyzed.  Down  went  mattock 
and  spade,  pickaxe  and  shovel,  and  just 
at  that  moment  the  lights  at  the  convent 
windows  burst  forth,  and  the  cock,  mis- 
taking the  blaze  for  daybreak,  began  to 
crow  most  lustily.  Off  flew  the  devil, 
and  never  again  returned  to  complete  his 
work.  The  small  digging  he  effected 
still  remains  in  witness  of  the  truth  of 
this  legend  of  the  *'  Devil's  Dyke." 

Devil's  Frying-Pan  {The),  a 
Cornish  mine  worked  by  the  ancient 
Romans.  According  to  a  very  primitive 
notion,  precious  stones  are  produced  from 
condensed  dew  hardened  by  the  sun. 
This  mine  was  the  frying-pan  where  dew 
was  thus  converted  and  hardened. 

Devil's  Parliament  {The),  the 
parliament  assembled  by  Henry  VI.  at 
Coventry,  in  1459.  So  called  because  it 
passed  attainders  on  the  duke  of  York  and 
liis  chief  supporters. 

Devil's  Throat  (T7je).  Cromer  Bay 
is  so  called,  because  it  is  so  dangerous  to 
navigation. 

Devil's  Wall  {The),  the  wall  sepa- 
rating England  from  Scotland.  So 
called  from  its  great  durability. 

Devonshire,  according  to  historic 
fable,  is  a  corruption  of  "Debon's-share." 
This  Debon  was  one  of  the  companions  of 
Brute,  the  descendant  of  iEne'as.  He 
chased  the  giant  Coulin  till  he  came  to  a 
pit  eight  leagues  across.  Trying  to  leap 
this  chasm,  the  giant  fell  backwards  and 
lost  his  life. 

.  .  .  that  ample  pit,  yet  far  renowned 
For  the  great  leap  which  Itebon  did  compel 
Coulin  to  make,  being  eight  lugs  of  ground. 
Into  the  which  retouriiing  back  he  fell  .  .  . 
And  Debon'g  siiare  was  that  is  Devonshire. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  10  (1590). 

De'vorgoil  {Lady  Jam),  a  friend  of 
the  Hazelwood  family. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Ovy  MamieHng  (time,  George  II.). 

Dewlap  {Dick),  an  anecdote  teller, 
frbose  success  depended  more  upon  his 


physiognomy  than  his  wit.    His  chin  and 
his  paunch  were  his  most  telling  points. 

I  found  that  the  merit  of  his  wit  was  founded  upon  the 
shaking  of  a  fat  paunch,  and  the  tossing  up  of  a  pair  of 
rosy  jowls.— Richard  Steele. 

Dhu  {Evan),  of  Lochiel,  a  Highland 
chief,  in  the  armv  of  Montrose. 

Mhich-Connel  t)hu,  or  K'Uduj',  a  High- 
land chief,  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time, 
Charles  I.). 

Dhul'dul,  the  famous  horse  of  Ali, 
son-in-law  of  Mahomet. 

Dhu'l  Kamein  {^^the  two-horned'')^ 
a  true  believer  according  to  the  Moham- 
medan notion,  who  built  the  wall  to 
prevent  the  incursions  of  Gog  and  Ma- 
gog.— Al  Koran,  xviii. 

Commentitors  say  the  wall  was  built  in  this  manner: 
The  workmen  dug  till  they  found  water ;  and  having  laid 
the  foundation  of  stone  and  melted  brass,  they  built  tli«i 
superstructure  of  large  pieces  of  iron,  between  which  thejri 
packed  wo(jd  and  coal,  till  the  whole  equalled  the  heigh ' 
of  the  mountains  [of  Armenia].    Then  setting  fire  to  f 
combustibles,  and  by  the  use  of  bellows,  they  made  the  in 
red  hot,  and   poured  molten   brass  over  to   fill   up 
interstices.— Al  Beidawi. 

Dhu'lnun,  the  surname  of  Jonah] 
so  called  because  he  was  swallowed  by 
fish. 

Remember  Dhu'lnun,  when  he  departed  in  wrath,  ; 
thought  that  we  could  not  exercise  our  power  over  him.- 
Al  JCordn,  xxL 

Diafoirus  {Thomas),  son  of  Dr.  Dia 
foirus.  He  is  a  young  medical  milksoj 
to  whom  Argan  has  promised  his  daught 
Angelique  in  marriage.  Diafoirus  pays  hi| 
compliments  in  cut-and-dried  speeches' 
and  on  one  occasion,  being  interrupte 
in  his  remarks,  says,  "Madame,  voi 
m'avez  interrompu  dans  le  milieu  de  mt 
pe'riode,  et  cela  m'a  trouble  la  me'moire.' 
His  father  says,  "  Thomas,  re'servez  eel 
pour  une  autre  fois."  Angeliqtie  love 
Cle'ante  (2  syl.),  and  Thomas  Diafoii 
goes  to  the  wall. 

II  n'a  jamais  eu  I'imagination  bien  rive,  ni  ce  fa 
d'esprit  qu'on  remarque  dans  qutlques  uns,  .  .  .  Lorsqof 
dtnit  petit,  il  n'a  jamais  iti  ce  qu'on  appelle  mi^vre  < 
6veille ;  on  le  voyait  toujours  doux,  paisible,  et  tacituri 
lie  disant  jamais  mot,  et  ne  jouant  jamais  h  tous 
petits  jeux  que  Ion  nomme  enfantins.— Moli6re, 
Malade  Inuiginaire,  ii.  6  (lb73). 

Di'amond,   one    of    three  brothe 
sons  of  the  fairy  Agape.     Though  ver 
strong,  he  was  slain  in  single  fight  by 
Cam'balo.     -His  brothers  were  Pri'amond 
and  Tri'amond. — Spenser,  Faery  Quee 
iv.  (1596). 

Diamond  Jousts,  nine  jousts  insti- 
tuted by  Arthur,  and  so  called  because  a 
diamond  was  the  prize.  These  nine 
diamonds  were  all  won  by  sir  Launcelot, 
who  presented  them  to  the  queen,  but 


DIAMOND  SWORD. 


261 


DIBUTADES. 


Guinevere,  in  a  tiff,  flung  them  into  the 
river  which  ran  by  the  palace. — Ten- 
nyson, Idylls  of  the  Kimj  ("  Elaine  "). 

Diamond  Sword,  a  magic  sword 
given  by  the  god  Syren  to  the  king  of 
the  Gold  Mines. 

She  gave  him  a  sword  made  of  one  entire  diamond,  that 
gave  an  great  lustre  as  the  sun.— Coratesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy 
Tales  ("  The  Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 

Diamonds.  The  largest  in  the  world : 


CaraU 

(uncut).  Cut,  Narne. 

1680    *       Braganza 
—    367  


Pouetsor. 
King  of  Portugal 
It^ah  of  Mattan 
(Borneo) 

—  254      Starof  the  South       

—  194      Orloff  Czar  of  Russia 

—  139i'    Florentine  Emp.  of  Austria 

—  138^        King  of  Portugal 

410    1361    Pitt  King  of  Prussia 

7931  106^  Koh-i-noor  Queen  of  England 

—  86      Shah  Czar  of  Russia 

—  82^    Pigott  Messrs.    Rundell 

and  Bridge 

—  78      Nassac                 Lord  Westminster 
112      67t    Blue  

—  53      Sancy  Czar  of  Russia 
88i    44^^    Dudley  Earl  of  Dudley 

—  40      Pacha  of  Egypt     Khedive  of  Egypt 

*^(^*  For  particulars,  see  each  under  its 
name. 

Diana,  the  heroine  and  title,  a  pastoral 
of  Montemayor,  imitated  from  the  Dajjk- 
nis  and  Chloe  of  Longos  (fourth  century). 

Dian'a,  daughter  of  the  widow  of  Flo- 
rence with  whom  Hel'ena  lodged  on  her 
way  to  the  shrine  of  St.  Jacques  le  Grand, 
Count  Bertram  wantonly  loved  Diana, 
but  the  modest  girl  made  this  attachment 
the  means  of  bringing  about  a  reconcilia- 
tion between  Bertram  and  his  wife  Helena. 
—Shakespeare,  All's  Well  that  Ends  Well 
(1598). 

Dian'a  de  Ijascours,  daughter  of 
Ralph  and  Louise  de  Lascours,  and  sister 
of  Martha,  alias  Ogari'la.  Diana  was 
betrothed  to  Horace  de  Brienne,  whom 
she  resigns  to  Martha. — E.  Stirling,  The 
Orphan  of  tJie  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Dian'a  the  Inexorable.  (1)  She 
slew  Orion  with  one  of  her  arrows,  for 
daring  to  make  love  to  her.  (2)  She 
changed  Acta^on  into  a  stag  and  set  her 
own  dogs  on  him  to  worry  him  to  death, 
because  he  chanced  to  look  upon  her 
while  bathing.  (3)  She  shot  with  her 
arrows  the  six  sons  and  six  daughters  of 
Kiobe,  because  the  fond  mother  said  she 
vras  happier  than  LatOna,  who  had  only 
two  children. 

Dfatne  non  morenda  numina. 

Horace,  Epode,  ntt. 


Diana  the  Second  of  Salman- 
tin,  a  pastoral  romance  by  Gil  Polo. 

"  We  will  preserve  that  book,"  said  the  cur*,  "as  care- 
fully as  if  Apollo  himself  had  been  its  author."— <)ervantei, 
Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  6  (1605). 

Diana  {the  Temple  of),  at  Ephesus, 
one  of  the  Seven  Wonders  of  antiquity, 
was  set  on  fire  by  Herostratos  to  immor- 
talize his  name. 

Diana  of  the  Stage,  Mrs.  Anne 
Bracegirdle  (1663-1748). 

Dian'a's  Foresters,  "minions  of 
the  moon,"  "  Diana's  knights,"  etc.,  high- 
waymen. 

Marry,  then,  sweet  wag,  when  thou  art  king,  let  not 
us  that  are  "  squires  of  the  night's  bo<ly "  he  called 
thieves  ...  let  us  be  "Diuna's  foresters,"  "Gentlemen 
of  tl»e  sliatle,"  "  minions  of  the  moon."— Shakespeare, 
I  Benry  /K.  act  L  sc.  2  (1597). 

Diana's  Livery  (To  wear),  to  be  a 
virgin. 

One  twelve-moons  more  she'll  wear  Diana's  livery ; 
This  .  .  .  hath  she  vowed. 
Shakespeare,  Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre,  act  it.  sc.  5  (1608). 

Diano'ra,  wife  of  Gilberto  of  Friu'li, 
but  amorously  loved  by  Ansaldo.  In 
order  to  rid  herself  of  his  importunities, 
she  vowed  never  to  yield  to  his  suit  till 
he  could  "  make  her  garden  at  midwinter 
as  gay  with  flowers  as  it  was  in  summer  " 
(meaning  never).  Ansaldo,  by  the  aid  of 
a  magician,  accomplished  the  appointed 
task ;  but  when  the  lady  told  him  her 
husband  insisted  on  her  keeping  her 
promise,  Ansaldo,  not  to  be  outdone  in 
generosity,  declined  to  take  advantage 
of  his  claim,  and  from  that  day  forth 
was  the  firm  and  honourable  friend  of 
Gilberto. — Boccaccio,  Decameron,  x.  6. 

The  Franklin's  Tale  of  Chaucer  is  sub- 
stantially the  same  story.     (See  Dori- 

OEN.) 

Diarmaid,  noted  for  his  "beauty 
spot,"  which  he  covered  up  with  his  cap  ; 
for  if  any  woman  chanced  to  see  it,  she 
would  instantly  fall  in  love  with  him. — 
Campbell,  Tales  of  the  West  Highlands 
("  Diarmaid  and  Grainne  "). 

Diav'olo  (Fra),  Michele  Pezza,  in- 
surgent of  Calabria  (1760-1806).— Auber, 
Fra  Diavolo  (libretto  by  Scribe,  1836). 

Dibble  {Davie),  gardener  at  Monk- 
barns. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Antiquary  (lime, 
George  in.). 

Dibu'tades  (4  syL),  a  potter  of 
Sicyon,  whose  daughter  traced  on  the 
wall  her  lover's  shadow,  cast  there  by 
the  light  of  a  lamp.  This,  it  is  said,  is 
the  origin  of  portrait  painting.  The 
father  applied  fiie  same  process  to  hi« 


DICiEA. 


252 


DIEGO. 


pottery,  and  tliis,  it  is  said,  is  the  origin 
of  sculpture  in  relief. 

Will  the  arts  ever  have  a  lovelier  origin  than  that  fair 
daughter  of  Dibutades  tracing  the  beloved  shadow  on  the 
wall?— Ouida,  Ariadni,  L  6. 

Dicse'a,  daughter  of  Jove,  the  "ac- 
cusing angel "  of  classic  mythology. 

Forth  stepped  the  just  Dicasa,  full  of  rage. 
Phineas   Fletcher,  The  I'urple  Wand,  vi.  (1633). 

Diccon  the  Bedlamite,  a  half- 
mad  mendicant,  both  knave  and  thief. 
A  specimen  of  the  metre  will  be  seen  by 
part  of  Diccon's  speech  : 

Many  a  myle  have  I  walked,  divers  and  sundry  waies, 
And  many  a  good  nmn's  house  have  I  l)in  at  in  my  dais : 
Many  a  gossip's  cup  in  my  tyme  have  I  tasted, 
And  many  a  broche  and  spyt  have  I  both  turned  and 

biisted  .  .  . 
When  I  saw  it  booted  nit,  out  at  doores  I  hyed  mee, 
And  caught  a  slyp  of  bacon  when  I  saw  none  spyed  mee. 
Which  I  intend  not  far  hence,  unless  my  purpose  fayle. 
Shall  serve  for  a  shoing  home  to  draw  on  two  pots  of  ale. 
Diccon  the  Bedlamite  (1552). 

Dicilla,  one  of  Logistilla's  hand- 
maids, noted  for  her  chastity. — Ariosto, 
Orlajido  Furioso  (1516). 

Dickj  ostler  at  the  Seven  Stars  inn, 
York.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Dick,  called  "The  Devil's  Dick  of 
Hellgarth  ; "  a  falconer  and  follower  of 
the  earl  of  Douglas. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Dick  {Mr.),  an  amiable,  half-witted 
man,  devoted  to  David's  "aunt,"  Miss 
Betsey  Trotwood,  who  thinks  him  a  pro- 
digious genius.  Mr.  Dick  is  especially 
mad  on  the  subject  of  Charles  I. — C. 
Dickens,  David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Dick  Amlet,  the  son  of  Mrs.  Amlet, 
a  rich,  vulgar  tradeswoman.  Dick  as- 
sumes the  airs  of  a  fine  gentleman,  and 
calls  himself  colonel  Shapely,  in  which 
character  he  gets  introduced  to  Corinna, 
the  daughter  of  Gripe,  a  rich  scrivener. 
Just  as  he  is  about  to  elope,  his  mother 
makes  her  appearance,  and  the  deceit  is 
laid  bare  ;  but  Mrs.  Amlet  promises  to 
give  her  son  £10,000,  and  so  the  wedding 
is  adjusted.  Dick  is  a  regular  scamp, 
and  wholly  witljout  principle  ;  but  being 
a  dashing  young  blade,  with  a  handsome 
person,  he  is  admired  Ijy  the  ladies. — Sir 
John  Vanbrugh,  The  Confederacy  (1695). 

■  Jolin  Palmer  was  the  "Dick  Amlet,"  and  John  Ban- 
nister the  roguisli  servant,  "  Brass."— James  Smith  {ITUQ). 

Dick  Shakebag,  a  highwayman  in 

the  gang  of  captain  Colepepper  (the 
Alsatian  bully). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes 
o/'iVl^/ (time,  James  I.).- 


Dickson  (Thomas),  farmer  at  Doug- 
lasdale. 

Charles  Dickson,  son  of  the  above, 
killed  in  the  church. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Dicta'tor  of  Letters,  Francois 
Marie  Arouet  de  Voltaire,  called  the 
"  Great  Pan  "  (1694-1778). 

Dictionary  (A  Living).  Wilhelm 
Leibnitz  (1648-1716)  was  so  called  by 
George  I. 

***  Longinus  was  called  "  The  Living 
Cyclopaedia  "  (213-273). 

*:i*  Daniel  Huet,  chief  editor  of  the 
Delphine  Classics,  was  called  a  Porcus 
Literarum  for  his  unlimited  knowledge 
(1630-1721). 

Diddler  {Jeremy),  an  artful  swindler; 
a  clever,  seedy  vagabond,  who  borrows 
money  or  obtains  credit  by  his  songs, 
witticisms,  or  other  expedients. — Kenney, 
Raising  the  Wind. 

Diderick,  the  German  form  of  Theo- 
dorick,  king  of  the  Goths.  As  Arthur 
is  the  centre  of  British  romance  and 
Charlemagne  of  French  romance,  so 
Diderick  is  the  central  figure  of  the 
German  minnesingers. 

Didier  {Henri),  the  lover  of  Julie 
Lesurques  (2  syl.)  ;  a  gentleman  in  feel* 
ing  and  conduct,  who  remains  loyal  to 
his  fiancee  through  all  her  troubles. — Ed»J 
Stirling,  The  Courier  of  Lyons  (1852).      ■ 

Die.  "Ah,  surely  nothing  dies  but 
something  mourns  1  " — Byron,  Don  JiMn^\ 
iii.  108  (1820). 

Die  Young  {Whom  the  Gods  love). 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  iv.  12  (1824). 

l)V  o\  Oeoi  (fnKovatv  uiroBvriaKei  veoT. 

Menander,  Fragmenti,  48  ("Meineke"). 
And  what  excelleth  but  what  diefh  young? 

Drummoiid  (1585-1649). 

Die'go,  the  sexton  to  Lopez  th< 
"  Spanish  curate." — Beaumont  and  Flet 
cher.  The  Spanish  Curate  (1622). 

Die'go  {Don),  a  man  of  60,  who  saw 
country  maiden   named   Leonora,  whor 
he  liked,  and  intended  to  marry  if  ht 
temper  was  as  amiable  as  her  face  wa 
pretty.     He  obtained  leave  of  her  parent 
to  bring  her  home  and  place  her  under  a' 
duenna  for  three  months,  and  then  either 
return  her  to  them  spotless,  or  to  make 
her  his  wife.     At  the  expiration  of  the 
time,   he  went  to    settle    the    marriage 
contract ;   and,  to  make  all  things  sure, 
locked  up  the  house,  giving  the  Keys  to 
Ursula,  but  to  the  outer  door  he  attached 


i 


DIET  OF  PERFORMERS. 


253 


DIMANCHE. 


a  huge  padlock,  and  put  the  key  in  his 
pocket.  Leander,  being  in  love  with 
Leonora,  laughed  at  locksmiths  and 
duennas,  and  Diego  (2  syl.)  found  them 
about  to  elope.  Being  a  wise  man,  he 
not  only  consented  to  their  union,  but 
gave  Leonora  a  handsome  uiarriage  por- 
tion.—L  Bickerstaff,  The  Padlock. 

Diet  of  Performers. 

Braham  sang  on  bottled  porter. 

Catley  (Miss)  took  linseed  tea  and 
madeira. 

Cooke  (G.  F.)  drank  everything. 

Henderson,  gum  arable  and  slierry. 

Incledon  sang  on  madeira. 

Jordan  {Mrs.)  drank  calves'-foot  jelly 
and  sherry. 

Kean  (C.)  took  beef -tea  for  breakfast, 
and  preferred  a  rump-steak  for  dinner. 

Kean  (Edm.),  Emery,  and  Reeve 
drank  cold  brandy-and-water. 

Kemble  (John)  took  opium. 

Lewis,  mulled  wine  and  oysters. 

Macready  used  to  eat  the  lean  of 
mutton-chops  when  he  acted,  and  subse- 
quently lived  almost  wholly  on  a  vege- 
table diet. 

OxBERRY  drank  tea. 

Russell  (Henry)  took  a  boiled  egg. 

Smith  ( W.)  drank  coffee. 

Wood  (Mrs.)  sang  on  draught  porter. 

Wrench  and  Harley  took  no  refresli- 
ment  during  a  performance.  —  W.  C. 
Russell,  Representative  Actors,  272. 

Die'trieh  (2  syl.).  So  Theod'oric  the 
Great  is  called  by  the  German  minne- 
singers. In  the  terrible  broil  stirred  up 
by  queen  Kriemhild  in  the  banquet  hall 
of  Etzel,  Dietrich  interfered,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  capturing  Hagan  and  the 
Burgundian  king  Gunther.  These  he 
handed  over  to  the  queen,  praying  her  to 
set  them  free  ;  but  she  cut  off  both  their 
heads  with  her  own  hands. — The  Niebe- 
lungen  Lied  (thirteenth  century). 

Dietrich  (John),  a  labourer's  son  of 
Pomerania.  He  spent  twelve  years 
under  ground,  where  he  met  Elizabeth 
Krabbin,  daughter  of  the  minister  of  his 
own  village,  Rambin.  One  day,  walking 
together,  they  heard  a  cock  crow,  and 
an  irresistible  desire  came  over  both  of 
them  to  visit  the  upper  earth.  John  so 
frightened  the  elves  by  a  toad,  that  they 
yielded  to  his  wish,  and  gave  him  hoards 
of  wealth,  with  part  of  which  he  bought 
half  the  island  of  Riigen.  He  married 
Elizabeth,  and  became  the  founder  of  a 
very  powerful. family. — Keightley,  Fairy 
Mythology.    (See  Tanhausek.) 


Dieu  et  Mon  Droit,  the  parole 
of  Richard  I.  at  the  battle  of  Gisorfl 
(1198). 

Diggery,  one  of  the  house-servanti 
at  Strawberry  Hall.  Being  stage-struck, 
be  inoculates  his  fellow-servants  (Cymon 
and  Wat)  with  the  same  taste.  In  the 
same  house  is  an  heiress  named  Kitty  , 
Sprightly  (a  ward  of  sir  Gilbert  Pump- 
kin), also  stage-struck.  Diggery's  fa- 
vourite character  was  "  Alexander  the 
Great,"  the  son  of  "Almon."  One  day, 
playing  Romeo  and  Juliet,  he  turned  the 
oven  into  the  balcony,  but,  being  rung 
for,  the  girl  acting  "Juliet"  was  nearly 
roasted  alive.  (See  Diggouy.) — J.  Jack- 
man,  ^//  the  World's  a  Stage. 

Digges  (Miss  Maria),  a  friend  of 
lady  Penfeather  ;  a  visitor  at  the  Spa. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Diggon  [Davie],  a  shepherd  in  the 
Shephearde's  Calendar,  by  Spenser.  He 
tells  Hobbinol  that  he  drove  his  sheep 
into  foreign  lands,  hoping  to  find  better 
pasture ;  but  he  was  amazed  at  the 
luxury  and  profligacy  of  the  shepherds 
whom  he  saw  there,  and  the  wretched 
condition  of  the  flocks.  He  refers  to 
the  Roman  Catholic  clergy,  and  their 
abandoned  mode  of  life.  Diggon  also 
tells  Hobbinol  a  long  story  about  Roffin 
(the  bishop  of  Rochester)  and  his  watch- 
ful dog  Lauder  catching  a  wolf  in  sheep's 
clothing  in  the  fold. — Eel.  ix.  (Septem- 
ber, 1572  or  1578). 

Diggory,  a  bam  labourer,  employed 
on  state  occasions  for  butler  and  footman 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Hardcastle.  He  is 
both  awkward  and  familiar,  laughs  at 
his  master's  jokes  and  talks  to  his 
master's  guests  while  serving.  (See 
Diggery.) — Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer  (1773). 

Diggory  (Father),  one  of  the  monks  of 
St.  Botolph's  Priory.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Dill  or  Ane'thum.  The  seeds  are 
warm,  strong-smelling,  and  aromatic. 

The  wonder-working  dill  he  gets  .  .  . 
Which  curious  women  use  in  many  a  nice  disease. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Dimanche  (Mons.),  a  dun.  Mons. 
Dimanche,  a  tradesman,  applies  to  don 
Juan  for  money.  Don  Juan  treats  hira 
with  all  imaginable  courtesy,  but  every 
time  he  attempts  to  revert  to  business 
interrupts  him  with  some  such  question 
as,  Comw/ent  se  porte  rnadams  Dimanche  9 


DIN. 


254 


DINER-OUT,  ETC. 


or  Et  votre  petite  fille  Claudine,  comment 
se  porte-t-elte  i  or  Le  petit  Colin^  fait-il 
ioujours  bien  du  bruit  avec  son  tambour  ? 
or  Et  votre  petit  chien  Brusquet,  gronde- 
t-il  toujours  aussi  fort  .  .  .  ?  and,  after  a 
time,  he  says  he  is  very  sorry,  but  he 
must  say  good-bye  for  the  present,  and 
he  leaves  Mons.  without  his  once  stating 
•  the  object  of  his  call.  (See  Shuffle- 
ton.) — Molibre,  Z>oji  Juan  (1665). 

Din  (The),  the  practical  part  of  Islam, 
containing  the  ritual  and  moral  laws. 

Dinah  [Friendly],  daughter  of  sir 
Thomas  Friendly.  She  loves  Edward 
Blushington,  "the  bashful  man,"  and 
becomes  engaged  to  him. — W.  T.  Mon- 
crieff,  The  Bashful  Man. 

Dinah,  daughter  of  Sandie  Lawson, 
landlord  of  the  Spa  hotel.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time,  George 
III.). 

Di'nah  (Aunt)  leaves  Mr.  Walter 
Shandy  £1000.  This  sum  of  money,  in 
Walter's  eye,  will  suffice  to  carry  out  all 
the  wild  schemes  and  extravagant  fancies 
that  enter  into  his  head. — Sterne,  Tris- 
tram Shandy  (1759). 

Dinant',  a  gentleman  who  once  loved 
and  still  pretends  to  love  Lam  Ira,  the 
wife  of  Champernel. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Little  French  Lawyer 
(1647). 

Dinarza'de  (4  syl.),  sister  of  Sche- 
herazade sultana  of  Persia.  Dinarzade 
was  instructed  by  her  sister  to  wake  her 
every  morning  an  hour  before  daybreak, 
and  say,  *'  Sister,  relate  to  me  one  of 
those  delightful  stories  you  know,"  or 
*'  Finish  before  daybreak  the  story  you 
began  yesterday."  The  sultan  got  in- 
terested in  these  tales,  and  revoked  the 
cruel  determination  he  had  made  of 
Btrangling  at  daybreak  the  wife  he  had 
married  the  preceding  night.  (See  Sche- 
herazade.) 

Dinas  Emrys  or  "Fort  of  Am- 
brose" [i.e.  Merlin),  on  the  Brith,  a 
part  of  Snowdon.  When  Vortigem  built 
this  fort,  whatever  was  constructed 
during  the  day  was  swallowed  up  in  the 
earth  during  the  niglit.  Merlin  (then 
called  Ambrose  or  Embres-Guietic)  dis- 
covered the  cause  to  be  "two  serpents 
at  the  bottom  of  a  pool  below  thfe  foun- 
dation of  the  works."  These  serpents 
were  incessantly  struggling  with  each 
-other  ;  one  was  white,  and  the  other  red. 
The  white  serpent  at  first  prevailed,  but 


ultimately  the  red  one  chased  the  other 
out  of  the  pool.  The  red  serpent,  he 
said,  meant  the  Britons,  and  the  white 
one  the  Saxons.  At  first  the  Saxons 
(or  white  serpent)  prevailed,  but  in  the 
end  "  our  people  "  (the  red  serpent)  "shall 
chase  the  Saxon  race  beyond  the  sea." — 
Nennius,  History  of  the  Britons  (842). 

And  from  the  top  of  Brith,  so  high  and  wondrous  steep 
Where  Dinas  Ernris  stood,  stiowed  where  the  seriienti 

fought 
The  white  that  tore  the  red,  for  whence  the  prophet 

taught 
The  Britons'  sad  decay. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  x.  (1613). 

Dine  -with  Demoeritos  (To),  to 
be  choused  out  of  your  dinner. 

A  "  Barmecide  feast "  is  no  feast  at 
all.  The  allusion  is  to  Barmecide,  who 
invited  Schacabac  to  dine  with  him,  and 
set  before  him  only  empty  plates  and 
dishes,  pretending  that  the  "viands'' 
were  most  excellent.    (See  Barmecide.) 

Dine    "with  duke   Humphrey  | 

(To),  to  have  no  dinner  to  go  to.  The] 
duke  referred  to  was  the  son  of  Henry] 
IV.,  murdered  at  St.  Edmundsbury,  and] 
buried  at  St.  Alban's.  It  was  generally] 
thought  that  he  was  buried  in  the  navej 
of  St.  Paul's  Cathedral ;  but  the  monu- 
ment supposed  to  be  erected  to  the  dukel 
WAS  in  reality  that  of  John  Beauchamp. 
Loungers,  who  were  asked  if  they  weroj 
not  going  home  to  dinner,  and  those  who] 
tarried  in  St.  Paul's  after  the  general! 
crowd  had  left,  were  supposed  to  be  so] 
busy  looking  for  the  duke's  monument] 
that  they  disregarded  the  dinner  hour. 

Dine  with  Mahomet  (To),  to  die.' 
Similar  to  the  classic  phrase,  "To  supJ 
with  Pluto." 

Dine  (or  Sup)  with  sir  Thomas^ 
Gresham,  to  have  no  dinner  or  supper 
to  go  to.  At  one  time  the  Royal  Exchange 
was  the  common  lounging-place  of  idlers ,       I 
and  vagabonds. 

Tho'  little  coin  thy  purseless  pockets  line. 

Yet  with  ^eat  company  thou'rt  talten  up  ; 
For  often  with  duke  Humphrey  thou  dost  dine. 

And  of^4n  witii  sir  Thomas  Gresham  Kup. 

Uayman,  Epigram  on  a  Loafer  (1628) 

Dine  with  the  Cross-Legged 
Knights  (To),  to  have  no  dinner  to  go 
to.  Lawyers  at  one  time  made  appoint- 
ments with  their  clients  at  the  Round 
Church,  and  here  a  host  of  dinnerless 
vagabonds  loitered  about  all  day,  in  the 
hope  of  picking  up  a  few  pence  for  little 
services. 

Diner-Out  of  the  First  Water 


I 


k 


DINEVAWR 


255 


DIONYSIUS. 


the  Rev.  Sidney  Smith  ;  so  called  by  the 
Quarterly  Review  (1768-1846). 

Din'eva^«^r  (3  sxjL)  or  Dinas  Vawr 

{'■'■  great  palace''^),  the  residence  of  the 
king  of  South  Wales,  built  by  Rhodri 
Mawr. 

I  was  the  guest  of  Rhy's  at  Dinevawr, 

And  there  the  tidings  found  me,  that  out  sire 

Was  gathered  to  his  fathers. 

Southey,  Modoc.  1.  3  (1805). 

Dingle  {Old  Dick  of  the),  friend  of 
Hobbie  Elliott  of  the  Heugh-foot  farm. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Black  Dwarf  (time, 
Anne). 

Dingwall  {Davie),  the  attorney  at 
Wolfs  Hope  village.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time,  William 
III.). 

Dinias  and  Dercyllis  {The  Wan- 
derings, Adventures,  and  Loves  of),  an 
old  Greek  novel,  the  basis  of  the  romance 
of  Antonius  Diog'enes  in  twenty-four 
books  and  entitled  Incredible  Things 
beyond  Thule  {Ta  Huper  Thoulen  Apista], 
a  store-house  from  which  subsequent 
writers  have  borrowed  largely.  The 
work  is  not  extant,  but  Photius  gives  an 
outline  of  its  contents. 

Dinmont  {Dandy,  i.e.  Andrew),  an 
eccentric  and  humorous  store  farmer  at 
Charlie's  Hope.  He  is  called  "  The  Fight- 
ing Dinmont  of  Liddesdale." 

Ailie  Dinmont,  wife  of  Dandy  Dinmont. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

*^*  This  novel  has  been  dramatized  by 
Daniel  Terry. 

Dinner  BelL  Burke  was  so  called 
from  his  custom  of  speaking  so  long  as 
to  interfere  with  the  dinner  of  the  mem- 
bers (1729-1797). 

Dinnerless  {The)  are  said  to  sit  at 
a  "Barmecide  feast;"  to  "dine  with 
duke   Humphrey;"    "to   dine   with   sir 

'  Thomas  Gresham;"  to  "dine  with  De- 
mocritos."    Their  hosts  are  said  to  be  the 

I        cross-legged  knights. 

\  Diocle'tian,  the  king  and  father  of 

I;  Erastus,  who  was  placed  under  the  charge 
S  of  the  "  seven  wise  masterB "  {Italian 
\       version). 

In  the  French  version,  the  father  is 
called  "  Dolop'athos." 

Diog'enes  (4  syl.),  the  negro  slave 
of  the  cynic  philosopher  Michael  Age- 
Jastes  (4  s.y/.).— Sir  W.  Scott,  Count 
Mobert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Di'omede  (3  syl.)  fed  his  horses  on 


human  flesh,  and  he  was  himself  eaten  bv 
his  horse,  being  thrown  to  it  by  Hef'- 
cules. 

Dion  {Lord),  father  of  Euphra'sia, 
Euphrasia  is  in  love  with  Philaster,  heir 
to  the  crown  of  Messi'ua.  Disguised 
as  a  page,  Euphrasia  assumes  the  name 
of  Bellario  and  enters  the  service  of 
Philaster. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Phi- 
laster or  Love  Lies  a-bleeding  (1G38). 

(There  is  considerable  resemblance 
between  "Euphrasia"  and  "Viola"  in 
Shakespeare's  Twelfth  Night,  1614.) 

DionaB'an  CeBsar,  Julius  Caesar, 
who  claimed  descent  from  Venus,  called 
Dione  from  her  mother.  iEneas  was 
son  of   Venus  and  Anchises. 

Ecce,  Dioiuei  processit  C«esaris  astnim. 

Vu-gil,  Eclogues,  ix.  47. 

Dio'ne  (3  syl.),  mother  of  Aphro- 
dite {Venus),  Zeus  or  Jove  being  the 
father.  Venus  herself  is  sometimes 
called  Dione. 

Oh  bear ...  thy  treasures  to  the  green  recess, 
Where  young  Dion6  strays ;  with  sweetest  airs 
Entice  her  forth  to  lend  her  angel  form 
For  Beauty's  honoured  imaKe. 
Akenside,  Pleaturet  of  Imagination,  1.  (1744). 

Dionys'ia,  wife  of  CI  eon  governor 
of  Tarsus.  Pericles  prince  of  Tyre 
commits  to  her  charge  his  infant  daughter 
Mari'na,  supposed  to  be  motherless. 
When  14  years  old,  Dionysia,  out  of 
jealousy,  employs  a  man  to  murder  her 
foster-child,  and  the  people  of  Tarsus, 
hearing  thereof,  set  fire  to  her  house,  and 
both  Dionysia  and  Cleon  are  burnt  to 
death  in  the  flames. — Shakespeare,  Pericles 
Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

Dionys'ius,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  de- 
throned Evander,  and  imprisoned  him  in 
a  dungeon  deep  in  a  huge  rock,  intending 
to  starve  him  to  death.  But  Euphrasia, 
having  gained  access  to  him,  fed  him 
from  her  own  breast.  Timoleon  invaded 
Syracuse,  and  Dionysius,  seeking  safety 
in  a  tomb,  saw  there  Evander  the  deposed 
king,  and  was  about  to  kill  him,  when 
Euphrasia  rushed  forward,  struck  the 
tyrant  to  the  heart,  and  he  fell  dead  at 
her  feet.  —  A.  Murphy,  The  Grecian 
Daughter  (1772). 

♦^*  In  this  tragedy  there  are  several 
gross  historical  errors.  In  act  i.  the 
author  tells  us  it  was  Dionysius  the 
Elder  who  was  dethroned,  and  went  in 
exile  to  Corinth  ;  but  the  elder  Dionysius 
died  in  Syracuse,  at  the  age  of  63,  and 
it  was  the  youmjer  Dionysius  who  was 
dethroned    by    Timoleon,  and    went  to 


DIONYSIUS. 


256 


DISTAFFINA. 


Corinth.  In  act  v.  he  makes  Euphrasia 
kill  the  tyrant  in  Syracuse,  whereas  he 
was  allowed  to  leave  Sicily,  and  retired 
to  Corinth,  where  he  spent  his  time  in 
riotous  living,  etc. 

Dionys'ius  [the  Elder]  was  appointed 
sole  general  of  the  Sj'^racusian  army,  and 
then  king  by  the  voice  of  the  senate. 
Damon  "  the  Pythagore'an  "  opposed  the 
appointment,  and  even  tried  to  stab  "  the 
tyrant,"  but  was  arrested  and  condemned 
to  death.  The  incidents  whereby  he  was 
saved  are  to  be  found  under  the  article 
Da'mon  {q.v.). 

Damon  and  Pythias,  a  drama  by  R. 
PM wards  (1571),  and  another  by  John 
Banim,  in  1825. 

Dionys'ius  [the  Younger],  being 
banished  from  Syracuse,  went  to  Corinth 
and  turned  schoolmaster. 

Corinth's  pedagogue  hath  now 

Transferred  his  byword  [tyrant]  to  thy  brow. 

Byron,  Ode  to  Napoleon. 

Diony^ius  the  Areopagite  was 
one  of  the  judges  of  the  Areopagite 
when  St.  Paul  appeared  before  this 
tribunal.  Certain  writings,  fabricated  by 
the  neo-platonicians  in  the  fifth  century, 
were  falsely  ascribed  to  him.  The  Iso- 
do'rian  Decretals  is  a  somewhat  similar 
forgery  by  Mentz,  who  lived  in  the  ninth 
century,  or  three  hundred  years  after 
Isidore. 

The  error  of  those  doctrines  so  vicious 
Of  the  old  Areopagite  Dionysius. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend. 

Dionysius's  Ear,  a  cave  in  a  rock, 
72  feet  high,  27  feet  broad,  and  219  feet 
deep,  the  entrance  of  which  "  resembled 
the  shape  of  an  ear."  It  was  used  as  a 
guard-room  or  prison,  and  the  sentinel 
could  hear  the  slightest  whisper  of  the 
prisoners  within. 

Dioscu'ri  (sons  of  Zeus),  Castor  and 
Pollux.  GendVally,  but  incorrectly,  ac- 
cented on  the  second  syllable. 

Dioti'ma,  the  priestess  of  Mantineia 
m  Plato's  Symposium,  the  teacher  of 
Soc'rates.  Her  opinions  on  life,  its 
nature,  origin,  end,  and  aim,  form  the 
nucleus  of  the  dialogue.  Socrates  died 
of  hemlock. 

Beneath  an  emerald  plane 
Sits  Diotima,  teaching  him  that  died 
Of  hemlock. 

Tennyson,  TJte  Princeu,  ill. 

Diplomatists  {Prince  of),  Charles 
Maurice  Talleyrand  de  Pe'rigord  (1764- 


Dipsas,  a  serpent,  so  called  because 
those  bitten  by  it  suffered  from  intoler- 
able thirst.  (Greek,  dipsa,  "thirst.") 
]Milton  refers  to  it  in  Paradise  Lost,  x. 
526  (1665). 

Dipsodes  (2  syl.),  the  people  of 
Dipsody,  ruled  over  by  king  Anarchus, 
and  subjugated  by  prince  Pantag'ruel  (bk. 
ii.  28).  Pantagiaiel  afterwards  colonized 
their  country  with  nine  thousand  million 
men  from  Utopia  (or  to  speak  more 
exactly,  9,876,543,210  men),  besidea 
women,  children,  workmen,  professors, 
and  peasant  labourers  (bk.  iii.  1). — Rabe- 
lais, Pantag'ruel  (1645). 

Dip'sodv,  the  country  of  the  Dip- 
sodes (2  syll),  q.v, 

Dirc8B'an  Swan,  Pindar;  so  called 
from  Dirce,  a  fountain  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  Thebes,  the  poet's  birthplace 
(B.C.  518-442). 

Dirlos  or  D'Yrlos  (Count),  a 
paladin,  the  embodiment  of  valour,  gene- 
rosity, and  truth.  He  was  sent  by 
Charlemagne  to  the  East,  where  he  con- 
quered Aliar'de,  a  Moorish  prince.  On 
his  return,  he  found  his  young  wife 
betrothed  to  Celi'nos  (another  of  Charle- 
magne's peers).  The  matter  was  put 
right  by  the  king,  who  gave  a  grand 
feast  on  the  occasion. 

Dirty  Lane,  now  called  Abingdon 
Street,  Westminster. 

Dirty  Linen.  Napoleon  I.  said, 
"  II  faut  laver  sa  linge  en  famille." 

Disastrous  Peace  (The),  the  peace 
signed  at  Cateau-Cambre'sis,  by  which 
Henri  II.  renounced  all  claim  to  Gen'oa, 
Naples,  Mil'an,  and  Corsica  (1569). 

Dis'mas,  the  penitent  thief ;  Gesmt 
the  impenitent  one. 

Imparibiis  mentis  pendent  tria  corpora  ramis  : 
Disnias  et  Gesmas,  media  est  Civina  Potestas; 
Alta  petit  Dismas,  infeliK  iniima  Gesmas; 
Nos  et  res  nostras  conserve!  Summa  Potestas, 
Hos  versus  dicas,  ne  ta  furto  tua  perdas. 

A  Latin  Charm. ' 

Disney  Professor,  a  chair  in  tl 
University  of    Cambridge,   founded 
John  Disney,  Esq.,  of  The  Hyde,  Ingal 
stone,  for  Archaeology  (1851). 

DistafB.'na,  the  troth-plight  wife  of 
general  Bombastes  ;  but  Artaxaminous 
king  of  Utopia,  promised  her  "half  a 
crown  "  if  she  would  forsake  the  general 
for  himself— a  temptation  too  great  to  be 
resisted.  When  the  general  found  him- 
self jilted,  he  retired  from  the  world,  hun, 


DISTAFFS  DAY. 


257 


DIVINA  COMMEDIA. 


np  his  boots  on  the  branch  of  a  tree,  and 
dared  any  one  to  remove  them.  The  king 
cut  the  boots  down,  and  the  genera] 
cut  the  king  down.  Fusbos,  coming  up 
at  this  crisis,  laid  the  general  prostrate. 
At  the  close  of  the  burlesque  all  the 
dead  men  jump  up  and  join  the  dance, 
promising  "to  die  again  to-morrow,"  if 
the  audience  desires  it. — W.  B.  Rhodes, 
B<mbastes  Furioso  (1790). 

Falling  on  one  knee,  he  put  both  hands  on  his  heart 
and  rolled  up  his  eyes,  much  after  the  manner  of  fiombaste* 
Furioso  making  love  to  Distaftina.— E  Sargent 

Distaff's  Day  (-S^^.),  January  7  ;  so 
called  because  the  Christmas  festivities 
terminate  on  "  Twelfth  Day,"  and  on  the 
day  following  the  women  used  to  return 
to  their  distaffs  or  daily  occupations. 

*^*  Also  called  Rock  Day,  because 
"  rock  "  is  another  name  for  a  distaff. 

Distance.  "  'Tis  distance  lends  en- 
chantment to  the  view." — Campbell, 
Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

Distressed  Mother  ( The),  a  tragedy 
by  Ambrose  Philips  (1712).  The  *'  dis- 
tressed mother"  is  Androm'ache,  the 
widow  of  Hector.  At  the  fall  of  Troy 
she  and  her  son  Asty'anax  fell  to  the  lot 
of  Pyrrhus  king  of  Epinis,  Pyrrhus  fell 
in  love  with  her  and  wished  to  marry  her, 
but  she  refused  him.  At  length  an  em- 
bassy from  Greece,  headed  by  Orestes, 
son  of  Agamemnon,  was  spnt  to  Epirus 
to  demand  the  death  of  Astyanax,  lest  in 
manhood  he  might  seek  to  avenge  his 
father's  death.  Pyrrhus  told  Andro- 
mache he  would  protect  her  son,  and 
defy  all  Greece,  if  she  would  consent  to 
marry  him ;  and  she  yielded.  While  the 
marriage  rites  were  going  on,  the  Greek 

ambassadors  fell  on  P}'rrhus  ai  "_ 

dered  him.  As  he  fell-  he  placed  the 
crown  on  the  head  of  Andromache, 
who  thus  became  queen. of  Epirus,  and 
the  Greeks  hastened  to  their  ships  in 
flight.  This  play  is  an  English  adaptation 
of  Racine's  Andrwnaque  (1667). 

Ditchley  (gaffer),  one  of  the  miners 
employed  by^r  Geoffrey  Peveril. — Sir 
VV.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.).  ^ 

Dithyrambic  Poetry  {Father  of), 
Arion  of  Lesbos  (fl.  B.C.  625). 

Ditton  (Thomas),  footman  of  the 
Rev.  Mr.  Staunton,  of  Willingham  Rec- 
lory.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Beart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Divan  (^e),  the  supreme  council  and 


court  of  justice  of  the  caliphs.  The 
abbassides  always  sat  in  person  in  this 
court  to  aid  in  the  redress  of  Avrongs.  It 
was  called  '*  a  divan  "  from  the  benches 
covered  with  cushions  on  which  the 
members  sat.  —  D'Herbelot,  Bibliotheqxie 
Orientale,  298. 

Dive  [deev},  a  demon  in  Persian 
mythology.  In  the  mogul's  palace  at 
Lahore,  there  used  to  be  several  pictures 
of  these  dives  (1  syl.),  with  long  horns, 
staring  eyes,  shaggy  hair,  great  fangs, 
ugly  paws,  long  tails,  and  other  horrible 
deformities.  I  remember  seeing  them 
exhibited  at  King's  College  in  one  of  the 
soire'es  given  there  after  the  Indian 
Mutiny. 

Diver  (Colonel),  editor  of  the  Neu, 
York  Rowdy  Jouriial,  in  America.  His 
air  was  that  of  a  man  oppressed  by  a 
sense  of  his  own  greatness,  and  his 
physiognomy  was  a  map  of  cunning  and 
conceit. — C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit 
(1844). 

Di'ves  (2  syl.),  the  name  popularly 
given  to  the  "rich  man"  in  our  Lord's 
parable  of  the  rich  man  and  Lazarus  ;  in 
Latin,  Dives  et  Lazarus. — Luke  xvi. 

Divide  and  Govern,  a  maxim  of 
Machiavelli  of  Florence  (1469-1527). 

Divi'na  Comme'dia,  the  first  poem 
of  note  ever  written  in  the  Italian  lan- 
guage. It  is  an  epic  by  Dante' Aiighie'ri, 
and  is  divided  into  three  parts :  Hell, 
Purgatory,  and  Paradise.  Dante'  called 
it  a  comedy,  because  the  ending  is  happy ; 
and  his  co^atfyfiien  added  the  word 
\iL^ii  liiHill  ^MMiii  il  mil  of  the  poem.  The 
)oet  depicts  a  vision,  in  which  he  is 
conducted,  first  by  Virgil  (hurruin  reason) 
through  hell  and  purgatory ;  and  then  by 
Beatrice  (revelation)  and  finan^  dy  St, 
Bernard  through  the  several  heavens, 
where  he  beholds  the  Triune-God. 

"Hell"  is  represented  as  a  funnel- 
shaped  hollow,  formed  of  gradually  con- 
tracting circles,  the  lowest  and  smallest 
of  which  is  the  earth's  centre.  (See  In- 
ferno, 1300.) 

"Purgatory"  is  a  mountain  rising 
solitarily  from  the  ocean  on  that  side  of 
the  earth  which  is  opposite  to  us.  It  is 
divided  into  terraces,  and  its  top  is  the 
terrestrial  paradise.  (See  Purgatory, 
1308.) 

From  this  "top"  the  poet  ascends 
through  the  seven  planetary  heavens, 
the  fixed  stars,  and  the  "primum  mobile," 


DIVINE. 


DOCTOR. 


to  the  empyre'an  or  seat  of  God.    (See 
Paradise,  1311.) 

Divine  ( The)^  St.  John  the  evangelist, 
called  "  John  the  Divine." 

Raphael,  the  painter,  was  called  // 
Divino  (1483-1520). 

Luis  Morales,  a  Spanish  painter,  was 
called  El  Divino  (1509-1686). 

Ferdinand  de  Herre'ra,  a  Spanish  poet 
(1516-1595). 

Divine  Doctor  {The),  Jean  de 
Ruysbroek,  the  mystic  (1294-1381). 

Divine  Speaker  (TAe).  Tyr'timos, 
osually  known  as  Theophrastos  ("divine 
speaker"),  was  so  called  by  Aristotle 
(B.C.  370-287). 

Divine  Right  of  Kings.  The 
dogma  that  Kings  can  do  no  wrong  is  based 
on  a  dictum  of  Hincmar  archbishop  of 
Rheims,  viz.,  that  "kings  are  subject  to 
no  man  so  long  as  they  rule  by  God's 
law." — Hincmar's  Works,  i.  693. 

Divining  Rod,  a  forked  branch  of 
hazel,  suspended  between  the  balls  of  the 
thumbs.  The  inclination  of  this  rod 
indicates  the  presence  of  water-springs 
and  precious  metals. 

Now  to  rivulets  from  the  mountains 
Point  the  rods  of  fortune-tellers. 

Longfellow,  Drinking  Song. 

*^*  Jacques  Aymar  of  Crole  was  the 
most  famous  of  all  diviners.  He  lived  in 
the  latter  half  of  the  seventeenth  century 
and  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth.  His 
marvellous  faculty  attracted  the  attention 
of  Europe.  M.  Chauvin,  M.D.,  and 
M.  Gamier,  M.D.,  published  carefully 
written  accounts  of  his  wonderful  powers, 
and  both  were  eye-witnesses  thereof. — 
See  S.  Baring-Gould,  Myths  of  the  Middle 
Ages. 

Divinity.  There  are  four  professors 
of  divinity  at  Cambridge,  and  three  at 
Oxford.  Those  at  Cambridge  are  the 
Hul'sean,  the  Margaret,  the  Norrisian, 
and  the  Regius.  Those  at  Oxford  are 
the  Margaret,  the  Regius,  and  one  for 
Ecclesiastical  History. 

Divi'no  Lodov'ico,  Ariosto,  author 
of  Orlando  Furioso  (1474-1633). 

Dix'ie*s  Land,  the  land  of  milk  and 
honey  to  American  niggers.  Dixie  was 
a  slave-holder  of  Manhattan  Island,  who 
removed  his  slaves  to  the  Southern 
States,  where  they  had  to  work  harder 
and  fare  worse  ;  so  that  they  were  always 
■i^fhing  for  tlieir  old  home,  which  they 


called  "Dixie's  Land."  Imagination  and 
distance  soon  advanced  this  island  into  a 
sort  of  Delectable  Country  or  land  of 
Beulah. 

Dixon,  servant  to  Mr.  Richard  Vere 
(1  s(//.).— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Black  Dwarf 
(time,  Anne). 

Dizzy,  a  nickname  of  Benjamin  Dis- 
raeli, earl  of  Beaconsfield  (1805-        ). 

DjaTbal,  son  of  Youssof,  a  sheikh, 
and  saved  by  Maa'ni  in  the  great  massacre 
of  the  sheikhs  by  the  Knights  Hospitallers 
in  the  Spo'rades.  He  resolves  to  avenge 
this  massacre,  and  gives  out  that  he  is 
Hakeem',  the  incarnate  god,  their  founder, 
returned  to  earth  to  avenge  their  wrongs 
and  lead  them  back  to  Syria.  His  im- 
posture being  discovered,  he  kills  him- 
self, but  Loys  [Zo'.iss] ,  a  young  Breton 
count,  leads  the  exiles  back  to  Lebanon. 

Djabal  is  Hakeem,  the  incarnate  Dread, 
The  phantasm  khalif,  king  of  Prodigies. 
Robert  Browning,  The  Return  of  the  Vnue*,  i. 

Djin'nestan',  the  realm  of  the  djina 
or  genii  of  Oriental  mythology. 

Dobbin  {Captain  afterwards  Colonel)^ 
son  of  sir  William  Dobbin,   a  London 
tradesman.    Uncouth,  awkward,  and  tall,  j 
with  huge  feet ;  but  faithful  and  lovingJ 
with  a  large  heart  and  most  delicate  ap*i| 
preciation.     He  is  a  prince  of  a  fellow,| 
is  proud,  fond  of  captain  George  Osborn* 
from  boyhood  to  death,  and  adores  Ameli 
George's  wife.      "When  she  has  been 
widow  for  some  ten  years,  he  marries^ 
her. — Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

Dobbins  {Humphrey),  the  confi- 
dential servant  of  sir  Robert  Bramble  oi 
Blackberry  Hall,  in  the  county  of  Kent 
A  blunt  old  retainer,  most  devoted  to  hi^ 
nlaster.  Under  a  rough  exterior  he  con- 
cealed a  heart  brimful  of  kindness,  ant 
so  tender  that  a  word  would  melt  it. 
George  Colman,  The  Foor  Gentlem 
(1802). 

Dobu'ni,  called  Bodu'ni  by  Dio ;  the 
people  of  Gloucestershire  and  Oxford- 
shire. Drayton  refers  k>  them  in  hi* 
Folyolbion,  xvi.  (1613).     *= 

Doctor  {2'he),  a  romance  by  Sou- 
ther. The  doctor's  name  is  Dove,  an<^ 
his  horse  "  Nobbs." 

Doctor  {The  Admirable),  Roger  Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

The  Angelic  Doctor,  Thomas  Aquinas 
(1224-1274),  "  fifth  doctor  of  the  Church." 

T/ie    Authentic    Doctor^    Gregory 
Riirini  (»-1357). 


urch." 


W^,;:.  t!''^^J> 


OF   THE 


[fUNIVBESITrl 


DOCTORS  OF  THE  CHURCH.       259 


DODONA. 


I'he  Divine  Doctor,  Jean  Ruysbroek 
(1294-1381). 

The  Dulcifluous  Doctor,  Antonio  An- 
dreas (*-1320). 

The  Ecstatic  Doctor,  Jean  Ruysbroek 
(1294-1381). 

T/ie  Eloquent  Doctor,  Peter  Aureolus, 
archbishop  of  Aix  (fourteenth  century). 

The  Evangelical  Doctor,  J.  Wycliffe 
(1324-1384). 

The  Illuminated  Doctor,  Raymond  Lully 
(1235-1315),  or  3fost  Enlightened  Doctor. 

The  Invincible  Doctor,  William  Occam 
(1276-1347). 

The  Irrefragable  Doctor,  Alexander 
Hales  (*-1245); 

The  MelliJiwMS  Doctor,  St.  Bernard 
(1091-1153). 

The  Most  Christian  Doctor,  Jean  de 
Gerson  (1363-1429). 

The  Most  Methodical  Doctor,  John 
Bassol  (*-1347). 

The  Most  Profound  Doctor,  ^gidius 
de  Columna  (*-1316). 

The  Most  Resolute  Doctor,  Durand  de 
St.  Pourvain  (1267-1332). 

TA<?  Ferspicuous  Doctor,  Walter  Bur- 
ley  (fourteenth  century). 

'The  Profound  Doctor,  Thomas  Brad- 
wardine  (*-1349). 

The  Scholastic  Doctor,  Anselm  of  Laon 
(1050-1117). 

The  Seraphic  Doctor,  St.  Bonaventura 
(1221-1274). 

The  Singular  Doctor,  William  Occam 
(1276-1347). 

Tlie  Solemn  Doctor,  Henry  Goethals 
(1227-1293). 

The  Solid  Doctor,  Richard  Middleton 
(*-1304). 

The  Subtle  Doctor,  Duns  Scotus  (1265- 
1308),  or  Most  Subtle  Doctor. 

The  Thorough  Doctor,  William  Varro 
(thirteenth  century). 

The  Universal  Doctor,  Alain  de  Lille 
(1114-1203);  Thomas  Aquinas  (1224-1274). 

Tfie  Venerable  Doctor,  William  de 
Champeaux  (*-1126). 

The  Well-founded  Doctor,  iEgidius 
Romanus  (*-1316). 

The  Wise  Doctor,  John  Herman  Wessel 
(1409-1489). 

The  Wonderful  Doctor,  Roger  Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

Doctors   of  the   Church.     The 

Greek  Church  recognizes  four  doctors, 
viz.,  St.  Athanasius,  St.  Basil,  St.  Gregory 
of  Nyssa,  and  St.  John  Chrysostom. 
TuQ  Latin  Church  recognizes  St.  Au- 
gustin,  St.  Jerome,  St,  Ambrose,  and 
St.  Gregory  the  Great, 


(For  all  other  doctors,  see  under  the 
proper  name  or  nickname.) 

Doctor's  Tale  {The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  is  the  Roman  story  of 
Virginius  given  by  Livy.  This  story  ia 
told  in  French  in  the  Roman  de  la  Rose, 
ii.  74,  and  by  Gower  in  his  Confessio 
Amantis,  vii.  It  has  furnished  the  subject 
of  a  host  of  tragedies :  for  example,  in 
French,  Mairet  (1628)  ;  Leclerc  (1645)  ; 
Campestron  (1683) ;  Chabanon  (1769)  ; 
Laharpe(1786) ;  LeblancdeGuillet(1786) ; 
Guiraud  (1827)  ;  Latour  St.  Ybars  (1846). 
In  Italian,  Alfieri  (1784) ;  in  German, 
Lessing  (1775)  ;  and  in  English,  Knowles 
(1829). 

Doctor's  "Wife  (The),  a  novel  by 
Miss  Braddon,  adapted  from  Madame 
Bovary,  a  French  novel. 

Dodger  {The  Artful),  the  sobriquet 
of  Jack  Dawkins,  an  artful,  thievish 
young  scamp,  in  the  boy  crew  of  Fagin 
the  Jew  villain. — C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist, 
viii.  (1837). 

Dodington,  whom  Thomson  in- 
vokes in  his  Summer,  is  George  Bubb 
Dodington,  lord  Melcomb-Regis,  a  British 
statesman.  Churchill  and  Pope  ridiculed 
him,  while  Hogarth  introduced  him  in 
his  picture  called  the  "Orders  of  Peri- 
wigs." 

Dod'ipoU  {Dr.),  any  man  of  weak 
intellect,  a  dotard.  Hence  the  proverb, 
Wise  as  Dr.  Dodipoll,  meaning  "  not  wise 
at  all." 

Dodman  or  Doddiman.  A  snail 
is  so  called  in  the  eastern  counties. 

"  I'm  a  regular  dodman,  I  am,"  said  Mr.  Peggotty — by 
which  lie  meant  "snail."  — C.  Dickens,  David  Copper^ 
field,  vii.  (1849). 

Doddiman,  doddiman,  put  out  your  horns. 
For  here  comes  a  tliief  to  steal  your  corns. 

Comnum  Popular  Rhyme  in  Norfolk. 

Dodon  or  rather  Dodoens  {Rem- 
bert),  a  Dutch  botanist  (1517-1585),  phy- 
sician to  the  emperors  Maximilian  II.  and 
Rodolph  II.  His  works  are  Frumentorum 
et  Leguminum  Historia  ;  Florum  Ilistoria  ; 
Purgantium  Radicum  et  Herbarum  Ilistoria ; 
Stirpium  Ilistoria ;  all  included  under 
the  general  title  of  "The  History  of 
Plants." 

Of  these  most  helpful  herbs  yet  tell  we  but  a  few, 
To  those  unnumbered  sorts,  of  simples  here  that  (jrew. 
Which  justly  to  set  down  e'en  Dodon  short  doth  fall. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Dodo'na  (in  Epiros),  famous  for  the 
most  ancient  oracle  in  Greece,  The 
responses  were  made  by  an  old  woman 
called  a  pigeon,  because  the  Greek  word 


DODS. 


260 


DOG. 


p^tcs  means  either  "old  women"  or 
"pigeons."  According  to  fable,  Zeus 
gave  his  daughter  Thebe  two  black 
pigeons  endowed  with  the  gift  of  human 
Bpeech:  one  flew  into  Libya,  and  gave  the 
responses  in  the  temple  of  Amnion ;  the 
other  into  Epiros,  where  it  gave  the  re- 
sponses in  Dodona. 

We  are  told  that  the  priestess  of  Dodona 
derived  her  answers  from  the  cooing  of 
the  sacred  doves,  the  rustling  of  the 
sacred  trees,  the  bubbling  of  the  sacred 
fountain,  and  the  tinkling  of  bells  or 
pieces  of  metal  suspended  among  the 
branches  of  the  trees. 

And  Dodona's  oak  swang  lonely 
Henceforth  to  the  tempest  only. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Dead  Pan,  17. 

Dods  {Meg)^  landlady  of  the  Clachan 
or  Mowberj'  Arms  inn  at  St.  Ronan's  Old 
Town.  The  inn  was  once  the  manse, 
and  Meg  Dods  reigned  there  despotically, 
but  her  wines  were  good  and  her  cuisine 
excellent.  This  is  one  of  the  best  low  comic 
characters  in  the  whole  range  of  fiction. 

She  liad  hair  of  a  brindled  colour,  betwixt  black  and 
grey,  which  was  apt  to  escape  in  elf-locks  from  under  her 
mutch  when  she  was  thrpwn  intx)  violent  agitation  ;  long 
gkinny  hands  terminated  by  Stout  Uiloiis.grey  eyes,  thin 
lips,  a  robust  person,  a  broad  tlibugh  fat  chest,  capital 
wind,  and  a  voice  that  could  match  a  choir  of  fisliwoiiien. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Jionan's  Well,  i.  (time,  George  III.). 

(So  good  a  housewife  was  this  eccentric 
landlady,  that  a  cookery-book  has  been 
published  bearing  her  name ;  the  authoress 
IS  Mrs.  Johnstone,  a  Scotchwoman.) 

Dodson,  a  young  farmer,  called  upon 
by  Death  on  his  wedding  day.  Death 
told  him  he  must  quit  his  Susan,  and  go 
with  him.  "  With  you  !  "  the  hapless 
husband  cried  ;  "j'oungas  I  am,  and  un- 
prepared?" Death  then  told  him  he 
would  not  disturb  him  yet,  but  would 
call  again  after  giving  him  three  warn- 
ings. When  he  was  80  years  of  age,  Death 
called  again.  "  So  soon  returned  ?  "  old 
Dodson  cried.  "  You  knoAv  you  promised 
me  three  warnings."  Death  then  told  him 
that  as  he  was  "lame  and  deaf  and  blind," 
he  had  received  his  three  warnings. — Mrs. 
Thrale  [Piozzi],  The  Three  Warnings. 

Dodson  and  iFogg  {Messrs.),  two 
unprincipled  lawyers,  wlio  undertake  on 
their  OAvn  speculation  to  bring  an  action 
against  Mr.  Pickwick  for  "breach  of 
promise,"  and  file  accordingly  the  famous 
suit  of  "Bardell  v.  Pickwick." — C. 
Dickens,  The  Fickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Doe  (John)  and  Richard  Roe,  the  fic- 
titious plaintiff"  and  defendant  in  an  ac- 
tion of  ejectment.     Men  of  straw. 


Doeg,  Saul's  herdsman,  who  told  him 
that  the  priest  Abim'elech  had  supplied 
David  with  food  ;  whereupon  the  king 
sent  him  to  kill  Abimelech,  and  Doeg 
slew  priests  to  the  number  of  four  score 
and  five  (1  Samuel  xxii.  13).  In  pt.  ii. 
of  the  satire  called  Absalain  and  Adiito- 
phel,  Elkaneh  Settle  is  called  Doeg, 
because  he  "  fell  upon"  Dryden  with  his 
pen,  but  was  only  a  "  herdsman  or  driver 
of  asses." 

Doeg,  tho'  without  knowing  how  or  why, 
Made  still  a  blundering  kind  of  melody  . 
Let  him  rail  on  .  .  . 
But  if  he  jumbles  to  one  Hne  of  sense. 
Indict  iiim  of  a  capital  offence. 

Tate,  Absalom  and  AchUophel,  il.  (1682). 

Dog  (Agrippa's).  Cornelius  Agrippa 
had  a  dog  which  was  generally  suspected 
of  being  a  spirit  incarnate. 

-ArMur's  Z)o(7,  "  Cavall." 

Dog  of  Belgrade,  the  camp  auttler, 
was  named  "  Clumsey." 

Lord  Byron's  Dog,  "Boatswain.**  Itwa^^ 
buried  in  the  garden  of  Newstead  Abbey.  < 

Dog  of  Catherine  de  Medicis,  "  Phoebe,'* 
a  lap-dog. 

Cuthullin's  Dog  was  named  "  Luath,"  aj 
swift-footed  hound. 

Dora's  Dog,  "  Jip." — C.  Dickens,  ^auii 
Copperfeld. 

Douglas's  Dog,  "Luffra." — Lady  of  U 
Lake. 

Erigone's  Dog  was  "Mcera."  Erigon| 
is  the  constellation  Virgo,  and  Moera  th« 
star  called  Canis. 

Uurytion's  Dog  (herdsman  of  Gervon)^ 
"  Orthros."    It  had  two  heads. 

Fingal's  Dog  was  named  "  Bran." 

Geryon's  Dogs.  One  was  "  Gargittos '1 
and  the  other  "Orthros."  The  latter  wa« 
brother  of  CerbSros,  but  it  had  only  tw« 
heads.  Hercules  killed  both  of  Geryon'a 
dogs. 

Landseer's  Dog,  "Brutus."  Introduce 
by  the  great  animal  painter  in  his  pic<^'ii 
called  "The  Invader  of  the  Larder." 

Llewellyn's  Dog  was  named  "  Gelert , 
it  was  a  greyhound.     (See  Gelert.) 

Lord Lurgan's  Dog  was  named  "Master 
M'Grath,"  from  an  orphan  boy  who 
reared  it.  This  dog  won  three  Waterloo 
cups,  and  was  presented  at  court  by  the 
express  desire  of  queen  Victoria,  the  very 
year  it  died.  It  was  a  sporting  grey- 
hound (born  1866,  died  Christmas  Day, 
1871). 

Maria's  Dog,  "  Silvio." — Sterne,  Sentim 
mental  Journey. 

Dog  of  Montargis.  This  was  a  dog 
named  "  Dragon,"  belonging  to  Aubri  de 
Montdidier,    a    captain    in    the    French 


DOG. 


261 


DOILEY. 


army.  Aubri  was  murdered  in  the  forest 
of  Bondy  by  his  friend,  lieutenant 
Macaire,  in  the  same  regiment.  After  its 
master's  death,  the  dog  showed  such  a 
strange  aversion  to  Macaire,  that  suspicion 
was  aroused  against  him.  Some  say  he 
was  pitted  against  the  dog,  and  confessed 
the  crime.  Others  say  a  sash  was  found 
on  him,  and  the  sword-knot  was  recog- 
nized by  Ursula  as  her  own  work  and  gift 
to  Aubri.  This  Macaire  then  confessed 
the  crime,  and  his  accomplice,  lieutenant 
Landry,  trying  to  escape,  was  seized  by 
the  dog  and  bitten  to  death.  This  story 
has  been  dramatized  both  in  French  and 
English. 

Orion's  Dogs;  one  was  named  "Arc- 
toph'onos  "  and  the  other  "  Pto-ophagos." 

Funch's  Dog,  "Toby." 

Sir  W.  ScotVs  Dogs.  His  deer-hound 
was  "  Maida."  His  jet-black  greyhound 
was  "  Hamlet."  He  had  also  two  Dandy 
Dinmont  terriers. 

Dog  of  the  Seven  Sleepers,  "  Katmir." 
It  spoke  with  a  human  voice. 

In  Sleary's  circus,  the  performing  dog 
is  called  "  Merryleys."  —  C.  Dickens, 
Hard  Times. 

(For  Actaeon's  fifty  dogs,  see  Dictionary 
of  Phrase  and  Fable,  234.) 

Dog.  The  famous  mount  St.  Bernard 
dog  which  saved  forty  human  beings,  was 
named  "  Barry."  The  stuffed  skin  of 
this  noble  creature  is  preserved  in  the 
musieum  at  Berne. 

Dog  (The),  Diogt^nes  the  cynic  (r.c. 
412-323).  When  Alexander  encountered 
him,  the  young  Macedonian  king  intro- 
duced himself  with  the  words,  "  I  am 
Alexander,  surnamed  '  the  Great.'  "  To 
which  the  philosopher  replied,  "And  I 
am  Diogenes,  surnamed  'the  Dog.'"  The 
Athenians  raised  to  his  memory  a  pillar 
of  Parian  marble,  surmounted  with  a  dog, 
and  bearing  the  following  inscription  : — 

"  Say,  dog,  what  guard  you  in  that  tornb? " 
A  dug.     "His  name?"     DiogciiCs.     "From  far?" 

Sinopfi.  " He  who  made  a  tub  his  home? " 
The  iiame ;  now  dead,  among  the  stars  a  star. 

Dog  (The  Thracian),  Zo'ilus  the  gram- 
marian ;  socalledfor  his  snarling,  captious 
criticisms  on  Homer,  Plato,  and  Iso'cratOs. 
;  He    was  contemporary    with   Philip   of 
Macedon. 

Do 


Dog  s  Wose,  gin  and  beer. 

Cold  as  a  docfs  nose. 


dog 

There  sprung  a  leak  in  Noah's  ark. 
Which  made  the  dog  begin  to  Iwvrk ; 
Noah  took  his  jiofe  to  stop  the  hole, 
And  hence,  bis  nose  is  always  coid. 

A'otes  atid  Queries,  Februjiry  4,  iS'l- 


Dogs  were  supposed  by  the  ancient 
Gaels  to  be  sensible  of  their  masters* 
death,  however  far  they  might  be  sepa- 
rated. 

The  mother  of  Culmin  remains  in  the  hall  .  .  .  hl» 
dogs  are  howling  in  their  place.  .  .  .  "Art  thou  fallen, 
my  fair-haired  son,  in  Erin's  dismal  war?"— Ossian, 
Tvnwra,  v. 

Dogs.  The  two  sisters  of  Zobei'dS  (3 
syl.)  were  turned  into  little  black  dogs 
for  casting  Zobeide  and  "the  prince"  into 
the  sea.     (See  Zobeide.) 

Bogs  of  War,  Famine,  Sword,  and 
Fire. 

Then  should  the  warlike  Harry,  like  himself, 

Aissume  the  port  of  Mars ;  and  at  his  heels. 

Leashed  in  like  hounds,  should  Famine,  Sword,  and  FJro 

Crouch  for  employment. 

Shakespeare,  King  Henry  Y.  1  chorus  (1599). 

Dog-headed  Tribes  (of  India), 
mentioned  in  the  Italian  romance  of 
Gueri'no  Meschi'no. 

Dog-rose  (Greek,  kuno-rodon).  So 
called  because  it  was  supposed  to  cure  the 
bite  of  mad  dogs. 


A  morsu  rero  [i.e.  of  a  mad  dog\  unicum 
oraculo  quodam  uuper  repertuni,  radix  sylve.stris  roHB 
quaj  \nunc\  cynorrhodot  appellatur.— PUny,  hut.  Aat., 
viii.  6a ;  see  also  xxv.  6. 

Dogberry  and  Verges,  two  ig- 
norant conceited  constables,  who  greatly 
mutilate  their  words.  Dogberry  calls 
"  assembly  "  disscmbly  ;  "  treason  "  ue 
calls  perjury ;  "calumny"  he  calls  bur- 
glary ;  "  condemnation,"  redemption  ; 
"  respect,"  suspect.  When  Conrade  says, 
"  Away  !  you  are  an  ass;"  Dogberry  tells 
the  town  clerk  to  write  him  down  "an 
ass."  "Masters,"  he  says  to  the  officials, 
"remember  I  am  an  ass."  "  Oh  that  I 
had  been  writ  down  an  ass ! "  (act  iv.  sc.  2). 
— Shakespeare,  Mmh  Ado  about  Nothina 
(IGOO).  ,        ^ 

Dogget,  wardour  at  the  castle  of 
Garde  Doloureuse.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Dog^et's  Coat  and  Badge,  the 

great  pnze  in  the  Thames  rowing-match, 
given  on  the  1  st  of  August  every  year.  So 
called  from  Thomas  Dogget,  an  actor  of 
Drury  Lane,  who  signalized  the  accession  of 
George  I.  to  the  throne  by  giving  annually 
a  waterman's  coat  and  badge  to  the 
winner  of  the  race.  The  Fishmongers' 
Company  add  a  guinea  to  the  prize. 

_  Doiley  (Abraham),  a  citizen  and  ve- 
tired  slop-seller.  He  v/as  a  charity  boy, 
wholly  without  education,  but 'made 
£80,000  in  trade,  and  is  determined  to  have 
"a  larned  skollard  for  his  son-in-law." 


DOLL  COMMON. 


262 


DOLON  AND  ULYSSES. 


He  speaks  of  jomtry  [geometry] ,  joklate, 
jogrify,  At  Mater,  pinny-forty,  and  anti- 
kary  doctors  ;  talks  of  Scratchi  [Gracchi], 
Horsi  [Horatii],  a  stxuly  of  horses,  and  so 
on.  Being  resolved  to  j  udge  between  the 
rival  scholarship  of  an  Oxford  pedant 
and  a  captain  in  the  army,  he  gets  both 
to  speak  Greek  before  him.  Gradus,  the 
scholar,  quotes  two  lines  of  Greek,  in 
which  the  word  panta  occurs  four  times. 
"  Pantry  !  "  cries  the  old  slop-seller ; 
''you  can't  impose  upon  me.  I  know 
pantry  is  not  Greek."  The  captain  tries 
English  fustian,  and  when  Gradus  main- 
tains that  the  words  are  English,  *'  Out 
upon  you  for  a  jackanapes,"  cries  the 
old  man  ;  **as  if  I  din't  know  my  own 
mother  tongue !  "  and  gives  his  verdict  in 
favour  of  the  captain. 

Elizabeth  Doiley,  daughter  of  the  old 
slop-seller,  in  love  with  captain  Granger. 
She  and  her  cousin  Charlotte  induce  the 
Oxford  scholar  to  dress  like  a  beau  to 
please  the  ladies.  By  so  doing  he  dis- 
gusts the  old  man,  who  exclaims,  "Oh 
that  I  should  ever  have  been  such  a  dolt 
as  to  take  thee  for  a  man  of  larnen' ! "  So 
the  captain  wins  the  race  at  a  canter. — 
Mrs.  Cowley,  Who's  the  Dupe  ? 

Doll  Cominon,  a  young  woman  in 
league  with  Subtle  the  alchemist  and 
Face  his  ally. — B.  Jonson,  I'he  Alchemist 
(1610). 

Mrs.  PritchanJ  [1711-1768]  could  pass  from  "lady  Mac- 
beth "  to  "  Doll  Common."— Leigh  Hunt 

Doll  Tearsheet,  a  *'bona-roba." 
This  virago  is  cast  into  prison  with  Dame 
Quickly  (hostess  of  a  tavern  in  East- 
cheap),  for  the  death  of  a  man  that  they 
and  Pistol  had  beaten. — Shakespeare, 
2  Henry  IV.  (1598). 

Dollallolla  (Queen),  wife  of  king 
Arthur,  very  fond  of  stiff  punch,  but 
scorning  "vulgar  sips  of  brandy,  gin, 
and  rum."  She  is  the  enemy  of  Tom 
Thumb,  and  opposes  his  marriage  with 
her  daughter  Huncamunca ;  but  when 
Noodle  announces  that  the  red  cow  has 
devoured  the  pigmy  giant-queller,  she 
kills  the  messenger  for  his  ill  tidings, 
and  is  herself  killed  by  Frizaletta.  Queen 
Dollallolla  is  jealous  of  the  giantess 
Gluodalca,  at  whom  his  majesty  casts 
"  sheep's  eves." — Tom  Thumb,  by  Fielding 
the  novelist  (1730),  altered  by  O'Hara, 
author  of  Midas  (1778). 

Dolla  Murrey,  a  character  in 
Crabbe's  Borough,  who  died  playing 
cards. 


"  A  vole  1  a  vole  1 "  she  cried  ;  "'tis  fairly  won." 

This  said,  she  gently  with  a  single  sigh 

Died. 

Crabbe,  Borough  (1810)l 

Dolly  of  the  Chop-house 
(Queen's  Head  Passage,  Paternoster  Row 
and  Newgate  Street,  London).  Her  cele- 
brity arose  from  the  excellency  of  her 
provisions,  attendance,  accommodation, 
and  service.  The  name  is  that  of  the  old 
cook  of  the  establishment. 

The  broth  reviving,  and  the  bread  was  fair, 
The  small  beer  grateful  and  as  pepper  strong. 
The  beaf-steaks  tender,  and  the  pot-herbs  young. 

Dolly  Trull.  Captain  Macheath 
says  she  was  "  so  taken  up  with  stealing 
hearts,  she  left  herself  no  time  to  steal 
anything  else." — Gay,  The  Beggar'' s  Opera, 
ii.  1  (1727). 

Dolly  Varden,  daughter  of  Gabriel 
Varden,  locksmith.  She  Avas  loved  to 
distraction  by  Joe  Willet,  Hugh  of  the 
Maypole  inn,  and  Simon  Tappertit. 
Dolly  dressed  in  the  Watteau  style,  and 
was  lively,  pretty,  and  bewitching. — C. 
Dickens,  Barnaby  Budge  (1841). 

Dolman,  a  light-blue  loose-fitting 
jacktt,  braided  across  the  front  with 
black  silk  frogs,  and  embroidered  from 
the  cuffs  almost  to  the  shoulders  with 
gold  lace  of  three  rows  interwoven.  It  is 
used  as  the  summer  jacket  of  the  Al- 
gerian native  troops.  The  winter  jacket 
IS  called  a  "  pelisse." 

Dol'on,  "  a  man  of  subtle  wit  and 
wicked  -mind,"  father  of  Guizor  (groom 
of  Pollente  the  Saracen,  lord  of  "  Par- 
lous Bridge").  Sir  Ar'tegal,  with  scant 
ceremony,  knocks  the  life  cut  of  Guizor, 
for  demanding  of  him  "  passage-penny  " 
for  crossing  the  bridge.  Soon  afterwards, 
Brit'omart  and  Talus  rest  in  Dolon's 
castle  for  the  night,  and  Dolon,  mistak- 
ing Britomart  for  sir  Artegal,  sets  upon 
her  in  the  middle  of  the  night,  but  is 
overmastered.  He  now  runs  with  his  two 
surviving  sons  to  the  bridge,  to  prevent 
the  passage  of  Britomart  and  Talus ;  but 
Britomart  runs  one  of  them  through  with 
her  spear,  and  knocks  the  other  into  the 
river. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  6  (1596) 

Dol'on  and  Ulysses.  Dolon  under- 
took to  enter  the  Greek  camp  and  brin 
word  back  to  Hector  an  exact  account 
everything.  Accordingly  he  put  on 
wolf's  skin  and  prowled  about  the  camp' 
on  all  fours.  Ulysses  saw  through  the 
disguise,  and  said  to  Diomed,  "Yonder 
man  is  from  the  host  .  .  .  we'll  let  him 
pass  a  few  paces,  and  then  pounce  on  him 
unexpectedly."    They   soon  caught  tho 


DOLOPATOS. 


DOMINIE  SAMPSON. 


fellow,  and  having  "pumped"  out  of 
him  all  about  the  Trojan  plans,  and  the 
arrival  of  Rhesus,  Diomed  s.mote  him 
with  his  falchion  on  the  mid-neck  and 
Blew  him.  This  is  the  subject  of  bk.  x. 
of  the  Iliad,  and  therefore  this  book  is 
called  "Dolonia"  ("the  deeds  of 
Dolon  ")  or  "  DSlophon'ia  "  ( "  Dolon's 
murder  "). 

Full  of  cunning,  like  Ulysses'  whistle 
When  he  allured  poor  Dolon. 

Bynjn,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  105  (1824). 

Polopa'tos,  the  Sicilian  king,  who 
placed  his  son  Lucien  under  the  charge 
of  "  seven  wise  masters."  When  grown 
to  man's  estate,  Lucien's  step-mother 
made  improper  advances  to  him,  which 
he  repulsed,  and  she  accused  him  to  the 
king  of  insulting  her.  By  astrology  the 
prince  discovered  that  if  he  could  tide  over 
seven  days  his  life  would  be  saved ;  so 
the  wise  masters  amused  the  king  with 
seven  tales,  and  the  king  relented.  The 
prince  himself  then  told  a  tale  which 
embodied  his  own  history ;  the  eyes  of  the 
king  were  opened,  and  the  queen  was  con- 
demned to  death. — Sandabar's  F.arabies 
(French  version). 

Doinbey  {Mr.)^  a  purse-proud,  self- 
contained  London  merchant,  living  in 
Portland  Place,  Ikyanstonc  Square,  with 
oflBces  in  the  City. '  His  god  was  wealth ; 
and  his  one  ambition  was  to  have  a  son, 
that  the  firm  might  be  known  as  "  Dom- 
bey  and  Son."  When  Paul  was  born, 
his  ambition  was  attained,  his  whole 
heart  was  in  the  boy,  and  the  loss  of  the 
mother  was  but  a  small  matter.  The 
boy's  death  turned  his  heart  to  stone, 
and  he  treated  his  daughter  Florence  not 
only  with  utter  indifference,  but  as  an 
actual  interloper.  Mr.  Dombey  married 
a  second  time,  but  his  wife  eloped  with 
his  manager,  James  Carker,  and  the  proud 
spirit  of  the  merchant  was  brought  low. 

Paul  Dombet/,  son  of  Mr.  Dombey ;  a 
delicate,  sensitive  little  boy,  quite  un- 
equal to  the  great  things  expected  of  him. 
He  was  sent  to  Dr.  Blimber's  school,  but 
80on  gave  way  under  the  strain  of  school 
discipline.  In  his  short  life  he  won  the 
love  of  all  who  knew  him,  and  his  sister 
■Florence  was  especially  attached  to  him. 
I-  is  death  is  beautifully  told.  During  his 
•  -st  days  he  wag  haunted  by  the  sea,  and 
i¥as  always  wondering  What  the  wild 
waves  were  paving. 

Florence     Dombey,     Mr.      Dombey's 

daughter;    a    pretty,    amiable,    mother- 

lesc    child,    who    incurred    her    father's 

Jj    hatred    because  she    lived    and   thrived 


while  her  younger  brothei  Paul  dwindled 
and  died.  Florence  hungered  to  be 
loved,  but  her  father  had  no  love  to 
bestow  on  her.  She  married  Walter  Gay, 
and  when  Mr.  Dombey  was  broken  m 
spirit  by  the  elopement  of  his  second 
wife,  his  grandchildren  were  the  solace 
of  his  old  age. — C.  Dickens,  Dombey  and 
Son  (184G). 

Dom-Daniel  originally  meant  a 
public  school  for  magic,  established  at 
Tunis  ;  but  what  is  generally  understood 
by  the  word  is  that  immense  establish- 
ment, near  Tunis,  under  the  "roots  of 
the  ocean,"  established  by  Hal-il-Mau'- 
graby,  and  completed  by  his  son.  There 
were  four  entrances  to  it,  each  of  which  had 
a  staircase  of  4000  steps  ;  and  magicians, 
gnomes,  and  sorcerers  of  every  sort  were 
expected  to  do  homage  there  at  least 
once  a  year  to  Zatanai  [Satan] .  Dom- 
Daniel  was  utterly  destroyed  by  prince 
Habed-il-Rouman,  son  of  the  caliph  of 
Syria. — Continuation  of  the  Arabian  Nights 
("  History  of  Maugraby  "). 

Southey  has  made  the  destruction  of 
Dom-Daniel  the  auhject  of  his  Thalaba — 
in  fact,  Thalaba  takes  the  office  of 
Habed-il-Rouman ;  but  the  general  inci- 
dents of  the  two  tales  have  no  other 
resemblance  to  each  other. 

Domestic  Poultry,  in  Dryden's 
Hi7id  and  Panther,  mean  the  Roman 
Catholic  clergy  ;  so  called  from  an  estab- 
lishment of  priests  in  the  private  chapel  of 
Whitehall.  The  nuns  are  termed  "  sister 
partlet  with  the  hooded  head  "  (1687). 

Dominick,  the  "Spanish  fryar,"  a 
kind  of  ecclesiastical  Falstaff.  A  most 
immoral,  licentious  dominican,  who  for 
money  would  prostitute  even  the  Church 
and  Holy  Scriptures.  Dominick  helped 
Lorenzo  in  his  amour  with  Elvi'ra  the 
wife  of  Gomez. 

He  is  a  huge,  fat,  religious  gentleman  .  .  .  big  enough 
to  be  a  pope.  His  gills  are  as  rosy  as  a  turkey-cock's.  Hi» 
big  belly  walks  in  state  before  him,  like  a  harbinger  ;  and 
hi*  gouty  legs  come  limping  after  it.  Never  was  such  a 
tun  of  devotion  seen.— Dryden,  The  Spanish  Fryar,  ii.  i 
(lfi«0). 

Dom'ine  Stekan  (corruption  of 
Dominus  tecum,  "the  Lord  be  with  thee"). 
A  witch,  being  asked  how  she  contrived  to 
kill  all  the  children  of  a  certain  family  iri 
infancy,  replied,  "  Easily  enough.  When 
the  infant  sneezes,  nobody  says  '  Domine 
stekan,'  and  then  I  become  mistress  of 
the  child."— Rev.  W.  Webster,  Basque 
Legends,  73  (1877). 

Dominie  Sampson;  his  Christian 
name  is  Abel.     He  is  the  tutox  at  "Elian- 


DOMINIQUE. 


264 


DONICA. 


gowan  House,  very  poor,  very  modest, 
and  crammed  with  Latin  quotations.  His 
constant  exclamation  is  "  Prodigious  !  " 

Dominie  Sampson  Is  a  poor,  modest,  humble  scholar. 
Who  had  won  his  way  tlirough  the  cliissics,  but  fallen  to 
the  leeward  in  the  voyage  of  life.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Quy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Dorn'mique  (3  syl.),  the  gossiping 
old  footman  of  the  Franvals,  who  fancies 
himself  quite  fit  to  keep  a  secret.  He  is, 
however,  a  really  faithful  retainer  of  the 
family.— Th.  Holcroft,  The  Deaf  and 
Dumb  (1786). 

Domitian  a  Marksman.  The 
emperor  Domitian  was  so  cunning  a 
marksman,  that  if  a  boy  at  a  good 
distance  off  held  up  his  hand  and 
stretched  his  fingers  abroad,  he  could 
shoot  through  the  spaces  without  touch- 
ing the  Doy's  hand  or  any  one  of  his 
fingers.  (See  Tell,  for  many  similar 
marksmen.) — Peacham,  Complete  Gentle- 
man (1627). 

iDomizia,  a  noble  lady  of  Florence, 
greatly  embittered  against  the  republic 
for  its  base  ingratitude  to  her  two  brothers, 
Porzio  and  Berto,  whose  death  she  hoped 
to  revenge. 

I  am  a  daughter  of  the  Traversari, 

Sister  of  Porzio  and  Berto  both  .  .  . 

I  knew  that  Florence,  that  could  doubt  their  faith, 

Must  needs  mistrust  a  stranger's ;  holding  back 

Reward  from  them,  must  hold  back  his  reward. 

Robt.  Browning,  Luria,  ilL 

Don  jAlphonso,  son  of  a  rich  banker. 
In  love  with  Victoria,  the  daughter  of  don 
Scipio  ;  but  Victoria  marries  don  Fer- 
nando. Lorenza,  who  went  by  the  name 
of  Victoria  for  a  time,  and  is  the  person 
don  Alphonso  meant  to  marry,  espouses 
don  Caesar. — O'Keefe,  Castle  of  Andalusia. 

***  For  other  dons,  see  under  the  sur- 
name. 

Donacha  dhu  na  Dunaigh,  the 

Highland  robber  near  Roseneath. — SirW. 
Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 

Donald,  the  Scotch  steward  of  ]Mr. 
Mordent.  Honest,  plain-spoken,  faith- 
ful, and  unflinching  in  his  duty. — Hol- 
croft, The  Deserted  Daughter  (altered 
into  The  Steward). 

Donald,  an  old  domestic  of  MacAulay, 
the  Highland  chief.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend 
of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Donald  of  the  Hammer,  son  of 
the  laird  of  Invemahyle  of  the  West 
Highlands  of  Scotland.  WTien  Green 
Colin  assassinated  the  laird  and  his  house- 
hold, the  infant  Donald  was  saved  by  his 


foster-nurse,  and  afterAvards  brought  up 
by  her  husband,  a  blacksmith.  He  be- 
came so  strong  that  he  could  work  for 
hours  with  two  fore-hammers,  one  in  each 
hand,  and  was  therefore  called  Donuil  /lan 
Ord.  When  he  was  21  he  marched  with 
a  few  adherents  against  Green  Colin,  and 
slew  him,  by  which  means  he  recovered 
his  paternal  inheritance. 

Donald  of  the  smithy,  the  "  son  of  the  hammer," 
Filled  the  banks  of  Lochawe  with  mourning  and  clamoiir. 
Quoted  by  sir  Walter  Scott  in  Talet  of  a  Grand- 
father, i.  3y. 

Donar,  same  as  Thor,  the  god  of 

thunder  among  the  ancient  Teutons. 

Donation  of  Pepin.  WTien  Pepin 
conquered  Ataulf  (Adolphus),  the  ex- 
archate of  Ravenna  fell  into  his  hands, 
Pepin  gave  the  pope  both  the  ex-archate 
and  the  republic  of  Rome ;  and  this 
munificent  gift  is  the  world-famous 
•'  Donation  of  Pepin,"  on  which  rested 
the  whole  fabric  of  the  temporal  power  of 
the  popes  (a.d.  755).  Victor  F^mmanuel, 
king  of  Italy,  dispossessed  the  pope  of 
his  temporal  sovereignty,  and  added  the 
papal  states  to  the  united  kingdom  of 
Italy,  over  which  he  reigned  (1870). 

Dondascli',  an  Oriental  giant,  con- 
temporary with  Seth,  to  whose  service  he 
was  attached.  He  needed  no  weapons, 
because  he  could  destroy  anything  by  his 
muscular  force. 

Don'cgild  (3  syl.),  the  wicked  mother 
of  Alia  king  of  Northumberland.  Hating 
Custance  because  she  was  a  Christian, 
Donegild  set  her  adrift  with  her  infant 
son.  When  Alia  returned  from  Scotland, 
and  discovered  this  act  of  cruelty,  he  put 
his  mother  to  death  ;  then  going  to  Rome 
on  a  pilgrimage,  met  his  wife  and  child, 
who  had  been  brought  there  a  little  time 
previously. — Chaucer,  Canterbury  Talcs 
("  The  Man  of  Law's  Tale,"  1388). 

Don'et,  the  first  grammar  put  into 
the  hands  of  scholars.  It  was  that  of 
Dona'tus  the  grammarian,  who  taught 
in  Rome  in  the  fourth  century,  and  was 
the  preceptor  of  St.  Jerome.  When 
*'Graunde  Amour"  was  sent  to  study 
under  lady  Gramer,  she  taught  him,  as  j 
he  says : 

First  my  donet,  and  then  my  accedence. 
S.  Hawes,  The  Pastime  of  Plosure,  v.  (time,  Henry  VII.). 

Doni'ca,  only  child  of  the  lord  of 
Ar'kinlow  (an  elderly  man).  Young 
Eb'erhard  loved  her,  and  the  Finnish 
maiden  was  betrothed  to  him.  Walki 
one  evening  by  the  lake,  Donica  h< 


1 


DONNERHUGEL. 


DORAX. 


the  sound  of  the  death-spectre,  and  fell 
lifeless  in  the  arms  of  her  lover.  Presently 
the  dead  maiden  received  a  supernatural 
vitalitj',  but  her  cheeks  were  wan,  her 
lips  livid,  her  eyes  lustreless,  and  her 
lap-dog  howled  when  it  saw  her.  Eber- 
hard  still  resolved  to  marry  her,  and  to 
church  they  went ;  but  when  he  took 
Donica's  hand  into  his  own  it  was  cold 
and  clammy,  the  demon  fled  from  her, 
and  the  body  dropped  a  corpse  at  the  feet 
of  the  bridegroom. — R.  Southey,  Donica 
(a  Finnish  ballad). 

Donnerhu'gel  (Endolph),  one  of  the 
Swiss  deputies  to  Charles  "the  Bold," 
duke  of  Burgundy.  He  is  cousin  of  the 
sons  of  Arnold  Biedennan  the  landam- 
man  of  Unterwalden  (alias  count  Arnold 
of  Geierstein). 

Theodore  Donnerhugel,  uncle  of  Ru- 
dolph. He  was  page  to  the  former  baron 
of  Arnheim  \^Ai'nMine']. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Do'ny,  Florimel's  dwarf.  —  Spenser, 
Faery  Queen^  iii.  6  and  iv.  2  (1590,  1596). 

Donzel  del  Fe'bo  (^0>  t^^  kniqht 
of  the  sun,  a  Spanish  romance  in  The 
Mirror  of  Knighthood.  He  was  "most 
excellently  fair,"  and  a  "great  wanderer ;" 
hence  he  is  alluded  to  as  "that  wander- 
ing knight  so  fair." 

Doo'lin  of  Mayence  (2  syL),  the 
hero  and  title  of  an  old  French  romance 
of  chivalry.  He  was  ancestor  of  Ogier 
the  Dane.  His  sword  was  called  Mar- 
veilleuse  ("wonderful"). 

Doomsday  Sedg-wick,  William 
Sedgwick,  a  fanatical  "prophet"  during 
the  Commonwealth.  He  pretended  that 
the  time  of  doomsday  had  been  revealed 
to  him  in  a  vision ;  and,  going  into  the 
garden  of  sir  Francis  Russell,  he  denounced 
a  party  of  gentlemen  playing  at  bowls, 
and  bade  them  prepare  for  the  day  of 
doom,  which  was  at  hand. 

Doorm,  an  earl  who  tried  to  make 
Enid  his  handmaid,  and  "  smote  her  on 
the  cheek "  because  she  would  not  wel- 
come him.  Whereupon  her  husband, 
count  Geraint,  started  up  and  slew 
the  "  russet-bearded  earl."' — Tennyson, 
Idylls  of  the  Kir^  ("  Enid  "). 

Door-Opener  {The),  Crates,  the 
Thtban  ;  so  called  because  he  used  to  go 
round  Athens  early  of  a  morning,  and 
rebuke  the  people  for  their  late  rising. 

Dora  [Spenlow],  a  pretty,  warm- 

12 


hearted  little  doll  of  a  woman,  with  no 
practical  views  of  the  duties  of  life  or  the 
value  of  money.  She  was  the  "child- 
wife  "  of  David  Copperfield,  and  loved  to 
sit  by  him  and  hold  his  pens  while  he 
wrote.  She  died,  and  David  then  mar- 
ried Agnes  Wickfield.  Dora's  great  pet 
was  a  dog  called  "  Jip,"  which  died  at  the 
same  time  as  its  mistress. — C.  Dickens, 
David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Dora'do  {El),  a  land  of  exhaustless 
wealth ;  a  golden  illusion.  Orella'na, 
lieutenant  of  Pizarro,  asserted  that  he  had 
discovered  a  "  gold  country  "  between  the 
Orino'co  and  the  Am'azon,  in  South 
America.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  twice  visited 
Guia'na  as  the  spot  indicated,  and  pub- 
lished highly  coloured  accounts  of  its 
enormous  wealth. 

Dorali'ce  (4  syL),  a  lady  beloved  by 
Rodoraont,  but  who  married  Mandri- 
cardo. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1616). 

_  Dor'alis,  the  lady-love  of  Rodomont 
king  of  Sarza  or  Algiers.  She  eloped 
with  Mandricardo  king  of  Tartary. — 
Bojardo,  Orlando  Innamorato  (1495)  ;  and 
Anosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Dorante  (2  syl.),  a  name  introduced 
into  three  of  Molicre's  comedies.  In  Les 
Fdchcux  he  is  a  courtier  devoted  to  the 
chase  ( 1661 ).  In  La  Critique  de  I'ccole  dea 
Femmes  he  is  a  chevalier  (1662).  In  Le 
Bourycois  Gentilhomme  he  is  a  count  in 
love  with  the  marchioness  Dorimbne 
(1670). 

Doras'tus  and  Faunia,  the  hero  and 
heroine  of  a  popular  romance  by  Robert 
Greene,  published  in  1588,  under  the  title 
of  Pandosto  and  the  Triumph  of  Time. 
On  this  "historj-"  Shakespeare  founded 
his  Winter's  Tale. 

Why,  sir  William,  it  is  a  romance,  a  novel,  a  pleasanter 
history  by  half  than  the  loves  of  Dorastus  and  Faunia.— 
Is.  Bickerstaflf,  Love  in  a  YUlage,  iii.  1. 

Dorax,  the  assumed  name  of  don 
Alonzo  of  Alcazar,  when  he  deserted 
Sebastian  king  of  Portugal,  turned  rene- 
gade, and  joined  the  emperor  of  Barbary. 
The  cause  of  his  desertion  was  that  Sebas- 
tian gave  toHenri'quez  the  lady  betrothed 
to  Alonzo.  Her  name  was  Violante 
(4  syl.).  The  quarrel  between  Sebastian 
and  Dorax  is  a  masterly  copy  of  the 
quarrel  and  reconciliation  between  Brutus 
and  Cassius  in  Shakespeare's  Julius  Caesar. 

Like  "  Dorax  "  in  the  play,  I  suhmitted,  "  tlio'  with  a 
swelUng  heart."— Sir  W.  Scott. 

This  quotation  is  not  exact.  It  occurs 
in    the    "  quarrel."     Sebastian    says    trf» 


DORCAS. 


DORMER. 


Dorax,  "  Confess,  proud  spirit,  that 
better  he  [Henriqucz]  deserved  my  love 
than  thou."    To  this  Dorax  replies  : 

I  must  grant. 
Yes,  I  must  grant,  but  with  a  swelling  soul, 
Henriquez  had  your  love  with  more  desert ; 
For  you  he  fought  and  died  ;  I  fought  against  you. 
Drayton,  Don  SebaUian  (1690). 

Dorcas,  servant  to  squire  Ingoldsby. 
-Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
III.). 

Dorcas,  an  old  domestic  at  Cumnor 
flace. — Kenihcorth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Dorcas  Society,  a  society  for  sup- 
plying the  poor  with  clothing  ;  so  called 
from  Dorcas,  who  "  made  clothes  for  the 
poor,"  mentioned  in  Acts  ix.  39. 

Doria  D'Istria,  a  pseudonym  of  the 
princess  Koltzoff-Massalsky,  a  Wal- 
lachian  authoress  (1829-        ). 

Doric  Xiand,  Greece,  of  which  Doris 
was  a  part. 

Tliro*  all  the  bounds 
Of  Doric  land. 

Milton,  Paradite  Loft,  i.  519  (1665). 

Doric  Reed,  pastoral  poetry,  simple 
and  unomamented  poetry ;  so  called  because 
everything  Doric  was  remarkable  for  its 
chaste  simplicity. 

DoricoTirt,  the  jianc^  of  Letitia 
Hardy.  A  man  of  the  world  and  the 
rage  of  the  London  season,  he  is,  how- 
ever, both  a  gentleman  and  a  man  of 
honour.  He  had  made  the  "  grand  tour," 
and  considered  English  beauties  insipid. 
— Mrs.  Cowley,  The  Belle's  Stratagem 
(1780). 

Montague  Talbot  [1778-1831]. 
He  reigns  o'er  comedy  supreme  .  .  . 
None  show  for  light  and  airy  sport. 
So  exquisite  a  Doricourt 

Crofton  Croker. 

Do'ridon,  a  lovely  swain,  nature's 
"  chiefest  work,"  more  beautiful  than 
Narcissus,  Ganimede,  or  Adonis. — Wm. 
Browne,  Britannia's  Pastorals  (1613). 

Do'rigen,  a  lady  of  high  family,  who 
married  Arvir'agus  out  of  pity  for  his 
love  and  meekness.  Aurelius  sought  to 
entice  her  away,  but  she  said  she  would 
never  listen  to  his  suit  till  on  the  British 
coast  "  there  n'is  no  stone  y-seen."  Au- 
relius by  magic  caused  all  the  stones  to 
disappear,  and  when  Dorigen  went  and 
said  that  her  husband  insisted  on  her 
keeping  her  word,  Aurelius,  seeing  her 
dejection,  replied,  he  "would  sooner  die 
than  injure  so  true  a  wife  and  noble  a 
geatleman. — Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales 
("  The  Franklin'a  Tale,"  1388).  i 


(This  is  substantially  the  same  as  Boc- 
caccio's tale  of  Biatiora  and  Gilberto^ 
X.  6.     See  Dianora.) 

Dor'imant,  a  genteel,  witty  lioertine. 
The  original  of  this  character  was  the  earl 
of  Rochester. — G.  Etherege,  The  Man  of 
Mode  or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter  (1676). 

The  Dorimants  and  the  lady  Touchwoods,  in  their  own 
sphere,  do  not  offend  my  moral  sense ;  in  fact,  they  do  not 
appeal  to  it  alL— C.  Lamb. 

(The  "lady  Touchwood"  in  Congrevje's 
Double  Dealer,  not  the  "lady  Francis 
Touchwood "  in  Mrs.  Cowley's  Belle's 
Stratagem,  which  is  quite  another  cha- 
racter.) 

Dor'imene  (3  syL),  daughter  of  Al- 
cantor,  beloved  by  Sganarelle  (3  syl.)  and 
Lycaste  {2  syl.).  She  loved  "le  jeu,  les 
visites,  les  assemble's,  les  cadeaux,  et  les 
promenades,  en  un  mot  toutes  le  chosea 
de  plaisir,"  and  wished  to  marry  to  get 
free  from  the  trammels  of  her  home.  She 
says  to  Sganarelle  (a  man  of  63),  whom 
she  promises  to  marry,  "Nous  n'aurons 
jamais  aucun  demele'  ensemble  ;  et  je  ne 
vous  contraindrai  point  dans  vos  actions, 
comme  j'espbre  que  vous  ne  me  contrain- 
drez  point  dans  les  mienne." — Moliere, 
Le  Mariage  Force'  (1664). 

(She  had  been  introduced  previously  as 
the  wife  of  Sganarelle,  in  the  comedy  of 
Le  Cocu  Inuxginaire,  1660.) 

Dorimene,  the  marchioness,  in  the  Bour- 
geois Gentilhomme,  by  Molifere  (1670). 

Dorin'da,  the  charming  daughter  of 
lady  Bountiful ;  in  love  with  Aimwell. 
She  was  sprightly  and  light-hearted,  but 
good  and  virtuous  also. — George  Far- 
quhar.  The  Beaux^  Stratagem  (1707). 

Dorine'  (2  syl.),  attendant  of  Mariane 
(daughter  of  Orgon).  She  ridicules  the 
folly  of  the  family,  but  serves  it  faith- 
fully.—Moliere,  Le  Tartuffe  (1664). 

D*Orm.e'o,  prime  minister  of  Victor 
Amade'us  (4  syl.),  and  also  of  his  son  and 
successor  Charles  Emmanuel  king  of  Sar- 
dinia. He  took  his  colour  from  the  king 
he  serv^ed:  hence  under  the  tortuous, 
deceitful  Victor,  his  policy  was  marked 
with  crude  rascality  and  duplicity  ;  but 
under  the  truthful,  single-minded  Charles 
Emmanuel,  he  became  straightforward  and 
honest. — R.  Browning,  Ki7ig  Victor  and 
King  Charles,  etc. 

Dormer  {Captain),  benevolent,  truth- 
ful, and  courageous,  candid  and  warm- 
hearted. He  was  engaged  to  Louisa 
Travers  ;  but  the  lady  was  told  that  he 


DORMER. 


267 


DORRILLON. 


was  false  and  had  married  another,  so 
she  ^ave  her  hand  to  lord  Davenarit. 

Marianne  Dormer,  sister  of  the  cap- 
tain. She  married  lord  Davenant,  who 
called  himself  Mr.  Brooke ;  but  he  forsook 
her  in  three  months,  giving  out  that  he 
was  dead.  Marianne,  supposing  herself 
to  be  a  widow,  married  his  lordship's  son. 
—Cumberland,  T/ie  Mysterious  Husband 
(1783). 

Dormer  {Caroline),  the  orphan  daughter 
of  a  London  merchant,  who  was  once  very 
wealthy,  but  became  bankrupt  and  died, 
leaving  his  daughter  £200  a  year.  This 
annuity,  however,  she  loses  through  the 
knavery  of  her  man  of  business.  When 
reduced  to  penury,  her  old  lover,  Henry 
Morland  (supposed  to  have  perished  at 
sea),  makes  his  appearance  and  marries 
her,  by  which  she  becomes  the  lady 
Duberly. — G.  Colman,  The  Meir-at-Law 
(1797). 

Domton  (Mr,),  a  great  banker,  who 
adores  his  son  Harry.  He  tries  to  be 
stem  with  him  when  he  sees  him 
going  the  road  to  ruin,  but  is  melted  by 
a  kind  word. 

Joseph  Munden  [1753-1832]  was  the  original  repre- 
sentative of  "  Old  Dornton"  and  a  host  of  other  characters. 
—Memoir  (1832). 

Harry  Domton,  son  of  the  above.  A 
noble-hearted  fellow,  spoilt  by  over- 
indulgence. He  becomes  a  regular  rake, 
loses  money  at  Newmarket,  and  goes 
poBt-speed  the  road  to  ruin,  led  on  by 
Jack  Milford.  So  great  is  his  extrava- 
gance, that  his  father  becomes  a  bankrupt ; 
but  Sulky  (his  partner  in  the  bank)  comes 
to  the  rescue.  Harry  marries  Sophia 
Freelove,  and  both  father  and  son  are 
saved  from  ruin. — Holcroft,  Tlie  Road  to 
Ruin  (1792). 

Dorober'nia,  Canterbury. 

Dorothe'a,  of  Andalusi'a,  daughter 
of  Cleonardo  (an  opulent  vassal  of  the 
duke  Ricardo).  She  was  married  to  don 
Fernando,  the  duke's  younger  son,  who 
deserted  her  for  Lucinda  (the  daughter  of 
an  opulent  gentleman),  engaged  to  Car- 
denio,  her  equal  in  rank  and  fortune. 
When  the  wedding  day  arrived,  Lucinda 
fell  into  a  swoon,  a  letter  informed  the 
bridegroom  that  she  was  already  married 
to  Cardenio,  and  next  day  she  took 
refuge  in  a  convent.  Dorothea  also  left 
her  home,  dressed  in  boy's  clothes,  and 
concealed  herself  in  the  Sierra  Morena  or 
Brown  Mountain.  Now,  it  so  happened 
that  Dorothea,  Cardenio,  and  don  Quixote's 
party  happened  to  be  staying  at  the  Cres- 


cent inn,  and  don  Fernando,  who  had 
abducted  Lucinda  from  the  convent, 
halted  at  the  same  place.  Here  he  found 
his  wife  Dorothea,  and  Lucinda  her 
husband  Cardenio.  All  these  misfortunen 
thus  came  to  an  end,  and  the  parties  mated 
with  their  respective  spouses. — Cervantes, 
Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  (1605). 

Dorothe'a,  sister  of  Mons.  Thomas. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas 
(1619). 

Dorothe'a,  the  "virgin  martyr,"  at- 
tended by  Angelo,  an  angel  in  the 
semblance  of  a  page,  first  presented'  to 
Dorotliea  as  a  beggar-boy,  to  whom  she 
gave  alms. — Philip  Massinger,  Tlie  Virgin 
Martyr  (1622). 

Dorothe'a,  the  heroine  of  Goethe's  poem 
entitled  Hermann  and  Dorothea  (1797). 

Dor'otheus  (3  syL),  the  man  who 
spent  all  his  life  in  endeavouring  to  eluci- 
date the  meaning  of  one  single  word  ia 
Homer. 

Dor'othy  {Old),  the  housekeeper  of 
Simon  Glover  and  his  daughter  "  the 
fair  maid  of  Perth."— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Dor'othy,  charwoman  of  Old  Trapbois 
the  miser  and  his  daughter  Martha. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  I.). 

Dorrillon  {Sir  William),  a  rich 
Indian  merchant  and  a  widower.  He  had 
one  daughter,  placed  under  the  care  of 
Mr.  and  Miss  Norberry.  When  this 
daughter  (Maria)  was  grown  to  woman- 
hood, sir  William  returned  to  England, 
and  wishing  to  learn  the  character  of 
Maria,  presented  himself  under  the  as- 
sumed name  of  Mr.  Mandred.  He  found 
his  daughter  a  fashionable  young  lady, 
fond  of  pleasure,  dress,  and  play,  but 
affectionate  and  good-hearted.  He  wai 
enabled  to  extricate  her  from  some  money 
difficulties,  won  her  heart,  revealed  him- 
self as  her  father,  and  reclaimed  her. 

Miss  [^Maria]  Dorrillon,  daughter  of 
sir  William ;  gay,  fashionable,  light- 
hearted,  highly  accomplished,  and  very 
beautiful.  "  Brought  up  without  a 
mother's  care  or  father's  caution,"  she 
had  some  excuse  for  her  waywardness 
and  frivolity.  Sir  George  Evelyn  wa» 
her  admirer,  whom  for  a  time  she  teased 
to  the  very  top  of  her  bent ;  then  she 
married,  loved,  and  reforpied. — Mrs. 
Inchbald,  Wives  as  they  Were  and  Maids 
as  they  Are  (1797). 


D'OSBORN. 


268 


DOUGLAS. 


!D*Osbom  (Count),  governor  of  the 
Giant's  Mount  Fortress.  The  countess 
Marie  consented  to  marry  him,  because  he 
promised  to  obtain  the  acquittal  of  Ernest 
de  Fridberg  ("  the  State  prisoner") ;  but 
he  never  liept  his  promise.  It  was  by 
this  man's  treachery  that  Ernest  was  a 
prisoner,  for  he  kept  back  tlie  evidence  of 

fencral  Bavois,  declaring  him  innocent. 
le  next  employed  persons  to  strangle 
him,  but  his  attempt  was  thwarted.  His 
villainy  being  brought  to  light,  he  was 
ordered  by  the  king  to  execution. — E. 
Stirling,  The  State  Prisoner  (1847). 

Do'son,  a  promise-maker  and  pro- 
mise-breaker. Antig'onos  (grandson  of 
Demetrios  the  besieger)  was  so  called. 

Dot.    (See  Peerybingle.) 

Dotlieboys  Hall,  a  Yorkshire 
school,  where  boys  were  taken-in  and 
done-for  by  Mr.  Squeers,  an  arrogant, 
comceited,  puffing,  overbearing,  and 
ignorant  schoolmaster,  who  fleeced,  beat, 
and  starved  the  boys,  but  taught  them 
nothing. — C.  Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

The  original  of  Dotheboys  Hall  Is  rtill  In  existence  at 
iJowes,  some  five  miles  from  Barnard  Castle.  The  King's 
Hea<l  Inn  at  Barnard  Castle  is  spoken  of  in  yichotat 
ifickleby  by  Newman  Noggs.— J^o<e«  and  Queriei, 
April  2,  1875. 

Doto,  Nyse,  and  Neri'ne,  the 
three  nereids  who  guarded  the  fleet  of 
Vasco  da  Gama.  When  the  treacherous 
pilot  had  run  the  ship  in  which  Vasco 
was  sailing  on  a  sunken  rock,,  these  sea- 
nymphs  lifted  up  the  prow  and  turned  it 
round. — Camoens,  Lusiad,  ii.  (1569). 

Douban,  the  physician,  cured  a 
Greek  king  of  leprosy  W  some  drug  con- 
cealed in  a  racket  handle.  The  king  gave 
Douban  such  great  rewards  that  the  envj'- 
of  his  nobles  was  excited,  and  his  vizier 
buggested  that  a  man  like  Douban  was 
very  dangerous  to  be  near  the  throne. 
The  fears  of  the  weak  king  being  aroused, 
he  ordered  Douban  to  be  put  to  death. 
When  the  phj^sician  saw  there  was  no 
remedy,  he  gave  the  king  a  book,  saying, 
"  On  the  sixth  leaf  the  king  will  find 
something  affecting  his  life."  The  king, 
finding  the  leaves  stick,  moistened  his 
finger  with  his  mouth,  and  by  so  doing 

g)isoned  himself.  "  Tyrant ! "  exclaimed 
ouban,  '*  those  who  abuse  their  power 
TO'irit  death." — Arabian  Nights  ("The 
Greek  King  and  the  Physician  "). 

.Douban,  physician  of  the  ernperor 
Alexius. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Kufus). 


Itouble  Dealer  {The).  "I'he 
double  dealer"  is  Maskwell,  who  pre- 
tends love  to  lady  Touchwood  and  friend- 
ship to  Mellefont  (2  syL),  in  order  to 
betray  them  both.  The  other  characters 
of  the  comedy  also  deal  doubly  :  Thus 
lady  Froth  pretends  to  love  her  husband, 
but  coquets  with  Mr.  Brisk  ;  and  lady 
Pliant  pretends  to  be  chaste  as  Diana, 
but  has  a  liaison  with  Careless.  On  the 
other  hand.  Brisk  pretends  to  entertain 
friendship  for  lord  Froth,  but  makes  lovo 
to  his  wife  ;  and  Ned  Careless  pretends  to 
respect  and  honour  lord  Pliant,  but  bam- 
boozles him  in  a  similar  way. — W.  Con- 
greve  (1700). 

Double-headed  Mount  {The)^ 
Parnassus,  in  Greece ;  so  called  from  its 
two  chief  summits,  TithGrSo  and  Lycorea. 

Double  Lines  (in  Lloyd's  books),  a 
technical  word  for  losses  and  accidents. 

One  morning  the  subscribers  were  reading  the  "double 
lines,"  and  among  the  losses  was  the  total  wreck  of  this 
identical  ship. — Old  and  New  London,  i.  613. 

Doublefee  {Old  Jacob),  a  money- 
lender, who  accommodates  the  duke  of 
Buckingham  with  loans. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Doubting  Castle,  the  castle  of 
giant  Despair,  into  which  Christian  and 
Hopeful  were  thrust,  but  from  which 
they  escaped  by  means  of  the  key  called 
"Promise." — Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress^ 
i.(1678). 

Dougal,  turnkey  at  Glasgow  Tol- 
booth.  He  is  an  adherent  of  Roy  Roy. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Rd)  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Douglas,   divided    into    The   Blac 
Douglases  and  The  Red  Douglases. 

I.  The  Black  Douglases  (or  senic 
branch).     Each  of  these  is  called  "  The 
Black  Douglas." 

The  Hardy,  William  de  Douglas,  d€ 
fender  of  Berwick  (died  1302). 

The  Good  sir  James,  eldest  son  of  " 
Hardy."  Friend  of  Bruce.  Killed  by 
Moors  in  Spain,  1330. 

England's  Scourge  and  Scotland's  Bn 
warh,  William  Douglas,  knight  of  Liddea 
dale.  Taken  at  Neville's  Cross,  ar 
killed  by  William  first  earl  of  Dougls 
in  1353. 

The  Flower   of  Chivalry,   William 
Douglas,  natural  son  »>f  "  The  Good  it 
James."  (died  1384). 

James    second  earl  of   Douglas  ovei 
threw     Hotspur.      Died     at     Otterbur 
1388.     This  is  the   Douglas  of  the  ol 
ballad  of  Chevy  Chasg. 


DOUGLAS. 


DOULOUREUSE  GARDE. 


Archibald  the  Gfrim,  Archibald  Douglas, 
natural  son  of  "  The  Good  sir  James " 
(diod  *). 

The  Black  Douglas,  William  lord  of 
Nithsdale  (murdered  by  t"he  earl  of  Clif- 
ford, 1390). 

Tinoman  (the  loser),  Archibald  fourth 
earl,  who  lost  the  battles  of  Homildon, 
Shrewsbury,  and  Verneuil,  in  the  last  of 
which  he  was  killed  (1424). 

William  Douglas,  eighth  earl,  stabbed 
by  James  II.,  and  then  despatched  with  a 
battle-axe  by  sir  Patrick  Gray,  at  Stirling, 
February  13,  1452.  Sir  Walter  Scott 
alludes  to  this  in  The  Lady  of  the  Lalie. 

James  Douglas,  ninth  and  last  earl 
(died  1488).  With  him  the  senior  branch 
closes. 

II.  The  Red  Douglases,  a  collateral 
branch. 

Bell-the-Cat,  the  great  earl  of  Angus. 
He  is  introduced  by  Scott  in  Marmion. 
His  two  sons  fell  in  the  battle  of  Flod- 
den  Field.    He  died  in  a  monastery,  1514. 

Archibald  Douglas,  sixth  earl  of 
Angus,  and  grandson  of  '*  Bell-the-Cat." 
James  Bothwell,  one  of  the  family,  forms 
the  most  interesting  part  of  Scott's  Lady 
of  the  Lake,  lie  was  the  grandfather  of 
Darnley,  husband  of  Mary  queen  of 
Scots.     He  died  1560. 

James  Douglas,  earl  of  Morton, 
younger  brother  of  the  seventh  earl  of 
Angus.  He  took  part  in  the  murder  of 
Kizzio,  and  was  executed  by  the  instru- 
ment called  "the  maiden"  (1530-1581). 

The  "  Black  Douglas,"  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  Castle  Dangerous,  is 
"The  Gud  schyr James."  This  wasalso the 
Douglas  which  was  such  a  terror  to  the 
English  that  the  women  used  to  frighten 
their  unruly  children  by  saying  they 
would  "make  the  Black  Douglas  take 
them."  He  first  appears  in  Castle  Dan- 
gerom  as  "  Knight  of  the  Tomb."  The 
following  nursery  rhyme  refers  to  him  : — 

Hush  ye,  hush  ye,  little  pet  ye ; 
Hujili  >e,  luish  ye,  do  not  trot  ye : 
The  Bl.ick  Dougl-is  shiJI  not  get  thee.  ■ 
Sir  W.  Scott.  Tales  of  a  Oiandfather.  I  6. 

Douglas,  a  tragedy  by  J.  Home  (1757). 
Young  Normal,  having  saved  the  life  of 
lord  Randolph,  is  given  a  commission 
in  the  army.  Lady  Randolph  hears  of 
the  exploit,  and  discovers  that  the  youth 
is  her  own  son  by  her  first  husband,  lord 
Douglas.  Glenalvon,  who  hates  the  new 
favourite,  persuades  lord  Randolph  that 
his  wife  is  too  intimate  with  the  young 
upstart,  and  the  two  surprise  them  in 
familiar   intercourse   in    a   wood.    The 


youth,  being  attacked,  slays  Glenalvon ; 
but  is  in  turn  slain  by  lord  Randolph, 
who  then  learns  that  the  young  man  was 
lady  Randolph's  sou.  l^dy  Randolph, 
in  distraction,  rushes  up  a  precipice  and 
throws  herself  down  headlong,  and  lord 
Randolph  goes  to  the  war  then  raging 
between  Scotland  and  Denmark. 

Douglas  (Archibald  earl  of),  father-in- 
law  of  prince  Robert,  eldest  son  of 
Robert  III.  of  Scotland. 

Margery  of  Douglas,  the  earl's  daughter, 
and  wife  of  prince  Robert  duke  of  Roth- " 
say.  The  duke  was  betrothed  to  Eliza- 
beth daughter  of  the  earl  of  March,  but 
the  engagement  was  broken  off  by  in- 
trigue.—Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Ferth 
(time,  Henry  IV.). 

Douglas  {George),  nephew  of  the  re- 
gent Murray  of  Scotland,  and  grandson 
of  the  lady  of  Lochleven.  George  Doug- 
las was  devoted  to  Mary  queen  of  Scots. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Douglas  and  the  Bloody  Heart. 
The  heart  of  Bruce  was  entrusted  to 
Douglas  to  carry  to  Jerusalem.  Landing 
in  Spain,  he  stopped  to  aid  the  Cas- 
tilians  against  the  Moors,  and  in  the  heat 
of  battle  cast  the  "heart,"  enshrined  in  a 
golden  coffer,  into  the  very  thickest  of 
the  foe,  saying,  "The  heart  or  death!" 
On  he  dashed,  fearless  of  danger,  to 
regain  the  coffer,  but  perished  in  the 
attempt.  The  family  thenceforth  adopted 
the  "bloody  heart"  as  their  armorial 
device. 

Douglas  Iiarder  {The).  When  the 
"  Good  sir  James"  Douglas,  in  130(5,  took 
his  castle  by  a  coup  de  main  from  the 
English,  he  caused  all  the  barrels  con- 
taining flour,  meal,  wheat,  and  malt  to 
be  knocked  in  pieces  and  their  .contents 
to  be  thrown  on  the  floor ;  he  then  staved 
in  all  the  hogsheads  of  wine  and  ale  upon 
this  mass.  To  this  he  flung  the  dead 
bodies  slain  and  some  dead  horses.  The 
English  called  this  disgusting  mess  "  The 
Douglas  Larder."  He  then  set  fire  to  the 
castle  and  took  refuge  in  the  hills,  for  he 
said  "  he  loved  far  better  to  hear  the  lark 
sing  than  the  mouse  cheep." 

*^*  Wallace's  Larder  is  a  similar 
phrase.  It  is  the  dungeon  of  Ardrossan, 
in  Ayrshire,  where  Wallace  had  the  dead 
bodies  of  the  garrison  thrown,  surprised 
by  him  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 

DoTiloureuse  Garde  {La),  a  castle 
in     Berwick-upon-Tweed,    won    by    Bit 


DOUSTERSWIVEL. 


270 


DRAGOX. 


Launcelot  du  Lac,  in  one  of  the  most 
terrific  adventures  related  in  romance. 
In  memory  of  this  event,  the  name  of  the 
castle  was  changed  into  La  Joyeuse  Garde 
or  La  Garde  Joyeuse. 

Dousterswivel  {Herman),  a  German 
schemer,  who  obtains  money  under  the 
promise  of  finding  hidden  wealth  by  a 
divining  rod. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Tlie  Anti- 
quary (time,  George  III.). 

The  incident  of  looliing  for  treasure  in  the  church  is 
copied  from  one  wliicli  Lilly  mentions,  who  went  with 
David  Ramsay  to  search  for  hid  treasure  in  Westminster 
Abbey.— See  Old  and  Jfeto  London,  I.  128. 

Dove  (L>r.)f  the  hero  of  Southey's 
novel  called  The  Doctor  (1834). 

Dove  (Sir  Benjamin),  of  Cropley 
Castle,  Cornwall.  A  little,  peaking,  pul- 
ing creature,  desperately  hen-pecked  by  a 
second  wife;  but  madam  overshot  the 
mark,  and  the  knight  was  roused  to  assert 
and  maintain  the  mastery. 

That  very  clever  actor  Clierry  [1769-1812],  appeared  in 
"  sir  Benjamin  Dove,"  and  showed  himself  a  master  of  his 
profession.— Boaden. 

Lady  Dove,  twice  married,  first  to  Mr. 
Searcher,  king's  messenger,  and  next  to 
sir  Benjamin  Dove.  She  had  a  tendresse 
for  Mr.  Paterson.  Lady  Dove  was  a 
terrible  termagant,  and  when  scolding 
failed,  used  to  lament  for  "  poor  dear  dead 

Searcher,  who ,  etc.,  etc."     She  pulled 

her  bow  somewhat  too  tight,  and  sir 
Benjamin  asserted  his  independence. 

Sophia  Dove,  daughter  of  sir  Benjamin. 
She  loved  Robert  Belfield,  but  was 
engaged  to  marry  the  elder  brother  An- 
drew. When,  however,  the  wedding  day 
arrived,  Andrew  was  found  to  be  a  mar- 
ried man,  and  the  younger  brother  became 
the  bridegroom. — R.  Cumberland,  The 
Brothers  (1769). 

DoTvlas  (Daniel),  a  chandler  of 
Gosport,  who  trades  in  "coals,  cloth, 
herrings,  linen,  candles,  eggs,  sugar, 
treacle,  tea,  and  brickdust."  This  vulgar 
and  illiterate  petty  shopkeeper  is  raised 
to  the  peerage  under  the  title  of  "The 
Right  Hon.  Daniel  Dowlas,  baron  Du- 
berly."  But  scarcely  has  he  entered  on 
his  honours,  when  the  "heir-at-law," 
supposed  to  have  been  lost  at  sea,  makes 
his  appearance  in  the  person  of  Henry 
Morland.  The  "heir"  settles  on  Daniel 
Dowlas  an  annuity. 

Deborah  Dowlas,  wife  of  Daniel,  and 
for  a  short  time  lady  Duberly.  She 
assumes  quite  the  airs  and  ton  of  gen- 
tility, and  tells  her  husband  "as  he  is  a 
pear,  he  ought  to  behave  as  sich." 


Dick  Dowlas,  the  son,  apprenticed  to  an 
attorney  at  Castleton.  A  wild  young 
scamp,  who  can  "shoot  wild  ducks,  fling 
a  bar,  play  at  cricket,  make  punch,  catch 
gudgeons,  and  dance."  His  mother  says, 
"  he  is  the  sweetest-tempered  youth  when 
he  has  everything  his  own  way."  Dick 
Dowlas  falls  in  love  with  Cicely  Home- 
spun, and  marries  her. — G.  Colman,  Heir- 
at-law  (1797). 

Miss  Pope  asked  me  about  the  dress.  I  answered,  "  It 
should  be  black  Iwmbazeen  ..."  I  proved  to  her  that  not 
only  "  Deborah  Dowlas,"  but  all  the  rest  of  the  dramatit 
pertoncB  ought  to  be  in  mourning.  .  .  .  The  three  "  Dow- 
lases" as  relatives  of  the  decea-sed  lord  Duberly  ;  "  Henry 
Morland  "  as  the  heir-at-law ;  "  Dr.  Pangloss  "  as  a  clerjo'- 
man,  "  Caroline  Dormer"  for  the  loss  of  her  father,  and 
"Kenrick"  as  a  servant  of  the  Dormer  family.— James 
Smith. 

Dowlas  (Old  Dame),  housekeeper  to 
the  duke  of  Buckingham. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Feveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Dowling  (Captain),  a  great  drunkard, 
who  dies  in  his  cups. — Crabbe,  Borouqh, 
xvi.  (1810). 

Do"WTier  (Billy),  an  occasional  porter 
and  shoeblack,  a  diflfuser  of  knowledge, 
a  philosopher,  a  citizen  of  the  world,  and 
an  "  unfinished  gentleman." — C.  Selby, 
The  Unfinished  Gentleman, 

Downing  Professor,  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge.  So  called  from 
sir  George  Downing,  bart.,  who  founded 
the  law  professorship  in  1800. 

Dowsabel,  daughter  of  Cassemen 
(3  syl.)  a  knight  of  Arden ;  a  ballad  by 
M.  Drayton  (1593). 

Old  Chaucer  doth  of  Topaz  tell,* 
Mad  Rabelais  of  Pantagruel, 
A  later  third  of  DowsabeL 

M.  Drayton.  Ifymphidia. 

Drac,  a  sort  of  fairy  in  human  form, 
whose  abode  is  the  caverns  of  rivers. 
Sometimes  these  dracs  will  float  like 
golden  cups  along  a  stream  to  entice 
bathers,  but  when  the  bather  attempts  to 
catch  at  them,  the  drac  draws  him  under 
water. — South  of  France  Mythology. 

Dra'chenfels  C^^ dragon  rocks''),  so 
called  from  the  dragon  killed  there  by 
Siegfried,  the  hero  of  the  Niebelungen 
Lied. 

Dragon  (A),  the  device  on  the  royal 
banner  of  the  old  British  kings.  The 
leader  was  called  the  pendragon.  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth  says:  "When  Aure'lius 
was  king,  there  appeared  a  star  at 
Winchester  of  wonderful  magnitude  and 
brightness,  darting  forth  a  ray,  at  the 
end  of  which  was  a  flame  in  form  of  a 
dragon."     Uther   ordered    two    golden 


DRAGON. 


271 


DRAPIER'S  LETTERS. 


dragons  to  be  made,  one  of  which  he 
presented  to  Winchester,  and  the  other  he 
carried  with  him  as  a  royal  standard. 
Tennj'son  says  that  Arthur's  helmet  had 
for  crest  a  golden  dragon. 

.  .  .  they  saw 
The  dragon  of  the  great  peiidragonship. 
That  crowned  the  state  pavilion  of  the  king. 

Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

Dragon  (The),  one  of  the  masques 
at  Kennaquhair  Abbey. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Dragon  (The  Bed),  the  personification 
of  "the  devil,"  as  the  enemy  of  man. 
— Phineas  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Island, 
ix.  (1633). 

Dragon  of  Wantley  (i.e.  Wam- 
cliff,  in  Yorkshire),  a  skit  on  the  old 
metrical  romances,  especially  on  the  old 
rhyming  legend  of  sir  Bevis.  The  ballad 
describes  the  dragon,  its  outrages,  the 
flight  of  the  inhabitants,  the  knight 
choosing  his  armour,  the  damsel,  the 
fight,  and  the  victory.  The  hero  is  called 
"More,  of  More  Hall"  (q.v.). — Percy, 
Heliqiies,  III.  iii.  13. 

(H.  Carey  has  a  burlesque  called  Tlie 
Dragon  of  Wantley,  and  calls  the  hero 
"Moore,  of  Moore  Hall,"  1697-1743.) 

Dragon's  Hill  (Berkshire).  The 
legend  says  it  is  here  that  St.  George 
killed  the  dragon  ;  but  the  place  as- 
signed for  this  achievement  in  the  ballad 
given  in  Percy's  Beliques  is  "  SylOne,  in 
Libya."  Another  legend  gives ,  Berytus 
(Beyrut)  as  the  place  of  this  encounter. 

(In  regard  to  Dragon  Hill,  according 
to  Saxon  annals,  it  was  here  that  Cedric 
(founder  of  the  West  Saxons)  slew 
Naud  the  pendragon,  with  5000  men.) 

Dragon's  Teeth..  The  tale  of  Jason 
and  iEetes  is  a  repetition  of  that  of 
Cadmus. 

In  the  tale  of  Cadmus,  we  are  told 
the  fountain  of  Arei'a  (3  syl.)  was 
guard«d  by  a  fierce  dragon.  Cadmus 
killed  the  dragon,  and  sowed  its  teeth  in 
the  earth.  From  these  teeth  sprang  up 
armed  men  called  "  Sparti,"  among  whom 
he  flung  stones,  and  the  aru.ed  men  fell 
foul  of  each  other,  till  all  were  slain 
excepting  five. 

In  the  tale  of  Jason,  we  are  told 
that  having  slain  the  dragon  which  kept 
watch  over  the  golden  fleece,  he  sowed  its 
teetli  in  the  ground,  and  armed  men 
sprang  up.  Jason  cast  a  stone  into  the 
midst  of  them,  whereupon  the  men  at- 
tacked each  other,  and  were  all  slain. 


Dragons. 

Ahriman,  the  dragon  slain  by  Mithra. 
— Persian  Mythology. 

Dahak,  the  three-headed  dragon  slain 
by  Thraetana-Ya^na. — Persian. 

Fafnir,  the  dragon  slain  by  Sigurd. 

Gkeni>el,  the  dragon  slain  by  Beo- 
wulf, the  Anglo-Saxon  hero. 

La  Gaugouille,  the  dragon  which 
ravaged  the  Seine,  slain  by  St.  Romain 
of  Rouen. 

Pythox,  the  dragon  slain  by  Apollo. 
—  Greek  Mythology. 

Takasque  (2  syl.),  the  dragon  slain  at 
Aix-la-Chapelle  by  St.  Martha. 

ZoHAK,  the  dragon  slain  by  Feridun 
(Shahndineh) . 

*jf*  Numerous  dragons  have  no  special 
name.  Many  are  denoted  Red,  White, 
Black,  Great,  etc. 

Drama.  The  earliest  European 
drama  since  the  fall  of  the  Western 
ompire  appeared  in  the  middle  of  the 
fifteenth  century.  It  is  called  La  Celes- 
tina,  and  is  divided  into  twentj-^-one  acts. 
The  first  act,  which  runs  through  fifty 
pages,  was  composed  by  Rodrigo  Cota ; 
the  other  twenty  are  ascribed  to  Fernando 
de  Rojas.  The  whole  was  published  in 
1510. 

The  earliest  English  drama  is  entitled 
Ralph  Roister  Doister,  a  comedy  by 
Nicholas  Udal  (before  1651,  because  men- 
tioned by  T.  Wilson,  in  his  Rule  of  Reason^ 
which  appeared  in  1551). 

The  second  English  drama  was  Gammer 
Gurton'a  Needle,  by  Mr.  S.  Master  of 
Arts.  Warton,  in  his  History  of  English 
Poetry  (iv.  32),  gives  1551  as  the  date  of 
this  comedy  ;  and  Wright,  in  his  Historia 
Histrionica,  says  it  appeared  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI.,  who  died  1653.  It  is 
generally  ascribed  to  bishop  Still,  but  he 
was  only  eight  years  old  in  1551. 

Drama  (Father  of  the  French),  Etienne 
Jodelle  (1532-1673). 

Father  of  the  Greek  Drama,  Thespis 
(B.C.  sixth  century). 

Father  of  the  Spanish  Drama,  Lope  de 
Vega  (1562-1635). 

Drap,  one  of  queen  Mab's  maids  of 
honour. — Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

Dra'pier's  Letters,  a  series  of 
letters  written  by  dean  Swift,  and  signed 
"M.  D.  Drapier,"  ad  vising  the  Irish  not  to 
take  the  copper  money  coined  by  William 
Wood,  to  whom  George  I.  had  given  a 
patent.  These  letters  (1724)  stamped  out 
this  infamous  job,  and  caused  the  patent 


DRAWCANSIR. 


272 


DROP  SERENE. 


to  be  cancelled.  The  patent  was  obtained 
by  the  duchess  of  Kendal  (mistress  of 
the  king),  who  was  to  share  the  profits. 

Ca»  we  the  Drapier  then  forget  ? 

Is  not  our  nation  in  hU  debt? 

Twas  he  that  writ  the  "  Di-apiei-'a  Letters." 

Dean  Swift,  Ver»es  on  hU  oivn  death. 

Drawcan'sir,  a  bragging,  blustering 
bully,  who  took  part  in  a  battle,  and 
killed  every  one  on  both  sides,  ' '  sparing 
neithfr  friend  nor  foe." — George  Villiers, 
duke  of  Buckingham,  The  Rehearsal 
(1G71). 

Joan,  who  was  a  little  superficial. 

And  not  in  literature  a  great  Drawransir. 

BjTon,  Don  Juan,  xi.  51  (1824). 

At  length  my  enemy  appeared,  and  I  went  forward 
Ktnie  yards  like  a  Drawcansir,  but  found  myself  seized 
with  a  panic  as  Paris  was  when  he  presented  himself  to 
fight  with  Meneiaus.— Lesage,  Oil  Blat,  vii.  1  (1735). 

Dream  Authorship.  Tt  is  said 
that  Coleridge  wrote  his  Kvbla  Khan 
from  his  recollection  of  a  dream. 

*^*  Condillac  (says  Cabanis)  con- 
cluded in  his  dreams  the  reasonings  left 
incomplete  at  bed-time. 

Dreams.  Amongst  the  ancient  Gaels 
the  leader  of  the  army  was  often  deter- 
mined by  dreams  or  visions  in  the  night. 
The  different  candidates  retired  "each  to 
his  hill  of  ghosts,  to  pass  the  night,  and 
he  to  whom  a  vision  appeared  was  ap- 
pointed the  leader." 

Selma's  king  [FingaJ]  looked  around.  In  his  presence 
we  rose  in  arms.  But  who  sliould  lift  the  shield— for  all 
had  claimed  the  wart  The  night  came  down.  We 
strode  in  silence,  each  to  his  hill  of  ghosts,  that  spirits 
might  descend  in  our  dreams  to  mark  us  for  the  field. 
We  struck  the  shield  of  the  dead.  We  raised  the  hum  of 
■ongs.  We  called  thrice  the  ghosts  of  our  fathers.  We 
laid  us  down  for  dreams.— Ossian,  CatfUin  of  Clutha. 

Dreams.  The  Indians  believe  aU 
dreams  to  be  revelations,  sometimes  made 
by  the  familiar  genius,  and  sometimes  by 
the  "inner  or  divine  soul."  An  Indian, 
having  dreamt  that  his  finger  was  cut  off, 
had  it  really  cut  off  the  next  day. — 
Charlevoix,  Journal  of  a  Voyage  to  North 
America. 

Dream'er  {The  Immortal),  John 
Bunyan,  Avhose  Pilgrim's  Progress  is  said 
by  him  to  be  a  dream  (1628-1688). 

*^*  The  pretence  of  a  dream  was  one 
of  the  most  common  devices  of  mediaeval 
romance,  as,  for  example,  the  Romance  of 
the  Rose  and  Piers  Plowman,  both  in  the 
fourteenth  century. 

Dreary  (Wat),  alias  Brown  Will, 
one  of  Macheath's  gang  of  thieves.  He 
is  described  by  Peachum  as  "  an  irregular 
dog,  with  an  underhand  way  of  disposing 
of  his  goods"  (act  i.  1). — Gay,  The 
Hcggar's  Opera  (1727). 


Drink  used  by  actors,  orators,  etc. : 

BuAHAM,  bottled  porter. 

Catlky  (Miss),  linseed  tea  and  madeira, 

Cooke  (G.  F.),  everj'thing  drinkable. 

Emery,  brandy-and-water  (cold). 

Gladstone  ( W.  E.),  an  egg  beaten  up 
in  sherrj'. 

Henderson,  gum  arabic  and  sherry. 

Incledon,  madeira. 

Jordan  {Mrs.),  calves'-foot  jelly  dis- 
solved in  warm  sherry. 

Kean  {Edmund),  beef-tea  for  break- 
fast, cold  brandy. 

Lewis,  mulled  wine  (with  oysters). 

OxBERRY,  tea. 

Smith  ( William),  coffee. 

Wood  {Mrs.),  draught  porter. 

♦#*  J.  Kemble  took  opium. 

Drink.  "  /  drink  the  air,"  says  Ariel, 
meaning  "  I  will  fly  with  great  speed." 

In  Henry  IV.  we  have  "  devour  the 
way,"  meaning  the  same  thing. 

DriVer,  clerk  to  Mr.  Pleydell,  advo- 
cate, Edinburgh. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Driver  of  Europe.  The  due  de 
Choiseul,  minister  of  Louis  XV.,  was  so 
called  by  the  empress  of  Russia,  because 
he  had  spies  all  over  Europe,  and  ruled 
by  them  all  the  political  cabals. 

Dro'gio,  probably  Nova  Scotia  and 
Newfoundland.  A  Venetian  voyager 
named  Antonio  Zeno  (fourteenth  century) 
so  called  a  country  which  he  discoverer' 
It  was  said  to  lie  south-west  of  Estotiland 
{Labrador),  but  neither  Estotiland  nor 
Drogio  are  recognized  by  modern  geo- 
graphers, and  both  are  supposed  to  be 
wholly,  or  in  a  great  measure,  hypo- 
thetical. 

Dro'mio  ( Tfie Brothers),  two  brothers, 
twins,    so  much  alike  that    even    their 
nearest  friends  and  masters  knew  not  on( 
from  the  other.     They  were  the  servant 
of  two  masters,  also  twins  and  the  exac 
fac-similes  of  each  other.     The  master 
were  Antiph'olus  of  Ephesus  and  Antil 
pholus  of  Svracuse. — Shakespeare,  Comedi 
of  Errors  (ibdS). 

(The    Comedy   of  Errors  is  borrowc 
from  the  Mencechmi  of  Plautus.) 

Dronsdaughter  {Tronda),  the  ol^ 
serving-woman  of  the  Yellowleys.- 
W.    Scott,    Tlu:  Pirate    (time,    Williai 
III.). 

Drop  Serene  {Gutta  Serena).  I| 
was  once  thought  that  this  sort  of  blindj 
ness  was  an  incurable  extinctior.  of  visic 


DROPPING  WELL. 


273 


DRUNKEN  PARLIAMENT. 


by  a  transparent  watery  humour  distilling 
on  the  optic  nerve.  It  caused  total  blind- 
ness, but  made  no  visible  change  in  the 
eye.  It  is  now  known  that  this  sort  of 
blindness  arises  from  obstruction  in  the 
capillary  nerve-vessels,  and  in  some  cases 
at  least  is  curable.  Milton,  speaking  of 
his  own  blindness,  expresses  a  doubt 
whether  it  arose  from  the  Gutta  Serena  or 
the  suffusion  of  a  cataract. 

So  thick  a  "  drop  serene"  hath  quenched  their  orbs. 
Or  dim  "suffusion"  veileil. 

Milton.  ParadUe  Lost,  iU.  25  (1665). 

Dropping  "Well,  near  the  Nyde, 
Yorkshire. 

.  .  .  men  "Dropping  Well"  it  call, 
Because  out  of  a  rock  it  still  in  drops  dotli  fall : 
Ne;u-  to  the  foot  whereof  it  makes  a  little  pon  [depotitory]. 
Which  iu  as  little  spiice  convertetli  wood  to  stone. 

Drayton.  Polyulblun,  xxviu.  (1622). 

Drudgeit  {Peter),  clerk  to  lord 
Bladderskate.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Eedgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Drugger  (Abel),  a  seller  of  tobacco  ; 
artless  and  gullible  in  the  extreme.  He 
was  building  a  new  house,  and  came  to 
Subtle  "the  alchemist,"  to  know  on  which 
Bide  to  set  the  shop  door,  how  to  dispose 
the  shelves  so  as  to  ensure  most  luck,  on 
what  days  he  might  trust  his  customers, 
and  when  it  would  be  unlucky  for  him  so 
to  do. — Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchemist  (1610). 

Thomas  Weston  was  "  Abel  Drugger "  himself  [1727- 
1776],  but  Diivid  Garriik  was  fond  of  the  part  also  [1716- 
1779].— C.  Dibdin,  UiUory  uf  the  Stage. 

(This  comedy  was  cut  down  into  a 
two-act  farce,  called  The  Tobacconist,  by 
Francis  Gentleman.) 

Drugget,  a  rich  London  haberdasher, 
who  has  married  one  of  his  daughters  to 
sir  Charles  Racket.  Drugget  is  "  very 
fond  of  his  garden,"  but  his  taste  goes  no 
further  than  a  suburban  tea-garden,  with 
leaden  images,  cockney  fountains,  trees 
cut  into  the  shapes  of  animals,  and  other 
similar  abominations.  He  is  very  head- 
strtjng,  very  passionate,  and  very  fond  of 
flattery. 

Mrs.  Drugget,  wife  of  the  above.  She 
knows  her  husband's  foibles,  and,  like  a 
wise  woman,  never  ruKs  the  hair  the 
wrong  way.— A.  Murphy,  Three  Weeks 
after  Marriage. 

Druid  (The),  the  nom  de  plume  of 
Henry  Dixon,  sportsman  and  sporting 
writer.  One  of  his  books,  called  Steeple- 
chasing,  appeared  in  the  Gentleman's 
Magazine.  His  last  work  was  called 
The  Saddle  and  Surloin. 

*^*  Collins  calls  James  Thomson 
(author  of  Tlie  Seasons)  a  druid,  mean- 


ing a  pastoral  British  poet  or  "Nature's 
High  Priest." 

In  yonder  grave  a  Druid  lies. 

CoUing  (1746). 

Druid  (Dr.),  a  man  of  North  Wales, 
65  years  of  age,  the  travelling  tutor  of 
lord  Abber\'ille,  who  was  only  23.  The 
doctor  is  a  pedant  and  antiquary,  choleric 
in  temper,  and  immensely  bigoted,  wholly 
without  any  knowledge  of  the  human 
heart,  or  indeed  any  practical  knowledge 
at  all. 

"Monejr  and  trade.  I  scorn  'em  both;  ...  I  have 
traced  tlie  Oxus  and  the  Po,  traversed  the  Riphaeaa 
Mountains,  and  pierced  into  the  inmost  tesarts  of  Kilmuc 
Tartary.  ...  I  have  followed  the  ravages  of  Kouli  Chan 
with  rapturous  deliglit.  There  is  a  land  of  wonders; 
finely  depopulated  ;  gloriously  laid  waste ;  fields  without 
a  hoof  to  tread  'em  ;  fruits  without  a  hand  tt>  gatlier  'em ; 
with  such  a  catalogue  of  pats,  peetles,  serpents,  scorpions, 
caterpillars,  toads,  and  putterflias!  Oh,  'tis  a  recreiiting 
contreniplation  indeed  to  a  philosophic  mind  t  "—Cumber- 
land.  The  /'athionable  Looer  (17S0). 

•  Druid  Money,  a  promise  to  pay  on 
the  Greek  Kalends.  Patricius  says : 
"Druidae  pecuniam  mutuo  accipiebant  in 
posteriore  vita  reddituri." 

Like  money  by  the  Druids  borrowed. 
In  th"  other  world  to  be  restored. 

BuUer.  lludibras,  ill  1  (1678). 

*if*  Purchas  tells  us  of  certain  priests 
of  Pekin,  "who  barter  with  the  people 
upon  bills  of  exchange,  to  be  paid  in 
heaven  a  hundredfold." — Pilgrims,  iii.  2. 

Drum  (Jack) .  Jack  Drum's  entertain- 
ment is  giving  a  guest  the  cold  shoulder. 
Shakespeare  calls  it  "John  Drum's 
entertainment"  (All's  Well,  etc.,  act  iii.  sc. 
6),  and  Holinshed  speaks  of  "Tom  Drum 
his  entertaynement,  which  is  to  hale  a 
man  in  by  the  heade,  and  thrust  him  out 
by  both  the  shoulders." 

In  faith,  good  gentlemen,  I  think  we  shall  be  forced  to 
give  you  right  John  Drum's  entertainment — Introduction 
to  Jack  Drum's  Untertainment  (1601). 

Drummle  (Bentley)  and  Startop, 
two  young  men  who  read  with  Mr. 
Pocket.  Drummle  was  a  surly,  ill- 
conditioned  fellow,  who  married  Estclla. 
— C.  Dickens,  Great  Expectations  (1860). 

Drunk.  The  seven  phases  of  drunken- 
ness are:  (1)  Ape-drunk,  when  men 
make  fools  of  themselves  in  their  cups ; 
(2)  Lion-drunk,  when  men  want  to  light 
with  every  one ;  (3)  Swine-drunk,  when 
men  puke,  etc.  ;  (4)  Sleep-drunk,  when 
men  get  heavy  and  sleepy  in  their  cups  ; 
(5)  Martin-drunk,  when  men  become 
boastful  in  their  cups ;  (6)  Goat-drunk, 
when  men  become  amorous ;  (7)  Fox- 
drunk,  when  men  become  crafty  in  their 
cups. 

Drunken  Farliament,  a  Scotch 


DRUON. 


274 


DUBRIC. 


parliament     assembled    at     Edinburgh, 
Januar}'  1,  1661. 

It  was  a  mad,  warring  time,  full  of  extravagance ;  and 
no  wonder  it  was  so,  when  tiie  men  of  affairs  were  almost 
perpttually  drunk.— Burnet,  UU  Own  Time  (1723-34). 

Druon  "the  Stem,"  one  of  the  four 
knights  who  attacked  Britomart  and 
sir  Scudamore  (3  syL). 

The  warlike  dame  [Britomart]  was  on  her  part  assaid 

By  Claribel  and  Blandamour  at  one ; 

Wliile  Paridel  and  Druon  fiercely  laid 

On  Scudamore,  both  his  professed  fone  [/om]. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iv.  9  (1596). 

Dru'ry  Iiane  (London),  takes  its 
name  from  the  Drurj'-  family.  Drury 
House  stood  on  the  site  of  the  present 
Olympic  Theatre. 

Druses  {Return  of  the).  The  Druses, 
a  semi-Mohammedan  sect  of  Syria,  being 
attacked  by  Osman,  take  refuge  in  one  of 
the  Spor'ades,  and  place  themselves 
under  the  protection  of  the  knights  of 
Rhodes.  Ihese  knights  slay  their  sheiks 
and  oppress  the  fugitives.  In  the  sheik 
massacre,  Dja'bal  is  saved  by  Maii'ni, 
and  entertains  the  idea  of  revenging  his 
people  and  leading  them  back  to  Syria. 
To  this  end  he  gives  out  that  he  is  Hakeem, 
the  incarnate  god,  returned  to  earth,  and 
soon  becomes  the  leader  of  the  exiled 
Druses.  A  plot  is  formed  to  murder  the 
prefect  Cf  the  isle,  and  to  betray  the 
island  to  Venice,  if  Venice  will  supply 
a  convoy  for  their  return.  An'eal  (2  syl.)^ 
a  young  woman,  stabs  the  prefect,  and 
dies  of  bitter  disappointment  when  she 
discovers  that  Djabal  is  a  mere  impostor, 
pjabal  stabs  himself  when  his  imposition 
is  made  public,  but  Loys  (2  syl.)^  a 
Breton  count,  leads  the  exiles  back  to 
Lebanon. — Robert  Browning,  The  Return 
of  the  Druses. 

***  Historically,  the  Druses,  to  the 
number  of  160,000  or  200,000,  settled  in 
Syria,  between  Djebail  and  Saide,  but 
their  original  seat  was  Egypt.  They 
guitted  Egypt  from  persecution,  led  by 
DSra'zi  or  Durzi,  from  whom  the  name 
Druse  (1  syl.)  is  derived.  The  founder 
of  the  sect  was  the  hakem  B'amr-ellah 
(eleventh  century),  believed  to  be  incarnate 
deity,  and  the  last  prophet  who  com- 
municated between  God  and  man.  From 
this  founder  the  head  of  the  sect  was 
called  the  hakem,  his  residence  being 
Deir-el-Kamar.  During  the  thirteenth 
or  fourteenth  century  the  Druses  were 
banished  from  Syria,  and  lived  in  exile 
in  some  of  the  Spo rides,  but  were  led 
back  to  Syria  early  in  the  fifteenth  century 
by  count  Loys  de  Deux,  a  new  convert. 


Since  1588  they  have  been  tributaries  of 
the  sultan. 

What  say  you  does  this  wizard  style  himself— 
Hakeem  Biamrallah,  the  Third  Fatiniite  ? 
What  is  this  jargon  ?    He  the  insane  prophet, 
Dead  near  three  hundred  years  ? 

Rot>ert  Browning,  The  Return  of  the  Drutat. 

Dryas  or  Dryad,  a  wood-nymph, 
whose  life  was  bound  up  with  that  of 
her  tree.     (Greek,  d^vdr,  bpvdho^.) 

"The  quickening  power  of  the  soul,"  like  Martha,  "is 
busy  alx)ut  many  things,"  or  like  "a  Dryas  living  in  a 
tree." — Sir  John  Davies,  Immortality  of  the  Soul,  xiL 

Drv-as-Dust  (The  Rev.  Doctor),  an 
hypothetical  person  whom  sir  W.  Scott 
makes  use  of  to  introduce  some  of  his 
novels  by  means  of  prefatory  letters. 
The  word  is  a  synonym  for  a  dull,  prosy, 
plodding  historian,  with  great  show  of 
learning,  but  very  little  attractive  grace. 

Dryden  of  Germany  (The), 
Martin  Opitz,  sometimes  called  "  The 
Father  of  German  Poetry"  (1597-1639). 

Dryeesdale  (Jasper),  the  old  steward 
at  Lochleven  Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Dry 'ope  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  king 
Dryops,  beloved  by  Apollo.  Apollo, 
having  changed  himself  into  a  tortoise, 
was  taken  by  Dryope  into  her  lap,  and 
became  the  father  of  Amphis'sos.  Ovi " 
savs  that  Dn'ope  was  changed  into 
lotus  (Met.,  x*.  331). 

Duar'te  (3  syL),  the  vainglorioi 
son  of  Guiomar. — Beaumont  and  Fletch 
The  Custom  of  the  Country  (1647). 

Dubosc,   the  great  thief,  who   ro 
the  night-mail  from  Lyons,  and  murd 
the  courier.     He  bears  such   a    strong 
likeness  to  Joseph  Lesurques  (act  i.  1)  that 
their  identity  is  mistaken. — Ed.  Stirif 
I'he  Courier  of  Lyons  (1852). 

Dubourg  (Mons.),  a  merchant 
Bordeaux,  and  agent  there  of  Osbal 
tone  of  London. 

Clement  Dubourg,  son  of  the  Bordeaux 
merchant,  one  of  the  clerks  of  Osbaldis- 
tone,  merchant.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Dubric  (St.)  or  St.  Dubricius,  arch- 
bishop of  the  City  of  Legions  (Caerleon- 
upon-  Usk ;  Newport  is  the  only  part  left). 
He  set  the  crown  on  the  head  of  Arthur, 
when  only  15  years  of  age.  Geolfrey 
says  (British  History,  ix.  12) :  "This  pre- 
late, who  was  primate  of  Britain,  was  so 
eminent  for  his  piety,  that  be  could  cure 
any  sick  person  by  his  prayers, 
Dubric    abdicated    and  lived  a  hei 


■ong      I 
that      j 

I 

an*      T 


inniH| 


DUCHESS  STREET. 


276 


DUENNA. 


leaving  David  his  successor.  Tennyson 
introduces  him  in  his  Coming  of  Arthur, 
Enid,  etc. 

fit  Dubric,  whose  report  old  Carleon  yet  doth  carry. 
DrAytoa,  J^alyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

To  whom  arrived,  by  Dubric  the  high  saint. 
Chief  of  the  Church  iii  Britain,  aud  before 
The  stateliest  of  lier  altar-«hriues,  tlie  liiug 
That  inoru  Mras  married. 

Tennysou,  The  Coming  of  Arthur, 

Duch,ess  Street  (Portman  Square). 
So  called  from  Margaret  duchess  of  Port- 
land.    (See  Duke  Street.) 

Ducho'inarwas  in  love  with  Moma, 
daughter  of  Cormac  king  of  Ireland. 
Out  of  jealousy,  he  slew  Cathba,  his  more 
successful  rival,  went  to  announce  his 
death  to  Moma,  and  then  asked  her  to 
marry  him.  She  replied  she  had  no  love 
for  him,  and  asked  him  for  his  sword. 
*'  He  gave  the  sword  to  her  tears,"  and 
she  stabbed  him  to  the  he^rt.  Duchomar 
begged  the  maiden  to  pluck  the  sword 
from  his  breast  that  he  might  die ;  and 
when  she  approached  him  for  the  pur- 
pose, "  he  seized  the  sword  from  her,  and 
slew  her." 

"  Duch6mar,  mo(t  gloomy  of  men ;  dark  are  thy  brows 
»nd  terrible ;  red  are  thy  rolling  eyes  ...  I  love  thee 
not,"  said  Morna;  "hard  is  thy  iieart  of  rock,  and  dark 
is  thy  terrible  brow."— Ossian,  Fingal,  1. 

Duchran  {The  laird  of),  a  friend  of 
baron  Bradwardine. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wa- 
verley  (time,  George  II.). 

Ducking-Pond  Bow  (London), 
now  called  "Grafton  Street." 

Duck  Ijane  (London),  a  row  near 
(  Smithfield,  once  famous  for  second-hand 
I  books.  It  has  given  way  to  city  improve- 
>        ments. 

Scotlsts  and  Thomists  now  in  peace  remain, 
Amidst  their  kindred  cobwebs  in  Duck  Lane. 

Pope,  Eaay  on  OriticUm  (1711). 

!Du  Croisy  and  his  friend  La  Grange 
are  desirous  to  marry  two  young  ladies 
whose  heads  are  turned  by  novels.     The 
Billy  girls  fancy  the  manners  of  these 
I      gentlemen  too  unaifected  and  easy  to  be 
aristocratic ;    so  the  gentlemen  send  to 
j      them  their  valets,  as  "the  viscount  de  Jo- 
1      delet."  and  "the  marquis  of  Mascarille." 
[      The  girls  are  delighted  with  their  titled 
!      visitors ;   but  when  the  game  has  gone 
far  enough,  the  masters  enter  and  unmask 
the  trick.     By  this  means  the  girls  are 
taught   a  useful  lesson,   without    being 
subjected  to  any  fatal   consequences. — 
'     Moliere,  Les  Precieuses  Ridicules  (1659). 

I        Dudley,  a  young  artist ;  a  disguise 

I    assume^    by    Harry    Bertram. — Sir  W. 

Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  Georga  II.). 


Dudley  {Captain),  a  poor  English 
officer,  of  strict  honoui,  good  family, 
and  many  accomplishments.  He  has 
served  his  country  for  thirty  years,  but 
can  scarcely  provide  bread  for  his  family. 

Charles  Dudley,  son  of  captain  Dudley. 
High-minded,  virtuous,  generous,  poor, 
and  proud.  He  falls  in  love  with  hi* 
cousin  Charlotte  Rusport,  but  forbears 
proposing  to  her,  because  he  is  poor  and 
she  is  rich.  His  grandfather's  will  is  in 
time  brought  to  light,  by  which  he  be- 
comes the  heir  of  a  noble  fortune,  and  he 
then  marries  his  cousin. 

Louisa  Dudley,  daughter  of  captain 
Dudley.  Young,  fair,  tall,  fresh,  and 
lovely.  She  is  courted  by  Belcour  the 
rich  West  Indian,  to  whom  ultimately 
she  is  married. — Cumberland,  The  West 
Indian  (1771). 

Dudley  Diamond  {The).  In  18G8 
a  black  shepherd  named  Swartzboy 
brought  to  his  master,  Nie  Kirk,  this 
diamond,  and  received  for  it  £400,  with 
which  he  drank  himself  to  death.  Nie 
Kirk  sold  it  for  £12,000  ;  and  the  earl 
of  Dudley  gave  Messrs.  Hunt  and  Ros- 
kell  £30,000  for  it.  It  weighed  in  the 
rough  88^  carats,  but  cut  into  a  heart 
shape  it  weighs  44^  carats.  It  is  tri- 
angular in  shape,  and  of  great  brilliancy. 

%♦  This  magnificent  diamond,  that 
called  the  "  Stewart "  {q.v.),  and  the 
"  Twin,"  have  all  been  discovered  in 
Africa  since  1868. 

Dudu,  one  of  the  three  beauties  of 
the  harem,  into  which  Juan,  by  the 
sultana's  order,  had  been  admitted  in 
female  attire.  Next  day,  the  sultana,  out 
of  jealousy,  ordered  that  both  Dudix  and 
Juan  should  be  stitched  in  a  sack  and 
cast  into  the  sea  ;  but,  by  the  connivance 
of  Baba  the  chief  eunuch,  they  effected 
their  escape. — Byron,  Don  Juan,  vi.  42, 
etc. 


A  kind  of  sleeping  Venus  seemed  Dudti  .  .  . 
But  siie  was  pensive  more  than  melancholy  .  .  . 
The  strangest  thing  was,  beauteous,  she  Wiis  holy. 
Unconscious,  albeit  turned  of  quick  seventeen. 

Canto  vi.  42-44  (1824). 

Duenna  {TJie),  a  comic  opera  by 
R.  B.  Sheridan  (1773).  Margaret,  the 
duenna,  is  placed  in  charge  of  Louisa, 
the  daughter  of  don  Jerome.  Louisa  is 
in  love  with  don  Antonio,  a  poor  noble- 
man of  Seville ;  but  her  father  resolves 
to  give  her  in  marriage  to  Isaac  Men- 
doza,  a  rich  Portuguese  Jew.  As  Louisa 
will  not  consent  to  her  father's  arrange- 
ment, he  lockg  her  up  in  her  chamber 


DUESSA. 


276 


DUKE  OF  MILAN. 


and  turns  the  duenna  out  of  doors,  but 
jn  his  impetuous  rage  he  in  reality  turns 
his  daughter  out,  and  locks  up  the 
duenna.  Isaac  arrives,  is  introduced  to 
the  lady,  elopes  with  her,  and  is  duly 
married.  Louisa  flees  to  the  convent  of 
St.  Catharine,  and  writes  to  her  father 
for  his  consent  to  her  marriage  to  the 
man  of  her  choice  ;  and  don  Jerome, 
supposing  she  means  the  Jew,  gives  it 
freely,  and  she  marries  Antonio.  When 
they  meet  at  breakfast  at  the  old  man's 
house,  he  finds  that  Isaac  has  married 
the  duenna,  Louisa  has  married  Antonio, 
and  his  son  has  married  Clara ;  but  the 
old  man  is  reconciled,  and  says,  "  I  am 
an  obstinate  old  fellow,  when  I'm  in  the 
wrong,  but  you  shall  all  find  me  steady 
in  the  right." 

iDuessa  {false  faith),  is  the  personi- 
fication of  the  papacy.  She  meets  the 
Red  Cross  Knight  in  the  society  of 
Sansfoy  {infidelity),  and  when  the  knight 
slays  Sansfoy,  she  turns  to  flight.  ■  Being 
overtaken,  she  says  her  name  isi  Fidessa 
{true  faith),  deceives  the  knight,  and 
conducts  him  to  the  palace  of  Lucif'era, 
where  he  encounters  Sansjoy  (canto  2). 
Duessa  dresses  the  wounds  -of  the  Red 
Cross  Knight,  but  places,  Sansjoy  under 
the  care  of  Escula'})ius  in  the  infernal 
regions  (canto  4).  The  Red  Cross  Knight 
leaves  the  palace  of  Lucifera,  and  Duessa 
induces  him  to  drink  of  the  "  Enervating 
Fountain  ; "  Orgoglio  theq  attacks  him, 
and  would  have  slain  him  if  Duessa  had 
not  promised  to  be  his  bride.  Having 
cast  the  Red  Cross  Knight  into  a  dun- 
geon, Orgoglio  dresses  his  bride  in  most 
gorgeous  array,  puts  on  her  head  "a 
triple  crown "  {the  tiara  of  the  pope), 
and  sets  her  on  a  monster  beast  with 
"  seven  heads"  {the  seven'hills  of'Jiome). 
Una  {truth)  sends  Arthur  {Erujland)  to 
rescue  the  captive  knight,  and  Arthur 
slays  Orgoglio,  wounds  the  beast,  re- 
leases the  knight,  and  "strips  Puessa  of 
her  finery  {the  Rrifoi^mation)  ;  whcl-eupon 
she  flies  into  the  wilderness  to  conceal 
her  shame  (canto  7). — Spenser,  Fae,r]i 
Queen,  i.  (1590). 

Duessa,  in  bk.  v.,  allegorizes  Mary 
queen  of  Scots.  She  is  arraigned  by 
Zeal  before  queen  Mercilla  {Elizabeth), 
and  charged  with  high  treason.  Zeal 
says  he  shall  pass  by  for  the  present 
"her  counsels  false  conspired"  with 
Blandamour  {earl  of  Northumberland),  and 
Paridel  {earl  of  \Vestm.07'eland,  leaders  of 
the  insurrection  of  1669),  as  that  wicked 
plot    came    to    naught,    and    the    false 


Duessa  was  now  "an  untitled  queen." 
When  Zeal  had  finished,  an  old  sage 
named  the  Kingdom's  Care  {lord  Burghley) 
spoke,  and  opinions  were  divided.  Au- 
thority, Law  of  Nations,  and  Religion 
thought  Duessa  guilty,  but  Pity,  Danger, 
Nobility  of  Birth,  and  Grief  pleaded  in 
her  behalf.  Zeal  then  charges  the  pri- 
soner with  murder,  sedition,  adultery, 
and  lewd  impiety  ;  whereupon  the  sen- 
tence of  the  court  was  given  against  her. 
Queen  Mercilla,  being  called  on  to  pass 
sentence,  was  so  overwhelmed  with  grief 
that  she  rose  and  left  the  court. — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  v.  9  (1596). 

Duff  {Jamie),  the  idiot  boy  attending 
Mrs.  Bertram's  funeral. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Duglas,  the  scene  of  four  Arthurian 
battles.  The  Duglas  is  said  to  fall  into 
the  estuary  of  the  Ribble.  The  Paris 
MS.  and  Henry  of  Huntingdon  says, 
"  Duglas  qui  est  in  regione  Inniis."  But 
where  is  *^ Inniis"  ?  There  is  a  township 
called  "Ince,"  a  mile  south-west  of 
Wigan,  and  Mr.  Whitaker  says,  "six 
cwt.  of  horse-shoes  were  taken  up  from 
a  space  of  ground  near  that  spot  during 
the  formation  of  a  canal  ; "  so  that  this 
"  Ince"  is  supposed  to  be  the  place  re- 
ferred to. 

Duke  {My  lord),  a  duke's  servant, 
who  assumes  the  airs  and  title  of  his 
master,  and  is  addressed  as  "  Your 
grace,"  or  "  My  lord  duke."  He  was 
first  a  country  cowboy,  then  a  wig- 
maker's  apprentice,  and  then  a  duke's  ser- 
vant. He  could  neither  write  nor  read, 
but  was  a  great  coxcomb,  and  set  up  for 
a  tip-top  fine  gentleman. — Rev.  J.  Town- 
ley,  High  Life  Below  Stairs  (1763). 

Duke  {The  Iron),  the  duke  of  Welling^ 
ton,  also  called  "The  Great  Duke^ 
(1769-1852).  1 

Duke  and  Duchess,  in  pt.  II.  of 

Don  Quixote,  who  play  so  many  sportive 
tricks  on  "the  Knight  of  the  Woeful 
Countenance,"  were  don  Carlos  de  Borja 
count  of  Ficallo  and  donna  Maria  of 
Aragon  duchess  of  Villaher'mora  his 
wife,  in  whose  right  the  count  held  ex- 
tensive estates  on  the  banks  of  the  Ebro, 
among  others  a  country  seat  called 
Buena'via,  the  place  referred  to  by  Cer- 
vantes (1615). 

Duke    of   Mil'an,   a   tragedy   y 
Massinger  (1622).    A  play  evidently 
imitation      of      Shakespeait'w      Othell 


DUKE  COMBE. 


277 


DUMARIN. 


"Sforza"  is  Othello;  "Francesco," 
lajjo ;  '*  Marcelia,"  Desdemona ;  and 
*'  Eugenia,"  Emilia.  Sforza  "the  More  " 
[sic]  doted  on  Marcelia  his  young 
bride,  who  amply  returned  his  love. 
Francesco,  Sforza's  favourite,  being  left 
lord  protector  of  Milan  during  a  tem- 
porary absence  of  the  duke,  tried  to 
corrupt  Marcelia ;  but  failing  in  this, 
accused  her  to  Sforza  of  wantonness. 
The  duke,  believing  his  favourite,  slew 
his  beautiful  young  bride.  The  cause  of 
Francesco's  villainy  was  that  the  duke 
had  seduced  his  sister  Eugenia. 

♦^*  Shakespeare's  play  was  produced 
1611,  about  eleven  years  before  Massin- 
ger's  tragedy.  In  act  v.  1  we  have, 
"Men's  injuries  we  write  in  brass," 
which  brings  to  mind  Shakespeare's  line, 
"  jNIen's  evil  manners  live  in  brass,  their 
virtues  we  write  in  water." 

(Cumberland  reproduced  this  drama, 
with  some  alterations,  in  1780.) 

Duke  Combe,  William  Combe, 
author  of  Dr.  Sf/ntax,  and  translator  of 

The  Devil  upon  two  Sticks,  from  Le  Diable 
Boitcux  of  Lesage.  He  was  called  duke 
from  the  splendour  of  his  dress,  the  pro- 
fusion of  his  table,  and  the  magnificence 
of  his  deportment.  The  last  fifteen  years 
of  his  life  were  spent  in  the  King's  Bench 
(1743-1823). 

Duke  Street  (Portman  Square, 
London).  So  called  from  William  Bentick, 
second  duke  of  Portland.  (See  Duchkss 
Street.) 

Duke  Street  (Strand,  London).  So 
named  from  George  Villiers,  duke  of 
Buckingham. 

(For  other  dukes,  see  the  surname  or 
titiilar  name.) 

Duke*8,  a  fashionable  theatre  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  IL  It  was  in  Portugal 
Street,  Lincoln's  Inn  Fields.  So  named 
in  compliment  to  James  duke  of  York 
(James  II.),  its  great  patron. 

Dulcama'ra  {Dr.),  an  itinerant 
physician,  noted  for  his  pomposity  ;  very 
boastful,  and  a  thorough  charlatan. — 
Donizetti,  VElisire  d'Amore  (1832). 

Dulcamon.    (See  Diiu'i.  K arnein.) 

Dulcifluous  Doctor,  Antony  An- 
dreas, a  Spanish  minorite  of  the  Duns 
Scotus  school  (*-1320). 

Dulcin'ea  del  Tobo'so,  the  lady 
of  don  Quixote's  devotion.  She  was 
a  frcah-coloured  country  wench,  of  an 


adjacent  village,  with  whom  the  don  was 
once  in  love.  Her  real  name  was  Al- 
donza  Lorenzo.  Her  father  was  Lorenzo 
Corchuelo,  and  her  mother  Aldonza 
Nogales.  Sancho  Panza  describes  her  in 
pt.  I.  ii.  11. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote, 
I.  i.  1  (1605). 

"  Her  flowing  hair,"  says  the  knight  "  is  of  gold,  h«r  fore- 
head Uie  Elysiaii  fields,  her  eyebrows  two  celestul  urclies, 
her  eyes  a  pair  of  glorious  suns,  her  cheeks  two  beds  of 
roses,  her  lips  two  coral  portals  that  guard  bci  teetli  of 
Oriental  pearl,  her  neck  is  iilabaster,  her  hands  are 
polished  ivory,  and  her  bosom  whiter  than  the  new-fallen 
snow. 

"  She  is  not  a  descendant  of  the  ancient  Caii,  Curtii,  bnd 
Scipios  of  Rome  ;  nor  of  the  modern  Colonas  and  Orsini ; 
nor  of  the  Moncadas  and  Requesenes  of  Catalonia ;  nor  of 
tlie  Rebillas  and  Villanovas  of  Valencia ;  neither  is  she  a 
descendant  of  tlie  Palafoxes,  Newcas,  Rocabertis,  Corelliis, 
Lun:ui,  Alagones,  Ureas,  Foyes,  and  Gurre.is  of  Aragdn ; 
neitlier  does  the  lady  Dulcinea  descend  from  the  Cerdas, 
Manriquez,  Mendozas,  and  Guzmans  of  Castille ;  nor  from 
the  Alencastros,  Pallas,  and  Menezes  of  Portugal ;  but  slie 
derives  her  origin  from  the  family  of  Toboso  dela  Mancha, 
most  illustrious  of  all." — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  L  ii.  i 
(1605). 

Ask  you  for  whom  my  tears  do  flow  so? 
'Tis  for  Dulcinea  del  Toboso. 

J)on  Quixote.  1.  ill.  11  (1605). 

Dull,  a  constable. — Shakespeare,  Love's 
Labour's  Lost  (1694). 

Du'maclius.  The  impenitent  thief  is 
so  called  in  Longfellow's  Golden  Legend, 
and  the  penitent  thief  is  called  Titus. 

In  the  apocryphal  Gospel  of  Nicode- 
mus,  the  impenitent  thief  is  called  Gestas, 
and  the  penitent  one  Dysmas. 

In  the  story  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea,  the 
impenitent  thief  is  called  Gesmas,  and  the 
penitent  one  Dismas. 

Alta  petit  Dismas,  infelix  infima  Gesmas. 

A  Monkith  Charm  to  Scare  avxiy  Thievet, 

Dismas  in  paradise  would  dwell. 
But  Gesmaii  chose  bis  lot  in  hell. 

Dumain,  a  French  lord  in  attendance 
on  Ferdinand  king  of  Navarre.  He 
agreed  to  spend  three  years  with  the  king 
in  study,  during  which  time  no  woman 
was  to  approach  the  court.  Of  course,  the 
compact  was  broken  as  soon  as  made,  and 
Dumain  fell  in  love  with  Katharine. 
When,  however,  he  proposed  marriage, 
Katharine  deferred  her  answer  for  twelve 
months  and  a  day,  hoping  by  that  time 
"his  face  would  be  more  bearded,"  for, 
she  said,  "  I'll  mark  no  words  that 
smooth-faced  wooers  say." 

The  young  Dumain,  a  well-accomplished  youth, 
Of  all  Uiat  virtue  love  for  virtue  loved  ; 
Most  power  to  do  most  harm,  least  knowing  ill ; 
For  he  hath  wit  to  make  an  ill  shape  good. 
And  shape  to  win  grace,  tho'  he  had  no  wit. 
Shakespeare,  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  11.  sc.  1  (1694). 

Du'marin,  the  husband  of  Cym'oent, 
and  father  of  Marinel.— Spenser,  Faery 
QueeUf  hi.  4, 


DUMAS. 


278 


DUNCIAD. 


Dumas  {Alexandre  Z>.),  in  1845,  pub- 
lished sixty  volumes. 

The  most  skilful  copyist,  writing  12  hours  a  day,  can  with 
difflcuity  do  3900  letters  in  an  hour,  which  gives  him 
4<i,800  per  diem,  or  60  pages  of  a  romance.  Thus  he 
could  copy  5  volumes  octavo  fier  month  and  60  in  a  year, 
supposing  tiiat  h«  did  not  lose  one  second  of  time,  but 
worked  without  ceasing  12  hours  every  day  throughout  the 
entire  year.— De  Mirecourt,  Dumas  Pire  (1867). 

Dumb  Ox  {The).  St.  Thomas 
Aqui'nas  was  so  called  by  his  fellow- 
students  at  Cologne,  from  his  taciturnity 
and  dreaminess.  Sometimes  called  "The 
Great  Dumb  Ox  of  Sicih\"  He  was  large- 
bodied,  fat,  with  a  brown  complexion, 
and  a  large  head  partly  bald. 

Of  a  trutli,  it  almost  makes  me  laugh 

To  see  men  leaving  the  golden  grain, 

To  gather  in  piles  the  pitiful  chaff 

That  old  Peter  Lombard  thrashed  with  his  brain. 

To  have  it  caught  up  and  tossed  again 

On  the  horns  of  the  Dumb  Ox  of  Cologne. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend. 

(Thomas  Aquinas  was  subsequently 
called  "The  Angelic  Doctor,"  and  the 
"Angel  of  the  Schools,"  1224-1274.) 

Dumbiedikes  {The  old  laird  of),  an 
exacting  landlord,  taciturn  and  obstinate. 

Tlie  laird  of  Dumbiedikes  had  hitherto  been  moderate 
In  his  exjictions  .  .  .  but  when  a  stout,  active  young 
fellow  appeared  ...  he  began  to  think  so  broad  a  pair 
of  shoulders  might  bear  an  additional  burden.  He  regu- 
lated, indeed,  his  management  of  his  dependents  as 
carters  do  their  horses,  never  failing  to  clap  an  additional 
brace  of  hundred-weights  on  a  new  and  willing  horse. — 
Chap.  8  (1818). 

The  young  laird  of  Dumbiedikes  (3  syL), 
a  bashful  young  laird,  in  love  with  Jeanie 
Deans,  but  Jeanie  marries  the  presby- 
terian  minister,  Reuben  Butler. — Sir  W, 
Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 

Dum'merar  {TJie  Rev.  Dr.),  a  friend 
of  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Dummy  or  Supernumerary.  "Ce- 
limfene,"  in  the  Pre'cieuses  Ridicules,  does 
not  utter  a  single  Av^ord,  although  she 
enters  with  other  characters  on  the  stage. 

Dumtous'tie  {Mr.  Daniel),  a  young 
barrister,  and  nephew  of  lord  Bladder- 
skate. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlct  (time, 
George  III.). 

Dun  {Squire),  the  hangman  who 
came  between  Richard  Brandon  and  Jack 
Ketch. 

And  presently  a  h.ilter  got. 
Made  of  the  best  strong  hempen  teer. 
And  ere  a  cat  could  lick  his  ear. 
Had  tied  him  up  with  as  much  art 
As  Dun  himself  could  do  for's  heart. 

Cotton,  Virgil  Travestied,  iv.  (1677). 

Dun  Cow  {The),  slain. by  sir  Guy 
of  Warwick  on  Dunsmore  Heath,  was  the 
cow  kept  by  a  giant  in  Mitchel    Fold 


[middle-fold],  Shropshire.  Its  milk  was 
inexhaustible.  One  day  an  old  woman, 
who  had  tilled  her  pail,  wanted  to  fill  her 
sieve  also  with  its  milk,  but  this  so  en- 
raged the  cow  that  it  broke  away,  and 
wandered  to  Dunsmore,  where  it  was 
killed. 

*^*  A  huge  tusk,  probably  an  ele- 
phant's, is  still  shown  at  Warwick  Castle 
as  one  of  the  horns  of  this  wonderful 
cow. 

Dunbar  and  March  {George  earl 
of),  who  deserted  to  Henry  IV.  of  Eng- 
land, because  the  betrothal  of  his  daughter 
Elizabeth  to  the  king's  eldest  son  was 
broken  off  by  court  intrigue. 

Elizabeth  Dunbar,  daughter  of  the  earl 
of  Dunbar  and  March,  betrothed  to  prince 
Robert  duke  of  Rothsay,  eldest  son  of 
Robert  III.  of  Scotland.  The  earl  of 
Douglas  contrived  to  set  aside  this  be- 
trothal in  favour  of  his  own  daughter 
Elizabeth,  who  married  the  prince,  and 
became  duchess  of  Rothsay. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Duncan  "the  Meek,"  king  of  Scot- 
land, was  son  of  Crj-nin,  and  grandson  of 
Malcolm  II.,  whom  he  succeeded  on  the 
throne.  Macbeth  was  the  son  of  the 
younger  sister  of  Duncan's  mother,  and 
hence  Macbeth  and  Duncan  were  first 
cousins.  Sueno  king  of  Norway  having 
invaded  Scotland,  the  command  of  the 
army  was  entrusted  to  Macbeth  and  Ban- 
quo,  and  so  great  was  their  success  that 
only  ten  men  of  the  invading  army  were 
left  alive.  After  the  battle,  king  Duncan 
paid  a  visit  to  Macbeth  in  his  castle  of 
Inverness,  and  was  there  murdered  by 
his  host.  The  successor  to  the  throne  was 
Duncan's  son  Malcolm,  but  Macbeth 
usurped  the  crown. — Shakespeare,  Alac- 
beth  (1606). 

Duncan  {Captain),  of  Knock dunder, 
agent  at  Roseneath  to  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Duncan  (i>MrocVi),  a  follower  of  Donald 
Bean  Lean. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Dunce,  wittily  or  wilfully  derived, 
from  Duns,  surnamed  "  Scotus.'" 

In  the  Gaelic,  donat  [mean*]  "bad  luck,"  or  in  con 
tempt,  "  a  poor  ignorant  creature."    The  Lowland  Scotc 
has  dontie,  "  unfortunate,  stupid."— Aotc*  and  Qv 
225,  September  21,  1878. 

Dun'ciad  ("fAe  dunce-epic")  a  satir 
by  Alexander  Pope — written  to  revenj 


DUNDAS. 


279 


DUNS  SCOTUS. 


himself  upon  his  literary  enemies.  The 
plot  is  this:  Eusden  the  poet-laureate 
Deing  dead,  the  goddess  of  Uulness  elects 
Colley  Gibber  as  his  successor.  The  in- 
stallation is  celebrated  by  games,  the 
most  important  being  the  "reading  of 
two  voluminous  works,  one  in  verse  and 
the  other  in  prose,  without  nodding." 
King  Gibber  is  then  taken  to  the  temple 
of  Dulness,  and  lulled  to  sleep  on  the 
lap  of  the  goddess.  In  his  dream  he  sees 
the  triumphs  of  the  empire.  Finally,  the 
goddess  having  established  the  kingdom 
on  a  firm  basis.  Night  and  Chaos  are 
restored,  and  the  poem  ends  (1728-42). 

Dundas  {Starvation),  Henry  Dundas, 
first  lord  Melville.  So  called  because  he 
introduced  into  the  language  the  word 
starvation,  in  a  speech  on  American 
affairs  (1775). 

Dunder  {Sir  David),  of  Dunder  Hall, 
near  Dover.  An  hospitable,  conceited, 
whimsical  old  gentleman,  who  for  ever 
interrupts  a  speaker  with  "Yes,  yes,  I 
know  it,"  or  "  Be  quiet,  I  know  it."  He 
raiely  finishes  a  sentence,  but  runs  on  in 
this  style :  "  Dover  is  an  odd  sort  of  a — 
eh  V  "  "  It  is  a  dingy  kind  of  a — humph  ! " 
"  The  ladies  will  be  happy  to — eh  ?  "  He 
is  the  father  of  two  daughters,  Harriet 
and  Kitty,  whom  he  accidentally  detects 
in  the  act  of  eloping  with  two  guests. 
To  prevent  a  scandal,  he  sanctions  the 
marriages,  and  discovers  that  the  two 
lovers,  both  in  family  and  fortune,  are 
suitable  sons-in-law. 

Lady  Dunder,  fat,  fair,  and  forty  if 
not  more.  A  country  lady,  more  fond  of 
making  jams  and  pastry  than  doing  the 
fine  lady.  She  prefers  cooking  to  cro- 
quet, and  making  the  kettle  sing  to  sing- 
ing herself.  (See  Harriet  and  Kitty.) 
— G.  Golman,  Ways  and  Means  (1788). 

William  Dowton  [1764-1851]  played  "  sir  Anthony  Abso- 
lute," "sir  Peter  Teazle,"  "sir  David  Dunder,"  and  "sir 
John  Falstaff,"  and  looked  the  very  characters  he  repre- 
sented.—W.  Donaldson,  JieooUectiont. 

*^,*  "  Sir  Anthony  Absolute,"  in  The 
Rivals  (Sheridan) ;  "sir  Peter  Teazle," 
in  The  School  for  Scandal  (Sheridan). 

Dundrear'y  {Lord),  a  good-natured, 
indolent,  blundering,  empty-headed 
Bwell;  the  chief  character  in  Tom  Tay- 
lor's dramatic  piece  entitled  Our  Atneri- 
can  Cousin.  He  is  greatly  characterized 
by  his  admiration  of  "  Brother  Sam,"  for 
his  incapacity  to  follow  out  the  sequence 
of  any  train  of  thought,  and  for  supposing 
all  are  insane  who  differ  from  him. 

(Mr.  Sothem  of  tlie  Haymarket  created 


this  character  by  his  power  of  conception 
and  the  genius  of  his  acting.) 

Dxined'in  (3  syL),  Edinburgh. 

On  her  firm-set  rock 
Dunedln's  castle  felt  a  secret  shock. 
^TOn,  EnglUh  Bards  snd  Scotch  Jievievers  (1809). 

Dunlathmon,  the  family  seat  of 
Nujith,  father  of  Oithona  {q.v.). — Ossian, 
Oithona. 

Dunmow  Flitch  {The),  given  to 
any  married  couple  who,  at  the  close  of 
the  first  year  of  their  marriage,  can  take 
their  oath  they  have  never  once  wished 
themselves  unmarried  again.  Dr.  Short 
sent  a  gammon  to  the  princess  Charlotte 
and  her  consort,  prince  Leopold,  while 
they  were  at  Glaremont  House. 

***  A  similar  custom  is  observed  at  th 
manor  of  Wichenor,  in  Staffordshire, 
where  com  as  well  as  bacon  is  given  tc 
the  "  happy  pair." 

(For  a  list  of  those  who  have  received 
the  flitch  from  its  establishment,  see 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  251.) 

Dunois  {The  count  de),  in  sir  W. 
Scott's  novel  of  Quentin  Durward  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Dunois  the  Brave,  hero  of  the 
famous  French  song,  set  to  music  by 
queen  Hortense,  mother  of  Napoleon  III., 
and  called  Partant  pour  Syrie.  His 
prayer  to  the  Virgin,  when  he  left  for 
Syria,  was : 

Que  j'aime  la  plus  belle, 
£t  sois  le  plus  vaillant. 

He  behaved  with  great  valour,  and  the 
count  whom  he  followed  gave  him  his 
daughter  to  wife.  The  guests,  on  the 
bridal  day,  all  cried  aloud  : 

Amour  k  la  plus  belle  I 
Honneur  au  plus  vaillant  I 

Words  by  M.  de  Laborde  (1809) 

Dun'over,  a  poor  gentleman  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  the  introduction 
of  The  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 
II.). 

Dunrommath,  lord  of  Uthal,  one 
of  the  Orkneys.  He  carried  off  Oith'ona, 
daughter  of  Nuath  (who  was  engaged  to 
be  married  to  Gaul,  son  of  Moral),  and 
was  slain  by  Gaul  in  fight. 

Gaul  advanced  in  his  arms.  DunronimatL  shrunk  be- 
hind his  people.  But  the  spear  of  Gaul  pierced  the 
gloomy  chief ;  his  sword  lopped  oflT  bis  head  as  it  bendad 
in  death. — Ossian,  Oithona. 

Duns  Scotus,  called  "  The  Subtle 
Doctor,"  said  to  have  been  bom  atDuuse, 
in  Ber^vickshire,  or  Dunstance,  in  North- 
umberland (1265-1308). 

*^*  John      Scotus,     called      ErujSntu 


DUN-SUUKNER. 


280 


DUROTIGES. 


("Erin-bom"),  is  r,uite  another  per- 
son (*-886).  Erigena  is  sometimes  called 
"  Scotus  the  Wise,"  and  lived  four  cen- 
turies before  "The  Subtle  Doctor." 

Dun-Shnnner  (Aiujustus),  a  nom  de 
plume  of  professor  William  Edmonstoune 
Avtoun,  in  Blackwood's  Magazine  (1813- 
1865). 

Dunsmore  Cross  or  High  Cross^  the 
centre  of  England. 

Hence,  Muse,  divert  thy  course  to  Duiumore,  hy  that 

cross 
Where  those  two  mighty  wajT,  the  Watling  and  the  Foss, 
Our  centre  seem  to  cut. 

Drayton,  PoJyomon,  xiiL  (1613). 

Dunstable  (Downri<jht),  plain  speak- 
ing ;  blunt  honesty  of  speech ;  calling  a 
spade  a  spade,  without  euphemism. 
Other  similar  phases  are  Flain  Dunstable; 
Dunstable  way,  etc.,  in  allusion  to  the 
proverb,  "  As  plain  as  Dunstable  high- 
way."— Howell,  Upist.  Bowel.,  2  ;  Florio, 
Diet.,  17,  85. 

That's  flat,  sir,  as  yvx  may  say,  "  downright  Dunstable." 
—Mrs.  Oliphaiit,  I'heebe,  Jan.,  ii.  3. 

Duns'tan  (i^^t.),  patron  saint  of  gold- 
smiths and  jewellers.  He  was  a  smith, 
and  worked  up  all  sorts  of  metals  in  his 
cell  near  Glastonbury  Church.  It  was  in 
this  cell  that,  according  to  legend,  Satan 
had  a  gossip  with  the  saint,  and  Dunstan 
caught  his  sable  majesty  by  the  nose  with 
a  pair  of  red-hot  forceps. 

Dunthal'mo,  lord  of  Teutha  (the 
Tweed).  He  went  "  in  his  pride  against 
Rathmor"  chief  of  Clutha  (the  Clyde), 
but  being  overcome,  "his  rage  arose,"  and 
he  went  "by  night  with  his  warriors" 
and  slew  Rathmor  in  his  banquet  hall. 
Touched  with  pity  for  his  two  young 
sons  (Calthon  and  Colmar),  he  took  them 
to  his  own  house  and  brought  them  up. 
"  They  bent  the  bow  in  his  presence,  and 
went  forth  to  his  wars."  But  observing 
that  their  countenances  fell,  Dunthalmo 
began  to  be  suspicious  of  the  young  men, 
and  shut  them  up  in  two  separate  caves 
on  the  banks  of  the  Tweed,  where  neither 
"  the  sun  penetrated  by  day  nor  the  moon 
by  night."  Colmal  (the  daughter  of 
Dunthalmo),  disguised  as  a  young  war- 
rior, loosed  Calthon  from  his  bonds,  and 
fled  with  him  to  the  court  of  Fingal,  to 
crave  aid  for  the  liberation  of  Colmar. 
Fingal  sent  his  son  Ossian  with  300  men 
to  effect  this  object,  but  Dunthalmo, 
hearing  of  their  approach,  gathered  to- 
gether his  strength  and  slew  Colmar.  He 
also  seized  Calthon,  mourning  for  his 
brother,  and  bound  him  to  an  oak.  At 
daybreak  Ossian  moved  to  the  fight,  slew 


Dunthalmo,  and  having  released  Calthon, 
"  gave  him  to  the  white-bosomed  Col- 
mal."— Ossian,  Calthon  and  Colnuil. 

Dupely  (Sir  Charles),  a  man  who 
prided  himself  on  his  discernment  of 
character,  and  defied  any  woman  to  en- 
tangle him  in  matrimony ;  but  he  mistook 
lady  Bab  Lardoon,  a  votary  of  fashion, 
for  an  unsophisticated  country  maiden, 
and  proposed  marriage  to  her. 

"  I  should  like  to  see  the  woman,"  he  says,  "that  could 
entangle  me.  .  .  .  Show  me  a  woman  .  .  .  and  at  tha 
first  glance  1  wiU  discover  the  whole  extent  of  her  iutifice." 
— Burgoyne,  The  Maid  of  the  Oakt,  i.  1. 

Dupr6  IDu.pray'J,  a  servant  of  M._ 
Darlemont,  who  assists  his  master  in 
abandoning  Julio  count  of  Harancour 
(his  ward)  in  the  streets  of  Paris,  for  the 
sake  of  becoming  possessor  of  his  ward's 
property.  Dupre'  repents  and  confesses 
the  crime. — Th.  Holcrof  t,  The  Deaf  and 
Dwnb  (1785). 

Duran'dal,  the  sword  of  Orlando, 
the  workmanship  of  fairies.  So  admirable 
was  its  temper  that  it  would  "cleave  the 
Pyrenees  at  a  blow." — Ariosto,  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Durandar'te  (4  syl.),  a  knight  who 
fell  at  Roncesvalles  (4  syl.).  Durandarte 
loved  Belerma,  whom  he  served  for  seven 
years,  and  was  then  slain ;  but  in  dying 
he  requested  his  cousin  Montesi'nos  to 
take  his  heart  to  Belerma. 

Sweet  in  manners,  fair  in  favour, 
MUd  in  temper,  fierce  in  fight. 

Lewis. 

Dur'den  (Dame),  a  notable  country 
gentlewoman,  who  kept  five  men-servants 
"to  use  the  spade  and  flail,"  and  five 
women-servants  "to  carry  the  milken- 
pail."  The  five  men  loved  the  five  maids. 
Their  names  were : 

Moll  and  Bet,  and  Doll  and  Kate,  and  Dorothy  Draggle* 

tail; 
John  and  Dick,  and  Joe  and  Jack,  and  Humphrey  with 

hisflaiL 

A  Well-knovm  Glee. 

(In  Bleak  House,  by  C.  Dickens,  Esther 
Summerson  is  playfully  called  "  Dame 
Durden.") 

Duretete  (Captain),  a  rather  heavy 
gentleman,  who  takes  lessons  of  gallantry 
from  his  friend,  young  Mirabel.  Very 
bashful  with  ladies,  and  for  ever  sparring 
with  Bisarre,  who  teazes  him  unmerci- 
fully ri>Mre?-<ajY,  Be-zar'']. — G.  Farquhar, 
The  Inconstant  (1702). 

Durinda'na,  Orlando's  sword,  given 
him  by  his  cousin  Malagi'gi.  This 
sword  and  the  horn  Olifant  were  buried 
at  the  feet  of  the  hero. 


DURWARD. 


281 


DWARF. 


*^*  Charlemagne's  sword  "  Joyeuse  " 
was  also  buried  with  him,  and  "  Tizo'na" 
was  buried  with  the  Cid. 

Duroti'ges  (4  syL).  Below  the 
Hedui  (those  of  Somersetshire)  came  the 
Durotiges,  sometimes  called  MOr'ini. 
Their  capital  was  Du'rinum  {Dorchester), 
and  their  territory  extended  to  Vind6l'ia 
(Portland  Isle). — Richard  of  Cirencester, 
Ancient  State  of  Britain,  vi.  15. 

The  DurotigSs  on  the  Dorsetlan  sand. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvi  (1613). 

Durward  {Quentin),  hero  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott.  Quentin 
Durward  is  the  nephew  of  Ludovic  Lesly 
(surnamed  Le  Balafre).  He  enrolls  him- 
self in  the  Scottish  guard,  a  company 
of  archers  in  the  pay  of  Louis  XI.  at 
Plessis  If'S  Tours,  and  saves  the  king  in 
a  boar-hunt.  When  Lifege  is  assaulted 
by  insurgents,  Quentin  Durward  and  the 
countess  Isabelle  de  Croye  escape  on 
horseback.  The  countess  publicly  refuses 
to  marry  the  due  d'Orle'ans,  and  ultimately 
marries  the  young  Scotchman. 

Dusronnal,  one  of  the  two  steeds 
of  Cuthullin  general  of  the  Irish  tribes. 
The  other  was  "  Sulin-Sifadda  "  {q.v.). 

Before  the  left  side  of  the  car  is  seen  the  snorting 
horse.  The  thin-ni.ined,  liigh-headed,  strong-hoofed, 
fleet,  tmunding  son  of  tlie  liill.  His  name  is  Dusronnal, 
Mnong  the  stormy  sons  of  the  sword  .  .  .  the  [two]  ste-ds 
like  wreatlis  of  mist  fly  over  the  vales.  The  wildness  of 
deer  is  in  their  course,  the  strength  of  eagles  descending 
on  the  prey. — Ossian,  Fingal,  i. 

Dutch  School  of  painting,  noted 
for  its  exactness  of  detail  and  truthful- 
ness to  life : — 

For  portraits :  Rembrandt,  Bol,  Flinck, 
Hals,  and  Vanderhelst. 

For  conversation  pieces:  Gerhard  Douw, 
Terburg,  Metzu,  Mieris,  and  Netscher. 

For  low  life :  Ostard,  Bower,  and  Jan 
Steen. 

For  landscapes :  Ruysdael,  HobbSma, 
Cuyp,  Vandemeer  (moonlight  scenes), 
Berchem.  and  A.  Both. 

For  battle  scenes:  Wouvermans  and 
Huchtenburg. 

For  marine  pieces:  Vandevelde  and 
Bakhuizen. 

For  still  life  and  flowers :  Kalf,  A.  van 
Utrecht,  Van  Huysum,  and  De  Heem. 

Dutton  (Mrs.  Dolly),  dairy-maid  to 
the  duke  of  Argyll.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart 
of  Muilothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Dwarf.      The    following   are    cele- 
brated dwarfs  of  real  life  : — 
_  Andromeda,  2  feet  4  inches.     One  of 
Julia's  free  maids. 
Aristr^tos,  the  poet.    "So  small," 


says  Athenaeos,  "that  no  one  could  see 
him." 

Bebe  (2  syl.),  2  feet  9  inches.  The 
dwarf  of  Stanislas  king  of  Poland  (died 
1764). 

BoRUWLASKi  (Count  Joseph),  2  feet 
4  inches.  Died  aged  98  (1739-1837). 
He  had  a  brother  and  a  sister  botii 
dwarfs. 

BucHiNGER  (Matthew),  who  had  no 
arms  or  legs,  hut  fins  from  the  shoulders. 
He  could  draw,  write,  thread  needles, 
and  play  the  hautboy.  Fac-similes  of 
his  writing  are  preserved  among  tlie 
Harleian  MSS.  (bom  1674-*). 

Chung,  recently  exhibited  with  Chang 
the  giant. 

Colo'bri  (Prince),  of  Sleswig,  £5 
inches  ;  weight,  25  lbs.  (1851). 

CoNOPAS,  2  feet  4  inches.  One  of  the 
dwarfs  of  Julia,  niece  of  Augustus. 

CoppERNiN,  the  dwarf  of  the  princess 
of  Wales,  mother  of  George  III.  The 
last  court-dwarf  in  England. 

Crachami  (Caroline),  a  Sicilian,  bom 
at  Palermo,  20  inches.  Her  skeleton  is 
preserved  in  Hunter's  Museum  (1814- 
1824). 

Decker  or  Ducker  (John),  2  feet 
6  inches.     An  Englishman  (1610). 

Farrel  (Owen),  3  feet  9  inches.  Born 
at  Cavan.  He  was  of  enormous  strength 
(died  1742). 

Ferry  (Nicholas),  usually  called  BeTx^, 
contemporary  with  Boru-wlaski.  He  was 
a  native  of  France.  Height  at  death, 
2  feet  9  inches  (died  1737). 

Gibson  (Richard)  and  his  wife  Anne 
Shepherd.  Neither  of  them  4  feet. 
Gibson  was  a  noted  portrait  painter,  and 
a  page  of  the  back-stairs  in  the  court  of 
Charles  I.  The  king  honoured  the  wed- 
ding with  his  presence ;  and  they  had 
nine  children  (1615-1690). 

Design  or  chance  makes  others  wire. 
But  Nature  did  this  match  contrive. 

W&Uer  (1642). 

Hudson  (Sir  Jeffrey),  18  inches.  He 
was  born  at  Oakham,  in  Rutlandshire 
(1619-1678). 

Lucius,  2  feet :  weight,  17  lbs.  The 
dwarf  of  the  emperor  Augustus. 

Phile'tas,  a  poet,  so  small  that  "he 
wore  leaden  shoes  to  prevent  being  blown 
away  by  the  wind  "  (died  B.C.  280). 

Philips  (Calvin)  weighed  less  than 
2  lbs.  His  thighs  were  not  thicker  than 
a  man's  thumb.  He  was  bom  at  Bridge- 
water,  Massachusetts,  in  1791. 

Ritchie  (David),  3  feet  6  inches. 
Native  of  Tweeddale. 


DWARF. 


DYING  SAYINGS. 


SouvRAY  (Therese}, 

Stoberin  (C.  //.)  of  Nuremberg  was 
less  than  3  feet  at  the  age  of  20.  His 
father,  mother,  brothers,  and  sisters  were 
all  under  the  medium  height. 

Thumb  (General  Tom).  His  real  name 
was  Charles  S.  Stratton ;  25  inches  ; 
weight,  25  lbs.,  at  the  age  of  25.  Born 
at  Bridgeport,  Connecticut,  United  States, 
in  1832. 

Thumb  (Tom),  2  feet  4  inches.  A 
Dutch  dwarf. 

XiT,  the  royal  dwarf  of  Edward  VI. 

*^*  Nicephorus  Calistus  tells  us  of  an 
Egyptian  dwarf  "not  bigger  than  a 
partridge." 

Dwarf  of  lady  Clerimond  was  named 
Pac'olet.  He  had  a  winged  horse,  which 
carried  off  Valentine,  Orson,  and  Cleri- 
mond from  the  dungeon  of  Ferrfigus  to 
the  palace  of  king  Pepin  ;  and  subse- 
quently carried  Valentine  to  the  palace 
of  Alexander,  his  father,  emperor  of 
Constantinople.  —  Valentine  and  Orson 
(fifteenth  century). 

Dwarf  (The  Black),  a  fairy  of  malig- 
nant propensities,  and  considered  the 
author  of  all  the  mischief  of  the  neigh- 
bourhood. In  sir  Walter  Scott's  novel 
so  called,  this  imp  is  introduced  under 
various  aliases,  as  sir  Edward  Mauley, 
Elshander  the  recluse,  cannie  Elshie,  and 
the  Wise  Wight  of  Micklestane  Moor. 

D"WB,rf  Alberich,  the  guardian  of 
the  Niebelungen  hoard.  He  is  twice  van- 
quished by  Siegfried,  who  gets  possession 
of  his  cloak  of  invisibility,  and  makes 
himself  master  of  the  hoard. — The  Niebe- 
lungen Lied  (1210). 

D^rarf  Peter,  an  allegorical  ro- 
mance by  Ludwig  Tieck.  The  dwarf  is 
a  castle  spectre,  who  advises  and  aids  the 
family,  but  all  his  advice  turns  out  evil, 
and  all  his  aid  is  productive  of  trouble. 
The  dwarf  is  meant  for  "  the  law  in  our 
members,  which  wars  against  the  law  of 
our  minds,  and  brings  us  into  captivity 
to  the  law  of  sin." 


Dwining  (Henbane),  a  pottingar  or 
apothecarv. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Pair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Dying  Sayings  (real  or  tradi- 
tional) : 

Addison.  See  how  a  Christian  dies  I  or.  See  in  what 
peace  s  Christian  can  die ! 

Anaxagobas.    Give  the  boys  a  Iioliday. 

II  Abbia.    My  PjBtiis,  it  is  not  painful. 

t  Aug  USTU8.  Vos  plaudite.  (After  aslilng  how  he  had 
acted  his  part  in  life.)— Cicero. 

Bbaufobt  (Cardhuil  Uenry).  I  pray  you  all,  pray  for 
na 


Bbbrt  (Mde.  de).  Is  not  thi*  dying  with  courage  and 
true  ereatne-ss  ? 

Bbo.vte  (father  of  the  authoresses).  While  there  is 
life  there  is  will.     (He  died  standing.)  % 

Byro.v.     I  must  sleep  now. 

§  C«8AR  (Julixu).  Kt  tu,  Bnite  I  (To  Brutus,  when 
he  stabbed  him.) 

•  CharlemaONE.  Lord,  into  Thy  hands  I  commend 
my  spirit ! 

Charles  I.  (of  England).  Remember.  (To  William 
Juxon,  archbishop  of  Canterbury.) 

Charles  II.  (of  England).  Don't  let  poor  MeUf 
starve!    (Nell  Gwynne.) 

Charles  V.    Ah  !  Jesus. 

Charles  IX.  (of  France).  Nurse,  nurse,  what  munler  I 
what  blood  1  Ob  1  I  have  done  wrong.  God,  pardon 
me! 

Charlotte  (rfc«  princeu).  You  make  me  drir.k. 
Pray,  leave  me  quiet.     I  find  it  .iffects  my  he<uL 

Chesterfield.    Give  Day  RoUes  a  chair. 

•  Columbus.  Lord,  into  Thy  hands  I  commend  my 
spirit! 

Cromb  (John).  0  Hobbima,  Hobbima.  how  I  do 
love  thee  I 

Cromwell,  My  desire  is  to  make  what  haste  I  may 
to  lie  gone. 

t  Demonax  (the  philosopher).  You  may  go  home,  the 
show  is  over.— Lucian. 

Elden  (Lord).  It  matters  not  where  1  am  going, 
whether  the  weather  be  cold  or  hot. 

Fo.ntenelle.  I  suffer  nothing,  but  feel  a  sort  of 
difficulty  in  living  longer. 

Fbanklin.    a  dying  man  can  do  nothing  easy. 

Gainsbobough.  We  are  all  going  to  heaven,  and 
Vandyke  is  of  the  company. 

George  IV.  Whatty,  what  is  thisT  It  Is  death,  my 
boy.  They  have  deceived  me.  (Said  to  his  page,  sir 
Wathen  Waller.) 

GiBBO.v.    Mon  Dieu  !  mon  Dieu! 

If  Goethe.    More  light! 

Gbegoby  VII.  I  have  loved  justice  and  hated  iniquity, 
therefore  I  die  in  exile. 

•  Gbey  {Lady  Jane).  Lord,  into  Thy  hands  I  com- 
mend my  spirit ! 

Gbotius.    Be  serious. 

Hadyn.    God  preserve  the  emperor ! 

HaLLER.    The  artery  ceases  to  Ijeat 

HA2LITT.     I  have  led  a  happy  life. 

IIobbes.  Now  am  I  about  to  take  my  last  voyage— a 
great  leap  in  the  dark. 

!l  Hunter  (lyr.  William).  If  I  had  strength  to  hold 
a  pen.  I  would  write  down  how  easy  and  pleasant  a  thing 
it  is  to  die. 

Ibvi.no.     If  I  die,  I  die  unto  the  Lord.    Amen. 

James  V.  (of  Scotland).  It  came  with  a  lass,  and  will 
go  with  a  la.ss  (i.e.  the  Scotch  crown). 

Jefferson  (of  America).  I  resign  my  spurit  to  God, 
my  daughter  to  my  country. 

Jesus  Chbist.    It  is  finished . 

Johnson  (Dr.).  God  bless  you,  my  dear!  (To  Miss 
Morris  ) 

Knox.    Now  it  is  come. 

Louis  I.  Huzlhuz!  (Bouquet  says :"  He  turned  his 
face  to  the  wall,  and  twice  cried,  '  Huz  I  huz  I '  (out,  out), 
and  then  died.") 

Louis  IX.  I  will  enter  now  into  the  house  ol  the 
Lord. 

II  Louis  XIV.  Why  weep  ye?  Did  you  think  I  should 
live  for  ever?  (Then,  after  a  pause.)  I  thought  dying 
had  been  harder. 

t  Louis  XVIIL    A  king  should  die  standing. 

Mahomet.  O  Allah,  be  it  so  I  Henceforth  among  the 
glorious  host  of  paradise. 

Margaret  (of  Scotland,  wife  of  Louis  XI.  of  France). 
Fi  de  la  vie  !  qu'on  ne  men  parle  plas. 

Marie  Antoinette.  Farewell,  my  children,  for  ever. 
I  go  to  your  father. 

§  Massaniello.  Ungrateful  traitors  I  (Said  to  the  as- 
sassins.) 

Mathews  (Charlet).    I  am  ready. 

MiRABEAU.  Let  me  die  to  the  sounds  of  delicJow 
music. 

Moody  (the  actor) : 

Reason  thus  with  life. 

If  I  do  lose  thee,  I  do  lose  a  thing 

That  none  but  fools  would  keep. 

Shakes! 


MooRB  (Sir  John). 
Justice. 


I  hope  my  country  will 


1 


DYOTT  STREET. 


EASTWARD  HOE. 


Nafoueoh  L  Mon  Dieu  t  La  nation  Franfaise  )  Fete 
A'ami6e : 

Natoleon  III.  Were  you  at  Sedan  T  (To  Dr.  Con- 
neau.) 

Nklson.    I  thank  God  I  have  done  my  duty. 

Nero.    Qimlis  artlfex  pereo  ! 

Palmrr  (the  actor).  Tliere  U  another  and  a  better 
ctiuntry.  (This  he  said  on  the  stage,  it  being  a  line  in  the 
part  he  was  acting.     From  The  Stranger.) 

Pitt  ( ^VUliam).    O  my  country,  how  1  love  thee  I 

PlZAKRO.     Jesu  1 

PoPK.    Friendship  Itself  is  but  a  part  of  virtue. 

t  Rabelais.    Let  down  the  curtain,  the  farce  is  over. 

SA.ND  {George).  Laissez  la  verdure.  (Meaning.  "  Leave 
the  tomb  green,  do  not  cover  it  over  with  briclcs  or  stone." 
George  Sand  was  Mde.  Dudevant) 

Schiller.  Many  things  are  growing  plain  and  clear 
to  my  understanding. 

Scott  {Sir  WoUter).  God  bless  you  all  I  (To  his 
family.) 

Slu.NEY  {AJgemon).  I  know  that  my  Redeemer 
liveth.     I  die  for  the  good  old  cause. 

Socrates.    Crito,  we  owe  a  cock  to  ^sculaplus. 

Stael  {Mde.  du).  I  have  loved  God,  my  father,  and 
liberty. 

H  Talma.    The  worst  is,  I  cannot  see. 

•  Tasso.    Lord,  into  Thy  hands  I  commend  my  spirit! 

Thurlow  {Lord).  I'll  be  shot  if  I  don't  believe  I'm 
dying. 

t  Vespasian.    A  king  should  die  standing. 

William  111.  (of  England).  Can  thU  last  longt  (To 
his  piiysician.) 

William  of  Nassau.  0  God,  have  mercy  upon  me, 
and  upon  this  poor  nation  I  (This  was  said  as  he  was  shot 
by  Balthasar  Gerard,  15S4.) 

WoLFK  {General).  What  I  do  ttey  run  already  ?  Then 
I  die  happy. 

Wyatt  {Thomat).  That  which  I  then  said  I  unsay. 
That  which  I  now  say  is  true.  (This  to  the  priest  who 
reminded  him  that  he  had  accused  the  princess  Elizabeth 
of  ti-eason  to  the  council,  and  that  he  now  alleged  her  to 
bo  innocent.) 

*^*  Those  names  preceded  by  similar 
pilcrows  indicate  that  the  "dying  words'* 
ascribed  to  them  are  identical  or  nearly 
80.  Thus  the  *  before  Charlemagne, 
Columbus,  lady  Jane  Grey,  and  Tasso, 
shows  that  their  words  were  alike.  So 
with  the  t  before  Augustus,  Demonax, 
and  Rabelais  ;  the  %  before  Louis  XVIII. 
and  Vespasian ;  the  §  before  Caesar  and 
Massaniello  ;  the  ||  before  Arria,  Hunter, 
and  Louis  X1V< ;  and  the  ^  before  Goethe 
and  Talma. 

Dyott  Street  (Bloomsbury  Square, 
London),  now  called  George  Street  St. 
-Giles.  The  famous  song  "  In  my 
Chamber  that's  next  to  the  Sky"  is  in 
£ombastes  Furioso,  by  T.  B.  Rhodes 
(1790). 

Dys'colus,  Moroseness  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(1C33).  "  He  nothing  liked  or  praised." 
Fully  described  in  canto  viii.  (Greek, 
duskdlos,  "fretful.") 

Dysmas,  Dismas,  or  Demas,  the 
penitent  thief  crucified  with  our  Lord. 
The  impenitent  thief  is  called  Gesmas  or 
Gestas. 

AIU  petit  Dismas,  infelix  infima  Gesmas. 

P~irt  of  a  Charm. 
To  paradise  thief  Dismas  went. 
But  Gesmas  died  impenitent. 


E. 

Eadburgh,  daughter  of  Edward  the 
Elder,  king  of  England,  and  Eadgifu  his 
wife.  When  three  years  old,  her  father 
placed  on  the  child  some  rings  and  brace- 
lets, and  showed  her  a  chalice  and  a  book  of 
the  Gospels,  asking  which  she  would  have. 
The  child  chose  the  chalice  and  book,  and 
Edward  was  pleased  that  "the  child 
would  be  a  daughter  of  God."  She 
became  a  nun,  and  lived  and  died  in 
Winchester. 

Eagle  {The),  ensign  of  the  Roman 
legion.  Before  the  Cimbrian  war,  the 
wolf,  the  horse,  and  the  boar  were  also 
borne  as  ensigns,  but  Marius  abolished 
these,  and  retained  the  eagle  only,  hence 
called  emphatically  "  The  Roman  Bird." 

Eoffle  {The  Tliehan),  Pindar,  a  native  of 
Thebes  (b.c.  518-442). 

Eagle  of  Brittany,  Bertrand  Du- 
guesclin,  constable  of  France  (1320- 
1380). 

Eagle  of  Divines,  Thomas  Aqui'- 
nas  (1224-1274). 

Eagle  of  Meaux  [M6],  Jacquea 
Benigne  Bossuet,  bishop  of  Meaux  (1627- 
1704). 

Eagle  of  the  Doctors  of  France, 
Pierre  d'Ailly,  a  great  astrologer,  who 
maintained  that  the  stars  foretold  the 
great  flood  (1350-1425). 

EarnsclifiFe  {Patrick),  the  yonng 
laird  of  Earnscliff. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Black 
Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

East  Saxons  or  Essex,  capital 
Colchester,  founded  by  Erchinwin. 
Sebert  began  to  reign  in  Essex  in  604, 
and,  according  to  tradition,  where  West- 
minster Abbey  now  stands  was  a  heathen 
temple  to  Apollo,  which  he  either  con- 
verted into  a  church  called  St.  Peter's, 
or  pulled  down  and  erected  a  church  so 
called  on  the  same  site. 

.  .  .  from  the  loins  of  Erchinwin  (who  raised 
Th*  East  Saxons"  kingdom  first)  brave  Sebert  may  t>e 

praised, 
[Who}  began  the  goodly  church  of  Westminster  to  rear. 
Drayton.  Polyolbion,  xi.  (1613). 

Eastward  Hoe,  a  comedy  by  Chap- 
man, Marston,  and  Ben  Jonson.  For 
this  drama  the  three  authors  were  im- 
prisoned "  for  disrespect  to  their  sovereign 
lord  king  James  I."  (1605).    (See  Wkst- 

WARD    HOK.) 


EASY. 


284 


ECTOR  DE  MARIS. 


Easy  (Sir  Charles),  a  man  who 
bates  trouble ;  "so  lazy,  even  in  his 
pleasures,  that  he  would  rather  lose  the 
woman  of  his  pursuit,  than  go  through 
any  trouble  in  securing  or  keeping  her." 
He  says  he  is  resolved  in  future  to  "  follow 
no  pleasure  that  rises  above  the  degree 
of  amusement."  "  When  once  a  woman 
comes  to  reproach  me  with  vows,  and 
usage,  and  such  stuff,  I  would  as  soon 
hear  her  talk  of  bills,  bonds,  and  eject- 
ments ;  her  passion  becomes  as  trouble- 
some as  a  law-suit,  and  I  would  as  soon 
converse  with  my  solicitor"  (act  iii.). 

Lady  Easy,  wife  of  sir  Charles,  who 
dearly  loves  him,  and  knows  all  his 
"naughty  ways,"  but  never  shows  the 
slightest  indication  of  ill  temper  or 
jealous}'.  At  last  she  wholly  reclaims 
him. — Colley  Gibber,  The  Careless  Hus- 
band (1704). 

Eberson  (Earl),  the  young  son  of 
William  de  la  Marck  *'  The  Wild  Boar  of 
Ardennes." — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin  Dur- 
v:ard  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Eblis,  monarch  of  the  spirits  of  evil. 
Once  an  angel  of  light,  but,  refusing  to 
worship  Adam,  he  lost  his  high  estate. 
Before  his  fall  he  was  called  Aza'zel. 
The  Koran  says:  "When We  [God]  said 
unto  the  angels,  'Worship  Adam,'  they 
all  worshipped  except  Eblis,  who  refused 
.  .  .  and  became  of  the  number  of  un- 
believers "  (ch.  ii.). 

His  person  was  that  of  a  young  man,  whose  noble  and 
regular  feature  seemed  to  have  been  tarnished  by  malig- 
nant vapours.  In  his  large  eyes  appeared  both  jiride  and 
despair.  His  flowing  hair  retained  some  resemblance  to 
that  of  an  angel  of  light.  In  his  hand  (which  thunder  had 
blasted)  he  swayed  the  iron  sceptre  that  causes  the  afrits 
and  all  the  powers  of  the  abyss  to  tremble.— W.  Beckford, 
Vathek  (1784). 

Ebon  Spear  (Knight  of  the),  Brito- 
mart,  daughter  of  king  Ryence  of  Wales. 
— Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  (1690). 

Ebraue,  son  of  Mempric  (son  of  Guen- 
dblen  and  Madden)  mythical  king  of  Eng- 
land. He  built  Kaer-brauc  lYork],  about 
the  time  that  David  reigned  in  Judea. — 
Geoffrey,  British  History,  ii.  7  (1142). 

By  Ebrauk's  powerful  hand 
York  lifts  her  towers  aloft. 

Drayton,  PolyolUon,  viii.  (1612). 

Ebu'dsB,  the  Hebrides. 

Ecclesiastical  History  (The 
Fathet  of),  Eusebius   of   Gsesarea   (264- 

840). 

*^*  His  Historia  Ecclesiastica,  in  ten 
books,  begins  with  the  birth  of  Christ  and 
concludes  with  the  defeat  of  Licinius  by 
Constantine,  a.d.  324. 


%, 


Eclieph'ron,   an   old    soldier,  who 
rebuked  the  advisers  of  king  Picrochole 
3  syl.),  by  relating  to  them  the  fable  of 
le  Man  and  his  Ha'p'orth  of  Milk.  Tha 
fable  is  as  follows  : — 

A  shoemaker  bought  a  ha'poth  of  milk  ;  with  this  he 
was  going  to  make  butter  ;  tlie  butter  was  to  buy  a  cow  ; 
the  cow  was  to  have  a  calf  ;  the  calf  was  to  be  changed  for 
a  colt;  and  the  man  was  to  become  a  nabob;  only  he 
cracked  his  jug,  spilt  his  milk,  and  went  supperless  to  bed. 
—Rabelais.  FarUayruel,  i.  33  (1533). 

This  fable  is  told  in  the  Arabian  Nights 
("The  Barber's  Fifth  Brother,  Alnas- 
char").  Lafontaine  has  put  it  into  verse, 
Perrette  et  le  Pot  au  Lait.  Dodsley  has  the 
same.  The  Milk-maid  and  her  Pail  of  Milk. 

Echo,  in  classic  poetry,  is  a  female, 
and  in  English  also ;  but  in  Ossian  echo  is 
called  "  the  son  of  the  rock." — Songs  of 
Selma. 

Eck'hart  {Ths  Faithful),  a  good 
servant,  who  perishes  to  save  his  master's 
children  from  the  mountain  fiends. — Louis 
Tieck. 

(Carlvle  has  tran'Slated  this  tale  into 
English.) 

Eelecta,  the  "Elect"  personified  in 
The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Flet- 
cher. She  is  the  daughter  of  Intellect 
and  Voletta  [free-will),  and  ultimately 
becomes  the  bride  of  Jesus  Christ,  "the 
bridegroom  "  (canto  xii.,  1633). 

But  let  the  Kentish  lad  [Phinea*  Fletcher] 
.  .  .  that  sung  and  crowned 
Eclecta's  h>Tnen  with  ten  thousand  flowers 
Of  choicest  praise  ...  be  the  sweet  pipe. 

Giles  Fletcher,  Chritfi  THumph,  etc.  (1610). 

Ecne'pbia,  a  hurricane,  similar  to  • 
typhoon. 

The  circling  Typhon,  whirled  from  point  to  point, . 
And  dire  Ecncphia  reign. 

Thomson,  The  Seatoms  ("  Summer,    1727). 

Ecole  des  Femmes,  a  comedy 
Moli^re,  the  plot  of  which  is  borrow* 
from  the  novelletti  of  Ser  Giovanni  (1378) 

Ector  (Sir),  "lord  of  many  parts 
England  and  Wales,  and  foster-father 
prince  Arthur."  His  son,  sir  Key  or  Ka; 
was  seneschal  or  steward  of  Arthur  wh 
he  became  king. — Sir  T.  Malory,  Histi 
of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  3  (1470). 

*^*  Sir  Ector  and  sir  Ector  de  Ma: 
were  two  distinct  persons. 

Ector  de  Maris  (Sir),  brother  " 
sir  Launcelot"  of  Benwick,  i.e.  Brittany. 

Then  sir  Ector  threw  his  shield,  his  sword,  and  his  helm 
from  hhn,  and.  .  .  he  fell  down  in  a  swoon  ;  and  when  h« 
awaked,  it  were  h.ird  for  any  tongue  to  tell  lUe  doleful 
complaints  [lament ati(ms'iX\\nt  he  nuide  for  his  broinefi 
"Ah,  sir  lAuncelot "  said  b»  -head  of  all  Chiisti&o 
knights."  .  .  .  etc.— Sir  T.  Malory,  Uiitory  cj  Prt 
Arthur,  iii.  176  (1470). 


1 


EDEN. 


285 


EDINA. 


^ (The  Garden  of).    There  is  a 

region  of  Bavaria  so  called,  because,  like 
Eden,  it  is  watered  by  four  streams,  viz., 
the  White  Maine,  the  Eger,  the  Saalle, 
and  the  Naabe. 

In  the  Koran  the  word  Eden  means 
"  everlasting  abode."  Thus  in  ch.  ix.  we 
read,  "  God  promiseth  to  true  believers 
gardens  of  perpetual  abode,"  literally 
"  gardens  of  Eden." 

Eden^  in  America.  A  dismal  swamp, 
the  climate  of  which  generally  proved 
fatal  to  the  poor  dupes  who  Avere  induced 
to  settle  there  through  the  swindling 
transactions  of  general  Scadder  and 
general  Choke.  So  dismal  and  dan- 
gerous was  the  place,  that  oven  Mark 
Tapley  was  satisfied  to  have  found  at  last 
a  place  where  he  could  "  come  out  jolly 
with  credit." — C.  Dickens,  Martin  C/iuz- 
zlewit  (1844). 

Eden  of  Germany  {Das  Eden 
Deutschlands) .  Baden  is  so  called  on 
account  of  its  mountain  scenery,  its 
extensive  woods,  its  numerous  streams, 
its  mild  climate,  and  its  fertile  soil. 
The  valley  of  Treisam,  in  the  graud- 
duchy,  is  locally  called  "  Hell  Valley" 
{HoUenthall).  Between  this  and  the  lake 
Constance  lies  what  is  called  "  The 
Kingdom  of  Heaven." 

Edenhall  {Tlie  Luck  of),  an  old 
painted  goblet,  left  by  the  fairies  on  St. 
Cuthbert's  Well  in  the  garden  of  Eden- 
hall. The  superstition  is  that  if  ever  this 
goblet  is  lost  or  broken,  there  will  be  no 
more  luck  in  the  family.  The  goblet  is 
in  the  possession  of  sir  Christopher  Mus- 
grave,  bart.,  Edenhall,  Cumberland. 

■^V'"'  Longfellow  has  a  poem  on  The  Luck 
of  Edenhall,  translated  from  Uhland. 

Edgar  (959-775),  "king  of  all  the 
English,"  was  not  crowned  till  he  had 
reigned  thirteen  years  (a.d.  973).  Then 
the  ceremony  was  performed  at  Bath. 
After  this  he  sailed  to  Chester,  and  eight 
of  his  vassal  kings  came  with  their  fleets 
to  pay  him  homage,  and  swear  fealty  to 
him  by  land  and  sea.  The  eight  are 
Kenneth  {king  of  Soots),  Malcolm  {of 
Cumberland),  Maccus  {of  the  Isles),  and 
five  Welsh  princes,  whose  names  were 
Dufnal,  Siferth,  Huwal,  Jacob,  and 
Juchil.  The  eight  kings  rowed  Edgar  in 
a  boat  (while  he  acted  as  steersman) 
from  Chester  to  St.  John's,  where  they 
offered  prayer,  and  then  returned. 

At  Chester,  while  he  [Edyar]  lived,  at  more  than  kingly 

cUarge, 
Kght  tributary  kings  there  rowed  him  in  his  barg<j. 

TJraytou,  I'olj/olbion,  xii.  (1613). 


Edgar,  son  of  Gloucester,  and  his 
lawful  heir.  He  was  disinherited  by 
Edmund,  natural  son  of  the  earl. — Shake- 
speare, King  Lear  (1605). 

*^*  This  was  one  of  the  characters  of 
Kobert  Wilks  (1(570-1732),  and  also  of 
Charles  Kemble  (1774-1854). 

Edgar,  master  of  Ravenswood,  son  of 
Allan  of  Ravenswood  (a  decayed  Scotch 
nobleman).  Lucy  Ashton,  being  attacked 
by  a  wild  bull,  is  saved  by  Edgar,  who 
shoots  it ;  and  the  two,  falling  in  love  with 
each  other,  plight  their  mutual  troth,  and 
exchange  love-tokens  at  the  "Mermaid's 
Fountain."  While  Edgar  is  absent  in 
France  on  State  affairs,  sir  William  Ash- 
ton, being  deprived  of  his  office  as  lord 
keeper,  is  induced  to  promise  his  daugh- 
ter Lucy  in  marriage  to  Frank  Hayston, 
laird  of  Bucklaw,  and  they  are  married ; 
but  next  morning,  Bucklaw  is  found 
wounded,  and  the  bride  hidden  in  the 
chimney-corner,  insane.  Lucy  dies  in 
convulsions,  but  Bucklaw  recovers  and 
goes  abroad.  Edgar  is  lost  in  the  quick- 
sands at  Kelpies  Flow,  in  accordance  with 
an  ancient  prophecy. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride 
of  Lammermoor  (time,  William  HL). 

*^*  In  the  opera,  Edgar  is  made  to  stab 
himself. 

Edgar,  an  attendant  on  prince  Robert 
of  Scotland.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henrj'  IV.). 

Edgardo,  master  of  Ravenswood,  in 
love  with  Lucia  di  Lammermoor  \^Lucy 
Ashtonl.  While  absent  in  France  on 
State  affairs,  the  lady  is  led  to  believe 
him  faithless,  and  consents  to  marry  the 
laird  of  Bucklaw ;  but  she  stabs  him  ou 
the  bridal  night,  goes  mad,  and  dies. 
Edgardo  also  stabs  himself. — Donizetti, 
Lucia  di  Lammermoor  (1835). 

***  In  the  novel  called  The  Bride  of 
Lammermoor,  by  sir  W.  Scott,  Edgar  is 
lost  in  the  quicksands  at  Kelpies  Flow,  in 
accordance  with  an  ancient  prophecy. 

Edgeworth  {L'Abbe),  who  attended 
Louis  XVI.  to  the  scaffold,  was  called 
"  Mons.  de  Firmount,"  a  corruption  of 
Fairymount,  in  Longford  (Ireland),  where 
the  Edgeworths  had  extensive  domains. 

Edging  {Mistress),  a  prying,  mischief- 
making  waiting-woman,  in  The  Careless 
Husband,  by  Colley  Gibber  (1704). 

Edi'na,  a  poetical  form  of  the  word 
Ediuburg.  It  was  first  employed  by 
Buchanan  (1500-1582). 

Ami  pale  E-lina  shudderesd  at  the  sound. 
Byron,  £ngluh  Bard*  and  Scotch  Reviewer*  (1808). 


EDINBURG. 


286 


EDWARD  STREET. 


Edinburg,  a  corruption  of  Edwins- 
burg,  the  fort  built  by  Edwin  king  of 
Northumbria  (816-633). 

*^*  Dun-Edin  or  Dunedin  is  a  mere 
translation  of  Edinburg. 

Edith,  daughter  of  Baldwin  the 
tutor  of  Rollo  and  Otto  dukes  of  Nor- 
mandy.— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  I'he 
Bloody  Brother  (1639). 

E'dithy  the  "maid  of  Lorn"  {Argyll- 
shire), was  on  the  point  of  being  married 
to  lord  Ronald,  when  Robert,  Edward, 
and  Isabel  Bruce  sought  shelter  at  the 
castle.  Edith's  brother  recognized  Robert 
Bruce,  and  being  in  the  English  interest, 
a  quarrel  ensued.  The  abbot  refused  to 
marry  the  bridal  pair  amidst  such  dis- 
cord. Edith  fled,  and  in  the  character  of 
a  page  had  many  adventures,  but  at  the 
restoration  of  peace,  after  the  battle  of 
Bannockburn,  was  duly  married  to  lord 
Ronald.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Lord  of  the  Isles 
(1815). 

Edith  {The  lady),  mother  of  Athel- 
stane  "  the  Unready "  (thane  of  Con- 
jngsburgh). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Edith  [Granger],  daughter  of  the 
Hon.  Mrs.  Skewton,  married  at  the  age  of 
J 8  to  colonel  Granger  of  "  Ours,"  who 
died  within  two  years,  when  Edith  and 
bor  mother  lived  as  adventuresses.  Edith 
became  Mr.  Dombey's  second  wife,  but 
the  marriage  was  altogether  an  unhappy 
one,  and  she  eloped  with  Mr.  Carker  to 
Dijon,  where  she  left  him,  having  taken 
this  foolish  step  merely  to  annoy  her 
husband  for  the  slights  to  which  he  had 
subjected  her.  On  leaving  Carker  she 
went  to  live  with  her  cousin  Feenix,  in  the 
south  of  England. — C.  Dickens,  Bombey 
and  Son  (1846). 

Edith  Plan tagenet  {The  lady), 
called  "The  Fair  Muid  of  Anjou,"  a 
kinswoman  of  Richard  I.,  and  attendant 
on  queen  Berenga'ria.  She  married 
David  earl  of  Huntingdon  (prince  royal 
of  Scotland),  and  is  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  The  Talisman  (1826). 

Edmund,  natural  son  of  the  earl 
of  Gloucester.  Both  Goneril  and  Regan 
(daughters  of  king  Lear)  were  in  love 
with  him.  Regan,  on  the  death  of  her 
husband,  designed  to  marry  Edmund, 
but  Gonerii,  out  of  jealousy,  poisoned  her 
sister  Regan. — Shakespeare,  King  Lear 
(1606). 

Edo'nian  £and  {The),  the  priest- 


esses and  other  ministers  of  Bacchus,  so 
called  from  Edo'nus,  a  mountain  of 
Thrace,  where  the  rites  of  the  wine-god 
were  celebrated. 

Accept  the  rites  your  bounty  well  may  claim, 
Hot  heed  the  scofflngs  of  tb'  Edonian  band. 

Akenside,  Hymn  to  the  ^^aUidt  (1767). 

Edric,  a  domestic  at  Hereward's 
barracks. — Sir  \V.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Edward,  brother  of  Hereward  the 
Varangian  guard.  He  was  slain  in 
battle. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Jiobert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Edward  {Sir).  He  commits  a  murder, 
and  keeps  a  narrative  of  the  transaction 
in  an  iron  chest.  Wilford,  a  young  man 
who  acts  as  his  secretary,  was  one  day 
caught  prying  into  this  chest,  and  sir 
Edward's  first  impulse  was  to  kill  him ; 
but  on  second  thoughts  he  swore  the 
young  man  to  secrecy,  and  told  him  the 
story  of  the  murder.  Wilford,  unable  to 
live  under  the  suspicious  eye  of  sir 
Edward,  ran  away ;  but  was  hunted  down 
by  Edward,  and  accused  of  robbery.  The 
whole  transaction  now  became  public,  and 
Wilford  was  acquitted. — G.  Colman,  The 
Iron  Chest  (1796). 

*^*  This  drama  is  based  on  Goodwin's 
novel  of  Caleb  Williams.  "Williams" 
is  called  Wilford  in  the  drama,  and 
"  Falkland  "  is  called  sir  Edward. 

Sowerby,  whose  mind  Avas  always  in  a  ferment,  was 
■wont  to  commit  the  most  ridiculous  mistakes.  Thus 
when  "sir  Edward  "  says  to  "  Wilford,"  "  Vou  may  have 
noticed  in  my  library  a  chest,"  he  transposed  the  words 
thus  :  "  You  may  have  noticed  in  my  chest  a  library,"  and 
the  house  was  convulsed  with  laughter.— Russell,  licpre' 
tentative  Actors  (appendix), 

Edward  II.,  a  tragedy  by  C.  Mar- 
lowe (1692),  imitated  by  Shakespeare  in 
his  Richard  II.  (1597).  Probably  most 
readers  would  prefer  Marlowe's  nob' 
tragedy  to  Shakespeare's. 

Edward  IV.  of  England,  int; 
duced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  his  novel  entitl 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (1829). 

Edward  the  Black  Prince,  a 

tragedy  by  W.  Shirley  (1640).  The  sub- 
ject of  this  drama  is  the  victory  of 
Poitiers. 

Yes,  PhiUp  lost  the  battle  [Cresspl  with  the  odds 
Of  three  to  one.     In  this  [J'oitiersl .  .  . 
They  have  our  numbers  more  than  twelve  times  told. 
If  we  can  trust  report. 

Act  iii.  2. 

Edward  Street  (Cavendish  Square, 
London),    is    so    called    from    EdAvard 
second  earl  of    Oxford  and    Mortim 
(See  Henrietta  Street.) 


1 


irq 

1 


EDWIDGE. 


287 


EGEUS. 


Ed'vvidge,  wife  of  William  Tell. — 
Rossini,  Gttglielmo  Tell  (1829). 

Edwin  "  the  minstrel,"  a  youth  living 
in  romantic  seclusion,  with  a  great  thirst 
for  knowledge.  He  lived  in  Gothic  days 
in  the  north  countrie,  and  fed  his  flocks 
on  Scotia's  mountains. 

And  yet  poor  Edwin  was  no  vulgar  boy, 
Deep  thought  oft  seemed  to  fix  his  infant  eye. 

Dainties  he  lieeded  not,  nor  gaude,  nor  toy, 
Save  one  short  pipe  of  nidrst  minstrelsy ; 

Silent  when  glad,  affectionate,  yet  shy ;  .  .  . 

And  now  he  laughed  aloud,  yet  none  linew  why. 

The  neiglibours  stared  and  sighed,  yet  blessed  the  lad  ; 

Some  ileemed  him  wondrous  wise,  and  some  believed 
him  mad. 

Beatle,  The  Mimtrel,  i.  (1773). 

Edwin  and  Angeli'na.  Angelina 
was  the  daughter  of  a  wealthy  lord, 
"  beside  the  Tyne."  Her  hand  was 
sought  in  marriage  by  many  suitors, 
amongst  whom  was  Edwin,  "who  had 
neither  wealth  nor  power,  but  he  had 
both  wisdom  and  worth."  Angelina 
loved  him,  but  "trifled  with  him,"  and 
Edwin,  in  despair,  left  her,  and  retired 
from  the  world.  One  day,  Angelina,  in 
boy's  clothes,  asked  hospitality  at  a 
hermit's  cell ;  she  was  kindly  enter- 
tained, told  her  tale,  and  the  hermit 
proved  to  be  EdAvin.  From  that  hour 
they  never  parted  more. — Goldsmith,  The 
Hermit. 

A  correspondent  accuses  me  of  having  taken  this 
ballad  fron\  The  Friar  of  Orders  Gray  .  .  .  but  if  there 
is  any  resemblance  between  the  two,  Mr.  Percy's  ballad 
is  tJiken  from  mine.  I  read  my  ballad  to  Mr.  Percy,  and 
he  toid  me  afterwards  tli.-vt  he  had  taken  my  plan  to 
form  the  fragments  of  Shakespeare  into  a  ballad  of  his 
own.— Signed,  0.  Goldsmith,  1767. 

Edwin  and  Emma.  Emma  was 
a  rustic  beauty  of  Stanemore,  who  loved 
Edwin  "the  pride  of  swains;"  but 
Edwin's  sister,  out  of  envy,  induced  his 
father,  "a  sordid  man,"  to  forbid  any 
intercourse  between  Edwin  and  the 
cottage.  Edwin  pined  away,  and  being 
on  the  point  of  death,  requested  he  might 
be  allowed  to  see  Emma.  She  came  and 
said  to  him,  "  My  Edwin,  live  for  me  ; " 
but  on  her  way  home  she  heard  the  death 
bell  toll.  She  just  contrived  to  reach  her 
cottage  door,  cried  to  her  mother,  "  He's 
gone  !"  and  fell  down  dead  at  her  feet.— 
Mallet,  Edwin  and  £mma  (a  ballad). 

Ed'yrn,  son  of  Nudd.  He  ousted  the 
earl  of  Yn'iol  from  his  earldom,  and  tried 
to  win  E'nid  the  earl's  daughter,  but 
failing  in  this,  became  the  evil  genius 
of  the  gentle  earl.  Ultimately,  being 
sent  to  the  court  of  king  Arthur,  he 
becanie  quite  a  changed  man— from  a 
malicious  "sparrow-hawk"  he  was  con- 


verted   into    a    courteous    gentleman.— 
Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the  King  ("  Enid  "). 

Eel.  The  best  in  the  world  are  those 
of  Ancum,  a  river  in  that  division  of 
Lincolnshire  called  Lindsey  (the  highest 
part).  The  best  pike  are  from  the 
Witham,  in  the  division  of  Lincolnshire 
called  Kesteven  (in  the  west). 

As  Kesteven  doth  boast  her  Wythjun,  eo  have  I 
My  Ancum  .  .  .  whose  fame  as  far  doth  fly 
For  fat  and  dainty  eels,  as  her'g  doth  for  her  i-ik* 
Drayton,  i'oJyolhion,  xxy.  (1622). 

Efeso  ('S'^),  a  saint  honoured  in  Pisa. 
He  was  a  lionian  officer  [Ephesusj  in  the 
service  of  Diocletian,  whose  reign  was 
marked  by  a  great  persecution  of  the 
Christians.  This  Efeso  or  Ephesus  was 
appointed  to  see  the  decree  of  the  emperor 
against  the  obnoxious  sect  carried  out  in 
the  island  of  Sardinia  ;  but  being  warned 
in  a  dream  not  to  persecute  the  servants 
of  the  Lord,  both  he  and  his  friend  Potito 
embraced  Christianity,  and  received  a 
standard  from  Michael  the  archangel 
himself.  On  one  occasion,  being  taken 
captive,  St.  Efeso  was  cast  into  a  furnace 
of  fire,  but  received  no  injury  ;  whereas 
those  who  cast  him  in  were  consumed  by 
the  flames.  Ultimately,  both  Efeso  and 
Potito  suffered  martyrdom,  and  were 
buried  in  the  island  of  Sardinia.  When, 
however,  that  island  was  conquered  by 
Pisa  in  the  eleventh  century,  the  relics  of 
the  two  martyrs  were  carried  ofl:  and 
interred  in  the  duomo  of  Pisa,  and  the 
banner  of  St.  Efeso  was  thenceforth 
adopted  as  the  national  ensign  of  Pisa. 

Egalite  (Philippe),  the  due  d'Oricans, 
father  of  Louis  Philippe  king  of  France. 
He  himself  assumed  this  "title"  when 
he  joined  the  revolutionary  party,  whose 
motto  was  "Liberty,  Fraternity,  and 
Egalite'"  (bom  1747,  guillotined  1793). 

Ege'us  (3  syL),  father  of  Her'mia. 
He  summoned  her  before  The'seus  (2  syl.) 
duke  of  Athens,  because  she  refused  to 
marry  Demetrius,  to  whom  he  had  pro- 
mised her  in  marriage  ;  and  he  requested 
that  she  might  either  be  compelled  to  marry 
him  or  else  be  dealt  with  "  according  to 
the  law,"  i.e.  "  either  to  die  the  death," 
or  else  to  "endure  the  livery  of  a  nun, 
and  live  a  barren  sister  all  her  life." 
Hermia  refused  to  submit  to  an  "un- 
wished yoke,"  and  fled  from  Athens  with 
Lysander.  Demetrius,  seeing  that  Hermia 
disliked  him  but  that  Hel'ena  doted  on 
him,  consented  to  abandon  the  one  and 
wed  the  other.  When  Egeus  was  in- 
formed thereof,  he  withdrew  his  summoni, 


EGIL. 


EINERIAR. 


aad  gave  his  consent  to  the  union  of  his 
daoghter  with  Lj'sander. — Shakespeare, 
Midsummer  NujhVs  Dream  (1592). 

*^*  S.  Knowles,  in  The  Wife,  makes 
the  plot  turn  on  a  pimilar  "law  of 
marriage  "  (1833). 

E'gil,  brother  of  Weland ;  a  great 
archer.  One  day,  king  Nidung  com- 
manded him  to  shoot  at  an  apple  placed 
on  the  head  of  his  own  son.  Egil  selected 
two  arrows,  and  being  asked  why  he 
wanted  two,  replied,  '*  One  to  shoot  thee 
with,  O  tyrant,  if  I  fail." 

(This  is  one  of  the  many  stories  similar 
to  that  of  William  Tell,  q.v.) 

Egilo'na,  the  wife  of  Roderick  last 
of  the  Gothic  kings  of  Spain.  She  was 
very  beautiful,  but  cold-hearted,  vain, 
and  fond  of  pomp.  After  the  fall  of 
Roderick,  Egilona  married  Abdal-Aziz, 
the  Moorish  governor  of  Spain ;  and  when 
Abdal-Aziz  was  killed  by  the  Moorish 
rebels,  Egilona  fell  also. 

The  popular  rage 
Fell  on  them  both  ;  and  they  to  whom  her  name 
H;ui  iK'en  a  mark  for  mockery  and  reproach. 
Shuddered  with  human  horror  at  her  fate. 

Southey,  HodeHck,  etc.,  xxiL  (1814). 

Egla,  a  female  Moor,  servant  to 
Amaranta  (wife  of  Bar'tolus,  the  covetous 
lawyer). — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Spanish  Curate  (1G22). 

Eg'lamour  {Sir)  or  sir  Eglamore 
of  Artoys,  a  knight  of  Arthurian  romance. 
Sir  Eglamour  and  sir  Pleindamour  have 
no  French  original,  although  the  names 
themselves  are  French. 

Eg'lamour,  the  person  who  aids  Silvia, 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Milan,  in  her 
escape. — Shakespeare,  The  Two  Gentlemen 
of  Verona  (1694). 

Eglantine  (3  syL),  daughter  of  king 
Pepin,  and  bride  of  her  cousin  Valentine 
(brother  of  Orson).  She  soon  died. — 
valentine  and  Orson  (fifteenth  century). 

Eglantine  {Madame),  the  prioress  ; 
good-natured,  wholly  ignorant  of  the 
world,  vain  of  her  delicacy  of  manner  at 
table,  and  fond  of  lap-dogs.  Her  dainty 
oath  was  "  By  Seint  Eloy  ! "'  She  "  en- 
tuned  the  service  swetely  in  her  nose," 
and  spoke  French  "after  the  scole  of 
Stratford-atte-Bowe." — Chaucer,  Canter- 
bury Tales  (1388). 

Egypt.  The  head-gear  of  the  king 
of  Upper  Egypt  was  a  high  conical  white 
cap,  terminating  in  a  knob  at  the  top. 
That  of  the  king  of  Lower  Egyj)t  was 
red.     If  a  king  ruled  over  both  countries, 


he  wore  both  caps,  but  that  of  Lower 
Egypt  was  placed  outside.  This  com- 
posite head-dress  was  called  the  pschent. 

Egypt,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  means  France. 

Egypt  and  Tyrus  iSoUimd]  intercept  your  trade. 
Part  L  (1681). 

E^ptian  Disposition  (An),  a 
thievish  propensity,  "gipsy"  being  a 
contracted  form  of  Egyptian. 

I  no  sooner  saw  it  was  money  .  .  .  than  my  E^jptian 
disposition  prevailed,  and  I  was  seized  with  a  desire  of 
stealing  it— Lesage,  GU  Bku.  x.  10  (1736). 

Egyptian  Thief  (The),  Thy  amis,  a 
nativ^e  of  Memphis.  Knowing  he  must 
die,  he  tried  to  kill  Chariclea,  the  woman 
he  loved. 

Why  should  I  not,  had  I  the  heart  to  do  It, 
Like  to  th'  Egvptuan  tliief  at  point  cf  death. 
Kill  what  Hove? 
Shakespeare,  Tu)clfth  Night,  act  v.  so.  1  (1614). 

Eighth  Wonder  (T/je).  When  Gil 
Bias  reached  Pennaflor,  a  parasite  entered 
his  room  in  the  inn,  hugged  him  with 
great  energy,  and  called  him  "  the  eighth 
wonder."  When  Gil  Bias  replied  that  he 
did  not  know  his  name  had  spread  so  far, 
the  parasite  exclaimed,  "  How  !  we  keep 
a  register  of  all  the  celebrated  names 
within  twenty  leagues,  and  have  no  doubt 
Spain  will  one  day  be  as  proud  of  you 
as  Greece  was  of  the  seven  sages."  After 
this,  Gil  Bias  could  do  no  less  than  ask 
the  man  to  sup  with  him.  Omelet  after 
omelet  was  despatched,  trout  was  called 
for,  bottle  followed  bottle,  and  when  the 
parasite  was  gorged  to  satiety,  he  rose 
and  said,  "  Signor  Gil  Bias,  don't  believe 
yourself  to  be  the  eighth  wonder  of  the 
world  because  a  hungry  man  would  feast 
by  flattering  yonr  vanity."  So  saying, 
he  stalked  away  with  a  laugh. — Lesage, 
Gil  Bias,  i.  2  (1715). 

(This  incident  is  copied  from  Aleman's 
romance  of  Guzman  d' Alfarache,  q.  v.) 

Eikon  Basil'ike  (4  syL),  the  por- 
traiture of  a  king  (i.e.  Charles  L),  once 
attributed  to  king  Charles  himself ;  but 
now  admitted  to  be  the  production  of  Dr. 
John  Gauden,  who  (after  the  restoration) 
was  first  created  bishop  of  Exeter,  and 
then  of  Worcester  (U)05--iC62). 

In  the  Eikon  Biisilike  a  strain  of  majestic  melancholy 
is  kept  up,  but  the  personated  sovereign  is  rather  too 
theatrical  for  real  nature,  the  language  is  too  rhetorical 
and  amplified,  the  periods  too  artificially  elaborated.— 
Hallani,  Literature  of  Europe,  iii.  662. 

(Milton  wrote  liis  Eikonoclastes ^  in 
answer  to  Dr.  Gauden's  Eikon  Basilikc.) 

Einer'iar,  the  hall  of  Odin,  and 
asylum  of  warriors  slain  in  battle,    it 


EINION. 


289 


ELEAZAR. 


had  540  gates,  each  sufficiently  wide  to 
admit  eight  men  abreast  to  pass  through. 
— Scandiiiavkm  Mythology. 

Einion  {Father)^  chaplain  to  Gwen- 
wyn  prince  of  Powys-land. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Tlw  Betrothed  (time,  Henrj'  II.). 

Eivir,  a  Danish  maid,  who  assumes 
boy's  clothing,  and  waits  on  Harold  "the 
Dauntless,"  as  his  page.  Subsequently, 
her  sex  is  discovered,  and  Harold  marries 
her.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Harold  the  Dauntless 
(1817). 

Elain,  sister  of  king  Arthur  by  the 
same  mother.  She  married  sir  Nentres 
of  Carlot,  and  was  by  king  Arthur  the 
mother  of  Mordred.  (See  Elein.)— Sir 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i. 
(1470). 

*t*  In  some  of  the  romances  there  is 
great  confusion  between  Elain  (the  sister) 
and  Morgause  (the  half-sister)  of  Arthur. 
Both  are  called  the  mother  of  Mordred, 
and  both  are  also  called  the  wife  of  Lot. 
This,  however,  is  a  mistake.  Elain  was 
the  wife  of  sir  Nentres,  and  Morgause  of 
Lot ;  and  if  Gawain,  Agrawain,  Gareth,  and 
GahSris  were  [half] -brothers  of  Mordred, 
as  we  are  told  over  and  over  again,  then 
Morgause  and  not  Elain  was  his  mother. 
Tennyson  makes  Bellicent  the  wife  of 
Lot,  but  this  is  not  in  accordance  with 
any  of  the  legends  collected  by  sir  T. 
Malory. 

Elaine  {Dame),  daughter  of  king 
Pelles  (2  syl.)  "  of  the  foragn  country," 
and  the  uuAvedded  mother  of  sir  Galahad 
by  sir  Launcelot  du  Lac. — Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  2  (1470). 

Elaine,  daughter  of  king  Brandeg'oris, 
by  whom  sir  Bors  de  Ganis  had  a  child. 

For  all  women  was  sir  Bors  a  virgin,  save  foi  one,  the 
daughter  of  king  Brandegoris,  on  whom  he  had  a  child, 
bight  Elaine ;  save  for  her,  sir  Bors  was  a  clean  maid. — 
Sir  T.  Malory.  UUtory  of  Prince  Arthur.  Iii.  4  (1470). 

*^*  It  is  by  no  means  clear  from  the 
history  whether  Elaine  was  the  daughter 
of  king  Brandegoris,  or  the  daughter  of 
sir  Bors  and  granddaughter  of  king 
Brandegoris. 

Elaine'  (2  syl.),  the  strong  contrast  of 
Gmnevere.  Guinevere's  love  for  Lance- 
lot was  gross  and  sensual,  Elaine's  was 
platonic  and  pure  as  that  of  a  child  ;  but 
both  were  masterful  in  their  strength. 
Elaine  is  called  "the  lily  maid  of  As'- 
tolat"  (Guildford),  and '  knowing  that 
Lancelot  was  pledged  to  celibacy,  she 
pined  and  died.  According  to  her  dying 
request,  her  dead  body  was  placed  on  a 

13 


bed  in  a  barge,  and  was  thus  convej'ed 
by  a  dumb  servitor  to  the  palace  of  king 
Arthur.  A  letter  was  handed  to  the  king, 
telling  the  tale  of  Elaine's  love,  and  the 
king  ordered  the  body  to  be  buried,  and 
her  story  to  be  blazoned  on  her  tomb. — 
Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the  King  ("  Elaine  "). 

El'amites  (3  syl.),  Persians.  So 
called  from  Elam,  son  of  Shem. 

El'berich,  the  most  famous  dwarf 
of  German  romance. — Th^;  Heldenbuch. 

El'bow,  a  well-meaning  but  loutish 
constable.  —  Shakespeare,  Measure  for 
Measure  (1603). 

Elden  Hole,  in  Derbyshire  Peak, 
said  to  be  fathomless. 

El  Dora'do,  the  "  golden  city."  So 
the  Spaniards  called  Man'hoa  of  Guia'na. 

Guiana,  whose  great  city  G«ryons  sons 
CaU  "El  Dorado." 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lott,  zi.  411  (1665). 

El'eanor,  queen-consort  of  Henrj'^  II., 
alluded  to  by  the  presbyterian  minister 
in  Woodstock,  x.  (1826). 

"  Believe  me,  young  man,  thy  servant  was  more  likely 
to  see  visions  thiui'  to  dream  idle  drejxms  in  that  apart- 
ment ;  for  I  have  alwaj-s  heard  tliat,  next  to  Rosamond's 
Bow^er,  in  which  .  .  .  she  played  the  wanton,  and  was 
afterwards  poisoned  by  queen  Eleanor.  Victor  Lee's 
chamber  wju  the  place  .  .  .  peculiarly  the  haunt  of  evil 
spirits."— Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Eleanor  Crosses,  twelve  or  four- 
teen crosses  erected  by  Edward  I.  in  the 
various  towns  where  the  body  of  his  quceu 
rested,  when  it  was  conveyed  from  11  er- 
delie,  near  Lincoln,  to  Westminster.  The 
three  that  still  remain  are  Geddington, 
Northampton,  and  Waltham. 

(In  front  of  the  Sonth-Eastem  Railway 
station.  Strand,  London,  is  a  model  of 
the  Charing  Cross,  of  the  original  dimen- 
sions.) 

Eleazar  the  Moor,  insolent,  blood- 
thirsty, lustful,  and  vindictive,  like 
"Aaron,"  in  [Shakespeare's?]  Titus  An- 
dron'icus.  The  lascivious  queen  of  Spain 
is  in  love  with  this  monster. — C.  Marlowe, 
Lust's  Dominion  or  The  Lascivious  Qu^en 
(1588). 

Elea'zar,  a  famous  mathematician,  Who 
cast  out  devils  by  tying  to  the  nose  of  the 
possessed  a  mystical  ring,  which  the 
demon  no  sooner  smelled  than  he  aban- 
doned the  victim.  He  performed  before 
the  emperor  Vespasian ;  and  to  prove  that 
something  came  out  of  the  possessed,  he 
commanded  the  demon  in  making  off  to 
upset  a  pitcher  of  water,  which  it  did. 
I  imagine  if  ElMuar'i  ring  luul  been  put  under  UmU 
V 


ELECTOR. 


290 


ELI  DURE. 


noses,  we  sjbould  have  seen  devils  issue  with  their  breath, 
CO  loud  wero  these  disputants.— Lesage.  OU  Blot,  v.  12 
(1724). 

Elector  {The  Great),  Frederick  Wil- 
liam of  Brandenburg  (1620-1688). 

!Elein«  wife  of  king  Ban  of  Benwick 

{Brittany),  and  motherof  sirLauncelotand 
sir  Lionell.  (See  Elain.) — Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  60  (1470). 

Eleven  Thousand  Virgins  ( The), 
the  virgins  who  followed  St.  Ur'sula  in 
her  flight  towards  Rome.  They  were  all 
massacred  at  Cologne  by  a  party  of  Huns, 
and  even  to  the  present  hour  "their 
bones  "  are  exhibited  to  visitors  through 
windows  in  the  wall. 

A  calendar  in  the  Freisingen  codex 
notices  them  as  "  SS.  M.  XI.  VIR- 
GINUM,"  that  is,  eleven  virgin  mar- 
tyrs;  but  "M"  (martyrs)  being  taken 
for  1000,  we  get  11,000.  It  is  furthermore 
remarkable  that  the  number  of  names 
known  of  these  virgins  is  eleven :  (1) 
Ursula,  (2)  Sencia,  (3)  Gregoria,  (4)  Pin- 
nosa,  (5)  Martha,  (6)  Saula,  (7)  Brittola, 
(8)  Satumina,  (9)  Rabacia  or  babatia,  (10) 
Saturia  or  Satiimia,  and  (11)  Palladia. 

Elfenseigen  \el.fn-si.gn']  (4  syl.) 
or  Alpleich,  that  weird  music  with  which 
Bunting,  the  pied  piper  of  Hamelin,  led 
forth  the  rats  into  the  river  Weser,  and 
the  children  into  a  cave  in  the  mountain 
Koppenberg.  The  song  of  the  sirens  is 
so  callttd. 

El'feta,  wife  of  Cambuscan'  king  of 
Tartary. 

El'flida  or  ^Ethelfl^da,  daughter 
of  king  Alfred,  and  wife  of  ^thelred 
chief  of  that  part  of  Mercia  not  claimed 
by  the  Danes.  She  was  a  woman  of 
enormous  energy  and  masculine  mind. 
At  the  death  of  her  husband,  she  ruled 
over  Mercia,  and  proceeded  to  fortify  city 
after  city,  as  Bridgenorth,  Tamworth, 
Warwick,  Hertford,  Witham,  and  so  on. 
Then,  attacking  the  Danes,  she  drove 
them  from  place  to  place,  and  kept  them 
from  molesting  her. 

When  Elflida  up-grew  .  .  . 
The  puissant  Danish  powers  victoriously  pursued, 
And  resolutely  here  thro'  their  thick  squadrons  hewed 
Her  way  into  the  nortli. 

Drayton,  PoJyolbton,  aril.  (1613). 

Elfthrythor^lfthryth,  daughter 
of  Ordgar,  noted  for  her  great  beauty. 
King  Edgar  sent  ^thelwald,  his  friend, 
to  ascertain  if  she  were  really  as  beautiful 
as  report  made  her  out  to  be.  When 
^thelwald  saw  her  he  fell  in  love  with 


her,  and  then,  returning  to  the  king,  said 
she  was  not  handsome  enough  for  the 
king,  but  was  rich  enough  to  make  a  very 
eligible  wife  for  himself.  The  king 
assented  to  the  match,  and  became  god- 
father to  the  first  child,  who  was  called 
Edgar.  One  day  the  king  told  his  friend 
he  intended  to  pay  him  a  visit,  and  iEthel- 
wald  revealed  to  his  wife  the  story  of  his 
deceit,  imploring  her  at  the  same  time  to 
conceal  her  beauty.  But  Elfthryth,  ex- 
tremely indignant,  did  all  she  could  to 
set  forth  her  beauty.  The  king  fell  in 
love  with  her,  slew  ^Ethelwald,  and  mar- 
ried the  widow. 

A  similar  story  is  told  by  Herodotus  : 
Prexaspes  being  the  lady's  name,  and 
Kambyses  the  king's. 

Elgin  Marbles,  certain  statues  and 
bag-reliefs  collected  by  lord  Elgin,  and 
purchased  of  him  by  the  British  Govern- 
ment for  £35,000,  to  be  placed  in  the 
British  Museum. 

(They  are  chiefly  fragments  of  the 
ParthSnon  of  Athens.) 

El'githa,  a  female  attendant  at 
Rothervvood  on  the  lady  Rowe'na. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

E'lia,  pseudonym  of  Charles  Lamb, 
author  of  the  Essays  of  Eiia  (1823). — 
London  Magazine. 

Eli'ab,  in  the  satire  of  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is 
Henry  Bennet,  earl  of  Arlington.  As 
Eliab  befriended  David  (1  Chron,  jcii.  9), 
so  the  earl  befriended  Charles  II. 

Hard  the  task  to  do  Eliab  right : 
long  with  the  royal  wanderer  he  roved. 
And  firm  in  all  the  turns  of  fortune  proved. 

Absalom  and  Achitophel,  ii.  (1682). 

Elian  G-od  {The),  Bacchus.  An 
error  for 'Eleuan,  i.e.  "the  god  ElSleus'* 
(3  syl.).  Bacchus  was  called  El'eleus 
from  the  Bacchic  cry,  SlSleu  ! 

As  when  with  crowned  cups  unto  the  Elian  god 
Those  priests  high  orgies  held. 

Drayton,  PolyoVnon,  vi.  (1612). 

El'idure  (3  syl.),  sumamed  "  the 
Pious,"  brother  of  Gorbonian,  and  one  of 
the  five  sons  of  Morvi'dus  {q.v.).  He 
resigned  the  crown  to  his  brother  Arth- 
gallo,  who  had  been  deposed.  Ten  years 
aftenvards,  Arthgallo  died,  and  Elidure 
was  again  advanced  to  the  throne,  but 
was  deposed  and  imprisoned  by  his  two 
younger  brothers.  At  the  death  of  these 
two  brothers,  Elidure  was  taken  from 
prison,  and  mounted  the  British  thioM 


ELIJAH  FED  BY  RAVENS. 


291 


ELMO. 


for  the   third    time. — Geoffrey,    British 
History,  iii.  17,  18  (1470). 

Then  Elidure  again,  crowned  with  applausive  praiae, 
As  he  a  brother  raised,  by  brothers  was  deposed 
And  put  into  the  Tower  .  .  .  but,  the  usurpers  dead, 
Thrice  was  the  British  crown  set  on  his  reverend  head. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

*^*  Wordsworth  has  a  poem  on  this 
subject. 

Elijah  fed  by  Ravens.  While 
Elijah  was  at  the  brook  Cherith,  in  con- 
cealment, ravens  brought  him  food  every 
morning  and  evening. — 1  Kings  xvii.  6. 

A  strange  parallel  is  recorded  of  Wyat, 
in  the  rei^n  of  Richard  IIL  The  king 
cast  him  into  prison,  and  when  he  was 
nearly  starved  to  death,  a  cat  appeared  at 
the  window-grating,  and  dropped  into  his 
hand  a  pigeon,  which  the  warder  cooked 
for  him.    This  was  repeated  daily. 

Elim,  the  guardian  angel  of  LebbSus 
(3  syl.)  the  apostle.  Lebbeus,  the  softest 
and  most  tender  of  the  twelve,  at  the 
death  of  Jesus  "  sank  under  the  burden 
of  his  grief." — Klopstock,  The  Messiah. 
iii.  (1748). 

El'ion,  consort  of  Benith,  and  ^ather 
of  Ghe. — Sanchoniathon. 

Eliot  {George),  Marian  Evans  (or 
"Mrs.  Marian  Lewes "),  author  of  ^(fam 
Bede  (1858),  Mill  on  the  Floss  (18G0), 
Silas  Marner  (1861),  etc. 

Elisa,  often  written  Eliza  in  English, 
Dido  queen  of  Carthage. 

.  .  ,  nee  me  meminisse  pigebit  EHlsts, 
Dum  memor  ipse  met,  dum  spiritus  hos  reget  artus. 
VirgU,  .£neid,  iv.  335,  336. 
So  to  Eliza  dawned  that  cruel  day 
Which  tore  ^ueas  from  her  sight  away, 
That  saw  him  parting,  never  to  return, 
Herself  in  funeral  flames  decreed  to  bum. 

Falconer,  The  HJUpwreck,  iii  4  (1756). 

Elis'abat,  a  famous  surgeon,  who 
attended  queen  Madasi'ma  in  all  her 
solitary  wanderings,  and  was  her  sole 
companion.— .4ffjaofts  de  Gaul  (fifteenth 
century). 

^isabetti  ou  Las  Exiles  de 
Siberie,  a  tale  by  Madame  Cottin 
(1773-1807).  The  family  being  exiled 
for  some  political  offence,  J^lizabeth 
walked  all  tlie  way  from  Siberia  to 
Russia,  to  crave  pardon  of  the  czar.  She 
obtained  her  prayer,  and  the  family 
returned. 

Eliae  (2  syl.),  the  motherless  child  of 
Harpagon  the  miser.  She  was  affianced 
to  Valere,  by  whom  she  had  been 
"  rescued  from  the  waves."  Valere  turns 
out  to  be  the  son  of  don  Thomas  d' Alburci, 


a  wealthy  nobleman  of  Naples. — Molibre^ 
L'Avare  (1667). 

Elis'sa,  step-sister  of  Medi'na  and 
Perissa.  They  could  never  agree  upon 
any  subject.— Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii. 
2  (1590). 

" Medina  "  (the  golden  mean),  " Elissa  " 
and  "  Perissa"  {the  two  extremes). 

Elixir  VitaB,  a  drug  which  was  once 
thought  would  ensure  perpetual  life  and 
health. 

He  that  has  once  the  "  Flower  of  the  Suu," 

The  perfect  Ruby  which  we  call  elixir, 

...  by  its  virtue 

Can  confer  honour,  love,  respect,  long  life. 

Give  safety,  valour,  yea  and  victory. 

To  whom  lie  will.     In  eight  and  twenty  d.iys 

He'll  make  an  old  man  of  fourscore  a  child. 

Ben  Jonsou,  The  Alchemut,  ii.  (ICIO). 

Elizabeth  {The  queen),  haughty, 
imperious,  but  devoted  to  her  people. 
She  loved  the  earl  of  Essex,  and,  when 
she  heard  that  he  was  married  to  the 
countess  of  Rutland,  exclaimed  that  she 
never  "  knew  sorrow  before."  The  queen 
gave  Essex  a  ring  after  his  rebellion, 
saying,  "  Here,  from  my  finger  take  this 
ring,  a  pledge  of  mercy  ;  and  whensoe'er 
you  send  it  back,  I  swear  that  I  will 
grant  whatever  boon  you  ask."  After 
his  condemnation,  Essex  sent  the  ring  to 
the  queen  by  the  countess  of  Nottingham, 
craving  that  her  most  gracious  majesty 
would  spare  the  life  of  lord  Southampton ; 
but  the  countess,  from  jealousy,  did  not 
give  it  to  the  queen.  However,  the  queen 
sent  a  reprieve  for  Essex,  but  Burleigh 
took  care  that  it  came  too  late,  and  the 
earl  was  beheaded  as  a  traitor. — Henry 
Jones,  The  Earl  of  Essex  (1745). 

Elizabeth  {Queen),  introduced  by  sir 
W.  Scott  in  his  novel  called  Kenilworth. 

Elizabeth  of  Hungary  {St.)^ 
patron  saint  of  queens,  being  herself  a 
queen.     Her  day  is  July  9  (12U7-1231). 

EUesmere  {Mistress),  the  head 
domestic  of  lady  Pevertl. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.)... 

Elliott  {Hobbie,  i.e.  Halbert),  farmer  at 
the  Hcugh-f  oot.  His  bride-elect  is  Graca 
Armstrong. 

Mrs.  Elliott,  Hobbie's  grandmother. 

John  and  Harry,  Hobbie's  brothers. 

Lilias,  Jean,  and  Arnot,  Hobbie's 
sisters. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Black  Dwarf 
(time,  Anne). 

Elmo  {St.).  The  fire  of  St.  Elmo 
{Feu  de  Saint  Elme),  a  comazant.  If 
ocly  one  appears  on  a  ship-mast,  foul 
weather  is  at  hand ;  but  if  two  or  more. 


ELOA. 


292 


ELVINO. 


they  indicate  that  stormy  weather  is 
about  to  cease.  By  the  Italians  these 
comazants  are  called  the  "fires  of  St. 
Peter  and  St.  Nicholas."  In  Latin  the 
single  fire  is  called  *'  Helen,"  but  the 
two  "Castor  and  Pollux."  Horace  says 
(Od^s,  I.  xii.  27): 

Quorum  simul  alba  nautls  stella  refulsit, 
Defluit  saxis  agitatiis  humor, 
Concidunt  venti,  fugiuntque  nubes,  etc. 

But  Longfellow  makes  the  stella  indi- 
cative of  foul  weather : 

last  night  I  saw  St.  Elmo's  stars, 

With  their  glimmering  lanterns  all  at  play  .  .  . 

And  I  knew  we  should  have  foul  weather  to-day. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend, 

(St.  Elmo  is  the  patron  saint  of  sailors.) 

Elo'a,  the  first  of  seraphs.  His  name 
with  God  is  "The  Chosen  One,"  but  the 
angels  call  him  Eloa.  Eloa  and  Gabriel 
were  angel  friends. 

Eloa,  fairest  spirit  of  heaven.  His  thoughts  are  past 
understanding  to  tiie  mind  of  man.  His  looks  more 
lovely  tlian  the  day-spring,  more  beaming  than  the  stars 
of  heaven  when  tiiey  first  flew  into  being  at  the  voice  of 
the  Creator.— Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  i.  (1748). 

Eloi  {St.),  that  is,  St.  Louis.  The 
kings  of  France  were  called  Loys  up  to 
the  time  of  Louis  XIII.  Probably  the 
"delicate  oath"  of  Chaucer's  prioress, 
who  was  a  French  scholar  "after  the 
Bcole  of  Stratford-atte-BoAve,"  was  St. 
Loy,  i.e.  St.  Louis,  and  not  St.  Eloi  the 
patron  saint  of  smiths  and  artists.  St. 
Eloi  was  bishop  of  Noyon  in  the  reign  of 
Dagobert,  and  a  noted  craftsman  in  gold 
and  silver.  (Query,  "Seint  Eloy"  for 
Seinte  Loy  ?) 

Ther  was  also  a  nonne,  a  prioresse, 

Tliat  of  hire  smiling  was  full  simp'  and  coy, 

Hire  greatest  othe  n'as  but  by  Seint  Eloy  I 

Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tale*  (1388). 

El'ops.  There  was  a  fish  so  called,  but 
Milton  uses  the  word  {Paradise  Lost,  x. 
525)  for  the  dumb  serpent  or  serpent 
which  gives  no  warning  of  its  approach 
by  hissing  or  otherwise.  (Greek,  ellops, 
"mute or  dumb.") 

Eloquence  ( The  Four  Monarchs  of) : 
(1)  DemosthCnes,  the  Greek  orator  (n.c. 
385-322) ;  (2)  Cicero,  the  Roman  orator 
(B.C.  106-43);  (3)  Sadi,  the  Persian 
(1184-1263);  (4)  Zoroaster  (b.c.  589- 
613). 

Eloquent  {That  Old  Man),  Isoc'rates, 
the  Greek  orator.  When  he  heard  that 
the  battle  of  Chaerone'a  was  lost,  and  that 
Greece  was  no  longer  free,  he  died  of 
grief. 

That  dishonest  victory 
At  Chaeronea,  fatal  to  liberty. 
Killed  with  report  that  Old  Man  Eloquent 

Atilfeon,  Sonnet,  U. 


(This  victor}'  v/as  gained  by  Philip  of 
MacSdon.  Called  "dishonest"  because 
bribery  and  corruption  were  employed.) 

Eloquent  Doctor  {The),  Peter 
Aureolus,  archbishop  of  Aix  (fourteenth 
century). 

Elpi'nus,  Hope  personified.  He  was 
"clad  in  sky-like  blue,"  and  the  motto 
of  his  shield  was  "  I  hold  by  being  held." 
He  went  attended  by  Pollic'ita  {promise). 
Fully  described  in  canto  ix.  (Greek, 
elpis,  "hope.") — Phineas  Fletcher,  The 
Ftirple  Island  (1633). 

Elshender  the  Recluse,  called 
"The  Canny  Elshie"  or  the  "Wise 
Wight  of  Mucklestane  Moor."  This  is 
"the  black  dwarf,"  or  sir  Edward 
Mauley,  the  hero  of  the  novel. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Black  Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Elsie,  the  daughter  of  Gottlieb,  a 
cottage  farmer  of  Bavaria.  Prince  Henry 
of  Hoheneck,  being  struck  with  leprosy, 
was  told  he  would  never  be  cured  till  a 
maiden  chaste  and  spotless  offered  to 
give  her  life  in  sacrifice  for  him.  Elsie 
volunteered  to  die  for  the  prince,  and  he 
accompanied  ber  to  Salerno ;  but  either 
the  exercise,  the  excitement,  or  some 
charm,  no  matter  what,  had  quite  cured 
the  prince,  and  when  he  entered  the 
cathedral  with  Elsie,  it  was  to  make  her 
lady  Alicia,  his  bride. — Hartmann  von 
der  Aue,  Poor  Henry  (twelfth  century) ; 
Longfellow,  Golden  Legend. 

*^*  Alcestis,  daughter  of  Pelias  and 
wife  of  Admetos,  died  instead  of  her 
husband,  but  was  brought  back  by  Her- 
cules from  the  shades  below,  and  restored 
to  her  husband. 

Elspeth  {Axdd),  the  old  servant  of 
Dandie  Dinmont  the  store-farmer  at 
Charlie's  Hope.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Elspeth  {Old)  of  the  Craigburnfoot, 
the  mother  of  Saunders  Mucklebacket 
(the  old  fisherman  at  Musselcrag),  and 
formerly  servant  to  the  countess  of 
Glenallan. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiqmry 
(time,  George  III.). 

Elvi'no,  a  Aveal  thy  farmer,  in  love  with 
Ami'na  the  somnambulist.  Amina  being 
found  in  the  bedroom  of  conte  Rodolf o  the 
day  before  her  wedding,  induces  Elvino 
to  break  off  the  match  and  promise 
marriage  to  Lisa  ;  but  as  the  truth  of  the 
matter  breaks  in  upon  him,  and  he  is 
convinced  of  Amina's  innocence,  he  turns 
over  Lisa  to  Alessio,  her  paramour,  and 


ELVIRA. 


293 


EMILE. 


"marries  Amina,  his  first  and  only  love. — 
Bellini's  opera,  La  Sonnambula  (1831). 

Elvi'ra,  sister  of  don  Duart,  and 
niece  of  the  governor  of  Lisbon.  She 
nmrries  Clodio,  the  coxcomb  son  of  don 
Antonio. — C.  Gibber,  Love  Makes  a  Man. 

Llvi'ra,  the  young  wife  of  Gomez,  a 
rich  old  banker.  She  carries  on  a  liaison 
with  colonel  Lorenzo,  by  the  aid  of  her 
father-confessor  Dominick,  but  is  always 
checkmated,  and  it  turns  out  that  Lorenzo 
is  her  brother. — Dryden,  The  Spanish 
Fryar  (1680). 

Elvi'ra,  a  noble  lady,  who  gives  up 
everything  to  become  the  mistress  of 
Pizarro.  She  tries  to  soften  his  rude  and 
cruel  nature,  and  to  lead  him  into  more 
generous  ways.  Her  love  being  changed 
to  hate,  she  engages  Rolla  to  slay  Pizarro 
in  his  t«nt ;  but  the  noble  Peruvian  spares 
his  enemy,  and  makes  him  a  friend. 
Ultimately,  Pizarro  is  slain  in  fight  with 
Alonzo,  and  Elvira  retires  to  a  convent, — 
Sheridan,  Pizarro  (altered  from  Kotzebue, 
1799). 

EMra  (Donna),  a  lady  deceived  by 
don  Giovanni,  who  basely  deluded  her 
into  an  amour  with  his  valet  Leporello. — 
Mozart's  opera,  Don  Giovanni  (1787). 

Elvi'ra  "  the  puritan,"  daughter  of 
lord  Walton,  betrothed  to  Arturo  (lord 
Arthur  Talbot),  a  cavalier.  On  the  day  of 
espousals  the  young  man  aids  Enrichetta 
{Henrietta,  wvdowof  Charles  I.)  to  escape, 
and  Elvira,  thinking  he  has  eloped  with 
a  rival,  temporarily  loses  her  reason. 
Cromwell's  soldiers  arrest  Arturo  for 
treason,  but  he  is  subsequently  pardoned, 
and  marries  Elvira. — Bellini's  opera,  / 
Furitani  (1834). 

EMra,  a  lady  in  love  with  Ema'ni  the 
robber-captain  and  head  of  a  league 
against  don  Carlos  (afterwards  Charles  V. 
of  Spain).  Ernani  was  just  on  the  point  of 
marrying  Elvira,  when  he  was  summoned 
to  death  by  Gomez  de  Silva,  and  stabbed 
himself. — Verdi,  Ernani  (an  opera,  1841). 

EMra,  betrothed  to  Alfonso  (son  of 
the  duke  d'Arcos).  No  sooner  is  the 
marriage  completed  than  she  learns  that 
Alfonso  has  seduced  Eenella,  a  dumb 
girl,  sister  of  Masaniello  the  fisher- 
man. Masaniello,  to  revenge  his  wrongs, 
heads  an  insurrection,  and  Alfonso  with 
Elvira  run  for  safety  to  the  fisherman's 
hut,  where  they  .find  Fenella,  who  pro-, 
mises  to  protect  them.  Masaniello,  being 
made  chief  mairistrate  of  Por'tici,  is  killed 


by  the  mob ;  Fenella  throws  herself  into 
the  crater  of  Vesuvius ;  and  Alfonso  is 
left  to  live  in  peace  with  Elvira. — Auber, 
Masaniello  (1831). 

Elvire  (2  syl.),  the  wife  of  don  Juan, 
whom  he  abandons.  She  enters  a 
convent,  and  tries  to  reclaim  her  pro- 
fligate husband,  but  without  success. — 
Moliere,  Don  Juan  (1665). 

Ely  (Bishop  of),  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  the  I'alisman  (time,  Richard  I.), 

Elysium  (the  Elysian  fields),  the 
land  of  the  blest,  to  which  the  favoured 
of  the  gods  passed  without  dying.  They 
lav  in  one  of  the  "Fortunate  Islands '" 
(Clanaries). 

Fancy  dreams 
Of  sacred  fountains,  and  Elysian  grove*. 
And  vales  of  bliss. 
Akenside,  Pleaturet  of  Imagination,  L  (1744). 

Emath'ian  Conqueror  ( The  Great), 
Alexander  the  Great.  Eniathia  is  Mace- 
donia and  Thessaly.  Emathion,  a  son  of 
Titan  and  Aurora,  reigned  in  Macedonia. 
Pliny  tells  us  that  Alexander,  when  he 
besieged  Thebes,  spared  the  house  in 
which  Pindar  the  poet  was  born,  out  of 
reverence  to  his  great  abilities. 

Lift  not  thy  spear  against  the  Muses'  bower. 

The  great  Emathisui  conqueror  bid  spare 
The  house  of  Pindarus,  when  temple  and  tower 

Went  to  the  ground. 

Milton,  Sonnet,  vill. 

Embla,  the  woman  Eve  of  Scandi- 
navian mythology.  Eve  or  Embla  was 
made  of  elm,  but  Ask  or  Adam  was  made 
of  ash. 

Em'elie  or  Emelye,  sister-in-law  of 
duke  Theseus  (2  syL),  beloved  by  both 
Pal'amon  and  Ar'cyte  (2  syl.),  but  the 
former  had  her  to  wife. 

Emelie  that  fairer  was  to  scene 
Than  is  the  lilie  on  hire  stalkSs  grene, 
And  fresscher  than  the  May  with  tlour^s  newe. 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tal-es  {"  The  Knight's  Tale,"  1388). 

Ein'erald  Isle  (The),  Ireland  ;  sc 
called  first  by  Dr.  W.  Drennan,  in  his 
poem  entitled  E7'in  (1764-1820). 

Emeral'der,  an  Irishman,  one  of  the 
Emerald  Isle. 

Emer'ita  (St.),  sister  of  king  Lucius, 
who,  when  her  brother  abdicated  the 
British  crown,  accompanied  him  to  Swit- 
zerland, and  shared  with  him  there  a 
martyr's  death. 

Emerlta  the  next,  king  Lucius*  sister  dear. 
Who  in  Helvetia  with  her  martyr  brother  died. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1633). 

Emile  (2  syl.),  the  chief  character  of 
a  philosophical  romance  on  education  by 


EMILIA. 


294 


ENANTHE. 


J»n  Jacques  Rousseau  (1762).  Emile  is 
the  author's  ideal  of  a  young  man  perfectly 
educated,  every  bias  but  that  of  nature 
having  been  carefully  withheld. 

N.B. — Emile  is  the  Freuch  form  of 
Emilius. 

Hia  body  U  inured  to  fati^e,  as  Rossenu  advises  in  bis 
Etniliu*. — Continuation  of  the  A  rabian  Jfiyhts,  iv.  69. 

Emiria,  wife  of  lago  the  ancient  of 
'  Othello  in  the  Venetian  army.  She  is 
induced  by  lago  to  purloin  a  certain 
handkerchief  given  by  Othello  to  Des- 
demona.  lago  then  prevails  on  Othello  to 
ask  his  wife  to  show  him  the  handker- 
chief, but  she  cannot  find  it,  and  lago 
tells  the  Moor  she  has  given  it  to  Cassio 
as  a  love-token.  At  the  death  of  Des- 
demona,  Emilia  (who  till  then  never 
suspected  the  real  state  of  the  case) 
reveals  the  truth  of  the  matter,  and  lago 
rushes  on  her  and  kills  her. — Shake- 
gpeare,  Othello  (1611). 

The  virtue  of  Emilia  la  such  as  wo  often  find,  worn 
loosely,  but  not  aist  off ;  easy  to  commit  small  crimes,  but 
quickened  and  alarmed  at  atrocious  vUlainieg.— Dr.  John* 
■on. 

Emil'ia,  the  lady  who  attended  on 
queen  Hermi'one  in  prison. — Shake- 
speare, The  Winter's  Tale  (1604). 

Fmilia,  the  lady-love  of  Peregrine 
Pickle,  in  Smollett's  novel  called  T/ie 
Adventures  of  Peregrine  Fickle  (1751). 

Emily,  the  fiancee  of  colonel  Tamper. 
Duty  called  away  the  colonel  to  Havan- 
nah,  and  on  his  return  he  pretended  to 
have  lost  one  eye  and  one  leg  in  the  war, 
in  order  to  see  if  Emily  would  love  him 
still.  Emily  was  greatly  shocked,  and 
Mr.  Prattle  the  medical  practitioner  was 
sent  for.  Amongst  other  gossip,  Mr. 
Prattle  told  his  patient  he  had  seen  the 
colonel,  who  looked  remarkably  well, 
and  most  certainly  was  maimed  neither 
in  his  legs  nor  in  his  eyes.  Emily  now 
saw  through  the  trick,  and  resolved  to 
turn  the  tables  on  the  colonel.  For  this 
end  she  induced  Mdlle.  Florival  to  appear 
en  militaire,  under  the  assumed  name  of 
captain  Johnson,  and  to  make  desperate 
love  to  her.  When  the  colonel  had 
I  been  thoroughly  roasted  and  was  about 
I  to  quit  the  house  for  ever,  his  friend 
major  Belford  entered  and  recognized 
Mdlle.  as  his  fiance'e ;  the  trick  was  dis- 
covered, and  all  ended  happily. -^G.  Col- 
nian,  sen.,  The  Deuce  is  in  Him  (1762). 

Emir  or  Ameer,  a  title  given  to 
lieutenants  of  provinces  and  other  officers 
of  the  sultan,  and  occasionally  assumed 


by  the  sultan  himself.  The  sultan  is  not 
unfrequently  called  "  The  Great  Ameer," 
and  the  Ottoman  empire  is  sometimes 
spoken  of  as  "the  country  of  the  Great 
Ameer."  What  Matthew  Paris  and  other 
monks  call  *'  ammirals  "  is  the  same  word. 
Milton  speaks  of  the  "mast  of  some  tall 
ammiral  "  {Paradise  Lost,  i.  294). 

The  difference  between  xariff  or  sariff 
and  amir  is  this :  the  former  is  given  to 
the  blood  successors  of  Mahomet,  and  the 
latter  to  those  who  maintain  his  religious 
faith. — Selden,  Titles  of  Honour,  vi.  73-4 
(1672). 

Em'ly  {Little),  daughter  of  Tom, 
the  brother-in-law  of  Dan'el  Peggotty  a 
Yarmouth  fisherman,  by  whom  the  orphan 
child  was  brought  up.  While  engaged 
to  Ham  Peggotty  (Dan'el's  nephew), 
Little  Em'ly  runs  away  with  Steerforth, 
a  handsome  but  unprincipled  gentleman. 
Being  subsequently  reclaimed,  she  emi- 
grates to  Australia  with  Dan'el  Peggotty 
and  old  Mrs.  Gummidge. — C.  Dickens, 
David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Emma  "  the  Saxon "  or  Emma 
Plantagenet,  the  beautiful,  gentle,  and 
loving  wife  of  David  king  of  North 
Wales  (twelfth  centurj'). — Southey,  Ma- 
doc  (1806). 

Emped'ocles,  one  of  Pythagoras's 
scholars,  who  threw  himself  secretly  into 
the  crater  of  Etna,  that  people  might 
suppose  the  gods  had  carried  him  to 
heaven  ;  but  alas !  one  of  his  iron  pattens 
was  cast  out  with  the  larva,  and  recog- 
nized. 

He  who  to  be  deemed 
A  god,  leaped  fondly  into  Etna  flames, 
£mpedocl£g. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  ilL  469,  etc.  (1G65). 

Emperor  of  Believers  {The), 
Omar  I.,  father-in-law  of  Mahomet 
(581-644). 

Em.peror    of    the    Mountains^ 
{The),   Peter   the    Calabrian,   a    famou 
robber-chief  (1812). 

Emperor  for  My  People.  Ha 
drian  used  to  say,  "  1  am  emperor  nc 
for  myself  but  for  my  people  "  (76,  117^ 
138). 

Empson  {Master),  flageolet  player 
Charles  II.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  thi  '^ 
Peak  (1823). 

Enan'the  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Seleu- 
cus,  and  mistress  of  prince  Deme'trius 
(son  of  king  Antig'onus).  She  app 
under   the    name    of    Celia. — Beaumo 


ear^Hi 
ioil|H| 


p:ncelados. 


295 


ENID. 


and  Fletcher,   Tlie  Humorous  Lieutenant 
(1647). 

Encel'ados  (Latin,  Enceladus),  the 
most  powerful  of  all  the  giants  who  con- 
spired against  Jupiter.  He  was  struck 
with  a  thunder-bolt,  and  covered  with 
the  heap  of  earth  now  called  mount  Etna. 
The  smoke  of  the  volcano  is  the  breath  of 
the  buried  giant ;  and  when  he  shifts  his 
side  it  ifl  an  earthquake. 

Fama  est,  Enceladi  semiustum  fulmlne  corpus 
Urgeri  mole  line,  ingenteuiqiie  insiiper  ^timin 
Impojitaiii,  ruptis  flamiiuun  expirare  caniinis ; 
Et,  fessam  quoties  niutat  latus,  iiitreinere  onuiein 
Murniure  Trinacriain,  et  coelum  subtexere  fuiiio. 

Virgil.  J?»«rfd,  iii.  67&^682. 
Where  the  burning  cinders,  blown 
From  the  lips  of  the  o'erthrown 
Enceladuii,  fill  the  air. 

Longfellow,  Eneeladut. 

En'crates  (3  syl.),  Temperance  per- 
Bonitied,  the  husband  of  Agnei'a  {wifely 
chastity).  When  his  wife's  sister  Far- 
then'ia  {maidenly  chastity)  was  wounded  in 
the  battle  of  Mansoul,  by  False  Delight, 
he  and  his  wife  ran  to  her  assistance,  and 
soon  routed  the  foes  who  were  hounding 
her.  Continence  (her  lover)  went  also, 
and  poured  a  balm  into  her  wounds,  which 
healed  them.  (Greek,  e^Arafcs,  "continent, 
temperate.") 

So  have  I  often  seen  a  purple  flower. 

Fainting  tliro'  heat,  hang  down  her  drooping  head ; 
But.  soon  refreshed  with  a  welcome  shower, 

Begins  again  her  lively  l)eauties  spread. 
And  wi  'h  new  pride  her  silken  leaves  display. 

Phineas  Fletcher,  The  Purple  /sland,  xi.  (1633). 

Endell  (Martha),  a  poor  fallen  girl, 
to  whom  Em'ly  goes  when  Steerforth 
deserts  her.  She  emigrates  with  Dan'el 
Veggot'ty,  and  marries  a  young  farmer 
in  Australia.— C.  Dickens,  David  Copper- 
field  (1849). 

Endermay,  i.e.  Andermatt  or  Ur- 
Beren,  a  town  and  valley  in  the  Uri  of 
Switzerland. 

Soft  as  the  happy  swain's  enchanting  lay. 
That  pipes  among  the  shades  of  Enderuiay. 

W.  Falconer,  The  Shiptareck,  iii.  3  (1786). 

Endiga,  in  Charles  XII.,  by  J.  R. 
Planchd  (1826). 

Endless,  the  rascally  lawyer  in  No 
Sonq  No  Supper,  by  P.  Hoare  (1754- 
1834). 

En.dyin'ion,  a  noted  astronomer  who, 
from  mount  Latmus,  in  Caria,  discovered 
the  course  of  the  moon.  Hence  it  is 
fabled  that  the  moon  sleeps  with  Endy- 
mion.  Strictly  speaking,  Endymion.'iSv 
the  setting  sun. 

6o  Latmus  by  the  wise  Endymion  la  renowned ; 
That  hill  on  whose  high  top  he  was  the  first  that  found 
Pale  Phoebe's  wandering  course  ;  so  skilful  in  her  sphere, 
As  some  stick  not  to  say  that  he  enjoyed  her  there. 

Drayton.  Polj/oUiion.^i.  (1612). 


To  sleep  like  Endymion,  to  sleep  long 
and  soundly.  Endymion  requested  of 
Jove  permission  to  sleep  as  long  as  he 
felt  inclined.  Hence  the  proverb,  Endy- 
mionis  somnum  dormire.  Jean  Ogier  de 
Gombaud  wrote  in  French  a  romance  or 
prose  poem  called  Endymion  (1624),  and 
one  of  the  best  paintings  of  A.  L.  Girodet 
is  "  Endymion."  Cowley,  referring  to 
Gombaud's  romance,  says : 

While  there  is  a  people  or  a  sun, 
Endymion 's  story  with  the  moon  shall  run. 

John  Keats,  in  1818,  published  his 
Endymion  (a  poetic  romance),  and  the 
criticism  of  the  Quarterly  Uevieio  was 
falsely  said  to  have  caused  his  death, 

Endym^ion.  So  Wm.  Browne  calls  sir 
Walter  Kaleigh,  who  was  for  a  time  in 
disgrace  with  queen  Elizabeth,  whom  he 
calls  "  Cyn'thia." 

The  first  note  that  I  heard  I  soon  was  wonne 
To  think  tlie  siglies  of  fuire  Endymion, 
The  subject  of  whose  mournful!  heavy  lay. 
Was  his  declining  with  fuire  Cynthia. 

Hritannia't  Jfastoralt,  Iv.  (1613). 

Enfants  de  Dieu,  the  Camisards. 

The  royal  troops  outtiumbered  the  Enfants  de  Dieu,  and 
a  not  inglorious  flight  took  place.— Ed.  Gilliat,  Atulutn 
Chritti.  ill. 

Enfield  (Mrs.),  the  keeper  of  a  house 
of  intrigue,  or  "  gentlemen's  magazine  " 
of  frail  beauties. — Holcroft,  T/ie  Deserted 
Daughter  (1784). 

Engaddi  (Theodorick,  hermit  of),  an 
enthusiast.  He  was  Aberick  of  Morte- 
mar,  an  exiled  noble. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Tfi£  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Engaddi,  one  of  the  towns  of  Jndah, 
forty  miles  from  Jerusalem,  famous  for 
its  palm  trees. 

Anchorites  beneath  Engaddi's  palms, 
Pacing  the  Dead  Sea  beach. 

Longfellow,  Hand  of  the  De»ert. 

Engel'brecht,  one  of  the  Varangian 
guards. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of 
jParis  (time,  Rufus). 

En'gelred,  'squire  of  sir  Reginald 
Front  de  Bceuf  (follower  of  prince  John 
of  Anjou,  the  brother  of  Richard  I.).— 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

En'guerraud,  brother  of  the  mar- 
quis of  Montserrat,  a  crusader. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  lalisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

E'nid,  the  personification  of  spotless 
purity.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Yn'iol, 
and  wife  of  Geraint.  The  tale  of  Geraint 
and  Enid  allegorizes  the  contagion  of 
distrust  and  jealousy,  commencing  with 


ENNA. 


296 


EPIDAURUS. 


Guincver's  infidelity,  and  spreading  down- 
wards among  the  Arthurian  knights.  In 
order  to  save  Enid  from  this  taint,  sir 
Geraint  removed  from  the  court  to  Devon  ; 
but  overhearing  part  of  a  sentence  uttered 
by  Enid,  he  fancied  that  she  was  unfaith- 
ful, and  treated  her  for  a  time  with  great 
harshness.  In  an  illness,  Enid  nursed 
Geraint  with  such  wifely  devotion  that 
he  felt  convinced  of  his  error.  A  perfect 
reconciliation  took  place,  and  they 
"■crowned  a  happy  life  with  a  fair 
death." — Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the  King 
("  Geraint  and'Enid"). 

Enna,  a  city  of  Sicily,  remarkable  for 
its  beautiful  plains,  fruitful  soil,  and 
numerous  springs.  Proserpine  was  car- 
ried off  b}'  Pluto  while  gathering  flowers 
in  the  adjacent  meadow. 

She  moved 
Like  Proserpine  in  Enna,  gathering  flowers. 

Tennyson,  ScUvin  Morri*. 

Ennius  (The  English),  Lay 'am  on, 
who  wrote  a  translation  in  Saxon  of  The 
Brut  of  Wace  (thirteenth  century). 

Ennius  (The  French),  Jehan  de  Meung, 
who  wrote  a  continuation  of  Layamon's 
romance  (12G0-1320). 

*^*  Guillaume  de  Lorris,  author  of  the 
Homance  of  the  Rose,  is  also  called  "The 
French  Ennius,"  and  with  better  title 
(1235-1265). 

Ennius  {The  Spanish),  Juan  de  Mena  of 
Cordova  (1412-1456). 

Enough  is  as  Good  as  a  Feast. 
Geo.  Gascoigne  says : 

I  count  enough  as  good  as  any  feast 

SatU  Sufficit  (Gascoigne  died  1577). 

Enrique'  (2  syl.),  brother-in-law  of 
Chrj'salde  (2  syl.).  He  married  secretly 
Chrysalde's  sister  Angeliquc,  by  whom  he 
had  a  daughter,  Agnes,  who  was  left  in 
charge  of  a  peasant  while  Enrique  was 
abseut  in  America.  Having  made  his 
fortune  in  the  New  World,  Enrique  re- 
turned and  found  Agnes  in  love  with 
Horace,  the  son  of  his  friend  Oronte 
(2  syl.).  Their  union,  after  the  usual 
quota  of  misunderstanding  and  cross 
purposes,  was  consummated  to  the  delight 
of  all  parties. — Moliere,  L'e'cole  des  Fern- 
ines  (1662). 

Entel'ech.y,  the  kingdom  of  queen 
Quintessence.  Panta^'ruel'  and  his  com- 
jianiona  went  to  this  kingdom  in  search  of 
the  "  holy  bottle." — Rabelais,  Pantag- 
niel,  V.  19  (1545). 

*^*  This    kingdom    of    "speculative 


science  "  gave  the  hint  to  Swift  for  his 
island  of  Lapu'ta. 

Ephe'sian,  a  toper,  a  dissolute  sot, 
a  jovial  companion.  When  Page  (2 
Henry  II.  act  ii.  sc.  2)  tells  prince  Henry 
that  a  company  of  men  were  about  to 
sup  with  Falstaff,  in  Eastcheap,  and  calls 
them  "Ephesians,"  he  probably  meant 
soldiers  called  f€thas  ("foot-soldiers"), 
and  hence  topers.  Malone  suggests  that 
the  word  is  a  pun  on  pheese  ("to  chastise 
or  pay  one  tit  for  tat"),  and  means 
"quarrelsome  fellows." 

Ephe'sian  Poet  {The),  Hippo'nax, 
born  at  Ephesus  (sixth  century  B.C.). 

Ephe'sus  {Letters  of),  bribes. 
"  Ephesiae  literae "  Avere  magical  notes 
or  writings,  which  ensured  those  who 
employed  them  success  in  any  under- 
taking they  chose  to  adventure  on. 

Silver  keys  were  used  in  old  Rome,  where  every  petty 
officer  who  knew  no  other  spelling  could  decipher  a 
"  letter  of  Ephesus."  Oh  for  the  purity  of  honest  John 
Bull!  No  "letters  of  Ephesus"  will  tempt  the  integrity 
of  our  British  bumbledom. — CatteW*  Jfaaoz ine.Februaiy, 
1877. 

Epic  (The  Great  Puritan),  Paradise- 
Lost,  by  Milton  (1665). 

Epic  Poetry  {The  Father  of),  Homer 
(about  950  B.C.). 

Ep'ieene  (3  syl.)  or  The  Silent 
Woman,  one  of  the  three  great  comedies 
of  Ben  Jonson  (1609). 

The  other  two  are  Volpone  (2  sy„f 
1605),  and  The  Alchemist  (1610). 

Epicurus.  The  aimee  de  cceur  of 
this  philosopher  was  Leontium.  (See 
Lovers.) 

Epicurus  of  China,  Tao-tse,  who 
commenced  the  search  for  "  the  elixir  of 
perpetual  youth  and  health"  (b.c.  540). 

*^*  Thomas  Moore  has  a  prose  romance  ] 
entitled  The  Epicure' an.  Lucretius  the] 
Roman  poet,  in  his  Be  Rerum  Natura,  \»\ 
an  exponent  of  the  Epicurean  doctrines. 

Epidaurus  {That  God  in),  iF.scula'- 
pius,  son  of  Apollo,  who  was  worshipped 
in  Epidaurus,  a  city  of  Peloponne'sus. 
Being  sent  for  to  Rome  during  a  plague, 
he  assumed  the  form  of  a  serpent. — Livy, 
Nat.  Hist.,  xi.  ;  Ovid,  Metaph.,  xv. 

Never  since  of  serpent  kind 
Lovelier,  not  those  that  in  lllyrli  changed 
Hennione  and  Cadmus,  or  the  god 
In  Epidaurus. 

Milton,  Paradiie  Loit,  ix.  1507  (1665). 

(Cadmus  and  his  wife  Harmonia  [Her- 
mionel  left  Thebes  and  migrated  into 
Illyria,  where  they  were  changed  into 


EPHIALTES. 


297 


EQUIVOKES. 


eerpentfl  because  they  happened  to  kill 
one  belonging  to  Mars.) 

Ephial'tes  (4  syl.),  one  of  the  giants 
who  made  war  upon  the  gods.  He  was 
deprived  of  his  left  eye  by  Apollo,  and  of 
his  right  eye  by  Hercules. 

Epig'oni,  seven  youthful  warriors, 
sons  ot  the  seven  chiefs  who  laid  siege 
to  Thebes.  All  the  seven  chiefs  (except 
Adrastos)  perished  in  the  siege ;.  but  the 
eeven  sons,  ten  years  later,  took  the  city 
and  razed  it  to  the  ground.  The  chiefs 
and  sons  were:  (1)  Adrastos,  whose  son 
was  yEgi'aleus  (4  si/l.) ;  (2)  Polynikes, 
whose  son  was  Thersan'der ;  (3)  Am- 
phiar'aos  (5  syl.),  whose  son  was  Alk- 
maeon  (the  chief)  ;  (4)  Ty'deus  (2  syl.), 
whose  son  was  Diome'des ;  (5)  Kap'- 
aneus  (3  syl.),  whose  son  was  Sthen'glos  ; 
(6)  Parthenopaa'os,  whose  son  was  Pro- 
machos  ;  (7)  Mekis'theus  (3  syl.),  whose 
Bon  was  Eurj-^'alos. 

iEschylos  has  a  tragedy  on  The  Seven 
Chiefs  against  Thebes.  There  are  also 
two  epics,  one  The  Thebaid  of  Statius, 
and  The  Epiyani  sometimes  attributed  to 
Homer  and  sometimes  to  one  of  the 
Cyclic  poets  of  Greece. 

Epigon'iad  {The),  called  "the 
Scotch7?ia<i,"  by  William  Wilkie  (1721- 
1772).  This  is  the  tale  of  the  Epig'oni 
or  seven  sons  of  the  seven  chieftains  who 
laid  siege  to  Thebes.  The  tale  is  this : 
When  CE'dipos  abdicated,  his  two  sons 
agreed  to  reign  alternate  years ;  but  at 
the  expiration  of  the  first  year,  the  elder 
son  (Ete'ocles)  refused  to  give  up  the 
throne.  Whereupon  the  younger  brother 
(Polynikes)  interested  six  Grecian  chiefs 
to  espouse  his  cause,  and  the  allied 
armies  laid  siege  to  Thebes,  without  suc- 
cess. Subsequently,  the  seven  sons  of  the 
old  chiefs  went  against  the  city  to  avenge 
the  deaths  of  their  fathers,  who  had  fallen 
in  the  former  siege.  They  succeeded  in 
taking  the  city,  and  in  placing  ITiersan- 
der  on  the  throne.  The  names  of  the 
seven  sons  are  Thersander,  ^Egi'aleus, 
Alkmaeon,    Diomedes,    Sthen'elos,   Pro'- 

.  machos,  and  EurySlos. 

I  Epimen'ides  (5  syl.)  of  Crete,  some- 
times reckoned  one  of  the  "seven  wise 
men  of  Greece "  in  the  place  of  Peri- 
ander.  He  slept  for  fiftj'-seven  years  in 
a  cave,  and,  on  waking,  found  everj'- 
thing  so  changed  that  he  could  recognize 
nothing.     Epimenides    lived   289  years, 

land  was  adored  by  the  Cretans  as  one 
I  of  their  •'  Curetes  "  or  priests  of  Jove. 
H'  was  contemporary  with  Solon, 


(Goethe  has  a  poem  called  Des  Epime- 
nides Erwachen. — See  Heinrich's  Epime- 
nides.) 

Epimenides'' s  Drag.  A  nymph  who  loved 
Epimenides  gave  him  a  draught  in  a 
bull's  horn,  one  single  drop  of  which 
would  not  only  cure  any  ailment,  but 
would  also  8er\-e  for  a  hearty  meal. 

Le  Nouveau  Epimenede  is  a  man  who? 
lives  in  a  dream  in  a  kind  of  "Castle  of, 
Spain,"  Avhere  he  deems  himself  a  king, 
and  does  not  wish  to  be  disillusioned. 
The  song  is  by  .Jacinthe  Leclfere,  one  of 
the  members  of  the  "  Societe'  de  Momus" 
of  Paris. 

Epinogris  (Sir),  son  of  the  king  of 
Northumberland.  He  loved  an  earl'a 
daughter,  but  slew  the  earl  in  a  knightly 
combat.  Next  day,  a  knight  challenged 
him  to  fight,  and  the  lady  was  to  be  the 
prize  of  the  victor.  Sir  Epinogris,  being 
overthrown,  lost  the  lady  ;  but  when  sir 
Paiomides  heard  the  tale,  he  promised  to 
recover  her.  Accordingly,  he  challenged 
the  victorious  knight,  who  turned  out  to 
be  his  brother.  The  point  of  dispute  was 
then  amicably  arranged  by  giving  up  the 
lady  to  sir  Epinogris. — Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  169  (1470). 

Eppie,  one  of  the  servants  of  the  Rev. 
Josiah  Cargill.  In  the  same  novel  is 
Eppie  Anderson,  one  of  the  servants  at 
the  Mowbray  Arms,  Old  St.  Ronan's, 
held  by  Meg  Dods.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St, 
Ronan's  WeU  (time,  George  III.). 

Epps,  cook  of  Saunders  Fairford  a 
lawyer. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Eedjamitlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Equity  {Father  of),  Heneage  Finch, 
eari  of  Nottingham  (1621-1G82).  la 
Absalom  and  Achitophel  (by  Dryden  and 
Tate)  he  is  called  "  Amri." 

Sincere  was  Amri,  and  not  only  knew. 
But  Israel's  sanctions  into  practice  drew; 
Our  laws,  that  did  a  boundless  ocean  seem, 
Were  coasted  all,  and  fathomed  all  by  him  .  .  . 
To  him  the  double  blessing  doth  belong. 
With  Moses'  inspiration,  Aaron's  tongue. 

Absalom  and  Achitophel,  iL  (168'J). 

Equivokes. 

1.  Henry  IV.  was  told  that  "he 
should  not  die  but  in  Jerusalem,"  which 
he  supposed  meant  the  Holy  Land  ;  but 
he  died  in  the  Jerusalem  Chamber,  Lon- 
don, which  is  the  chapter-house  of  West- 
minster Abbey. 

2.  Pope  Sylvester  was  ftlso  told  he 
should  die  at  Jerusalem,  and  he  died 
while  saying  mass  iu  a  church  so  called 
at  Xiome. 


EQUIVOKES. 


298 


ERCOCO. 


3.  Camryses,  son  of  Cyrus,  was  told 
that  he  should  die  in  Ec'bat'ana,  which 
he  supposed  meant  the  capital  of  Media. 
Being  wounded  accidentally  in  Syria,  he 
asked  the  name  of  the  place  ;  and  being 
told  it  was  Ecbatana,  he  replied,  "  Here, 
then,  I  am  destined  to  end  my  life." 

4.  A  Messenian  seer,  being  sent  to 
consult  the  Delphic  oracle  respecting  the 
issue  of  the  Messenian  war,  then  raging, 
received  for  reply  : 

When  the  goat  stoops  to  drink  of  the  Neda,  0  seer. 
From  Messenia  flee,  for  its  ruin  is  near  J 

In  order  to  avert  this  calamity,  all 
goats  were  diligently  chased  from  the 
banks  of  the  Neda.  One  day,  Theoclos 
observed  &fi(]  tree  growing  on  the  river- 
Bide,  and  its  branches  dipped  into  the 
stream.  The  interpretation  of  the  oracle 
flashed  across  his  mind,  for  he  remem- 
bered that  goat  and  fig  tree,  in  the  Mes- 
senian dialect,  were  the  same  word. 

*^*  The  pun  would  be  clearer  to  an 
English  reader  if  "a  stork  "were  sub- 
stituted for  the  goat:  "When  a  stork 
stoops  to  drink  of  the  Neda ; "  and  the 
"stalk"  of  the  fig  tree  dipping  into  the 
stream. 

6.  When  the  allied  Greeks  demanded 
of  the  Delphic  oracle  what  would  be 
the  issue  of  the  battle  of  Salamis,  they 
received  for  answer : 

Seed-time  and  harvest,  weeping  sires  shall  tell 
How  thousands  fought  at  Salamis  and  fell ; 

but  whether  the  oracle  referred  to  the 
Greeks  or  Persians  who  were  to  fall  by 
"  thousands,"  was  not  stated. 

6.  When  Cr(KSUS  demanded  what  would 
be  the  issue  of  the  battle  against  the 
Persians,  headed  by  Cyrus,  the  answer 
was,  he  "should  behold  a  mighty  empire 
overthrown  ; "  but  whether  that  empire 
was  his  own,  or  that  of  Cyrus,  only  the 
actual  issue  of  the  fight  could  determine. 

7.  Similarly,  when  Philip  of  Macedon 
sent  to  Delphi  to  inquire  if  his  Persian 
expedition  would  prove  successful,  he 
received  for  reply,  "The  ready  victim 
crowned  for  sacrifice  stands  before  the 
altar."  Philip  took  it  for  granted  that 
the  "  ready  victim "  was  the  king  of 
Persia,  but  it  was  himself. 

8.  Takquin  sent  to  Delphi  to  learn  the 
fate  of  his  struggle  with  the  Romans  for 
the  recovery  of  his  throne,  and  was  told, 
"  Tarquin  will  never  fall  till  a  dog  speaks 
with  the  voice  of  a  man."  The  "dog" 
was  Junius  Brutus,  who  was  called  a  dog 
by  way  of  contempt. 

9.  When  the  oracle  was  asked  who 
would  bucceed  Tarquin,  It  replied,  "He 


who  shall  first  kiss  his  mother."  Where- 
upon Junius  Brutus  fell  to  the  earth,  and 
exclaimed,  "Thus,  then,  I  kiss  thee,  0 
mother  earth  I " 

10.  Jourdain,  the  wizard,  told  the  duke 
of  Somerset,  if  he  wished  to  live,  to 
"  avoid  where  castles  mounted  stand." 
The  duke  died  in  an  ale-house  called 
the  Castle,  in  St.  Alban's. — Shakespeare, 
2  Henry  VI.  act  v.  sc.  2. 

11.  A  wizard  told  king  Edward  IV.  that 
"  after  him  should  raign  one  whose  first 
letter  of  his  name  should  be  G."  The 
king  thought  the  person  meant  was  his 
brother  George,  but  the  duke  of  Gloucester 
was  the  person  pointed  at. — Holinshed, 
Chronicles;  Shakespeare,  Eichard  IIL 
act  i.  sc.  1. 

Eraclius  {The  emperor)  condemned 
a  knight  to  death  on  the  supposition  of 
murder ;  but  the  man  supposed  to  be 
murdered  making  his  appearance,  the 
condemned  man  was  taken  back,  under 
the  expectation  that  he  would  be  instantly 
acquitted.  But  no,  Eraclius  ordered  all 
three  to  be  put  to  death :  the  knight, 
because  the  emperor  had  ordered  it ;  the 
man  who  brought  him  back,  because  he 
had  not  carried  out  the  emperor's  order ; 
and  the  man  supposed  to  be  murdered, 
because  he  was  virtually  the  cause  of 
death  to  the  other  two. 

This  tale  is  told  in  the  Gesta  Roman- 
oruniy  and  Chaucer  has  put  it  into  the 
mouth  of  his  sumpnor.  It  is  also  told 
by  Seneca,  in  his  De  Ira  ;  but  he  ascribes 
it  to  Cornelius  Piso,  and  not  to  Eraclius. 

/ 

Eraste  (2  syL),  hero  of  Les  Fucheux, 
by  Molifere.  He  is  in  love  with  Orphisc 
(2  syL),  whose  tutor  is  Damis  (1661). 

Er'celdoun  {Thomas  of),  also  called 
"Thomas  the  Rh5'mer,"  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  his  novel  called  Castie 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

It  is  said  that  Thomas  of  Erceldoun  is  not  dead,  but 
that  he  is  sleeping  beneath  the  Eilclon  Hills,  in  Scotland. 
One  day,  lie  met  with  a  lady  of  elfin  race  beneath  the 
Eildon  tree,  and  she  led  him  to  an  under-ground  region, 
where  he  remained  for  seven  years.  He  then  revisited 
the  earth,  but  bound  himself  to  return  when  summoned. 
One  day,  when  he  was  making  merry  with  his  friends,  ho 
was  told  that  a  hart  and  hind  were  parading  the  street; 
and  he  knew  It  was  his  summons,  so  he  immediately 
went  to  tiie  Kildon  tree,  and  has  never  since  been  heard 
of.— Sir  W.  Scott,  MiiiitreUy  of  the  ScoUUh  Border. 

***  This  tale  is  substantially  the  same 
as  the  German  one  of  Tanhauser  {q.v.). 

Erco'co  or  Erquico,  on  the  Red 
marks  the  north-east  boundary  of 
negus  of  Abvssinia. 


The  empire  of  Kegus  to  his  utmost  port, 
Ercoco. 

Jtilton,  ParadUe  Lost,  xi.  397  (1666X 


1 


ERECK. 


299 


ERISICHTHON. 


Ereck,  a  knight  of  the  Round  Table. 
He  marries  the  beautiful  Enite  (2  syl.), 
daughter  of  a  poor  knight,  and  falls  into 
a  state  of  idleness  and  effeminacy,  till 
Enite  rouses  him  to  action.  He  then 
goes  forth  on  an  expedition  of  adven- 
tures, and  after  combating  with  brigands, 
giants,  and  dwarfs,  returns  to  the  court 
of  king  Arthur,  Avhere  he  remains  till 
the  death  of  his  father.  He  then  enters 
on  his  inheritance,  and  lives  peaceably 
the  rest  of  his  life. — Hartmann  von  der 
Aue,  Ereck  (thirteenth  century). 

Ereen'ia  (3  syl.),  a  glendoveer'  or 
good  spirit,  the  beloved  son  of  Cas'yapa 
(3  syl.),  father  of  the  immortals.  Ereenia 
took  pity  on  Kail'yal  (2  syl.),  daughter 
of  Ladnr'lad,  and  carried  her  to  his 
]5ower  of  Bliss  in  paradise  (canto  vii.). 
Here  Kailyal  could  not  stay,  because  she 
was  still  a  living  daughter  of  earth.  On 
her  return  to  earth,  she  was  chosen  for 
the  bride  of  Jagan-naut,  and  Ar'valan 
came  to  dishonour  her ;  but  she  set  lire 
to  the  pagoda,  and  Ereenia  came  to  her 
rescue.  Ereenia  was  set  upon  by  the 
witch  Lor'rimite  (3  syl.),  and  carried  to 
the  submerged  city  of  lialy,  whence  he 
was  delivered  by  Ladurlad.  The  glen- 
doveer now  craved  Seeva  for  vengeance, 
but  the  god  sent  him  to  Yamen  {i.e. 
Pluto),  and  Yamen  said  the  measure  of 
iniquity  was  now  full,  so  Arvalan  and 
his  father  Kehama  were  both  made  in- 
mates of  the  city  of  everlasting  woe ; 
while  Ereenia  carried  Kailyal,  who  had 
quaffed  the  waters  of  immortality,  to  his 
Bower  of  Bliss,  to  dwell  with  him  in 
everlasting  joy. — Southey,  Curse  of  Ke- 
hama (1809). 

Eret'rianBuU  (2%tf).  Menede'mos 
of  Eretria,  in  Euboe'a,  was  called  "  Bull  " 
from  the  bull-like  breadth  and  gravity 
of  his  face.  He  founded  the  Eretrian 
Bchool  (fourth  century  B.C.). 

Eric,  "Windy-cap,"  king  of  Sweden. 
He  could  make  the  wind  blow  from  any 
quarter  by  simply  turning  his  cap. 
Hence  arose  the  expression,  "  a  capful  of 
wind." 

Erichtho  [E.rik'.thd],  the  famous 
Thessalian  witch  consulted  by  Pompey. 
-— Lucan,  Fharsalia,  vi. 

Erickson  {Sweyn),  a  fisherman  at 
Jarlshof.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Tlie  Finite 
(time,  William  HI.). 

Eric'tho,  the  witch  in  John  Marston's 


tragedy  called  Tlie  Wonder  of  Women  or 
Sophonisba  (1605). 

Er'idan,  the  river  Po,  in  Italy  ;  so 
called  from  Eridan  (or  Phaeton),'  who 
fell  into  the  stream  when  he  overthrew 
the  sun-car. 

So  down  the  silver  streams  of  Eridan, 
On  either  side  banlit  with  a  lily  wall 

Whiter  than  botli,  rides  the  triumphant  swan, 

And  sings  his  dirge,  and  propbeci&'S  bis  fall. 

Giles  Fletcher,  Chrint't  Triumph  [over  JJeath\  (IGIO). 

Erig'ena  (John  Scotus),  called  "Sco- 
tus  the  Wise."  He  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  Duns  Scotus,  "the  Subtle 
Doctor,"  who  lived  some  four  centuries 
later.  ErigSna  died  in  876,  and  Duns 
Scotus  in  1308. 

Erig'one  (4  syl.),  the  constellation 
Fjn/o.  She  was  the  daughter  of  Icarios, 
an  Athenian,  who  was  murdered  by  some 
drunken  peasants.  Erigone  discovered 
the  dead  body  by  the  aid  of  her  father's 
dog  Mojra,  who  became  the  star  called 
Canis. 

,    .  .  that  virgin,  frail  ErigonS, 
Who  by  compassion  gut  prelieminence  [He]. 

Lord  liroolce,  0/  Sotnlity. 

Erill'yab  (3  sxjl.),  the  widowed  and 
deposed  queen  of  the  Hoamen  (2  syl.), 
an  Indian  tribe  settle<l  on  a  soutli  branch 
of  the  Missouri.  Her  husband  was  king 
Tepol'loni,  and  her  son  Amal'ahta.  Madoc, 
w^hen  he  reached  America,  espoused  her 
cause,  and  succeeded  in  restoring  her  to 
her  throne  and  empire. — Southey,  Madoc 
(1805). 

Erin,  from  ear  or  tar  ("west")  and 
tn  ("island"),  the  Western  Island,  Ireland. 

Eripliy'le  (4  syl.),  the  wife  of  Am- 
phiara'os.  Being  bribed  by  a  golden 
necklace,  she  betrayed  to  Poh'^ni'ces  where 
her  husband  had  concealed  himself  that 
he  might  not  go  to  the  siege  of  Thebes, 
where  he  knew  that  he  should  be  killed. 
Congreve  calls  the  word  Eriph'j^le. 

When  EriphyW  broke  her  plighted  faith. 
And  for  a  bribe  procured  her  husband's  death. 

Ovid, /I  r<o//,ot»e,  ilL 

Er'lri  or  Er'eri,  Snowdon,  in  Caer- 
narvonshire. The  word  means  "Eagle 
rocks." 

In  this  region  ,Ordovicia\  is  the  stiipcndons  mountain 
Eriri.— Kichard  of  Cirencester.  On  the  Ancient  Stale  of 
Britain,  i.  6,  25  (fourteenth  century). 

Erisich'thon  (should  be  Erysich- 
thon),  a  Thessalian,  whose  appetite  was 
insatiable.  Having  spent  all  his  estate 
in  the  purchase  of  food,  nothing  was  left 
but  his  daughter  Metra,  and  her  he  sold 
to  buy  food  for  his  voracious  appetite ; 
but  Metra  had  the  power  of  transforming 


ERLAND. 


300 


EROSTRATOS. 


herself  into  any  shape  she  chose,  so  as 
often  as  her  father  sold  her,  she  changed 
her  form  and  returned  to  him.  After  a 
time,  Erisichthon  was  reduced  to  feed 
upon  himself. — Ovid,  Metaph.j  viii.  2 
(740  to  end). 

Drayton  says  when  the  Wyre  saw  her 
goodly  oak  trees  sold  for  firewood,  she 
bethought  her  of  Erisichthon's  end,  who, 
"when  nor  sea,  nor  land,  sufficient  were," 
ate  his  own  flesh. — Polyolbion^  vii. 

So  Erisicthon,  once  fired  (as  men  say) 

With  hunjjry  rase,  fed  never,  ever  feeding; 
Ten  thousand  dishes  severed  every  day. 

Yet  in  ten  thousand  thuusaud  dishes  needing. 
In  vain  his  daughter  hundred  shapes  assumed ; 
A  wliole  camp's  meat  he  in  liis  gorge  inliumed  ; 
And  all  consumed,  his  hunger  jet  was  unconsumed. 
Phineas  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Ulatid  (1633). 

Erland,  father  of  Noma  "of  the 
Fitful  Head."— Sir  W.  Scott,  T/ie  Pirate 
(time,  William  III.). 

Erl-King,  a  spirit  of  mischief,  which 
haunts  the  Black  Forest  of  Thuringia. 

Goethe  has  a  ballad  called  the  Erl- 
k&nig,  and  Ilei'der  has  translated  the 
Danish  ballad  of  Sir  Olaf  and  the  Erl- 
kinfs  Daiujhter. 

Er man  garde  of  Baldrin^ham 

(The  Lady),  aunt  of  the  lady  Eveline 
Berenger  "  the  betrothed." — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Er'nioline  (Dame),  the  wife  of  Rey- 
nard, in  the  beast-epic' called  Eeynard  the 
Fox  (1498). 

Ermiil'ia,  the  heroine  of  Jerusalem 
Delivered,  She  fell  in  love  with  Tancred, 
and  when  the  Christian  army  besieged 
Jerusalem,  arrayed  herself  in  Clorinda's 
armour  to  go  to  him.  After  certain  ad- 
ventures, she  found  him  wounded,  and 
nursed  him  tenderly  ;  but  the  poet  has 
not  told  us  what  was  the  ultimate  lot  of 
this  fair  Syrian. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  De- 
livered (1675). 

Ema'ni,  the  robber-captain,  duke  of 
Segor'bia  and  Cardo'na,  lord  of  ArSgon, 
and  count  of  Emani.  He  is  in  love  with 
Elvi'ra,  the  betrothed  of  don  Ruy  Gomez 
de  Silva,  an  old  Spanish  grandee,  whom 
she  detests.  Charles  V..  falls  in  love 
with  her,  and  Ruy  Gomez  joins  Ernani 
in  a  league  against  their  common  rival. 
During  this  league  Emani  gives  Ruy 
Gomez  a  horn,  saying,  "  Sound  but  this 
hom,  and  at  that  moment  Emani  will 
cease  to  live."  Just  as  he  is  about  to 
espouse  Elvira,  the  hom  is  sounded,  and 
Emani  stabs  himself. — Verdi,  Emani  (an 
opera,  1841). 


Ernest  {Duke),  son-in-law  of  kaiser 
Konrad  II.  He  murders  his  feudal  lord, 
and  goes  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy 
Land,  to  expiate  his  crime.  The  poem 
so  called  is  a  mixture  of  Homeric 
legends,  Oriental  myths,  and  pilgrims' 
tales.  We  have  pygmies  and  cyclopscs, 
genii  and  enchanters,  fairies  and"  dwarfs, 
monks  and  devotees.  After  a  world  of 
hair-breadth  escapes,  the  duke  reaches 
the  Holy  Sepulchre,  pays  his  vows,  re- 
turns to  Germany,  and  is  pardoned. — 
Henry  von  Veldig  (minnesinger),  Duke 
Ernest  (twelfth  century). 

Ernest  de  Pridberg,  "the  pri- 
soner of  State."  He  was  imprisoned  in 
the  dungeon  of  the  Giant's  Mount  fortress 
for  fifteen  years  on  a  false  charge  of 
treason.  Ul'rica  (his  natural  daughter 
by  the  countess  Marie),  dressed  in  the 
clothes  of  Herman,  the  deaf  and  dumb 
jailer-boy,  gets  access  to  the  dungeon 
and  contrives  his  escape ;  but  he  is  re- 
taken, and  led  back  to  the  dungeon. 
Being  subsequently  set  at  liberty,  ho 
marries  the  countess  Marie  (the  mother 
of  Ulrica). — E.  Stirling,  The  Frisoner  of 
State  (1847). 

Eros,  the  manumitted  slave  of  Antony 
the  triumvir.  Antony  made  Eros  swear 
that  he  would  kill  him  if  commanded  by 
him  so  to  do.  When  in  Egypt,  Antony 
(after  the  battle  of  Actium),  fearing  lest 
he  should  fall  into  the  hands  of  Octavius 
Caesar,  ordered  Eros  to  keep  his  promise. 
Eros  drew  his  sword,  but  thrust  it  into  his 
own  side,  and  fell  dead  at  the  feet  of  An- 
tony. "0  noble  Eros,"  cried  Antony,  "I 
thank  thee  for  teaching  me  how  to  die  !  " 
—Plutarch. 

*^*  Eros  is  introduced  in  Shakespeare's 
Antony  and  Cleopatra,  and  in  Drj'den's 
All  for  Love  or  the  World  Well  Lost. 

(Eros  is  the  Greek  name  of  Cupid,  and 
hence  amorous  poetry  is  called  Erotic.) 

Eros'tratos  (in  Latin  Euostkatus 
the  incendiary  who  set  fire  to  the  temp 
of    Diana    of    Ephesus,  that    his    nam( 
might    be    perpetuated.     An    edict  w 
published,  prohibiting    any  mention 
the    name,   but    the    edict    was    wholly 
ineffective. 

*+*  Charles  V.,  wishing  to  be  shown 
over  the  Pantheon  {All  Saints']  of  Rome, 
was  taken  to  the  top  by  a  Roman  knight. 
At  parting,  the  knight  told  the  emperor 
that  he  felt  an  almost  irresistible  desire 
to  push  his  majesty  down  from  the  to 
of  the  building,  ''in  order  to  immortal' 


i 


1 


EROTA. 


301 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


his  name."     Unlike  Erostratos,  the  name 
of  this  knight  has  not  transpired. 

Ero'ta,  a  very  beautiful  but  most 
imperious  princess,  passionately  beloved 
by  Philander  prince  of  Cyprus. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Laws  of  Candi^ 
(1647). 

Erra-Pater,  an  almanac,  an  alma- 
nac-maker, an  astrologer.  Samuel  Butler 
calls  Lilly,  the  almanac-maker,  an  Erra- 
Pater,  •which  we  are  told  was  the  name 
of  a  famous  Jewish  astrologer. 

His  only  Bible  was  an  Erra-Pater. 
Pliiii.  Fletelier,  The  PurpU  Uluiul.  vii.  (1633). 
What's  here  ?    Erra-Pater  or  a  bearded  sibyl  Ithe  perton 
vxu  t'oresij/hti. 

Congreve,  Love /or  Love,  iv.  (1695). 

Erragon,  king  of  Lora  (in  Scandi- 
navia). Aldo^  a  Caledonian  chief,  offered 
him  his  services,  and  obtained  several 
important  victories ;  but  Lorma,  the 
king's  wife,  falling  in  love  with  him,  the 
guilty  pair  escaped  to  Mor\'en.  Erragon 
mvaded  the  country,  and  slew  Aldo  in 
single  combat,  but  was  himself  slain  in 
battle  by  Gaul,  son  of  Morni.  As  for 
Lorma,  slie  died  of  grief. — Ossian,  Tlie 
Battle  of  Lora. 

Errant  Damsel  {The),  Una. — Spen- 
ser, Faery  Queen,  iii.  1  (1590). 

Errol  (Gilbert  earl  of),  lord  high  con- 
stable of  Scotland.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Error,  a  monster  who  lived  in  a  den 
in  "Wandering  Wood,"  and  with  whom 
the  Red  Cross  Knight  had  his  first  ad- 
venture. She  had  a  brood  of  1000  young 
ones  of  sundry  shapes,  and  these  cubs 
crept  into  their  mother's  mouth  when 
alarmed,  as  young  kangaroos  creep  into 
their  mother's  pouch.  The  knight  was 
nearly  killed  by  the  stench  which  issued 
from  the  foul  fiend,  but  he  succeeded  in 
"rafting"  her  head  off,  whereupon  the 
brood  lapped  up  the  blood,  and  burst 
with  satiety. 

Half  like  a  serpent  horribly  displayed. 

But  th"  other  half  did  woman's  shape  retain  .  ,  . 

And  as  sJ>e  lay  upon  the  dirty  Kround, 

Her  huge  long  tail  her  den  all  overspread, 

Yet  was  in  knots  and  many  boughts  [fokU]  upwound. 

Pointed  with  mortal  sting. 

Siienser.  Faery  Queen,  I.  1  (1590). 

Errors   of  Artists.     (See    Axa- 

CHRONISMS.) 

Angelo  {Michel),  in  liis  great  picture  of 
the  "Last  Judgment,"  has  introduced 
Charon's  bark. 

BuENGKELi,  the  Dutch  painter,  in  a 
picture  of  the  "  Wise  Men  of  the  East " 
making  their  oSeringa  to  the  infant  Jesus, 


has  represented  one  of  them  dressed  in  a 
large  white  surplice,  booted  and  spurred, 
offering  the  model  of  a  Dutch  seventy- 
four  to  the  infant. 

Etty  has  placed  by  the  bedside  of 
Holofemes  a  helmet  of  the  period  of  the 
seventeenth  century. 

Mazzochi  (Paulo),  in  his  "Symbolical 
Painting  of  the  Four  Elements,"  repre- 
sents the  sea  hy  fishes,  the  earth  by  moles, 
fire  by  a  salamander,  and  air  by  a  camel  1 
Evidently  he  mistook  the  camelion  (which 
traditionally  lives  on  air)  for  a  camel. 

TiNTOKKT,  in  a  picture  which  represents 
the  "  Israelites  Gathering  Manna  in  the 
Wilderness,"  has  armed  the  men  with 
guns. 

Veronese  (Paul),  in  his  "Marriage 
Feast  of  Cana  of  Galilee,"  has  introduced 
among  the  guests  several  Benedictines. 

West,  president  of  the  Royal  Academy, 
has  represented  Paris  the  Phrygian  in 
Roman  costume. 

Westminster  Hall  is  full  of  ab- 
surdities. Witness  the  following  as 
specimens : — 

Sir  Cloudesley  Shovel  is  dressed  in  a 
Roman  cuirass  and  sandals,  but  on  his 
head  is  a  full-bottomed  wig  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

The  duke  of  Buckingham  is  arrayed  in 
the  costume  of  a  Roman  emperor,  and  his 
duchess  in  the  court  dress  of  George  I. 
period. 

Errors  of  Authors.     (See  Ana- 

ClIKONISMS.) 

Akenside.  He  views  the  Ganges 
from  Alpine  heights. — Pleasures  of  Imcu/i- 
nation. 

Allison  (Sir  Archibald)  says:  "Sir 
Peregrine  Pickle  was  one  of  the  pall- 
bearers of  the  duke  of  Wellington." — Life 
of  Lord  Castlereagh. 

In  his  History  of  Europe,  the  phrase 
droit  de  timbre  ("  stamp  duty")  he  trans- 
lates "timber  duties." 

Articles  of  AVar  for  the  Army^. 
It  is  ordered  "that  every  recruit  shall 
have  the  40th  and  4Gth  of  the  articles 
read  to  him"  (art.  iii.). 

The  40th  article  relates  wholly  to  the 
misconduct  of  chaplains,  and  has  no  sort 
of  concern  with  recruits.  Probably  the 
4l8t  is  meant,  which  is  about  mutiny  and 
insubordination. 

Broavne  (  William).  Apelles'  Curtain, 
W.  Browne  says : 

If  .  .  .  1  set  my  pencil  to  Apellfig'  table  [painting] 
Or  dare  to  draw  hit  curtain. 

Britannia' »  Pattoralt,  U.  9 

This  curtain  was  not  drawn  by  Apelles, 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


302 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


but  by  ParrhasioS;  who  lived  a  full  cen- 
tury before  Apelles.  The  contest  was 
between  Zeuxis  and  Parrhasios.  The 
former  exhibited  a  bunch  of  grapes  which 
deceived  the  birds,  and  the  latter  a  cur- 
tain which  deceived  the  competitor. 

BuuYSSEL  {E.  von)  says:  "According 
to  Homer,  Achilles  had  a  vulnerable 
heftl."  It  is  a  vulgar  error  to  attribute 
this  myth  to  Homer.  The  blind  old  bard 
nowhere  says  a  word  about  it.  The 
ptory  of  dipping  Achilles  in  the  river 
Styx  is  altogether  post-Homeric. 

Byuon.  Xerxes'  Ships.  Byron  says 
that  Xerxes  looked  on  his  "  ships  by 
thousands "  off  the  coast  of  Sal'amis. 
The  entire  number  of  sails  was  1200  ;  of 
these  400  were  wrecked  before  the  battle 
off  the  coast  of  Sepias,  so  that  even 
supposing  the  whole  of  the  rest  were  en- 
gaged, the  number  could  not  exceed  800. 
— Isles  of  Greece. 

The  Isle  leas.  In  the  same  poem  he 
refers  to  "Teos"  as  one  of  the  isles  of 
Greece,  but  Teos  is  a  maritime  town  on 
the  coast  of  Ionia,  in  Asia  Minor. 

Ckuvan'tes.  Dorothea's  Father.  Doro- 
thea represents  herself  as  queen  of  Mico- 
inicon,  because  both  her  father  and 
mother  were  dead,  but  don  Quixote 
speaks  of  him  to  her  as  alive, — Ft.  I.  iv.  8. 

Mambrind's  Helmet.  In  pt.  I.  iii.  8 
we  are  told  that  the  galley-slaves  set 
free  by  don  Quixote  assaulted  him  with 
stones,  and  "snatching  the  basin  from 
his  head,  broke  it  to  pieces."  In  bk. 
iv.  15  we  find  this  basin  quite  whole 
and  sound,  the  subject  of  a  judicial  in- 
quiry, the  question  being  whether  it  was 
a  helmet  or  a  barber's  basin.  Sancho 
(ch.  11)  says,  he  "  picked  it  up,  bruised 
and  battered,  intending  to  get  it  mended  5 " 
but  he  says,  "I  broke  it  to  pieces,"  or, 
according  to  one  translator,  "  broke  it 
into  a  thousand  pieces."  In  bk.  iv.  8  we 
are  told  that  don  Quixote  "came  from  his 
chamber  armed  cap-a-pie^  with  the  bar- 
ber's basin  on  hi?  head." 

Sancho's  Ass.  We  are  told  (pt.  I.  iii.  9) 
that  Gines  de  Passamonte  "stole  Sancho's 
ass."  Sancho  laments  the  loss  with  true 
pathos,  and  the  knight  condoles  with  him. 
But  soon  afterwards  Cervantes  says:  "He 
ISancho]  jogged  on  leisurely  upon  his  ass 
after  his  master." 

Sarxho's  Great-coat.  Sancho  Panza,  we 
are  told,  left  his  wallet  behind  in  the 
Crescent  Moon  tavern,  where  he  was 
tossed  in  a  blanket,  and  put  the  provisions 
left  by  the  priests ;  n  his  great-coat  (ch.  5). 
The  galley-slaves  robbed  him  of   "his 


great-coat,  leaving  only  his  doublet"  (ch. 
8),  but  in  the  next  chapter  (9)  we  find  "the 
victuals  had  not  been  touched,"  though 
the  rascals  "searched  diligently  for  booty." 
Now,  if  the  food  was  in  the  great-coat, 
and  the  great-coat  was  stolen,  how  is  it 
that  the  victuals  remained  in  Sancho's 
possession  untouched  ? 

Sancho's  Wallet.  We  are  told  that 
Sancho  left  his  wallet  by  mistake  at  the 
tavern  where  he  was  blanket-tossed  (ch.  5), 
but  in  ch.  9,  when  he  found  the  port- 
manteau, "  he  crammed  the  gold  and 
linen  into  his  wallet." — Pt.  I.  iii. 

To  make  these  oversights  more  striking, 
the  author  says,  when  Sancho  found  the 
portmanteau,  "he  entirely  forgot  the  loss 
of  his  wallet,  his  great-coat,  and  of  his 
faithful  companion  and  servant  Dapple " 
(the  ass). 

Supper.  Cervantes  makes  the  party  at 
the  Crescent  tavern  eat  two  suppers  in 
one  evening.  In  ch.  5  the  curate  orders 
in  supper,  and  "  after  supper"  they  read 
the  story  of  Fatal  Curiosity.  In  ch.  12 
we  are  told  "the  cloth  was  laid  [again'] 
for  supper,"  and  the  company  sat  down 
to  it,  quite  forgetting  that  they  had 
already  supped. — Pt.  I.  iv. 

Chambkks's  Encycloimcdia  states  that 
*'  the  fame  of  Beaumarchais  rests  on  his 
two  operas,  Le  Barbier  de  Seville  (1755) 
and  Le  Mariagc  de  Figaro."  Every  one 
knows  that  Mozart  composed  the  opera  of 
Figaro  (178G),  and  that  Casti  wrote  the 
libretto.  The  opera  of  Le  Barbier  de 
Seville,  or  rather  //  Barbiere  di  Swiglia, 
was  composed  by  Rossini,  in  1816.  What 
Beaumarchais  wrote  was  two  comedies, 
one  in  four  acts  and  the  other  in  five  acts. 
— Art.  "  Beaumarchais." 

Chambeks's  Journal.  We  are  told, 
in  a  paper  entitled  "  Coincidences,"  that 
"Thursday  has  proved  a  fatal  day  with 
the  Tudors,  for  on  that  day  died  Henry 
Vlll.,  Edward  VI.,  queen  Mary,  and 
queen  Elizabeth."  If  this  had  been  the 
case  it  would,  indeed,  have  been  startling; 
but  what  are  the  facts?  Henry  VIII. 
died  on  Friday,  January  28,  1547,  and 
Elizabeth  died  on  Monday,  March  24, 
1603. — Rymer,  Fa:dera,  xv. 

In  the  same  paper  we  are  told  with 
equal  inaccuracy  that  Saturday  has  been 
fatal  to  the  present  dynasty,  "for  William 
IV.  and  every  one  of  the  Georges  died  on 
a  Saturda}'."  What,  however,  says  history 
proper?  William  IV.  died  on  Tuesday, 
June  20,  1837 ;  George  I.  died  Wednes 
day,  June  11,  1727  ;  George  III.  di 
Monday,  January  29,  1820 ;  George  I" 


I 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


303 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


died  Sundaj/j  June  26,  1830 ;  and  only- 
George  II.  died  on  a  Saturdaij,  "the  day 
[so\  fatal  to  the  present  dynasty." 

CiiAUCEK  says:  "The  throstle-cock 
Bings  so  sweet  a  tune  that  Tubal  himself, 
the  first  musician,  could  not  equal  it." — 
Tlie  Court  of  Love.  Of  course  he  means 
Jubal. 

CiBBER  (CoUey),  in  his  Love  Makes  a 
Man,  i.,  makes  Carlos  the  student  say, 
"  For  the  cure  of  herds  [  VirgWs']  hucolicks 
are  a  master-piece;  but  when  his  art 
describes  the  commonwealth  of  bees  .  .  . 
I'm  ravished."  He  means  the  Georgics, 
the  Bxicolics  are  eclogues,  and  never  touch 
upon  either  of  these  subjects.  The 
diseases  and  cures  of  cattle  are  in  Georgia 
iii.,  and  tlie  habits,  etc.,  of  bees,  Georgic  iv. 

Cii>  {The).  When  Alfonso  succeeded 
his  brother  Sancho  and  banished  the  Cid, 
Rodrigo  is  made  to  say  : 

Prithee  sny  where  were  tbesse  gallants 
(BolJ  enough  when  far  from  blows)  ? 

Where  were  they  when  I,  unaided, 
Iteitcued  thee  from  thirteen  foes  I 

The  historic  fact  is,  not  that  Rodrigo 
rescued  Alfonso  from  thirteen  foes,  but 
that  the  Cid  rescued  Sancho  from  thirteen 
of  Alfonso's  foes.  Eleven  he  slew,  and 
two  he  put  to  flight. — The  Cid,  xvi.  78. 

CoLMAN.  Job  Thomberry  says  to 
Peregrine,  who  offers  to  assist  him  in  his 
difficulties,  "Desist,  young  man,  in  time." 
But  Peregrine  was  at  least  45  years  old 
when  so  addressed.  He  was  15  when 
Job  first  knew  him,  and  had  been  absent 
thirty  years  in  Calcutta.  Job  Thomberry 
himself  was  not  above  five  or  six  years 
older. 

CoAVPER  calls  the  rose  "the  glory  of 
April  and  May,"  but  June  is  the  great 
rose  month.  In  the  south  of  England 
they  begin  to  bloom  in  the  latter  half  of 
May,  and  go  on  to  the  middle  of  July.- 

j        April   roses  would  be  horticultural   cu- 

!        riosities. 

\  Critics  at  fault.    The  licentiate  tells 

don  Quixote  that  some  critics  found  fault 
with  him  for  defective  memory,  and 
instanced  it  in  this:  "We  are  told  that 
Sancho's  ass  is  stolen,  but  the  author  has 

1        forgotten  to  mention  who  the  thief  was." 

I  This  is  not  the  case,  as  we  are  distinctly 
informed  that  it  was  stolen  by  Gines  de 
Passamonte,  one  of  the  galley-slaves. — 
Don  Quixote,  II.  i.  3. 

DiCKKxs,  in  Edwin  Drood,  puts  "  rooks 
and  rooks'  nests "  (instead  of  daws)  "  in 
the  towers  of  Cloisterham." 

In  Nicholas  Nickleby  he  represents  Mr. 
Squeers  as  getting  his  boys  "to  hoe 
turnips  "  in  midwinter. 


In  The  Tale  of  Two  Cities,  iii.  4,  ha 
says:  "The  name  of  the  strong  man  of 
Old  Scripture  descended  to  the  chief 
functionary  who  worked  the  guillotine." 
But  the  name  of  this  functionary  was 
Sanson,  not  Samson. 

Galex  says  that  man  has  seven  bones 
in  the  sternum  (instead  of  three) ;  and 
Sylvius,  in  reply  to  Vesaliws,  contends 
that  "in  days  of  yore  the  robust  chests 
of  heroes  had  more  bones  than  men  now 
have." 

Greene  (Hobert)  speaks  of  Delphos  as 
an  island ;  but  Delphos,  or  rather  Delphi, 
was  a  city  of  Phocis,  and  no  island. 
"  Six  noblemen  were  sent  to  the  isle  of 
Delphos." — Donastus  and  Faunia.  Pro- 
bably he  confounded  the  city  of  Delphi 
with  the  isle  of  Delos. 

Halliwell,  in  his  Archaic  Dictionary, 
says:  "Crouchmas  means  Christmas," 
and  adds  that  Tusser  is  his  authority. 
But  this  is  altogether  a  mistake.  Tusser, 
in  his  "i/a//  Remembrances,"  says; 
"  From  bull  cow  fast,  till  Crouchmas  be 
past,"  i.e.  St.  Helen's  Day.  Tusser  evi- 
dently means  from  May  3  (the  invention 
of  the  Cross)  to  August  18  (St.  Helen's 
Day  or  the  Cross-mas),  not  Christ-mas. 

HiGGONS  (Bevil)  says : 

The  Cyprian  queen,  drawn  by  ApelWs'  hand, 
Of  perfect  beauty  did  the  pattern  stand  ! 
But  then  briglit  nymplis  from  evsry  part  of  Greece 
I>id  all  contribute  to  adorn  tlie  piece. 

To  Sir  (Sodfrey  KneUer  (1780). 

Tradition  says  that  Apelles'  model  Wu,8 
either  Phryne,  or  Campaspe  afterwards  hia 
wife.  Campbell  has  borrowed  these  lines, 
but  ascribes  the  painting  to  Protog'enea 
the  Rhodian. 

When  first  the  Rhodian's  mimic  art  arrayed 
The  Queen  of  Beauty  in  her  Cyprian  siiade, 
The  happy  master  mingled  in  the  piece 
Each  looli  that  charmed  him  in  the  fair  of  Greece. 
Pleaturei  of  Uope,  U. 

Johnson  {Dr.)  makes  Addison  speak 
of  Steele  as  "  Little  Dicky,"  whereas  the 
person  so  called  by  Addison  was  not 
Richard  Steele,  but  a  dwarfish  actor  who 
played  "Gomez"  in  Dryden's  Spanish 
Fryar. 

London  Newspaper  {A),  one  of  the 
leading  journals  of  the  day,  has  spoken 
three  times  within  two  years  of  "  passing 
under  the  Caudine  Forks,"  evidenth'  sup- 
posing them  to  be  a  "  yoke  "  instead  of  a 
valley  or  mountain  pass. 

Longfellow  calls  Erig'ena  a  Scotch- 
man, whereas  the  very  word  means  au 
Irishman. 

Done  into  Litin  by  tliat  Scottish  beast. 
Erigena  Jolianiies. 

Golden  Legend. 

Without  doubt,  the   poet  mistook  John 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


304 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


Duns  [Scotius],  who  died  in  1308,  for 
John  Scortus  [Erigend],  who  died  in  875. 
Erigena  translated  into  Latin  St.  Diony-^ 
sins.  He  was  latitudinarian  in  his  views, 
and  anything  but  "a  Scottish  beast"  or 
Calvinist. 

The  Two  Angels.  Longfellow  crowns 
the  death-angel  with  amaranth,  with 
which  Milton  says,  "the  spirits  elect 
bind  their  resplendent  locks  ; "  and  his 
angel  of  life  he  crowns  with  asphodels, 
the  flowers  of  Pluto  or  the  grave. 

Melville  ( Whyte)  makes  a  very  pro- 
minent part  of  his  story  called  Ilobnby 
House  turn  on  the  death  of  a  favourite 
hawk  named  Diamond,  which  Mary 
Cave  tossed  off,  and  saw  "  fall  lifeless  at 
the  king's  feet"  (ch.  xxix.).  In  ch. 
xlvi.  this  very  hawk  is  represented  to 
be  alive;  "proud,  beautiful,  and  cruel, 
like  a  Venus  Victrix  it  perched  on  her 
mistress's  wrist,  unhooded." 

Milton.  Colkitto  and  Macdonnel.  In 
Sonnet  x.  Milton  speaks  of  Colkitto  and 
M'Donnel  as  two  distinct  families,  but 
they  are  really  one  and  the  same.  The 
M'Donnels  of  Antrim  were  called  Col- 
cittok  because  they  were  descended  from 
the  lame  Colin. 

In  Comus  (ver.  880)  he  makes  the  siren 
Ligea  "  sleek  her  hair  with  a  golden 
comb,"  as  if  she  were  a  Scandinavian 
mermaid. 

Moore  (T/iom.)  says: 

The  sunflower  turns  on  her  god,  when  he  sets, 
The  same  look  which  she  turned  when  he  rose. 

Irish  Alelodiet,  ii.  ("  Believe  Me.  if  all  those 
Endearing  Young  Charms  "). 

The  sunflower  does  not  turn  either  to 
the  rising  or  setting  sun.  It  receives  its 
name  solely  because  it  resembles  a  pic- 
ture sun.  It  is  not  a  tum-sun  or  helio- 
trope at  all. 

Morris  (W.)»  '^^  ^^^  Atalanta's  Hace, 
renders  the  Greek  word  saophron  "saf- 
ron,"  and  says : 

She  the  saffron  gown  will  never  wear, 

And  in  no  fiower-strewn  CQUch  shall  she  be  laid ; 

i.e.  she  will  never  be  a  bride.  Nonnius 
(bk.  xii.)  tells  us  that  virtuous  women 
wore  a  girdled  gown  called  saophron 
("  chaste  "),  to  indicate  their  purity  and  to 
prevent  indecorous  liberties.  Tlie  gown 
was  not  yellow  at  all,  but  it  was  girded 
with  a  girdle. 

Murphy,  in  the  Grecian  Daughter, 
Bays  (act  i.  1) : 

Have  you  forgot  the  elder  Dionysius, 

Surnanied  tlie  T)'rant  ?  .  .  .  Evander  came  from  Greece, 

And  sent  the  tyrant  to  his  humble  rank. 

Once  more  re<liiced  to  roam  for  vile  subsistence, 

A  wandering  sophist  thro'  the  realms  of  Greece. 

It   was   not  Dionysius    the  Elder,    but 


Dionysius  the  Younger,  who  was  the 
"wandering  sophist;"  and  it  was  not 
Evander,  but  Timoleon,  who  dethroned 
him.  The  elder  Dicnj-sius  was  not  de- 
throned at  all,  nor  ever  reduced  "to 
humble  rank."  He  reigned  thirty-eight 
years  without  interruption,  and  died  a 
king,  in  the  plenitude  of  his  glory,  at  the 
age  of  63. 

In  the  same  play  (act  iv.  1)  Euphrasia 
says  to  Dionysius  the  Younger : 

Tliink  of  thy  father's  fate  at  Corinth.  Dionysius. 

It  was  not  the  father  but  the  son 
(Dionysius  the  Younger)  who  lived  in 
exile  at  Corinth. 

In  the  same  play  he  makes  Timo'leon 
victorious  over  the  Syracusians  (that  is 
historically  correct)  ;  and  he  makes  Eu- 
phrasia stab  Dionysius  the  Younger, 
whereas  he  retreated  to  Corinth,  and 
spent  his  time  in  debaucher)',  but  sup- 
ported himself  by  keeping  a  school.  Of 
his  death  nothing  is  known,  but  certainly 
he  was  not  stabbed  to  death  by  Euphrasia. 
— See  Plutarch. 

Rymkr,  in  his  Fcedera,  ascribes  to 
Henry  I.  (who  died  in  1135)  a  preaching 
expedition  for  the  restoration  of  Roches- 
ter Church,  injured  by  fire  in  1177  (vol.  I. 
i.  9). 

In  the  previous  page  Rymer  ascribes  to 
Henry  I.' a  deed  of  gift  from  "Henry 
king  of  England  and  lord  of  Ireland ; " 
but  every  one  knows  that  Ireland  was 
conquered  by  Henry  IL,  and  the  deed 
referred  to  was  the  act  of  Henry  III. 

On  p.  71  of  the  same  vol.  Odo  is  made, 
in  1298,  to  swear  "in  no  wise  to  con- 
federate with  Richard  I.  ; "  whereas 
Richard  I.  died  in  1199. 

Sabine  Maid  (The),  G.  Gilfillan,  in 
his  introductory  essay  to  Longfellow, 
says:  "His  ornaments,  unlike  those  o£^ 
the  Sabine  maid,  have  not  crushed  him." ; 
Tarpeia,  who  opened  the  gates  of  Rome! 
to  the  Sabines,  and  Avas  crushed  to  death  i 
by  their  shields,  was  not  a  Sabine  maid' 
but  a  Roman. 

Scott  (Sir  Walter).  In  the  Heart  of{ 
Midlothian  we  read : 

She  [Effie  Dearu]  amused  herself  with  visiting  the ; 
dairy  .  .  .  and  was  near  discovering  herself  to  Mary 
Hetley  by  betraying  her  acquaintance  with  the  celebrated 
receipt  for  Dunlop  cheese,  that  she  compared  herself  to 
Bedreddin  Ha.saan,  whom  the  vizier  his  fatlier-in-law  dis- 
covered by  his  superlative  skill  in  composing  cream-tarta 
with  pepper  in  thera. 

In  these  few  Imes  are  several  gross  errors : 

(1)  "cream-tarts  should  be  cheese-cakes; 

(2)  the  charge  was  "  that  he  made  cheese- 
cakes without  putting  pepper  in  them  "" 
and  not  that  he  made  "  cream-tarts  with 


i 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


305 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS 


pepper;"  (3)  it  was  not  the  vizier  his 
father-in-law  and  uncle,  but  his  mother, 
the  widow  of  Noureddin,  who  made  the 
discovery,  and  why  ?  for  the  best  of  all 
reasons — because  she  herself  had  taught 
her  son  the  receipt.  The  party  were  at 
Damascus  at  the  time. — Arabian  Nights 
( "  Noureddin  Ali,"  etc.).  (See  next  page, 
•'Thackeray.") 

"What!"  said  Bedreddin,  "was  everything  In  my 
house  to  be  broken  and  destroyed  .  .  .  only  because  I 
did  not  piit  pepper  in  a  cheese-cake!"— .4 raft jan  HighU 
("Noureddin  All,"  etc). 

Again,  sir  Walter  Scott  speaks  of 
"the  philosopher  who  appealed  from 
Philip  inflamed  with  wine  to  Philip  in  his 
hours  of  sobriety  "  {Antiquary,  x.).  This 
•'  philosopher  "  was  a  poor  old  woman. 

Shakespeare.  Althcea  and  the  Fire- 
brand. Shakespeare  says  (2  Henry  IV. 
act  ii.  sc.  2)  that "  Althaea  dreamt  she  was 
delivered  of  a  fire-brand."  It  was  not 
Althaea  but  Hcctiba  who  dreamed,  a  little 
before  Paris  was  bom,  that  her  offspring 
was  a  brand  that  consumed  the  kingdom." 
The  tale  of  Althtea  is,  that  the  Fates  laid 
a  log  of  wood  on  a  fire,  and  told  her  that 
her  son  would  live  till  that  log  was  con- 
sumed ;  whereupon  she  snatched  up  the 
log  and  kept  it  from  the  fire,  till  one  day 
her  son  Melea'ger  offended  her,  when 
she  fiung  the  log  on  the  fire,  and  her  son 

j    died,  as  the  Fates  predicted. 

!  Bohemia's  Coast.  In  the  Winter's  Tale 
the  vessel  bearing  the  infant  Perdita  is 
"driven  by  storm  on  the  coast  of  Bohe- 

„    mia;"  but  Bohemia  has  no  sea-board  at 

!    all.' 

\  In  Coriolanus  Shakespeare  makes  Vo- 
lamnia  the  mother,  and  Virgilia  the  wife, 
of  Coriolanus ;  but  his  wife  was  Volum- 
nia,  and  his  mot/ier  Veturia. 

;       Delphi  an  Island.     In  the  same  drama 

{  (^act  iii.  sc.  1)  Delphi  is  spoken  of  as  an 
j!  island ;  but  Delphi  is  a  city  of  Phocis, 
j;  containing  a  temple  to  Apollo.  It  is  no 
5  island  at  all. 

Duncan's  Murder.  Macbeth,  did  not 
murder  Duncan  in  the  castle  of  Inverness, 
as  stated  in  the  plav,  but  at  "the  smith's 
houae,"  near  Elgin  (1039). 
j  Elsinurc.  buakespeare  speaks  of  the 
'  "  beetling  clilf  of  Elsinore,"  whereas 
Elsinore  has  no  cliffs  at  all. 

What  if  it  [the  ghost]  tempts  you  to  the  flood  .  . . 
Or  to  the  dreadful  summit  of  the  cliff 
lliat  beetles  o'er  its  base  into  the  sea  t 

HanUet,  act  i.  sc.  4. 

The  Ghost,  in  Hamlet,  is  evidently  a 
[  Roman  Catholic  :  he  talks  of  purgatory, 
1  absolution,  and  other  catholic  dogmas  ; 
I' but  the  Danes  at  the  time  were  pagans. 


St.  Louis.  Shakespeare,  in  Henry  V, 
act  i.  sc.  2,  calls  Louis  X.  "  St.  Louis,"  but 
"  St.  Louis  "  was  Louis  IX.  It  was  Louis 
IX.  whose  "grandmother  was  Isabel," 
issue  of  Charles  de  Lorraine,  the  last  of 
the  Carlovingians.  Louis  X.  was  the  son 
of  Philippe  IV.  {le  Bel),  and  grandson  of 
Philippe  III.  and  "  Isabel  of  Aragon," 
not  Isabel  "heir  of  Capet,  of  the  line  of 
Charles  the  duke  of  Lorain." 

Madxth  was  no  tyrant,  as  Shakespeare 
makes  him  out  to  be,  but  a  firm  and 
equitable  prince,  whose  title  to  the  throne 
was  better  than  that  of  Duncan. 

Again,  Macbeth  was  not  slain  by  Mac- 
dufl:  at  Dunsin'ane,  but  made  his  escape 
from  the  battle,  and  was  slain,  in  lO.'iG, 
at  Lumphanan. — Lardner,  Cabinet  Cyc.y 
17-19. 

In  The  Winter's  Tale,  act  v.  sc.  2, 
one  of  the  gentlemen  refers  to  Julio 
Romano,  the  Italian  artist  and  architect 
(1492-1546),  certainly  some  1800  years 
or  more  before  Romano  was  born. 

In  Twelfth  Nujht,  the  Illyrian  clovm 
speaks  of  St.  Bennet's  Church,  London, 
"  The  triplex,  sir,  is  a  good  tripping  mea- 
sure, or  the  bells  of  St.  Bennet's  sure  may 
put  you  in  mind  :  one,  two,  three  "  (act  v, 
BC.  1)  ;  as  if  the  duke  was  a  Londoner. 

Spknsek.  Bacchus  or  Saturn  ?  In 
the  Faery  Qu£en,  iii.  11,  Britomart  saw 
in  the  castle  of  Bu'sirane  (8  syl.),  a  pic- 
ture descriptive  of  the  love  of  Saturn, 
who  had  changed  himself  into  a  centaur 
out  of  love  for  Erig'one.  It  was  not 
Saturn  but  Bacchus  who  loved  Erigong, 
and  he  was  not  transformed  to  a  centaur, 
but  to  a  horse. 

Benone  or  (Enone  ?  In  bk.  vi.  9  {Faery 
Queen)  the  lady-love  of  Paris  is  called 
Benone,  which  ought  to  be  OLnone.^  The 
poet  says  that  Paris  was  "by  Plexippus' 
brook "  when  the  golden'  apple  was 
brought  to  him ;  but  no  such  brook  is 
mentioned  by  any  classic  author. 

Critias  and  Socrates.  In  bk.  ii.  7  {Faery 
Queeyi)  Spenser  says :  "  The  wise  Socra- 
tes ..  .  poured  out  his  life  ...  to  the 
dear  Critias;  his  dearest  bel-amie."  It 
was  not  Socrates  but  Theram'enes,  one 
of  the  thirty  tyrants,  who,  in  quaffing 
the  poison-cup,  said  smiling,  "Thib  I 
drink  to  the  health  of  fair  Critias." — 
Cicero,  Tusculan  Questions. 

Critias  or  Critoi  In  Faery  Queen,  iv, 
(introduction),  Spenser  says  that  Socra- 
tes often  discoursed  of  love  to  his  friend 
Critias;  but  it  was  Crito,  or  rather  Criton, 
that  the  poet  means. 

Cyprus  and  Faphos.     Spenser  make* 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


306 


ERRORS  OF  AUTHORS. 


sir  Scudamore  speak  of  a  temple  of 
Venus,  far  more  beautiful  than  "that  in 
Paphos  or  that  in  Cypnis  ; "  but  Paphos 
was  merely  a  town  in  the  island  of  Cy- 
prus, and  the  "  two  "  are  but  one  and  the 
same  temple. — Faery  Queen,  iv.  10. 

Ilippomanes.  Spenser  says  the  golden 
apples  of  Mammon's  garden  were  better 
than 

Those  with  which  the  Eubeean  young  man  won 
Swift  Atalanta. 

Fairy  Queen,  iL  7. 

The  young  man  was  Hippom'anes,  but 
he  was  not  a  *'  Eubaean  "  but  a  native  of 
Onchestos,  in  Boeo'tia. 

Tennyson,  in  the  Last  Tournament^ 
Bays  (ver.  1),  Dagonet  was  knighted  in 
mockery  by  sir  Gaw'ain  ;  but  in  the 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  we  are  dis- 
tinctly told  that  king  Arthur  knighted 
him  with  his  own  hand  (pt.  ii.  91). 

In  Gareth  and  Lynette  the  same  poet 
says  that  Gareth  was  the  son  of  Lot  and 
liellicent ;  but  we  are  told  a  score  times 
and  more  in  the  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
that  he  was  the  son  of  Margawse  (Arthur's 
sister  and  Lot's  wife,  pt.  i.  36). 

King  Lot  .  .  .  wedded  Margawse;  Nentres .  .  .  wedded 
Elaiii.— Sir  T.  Malory,  llUtory  of  Prince  Arthur,  L  2, 
35,  36. 

In  the  same  Idyll  Tennyson  has  changed 
Liones  to  Lyonors  ;  but,  according  to  the 
collection  of  romances  edited  by  sir  T. 
Malory,  these  were  quite  different  persons. 
Liones,  daughter  of  sir  Persaunt,  and 
Bister  of  Linet  of  Castle  Perilous,  married 
sir  Gareth  (pt.  i.  153)  ;  but  Lyonors  was 
the  daughter  of  earl  Sanam,  and  was  the 
unwed  mother  of  sir  Borre  by  king 
Arthur  (pt.  i.  15). 

Again,  Tennyson  makes  Gareth  marry 
Lynette,  and  leaves  the  true  heroine, 
Lyonors,  in  the  cold ;  but  the  History 
makes  Gareth  marry  Liones  (Lyonors), 
and  Gaheris  his  brother  marries  Linet. 

Thus  eiideth  the  history  of  sir  Gareth,  tliat  wedded  Dame 
Lionfes  of  the  Castle  Perilous ;  and  also  of  sir  GahCris,  who 
wedded  her  sister  Dame  Linet— Sir  T.  Malory,  llittory 
uf  Prince  Arthur  (end  of  pt.  i.). 

Again,  in  Gareth  and  Lynette,  by 
erroneously  beginning  day  with  sunrise 
instead  of  the  previous  eve,  Tennyson 
reverses  the  order  of  the  knights,  and 
makes  the  fresh  green  morn  represent  the 
decline  of  day,  or,  as  he  calls  it,  "  Hes- 
perus "  or  "  Evening  Star  "  ;  and  the  blue 
star  of  evening  he  makes  "  Phosphorus" 
or  the  *'  Morning  Star." 

Once  more,  in  Gareth  and  Lynette 
the  poet-laureate  makes  the  combat  be- 
tween Gareth  and  Death  finished  at  a 
eingle  blow,  but  in  the  History  Gareth 
lights  from  dawn  to  dewy  eve. 


Thus  they  fought  [from  mnrite^  till  It  was  part  noon, 
and  would  not  stint,  till  at  last  both  lacked  wind,  and 
then  stood  they  wagging,  staggering,  panting,  blowing, 
and  bleeding  .  .  .  and  when  they  had  rested  them  awhile, 
they  went  to  battle  again,  trasing,  rasing,  and  foyning,  as 
two  boars.  .  .  Thus  they  endured  till  evening-song  tluie. 
—Sir  T.  Malory,  Hittory  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  136. 

In  the  Last  Tournament  Tennyson 
makes  sir  Tristram  stabbed  to  death  by 
sir  Mark  in  Tintag'il  Castle,  Cornwall, 
while  toying  with  his  aunt,  Isolt  the  Fair  , 
but  in  the  History  he  is  in  bed  in  Brit- 
tany, severely  wounded,  and  dies  of  a 
shock,  because  his  wife  tells  him  the  ship 
in  which  he  expected  his  aunt  to  come 
was  sailing  into  port  with  a  blach  sail 
instead  of  a  white  one. 

The  poet-laureate  has  deviated  so  often 
from  the  collection  of  tales  edited  by  sir 
Thomas  Malory,  that  it  would  occupy  too 
much  space  to  point  out  his  deviations 
even  in  the  briefest  manner. 

Thackeray,  ia  Vanity  Fair,  has  taken 
from   sir  Walter  Scott   his    allusion  to 
Bedrcddin,    and    not   from    the  Arabian 
Nights.    He  has,  therefore,  fallen  into  the 
same  error,  and  added  two  more.     He 
says  :  "  I  ought  to  have  remembered  the 
pepper  which  the  princess  of  Persia  puts 
into  the  cream-tarts  in  India,  sir"  (ch, 
iii.).      The  charge  was  that  Bedreddin 
made   his    cheese-cakes    without    putting 
pepper  into  them.     But  Thackeray  ha 
committed  in  this  allusion  other  blunder 
It  was  not  a  "  princess  "  at  all,  but  Bee 
reddrin  Hassan,  who  for  the  nonce  ha 
become  a  confectioner.  He  learned  the 
of  making  cheese-cakes  from  his  mothi 
(a  widow).    Again,  it  was  not  a  "prince 
of  Persia,"  for  Bedreddin's  mother  was  ti 
widow  of  the  vizier  of  Balsora,  at  tb 
time  quite  independent  of  Persia. 

Victor  Hugo,  in  Les  Travailleurs 
la  Mer,   renders   "the  frith  of   Forthi 
by  the  phrase  Premier  des  qiiatre,  mi 
taking  "frith"  for  first,  and  "Forth" 
for  fourth  or  four. 

In  his  Marie  Tudor  he  refers  to  the 
^^  History  and  Annals  of  Henry  VII.  par 
Franc  Baronum,"  meaning  "  Historia,  etc., 
Henrici  Septimi,  per  Franciscum  Baco- 
num." 

Virgil  has  placed  iEneas  in  a  harbour 
which  did  not  exist  at  the  time.  "  Por- 
tusque  require  Velinos "  {jEneid,  vi. 
366).  It  was  Curius  Dentatus  who  cut  a 
gorge  through  the  rocks  to  let  the  waters 
of  the  Velinus  into  the  Nar.  Before  this 
was  done,  the  Velinus  was  merely  a 
number  of  stagnant  lakes,  and  the 
blunder  is  about  the  same  as  if  a  modem 
poet  were  to  make  Columbus  pass  through 
the  Suez  Canal,  _ 


k 


ERRUA. 


307 


ESCALUS. 


In  Mneid,  iii.  171,  Virgil  makes  iEneas 
speak  of  "Ausonia;"  but  as  Italy  was 
so  called  from  Auson,  son  of  Ulysses  and 
Calypso,  of  course  ^neas  could  not  have 
known  the  name. 

Again,  in  jEneid,  ix.  571,  he  repre- 
sents Chorinaeus  as  slain  by  Asy'las  ;  but 
in  bk.  xii.  298  he  is  alive  again.     Thus  : 

Chorinffium  steniit  Asylas. 

Bk.  ix.  67]. 

Then: 

Obvius  ambustum  torrem  Chorinaeus  ab  ara 
Corripit,  et  venienti  Ebiiso  plagaiuque  ferenti 
Occuput  OS  flaituuis,  etc. 

Bk.  xiL  298.  etc. 

Again,  in  bk.  ix.  Numa  is  slain  by 
Nisus  (ver.  654) ;  but  in  bk.  x.  562  Numa 
is  alive,  and  iEneas  kills  him. 

Once  more,  in  bk.  x.  iEneas  slays 
Camertes  (ver.  562) ;  but  in  bk.  xii.  224 
Jatuma,  the  sister  of  Turnus,  assumes 
his  shape.  But  if  he  was  dead,  no  one 
would  have  been  deluded  into  supposing 
the  figure  to  be  the  living  man. 

*^*  Of  course,  every  intelligent  reader 
will  be  able  to  add  to  this  list ;  but  no 
more  space  can  be  allowed  for  the  subject 
in  this  dictionary. 

Er'rua  (^^the  mad-cap"),  a  young 
m?n  whose  wit  defeated  the  strength  of  the 
giant  Tartar©  (a  sort  of  one-eyed  Poly- 
pheme).  Th us  the  first  competition  was  in 
throwing  a  stone.  The  giant  threw  his 
stone,  but  Errua  threw  a  bird,  which  the 
giant  supposed  to  be  a  stone,  and  as  it 
fiew  out  of  sight,  Errua  won  the  wager. 
The  next  wager  was  to  throwa  bar  of  iron. 
After  the  giant  had  thrown,  Errua  said, 
*'  I'rom  here  to  Salamanca  ;  "  whereupon 
the  giant  bade  him  not  to  throw,  lest  the 
bar  of  iron  should  kill  his  father  and 
mother,  who  lived  there ;  so  the  giant  lost 
the  second  wager.  The  third  was  to  pull 
a  tree  up  by  the  roots  ;  and  the  giant  gave 
in  because  Errua  had  run  a  cord  round  a 
host  of  trees,  and  said,  "  You  pull  up  one, 
but  I  pull  up  all  these."  The  next  ex- 
ploit was  at  bed-time :  Errua  was  to 
sleep  in  a  certain  bed ;  but  he  placed  a 
dead  man  in  the  bod,  while  he  himself 
got  under  it.  At  midnight  Tartaro  took 
his  cluband  belaboured  the  dead  body  most 
unmercifully.  When  Errua  stood  before 
Tartaro  next  morning,  the  giant  was 
dumfoundered.  lie  asked  Errua  how  he 
had  slept.  "  Excellently  well,"  said  " 
Errua,  "but  somewhat  troubled  by 
fleas."  Other  trials  were  made,  but 
always  in  favour  of  Errua.  At  length  a 
raco  was  propoeed,  and  Errua  seAved  into 
a  bag  the  bowels  of   a  pig.     When  he- 


started,  he  cut  the  bag,  strewing  the 
bowels  on  the  road.  When  Tartaro  was 
told  that  his  rival  had  done  this  to  make 
himself  more  fleet,  he  cut  his  belly,  and 
of  course  killed  himself. — Rev.  W. 'Web- 
ster, Basque  Legends  (1877). 

(The  reader  will  readily  trace  the  re- 
semblance between  this  legend  and  the 
exploits  of  Jack  the  Giant-killer.  See 
also  Campbell's  Popular  Tales  of  the  West 
Highlands,  ii.  327,  and  Grimm's  Valiant 
Little  Tailor.) 

Erse  (1  syl.),  the  native  language  of 
the  West  Highlanders  of  Scotland. 
Gaelic  is  a  better  word. 

*^*  Erse  is  a  corruption  of  Irish,  from 
the  supposition  that  these  Highlanders 
were  a  colony  from  Ireland  ;  but  whether 
the  Irish  came  from  Scotland  or  the 
Scotch  from  Ireland,  is  one  of  those 
knotty  points  on  which  the  two  nations 
will  never  agree.     (See  Fir-bolg.) 

Ers'kine  {The  Eev.  Dr.),  minister  of 
Greyfriars'  Church,  Edinburgh. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Manncrinj  (time,  George  II.). 

Er'tanax,  a  fish  common  in  the 
Euphrates.  The  bones  of  this  fish  impart 
courage  and  strength. 

A  fish  .  .  .  hauntftth  the  flood  of  Eiifratfis  ...  it  fa 
called  an  ertanax,  and  his  bones  Jie  of  such  a  manner  of 
kind  that  whoso  handleth  them  lie  shall  liave  so  mucli 
courage  that  lie  shall  never  be  weary,  and  he  shall  not 
tliink  on  joy  nor  sorrow  that  he  hath  htid,  but  only  on 
the  thing  he  beholdeth  before  him.— Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  J'rlnce  Arthur,  iU.  84  (1470). 

Erudite  {Most).  Marcus  Terentius 
Varro  is  called  "  the  most  erudite  of  the 
Romans"  (b.c.  116-27). 

Erythrae'an  Main  {The),  the  Red 
Sea.  The  "  Erythraeum  Mare  "  included 
the  whole  expanse  of  sea  between  Arabia 
and  Africa,  including  the  Red  Sea  and  the 
Persian  Gulf. 

The  ruddy  waves  he  cleft  In  twain 
Of  the  Erythncan  main. 

Milton,  Psalm  cxxxW.  (1623). 

Er'ythre,  Modesty  personified,  the 
virgin  page  of  Parthen'ia  or  maiden 
chastity,  in  The  Purple  Island,  by  Phineas 
Fletcher  (1633).  Fully  described  in 
canto  X.  (Greek,  cruthros,  "  red,"  from 
eruthriao,  "to  blush.") 
Erysiehthon  [Erri.sik'.  thon^ ,  a  grand- 
son of  Neptune,  who  was  punished  by 
Ceres  with  insatiable  hunger,  for  cutting 
down  some  trees  in  a  grove  sacred  to  that 
goddess.     (See  Erisichthon.) 

Es'calus,  an  ancient,  kind-hearted 
lord  in  the  deputation  of  the  duke  of 
Vienna. — Shakespeare,  Measure  for  Me**- 
sure (1603), 


ESCALUS. 


ESTHER  HAWDON. 


Fs'calus,  prince  of  Vero'na. — Shake- 
speare, Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

Es'canes  (3  syl.)^  one  of  the  lords  of 
Tyre. — Shakespeare,  Pericles  Prince  of 
lAjre  (1608). 

Escobar  {Mons.  X'),  the  French  name 
for  a  fox,  so  called  from  M.  Escobar  the 

Erobabilist,  whence  also  the   verb  esco- 
irder,  "to  play  the  fox,"  *'to  play  fast 
and  loose." 

The  French  liave  a  capital  name  for  the  fox.  namely, 
M.  L'Escobar,  which  may  be  translated  the  "shuffler,"  or 
more  freely  "sly  boots." — Th6  Daily  ifewt,  ALireh  25, 
1878. 

Escotillo  {i.e.  little  Michael  Scott), 
considered  by  the  common  people  as  a 
magician,  because  he  possessed  more 
knowledge  of  natural  and  experimental 
philosophy  than  his  contemporaries. 

Es'dale  {Mr.),  a  surgeon  at  Madras. 
• — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's  Daxujhter 
(time,  George  II.). 

Eoil  or  Eisel,  vinegar.  John  Skel- 
ton,  referring  to  the  Crucifixion,  Avhen  the 
soldiers  gave  Christ  "vinegar  mingled 
with  gall,"  says : 

CI<rist  by  cnieltie  Was  nayled  to  a  tree  .  .  . 
He  drauke  eisel  and  gall.  To  redeine  vs  withaL 

Colyn  Clout  (time.  Henry  VIIT.). 

Es'ings,  the  kings  of  Kent.  So  called 
from  Eisc,  the  father  of  Hengist,  as  the 
Tuscans  receive  their  name  from  Tus- 
cus,  the  Romans  from  Romulus,  the  Ce- 
crop'idse  from  Cecrops,  the  Britons  from 
Brutus,  and  soon. — P^thelwerd,  Chron.,  ii. 

Esmeralda,  a  beautiful  gipsy-girl, 
who,  with  tambourine  and  goat,  dances 
in  the  place  before  Notre  Dame  de  Paris, 
and  is  looked  on  as  a  witch.  Qassimodo 
conceals  her  for  a  time  in  the  church,  but 
after  various  adventures  she  is  gibbeted. 
— Victor  Hugo,  Notre  Dame  de  Paris 

Esmond  {Henry),  a  chivalrous  cava- 
lier in  the  reign  of  queen  Anne  ;  the 
hero  of  Thackeray's  novel  called  Esmond 
(1852). 

Esplan'diaii,  son  of  Am'adis  and 
Oria'na.  Montalvo  has  made  him  the 
subject  of  a  fifth  book  to  the  four  original 
books  of  Am/xdis  of  Gaul  (1460). 

The  description  of  the  most  furious  battles,  carried  on 
with  all  the  bloody -niindedness  of  an  F-sp'iaudian  or  a 
Bobadil  ICen  Jonson,  Every  A/an  in  Hit  Humour]. 
.—Encyc.  Brit.,  Art.  "  Boniance." 

Espriel'la  {Manuel  Alvarez),  the 
apocryphal  name  of  Robert  Soutiey. 
The  poet-laureate  pretends  that  certain 
"  letters  from  England,"  written  by  this 
Spaniard,  were  translated  by  him  from  the 
original  Spanish  (three  vols.,  1807), 


Essex  {Tlie  earl  of),  a  tragedy  by 
Henry  Jones  (1745).  Lord  Burleigh  and 
sir  Walter  Raleigh  entertained  a  mortal 
hatred  to  the  earl  of  Essex,  and  accused 
him  to  the  queen  of  treason.  Elizabeth 
disbelieved  the  charge  ;  but  at  this  junc- 
ture the  earl  left  Ireland,  whither  the 
queen  had  sent  him,  and  presented  him- 
self before  her.  She  was  very  angn,',  and 
struck  him,  and  Essex  rushed  into  open 
rebellion,  was  taken,  and  condemned  to 
death.  The  queen  had  given  him  a  ring 
before  the  trial,  telling  him  whatever  peti- 
tion he  asked  should  be  granted,  if  he 
sent  to  her  this  ring.  When  the  time  of 
execution  drew  nigh,  the  queen  sent  the 
countess  of  Nottingham  to  the  Tower,  to 
ask  Essex  if  he  had  any  plea  to  make,  and 
the  earl  entreated  her  to  present  the  ring 
to  her  majesty,  and  petition  her  to  spare 
the  life  of  his  friend  Southampton.  The 
countess  purposely  neglected  this  charge, 
and  Essex  was  executed.  The  queen,  it  is 
true,  sent  a  reprieve,  but  lord  Burleigh 
took  care  it  should  arrive  too  late.  The 
poet  says  that  Essex  had  recently  married 
the  countess  of  Rutland,  that  both  the 
queen  and  the  countess  of  Nottingham 
were  jealous,  and  that  this  jealousy  was 
the  chief  cause  of  the  carl's  death. 

The  abb^  Boyer,  I^  Calprenede,  anj' 
Th.  Corneille  have  tragedies  on  the 
subject. 

Essex  {The  earl   of),  lord  high  coj 
stable  of  England,  introduced  by  sir 
Scott  in  his  novel  called  Icanhoe  (tii 
Richard  I.). 

Estel'la,  a  haughty  beauty,  adoptee 
by  Miss  Havisham.  She  was  affianced 
by  her  wish  to  Pip,  but  married  Bentlej 
Drummle.— C.  Dickens,  Great  Expect^ 
tions  (1860). 

Esther,  housekeeper  to  Muhldenan, 
minister  of  Mariendorpt.  She  loves 
Hans,  a  servant  to  the  minister,  but 
Hans  is  shy,  and  Esther  has  to  teach  him 
how  to  woo  and  win  her.  Esther  and 
Hans  are  similar  to  Helen  and  Modus, 
only  in  a  lower  social  grade. — S.  Knowles, 
The  Maid  of  Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Esther  Hawdon,  better  known 
through  the  taie  as  Esther  Summerson, 
natural  daughter  of  captain  Hawdon  and 
lady  Dedlock  (before  her  marriage  with 
sir  Leicester  Dedlock).  Esther  is  a  most 
lovable,  gentle  creature,  called  by  those 
who  know  her  and  love  her,  "  Dame 
Durden"  or  "Dame  Trot."  She  is  the 
heroine    of    the    taie,    and    a   ward 


ESTIFANIA. 


ETHIOPIANS. 


Chancery.  Eventually  she  marries  Allan 
Woodcourt,  a  surgeon. — C.  Dickens, 
Bleak  House  (1852). 

Estifa'nia,  an  intriguing  woman, 
servant  of  donna  Margaritta  the  Spanish 
heiress.  She  palms  herself  off  on  don 
Michael  Perez  (the  copper  captain)  as  an 
heiress,  and  the  mistress  of  Margaritta's 
mansion.  The  captain  marries  her,  and 
finds  out  that  all  her  swans  are  only 
geese. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  liule  a 
Wife  and  Have  a  Wife  (1640). 

Mrs.  Pritcbard  was  excellent  In  "  The  Queen "  in 
JIamlet  [Shakespeare],  "Clariiida"  [The  Beau's  Duel, 
CentlivreJ,  "  Estifania,"  "  Doll  Common "  [fAe  Alcheynist, 
B.  Jonson].— Charles  Dlbdin. 

Est-il-Possible  ?  a  nickname  given 
to  George  of  Denmark  (queen  Anno's 
husband),  because  his  general  remark  to 
the  most  startling  announcement  was 
Est  il  possible  i  With  this  exclamation  he 
exhausted  the  vials  of  his  wrath.  It  was 
James  II.  who  gave  him  the  sobriquet. 

Est'mere  (2  syL),  king  of  England. 
He  went  with  his  younger  brother  Adler 
to  the  court  of  king  Adlands,  to  crave  his 
daughter  in  marriage  ;  but  king  Adlands 
replied  that  Bremor,  the  sowdan  or  sultan 
of  Spain,  had  forestalled  him.    However, 
the  lady,  being  consulted,  gave  her  voice 
in  favour  of  the  king  of  England.    While 
Estmere  and  his  brother  went  to  make 
preparations  for  the  wedding,  the  "sow- 
dan  "  arrived,  and  demanded  the  lady  to 
wife.    A  messenger  was  immediately  de- 
spatched to  inform  Estmere,  and  the  two 
brothers  returned,  disguised  as  a  harper 
I       and  his  boy.     They  gained  entrance  into 
1       the    palace,    and    Adler    sang,    saying, 
I       "  0  ladye,  this  is  thy  owne  true  love ; 
no  harper,  but  a  king ; "  and  then  drawing 
his  sword  he  slew  the  "  sowdan,"  Est- 
mere at  the  same  time  chasing  from  the 
i      hall  the   "  kempery   men."     Being  now 
I      master  of    the    position,    Estmere   took 
I      "  the  ladye  faire,"  made  her  his  wife,  and 
I     brought  her  home  to  England. — Percy, 
I     £eliques,  I.  i.  5. 

Estot'iland,  a  vast  tract  of  land  in 
the  north  of  America.  Said  to  have  been 
discovered  by  John  Scalve,   a  Pole,  in 

1477. 

The  snow 
From  cold  Estotiland. 

Milton,  I'aradise  Lost,  x.  685  (1665). 

Estrildis  or  Elstred,  daughter  of 
the  emperor  of  Germany.  She  was  taken 
captive  in  war  by  Locrin  (king  of 
Britain),  by  whom  she  became  the  mother 


of  Sabrin  or  Sabre.  Gwendolen,  the 
wife  of  Locrin,  feeling  insulted  by  this" 
liaison,  slew  her  husband,  and  had 
Estrildis  and  her  daughter  thrown  into  a 
river,  since  called  the  Sabri'na  or  Severn. 
— Geoffrey,  British  History,  ii.  2,  etc. 

Their  corses  were  dissolved  into  that  crystal  stream, 
Their  curls  to  curled  waves. 

Drayton,  PolyolHon,  tL  (1612). 

Ete'ocles  and  Polyni'ces,  the  two 
sons  of  OL'dipos.  After  the  expulsion  of 
their  father,  these  two  young  princes 
agreed  to  reign  alternate  years  in  Thebes. 
Eteocles,  being  the  elder,  took  the  first 
turn,  but  at  the  close  of  the  year  refused 
to  resign  the  sceptre  to  his  brother; 
whereupon  Polynices,  aided  by  six  other 
chiefs,  laid  siege  to  the  city.  The  two 
brothers  met  in  combat,  and  each  was 
slain  by  the  other's  hand. 

*^*  A  similar  fratricidal  struggle  is 
told  of  don  Pedro  of  Castile  and  his  half- 
brother  don  Henry.  When  don  Pedro 
had  estranged  the  Castilians  by  his 
cruelty,  don  Henry  invaded  Castile  with 
a  body  of  French  auxiliaries,  and  took 
his  brother  prisoner.  Don  Henry  visited 
him  in  prison,  and  the  two  brothers  fell 
on  each  other  like  lions.  Henry  wounded 
Pedro  in  the  face,  but  fell  over  a  bench, 
when  Pedro  seized  him.  At  that  moment 
a  Frenchman  seized  Pedro  by  the  leg, 
tossed  him  over,  and  Henry  slew  him. — 
Menard,  History  of  Du  Guesciin. 

(This  is  the  subject  of  one  of  Lock- 
hart's  Spanish  ballads.) 

Eth'elbert,  king  of  Kent,  r.nd  the 
first  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  kings  who  was 
a  Christian.  He  persuaded  Gregory  to 
send  over  Augustine  to  convert  the  Eng- 
lish to  "the  true  faith"  (596),  and  built 
St.  Paul's,  London. — Ethelwerd's  CAro- 
nicle,  ii. 

Good  Ethelbert  of  Kent,  first  christened  English  king, 
To  preach  the  faith  of  Christ  was  first  did  hither  bring 
Wise  Au'gustine  the  monk,  from  holy  Gregory  sent  .  .  . 
Ttiat  mighty  fane  to  Paul  in  London  did  erect. 

Drayton,  PolyolbUm,  xL  (1613). 

Eth-'erington  {The  late  earl  of)y 
father  of  Tyrrel  and  Bulmor. 

Tlie  titular  earl  of  Utherington,  his  suc- 
cessor to  the  title  and  estates. 

Marie  de  Martigny  (La  comtesse),  wife 
of  the  titular  earl  of  Etherington. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Ethiopians,  the  same  as  Abas- 
sinians.  The  Arabians  call  these  people 
El-habasen  or  Al-habasen,  whence  our 
Abassins,  but  they  call  themselves  Ithio- 


ETHIOPIAN  WOOD. 


810 


EUCHARIS. 


plans  or  Ethiopians. — Selden,    Titles  of 
Honour,  vi.  64. 

Where  the  Abassin  kings  their  issue  guard, 
Mount  Amara. 

Milton.  ParadUe  Lost,  ly.  280  (1665). 

Ethio'pian  Wood,  ebony. 

The  seats  were  made  of  Ethiopian  wood. 
The  polished  elwny. 
Sir  W.  Davenant,  Gondibert.  il.  6  (died  1668). 

EtMop's  Queen,  referred  to  by 
IMilton  in  his  II  Penseroso,  was  Cassiope'a, 
wife  of  Ce'pheus  (2  syl.)  king  of  Ethio- 
pia. Boasting  that  she  was  fairer  than 
the  sea-nymphs,  she  offended  the  Nereids, 
who  complained  to  Neptune.  Old  father 
Earth-Shaker  sent  a  huge  sea-monster  to 
ravage  her  kingdom  for  her  insolence. 
At  death  Cassiopea  was  made  a  constella- 
tion of  thirteen  stars. 

.  .  .  tliat  starred  Ethiop  queen  that  strove 
To  set  her  beauty's  praise  above 
The  sea-nymphs,  and  their  powers  offended. 

Milton,  //  Penseroto,  19  (1638). 

Ethnic  Plot.  The  "Popish  Plot"  is 
so  called  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Ahsalom 
and  Achitophel.  As  Drj-den  calls  the 
royalists  "Jews,"  and  calls  Charles  II. 
•'  David  king  of  the  Jews,"  the  papists 
were  "  Gentiles  "  (or  Ethnoi),  whence  the 
"Ethnic  Plot"  means  the  plot  of  the 
Ethnoi  against  the  people  of  God. — Pt.  i. 
(1681). 

Etiquette  (Madame),  the  duchesse 
de  Noaillcs,  grand-mistress  of  the  cere- 
monies in  the  court  of  Marie  Antoinette  ; 
80  called  from  her  rigid  enforcement  of 
all  the  formalities  and  ceremonies  of  the 
ancien  regime. 

Et'na.  Zeus  buried  under  this  moun- 
tain Enkel'ados,  one  of  the  hundred- 
handed  giants. 

The  whole  land  weighed  him  down,  as  Etna  does 
The  giant  of  mytholosy. 

Tennyson,  The  Golden  Supper. 

Etteilla,  the  pseudonym  of  Alliette 
(spelt  backwards),  a  perruquier  and 
diviner  of  the  eighteenth  century.  He 
became  a  professed  cabalist,  and  was 
>nsited  in  his  studio  in  the  Hotel  de 
Crillon  (Rue  de  la  Verrerie),  by  all  those 
who  desired  to  unroll  the  Book  of  Fate. 
In  1783  he  published  Maniere  de  se 
Re'cre'er  avec  le  Jeii  de  Cartes,  nommees 
Tarots.  In  the  British  Museum  are  some 
divination  cards  published  in  Paris  in  the 
first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century,  called 
Grand  Etteilla  and  Petit  Etteilla,  each 
pack  being  accompanied  with  a  book  of 
explication  and  instruction. 

Ettercap,  an  ill-tempered  person,  who 


mars  sociability.  The  ettercap  is  the 
poison-spider,  and  should  be  spelt 
"Attercop."  (Anglo-Saxon,  atter-cop^ 
"  poison-spider.") 

0  sirs,  was  sic  ilifference  seen 
As  'twlxt  wte  Will  and  Tam? 

The  ane's  a  perfect  ettercap, 
The  ither's  just  a  lamb. 

W.  Miller,  Nursery  Songs. 

Ettrick  Shepherd  (The),  Jainea 
Hogg,  the  Scotch  poet,  who  was  bom  in 
the  forest  of  Ettrick,  in  Selkirkshire,  and 
was  in  early  life  a  shepherd  (1772-1835). 

Etty's  Nine  Pictures,  "  the 
Combat,"  the  three  "Judith"  pictures, 
"  Benaiah,"  "Ulysses  and  the  Syrens," 
and  the  three  pictures  of  "Joan  of  Arc." 

"My  aim,"  says  Etty,  "in  all  my  great  pictures  has 
been  to  paint  some  great  moral  on  the  heart.  'The 
Combat'  represents  the  beauty  of  mercy;  the  three 
•Judith'  pictures,  patriotism  [l,  self-devotion  to  God; 
2,  self-devotion  to  man ;  3,  self-devotion  to  country] ; 
'Benaiah,  David's  chief  captain,'  represents  valour; 
'  Ulysses  and  the  Syrens,'  sensual  delights  or  the  wages 
of  sin  is  death  ;  and  the  three  pictures  of  '  Joan  of  Arc  ' 
depict  religion,  loyalty,  and  patriotism.  In  all,  nine  in 
nimiber,  as  it  was  my  desire  to  paint  three  times  three." 
— WUliam  Etty,  of  York  (1787-1849). 

Et'zel  or  Ez'zel  (i.e.  Attila),  king  of 
the  Huns,  in  the  songs  of  the  German 
minnesingers.  A  ruler  over  three  king- 
doms and  thirty  principalities.  His  second 
wife  was  Kriemhild,  the  widow  of  Sieg- 
fried. In  pt.  ii.  of  the  Niebelungen  Lie 
he  sees  his  sons  and  liegemen  struck  do\ 
without  making  the  least  effort  to  sa^ 
them,  and  is  as  unlike  the  Attila  of  histoi 
as  a  "hector"  is  to  the  noble  Trojan 
protector  of  mankind." 

Eubo'nia,  Isle  of  Man. 

He  reigned  over  Britain  and  its  three  Islands.— Nennli 
History  of  the  Britoru. 

(The  three  islands  are  Isle  of  Wigi 
Eubonia,  and  Orkney.) 

Eu'charis,  one  of  the  nymphs 
Calypso,  with  whom  Telemachos 
deeply  smitten.  Mentor,  knowing 
love  was  sensual  love,  hurried  him  awaj 
from  the  island.  He  afterwards  fel 
in  love  with  Anti'ope,  and  Mentor  ap- 
proved his  choice. — Fenelon,  T^l^maque^ 
vii.  (1700). 

He  [Paul]  fancied  he  had  found  in  Virginia  the  wisdom 
of  Autiopfi,  with  the  misfortunes  and  the  t«nderness  of 
Eucharis,— Bemardin  de  St.  Pierre,  Paul  and  Virginia 

(1788). 

(Eucharis  is  meant  for  Mdlle.  de  Fon- 
tange,  maid  of  honour  to  Mde.  de 
Montespan.  For  a  few  months  she  was 
a  favourite  with  Louis  XIV.,  but  losing 
her  good  looks  she  was  discarded,  and 
died  at  the  age  of  20.  She  used  to  dreas 
her   hair  with,   streaming    ribbons,  and 


k 


EUCLIO. 


811 


EUPHRASIA. 


hence  this  style  of  head-gear  wa3  called 
a  la  Fontange.) 

Bii'clio,  a  penurious  old  hunks. — 
Plautus,  Aulularia. 

Now  you  must  explain  all  thU  to  mo,  nnlMs  you  would 
have  me  use  you  as  ill  as  EucUo  does  Staph/la. — Sir  W. 
Scott. 

iEu'crates  (3  s.y/.),  the  miller,  and 
one  of  the  archons  of  Athens.  A 
shuffling  fellow,  always  evading  his  duty 
and  breaking  his  promise ;  hence  the 
Latin  proverb : 

Vias  novit,  quibus  efluglat  Eucrates  ("He  has  more 
shifts  than  Eucratfis  "). 

Eudo'cia  (4  syl.),  daughter  of 
Eu'menGs  governor  of  Damascus.  Pho'- 
cyas,  general  of  the  Syrian  forces,  being 
in  love  with  her,  asks  the  consent  of 
Eumenes,  and  is  refused.  In  revenge,  he 
goes  over  to  the  Arabs,  who  are  besieging 
Damascus.  Eudocia  is  taken  captive, 
but  refuses  to  wed  a  traitor.  At  the  end, 
Pho'cyas  dies,  and  Eudocia  retires  into  a 
nunnery. — John  Hughes,  The  Siege  of 
Damascus  (1720). 

Eudon  ( Count)  of  Cantabria.  A  baron 
favourable  to  the  Moors,  "too  weak- 
minded  to  be  independent."  When  the 
Spaniards  rose  up  against  the  Moors,  the 
first  order  of  the  Moorish  chief  was  this  : 
"Strike  off  count  Eudon's  head;  the  fear 
which  brought  him  to  our  camp  will  bring 
him  else  in  arms  against  us  now"  (ch. 

i       XXV.). — Southey,     Moderick,     etc..    xiii. 

I      (1814). 

Eudox'ia,  wife  of  the  emperor 
Valentin'ian.  Petro'niusMax'imus  "  poi- 
poned"  the  emperor,  and  the  empress 
killed  Maximus. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
Valentinian  (1617). 

Euge'nia,  called  "  Silence"  and  the 

"Unknown."     She  was  wife  of  count  de 

Valmont,  and  mother  of  Florian,   "the 

foundling  of  the  forest."      In  order  to 

come  into  the  property,  baron  Longueville 

used  every  endeavour  to  kill  Eugenia  and 

I     Florian,  but  all  his  attempts  were  abortive, 

1     and  his  villainy  at  length  was  brought  to 

Ught.— W.  Dimond,  The  Foundling  of  the 

\    Ihrest. 

Eugenio,  a  young  gentleman  who 
I  tamed  goat-herd,  because  Leandra  jilted 
I  him  and  eloped  with  a  heartless  adven- 
*  tarer,  named  Vincent  de  la  Rosa.— Cer- 
'  vantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  20  ("The 
:    Goat-herd's  Story,"  1G05). 

Euge'nius,  the  friend  and  wise  coun- 
sellor of  Yorick.    John  Hall  Stevenson 


was    the    original  of    this    character,— 
Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy  (1759). 

Eulie'meros,  a  Sicilian  Greek,  who 
wrote  a  Sacred  History  to  explain  the 
historical  or  allegorical  character  of  the 
Greek  and  Latin  mythologies. 

One  could  wish  EuhSmSrus  had  never  benn  bom.  It 
was  be  who  spoilt  [tAe  old  myths]  first— Ouida,  Ariadni, 

Eulenspiegel  {Tyll\  i.e.  "Tyll 
Owlglass,"  of  Brunswick.  A  man  who 
runs  through  the  world  as  charlatan,  fool, 
lansquenet,  domestic  servant,  artist,  and 
Jack-of-all-trades.  He  undertakes  any- 
thing;, but  rejoices  in  cheating  those  who 
employ  him  ;  he  parodies  proverbs,  re- 
joices in  mischief,  and  is  brimful  of 
pranks  and  drolleries.  Whether  Eulen- 
spiegel was  a  real  character  or  not  is  a 
matter  of  dispute,  but  by  many  the  au- 
thorship of  the  book  recording  his  jokes 
is  attributed  to  the  famous  German  sat- 
irist, Thomas  Murner. 

In  the  English  versions  of  the  story  he 
is  called  Hoicle-glaas. 

To  few  mortals  has  it  been  granted  to  earn  such  a  place 
In  universal  history  as  Tjll  Eulenspiegel.  Now,  after  five 
centuries,  his  native  village  is  pointed  out  witti  pride  to 
Uie  traveller. — Carlyle. 

EumaBOS  (in  Latin,  Eumceus),  the 
slave  and  swine-herd  of  Ulysses,  hence 
any  swine-herd. 

Eu'menes  (3  syL),  governor  of 
Damascus,  and  father  of  Eudo'cia. — 
John  Hughes,  Siege  of  Damascus  (1720). 

Eumnes'tes,  Memory  personified. 
Spenser  says  he  is  an  old  man,  decrepit 
and  half  blind.  He  was  waited  on  by  a  boy 
named  Anamnestes.  (Greek,  eumnestis^ 
"good memory," anamnestis,  "research.") 
—Faery  Queen,  ii.  9  (1590). 

He  [Fancy]  straight  commits  them  to  his  treasury 
Which  old  Eumnestes  keepw,  father  of  memory — 
Eumnestes  old,  who  in  his  living  screen 
(His  living  bre.ist)  tlie  rolls  and  records  bears 
Of  all  the  deeds  and  men  which  he  hath  seen. 
And  keeps  locked  up  in  faithful  registers. 

Phineas  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Island;  \i.  (1633/. 

Eu'noe  (3  syl.),  a  river  of  purgatory, 
a  draught  of  which  makes  the  mind  recall 
all  the  good  deeds  and  good  offices  of 
life.  It  is  a  little  beyond  Lethe  or  the 
river  of  forgetfulness. 

Lo  I  where  Eunoe  flows, 
lead  thither ;  and,  as  thou  art  wont,  revivs 
His  fainting  virtue. 

Dante,  Purgatory,  xxxlii.  (1306^ 

Euplira'sia,  daughter  of  lord  Dion, 
a  character  resembling  "Viola"  in  Shake- 
speare's Twelfth  Night.  Being  in  love 
with  prince  Philaster,  she  assumes  boy'a 
attire,  calls  herself  "  Bellario,"  and  enters 


EUPHRASIA. 


312 


EURYDICE. 


flie  prince's  service.  Philaster  transfers 
Bellario  to  the  princess  Arethusa,  and 
then  grows  jealous  of  the  lady's  love  for 
her  tender  page.  The  sex  of  Bellario 
being  discovered,  shows  the  groundless- 
ness of  this  jealousy. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  Philaster  or  Love  Lies  a-bleeding 
(1608). 

Euphra'sia,  "  the  Grecian  daughter," 
was  daughter  of  Evander,  the  old  king  of 
Syracuse  (dethroned  by  Dionysius,  and 
kept  prisoner  in  a  dungeon  on  the  summit 
of  a  rock).  She  was  the  wife  of  Phocion, 
who  had  fled  from  Syracuse  to  save  their 
infant  son.  Euphrasia,  having  gained 
admission  to  the  dungeon  where  her  aged 
father  was  dying  from  starvation, 
"  fostered  him  at  her  breast  by  the  milk 
designed  for  her  own  babe,  and  thus  the 
father  found  a  parent  in  the  child." 
When  Timoleon  took  Sj'racuse,  Dionysius 
was  about  to  stab  Evander,  but  Eu- 
phrasia, rushing  forward,  struck  the 
tyrant  dead  upon  the  spot. — A.  Murphy, 
The  Grecian  Laughter  (1772). 

*^*  The  same  tale  is  told  of  Xantippe, 
v?ho  preserved  the  life  of  her  father 
Cimo'nos  in  prison.  The  guard,  astonished 
that  the  old  man  held  out  so  long,  set  a 
watch  and  discovered  the  secret. 

There  i^  a  dungeon,  in  whose  dim  drear  light 

Wliat  do  1  gaze  on  T  .  .  . 

An  old  man,  and  a  female  young  and  fair. 

Fresh  as  a  nursing  mother,  in  whose  veins 

The  blood  Ls  nectar  .  .  , 

Here  youth  offers  to  old  nge  the  food. 

The  milk  of  his  own  gift.  ...  It  is  her  sire. 

To  whom  she  renders  back  the  debt  of  blood. 

Byron,  CMlde  Harold,  iv.  148  (1817). 

Eu'phrasy,  the  herb  eye-bright ;  so 
called  because  it  was  once  supposed  to  be 
efficacious  in  clearing  the  organs  of  sight. 
Hence  the  archangel  Michael  purged  the 
eyes  of  Adam  with  it,  to  enable  him  to  see 
into  the  distant  future. — See  Milton, 
Faradise  Lost,  xi.  414-421  (1665). 

Eu'pliues  (3  syL),  the  chief  cha- 
racter in  John  Lilly's  Euphues  or  The 
Anatomy  of  Wit,  and  Euphues  and  his 
England.  He  is  an  Athenian  gentle- 
man, distinguished  for  his  elegance,  wit, 
love-making,  and  roving  habits.  Shake- 
speare borrowed  his  "  government  of  the 
bees  "  {Henry  V.  act  i.  sc.  2)  from  Lilly. 
Euphues  was  designed  to  exhibit  the 
style  affected  by  the  gallants  of  England 
in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  Thomas 
Lodge  wrote  a  novel  in  a  similar  style, 
called  Euphues''  Golden  Legacy  (1590). 

"The  commonwealth  of  your  bees,"  replied  Euphufis, 
"did  so  deliglit  me  that  I  was  not  a  little  sorry  that  either 
their  estates  havs  not  been  longer,  or  your  leisure  more  ; 
lor,  in  my  nmple  ivuigmmt,  there  was  such  «u  orderly 


povernment  that  men  may  not  be  ashamed  t«  imitate 
it."— J.  LiUy,  Jiuphtiet  (1581). 

(The  romances  of  Calprene'de  and 
Scuderi  bear  the  same  relation  to  the 
jargon  of  Louis  XIV.,  as  the  Euphues  of 
Lilly  to  that  of  queen  Elizabeth.) 

Eure'ka !  or  rather  Heure'ka  !  ("I 
have  discovered  it ! ")  The  exclamation  of 
Archime'des,  the  Syracusian  philosopher, 
when  he  found  out  how  to  test  the  purity 
of  Hi'ero's  crown. 

The  tale  is,  that  Hiero  suspected  that 
a  craftsman  to  whom  he  had  given  a 
certain  weight  of  gold  to  make  into  a 
crown  had  alloyed  the  metal,  and  he 
asked  Archimedes  to  ascertain  if  his  sus- 
picion was  well  founded.  The  philosopher, 
getting  into  his  bath,  observed  that  the 
water  ran  over,  and  it  flashed  into  his 
mind  that  his  body  displaced  its  own 
bulk  of  water.  Now,  suppose  Hiero  gave 
the  goldsmith  1  lb.  of  gold,  and  the 
crown  weighed  1  lb.,  it  is  manifest  that  if 
the  crown  was  pure  gold,  both  ought 
to  displace  the  same  quantity  of  water ; 
but  they  did  not  do  so,  and  therefore  the 
gold  had  been  tampered  with.  Archi- 
medes next  immersed  in  water  1  lb.  of 
silver,  and  the  difference  of  water  dis- 
placed soon  gave  the  clue  to  the  amount  of 
alloy  introduced  by  the  artificer. 

Vitruvius  says :  *'  When  the  idea  occurred  to  the  philo- 
sopher, he  jumped  out  of  his  bath,  and  without  waiting  to 
put  on  his  clothes,  he  ran  home,  exclaiming,  '  Ueurekal 
heurekal'" 

Euro'pa.  The  Fight  at  Dame  Europa's 
School,  written  by  the  Rev.  H.  W.  Pullen, 
minor  canon  of  Salisbury  Cathedral.  A 
skit  on  the  Franco-Prussian  war  (1870- 
1871). 

Europe's  Liberator.  So  Welli 
ton  was  called  after  the  overthrow 
Bonaparte  (1769-1852). 

Oh  Wellington  .  .  .  called  "  Saviour  of  the  Nations  "  . . 
And  "  Europe's  Liberator." 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  6  (1834). 

Eu'rus,  the  east  wind  ;  Zephyr, 
west  wind ;  No'tus,  the  south  wind 
Bo'reas,  the  north  wind.  Eurus,  in  Ita^ 
lian,  is  called  the  Lev'ant  ("rising  of 
the  sun  "),  and  Zephyr  is  called  Po'nent 
(*'  setting  of  the  sun  "). 

Forth  i-ush  the  Levant  and  the  Ponent  winds— 
Eurus  and  Zephyr. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lott,  x.  705  (1665). 

Euryd'ice  (4  syl.),  the  wife  of 
Orpheus,  killed  »by  a  serpent  on  her 
wedding  night.  Orpheus  went  down  to 
hades  to  crave  for  her  restoration  to  life, 
and  Pluto  said  she  should  follow  him  to 
earth  provided  he  did  not  look  back.  Wh«a 


1 


EURYTION. 


313 


EVADNE. 


the  poet  was  stepping  on  the  confines  of 
our  earth,  he  turned  to  see  if  EurydicO 
was  following,  and  just  caught  a  glance 
of  her  as  she  was  snatcfied  back  into  the 
shades  below. 

(Pope  tells  the  tale  in  his  Pindaric 
poem,  called  Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day, 
1709.) 

Euryt'ion,  the  herdsman  of  Ger'yon. 
He  never  slept  day  nor  night,  but  walked 
unceasingly  among  his  herds  with  his 
two-headed  dog  Orthros.  "  Hercules 
them  all  did  overcome." — Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  v.  10  (1696). 

!Eus'tace,  one  of  the  attendants  of 
sir  Reginald  Front  de  Boeuf  (a  follower 
of  prince  John). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Eustace  (Father),  or  "father  Eusta- 
tius,"  the  superior  and  afterwards  abbot 
of  St.  Mary's.  He  was  formerly  William 
Allan,  and  the  friend  of  Henry  Warden 
(afterwards  the  protestant  preacher). — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monastery  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Eustace  (Charles),  a  pupil  of  Ignatius 
Polyglot.  He  has  been  clandestinely 
married  for  four  years,  and  has  a  little 
son  named  Frederick.  Charles  Eustace 
confides  his  scrape  to  Polyglot,  and 
conceals  his  young  wife  in  the  tutor's 
private  room.  Polyglot  is  thought  to  be 
a  libertine,  but  the  truth  comes  out,  and 
all  parties  are  reconciled. — J.  Poole,  The 
Scapegoat. 

Eus'tace  (Jack),  the  lover  of  Lucinda, 
and  "a  very  worthy  young  fellow,"  of 
good  character  and  family.  As  justice 
Woodcock  was  averse  to  the  marriage, 
Jack  introduced  himself  as  a  music- 
master,  and  sir  William  Meadows,  who 
recognized  him,  persuaded  the  justice  to 
consent  to  the  marriage  of  the  young 
couple.  This  he  was  the  more  ready  to 
do  as  his  sister  Deborah  said  positively  he 
"should  not  do  it." — Is.  Bickerstaif,  Love 
in  a  Village. 

Euthana'sia,  an  easy,  happy  death. 
The  word  occurs  in  the  Dunciad,  and 
Byron  has  a  poem  so  entitled.  Eutha- 
nasia generally  means  a  harbour  of  rest 
and  peace  after  the  storms  of  life :  "  Inveni 
portum  ;  spes  et  fortuna  valete,"  i.e.  "I 
have  found  my  Euthanasia,  farewell  to 
the  battle  of  life."  (Greek,  eu  thandtos, 
"  a  happy  death.") 

To  wliom  does  not  that  modest  demesne  at  Lirias,  with 
its  maiioion-house  of  four  little  pavilions,  its  garden 
bordered  with  orange  trees  .  .  .  not  to  mention  tlie 
»««  podridat  of  Master  Joachim,  rise  up  before  the  niind's 

14 


eye  as  the  very  ideal  of  a  happy  rural  retreat  .  .  .  the 
Euthanasia  of  a  life  of  carefulness  and  toil  ? — Encyo.  Brit., 
Art.  "  Romance."    (The  reference  is  to  Oil  lilat.) 

E'va,  daughter  of  Torquil  of  the  Oak. 
She  is  betrothed  to  Ferquhard  Day. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

Evad'ne  (3  syl.),  wife  of'Kap'aneus 
(3  syl.).  She  threw  herself  on  the  funeral 
pile  of  her  husband,  and  was  consumed 
with  him. 

Evad'ne  (3  syl.),  sister  of  Melantius. 
Amintor  was  compelled  by  the  king  to 
marry  her,  altliough  he  was  betrothed  to 
Aspasia  (the  "  maid  "  whose  death  forms 
the  tragical  event  of  the  drama). — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Maid's  Tragedy 
(1610). 

The  purity  of  fem.ale  ^-irtue  in  Aspasia  is  well  contrasted 
with  the  guilty  boldness  of  Evadnfi,  and  the  rough  soldier- 
like bearing  and  manly  feeling  of  Melantius  render  the 
selfish  sensuality  of  the  liing  more  hateful  and  disgusting. 
— R,  Chambers,  English  Literature,  1.  204. 

Evad'ne  or  the  Statue,  a  drama  by 
Shell  (1820).  Ludov'ico,  the  chief  minister 
of  Naples,  heads  a  conspiracy  to  murder 
the  king  and  seize  the  crown ;  his  great 
stumbling-block  is  the  marquis  of  Co- 
lonna,  a  high-minded  nobleman,  who 
cannot  be  corrupted.  The  sister  of 
the  marquis  is  Evadne  (3  syl.),  plighted 
to  Vicentio.  Ludovico's  scheme  is  to 
get  Colonna  to  murder  Vicentio  and  the 
king,  and  then  to  debauch  Evadne. 
With  this  in  view,  he  persuades  Vicentio 
that  Evadne  is  the  king's  jille  d'amour, 
and  that  she  marries  him  merely  as  a 
flimsy  cloak,  but  he  adds  "  Never  mind, 
it  will  make  your  fortune."  The  proud 
Neapolitan  is  disgusted,  and  flings  off 
Evadne  as  a  viper.  Her  brother  is 
indignant,  challenges  the  troth-plight 
lover  to  a  duel,  and  Vicentio  falls. 
Ludovico  now  irritates  Colonna  by  talk- 
ing of  the  king's  amour,  and  induces 
him  to  invite  the  king  to  a  banquet  and 
then  murder  him.  The  king  goes  to 
the  banquet,  and  Evadne  shows  him  the 
statues  of  the  Colonna  family,  and 
amongst  them  one  of  her  own  father, 
who  at  the  battle  of  Milan  had  saved 
the  king's  life  by  his  own.  The  king  is 
struck  with  remorse,  but  at  this  moment 
Ludovico  enters,  and  the  king  conceals 
himself  behind  the  statue.  Colonna  tells 
the  traitor  minister  the  deed  is  done,  and 
Ludovico  orders  his  instant  arrest,  gibes 
him  as  his  duj^e,  and  exclaims,  "  Now  I 
am  king  indeed  !  "  At  this  moment  the 
king  comes  forward,  releases  Colonna, 
and  orders  Ludovico  to  be  arrested.  The 
traitor  draws  his    sword,   and    Colonm^ 


EVAN  DHU  OF  LOCHIEL. 


314 


EVELYN. 


kills  him.    Viceutio  now  enters,  tells  how 
his  ear  has  been  abused,   and   marries  . 
Evadne. 

Evan  Dhu  of  Lochiel,  a  Highland 
chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles 
I.). 

Evan  Dhu  M'Combich,  the  f  oster- 
brotherof  M'lvor. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waver- 
ley  (time,  George  II.). 

Evandale  ( The  Rvjht  Hon.  W.  Max- 
well, lord),  in  the  royal  army  under  the 
duke  of  Monmouth.  He  is  a  suitor  of 
Edith  Bellenden,  the  granddaughter  of 
lady  Margaret  Bellenden,  of  the  Tower 
of  Tillietudlem.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Evan'der,  the  "good  old  king  of 
Syracuse,"  dethroned  by  Dionysius  the 
Younger.  Evander  had  dethroned  the 
elder  Dionysius  "and  sent  him  for  vile 
%ibsistence,  a  wandering  sophist  through 
,\e  realms  of  Greece."  He  was  the 
fixAer  of  Euphrasia,  and  Avas  kept  in  a 
dungeon  on  the  top  of  a  rock,  where  he 
would  hare  been  starved  to  death,  if 
Euphrasia  had  not  nourished  him  with 
"the  milk  designed  for  her  o-\vn  babe." 
When  Syracusewas  taken  by  Timoleon, 
Dionysius  by  accident  came  upon  Evan- 
der, and  would  have  killed  him,  but 
Euphrasia  rushed  forward  and  scabbed 
the  tyrant  to  the  heart. — A.  Murphy,  The 
Grecian  Daughter  (1772).  (See  Errors 
OF  Authors,  "  Dionysius,"  p.  304.) 

Mr.  Bentley,  May  6,  1796,  took  leave  of  the  staRo  in  the 
character  of  "  Evander."— W.  C.  Russell,  JiepresenUUive 
Acton,  426. 

Evangelic  Doctor  (The),  John 
Wy cliff e,  "the  Morning  Star  of  the  Re- 
formation" (1324-1384J. 

Evangeline,  the  heroine  and  title 
of  a  tale  in  hexameter  verse  by  Long- 
fellow, in  two  parts.  Evangeline  was  the 
daughter  of  Benedict  Bellefontaine,  the 
richest farmerof  Acadia  (novf  Nova  Scotia). 
At  the  age  of  17  she  was  legally  betrothed 
by  the  notary-public  to  Gabriel  son  of 
Basil  the  blacksmith,  but  next  day  all 
the  colony  was  exiled  by  the  order  of 
George  II.,  and  their  houses,  cattle,  and 
lands  were  confiscat^ed.  Gabriel  and 
Evangeline  were  parted,  and  now  began 
the  troubles  of  her  life.  She  wandered 
from  place  to  place  to  find  her  betrothed. 
Basil  had  settled  at  Louisiana,  but  when 
pJvangeline  reached  the  place  Gabriel  had 
just  left ;  she  then  went  to  the  prairies,  to 
Michigan,  and  so  on,  but  at  every  place 
she  was  just  too  late  to  catch  him.    At 


length,  grown  old  in  this  hopeless  search, 
she  went  to  Philadelphia  and  became  a 
sister  of  mercy.  The  plague  broke  out 
in  the  city,  and  as  she  visited  the  alms- 
house she  saw  an  old  man  smitten  down 
with  the  pestilence.  It  was  Gabriel. 
He  tried  to  whisper  her  name,  but  death 
closed  his  lips.  He  was  buried,  and 
Evangeline  lies  beside  him  in  the  grave. 

(Longfellow's    Evangeline    (1849)    has  -| 
many  points    of    close    similitude   with 
Campbell's  tale  of  Gertrude  of  Wyornim/^ 
1809.) 

Evans  (Sir  Hugh),  a  pedantic  Welsh 
parson  and  schoolmaster  of  extraordinary 
simplicity  and  native  shrewdness. — • 
Shakespeare,  The  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor (1601). 

The  reader  may  cry  out  with  honest  sir  Hugh  Evans, 
"  I  like  not  when  a  'ooman  has  a  great  peard."— Macaulay. 

Henderson  says :  "  I  have  seen  Jolin  Edwin,  in  '  sir 
Hugli  Evans,'  wlien  preparing  for  the  duel,  keep  :he  house 
in  an  ecstasy  of  merriment  for  many  minutes  together 
witliout  speaking  a  word  "  (1750-1790). 

Evans  (William),  the  giant  porter  of^ 
Charles  I.     He  carried  sir  Geoffrey  Hud- 
son about  in  his   pocket.      Evans 
eight  feet  in  height,  and  Hudson  only! 
eighteen  inches.      Fuller  mentions  this 
giant    amoijgst  his    Worthies.  —  Sir  W.^ 
Scott,  Feveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charlei 

i:.). 

Evan 'the  (3  syL),  sister  of  Sora'no, 
the  wicked  instrument  of  Frederick  duke 
of  Naples,  and  the  chaste  wife  of  Valerio, 
The  duke  tried  to  seduce  her,  but  failing 
in  this  scandalous  attempt,  offered 
give  her  to  any  one  "for  a  month," 
the  end  of  which  time  the  libertine  wa 
to  suffer  death.  No  one  would  accep^ 
the  offer,  and  ultimately  Evanthe 
restored  to  her  husband. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  A  Wife  for  a  Month  (1624). 

Eve  (1  syl.)  or  Havah,  the  "motht 
of  all  living"  (Gen.  iii.  20).  Before  th< 
expulsion  from  paradise  her  name  wa 
Ishah,  because  she  was  taken  out  of  ish 
i.e.  "man"  (Gen.  n.  23). 

Eve  was  of  such  gigantic  stature  that  when  she  laid  1 
head  on  one  hill  near  Mecca,  her  knees  rested  on  t 
other  hills  in  the  plain,  about  two  gun-sliots  asunde 
Adam  was  as  tall  an  a  palm  tree. — Moncony,  Voyage, 
372,  etc. 

Ev'eli'na  (4  syl.),  the  heroine  of  a 
novel  so  called  by  Miss  Bumey  (after- 
wards Mde.  D'Arblay).  Evelina  marries 
lord  Orville  (1778). 

Evelyn  (Alfred),  the  secretary  and 
relative  of  sir  John  Vesey.  He  made 
sir  John's  speeches,  wrote  his  pamphlets, 
got  together  his  facts,  mended  his  pens, 
and  received  no  salary.      Evelyn  loved, 


EVELYN. 


315 


EWART. 


Clara  Douglas,  a  dependent  of  lady  Frank- 
lin's, but  she  was  poor  also,  and  declined 
to  marry  him.  Scarcely  had  she  refused 
him,  when  he  was  left  an  immense  fortune 
and  proposed  to  Georgina  Vesey.  What 
little  heart  Georgina  had  was  given  to 
sir  Frederick  Blount,  but  the  great  fortune 
of  Evelyn  made  her  waver;  however, 
being  told  that  Evelyn's  property  was  in- 
secure, she  married  Frederick,  and  left 
Evelyn  free  to  marry  Clara. — Lord  L. 
Bulwer  Lytton,  Money  (1840). 

Evelyn  {Sir  George),  a  man  of  for- 
tune, family,  and  character,  in  love  with 
Dorrillon,  whom  he  marries. — Mrs.  Inch- 
bald,  Wives  as  they  Were  and  Maids  as 
they  Are  (1795). 

Even  Numbers  are  reckoned  un- 
lucky. 

The  .  .  .  crow  .  .  .  cried  twice ;  this  eoen.  sir,  is  no 
good  number. — 8.  S.,  The  Honest  Lawyer  (1016). 

Among  the  Chinese.,  heaven  is  odd,  and  earth  even. 
The  numbers  1,  3,  6,  7,  9,  l)eIong  to  yang  or  heaven ;  but 
2,  4,  6,  8,  10,  belong  to  i/iiv  or  earth.— Kev.  Mr.  Edliins. 

*»*  Shakespeare  says- "there  is  divinity 
in  odd  numbers  "  (Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor, act  V.  sc.  1,  1596). 

Everard  (Colonel  Markham),  of  the 
Commonwealth  party. 

Master  Everard,  the  colonel's  father. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  W^oodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Ev'erett  (Master),  a  hired  witness  of 
the  "Popish  Plot."— Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  11.^. 

Every  Man  in  His  Humour,  a 

comedy  by  Ben  Jonson  (1598).  The 
original  play  was  altered  by  David 
Garrick.  The  persons  to  whom  the  title 
of  the  drama  apply  are:  "captain 
Bobadil,"  whose  humour  is  bragging  of 
his  brave  deeds  and  military  courage — 
he  is  thrashed  as  a  coward  by  Down- 
right; "Kit<f;ly,"  whose  humour  is  jea- 
lousy of  his  wife — ^he  is  befooled  and 
cured  by  a  trick  played  on  him  by  Brain- 
worm  ;  "  Stephen,"  whose  humour  is 
verdant  stupidity — ^he  is  played  on  by 
every  one ;  "  Kno'well,"  whose  humour 
is  suspicion  of  his  son  Edward/which 
turns  out  to  be  all  moonshine;  "Dame 
cCitely,"  whose  humour  is  jealousy  of  her 
husband,  but  she  (like  her  husband)  is 
cured  by  a  trick  devised  by  Brainworm. 
Every  man  in  his  humour  is  liable  to  be 
duped  thereby,  for  his  humour  is  the 
"  Achilles'  heel "  of  his  character. 

Every  Man  out  of  His  Hu- 
mour, a  comedy  by  Ben  Jonson  (1599). 


Every  One  has  His  Fault,   a 

comedy  by  Mrs.  Inchbald  (1794).  By 
the  fault  of  rigid  pride,  lord  Norland 
discarded  his  daughter,  lady  Eleanor, 
because  she  married  against  his  consent. 
By  the  fault  of  gallantry  and  defect  of  due 
courtesy  to  his  wife,  sir  Robert  Ramble 
drove  lady  Ramble  into  a  divorce.  By 
the  fault  of  irresolution,  "  Shall  I  marry  or 
shall  I  not  ?  "  Solus  remained  a  miserable 
bachelor,  pining  for  a  wife  and  domestic 
joys.  By  the  fault  of  deficient  spirit  and 
manliness,  Mr.  Placid  was  a  hen-pecked 
husband.  By  the  fault  of  marrying  with- 
out the  consent  of  his  wife's  friends,  Mr. 
Irwin  was  reduced  to  poverty  and  even 
crime.  Harmony  healed  these  faults : 
lord  Norland  received  his  daughter  into 
favour  ;  sir  Robert  Ramble  took  back  his 
wife ;  Solus  married  Miss  Spinster ;  Mr. 
Placid  assumed  the  rights  of  the  head 
of  the  family ;  and  Mr.  Irwin,  being 
accepted  as  the  son-in-law  of  lord  Nor- 
land, was  raised  from  indigence  to  do- 
mestic comfort. 

Evil  May-Day,  May  1,  1517,  when 
the  apprentices  committed  great  excesses, 
especially  against  foreigners ;  and  the 
constable  of  the  Tower  discharged  his 
cannons  on  the  populace.  The  tumult 
began  in  Cheapside  (time,  Henry  VIII.). 

Eviot,  page  to  sir  John  Ramomy 
(master  of  the  horse  to  prince  Robert 
of  Scotland).— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Evir- Allen,  the  white-armed  daugh- 
ter of  Branno  an  Irishman.  "A  thousand 
heroes  sought  the  maid ;  she  refused  her 
love  to  a  thousand.  The  sons  of  the 
sword  were  despised,  for  graceful  in  her 
eyes  was  Ossian."  This  Evir-Allen  was 
the  mother  of  Oscar,  Fingal's  grandson  ; 
but  she  was  not  alive  when  Fingal  Avent 
to  Ireland  to  assist  Cormac  against  the 
invading  Norsemen,  which  forms  the 
subject  of  the  poem  called  Fingal,  in  six 
books. — Ossian,  Fingal,  iv. 

E"w'ain  (Sir),  son  of  king  Vrience 
and  Morgan  le  Fay  (Arthur's  half-sister). 
— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  72  (1470). 

Ewan  of  Brigglands,  a  horse- 
soldier  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Eob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Evsrart  (Nanty,  i.e.  Anthony),  cap- 
tain of  the  smuggler's  brig. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Excal'ibur,    king  Arthur's   famous 


EXCALIBUR. 


816 


EYED. 


swords.  There  seems  to  have  been  two  of 
hie  swords  so  called.  One  was  the  sword 
sheathed  in  stone,  which  no  one  could 
draw  thence,  save  he  who  was  to  be  king 
of  the  land.  Above  200  knights  tried  to 
release  it,  but  failed  ;  Arthur  alone  could 
draw  it  with  ease,  and  thus  proved  his 
right  of  succession  (pt.  i.  3).  In 
ch.  7  this  sword  is  called  Excalibur,  and 
is  said  to  have  been  so  bright  "that  it 
gave  light  like  thirty  torches."  After  his 
fight  with  Pellinore,  the  king  said  to 
Merlin  he  had  no  sword,  and  Merlin  took 
him  to  a  lake,  and  Arthur  saw  an  arm 
"  clothed  in  white  samite,  that  held  a  fair 
sword  in  the  hand."  Presently  the  Lady 
of  the  Lake  appeared,  and  Arthur  begged 
that  he  might  have  the  sword,  and  the 
lady  told  him  to  go  and  fetch  it.  When 
he  came  to  it  he  took  it,  "  and  the  arm 
and  hand  went  under  the  water  again." 
This  is  the  sword  generally  called  Excali- 
bur. When  about  to  die,  king  Arthur 
sent  an  attendant  to  cast  the  sword  back 
again  into  the  lake,  and  again  the  hand 
"  clothed  in  white  samite "  appeared, 
caught  it,  and  disappeared  (ch.  23). — Sir 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Frince  Arthur, 
i.  3,  23  (1470). 

King  Arthur's  sword,  Excalibur, 
Wrought  by  the  lonely  niaiden  of  the  lake ; 
Nine  years  she  wrought  it,  sitting  iii  the  deeps, 
Upon  the  hidden  bases  of  the  hills. 

Tennyson,  Morte  iT Arthur. 

Excalibur^ s  Sheath.  "  Sir,"  said  Mer- 
lin, "  look  that  ye  keep  well  the  scabbard 
of  Excalibur,  for  ye  shall  lose  no  blood 
as  long  as  ye  have  the  scabbard  upon 
you,  though  ye  have  never  so  many 
wounds." — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Frince  Arthur,  i.  36  (H70). 

Executioner  {No).  WTien  Francis 
viscount  d'Aspremont,  governor  of  Ba- 
yonne,  was  commanded  by  Charles  IX.  of 
Erance  to  massacre  the  huguenots,  he 
replied,  *'  Sire,  there  are  many  under  my 
government  devoted  to  your  majesty,  but 
not  a  single  executioner." 

Exhausted  "Worlds  ...  Dr. 
Johnson,  in  the  prologue  spoken  by 
Garrick  at  the  opening  of  Drury  Lane,  in 
1747,  says  of  Shakespeare : 

Each  change  of  many-coloured  life  he  drew, 
Exhausted  worlds,  and  then  imagined  new. 

Exterminator  l,The),  Montbars, 
chief  of  a  set  of  filibusters  in  the  seven- 
teenth century.  He  was  a  native  of 
Languedoc,  and  conceived  an  intense 
hatred  against  the  Spaniards  on  reading 
of  their  cruelties  in  the  New  World. 
Embarking  at  Havre,  in  1667,  Montbars 


attacked  the  Spaniards  in  the  Antilles 
and  in  Honduras,  took  from  them  Vera 
Cruz  and  Carthagena,  and  slew  them 
most  mercilessly  wherever  he  encoun- 
tered them  (1645-1707). 

Extra  {TliaVs).  Thafs  Extra,  aa 
the  woman  said  vjhen  she  saw  Kerton 
{a Devonshire  sayimj),  that  is,  "I  thought 
my  work  was  done,  but  there  are  more 
last  words."  "The  office  closes  at  four 
(but  that's  only  Kerton),  there  is  much 
work  still  to  do  before  the  day's  work  is 
done  (or  before  we  reach  Extra)." 
"Extra"  is  a  popular  pronunciation  of 
-E'xc'to',  and  "  Kerton  "  is  Crediton.  The 
woman  was  walking  to  Exeter  for  the 
first  time,  and  when  she  reached  the 
grand  old  church  of  Kerton  or  Crediton, 
supposed  it  to  be  Exeter  Cathedral. 
"That's  Exeter  Cathedral,"  she  said, 
"and  the  end  of  my  journey."  But  it 
was  only  Kerton  Church,  and  she  had 
still  eight  more  miles  to  walk  before  she 
got  to  Exeter. 

Eye.  Terrible  as  the  eye  of  Vathek, 
One  of  the  eyes  of  this  caliph  was  so 
terrible  in  anger  that  those  died  who 
ventured  to  look  thereon,  and  had  he 
given  way  to  his  wrath,  he  would  have 
depopulated  his  whole  dominion. — W. 
Beckford,  Vathek  (1784). 

Eye-bright  or  Euphra'sia  {'^joy- 
giving'').  So  called  from  its  reputed  power 
in  restoring  impaired  vision. 

[The  hermit]  fumitory  gets  and  eye-bright  for  the  eye 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Eye  of  the  Baltic  {The),  Gottlaad 
or  Gothland,  an  island  in  the  Baltic. 

Eye  of  Greece  {The),  Athens. 

Athens,  the  eye  of  Greece,  mother  of  arts 
And  eloquence,  native  to  famous  wita. 

MUton. 

*^*  Sometimes  Sparta  is  called  "The 
Eye  of  Greece  "  also. 

Eyes  {Grey).  With  the  Arabs,  grey- 
eyes  are  synonymous  with  sin  and  enmity. 
Hence  in  the  Koran,  xx.,  we  read  :  "  (3a 
that  day  the  trumpet  shall  be  sounded, 
and  we  will  gather  the  wicked  together, 
even  those  having  grey  eyes."  Al  Beidawi 
explains  this  as  referring  to  the  Greeks, 
whom  the  Arabs  detest,  and  he  calls 
"red  whiskers  and  grey  eyes"  an  idio- 
matic phrase  for  "a  foe." 

Eyed  {One-)  people.  The  Arimas- 
pians  of  Scythia  were  a  one-eyed  people. 

The  Cyclops  were  giants  Avith  only  on( 
eye,  and'  that  in  the  middle  of  the  f o: 
head. 


1 


EYRE, 


317 


FADLADEEN. 


Tartaro,  in  Basque  legenda,  was  a  one- 
eyed  giant.  Sindbad  the  sailor,  in  his 
third  voyage,  was  cast  on  an  island  in- 
habited by  one-eyed  giants. 

Eyre  {Jane)^  a  governess,  who  stoutly 
co{>es  with  adverse  circumstances,  and 
ultimately  marries  a  used-up  man  of 
fortune,  in  whom  the  germs  of  good 
feeling  and  sound  sense  were  only  ex- 
hausted and  not  destroyed. — Charlotte 
Bronte,  Jane  Eyre  (1847).' 

Ez'zelin  («S'jV),  the  gentleman  who 
recognizes  Lara  at  the  table  of  lord  Otho, 
and  charges  him  with  being  Conrad  the 
corsair.  A  duel  ensues,  and  Ezzelin  is 
never  heard  of  more.  A  serf  used  to  say 
that  he  saw  a  huntsman  one  evening 
cast  a  dead  body  into  the  river  which 
divided  the  lands  of  Otho  and  Lara,  and 
that  there  was  a  star  of  knighthood  on 
the  broofit  of  the  corpse. — Byron,  Lara 
(1814;. 


!Paa  {Gabriel),  nephew  of  Meg 
Mcrrilies.  One  of  the  huntsmen  at 
Liddesdale.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Manner- 
inj  (time,  George  IL). 

Pab'ila,  a  king  devoted  to  the  chase. 
One  day  he  encountered  a  wild  boar,  and 
commanded  those  who  rode  with  him  not 
to  interfere,  but  the  boar  overthrew  him 
and  gored  him  to  death. — Chronica  An- 
tiqua  de  EspaMa,  121.    ' 

Fa'bius  {The  American) ^  George 
Washington  {17^2-1799). 

Fa'bius  {The  French),  Anne  due  de 
Montmorency,  grand-constable  of  France 
(1493-15(37). 

Pabricius  [Fa.brish'.e.us],  an  old 
Roman,  like  Cincinnatus  and  Curius 
Dentatus,  a  type  of  the  rigid  purity, 
frugality,  and  honesty  of  the  "  good  old 
times."  Pyrrhos  used  every  elEort  to 
corrupt  him  by  bribes,  or  to  terrify 
him,  but  in  vain.  "  Excellent  Fabricius,""' 
cried  the  Greek,  "one  might  hopfe  to 
turn  the  sun  from  its  course  as  soon  as 
turn  Fabricius  from  the  path  of  duty." 

Fabric'ius,  an  author,  whose  composition 
was  so  obscure  that  Gil  Bias  could  not 
comprehend  the  meaning  of  a  single  line 
of  hia  writings.     His  poetry  was  verbose 


fustian,  and  his  prose  a  maze  of  far- 
fetched expressions  and  perplexed 
phrases. 

"If  not  Intelligible,"  said  Fabricius,  "so  much  the 
better.  Tlie  natural  and  simple  won't  do  for  sonnets, 
odes,  and  tlie  sublime.  The  merit  of  these  is  their 
obscurity,  and  it  Ls  quite  sufficient  if  the  author  himself 
thinks  he  understands  them.  .  .  .  There  are  five  or  six 
of  us  who  have  undertaken  to  introduce  a  thorough 
change,  and  we  will  do  so,  in  spite  of  Lop6  de  Vega, 
Cervantes,  and  all  the  fine  geniuses  who  uavU  at  ua."-- 
Ixssage,  aa  Blot,  v.  12  (1724). 

Fabrit'io,  a  merry  soldier,  the  friend 
of  captain  Jac'omo  the  woman-hater. — ■ 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Captain 
(1613). 

Face  (1  syl.),  alias  "Jeremy,"  house- 
servant  of  Lovewit.  During  the  absence 
of  his  master.  Face  leagues  with  Subtle 
(the  alchemist)  and  Dol  Common  to  turn 
a  penny  by  alchemy,  fortune-telling,  and 
magic.  Subtle  (a  beggar  who  knew 
something  about  alchemy)  was  discovered 
by  Face  near  Pye  Corner.  Assuming  the 
philosopher's  garb  and  wand,  he  called 
himself  "doctor;"  Face,  arrogating  the 
title  of  "captain,"  touted  for  dupes; 
while  Dol  Common  kept  the  house,  and 
aided  the  other  two  in  their  general 
scheme  of  deception.  On  the  unexpected 
return  of  Love-vvit,  the  whole  thing  blew 
up,  but  Face  was  forgiven,  and  continued 
in  his  place  as  house-servant. — Ben 
Jonson,  The  Alchemist  {1610). 

Pace  Index  of  the  Mind. 

Fair  on  the  face  [Ood]  wrote  the  index  of  Uie  mind. 
Phineas  Fletcher.  The  Purple  liland.  v.  (1633). 

Pacto'tum  {Johannes),  one  employed 
to  do  all  sorts  of  work  for  another  ;  one 
in  whom  another  confides  for  all  the  odda 
and  ends  of  his  household  management  or 
business. 

He  Is  an  absolute  Johannes  Factotum,  at  least  in  his  own 
conceit.— Greene,  Groat's-worth  qf  Wit  (15a2), 

Paddle  {William),  a  "fellow  made 
up  of  knavery  and  noise,  with  scandal  for 
wit  and  impudence  for  raillery.  He  was 
so  needy  that  the  very  devil  might  have 
bought  him  for  a  guinea."  Sir  Charles 
Raymond  says  to  him  : 

"  Thy  life  is  a  disgrace  to  humanity.  A  foolish  prodigality 
makes  tliee  needy ;  need  makes  thee  vicious ;  and  Ixith 
make  thee  contemptible.  Thy  wit  is  prostituteid  to  slander 
and  buffoonery  ;  and  thy  judgment,  if  thou  hast  any,  to 
meanness  and  villainy.  Thy  betters,  that  laugh  with 
thee,  laugh  at  thee  ;  and  all  the  varieties  of  thy  life  ara 
but  pitiful  rewards  and  painful  abuses."— £d.  Moore,  The 
rouiuUinff,  iv.  2  (1748). 

Pa'dha  (^/),  Mahomet's  silver 
cuirass. 

Pad'ladeen,  the  great  nazir'  or 
chamberlain  of  Aurungze'be's  harem. 
He  criticizes  the  tales  told  to  Lalla  Rookh 
by  a  young  poet  on  her  way  to  Delhi,  and 


FADLADINIDA. 


318 


FAIR  PENITENT. 


great  was  liis  mortification  to  find  that  the 
poet  was  the  young  king  his  master. 

Faiiladeen  wasajudgeof  everytliing,  from  the  pencilling 
of  a  Circassian's  eyelids  to  tlie  deepest  questions  of  science 
and  literature;  from  the  mixture  of  a  conserve  of  rose 
leaves  to  the  composition  of  an  epic  poem.— T.  Moore, 
l^fUta  Rookh  (1817). 

Fadladin'ida,  wife  of  king  Chronon- 
hotonthologos.  While  the  king  is  alive 
she  falls  in  love  with  the  captive  king  of 
the  Antip'odes,  and  at  the  death  of  the 
king,  when  two  suitors  arise,  she  says, 
•'  Well,  gentlemen,  to  make  matters  easy, 
I'll  take  you  both." — H.  Carey,  Chronon- 
hotonthologos  (a  burlesque). 

Faery  Queen,  a  metrical  romance,  in 
BIX  books,  of  twelve  cantos  each,  by 
Edmund  Spenser  {irwomplete). 

Book  I.  The  Red  Ckoss  Knight, 
the  spirit  of  Christianity,  or  the  victory  of 
holiness  over  sin  (1590). 

II.  The  Legend  of  Sib  Guyon,  the 
golden  mean  (1590). 

III.  The  Legend  of  Britomartis, 
chaste  love.  Britomartis  is  Diana  or 
queen  Elizabeth  (1590). 

IV.  Cambel  and  Triamond, /(i<?^% 
(1596). 

V.  The  Legend  of  Sir  Ar'tegal, 
justice  (1596). 

VI.  The  Legend  of  Sir  Calidore, 
courtesy  (1596). 

*^*  Sometimes  bk.  vii.,  called  Muta- 
bility, is  added  ;  but  only  fragments  of  this 
book  exist. 

Fafhis,  the  dragon  with  which  Sigurd 
fights. — Sigurd  the  Horny  (a  German 
romance  based  on  a  Norse  legend). 

Fag,  the  lying  servant  of  captain 
Absolute.  He  "  wears  his  master's  wit, 
as  he  does  his  lace,  at  second  hand." — 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals  (1775). 

Faggot  {Nicholas),  clerk  to  Matthew 
Foxley,  the  magistrate  who  examined 
Darsie  Latimer  Xi.e.  sir  Arthur  Darsie 
Redgauntlet)  after  he  had  been  attacked 
by  rioters. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Faggots  andFaggots  (II  y  a  fagots 
et  fagots),  all  things  of  the  same  sort  are  not 
equal  in  quality.  In  Molifere's  Le  M^de- 
oin  Malgre  Lui,  Sganarelle  wants  to  show 
that  his  faggots  are  better  than  those  of 
other  persons,  and  cries  out  "Ay!  but 
those  faggots  are  not  equal  to  mine." 

11  est  vTfii,  messieurs,  que  je  suls  le  premier  honune  du 
monde  pour  faire  des  fagots  .  ,  .  Je  n'y  ^pargne  aucuno 
•tiose,  et  Its  faia  d'une  favon  qu'il  n'y  a  rien  &  dire.  .  .  . 
21  y  a  fagots  et -fagots.— Act  i.  6  (1666). 

Fagin,  an  old  Jew,  who  employs  a 


gang  of  thieves,  chiefly  boys.  These  boys 
he  teaches  to  pick  pockets  and  pilfer 
adroitly.  Fagin  assumes  a  njost  suave 
and  fawning  manner,  but  is  malicious, 
grasping,  and  full  of  cruelty. — C.  Dickens, 
Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Fainall,  cousin  by  marriage  to  sir 
Wilful  Witwould.  He  married  a  young, 
wealthy,  and  handsome  widow,  b:i  the 
two  were  cat  and  dog  to  each  other.  The 
great  aim  of  Fainall  was  to  get  into  his 
possession  the  estates  of  his  wife  (settled 
on  herself  "in  trust  to  Edward  Mirabell "), 
but  in  this  he  failed.  In  outward  sem- 
blance, Fainall  was  plausible  enough, 
but  he  was  a  goodly  apple  rotten  at  the 
core,  false  to  his  friends,  faithless  to 
his  Avife,  overreaching,  and  deceitful. 

Mrs.  Fainall.  Her  first  husband  was 
Languish,  son  of  lady  Wishfort.  Her 
second  husband  she  both  despised  and 
detested. — W.  Congreve,  The  Way  of  the 
World  (1700). 

Thomas  Davies  [1710-1785],  after  a  silence  of  fifteen 
years,  perfonned  the  part  of  "  f  airiall."  His  expressio» 
was  Garrick's,  witti  all  its  fire  quenched. — Boaden. 

Fainasolis,  daughter  of  Craca's 
king  (the  Shetland  Isles).  When  Finjjal 
was  quite  a  young  man,  she  fled  to  him 
for  protection  against  Sora,  but  scarcely 
had  he  promised  to  take  up  her  cause, 
when  Sora  landed,  drew  the  bow,  and  she 
fell.  Fingal  said  to  Sora,  "Unerring  is 
thy  hand,  0  Sora,  but  feeble  was  the 
foe."  He  then  attacked  the  invader,  and 
Sora  fell. — Ossian,  Fingal,  iii. 

Faint  Heart  never  "Won  Fair 
Lady,  a  line  in  a  ballad  written  to  the 
"  Berkshire  Lady,"  a  Misb  Frances  Ken- 
drick,  daughter  of  sir  William  Kendrick, 
second  baronet.  Sir  William's  father  was 
created  baronet  by  Charles  II.  The  wooer 
was  a  Mr.  Child,  son  of  a  brewer  at 
Abingdon,  to  whom  the  lady  sent  a  chal- 
lenge. 

Having  read  this  strange  relation. 
He  was  in  a  consternation  ; 
But,  advising  with  a  friend. 
He  persuades  him  to  attend : 
"  Be  of  courage  and  make  ready, 
Faint  heart  never  won  fair  lady." 

Quarterly  Review,  cvl.  205-245. 

Faint  Heart  never  Won  Fair  Lady, 
name  of  a  petit  comedie  brought  out  by 
Mde.  Vestris  at  the  Olympic.  Mde. 
Vestris  herself  performed  the  part  of  the 
"  fair  lady." 

Fair  Penitent  (The),  a  tragedy  byj 
Rowe  (1703).  Calista  was  daughter  or 
lord  Sciol'to  (3  syl.),  and  bride  of  lord 
Al'tamont.    It   was   discovered   on  th« 


FAIRBKOTHER. 


319 


FAKENIIAM  GHOST. 


weddinor  day  that  she  had  been  seduced 
by  Lotha'rio.  This  led  to  a  duel  between 
the  bridegroom  and  the  libertine,  in  which 
Lothario  was  killed  ;  a  street  riot  ensued, 
in  which  Sciolto  received  his  death- 
wound  ;  and  Calista,  "the  fair  penitent," 
stabbed  herself.  This  drama  is  a  mere 
rechauffe  of  Massinger's  Fatal  Dowry. 

*^*  For  Fair  Maids  and  Fair ,  see 

the  proper  name  or  titular  name. 

Fairbrother  {Mr.),  counsel  of  Effie 
Deans  at  the  trial. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart 
of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Fairfax  {Thomas  lord),  father  of 
the  duchess  of  Buckingham. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 

Fairfield,  the  miller,  and  father  of 
Patty  "the  maid  of  the  mill."  An 
honest,  straightforward  man,  grateful 
and  modest. — Bickerstaff,  Tlie  Maid  of 
the  Mill  (1647). 

Fairford  {Mr.  Alexander  or  Saun- 
ders), a  lawyer. 

Allan  Fairford,  a  young  barrister,  son 
of  Saunders,  and  a  friend  of  Darsie 
Latimer.  He  marries  Lilias  Redgauntlet, 
sister  of  sir  Arthur  Darsie  Kedgauntlet, 
called  "Darsie  Latimer." 

Peter  Fairford,  Allan's  cousin. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Eedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Fairleigh  {Frank),  the  pseudonym 
of  F.  E.  Smedley,  editor  of  Sharpe's 
London  Magazine  (1848,  1849).  It  was 
in  this  magazine  that  Smedley's  two 
novels,  Frank  Fairleigh  and  Lewis  Arun- 
del, were  first  published. 

Fairlimb,  sister  of  Bitelas,  and 
daughter  of  Rukenaw  the  ape,  in  the 
beast-epic  called  Eeynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Fair'scrieve  (2  syL),  clerk  of  Mr. 
James  Middleburgh,  a  magistrate  of 
Edinburgh.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Fairservice  {Mr.),  a  magistrate's 
clerk.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Fairservice  {Andrew),  the  humorous 
Scotch  gardener  of  sir  Hildebrand  Os- 
baldistone,  of  Osbaldistone  Hall.— Sir 
W.  Scott,  Rd>  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Orerflowing  with  a  humour  as  peculiar  in  its  way  as  the 
humours  of  Andrew  Fairservice.— io/Won  Athemeum. 

Fair  star  {Princess),  daughter  of 
queen  Blon'dina  (who  had  at  one  birih 
two  boys  and  a  girl,  all  "  w4th  stars 
on  their  foreheads,  and  a  chain  of  g /Id 
about  their  necks  ").    On  the  same  day, 


Blondina's  sister  Brunetta  (wife  of  the 
king's  brother)  had  a  son,  afterwards 
called  Chery.  The  queen-mother,  wishing 
to  destroy  these  four  children,  ordered 
Fein'tisa  to  strangle  them,  but  Feintisa 
sent  them  adrift  in  a  boat,  and  told  the 
queen-mother  they  were  gone.  It  so 
happened  that  the  boat  was  seen  by  a 
corsair,  who  brought  the  children  to  his 
wife  Cor'sina  to  bring  up.  The  corsair 
soon  grew  immensely  rich,  because  every 
time  the  hair  of  these  children  was 
combed,  jewels  fell  from  their  heads. 
When  grown  up,  these  castaways  went 
to  the  land  of  their  royal  father  and  his 
brother,  but  Chery  was  for  a  while  em- 
ployed in  getting  for  Fairstar  (1)  The 
dancing  water,  which  had  the  gift  of 
imparting  beauty  ;  (2)  2'he  singing  apple, 
which  had  the  gift  of  imparting  wit; 
and  (3)  The  green  bird,  which  could 
reveal  all  secrets.  By  this  bird  the  story 
of  their  birth  was  made  known,  and 
Fairstar  married  her  cousin  Chery. — Com- 
tesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess 
Fairstar,"  1682). 

*^*  This  tale  is  borrowed  from  the 
fairy  talcs  of  Straparola,  the  Milanese 
(1560). 

Faithful,  a  companion  of  Christian 
in  his  walk  to  the  Celestial  City.  Both 
were  seized  at  Vanity  Fair,  and  Faithful, 
being  burnt  to  death,  was  taken  to  heaven, 
in  a  chariot  of  fire. — Bunyau,  Pilgrim^s 
Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Faithful  {Jacob),  the  title  and  hero  of  a 
sea  tale,  by  Captain  Marryat  (1835). 

Faithful  {Father  of  the),  Abraham 
— Rom.  iv. ;  Gal.  iii.  6-9. 

Faithful  Shepherdess  {The),  a 
pastoral  drama  by  John  Fletcher  (1610). 
The  "faithful  shepherdess"  is  Cor'in, 
whose  lover  was  dead.  Faithful  to  his 
memory,  Corin  retired  from  the  busy 
world,  employing  her  time  in  works  of 
humanity,  such  as  healing  the  sick,  exor- 
cizing the  bewitched,  and  comforting  the 
afflicted. 

(A  part  of  Milton's  Comus  is  almost  a 
verbal  transcript  of  this  pastoral.) 

Fakar  {Dhu'l),  Mahomet's  scimitar. 

Fakenham  Ghost  {The).  An  old 
woman,  walking  to  Fakenham,  had  to 
cross  the  churchyard  after  night-fall. 
She  heard  a  short,  quick  step  behind,  and 
looking  round  saw  what  she  fancied  to 
be  a  four-footed  monster.  On  she  ran, 
faster  and  faster,  and  on  came  the  patter- 


FAKREDDIN'S  VALLEY. 


320 


FALSTAFF. 


ing  footfalls  behind.  She  gained  th6 
churchyard  g.ite  and  pushed  it  open,  but, 
ah!  "the  monster"  also  passed  through. 
Kvcrj'  moment  she  expected  it  would 
leap  uix)n  her  back,  bhe  reached  her 
cottage  door  and  fainted.  Out  came  her 
husband  with  a  lantern,  saw  the  "  sprite," 
which  was  no  other  than  the  foal  of  a 
donkey  that  had  strayed  into  the  park 
and  followed  the  ancient  dame  to  her 
cottage  door, 

And  many  a  laugh  went  through  the  vale, 

And  some  conviction,  too  ; 
Each  tliougtit  some  other  goblin  tals 

Perhiips  was  just  as  tnie. 

R.  Bloomfield,  Tlie  Fakenham  Ghott  (a  fact). 

Fakreddin's  Valley.  Over  the 
several  portals  of  bronze  were  these  in- 
Bcriptions  :  (1)  The  Asylum  ok  Pil- 
grims ;  (2)  The  Traveller's  Refuge  ; 
(3)  The  DErosixoRY  of  the  Secrets 

OF  ALL  THE   WORLD. 

Falcon.  Wm.  Morris  tells  us  that 
whoso  Avatched  a  certain  falcon  for  seven 
days  and  seven  nights  without  sleeping, 
should  have  his  first  wish  granted  by  a 
fa}'.  A  certain  king  accomplished  the 
watching,  and  wished  to  have  the  fay's 
love.  His  wish  was  granted,  but  it 
proved  his  ruin. — The  Earthly  Paradise 
("July"). 

Falconer  {Mr.)^  laird  of  Balma- 
whapple,  a  friend  of  tne  old  baron  of 
liradwardine. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Falconer  {Major),  brother  of  lady 
BothAvell. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Aunt  Margaret's 
Mirror  (time,  William  III.). 

Falconer  (Edmund),  the  nom  deplume  of 
Edmund  O'Rourke,  author  of  Extremes 
or  Men  of  the  Day  (a  comedy,  1859). 

Faler'num  or  Fat,ernus  Ager,  a 
district  in  the  north  of  Campania,  extend- 
ing from  the  Massic  Hills  to  the  river 
Vultur'nus  (in  Italy).  This  district  was 
noted  for  its  wines,  called  "Massic"  or 
"  Falernian,"  the  best  of  which  was 
"Faustianum." 

Then  with  water  fill  the  pitcher 
Wreathed  about  with  classic  fables ; 

Ne'er  Falerniixn  threw  a  richer 
Light  upon  Lucullus'  tables. 

Longfellow,  Drinking  Song, 

Falie'ro  {Marino),  the  doge  of 
Venice,  an  old  man  who  married  a  young 
wife  named  Angioli'na  (3  syl.).  At  a 
banquet,  Michel  Steno,  a  young  patrician, 
grossly  insulted  some  of  the  ladies,  and 
was,  by  the  order  of  the  doge,  turned  out 
of  the  house.  In  revenge,  Steno  pla- 
carded the  doge's  chair  with  some  sciirri- 


lous  verses  upon  the  young  dogaressa, 
and  Faliero  referred  the  matter  to  "the 
Forty."  The  council  sentenced  Steno  to 
two  months'  imprisonment,  and  the  doge 
deemed  this  punishment  so  inadequate  to 
the  offence,  that  he  looked  upon  it  as  a 
personal  insult,  and  headed  a  conspiracy 
to  cut  off,  root  and  branch,  the  whole 
Venetian  nobility.  The  project  being 
.discovered,  Faliero  was  put  to  death 
(looo),  at  the  age  of  76,  and  his  picture 
removed  from  the  gallery  of  his  brother 
doges. — Byron,  Marino  Faliero. 

Falkland,  an  aristocratic  gentleman, 
of  a  noble,  loving  nature,  but  the  victim 
of  false  honour  and  morbid  refinement  of 
feeling.  Under  great  provocation,  he 
was  goaded  on  to  commit  murder,  but 
being  tried  was  honourably  acquitted,  and 
another  person  was  executed  for  the 
crime.  Caleb  Williams,  a  lad  in  Falk- 
land's service,  accidentally  became  ac- 
quainted with  these  secret  facts,  but, 
unable  to  live  in  the  house  under  th« 
suspicious  eyes  of  Falkland,  he  ran  away. 
Falkland  tracked  him  from  place  to  place, 
like  a  blood-hound,  and  at  length  arrested 
him  for  robbery.  The  true  statement 
now  came  out,  and  Falkland  died  of 
shame  and  a  broken  spirit. — W.  Godwin, 
Caleb  Williams  (1794).  (See  Faulk- 
land.) 

*^*  This  tale  has  been  dramatized  by 
G.  Colman,  under  the  title  of    Tfie  Iron^ 
Cliest,  in  which  Falkland  is  called  "si 
Edward  Mortimer,"  and  Caleb  William^ 
is  called  "Wilford." 

False    One    {The'),    a   tragedy    bj^ 
Beaumont    and    Fletcher    (1619).     Th« 
subject  is  the  amours  of  Julius  Csesar  at ' 
Cleopat'ra. 

Falsetto  {Signer),  a  man  who  fai 
on  Fazio  in  prosperit}',  and  turns  his  bac^ 
on  him  when  fallen  into  disgrace. — Dea 
Milman,  Fazio  (1815). 

Falstaff  {Sir  John),  in  The  Mi 
Wives  of  Windsor,  and  in  the  two  pa: 
of  Henry  IV.,  by  Shakespeare.  Il 
Henry  V.,  his  death  is  described  by  M 
Quickly,  hostess  of  an  inn  in  Eastchea 
In  the  comedy,  sir  John  is  represented  as 
making  love  to  Mrs.  Page,  who  "fools 
him  to  the  top  of  her  bent."  In  the 
historic  plays,  he  is  represented  as  a 
soldier  and  a  wit,  the  boon  companion  of 
"  Mad-cap  Hal "  (the  prince  of  Wales). 
In  both  cases,  he  is  a  mountain  of  fat, 
sensual,  mendacious,  boastful,  and  fond 
practical  jokei 


I 


FAMOUS. 


821 


FARINATA. 


I 


In  the  king's  army,  "sir  John"  was 
captain,  "  Peto  "  lieutenant,  "  Pistol  " 
ancient  [ensign],  and  "Bardolph"  cor- 
poral. 

C.  R.  Leslie  says.:  '"'Quin'g  •Falstaff'must  have  been 
glorious.  Since  GarrtCk's  time  there  liave  been  more  than 
one  '  Kicliard.'  '  Hamlet,"  '  Komeo,'  '  Macbetli,'  and 
•Lear:'  but  since  Quln  [1693-17tj6j  only  one  'Falstaff,' 
Joliii  Uenderson  [1747-17S6J.'' 

(Robert  William  Elliston  (1774-1831) 
•was  the  best  of  all  "  Falstaffs."  His  was 
a  wonderful  combination  of  wit,  humour, 
sensuality,  and  philosophy,  but  he  was 
always  the  gentleman.) 

Falstaff,  unimitated,  hilmitable  Falstaff,  how  shall 
1  describe  thee?  Thou  comjjoiind  of  sense  and  vice  :  of 
sense  which  may  be  admired,  but  not  esteemed ;  of  vice 
which  may  be  despised,  but  hardly  detested.  "  Falstaff  " 
is  a  character  loaded  with  faults,  and  with  those  faults 
which  natunilly  produce  contempt.  He  is  a  thief  and  a 
glutton,  a  coward  and  a  boaster,  always  ready  to  cheat 
tiie  weak  and  prey  upon  the  jK)or,  to  terrify  the  timorous 
and  insult  the  defenceless.  At  once  obsequious  and  malig- 
nant, yet  the  man  thus  corrupt,  thus  despicable,  inakes 
kiniself  necessary  to  the  prince  by  perpetual  gaiety,  and 
by  unfailijig  power  of  exciting  laughter. — Dr.  Johnson. 

Famous.  "  I  woke  one  morning  and 
found  myself  famous."  So  said  Byron, 
after  the  publication  of  cantos  i.  and  ii. 
of  his  Childe  Harold  (1812). 

Fanciful  {Lady),  a  vain,  conceited 
beauty,  who  calls  herself  "nice,  strangely 
nicfe,"and  says  she  was  formed  "  to  make 
the  whole  creation  uneasy."  She  loves 
Heartfrec,  a  railer  against  woman,  and 
when  he  proposes  marriage  to  Belinda,  a 
rival  beauty,  spreads  a  most  impudent 
scandal,  which,  however,  reflects  only  on 
herself.  Heartfree,  who  at  one  time  was 
partly  in  love  with  her,  says  to  her  : 

"Nature  made  you  handsome,  gave  you  beauty  to  a 
miracle,  a  sliape  without  a  fault,  wit  enough  to  make 
them  relish  .  .  .  but  art  has  made  you  become  the  pity  of 
wir  sex,  and  the  jest  of  your  own.  Tliere's  not  a  feature 
111  your  face  but  you  have  found  the  way  to  teach  it  some 
affected  convulsion.  Your  feet,  your  hands,  your  very 
finger-ends,  are  directed  never  to  move  without  some 
riiiioulous  air,  and  your  language  is  a  suitjible  trumpet  to 
draw  people's  eyes  upon  the  raree-show  "  (act  iL  1). — Vau- 
brugh.  The  Provoked  Wife  (ItJS*;). 

Fan-Fan,  alias  Phelin  O'Tug,  "a 

lolly-pop  maker,  and  manufacturer  of 
maids  of  honour  to  the  court."  This 
merry,  shy,  and  blundering  elf,  concealed 
in  a  bear-skin,  makes  love  to  Christine, 
the  faithful  attendant  on  the  countess 
Marie.  Phelin  O'Tug  says  his  mother 
was  too  bashful  ever  to  let  him  know  her, 
and  his  father  always  kept  in  the  back- 
ground.— E.  Stirling,  Tlie  Prisoner  of 
State  (1847). 

Fang,  a  bullying,  insolent  magistrate. 
Who  would  have  sent  Oliver  Twist  to 

Srison,    on    suspicion    of    theft,   if    Mr. 
Irownlow  had    not  interposed    on    the 


boy's  behalf. — C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twisk 
(1837). 

The  original  of  this  ill-tempered,  bullying  maglstratB 
was  Mr.  Laing,  of  Hatton  Garden,  removed  from  the 
bench  by  the  home  secretary,— John  Foster,  Life  of 
Uickent,  iii.  4. 

Fang  and  Snare,  two  sheriff's 
officers. — Shakespeare,  2  HenriJ  IV, 
(1698). 

Fanny  {Lord).  So  John  lord  Her- 
vey  was  usually  called  by  the  wits  of  the 
time,  in  consequence  of  his  eifeminate 
habits.  His  appearance  was  that  of  a 
"half  wit,  half  fool,  half  man,  half  beau." 
He  used  rouge,  drank  ass's  milk,  and  took 
Scotch  pills  (1694-1743). 

Consult  lord  Fanny,  and  confide  in  Curll  [puhlUher\ 
Byron,  KnylUh  Hards  and  Scotch  Iteviewers  (130S). 

Fanny  {Miss),  younger  daughter  oi 
Mr.  Sterling,  a  rich  City  merchant.  She 
was  clandestinely  married  to  Lovewell. 
"Gentle-looking,  soft-speaking,  sweet- 
smiling,  and  atfable,"  wanting  "nothing 
but  a  crook  in  her  hand  and  a  lamb  under 
her  arm  to  be  a  perfect  picture  of  inno- 
cence and  simplicity."  Every  one  loved 
her,  and  as  her  marriage  was  a  secret,  sir 
John  Melvil  and  lord  Ogleby  both  pro- 
posed to  her.  Her  marriage  with  Love- 
well  being  ultimately  made  known,  her 
dilemma  was  removed.  —  Colman  and 
Garrick,  The  Clandestine  Marriage  (1766), 

Fan'teries  (3  syL),  foot-soldiers, 
infantry. 

Five  other  bandes  of  English  fanferies. 
G.  Gascoigne,  The  FruUes  of  Warre,  152  (died  1557). 

Faquir',  a  religious  anchorite,  whose 
life  is  spent  in  the  severest  austerities  and 
mortification. 

He  diverted  himself,  however  .  .  .  especially  with  the 
Brahmins,  faquirs,  and  other  enthusiasts  who  had  tra- 
velled from  Uie  heart  of  India,  and  halted  on  Uieir  w.ajr 
with  the  emur.— W.  Beckford,  Vathek  (1786). 

Farceur  {T}ie),  Angelo  Beolco,  the 
Italian  'farce-writer.  Called  Ruzzante  in 
Italian,  from  ruzzare,  "to  play  the  fool" 
(1502-1542). 

Farina'ta  [Degli  Uberti],  a  noble 
Florentine,  leader  of  the  Ghibelline  fac- 
tion, and  driven  from  his  country  in  1250 
by  the  Guelfes  (1  syL).  Some  ten  years 
later,  by  the  aid  of  Mainfroi  of  Naples, 
he  beat  the  Guelfes,  and  took  all  the 
towns  of  Tuscany  and  Florence.  DantS 
conversed  with  him  in  the  city  of  Dis, 
and  represents  him  as  lying  in  a  fiery 
tomb  yet  open,  and  not  to  be  closed  till 
the  last  j  udgment  day.  When  the  council 
agreed  to  raze  Florence  to  the  ground^ 


FARM-HOUSE. 


322 


FASTRADA. 


Farinata  opposed  the  measure,  and  saved 
the  city.     Dant§  refers  to  this : 

Lo  I  Farinata  .  .  .  his  brow- 
Bom  e  what  uplifted,  cried  .  .  . 
"Ill   tliat  affray  [i.e.   at   MorUaperto,  near  the  river 

A  rbla] 
I  stood  not  singly  .  .  . 
But  singly  there  I  stood,  when  by  consent 
Of  all,  Florence  had  to  the  ground  been  razed,— 
triie  one  who  openly  forbade  the  deed." 

Dante,  Inferno,  x.  (1300). 

Like  Farinata  from  his  fiery  tomb. 

LongfeUow,  Dante. 

IP  arm -house  (The).  Modely  and 
Heartwell,  two  gentlemen  of  fashion, 
come  into  the  country  and  receive  hospi- 
tality from  old  Farmer  Freehold.  Here 
they  make  love  to  his  daughter  Aura  and 
his  niece  Flora.  The  girls,  being  high- 
principled,  convert  the  flirtation  of  the 
two  guests  into  love,  and  Heartwell 
marries  the  niece,  while  Modely  proposes 
to  Aura,  who  accepts  him,  provided  he 
will  wait  two  months  and  remain  con- 
stant to  her. — John  Philip  Kemble. 

Parmer  Gteorge,  George  III. ;  so 
called  because  he  was  like  a  farmer  in 
dress,  manners,  and  tastes  (1738-1820). 

Farm.er's  "Wife  (The),  a  musical 
drama  by  C.  Dibdin  (1780).  Cornflower, 
a  benevolent,  high-minded  farmer,  having 
saved  Emma  Belton  from  the  flames  of  a 
house  on  fire,  married  her,  and  they  lived 
together  in  love  and  peace  till  sir  Charles 
Courtly  took  a  fancy  to  Mrs.  Cornflower, 
and  abducted  her.  She  was  soon  tracked, 
and  as  it  was  evident  that  she  was  no 
particeps  criminis,  she  was  restored  to  her 
husband,  and  sir  Charles  gave  his  sister 
to  Mrs.  Cornflower's  brother  in  marriage 
as  a  peace  offering. 

Farnese  Bull  [Far. nay'. ze],  a  colos- 
sal group  of  sculpture,  attributed  to 
Apollonius  and  Tauriscus  of  Tralles,  in 
Asia  Minor.  The  group  represents  Dirce 
bound  by  Zethus  and  Amphi'on  to  the 
horns  of  a  bull,  for  ill-using  her  mother. 
It  was  restored  by  Bianchi,  in  1546,  and 
placed  in  the  Earnest  palace,  in  Italy. 

Farnese  Her'cules  [Far.nay'.ze'], 
a  name  given  to  Glykon's  copy  of  the 
famous  statue  by  Lysippos  (a  Greek  sculp- 
tor in  the  time  of  Alexander  "the  Great"). 
It  represents  Hercules  leaning  on  his 
club,  with  one  hand  on  his  back.  The 
Farnese  family  became  extinct  in  1731. 

Fashion  (Sir  Brilliant),  a  man  of  the 
world,  who  "dresses  fashionably,  lives 
fashionably,  wins  your  money  fashion- 
ably, loses  his  own  fashionably,  and 
does  everything  fachionably."     His  fa- 


shionable asseverations  are,  "Let  me 
perish,  if  .  .  . ! "  "  May  fortune  eter- 
nally frown  on  me,  if  .  .  . ! "  "  May  I 
never  hold  four  by  honours,  if  .  .  .  ! " 
"  May  the  first  woman  I  meet  strike  me 
with  a  supercilious  eyebrow,  if  .  .  .  ! " 
and  so  on. — A.  Murphv,  The  Way  to 
Keep  Him  (1760). 

Fashion  (Tom)  or  "Young  Fashion," 
younger  brother  of  lord  Foppington.  As 
his  elder  brother  did  not  behave  well  to 
hrm,  Tom  resolved  to  outwit  him,  and  to 
this  end  introduced  himself  to  sir  Tun- 
belly  Clumsy  and  his  daughter.  Miss 
Hoyden,  as  lord  Foppington,  between 
whom  and  the  knight  a  negotiation  of 
marriage  had  been  carried  on.  Being 
established  in  the  house,  Tom  married 
the  heiress,  and  when  the  veritable  lord 
appeared,  he  was  treated  as  an  impostor. 
Tom,  however,  explained  his  ruse,  and  as 
his  lordship  treated  the  knight  with  great 
contempt  and  quitted  the  house,  a  recon- 
ciliation was  easily  effected. — Sheridan, 
A  Trip  to  Scarborough  (1777). 

Fashionable  Lover  (7%e).  LordAb- 
berville,  a  young  man  of  23  years  of  age, 
promises  marriage  to  LucindaBridgemore, 
the  vulgar,  spiteful,  purse-proud  daughter 
of  a  London  merchant,  living  in  Fish  Street 
Hill.    At  the  house  of  this  merchant  lord 
Abberville  sees  a  Miss  Aubrey,  a  hand- 
some, modest,  lady-like  girl,  with  whom 
he  is  greatly  smitten.     He  first  tries  to 
corrupt  her,  and  then  promises  marriage  j 
but  Miss  Aubrey  is  already  engaged  to 
Mr.  Tyrrel.    The  vulgarity  and  ill-natui 
of  Lucinda  being  quite  insurmountabU 
"the  fashionable  lover"  abandons  he 
The  chief  object  of  the  drama  is  to  roc 
out  the  prejudice  which  Englishmen 
one  time  entertained  against  the  Scotc 
and  the  chief  character  is  in  reality  Col 
or  Cawdie  Macleod,  a  Scotch  servant 
lord  Abberville.— R.  Cumberland  (1780) 

Fastolfe  (Sir  John),  in  1  Henry  VI 
This  is  not  the  "sir  John  Falstaff' 
huge  proportions  and  facetious  wit,  but 
the  lieutenant-general  of  the  duke  of 
Bedford,  and  a  knight  of  the  Garter. 

Here  had  the  conquest  fully  been  sealed  up 

If  sir  John  Fastolfe  had  not  played  the  coward  ; 

He  being  in  the  vanward  .  .  . 

Cowardly  fled,  not  liaving  struck  one  stroke. 

Shakespeare,  1  Henry  VI.  act  i.  sc.  1  {1589) 

From  this  hatteU  [of  Pataie,  in  France\  departed 
without  anie  stroke  striken,  sir  John  Fastolfe.  .  .  .  The 
duke  of  Bedford  tooke  from  him  the  image  of  St 
and  bi«  garter. — HoUnshed,  iL  (>0L 


Fastra'da  or  Fasteade,  daughter 


Genta* 

i 


FAT. 


FATES. 


count  Rodolph  and  Luitgarde.     She  was 
one  of  the  nine  wives  of  Charlemagne. 

Those  same  soft  bells  at  even-tide 
Rang  in  the  ears  of  Charlemagne, 

As  seated  by  Fastrada's  side. 

At  Ingelheim,  in  all  his  pride, 
He  beard  their  sound  with  secret  pain. 

Longfellow,  Golden  Legend,  tL 

Pat  {The).  Alfonzo  II.  of  Portugal 
(1185,  1212-1223).  Charles  II,  {le  Gros) 
of  France  (832-882).  Louis  VI.  {le  Gros) 
of  France  (1078,  1108-1137). 

Edward  Brigjht  of  Essex  weighed  44 
Btone  (616  lbs.)  at  death  (1720-1750). 
David  Lambert  of  Leicester  weighed 
above  52  stone  (739  lbs.)  at  death  (1770- 
1809). 

Fat  Boy  {The),  Joseph  or  Joe,  a  lad 
of  astounding  obesity,  whose  employment 
consisted  of  alternate  eating  and  sleeping. 
Joe  was  in  the  service  of  Mr.  Wardle. 
He  was  once  known  to  "burst  into  a 
horse  laugh,"  and  was  once  known  to 
defer  eating  to  say  to  Mary,  "How  nice 
you  do  look ! " 

Tills  wag  said  in  an  admiring  manner,  and  was  so  far 
gratifying  ;  but  still  there  was  enough  of  the  cannibal  in 
the  young  gentleman's  eyes  to  render  the  compliraent 
doubtful.— C.  Diclcens,  Pickviick  Papers,  Uv.  (1836). 

Fata  Alci'na,  sister  of  Fata  Morga'- 
na.  She  carried  off  Astolfo  on  the  back 
of  a  whale  to  her  isle,  but  turned  him 
into  a  myrtle  tree  when  she  tired  of  him. 
— Bojardo,  Orlando  Innamorato  (1495)  ; 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Fata  Ar'gea  ("/a  reina  della  Fata"), 
protectress  of  Floridante. 

Fata  Falsire'na,  an  enchantress  in 
the  Adone  of  Marini  (1623). 

Fata  della  Fonti,  an  enchantress, 
from  whom  Mandricardo  obtained  the 
arms  of  Hector. — Bojardo,  Orlando  In- 
namorato (1495). 

Fata  Morga'na,  sister  of  Arthur 
and  pupil  of  Merlin.  She  lived  at  the 
bottom  of  a  lake,  and  dispensed  her 
treasures  to  whom  she  willed.  This  fairy 
is  introduced  by  Bojardo  in  his  Orlando 
Innamorato,  first  as  "lady  Fortune,"  but 
subsequently  as  an  enchantress.  In  Tasso 
her  three  daughters  (Morganetta,  Nivetta, 
and  Carvilia)  are  introduced. 

*j*  "Fata  Morgana"  is  the  name 
given  to  a  sort  of  mirage  occasionally 
seen  in  the  Straits  of  Messi'na. 

Fata  Nera  and  Fata  Bianca, 

protectresses  of  Guido'ne  and  Aquilante. 
— Bojardo,  Orlando  Innamorato  (1495). 

Fata  Silvanella,  an  enchantress  in 
Orlando  Innamorato,  by  Bojardo  (1495). 


Fatal  Curiosity,  an  epilogue  in 
Don  Quixote  (pt.  I.  iv.  5,  6).  The  sub- 
ject of  this  tale  is  the  trial  of  a  wife'g 
fidelity.  Anselmo,  a  Florentine  gentle- 
man, had  married  Camilla,  and  wishing 
to  rejoice  over  her  incorruptible  fidelity, 
induced  his  friend  Lothario  to  put  it  to 
the  test.  The  lady  was  not  trial-proof, 
but  eloped  with  Lothario.  The  end  was 
that  Anselmo  died  of  grief,  Lothario  was 
slain  in  battle,  and  Camilla  died  in  a 
convent  (1605). 

Fatal  Curiosity,  by  George  Lillo. 
Young  Wilmot,  supposed  to  have  perished 
at  sea,  goes  to  India,  and  having  made 
his  fortune,  returns  to  England.  He 
instantly  visits  Charlotte,  whom  he  finds 
still  faithful  and  devotedly  attached  to 
him,  and  then  in  disguise  visits  his 
parents,  with  whom  he  deposits  a  casket. 
Agnes  Wilmot,  out  of  curiosity,  opens 
the  casket,  and  when  she  discovers  that 
it  contains  jewels,  she  and  her  husband 
resolve  to  murder  the  owner,  and  secure 
the  contents  of  the  casket.  Scarcely  have 
they  committed  the  fatal  deed,  when 
Charlotte  enters,  and  tells  them  it  is  their 
own  son  whom  they  fiave  killed,  where- 
upon old  "Wilmot  firsf  stabs  his  wife  and 
then  himself.  Thus,  was  the.  "  curiosity  " 
of  Agnes  fatal  to  herself,  her  husband, 
and  her  son  (1736). 

Fatal  Dowry  {The),  a  tragedy  by 
Philip  Massinger  (1632).  Rowe  has  bor- 
rowed much  of  his  Fair  Penitent  from 
this  drama. 

Fatal  Marriage  {The),  a  tragedy 
by  Thomas  Southeme  (1659-1746).  Isa- 
bella a  nun  marries  Biron  eldest  son  of 
count  Baldwin.  The  count  disinherits 
his  son  for  this  marriage,  and  Biron, 
entering  the  army,  is  sent  to  the  siege  of 
Candj"^,  where  he  is  seen  to  fall,  and  is 
reported  dead.  Isabella,  reduced  to  the 
utmost  poverty,  after  seven  years  of 
"  widowhood,"  prays  count  Baldwin  to 
help  her  and  do  something  for  her  child, 
but  he  turns  her  out  of  doors.  Villeroy 
(2  syl.)  proposes  marriage  to  her,  and 
her  acceptance  of  him  was  "  the  fatal 
marriage,"  for  the  very  next  day  Biron 
returns,  and  is  set  upon  by  ruffians  in  the 
pay  of  his  brother  Carlos,  who  assassinate 
him.  Carlos  accuses  Villeroy  of  the 
murder,  but  one  of  the  ruffians  impeaches, 
and  Carlos  is  apprehended.  As  for  Isa- 
bella, she  stabs  herself  and  dies. 

Fates.  The  three  Fatal  Sisters  were 
Clo'tho,    Lachesis   [Lak'.e.sisl,  and  At'- 


FATHER—SON. 


824 


FATIMA. 


ropos.  They  dwelt  in  the  deep  abyss  of 
Demog'orgon,  "with  unwearied  fingers 
drawing  out  the  threads  of  life."  Clothe 
held  the  spindle  or  distaff ;  Lachesis 
drew  out  the  thread  ;  and  Atropos  cut  it 
off. 

Sad  aotho  held  the  rock,  the  whiles  the  thread 
By  grisly  Lachesis  was  spun  with  pain. 

That  cruel  Atropos  eftsoon  undid, 
Willi  cursed  knife  cutting  tiie  twist  in  twain. 

Spenser,  raiiry  Queen,  iv.  2  (1596). 

Father — Son.  It  is  a  common  ob- 
Borvation  that  a  father  above  the  common 
rate  of  men  has  usually  a  son  below  it. 
Witness  king  John  son  of  Henry  II. ; 
Edward  II.  son  of  Edward  I. ;  Richard  11. 
son  of  the  Black  I'rince  ;  Henry  VI.  son 
of  Henry  V.  ;  Lord  Chesterfield's  son, 
etc.  So  in  French  history:  Louis  VIII. 
was  the  son  of  Philippe  Auguste ;  Charles 
the  Idiot  was  the  son  of  Charles  le  Sage ; 
Henri  II.  of  Francois  I.  Again,  in  Ger- 
man historj' :  Heinrich  VI.  was  the  son 
of  Rarbarossa  ;  Albrecht  I.  of  Rudolf  ; 
and  BO  on,  in  all  directions.  Heroiimfilii 
noxw  is  a  Latin  proverb. 

My  trust. 
Like  a  good  parent,  did  beget  of  him 
A  falseliood,  in  its  contrary  as  great 
As  my  tnist  was. 
Shakespeare,  Tfte  Tempegt,  act  i.  sc.  2  (1609). 

Father  Suckled  by  His  own 
Daughter.  Euphrasia,  called  "  The 
Grecian  Daughter,"  thus  preserved  the 
life  of  her  father  Evander  in  prison. 
(See  Euphrasia.) 

Xantippe  thus  preserved  the  life  of  her 
father  Cimonos  in  prison. 

Father's  Head  Nursed  by  a 
Daughter  after  Death.  Margaret 
Roper  "clasped  in  her  last  trance  her  mur- 
dered father's  head."     (See  Daughter.) 

Father  of  His  Country. 

CiCKRO,  who  broke  up  the  Catiline 
conspiracy  (b.c.  106-43). 

***  The  Romans  offered  the  same  title 
to  Marius  after  his  annihilation  of  the 
Teutiines  and  Cimbri,  but  he  would  not 
accept  it. 

Julius  Cesar,  after  he  had  quelled 
the  Spanish  insurrection  (b.c.  100-44). 

Augustus,  Fater  atque  Frinceps  (b.c. 
63-31  to  a.d.  14). 

Cosmo  de  Medici  (1389-1464). 

Andria  Dorea  ;  called  so  on  his 
statue  at  Genoa  (14G8-1560). 

Anduoni'cus  Pal^ol'ogus  assumed 
the  title  (1260-1332). 

George  Washington,  "Defender  and 
Paternal  Counseller  of  the  American 
States  "  (1732-1799). 


Father  of  the  People. 

Louis  XII.  of  France  (1462,  149»- 
1515). 

Henri  IV.  of  France,  "  The  Father 
and  Friend  of  the  People  "  (1653,  1589- 
1610). 

Louis  XVIII.  of  France  (1755,  1814- 
1824). 

Gabriel  du  Pineau,  a  French  lawyer 
(1573-1644). 

Christian  III.  of  Denmark  (1502, 
1534-1559). 

*^*  For  other  "  Fathers,"  see  under 
the  specific  name  or  vocation,  as  Botany, 
Literature,  and  so  on. 

Fathers  (Last  of  the),  St.  Bernard 
(1091-1153). 

***  The  "Fathers  of  the  Church" 
were  followed  by  "  the  Schoolmen." 

Fatherless.  Merlin  never  had  a 
father;  his  mother  was  a  nun,  the 
daughter  of  the  king  of  Dimetia. 

Fathom  {Ferdinand  count),  a  villain 
who  robs  his  benefactors,  pillages  any 
one,  and  finally  dies  in  misery  and 
despair. — T.  Smollett,  The  Adventures  of 
Fei'dinand  count  Fathom  (1754). 

(The  gang  being  absent,  an  old  bel- 
dame conveys  the  count  to  a  rude  apart- 
ment to  sleep  in.  Here  he  found  the 
dead  body  of  a  man  lately  stabbed  and 
concealed  in  some  straw  ;  and  the  account^ 
of  his  sensations  during  the  night,  th< 
horrid  device  by  which  he  saved  his  lifi 
(by  lifting  the  corpse  into  his  own  bed)| 
and  his  escape  guided  by  the  hag,  is  tei 
rifically  tragic.) 

The  robber-scene  in  the  old  ■woman's  hut,  in  Co%i 
Fathom,  though  often  imitated  since,  still  remains  one  ( 
the  most  impressive  and  agitating  night-pieces  of  its  1 
— Encyc.  Brit.,  Art.  "Komance." 

Fatima,  daughter  of  Mahomet,  ai 
one   of  ttie  four  perfect  women.      Tt 
other  three  are  Khadijah,  the  prophet'j 
first  wife ;   Mary,   daughter   of  Imranj 
and  Asia,  wife  of  that  Pharaoh  who  wi 
drowned  in  the  Red  Sea. 

Fat'ima,  a  holy  woman  of  China) 
who  lived  a  hermit's  life.  There  was 
"no  one  affected  with  headache  whom 
she  did  not  cure  by  simply  laying  her 
hands  on  them."  An  African  magician 
induced  this  devotee  to  lend  him  her 
clothes  and  stick,  and  to  make  him  tho 
fac-simile  of  herself.  He  then  murdered 
her,  and  got  introduced  into  the  palace  of 
Aladdin.  Aladdin,  being  informed  of  the 
trick,  pretended  to  have  a  bad  headache, 
and  when  the  false  Fatima  approached 
under    the    pretence    of    curing    it,    lit 


U 


FATIMA. 


825 


FAZIO. 


plunged  a  dagger  into  the  heart  of  the 
magician  and  killed  him. — Arabian  Nights 
("Aladdin  or  the  Wonderful  Lamp"). 

Fat'ima,  the  mother  of  prince  Camaral'- 
zaman.  Her  husband  was  Schah'zaman 
Bultan  of  the  "  Isle  of  the  Children  of 
Khal'edan,  some  twenty  days'  sail  from 
the  coast  of  Persia,  iti  the  open  sea." — 
Arabian  Nights  ("  Camaralzaman  and 
liadoura"). 

Fat'ima,  the  last  of  Bluebeard's  wives. 
She  was  saved  from  death  by  the  timely 
arrival  of  her  brothers  with  a  party  of 
friends. — C.  Perrault,  Contes  de  Fees 
(1G97). 

rat'imite  (3  syl).  The  Third Fatimite, 
the  caliph  Hakem  B'amr-ellah,  who 
professed  to  be  incarnate  deity,  and  the 
last  prophet  who  had  communication 
between  God  and  man.  He  was  the 
founder  of  the  Druses  (q.v.). 

What  say  you  does  this  wizard  style  himself— 
Hakeem  Bianirallah,  the  Third  Fatimite! 
Kobt.  Brownitit;,  The  Return  of  tite  Dnaet,  r. 

Faiilconbridge(P/uVj/>),  called  "the 
Bastard,"  natural  son  of  kjng  Richard  I. 
and  lady  Robert  Faulconbridge.  An 
admirable  admixture  of  greatness  and 
levity,  daring  and  recklessness.  He  was 
generous  and  open-hearted,  but  hated 
foreigners  like  a  true-born  islander. — 
Shakespeare,  King  John  (1596). 

Faulkland,  the  over-anxious  lover 
of  Julia  \_Melville],  always  fretting  and 
tormenting  himself  about  her  whims, 
spirit,  health,  life.  Every  feature  in  the 
sky,  every  shift  of  the  wind  was  a  source 
of  anxiety  to  him.  If  she  was  gay,  he 
fretted  that  she  should  care  so  little  for 
his  absence  ;  if  she  was  low-spirited,  he 
feared  she  was  going  to  die ;  if  she 
danced  with  another,  he  was  jealous ;  if 
she  didn't,  she  was  out  of  sorts. — Sheri- 
dan, The  Rivals  (1775). 

Fault.  "Faultily  faultless,  icily 
regular,  splendidly  null."  Tennyson  so 
describes  his  "  Maud." 

Fa\llt-bag.  A  fable  says  that  every 
man  has  a  bag  hanging  before  him  in 
which  he  puts  his  neighbours'  faults,  and 
another  behind  him  in  which  he  stows 
his  own. 

Oh  that  you  could  turn  your  eyes  towards  the  napes  of 
your  necks,  and  make  but  an  interior  survey  of  your  good 
Helves  1— Shakespeare,  Coriolatmt  »ct  i.i..sa  1  (X609). 

Faultless  Painter  {The)y  Andrea 
del  Sarto  (1488-1530).— li.  Browning, 
Andrea  del  Sarto, 


Faun.  Tennyson  uses  this  sylvan 
deity  of  the  classics  as  the  symbo*  of  a 
drunkard. 

Arise  and  fly 
The  reeling  Faun,  the  sensual  feast 

Jn  Merrwriam,  cxvIiL 

Faust,  a  famous  magician  of  the  six- 
teenth century,  a  native  of  Suabia.  A 
rich  uncle  having  left  him  a  fortune, 
Faust  ran  to  every  excess,  and  when  his 
fortune  was  exhausted,  made  a  pact  with 
the  devil  (who  assumed  the  name  of 
Mephistoph'eles,  and  the  appearance  of  a 
little  grey  monk)  that  if  he  might  in- 
dulge his  propensities  freely  for  twenty- 
four  years,  he  would  at  the  end-  of  that 
period  consign  to  the  devil  both  body  and 
soul.  The  compact  terminated  in  1650, 
when  Faust  disappeared.  His  sweetheart 
was  Margheri'ta  [^Margarefl,  whom  he 
seduced,  and  his  faithful  servant  was 
Wagner. 

Goethe  has  a  noble  tragedy  entitled 
Faust  (1798)  ;  Gounod  an  opera  called 
Faust  eMarghenta  (1859).  (See  Faustus.) 

Faustua  (pr.),  the  same  as  Faust; 
but  Marlowe,  in  his  admirable  tragedy, 
makes  the  doctor  sell  himself  to  Lucifer 
and  Mephiatcrphilis. 

When  Faustus  stands  on  the  brink  of  everlasting  ruin, 
waiting  for  tbe  tnUtX  moment  ...  a  scene  of  enchanting 
interest,  fervid  passion,  and  overwhelming  pathos,  carries 
captive  the  sternest  heart,  and  proclaims  the  first  triumph 
of  the  tragic  poet.— R.  Chambers,  EnglUh  Literature,  L 
171. 

*^*  W.  Bayle  Bernard,  of  Boston, 
U.S.  America,  has  a  tragedy  on  the  same 
subject. 

Favori'ta  {La),  Leonora  de  Guzman, 
"favourite"  of  Alfonzo  XI.  of  Castile. 
Ferdinando  fell  in  love  with  her  ;  and  the 
king,  to  save  himself  from  excommunica- 
tion, sanctioned  the  marriage.  But  when 
Ferdinando  learned  that  Leonora  was  the 
king's  mistress,  he  rejected  the  alliance 
with  indignation,  and  became  a  monk. 
Leonora  also  became  a  novice  in  the  same 
monastery,  saw  Ferdinando,  obtained  his 
forgiveness,  and  died. — Donizetti,  Let 
Favor ita  (an  opera,  1842). 

Faw  (Tibbie),  the  ostler's  wife,  in 
Wandering  Willie's  tale.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Hedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Faw'nia,  the  lady  beloved  by  Doras- 
tuB. — R.  Greene,  Pandosto,  the  Triumph 
of  Time  (1588). 

*^*  Skakespeare  founded  his  Winter » 
Tale  on  Greene's  romance. 

Fazio,  a  Florentine,  who  first  tried  to 
make  a  fortune  by  alchemy,  but  being 


FEA. 


326 


FEINAIGLE. 


present  when  Bartoldo  died,  he  buried 
me  body  secretly,  and  stole  the  miser's 
money-bags.  Being  now  rich,  he  passed 
his  time  with  the  marchioness  Aldabella 
in  licentious  pleasure,  and  his  wife 
Bianca,  out  of  jealousy,  accused  him  to 
the  duke  of  being  privy  to  Bartoldo's 
death.  For  this  offence  Fazio  was  con- 
demned to  die  ;  and  Bianca,  having  tried 
in  vain  to  save  him,  went  mad  with  grief, 
and  died  of  a  broken  heart. — Dean  Mil- 
man,  Fazio  (1815). 

Fea  (Euphane),  the  old  housekeeper 
of  the  old  udaller  at  Burgh- Westra.  (A 
"udaller"  is  one  who  holds  land  by 
Rllodial  tenure.)— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Tear  Fortress,  nearSaragossa.  An 
allegorical  bogie  fort,  conjured  up  by 
fear,  which  vanishes  as  it  is  courageously 
approached  and  boldly  besieged. 

If  Ji  child  disappeared,  or  any  cattle  were  carried  off, 
tlie  frightened  peasants  said,  "  The  lord  of  Fear  Fortress 
lias  talten  them."  If  a  fire  broke  out  anywhere,  it  was 
tlie  lord  of  Fear  Fortress  who  must  have  lit  it.  Tlie  origin 
of  all  accidents,  mishaps,  and  disasters,  was  traced  to  tlie 
mysterious  owner  of  this  invisible  castle.— L'Epine, 
Croguemitaine,  iii.  1. 

Fearless  (The),  Jean  due  de  Bour- 
goigne,  called  Sans  Peur  (1371-1419). 

Feast  of  Reason,  etc. 

There  St.  John  mingles  with  the  friendly  bowl, 
The  fe.xst  of  reason  and  the  flow  of  soul. 
Pope,  Sat.,  I.  ("Imitations  of  Horace"),  127-8  (1734), 

Feast — Death.  "Let  us  eat  and 
drink,  for  to-morrow  we  die  "  (1  Cor.  xv. 
32),  in  allusion  to  the  words  spoken  in 
certain  Egyptian  feasts,  when  a  mummy 
or  the  semblance  of  a  dead  body  was 
drawn  in  a  litter  round  the  room  before 
the  assembled  guests,  while  a  herald  cried 
aloud,  "  Gaze  here,  and  drink,  and  be 
merry  ;  for  when  you  die,  such  will  you 
be."  (See  Remember  You  ahe 
Mortal.) 

*^*  E.  Long  (Academician)  exhibited 
a  painting  (12  feet  by  6  feet)  of  this 
custom,  in  the  Royal  Academy  exhibi- 
tion, 1877. 

Featherhead  (John),  Esq.,  an  op- 
ponent of  sir  Thomas  Kittlecourt,  M.P. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  IL). 

Fee  and  Fairjr.  Fee  is  the  more 
general  term,  including  the  latter.  The 
Arabian  Nights  are  not  all  fairy  tales, 
hyut  they  are  all  fee  tales  or  routes  desftfes. 
So  again,  the  Ossianic  tales,  Campbell's 
Tales  of  the  West  Highlands,  tne  my- 
thological tales   of  the  Baatjues,    Irish, 


Scandinavians,  Germans,  French,  etc., 
may  all  be  ranged  under  fee  tales. 

Feeble  (Francis),  a  woman's  tailor, 
and  one  of  the  recruits  of  sir  John  Fal- 
staff.  Although  a  thin,  starveling  yard- 
wand  of  a  man,  he  expresses  great 
willingness  to  be  drawn.  Sir  John  com- 
pliments him  as  "courageous  Feeble," 
and  says  to  him,  "  Thou  wilt  be  as 
valiant  as  the  wrathful  dore,  or  most 
magnanimous  mouse  .  .  .  most  forcible 
Feeble." — Shakespeare,  2  Henry  IV,  act 
iii.  sc.  2  (1598). 

Feeder  (Mr.),  B.A.,  usher  in  the 
school  of  Dr.  Blimber  of  Brighton.  H  e 
was  ' '  a  kind  of  human  barrel-organ,  which 
played  only  one  tune."  He  was  in  the 
habit  of  shaving  his  head  to  keep  it  cool. 
Mr.  Feeder  married  Miss  Blimber,  the 
doctor's  daughter,  and  succeeded  to  the 
school. — C.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  Hon 
(1846). 

Feenix,  nephew  of  the  Hon.   Mrs. 

Skewton  (mother  of  Edith,  Mr.  Dombey's 
second  wife).  Feenix  was  a  very  old 
gentleman,  patched  up  to  look  as  much 
like  a  young  fop  as  possible. 

Cousin  Feenix  was  a  man  about  town  forty  years  a^o ; 
but  he  is  still  so  juvenile  in  figure  and  manner  that 
strangers  are  amazed  when  they  discover  latent  wrinldes 
in  his  lordship's  face,  and  crows'  feet  in  his  eyes.  But 
cousin  Feenix  getting  up  at  half-past  seven,  is  quite 
another  thing  from  cousin  Feenix  got  up.— C.  Dickens, 
Dombey  and  Son,  xxxi.  (1846). 

Feet  like  Mice. 

Her  feet  beneath  her  petticoat. 
Like  little  mice  stole  in  and  out. 
As  if  they  feared  the  light. 
Sir  Jolin  Suckling,  The  Wedding  (died  1641). 

Feignwell  (Colonel)^  the  suitor  of 
Anne  Lovely,  an  heiress.  Anne  Lovely 
had  to  obtain  the  consent  of  her  four 
guardians  before  she  could  marry.  One 
was  an  old  beau,  another  a  virtuoso,  a 
third  a  broker  on  'Change,  and  the  fourth 
a  canting  quaker.  The  colonel  made  him- 
self agreeable  to  all,  and  carried  off  his 
prize. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  A  Bold  Stroke  for 
a  Wtfe  (nn). 

Andrew  Cherry  11769-1812].  His  first  character  wu 
"  colonel  Feignwell,"  an  arduous  task  for  a  boy  of  17 ;  but  he 
obtained  great  applause,  and  the  manager  of  the  sharing 
company,  after  passing  many  encomiums  on  his  exertiona. 
presented  him  rith  tenp«nce  halfpenny,  as  his  di/iUend 
of  the  proflti  of  the  nighf  s  performance.— Percy,  A  ner. 

Feinai'gle  (Gregory  de),  a  German 
mnemonist  (1765-1820).  He  obtained 
some  success  by  his  aids  to  memory,  bui 
in  Paris  he  was  an  object  of  ridicule. 


Her  memory  was  a  mine  ,  .  . 

For  her  Keinaicle's  was  »  useless  art 

B/ron,  Don  Juan,  1.  U  (18UI. 


1 


FELICE. 


327 


FENELLA. 


Felice,  wife  of  sir  Guy  of  Wanvick, 
said  to  have  "  the  same  high  forehead  as 
Venus." 

Felic'ian  (Father),  the  catholic  priest 
and  schoolmaster  of  Grand  Pr^,  in  Acadia 
(now  called  Nova  Scotia).  He  accom- 
panied Evangeline  in  part  of  her  wander- 
ings to  find  Gabriel  her  affianced  husband. 
— Longfellow,  Evangeline  (1849). 

Feiicians  (The),  the  happy  nation. 
The  Feiicians  live  under  a  free  sovereignty, 
where  the  laws  are  absolute.  Felicia 
is  the  French  "  Utopia." — Mercier  de  la 
Rivifere,  L'Heureuse  Nation  (1767). 

Feliciano  de  Sylva,  don  Quixote's 
favourite  author.  The  two  following 
extracts  were  in  his  opinion  unsurpassed 
and  unsurpassable : — 

The  reason,  most  adored  one,  of  your  unreasonable 
unreasonableness  hath  so  unreasonably  unseated  my 
reason,  that  I  have  no  reasonable  reason  for  reasoning 
against  such  unreasonableness. 

The  bright  heaven  of  your  divinity  that  lifts  you  to  the 
stars,  most  celestial  of  women,  renders  you  deserving 
of  every  desert  which  your  charms  so  deservedly  deserve. 
—Cervantes,  Jkni  Quixote,  I.  i.  8  (1605). 

Felix,  a  monk  who  listened  to  the 
singing  of  a  milk-white  bird  for  a  hundred 
vears ;  which  length  of  time  seemed  to 
him  "but  a  single  hour,"  so  enchanted 
was  he  with  the  song. — Longfellow,  I'he 
Golden  Legend.     (See  also  Hildesheim.) 

Felix  (Don),  son  of  don  Lopez.  He 
was  a  Portuguese  nobleman,  in  love  with 
Violante ;  but  Violante's  father,  don  Pedro, 
intended  to  make  her  a  nun.  Donna 
Isabella,  having  fled  from  home  to  avoid 
a  marriage  disagreeable  to  her,  took 
refuge  with  Violante  ;  and  when  colonel 
Briton  called  at  the  house  to  see  donna 
Isabella,  her  brother  don  Felix  was 
jealous,  believing  that  Violante  was  the 
object  of  his  visits.  Violante  kept  "  her 
friend's  secret,"  even  at  the  risk  of  losing 
her  lover ;  but  ultimately  the  mystery 
was  cleared  up,  and  a  double  marriage 
took  place.— Mrs.  Centlivre,  The  Wonder 
(1714). 

Felix  (M.  Minucim),  a  Roman  lawyer, 
who  flourished  a.d.  230;  he  wrote  a 
dialogue  entitled  Octavius,  which  occupies 
a  conspicuous  place  among  the  early 
Apologies  of   Christianity. 

Lilce  Menucius  Felix,  she  believed  that  evil  demons  hid 
fliemselves  in  the  marbles  [«fafue4— Ouida,  Ariadni, 

Felix  (St.),  of  Burgimdy,  who  converted 
Sigbert  (Sigebeyt  or  Sabert)  king  of  the 


East    Saxons    (a.d.     604).— Ethelweid, 
Chronicles,  v. 

So  Burgundy  to  us  three  men  most  reverend  bare  .  .  . 
Of  which  was  Felix  first,  who  in  th'  East  Saxon  reign 
Converted  to  the  faith  king  Sigbert.     Him  again 
EnsuethAnseUu.  .  .  and  Hugh  .  .  .  [bishop  of  Lincoln\ 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

Felixmar'te  (4  syl.)  of  Hyrcania, 
son  of  Flo'risan  and  Martedi'na,  the  hero 
of  a  Spanish  romance  of  chivalry.  The 
curate  in  Don  Quixote  condemned  this 
work  to  the  flames. — Melchior  de  Orteza, 
Caballero  de  UbSda  (1566). 

Fell  (Dr.).  Tom  Brown,  being  in  dis- 
grace, was  set  by  Dr.  Fell,  dean  of  Christ 
Church  (1625-1686),  to  translate  the 
thirty-third  epigram  of  Martial. 

Non  amo  te,  Zabldi,  nee  possum  dicere  quare  t 
Hoc  tantum  possuo  dicere,  non  amo  te. 

Which  he  rendered  thus  : 

I  do  not  like  thee.  Dr.  Fell— 
The  reason  why  I  cannot  tell ; 
But  this  I  know,  and  know  full  well, 
I  do  not  Uke  thee.  Dr  Fell. 

Feltham  (Black),  a  highwayman 
with  captain  Colepepper  or  PeppercuU 
(the  Alsatian  bully).— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Femmes  Savantes  (Les),  women 
who  go  in  for  women's  rights,  science, 
and  philosophy,  to  the  neglect  of 
domestic  duties  and  wifely  amenities. 
The  "  blue-stockings  "are  (1)  Philaminte 
(3  syl.)  the  mother  of  Henriette,  who 
discharges  one  of  her  servants  because  she 
speaks  bad  grammar  ;  (2)  Armande  (2  syl.) 
sister  of  Henriette,  who  advocates  platonic 
love  and  science ;  and  (3)  Be'lise  sister 
of  Philaminte,  who  sides  with  her  in  h\i 
things,  but  imagines  that  every  one  is  in 
love  with  her.  Henriette,  who  has  no 
sympathy  with  these  "lofty  flights,"  is 
in  love  with  Clitandre,  but  Philaminte 
wants  her  to  marry  Trissotin,  a  bel  esprit. 
However,  the  father  loses  his  property 
through  the  "savant"  proclivities  of  his 
wife,  Trissotin  retires,  and  Clitandre 
marries  Henriette  the  "perfect"  or 
thorough  woman. — Molifere,  Les  Femmes 
Savantes  (1672). 

Fenella,  alias  Zarah  (daughter  of 
Edward  Christian),  a  pretended  deaf  and 
dumb  fairy-like  attendant  on  the  countess 
of  Derby.  The  character  seems  to  hg,ve 
been  suggested  by  that  of  Mignon,  the 
Italian  girl  in  Goethe's  Wilhelm  Meister's 
Apprenticeship. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  oj 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  11.). 

Let  it  be  tableaux,  vivanti,  and  I  will  appear  as ' '  VeneOa.' 
—Percy  Fitzgerald,  Parvenu  Famil]/,  iU.  £21 


FENELLA. 


328 


FERGUS. 


Fenella,  a  deaf  and  dumb  girl,  sister 
of  Masaniello  the  fisherman.  She  was 
seduced  by  Alfonso,  son  of  the  duke  of 
Arcos ;  and  lilasaniello  resolved  to  kill 
him.  He  accordingly  headed  an  insur- 
rection, and  met  with  such  great  success 
that  the  mob  made  him  chief  magistrate 
of  I'ortici,  but  afterwards  shot  him. 
Fenella,  on  hearing  of  her  brother's  death, 
threw  herself  into  the  crater  of  Vesuvius. 
— Auber,  Masaniello  (an  opera,  1831). 

Fenris.  the  demon  wolf  of  Niflheim. 
Wlien  he  gapes  one  jaw  touches  the  earth 
and  the  other  heaven.  This  monster  will 
swallow  up  Odin  at  the  day  of  doom. 
(Often  but  incorrectly  written  Fenrir.) — 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Fenton,  the  lover  of  Anne  Page, 
daughter  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Page,  gentle- 
folks living  at  Windsor.  Fenton  is  of 
good  birth,  and  seeks  to  marry  a  fortune 
to  "  heal  his  poverty."  In  "  sweet  Anne 
Page"  he  soon  discovers  that  which 
makes  him  love  her  for  herself  more  than 
for  her  money — Shakespeare,  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  act  iii.  sc.  4  (iCOl). 

Ferad-Artho,  son  of  Cairbre,  and 
only  surviving  descendant  of  the  line  of 
Conar  (the  first  king  of  Ireland).  On 
the  death  of  Cathmor  (brother  of  the 
rebel  Cairbar)  in  battle,  Ferad-Artho  was 
placed  b}'  Fingal  on  the  throne  as  "king 
of  Ireland."  The  race  was  thus :  (1) 
Conar  (a  Caledonian)  ;  (2)  Cormacl.,  his 
son  ;  (3)  Cairbre,  his  son  ;  (4)  Artho,  his 
Bon ;  (5)  C!ormac  II.,  his  son  (a  minor)  ; 
(6)  Ferad-Artho,  his  cousin. — Ossian, 
Temora,  vii. 

Fer'amorz,  the    young   Cashmerian 

g)et  who  relates  poetical  tales  to  Lalla 
ookh  on  her  journey  from  Delhi  to 
Lesser  Bucharia.  Lalla  is  going  to  be 
married  to  the  young  sultan,  but  falls  in 
love  with  the  poet.  On  the  wedding 
morn  she  is  led  to  her  bridegroom,  and 
finds  with  unspeakable  joy  that  the  poet 
is  the  sultan  himself.— T.  Moore,  Lalla 
Mookh  (1817). 

Ferda,  son  of  Damman,  chief  of  a 
hundred  hills  in  Albion.  Ferda  was  the 
friend  of  Cuthullin  general  of  the  Irish 
forces  in  the  time  of  king  Cormac  I. 
Deuga'la  (spouse  of  Cairbar)  loved  the 
youth,  and  told  her  husband  if  he  would 
not  divide  the  herd  she  would  no  longer 
live withhim.  Cuthullin,  being  appointed 
to  make  the  division,  enraged  the  lady  by 
assigning  a  snow-white  bull  to  the 
husband,    whereupon    Deugala   induced 


her  lover  to  challenge  Cuthullin  to  mortal 
combat.  Most  unwillingly  the  two 
friends  fought,  and  Ferda  fell.  "The 
sunbeam  of  battle  fell — the  first  of 
Cuthullin's  friends.  Unhappy  [unlticky'] 
is  the  hand  of  Cuthullin  since  the  hero 
fell." — Ossian,  Fingal,  ii. 

Ferdinand,  king  of  Navarre.  He 
agreed  with  three  young  lords  to  spend 
three  years  in  severe  study,  during  which 
time  no  woman  was  to  approach,  his 
court ;  but  no  sooner  was  the  agreement 
made  than  he  fell  in  love  with  the 
princess  of  France.  In  consequence  of 
the  death  of  her  father,  the  lady  deferred 
the  marriage  for  twelve  months  and  a 
day. 

...  the  sole  inheritor 
Of  all  perfections  that  a  man  may  owe  [ovm\ 
Matcbleas  Navarre. 

Shakespeare,  Love't  Labour's  Lost  (1594). 

Fer'dinand,  son  of  Alonso  king  of 
Naples.  He  falls  in  love  with  Miranda, 
daughter  of  Prosper©  the  exiled  duke 
of  Milan. — Shakespeare,  The  Tempest 
(1609). 

Haply  so 
Mirander's  hope  had  pictured  Ferdinand 
Long  ere  the  gaunt  wave  tossed  him  on  the  shore. 
Lowell. 

Ferdinand,  a  fiery  young  Spaniard,  in 
love  with  Leonora.— Jephson,  Two  Strifes 
to  your  Bow  (1792). 

Ferdinand  (Don),  the  son  of  don 
Jerome  of  Seville,  in  love  with  Clara 
d'Almanza,  daughter  of  don  Guzman.— 
Sheridan,  The  Duenna  (1773). 

Ferdinan'do,  a  brave  soldier  who, 
having  won  the  battle  of  Tari'fa,  in  1340, 
was  created  count  of  Zamo'ra  and  marquis 
of  Montreal.  The  king,  Alfonzo  XL, 
knowing  his  love  for  Leonora  de  Guzman, 
gave  him  the  bride  in  marriage  ;  but  no 
sooner  was  this  done  than  Ferdinandf 
discovered  that  she  was  the  king'ii 
mistress,  so  he  at  once  repudiated  hei 
restored  his  ranks  and  honours  to  th< 
king,  and  retired  to  the  monastery  of  St 
James  de  Compostella.  Leonora  enter 
the  same  monastery  as  a  novice,  obtainc 
the  pardon  of  FeVdinando,  and  died. 
Donizetti,  La  Favori'ta  (1842). 

Fergus,  fourth  son  of  Fingai,  am 
the  only  one  that  had  issue  at  the  death  o; 
his  father.  Ossian,  the  eldest  brother,  had 
a  son  named  Oscar,  but  Oscar  was  slain  at 
a  feast  bv  Cairbar  "  lord  of  Atha  ;  "  and 
of  the  other  two  brothers,  Fillan  was  slain 
before  he  had  married,  and  Ryno,  thou  * 
married,  died  without  issue. 


1 


FERGUS. 


329 


FERRARDO. 


According  to  tradition,  Fergus  (son  of 
Fingal)  wa^  the  father  of  Congal  ;  Congal 
of  Arcath ;  and  Arcath  of  Fergus  II., 
with  whom  begins  the  real  history  of  the 
Scots. — Ossian. 

Fergus,  son  of  Rossa,  a  brave  hero  in 
the  aVmy  of  Cuthullin  general  of  the 
Irish  tribes. 

Fergus,  first  In  our  joy  at  the  feast ;  son  of  Roan ;  arm 
of  aeatli.— Ossian,  Finga.1,  i. 

Fcr'gus  is  another  form  of  FerrSgus  or 
Ferracute,  the  Portuguese  giant.  (See 
Feuracute.) 

Fern  (i^annt/),  the  pseudonym  of  Sarah 
Payson  Willis,  afterwards  Eldredge, 
afterwards  Farmington,  afterwards  Par- 
ton,  sister  of  N.  P.  Willis,  an  American 
(1811-1872). 

Fern  ( Will),  a  poor  fellow  who,  being 
found  asleep  in  a  shed,  is  brought  before 
alderman  Cute.  He  says  emphatically 
"he  must  be  put  down."  The  poor 
fellow  takes  charge  of  his  brother's  child, 
and  is  both  honest  and  kind,  but,  alas ! 
he  dared  to  fall  asleep  in  a  shed,  an 
offence  which  must  be  "put  down." — C. 
Dickens,  Tlie  Chimes^  third  quarter 
(1844). 

Feman  Cabal'lero,  the  pseudonym 
of  Cecilia  Bohl  de  Faber,  a  Spanish 
novelist  (1797-1877). 

Fernando,  son  of  John  of  Proclda, 
and  husband  of  Isoline  (3  syl.)  daughter 
of  the  French  governor  of  Messina.  The 
butchery  of  the  Sicilian  Vespers  occurred 
the  night  after  their  espousals.  Fernando 
Was  among  the  slain,  and  Isoline  died  of 
tk  broken  heart.— S.  Knowles,  John  of 
Frocida  (1840). 

Fernando  (Bon),  youngest  son  of  the 
duke  Ricardo.  Gay,  handsome,  generous, 
and  polite ;  but  faithless  to  his  friend  Car- 
denio,  for,  contrary  to  the  lady's  inclina- 
tion, and  in  violation  of  every  principle 
of  honour,  he  prevailed  on  Lucinda's 
father  to  break  oflE  the  betrothal  between 
his  daughter  and  Cardenio,  and  to  bestow 
the  lady  on  himself.  On  the  wedding 
day  Lucinda  was  in  a  swoon,  and  a  letter 
informed,  the  bridegroom  that  she  was 
married  already  to  Cardenio ;  she  then  left 
the  house  privately,  and  retired  to  a  con- 
vent. Don  Fernando,  having  entered  the 
convent,  carried  her  off,  but  stopping  at 
an  inn,  found  there  Dorothea  his  wife, 
with  Cai-denio  the  husband  of  Lucinda,  and 
the  two  parties  paired  oif  with  their  re- 


spective spouses. — Cervantes,  DonQuueoUt 
I.  iv.  (1605). 

Fernan'do,  a  Venetian  captain,  servant 
to  Annophel  (daughter  of  the  governor  of 
Candy). — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Laws  of  Candy  (1647). 

iT^rnan'Jo  [Fi.orestan]  ,  a  State  prisoner 
of  Seville,  married  to  Leonora,  who  (in 
boy's  attire  and  under  the  name  of  Fidelio) 
became  the  servant  of  Rocco  the  jailer. 
Pizarro,  governor  of  the  jail,  conceived  a 
hatred  to  the  State  prisoner,  and  resolved 
to  murder  him,  so  Rocco  and  Leonora 
were  sent  to  dig  his  grave.  The  arrival 
of  the  minister  of  state  put  an  end  to  the 
infamous  design,  and  Fernando  was  set 
at  liberty. — Beethoven,  Fidelio  (1791). 

Ferney  {The  Patriarch  of),  Voltaire ; 
BO  called  because  he  lived  in  retirement 
at  Ferney,  near  Geneva  (1694-1778). 

Ferquhard  Day,  the  absentee  from 
the  clan  Chattan  at  the  combat. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Fer'racute,  a  giant  who  had  the 
strength  of  forty  men,  and  was  thirty-six 
feet  high.  He  was  slain  by  Orlando, 
who  wounded  him  in  the  navel,  his  only 
vulnerable  part. — Turpin,  Chronicle  of 
Charlemagne. 

♦^*  Ferracute  is  the  prototype  of 
Pulci's  "Morgante,"  in  his  heroi-comic 
poem  entitled  Morgante  Maggiore  (1494). 

Fer'ragus,the  Portuguese  giant,  who 
took  Bellisant  under  his  care  after  her 
divorce  from  Alexander  emperor  of  Con- 
stantinople.—  Valentine  and  Orson  (fif- 
teenth century). 

My  sire's  tall  form  might  grace  the  part 
Of  Ferragu«  or  Ascapart. 

Sir  W.  Scott 

Fer'ramond  {Sir)^  a  knight,  whose 
lady-love  was  Lucida. 

Ferrand  de  Vaudemont  {Count)^ 
due  de  Lorraine,  son  of  Rene'  king  of 
Provence.  He  first  appears  disguised  as 
Laurence  Neipperg. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Ferrardo  [Gonzaga],  reigning  duke 
of  Mantua  in  the  absence  of  his  cousin 
Leonardo.  He  was  a  villain,  and  tried  to 
prove  Mariana  (the  bride  of  Leonardo) 
guilty  of  adultery.  His  scheme  was  this : 
He  made  Julian  St.  Pierre  drunk  with 
drugged  wine,  and  in  his  sleep  conveyed 
him  to  the  duke's  bed,  throwing  his  scarf 
under  the  bed  of  the  duchess,  which  was 
in  an  adjoining  chamber.    He  then  re- 


FERRAU. 


FIDELIO. 


▼ealed  these  proofs  of  guilt  to  his  cousin 
Leonardo,  but  Leonardo  refused  to  believe 
in  his  wife's  guilt,  and  Julian  St.  Pierre 
exposed  the  whole  scheme  of  villainy, 
amply  vindicating  the  innocence  of 
Mariana,  who  turned  out  to  be  Julian's 
Bister.— S.  Knowles,  TUe  Wife  (1833). 

Perrau,  a  Saracen,  son  of  Landfu'sa. 
Having  dropped  his  helmet  in  a  river,  he 
vowed  never  to  wear  another  till  he  won 
that  worn  by  Orlando.  Orlando  slew  him 
by  a  wound  in  the  navel,  his  only  vul- 
nerable part. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Ferraugh  (Sir),  introduced  in  bk.  iii. 
8,  but  without  a  name,  as  carrying  off 
the  false  Florimel  from  Braggadoccio. 
In  bk.  iv.  2,  the  name  is  given.  He 
is  there  overthrown  by  sir  Blanda- 
mour,  who  takes  away  with  him  the  false 
Florimel,  the  lady  of  snow  and  wax. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen  (1590,  1596). 

Ferret,  an  avaricious,  mean-spirited 
slanderer,  who  blasts  by  innuendoes,  and 
blights  by  hints  and  cautions.  He  hates 
young  Heartall,  and  misinterprets  all  his 
generous  acts,  attributing  his  benevolence 
to  hush-money.  The  rascal  is  at  last 
found  out  and  foiled. — Cherrj',  The 
Soldier's  Daughter  (1804). 

Ferrex,  eldest  son  of  Gorboduc  a 
legendary  king  of  Britain.  Bein^  driven 
by  his  brother  Porrex  froni  the  kingdom, 
he  returned  with  a  large  army,  but  was 
defeated  and  slain  by  Porrex. — Gorboduc, 
a  tragedy  by  Thom.  Norton  and  Thorn. 
Sackville  (1561). 

Fetnab  ("  tormentor  of  hearts^'),  the 
favourite  of  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid. 
"While  the  caliph  was  absent  in  his  wars, 
Zobeide  (3  syl.),  the  caliph's  wife,  out  of 
jealousy,  ordered  Fetnab  to  be  buried  alive. 
Ganem  happened  accidentally  to  see  the 
interment,  rescued  her,  and  took  her 
home  to  his  own  private  lodgings  in 
Bagdad.  The  caliph,  on  his  return, 
mourned  for  Fetnab  as  dead ;  but  receiving 
from  her  a  letter  of  explanation,  he  became 
jealous  of  Ganem,  and  ordered  him  to  be 
put  to  death.  Ganem,  however,  contrived 
to  escape.  When  the  !it  of  jealousy  was 
over,  ttie  caliph  heard  the  facts  plainly 
stated,  whereupon  he  released  Fetnab, 
gave  her  in  marriage  to  Ganem,  and 
appointed  the  young  man  to  a  very  lycra- 
tive  post  about  the  court. — Arabian  Nights 
("Ganem,  the  Slave  of  Love  "). 

Fe'zon,  daughter  of  Sarary  duke  of 


Aquitaine.  The  Green  Knight,  who  was 
a  pagan,  demanded  her  in  marriage,  but 
Orson  (brother  of  Valentine),  called  "The 
Wild  Man  of  the  Forest,"  overthrew 
the  pagan  and  married  Fezon. —  Valentine 
and  Orson  (fifteenth  century). 

Fiammetta,  a  lady  beloved  by  Boc- 
caccio, supposed  to  be  Maria,  daughter  of 
Robert  king  of  Naples.  (See  Loveks.) 
(Italian,  fiamtnOy  "  a  little  flame.") 

Fib,  an  attendant  on  queen  Mab. — 
Drayton,  Nymphidia. 

Fiction.  Father  of  Modern  Prose 
Fiction,  Daniel  Defoe  (1663-1731). 

Fiddler  (Oliver's).  Sir  Roger  I'Es- 
trange  was  so  called,  because  at  one  time 
he  was  playing  a  fiddle  or  viole  in  the 
house  of  John  Hingston,  where  Crom- 
well was  one  of  the  guests  (1616-1704). 

Fiddler  Joss,  Mr.  Joseph  Poole,  a 
reformed  drunkard,  who  subsequently 
turned  preacher  in  London,  but  retained 
his  former  sobriquet. 

Fiddler's  O-reen,  the  Elysium  ot 
sailors;  a  land  flowing  with  rum  and 
liniejuice ;  a  land  of  perpetual  music, 
mirth,  dancing,  drinking,  and  tobacco  ;  a 
sort  of  Dixie's  Land  or  land  of  the  leal. 

Fide'le  (3  syl.),  the  name  assumed  by 
Imogen,  when,  attired  in  boy's  clothes,  she 
started  for  Milford  Haven  to  meet  her 
husband  Posthumus. — Shakespeare,  Cym- 
bcline  (1605). 

*^*  Collins  has  a  beautiful  elegy  on 
"  Fidele." 

Fidelia,  "the  foundling."  She  is 
in  reality  Harriet,  the  daughter  of  sir 
Charles  Raymond,  but  her  mother  dying 
in  childbirth,  she  was  committed  to  the 
charge  of  a  govemante.  The  govemante 
sold  the  child,  at  the  age  of  12,  to  one 
Villiard,  and  then  wrote  to  sir  Charles 
to  say  that  she  was  dead.  One  night, 
Charles  Belmont,  passing  by,  heard  cries 
of  distress,  and  going  to  the  rescue  took 
the  girl  home  as  a  companion  to  his 
sister.  He  fell  in  love  with  her ;  the 
govemante,  on  her  death-bed,  told  the 
story  of  her  infamy ;  and  Charles  married 
the  foundling. — Ed.  Moore,  The  Foundling 
(1748). 

Fidelio,  Leono'ra,  wife  of  Fernando 
Florestan.  She  assumed  the  name  of 
Fidelio,  and  dressed  in  male  attire  when 
her  husband  was  a  State  prisoner,  that  she 
might  enter   the    service  of    Rocco 


I 


FIDES. 


331 


FIELDING'S  PROVERBS. 


i'ailer,   and   hold    intercourse    with    her 
lusband. — Beethoven,  Fidelio  (1791). 

Fides  (2  syL),  mother  of  John  of 
Leyden.  Believing  that  the  prophet- 
ruler  of  Westphalia  had  caused  her  son's 
death,  she  went  to  Munster  to  curse  him. 
Seeing  the  ruler  pass,  she  recognized  in 
him  her  own  son  ;  but  the  son  pretended 
not  to  know  his  mother,  and  Fides,  to 
save  him  annoyance,  professed  to  have 
madf  a  mistake.  She  was  put  into  a 
dungeon,  where  John  visited  her,  and  when 
he  set  fire  to  his  palace.  Fides  rushed  into 
the  flames,  and  both  perished  together. — 
Meyerbeer,  Le  Prophete  (1849). 

Fidessa,  the  companion  of  Sansf  oy  ; 
but  when  the  Red  Cross  Knight  slew  that 
"faithless  Saracen,"  Fidessa  told  him  she 
was  the  only  daughter  of  an  emperor  of 
Italy ;  that  she  was  betrothed  to  a  rich 
and  wise  king ;  and  that  her  betrothed 
being  slain,  she  had  set  forth  to  find  the 
body,  in  order  that  she  might  decently 
inter  it.  She  said  that  in  her  wander- 
ings Sansfoy  had  met  her  and  com- 
pelled her  to  be  his  companion  ;  but  she 
thanked  the  knight  for  having  come  to 
her  rescue.  The  Red  Cross  Knight, 
wholly  deluded  by  this  plausible  tale, 
assured  Fidessa  of  his  sympathy  and  pro- 
I  tection  ;  but  she  turned  out  to  be  Duessa, 
j  the  daughter  of  Falsehood  and  Shame. 
The  sequel  must  be  sought  under  the 
word  Duessa. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
i.  2  (1590). 

Fi'do,  Faith  personified,  the  foster-son 
'  of  Ac5S  ("hearing,"  Rom.  x.  17);  his 
foster-sister  is  Meditation.  Fully  de- 
scribed in  canto  ix.  of  The  Purple  Island 
(1(533),  by  Phineas  Fletcher.  (Latin, 
Jidcs,  "faith.") 

Field  of  Blood,  Aceldama,  the 
plot  of  land  purchased  by  the  thirty 
pieces  of  silver  which  Judas  had  received 
of  the  high  priest,  and  which  he  threw 
down  in  the  Temple  when  he  saw  that 
Jesus  was  condemned  to  death. — Matt. 
\  xxvii.  5. 

1  Field  of  Blood,  the  battle-field  of 
Cannae,  where  Hannibal,  B.C.  216,  de- 
j  feated  the  Romans  with  very  great 
I  slaughter. 

I     Field-  of  Mourning,  a  battle-field 
\  near  the  city  of  Aragon.     The  battle  was 
:  fought    July    17,     1134,    between    the 
Ohristians  and  the  Moors. 

Field  of  Peterloo,  the  site  of  an 
ittack  made  by  the  military  upon  a  reform 


meeting  held  in  St.  Peter's  Field,  Man- 
chester, August  16,  1819.  As  many  afl 
60,000  persona  were  wounded  in  this 
absurd  attack.  The  word  is  a  burlesque 
on  Waterloo. 

Battles  and  Woodshed,  September  massacres,  bridges  of 
Lodi,  retreats  of  Moscow,  Waterloos,  Peterloos,  ten-pound 
(raiicbUes,  tar-barrels,  and  guillotines. — Carlyle. 

Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold,  a 
large  plain  between  Ardres  and  Guisnes 
\Gheen'],  where  Fran9oi3  I.  interviewed 
Henry  VIII.  in  1520. 

They  differ,  as  a  May-day  procession  of  chimney- 
sweepers differs  from  The  Field  of  the  Cloth  of  Gold.— 
Macaulay. 

Field  of  the  Forty  Footsteps, 

at  the  back  of  the  British  Museum,  once 
called  Southampton  Fields.  The  tra- 
dition is  that  two  brothers,  in  the  Mon- 
mouth rebellion,  took  different  sides,  and 
engaged  each  other  in  fight.  Both  were 
killed,  and  forty  impressions  of  their  feet 
were  traceable  in  the  field  for  years 
afterwards. 

*+*  The  Misses  Porter  wrote  a  novel 
called  The  Field  of  the  Forty  Footsteps, 
and  the  Messrs.  Mayhew  took  the  same 
subject  for  a  melodrama. 

Fielding  {Mrs.),  a  little  queruloua 
old  lady  with  a  peevish  face,  who,  in  con- 
sequence of  having  once  been  better  off, 
or  of  labouring  under  the  impression  that 
she  might  have  been  if  something  in  the 
indigo  trade  had  happened  differently, 
was  very  genteel  and  patronizing  indeed. 
When  she  dressed  for  a  party,  she  wore 
gloves,  and  a  cap  of  state  "  almost  as 
tell  and  quite  as  stiff  as  a  mitre." 

May  Fielding,  her  daughter,  very  pretty 
and  innocent.  She  was  engaged  to 
Edward  Plummer,  but  heard  that  he  had 
died  in  South  America,  and  consented 
to  marry  Tackleton  the  toy  merchant.  A 
few  days  before  the  day  fixed  for  the 
wedding,  Edward  Plummer  returned,  and 
they  were  married.  Tackleton  gave  them 
as  a  present  the  cake  he  had  ordered 
for  his  own  wedding  feast. — C.  Dickens, 
The  Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (1846). 

Fielding  of  the  Drama,  George 
Farquhar,  author  of  The  Beaux'  Stratagem, 
etc.  (167&-1707). 

Fielding's  Proverbs.  These  were 
in  reality  compiled  by  W.  Henry  Ireland, 
the  Shakespeare  impostor,  who  published 
Miscellaneous  Papers  and  Instruments, 
under  the  hand  and  seal  of  William 
Shakespeare,  including  the  tragedy  of  King 
Lear  and  a  small  fragment  of  Camlet, 


FIERABRAS. 


332 


FILIO-QUE. 


from  tJte  original,  1796,  folio,  £4  4s.  The 
▼hole  a  barefaced  forgery. 

Pierabras  (Sir)  [Fe.d'.ra.brah'j,  a 
Saracen  of  Spain,  who  made  himself 
master  of  Rome,  and  carried  away  the 
crown  of  thorns  and  the  balsam  with 
which  the  Lord  had  been  embalmed.  His 
chief  exploit  was  to  slay  the  giant  who 
guarded  the  bridge  of  Mantible,  which 
had  thirty  arches,  all  of  black  marble. 
Bal'and  of  Spain  assumed  the  name  of  sir 
Fierabras. 

Balsam  of  Fierabras,  the  balsam  used 
in  embalming  the  body  of  Christ,  stolen 
by  sir  Fierabras.  It  possessed  such  vir- 
tues that  one  single  drop,  taken  inter- 
nally, sufficed  to  heal  the  most  malignant 
wound. 

Fierabras   of   Alexandria,   the 

greatest  giant  that  ever  walked  the  earth. 
He  possessed  all  Babylon,  even  to  the 
Red  Sea,  was  seigneur  of  Russia,  lord  of 
Cologne,  master  of  Jerusalem,  and  of  the 
Holy  Sepulchre.  This  huge  giant  ended 
his  days  in  the  odour  of  sanctity,  "  meek 
as  a  lamb,  and  humble  as  he  was  meek." 

Fierce  (The),  Alexander  I.  of  Scot- 
land. So  called  from  the  impetuosity  of 
his  temper  (*,  1107-1124). 

Fieseo,  the  chief  character  of  Schiller's 
tragedy  so  called.  The  poet  makes  Fieseo 
killed  by  the  hand  of  Verri'na  the  repub- 
lican ;  but  history  says  his  death  was  the 
result  of  a  stumble  from  a  plank  (1783). 

Fig  Sunday,  Palm  Sunday.  So 
called  from  the  custom  of  eating  figs  on 
this  day,  as  snapdragons  on  Christmas 
Eve,  plum-pudding  on  Christmas  Day, 
oranges  and  barley  sugar  on  St.  Valen- 
tine's Eve,  pancakes  on  Shrove  Tuesday, 
salt  cod-fish  on  Ash  Wednesday,  fru- 
menty on  Mothering  Sunday  (Mid-lent), 
cross-buns  on  Good  Friday,  gooseberry 
tart  on  WTiit  Sunday,  goose  on  Michael- 
mas Day,  nuts  on  All-Hallows,  and  so  on. 

Figs  of  Holvan.  Holvan  is  a 
stream  of  Persia,  and  the  Persians  say 
its  figs  are  not  be  equalled  in  the  whole 
world. 

Luscious  as  the  figs  of  Holvan. 

Saadl,  OzUistan  (thirteenth  century). 

Fig'aro,  a  barber  of  extraordinary 
cunning,  dexterity,  and  intrigue. — Beau- 
marchais,  Barbier  de  Seville  (1775). 

Fvfaro,  a  valet,  who  outwits  everv  or.e 
by  his  dexterity  and  cunning. — Beau- 
marchais,  Mariage  de  Figaro  (1784). 

%♦  Several  operas  have  been  f  oimded 


e.g.  Mozart'i 
Pkisiello's   11 


I 


on    these  two    comedies 

Nozze  di   Figaro   (1786) 

Barbiere  di  Siviglia  (1810)  ;  Rossini's  // 

Barbiere  di  Siviglia  (1816). 

Fig'aro,  the  sweetheart  of  Susan 
(favourite  waiting-woman  of  the  countess 
Almaviva).  Figaro  is  never  so  happy  as 
when  he  has  two  or  three  plots  in  hand. — 
T.  Holcroft,  The  Follies  of  a  Day  (1745- 
1809). 

Fights   and    Runs  Away   (He 

that). 

He  that  fights  and  runs  awajr 
May  live  to  fight  another  day ; 
But  be  that  is  in  battle  slain 
Can  never  rise  to  fight  again. 
Sir  John  Mennis,  Mtuarum  Delicice  (1656). 

*^*  Demosthenes,  being  reproached 
running  away  from  the  battle  of  C 
ronea,  replied,  avhp  o  ^eO^wv  Kat  vdXiv 
xi]aeTai  ("a  man  who  runs  away  may  figl 
again  "). 

Those  that  fly  may  fight  again. 
Which  he  can  never  do  that's  slain, 

S.  Butler,  nudibras,  iii.  3  (1678). 

Fighting  Prelate  {The),  Henry 
Spencer,  bishop  of  Norwich.  He  opposed 
the  rebels  under  Wat  Tyler  with  th«  tem- 
poral sword,  absolved  them,  and  then  sent 
them  to  the  gibbet.  In  1383  he  went  to 
assist  the  burghers  of  Ghent  in  tiieir  con- 
test with  the  count  of  Flanders. 

The  bishop  of  Norwich,  the  famous  "Fighting 
late,"  had  led  an  army  into  Flanders.— Lord  Campbell. 

Filch,  a  lad  brought  up  as  a  picl 
pocket.     Mrs.  Peachum  says,  "He  hat 
as  fine  a  hand  at  picking  a  pocket  asj 
Avoman,  and  is  as  nimble-fingered  as 
juggler.     If  an  unlucky  session  does 
cut  the  rope  of  thy  life,  I  pronounce,  boj 
thou  wilt  be  a  great  man  in  history: 
(act  i.    1).— Gay,    The    Beggar's    Oi 
(1727). 

Filer,    a    lean,   churlish    man, 
takes  poor  Toby  Veck's  tripe,  and  delive 
him  a  homily  on  the  sinfulness  of  luxui 
and    self-indulgence. — C.   Dickens, 
Chiraes  (1844). 

Filia     Doloro'sa,     the     duches 
d'Angouleme,   daughter  of    Louis    XVI.      ( 
Also  called  "The    Modem    Antig'one" 
(1778-1861). 

Filio-que,  the  following  knotty 
point  of  theological  controversy  between 
the  Eastern  and  Western  Churches : — Doei 
the  Holy  Ghost  proceed  from  the  Father 
and  the  Son  (filio-que),  or  from  the  Father 
only.  Of  course,  in  the  Nicene  Creed  in 
the  Book  of  Common  Prayer^  the  questii 


t 


FILLAN. 


FINGAL. 


is  settled  so  far  as  the  Church  of  England 
is  concerned. 

Fillan,  son  of  Fingal  and  Clatho,  the 
most  highlv  finished  character  in  the 
poem  of  l\'m'ora.  Fillan  was  younger 
than  his  nephew  Oscar,  and  does  not  appear 
on  the  scene  till  after  Oscar's  death.  He 
is  rash  and  fiery,  eager  for  military  glory, 
and  brave  as  a  lion.  When  Fingal  ap- 
pointed Gaul  to  command  for  the  day, 
Fillan  had  hoped  his  father's  choice 
might  have  fallen  to  his  own  lot.  "  On 
his  spear  stood  the  son  of  Clatho  ... 
thrice  he  raised  his  eyes  to  Fingal ;  his 
voice  thrice  failed  him  as  he  spoke  .  .  . 
He  strode  away ;  bent  over  a  distant 
stream  .  .  .  the  tear  hung  in  his  eye. 
He  struck  at  times  the  thistle's  head  with 
his  inverted  spear."  Yet  showed  he  no 
jealousy,  for  when  Gaul  was  in  danger, 
he  risked  his  own  life  to  save  him.  Next 
day  was  Fillan's  turn  to  lead,  and  his 
deeds  were  unrivalled  in  dash  and  bril- 
liancy. He  slew  Foldath,  the  general  of 
the  opposing  army,  but  when  Cathmor 
"lord  of  Atha,"  the  commander-in-chief, 
came  against  him,  Fillan  fell.  His 
modesty  was  then  as  prominent  as  his 
bravery.  "Lay  me,"  he  said  to  Ossian, 
"in  that  hollow  rock.  Raise  no  stone 
abovfc  me  ...  I  am  fallen  in  the  first 
of  my  fields,  fallen  without  renown." 
Every  incident  of  Fillan's  life  is  beautiful 
in  the  extreme. — Ossian,  2'emora,  v. 

Fillpot   {Tohy),   a  thirsty   old   soul, 

who  "among  jolly  topers   bore   off  the 

bell."     It  chanced  as  in  dog-days  he  sat 

boosing  in  his  arbour,  that  he  died  "  full 

:;  as  big  as  a  Dorchester  butt."     His  body 

•  turned  to  clay,  and  out  of  the   clay  a 

};  brown  jug  was  made,  sacred  to  friend- 

I  ship,  mirth,  and  mild  ale. 

1      His  body,  when  long  in  tlie  ground  it  had  lain, 

j      And  time  into  clay  had  resolved  it  aKain, 

I      K  potter  found  out  in  its  covert  so  snug, 

I      And  with  part  of  fat  Toby  lie  formed  this  brown  jug, 

Now  sacred  to  friendship,  to  mirth,  and  mild  ale. 

So  liere's  to  my  lovely  sweet  Nan  of  the  vale. 

Rev.  Francis  Fawkes  (1721-1777). 

***  The  two  best  drinking  songs  in  the 

language  were  both  by  clergymen.     The 

;  other  is,  /  Cannot  Eat  but  'Little  Meat, 

bv  John  Still,  bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells 

(1543-1607). 

Pilome'na  (Santa).  At  Pisa  the 
[  church  of  San  Francisco  contains  a  chapel 
I  lately  dedicated  to  Santa  Filomena.  Over 
1  ;he  altar  is  a  picture  by  Sabatelli,  which 
'[.represents  Filomena  as  a  nymph-like 
'igure  floating  down  from  heaven,  at- 
«nded  by  two  angels  bearing  the  lily, 


the  palm,  and  a  javelin.  In  the  fore- 
ground are  the  sick  and  maimed,  healed 
by  her  intercession. 

Nor  ever  shall  be  wanting  here 
The  palm,  the  lily,  and  the  spear: 

The  symbols  that  of  yore 

St.  FUomeiia  bore. 

LongfelloT,  8ta,  filomena. 

*^*  Longfellow  calls  Florence  Nightin- 
gale "St.  Filomena"  (born  at  Florence, 
1820). 

Finality  John,  lord  John  Russell 
(afterwards  "earl  Russell"),  who  main- 
tained that  the  Reform  Bill  of  1832  was  a 
finality  (1792-1878). 

Finch  (Margaret),  queen  of  the 
gipsies,  who  died  aged  109,  a.d.  1740. 
She  was  born  at  Sutton,  in  Kent,  and  was 
buried  at  Beckenham,  in  the  same  county. 

Fine-ear,  one  of  the  seven  attend- 
ants of  Fortunio.  He  could  hear  the 
grass  grow,  and  even  the  wool  on  a 
sheep's  back. — Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy 
Ta^es  ("  Fortunio,"  1682). 

*^*  In  Grimm's  Goblins  is  the  same 
fairy  tale  ("  Fortunio"). 

Fin'etor,  a  necromancer,  father  of 
the  Enchantress  Damsel. — Vasco  de  Lo- 
beira,  Amadis  de  Gaul  (thirteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Finetta,  "the  cinder  girl,"  a  fairy 
tale  by  the  comtesse  D'Aunoy  (1682). 
This  is  merely  the  old  tale  of  Cinderella 
slightly  altered.  Finetta  was  the  youngest 
of  three  princesses,  despised  by  them,  and 
put  to  all  sorts  of  menial  work.  The  two 
sisters  went  to  balls,  and  left  Finetta  at 
home  in  charge  of  the  house.  One  day 
she  found  a  gold  key,  which  opened  a 
wardrobe  full  of  most  excellent  dresses  ; 
so,  arraj'ing  herself  in  one,  she  followed 
her  sisters  to  the  ball,  but  she  was  so  fine 
that  they  knew  her  not,  and  she  ran 
home  before  them.  This  occurred  two 
or  three  times,  but  at  last,  in  running 
home,  she  lost  one  of  her  slippers.  The 
young  prince  resolved  to  marry  her  alone 
whose  foot  fitted  the  slipper,  and  Finetta 
became  his  wife.  Finetta  was  also  called 
Auricula  or  "  Fine-ear." 

Fingal  (or  Fion  na  Gael). 

His  father  was  Comhal  or  Combal,  and 
his  mother  Morna. 

(Comhal  was  the  son  of  Trathal  king 
of  Morv^en,  and  Morna  was  the  daughter 
of  Thaddu.) 

His  first  wife  was  Roscrana,  mother  of 
Ossian.  His  second  was  Clatho,  mothtt 
of  Fillan,  etc. 


FINGAL. 


334 


(Roscrana  was  the  daughter  of  Cormac 
L  third  king  of  Ireland.) 

His  daughter  was  Bosmi'na,  and  his 
sons  Ossian,  Fillan,  Ryno,  and  Fergus. 
(The  son  of  Ossian  was  Oscar.) 

(Fillan  was  younger  than  his  nephew 
Oscar,  and  both,  together  with  Ryno, 
were  slain  in  battle  before  Fingal  died.) 

His  hard  and  herald  was  UUin.  His 
sword  Luno,  so  called  from  its  maker, 
Luno  of  Lochlin  {Denmark). 

His  kingdom  was  Morven  {the  north- 
west coast  of  Scotland)  ;  his  capital  Semo  ; 
his  subjects  were  Caledonians  or  Gaels. 

After  the  restoration  of  Ferad-Artho  to 
the  throne  of  Ireland,  Fingal  "resigned 
his  spear  to  Ossian,"  and  he  died  a.d. 
283. 

Fingal,  an  epic  in  six  books,  by 
Ossian.  The  subject  is  the  invasion  of 
Ireland  by  Swaran  king  of  Lochlin  {Ben- 
mark)  during  the  reign  of  Cormac  II. 
(a  minor),  and  its  deliverance  by  the  aid 
of  Fingal  king  of  Morven  {north-west 
coast  of  Scotland).  The  poem  opens  with 
the  overthrow  of  Cuthullm  general  of  the 
Irish  forces,  and  concludes  with  the 
return  of  Swaran  to  his  own  land. 

Finger.  "Little  finger  tell  me 
true."  When  M.  Argan  wishes  to  pump 
his  little  daughter  Louison,  respecting  a 
young  gentleman  who  pays  attentions  to 
her  elder  sister,  he  says  to  the  child, 
"  Prenez-y  bien  garde  au  moins ;  car 
voilb,  un  petit  doigt,  qui  sait  tout,  qui  me 
dira  si  vous  mentez."  When  the  child 
has  told  him  all  she  knows,  he  puts  his 
little  finger  to  his  ear  and  says,  "  Voilh 
mon  petit  doigt  pourtant  qui  gronde 
quelque  chose.  Attendez.  He'!  Ah, 
ah  !  Oui  ?  Oh,  oh !  voila  mon  petit  doigt, 
qui  me  dit  quelque  chose  que  vous  avez 
vu  et  que  vous  ne  m'avez  pas  dit." 
To  which  the  child  replies,  "  Ah !  mon 
papa,  votre  petit  doigt  est  un  menteur." 
— Molifere,  Le  Malade  Lnaqinaire.  ii.  11 
(1673). 

Fingers.  In  chiromancy  we  give  the 
thumb  to  Venus,  the  fore-finger  to  Jove, 
the  middle  finger  to  Saturn,  the  ring 
finger  to  Sol,  and  the  little  finger  to  Mer- 
curv, — Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchanist.  i.  2 
(1610). 

Finis  PolonisB.  These  words  are  at- 
tributed (but  without  sufficient  authority) 
to  Koscziusko  the  Pole,  when  he  lay 
wounded  by  the  balls  of  Suwaroff's 
troops  on  the  field  of  Macieiowieze 
(October  10, 1794). 


FIH-BOLG. 

Perc^  de  coups,  Koscriusko  s'6crla  en  tombant  "  Finii 
Polonia;." — Michaud,  Biographie  Cnirersell^. 

Finlayson  {Luckie),  landlady  of  the 
lodgings  in  the  Canongate  of  Edin- 
burgh.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  II.). 

Fin'niston  {Duncan),  a  tenant  of  th« 
laird  of  Gudgeonford. 

Luckie  Finniston,  wife  of  Duncan. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George 
IL). 

Fion  (son  of  Comnal),  an  enormous 
giant,  who  could  place  one  foot  on  mount 
Cromleach,  in  Ulster,  and  the  other  on 
mount  Crommal  close  by,  and  then  dip^ 
his  hand  in  the  river  Lubar,  which 
between. 

With  one  foot  on  the  Crommal  set  and  one  on  mo 

Cromleach, 
The  waters  of  the  Lubar  stream  his  giant  hana 

reach. 

Translation  of  the  Oaells, ' 

Fiona,   a   series  of   traditionary  oil 
Irish    poems    on    the    subject    of    Fie 
M 'Comnal  and  the  heroes  connected  wit 
him, 

Fionnua'la,  daughter  of  Lir.  Beit 
transformed  into  a  swan,  she  was  doom* 
to  wander  over  the  lakes  and  rivers 
Ireland  till  the  Irish  became  Christianj 
but  the  sound  of  the  first  mass  bell  in 
island  was  to  be  the  signal  of  her  rek 

Silent,  O  Moyle,  be  the  roar  of  thy  water  [CowUi/ : 

Tyrone}  .  .  . 
While  murmuring  mournfully  Lir's  lonely  daughter 

Tells  to  the  night-star  her  tale  of  woes. 
When  shall  the  "  Swan,"  her  death-note  singing, 

Sleep  with  wings  in  djrkness  furled? 
When  will  heaven,  its  sweet  "bell"  ringing. 
Call  my  spirit  from  this  stormy  world? 
T.  Moore,  Jrith  Melodies,  iv.  ("The  Song  of  Fionnuaia 

Fips  {^f')t  a  sedate,  mysterious  pen 
sonage,  living  in  an  office  in  Austin  Friar 
(London).     He  is  employed  by  some  ui 
known  benefactor  (either  John  Westioc 
or  old  Martin  Chuzzlewit)  to  engage  Tc 
Pinch  at  a  weekly  salary  as  librarian 
the  Temple  Library.— C.  Dickens,  Mart 
Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Fir-boig  {i.e.  bowmen,  from  bolg,  "  i 
quiver"),  a  colony  of  Belgaefrom  Britain, 
led  by  Larthon  to  Ireland  and  settled  in 
the  southern  parts  of  the  island.  Their 
chief  was  called  "  lord  of  Atha "  (a 
country  of  Connaught),  and  thence  Ire- 
land was  called  Bolga.  Somewhat  later 
a  colony  of  Caledonians  from  the  western 
coast  of  Scotland  settled  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Ireland,  and  made  Ulster  their 
head-quarters.  When  Crotha  was  "  lord 
of  Atha"  he  curried  oil'  Conlan* 
(daughter  of  the  Gael  chief}  hy  torc$, 


FIRE  A  GOOD  SERVANT,  ETC.      335 


FISH. 


and  a  general  war  between  the  two  races 
ensued.  ITie  Gael  were  reduced  to  the 
last  extremity,  and  sent  to  Trathal  (grand- 
father of  Fingal)  for  aid.  Trathal  ac- 
cordingly sent  over  Conar  with  an  army, 
and  on  his  reaching  Ulster  he  was  made 
*'king  of  the  Gael"  by  acclamation.  He 
utterly  subdued  the  Fir-bolg,  and  assumed 
the  title  of  *'  king  of  Ireland  ;  "  but  the 
Fir-bolg  often  rose  in  insurrection,  and 
made  many  attempts  to  expel  the  race  of 
Gonar. — Ossian. 

Fire  a  Good  Servant,  but  Bad 
Master. 

For  fire  and  people  doe  in  this  agree. 
They  both  good  servants,  both  iU  masters  be. 
Lord  Brooke,  InquUition  upon  fame,  etc.  (1554-1628). 

rire-Brand  of  Trance  (The), 
John  duke  of  Bedford,  regent  of  France 
(1389-1435). 

John  duke  of  Bedford,  styled  "  The  Fire-brand  of  France." 
Drayton,  PolyolHon,  xviii.  (1613). 

Pire-drake,  a  fire  which  flies  in 
the  night,  like  a  dragon.  Metaphorically 
it  means  a  spitfire,  an  irritable,  passionate 
person. 

Common  people  think  the  fire-drake  to  be  a  spirit  that 
kecpeth  some  hid  treasure,  but  philosophers  affirm  it  to 
be  a  great  unequal  exhalation  inflamed  between  two 
doudg,  the  one  hot  and  the  otlier  cold,  which  is  tlie  reason 
that  it  smoketb.  The  middle  part  .  .  .  being  greater 
than  the  rest,  miiketh  it  seenie  like  a  bellie,  and  the  two 
ends  are  like  uuto  a  head  and  taile.— Bullokar,  Expositor 
(1616). 

Fire-new,  i.e.  bran-new  (brennan, 
"to  bum,"  brene,  "shining"). 

Your  fire-new  stamp  of  honour  is  scarce  current. 

Shakespeare,  Itichard  111.  act  1.  sc.  3  (1697). 

Firouz  Schah,  son  and  heir  of  the 
king  of  Persia.  One  New  Year's  Day  an 
Indian  brought  to  the  king  an  enchanted 
horse,  which  would  convey  the  rider 
almost  instantaneously  anywhere  he 
might  wish  to  go  to  ;  and  asked,  as  the 
price  thereof,  the  king's  daughter  for  his 
wife.  Prince  Firouz,  mounting  the  horse 
to  try  it,  was  carried  to  Bengal,  and  there 
fell  in  love  with  the  princess,  who  accom- 
panied him  back  to  Persia  on  the  horse. 
When  the  king  saw  his  son  arrive  safe 
and  sound,  he  dismissed  the  Indian  dis- 
courteously ;  but  the  Indian  caught  up 
^e  princess,  and,  mounting  the  horse, 
conveyed  her  to  Gashmere.  She  was 
rescued  by  the  sultan  of  Gashmere,  who 
cut  oif  the  Indian's  head,  and  proposed 
marriage  himself  to  the  princess.  To 
avoid  this  alliance,  the  princess  pretended 
to  be  mad.   The  sultan  sent  for  his  physi- 

.  cians,  but  they  could  suggest  no  cure. 
At  length  came  one  who  promised  to  cure 

I  the  lady;  it  was  prince  Firouz  in  disguise. 


He  told  the  sultan  that  the  princess  had 
contracted  enchantment  from  the  horse, 
and  must  be  set  on  it  to  disenchant  her. 
Accordingly,  she  was  set  on  the  horse, 
and  while  Firouz  caused  a  thick  cloud  of 
smoke  to  arise,  he  mounted  with  the  lady 
through  the  air,  saying  as  ho  did  so, 
*'  Sultan  of  Gashmere,  when  you  would 
espouse  a  princess  who  craves  your  pro- 
tection, first  learn  to  obtain  her  consent." 
— Arabian  Nights  ("  The  Enchanted 
Horse  "). 

First    Grentleman   of  Europe, 

George  IV.  (1762,  1820-1830). 

Louis  d'Artois  of  France  was  so  called 
also. 

The  "First  Gientleman  of  Europe"  had  not  yet  quite  lost 
his  once  elegant  figure.— K  Yates,  Celebritiet,  xviL 

First    Grenadier     of   France. 

Latour  d'Auverge  was  so  called  by  Na- 
poleon (1743-1800). 

First  Love,  a  comedy  by  Richard 
Cumberland  (1796).  Frederick  Mowbray's 
first  love,  being  dowerless,  marries  the 
wealthy  lord  Ruby,  who  soon  dies,  leaving 
all  his  fortune  to  his  widow.  In  the  mean 
time,  Frederick  goes  abroad,  and  at  Padua 
falls  in  with  Sabina  Rosny,  who  nurses 
him  through  a  severe  sickness,  for  which 
he  thinks  he  is  bound  in  honour  to  marry 
her.  She  comes  with  him  to  England, 
and  is  placed  under  the  charge  of  lady 
Ruby.  Sabina  tells  lady  Ruby  she  can- 
not marry  Frederick,  because  she  is  mar- 
ried already  to  lord  Sensitive,  and  even 
if  it  were  not  so,  she  could  not  marry 
him,  for  all  his  affections  are  with  lady 
Ruby  ;  this  she  discovered  in  the  delirium 
of  the  young  man,  when  his  whole  talk 
was  about  her  ladyship.  In  the  end,  lord 
Sensitive  avows  himself  the  husband  of 
Sabina,  and  Frederick  marries  his  first 
love. 

Fish  {One-eyed),  in  the  mere  of  Snow- 
donia  or  the  Snowdon  group. 

Snowdon  ...  his  proper  mere  did  note  .  .  . 
That  pool  in  which  .  .  .  the  one-eyed  fish  are  found. 
Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

Fish.    All's  fish  that  cometh  to  my  net. 

All's  fish  they  get,  that  cometh  to  net. 

T.  Tusser,  fHue  Hundred  Points  of  6ot<i 
Husbandry,  xxxiv.  (16S7). 
Al  is  fishe  that  cometh  to  the  net 
G.  Gascoigne,  The  Steele  tilas  (died  1577). 

He  eats  no  fish,  that  is,  "he  is  no 
papist,"  "he  is  an  honest  man,  or  one  to 
be  trusted."  In  the  reign  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth papists  were  the  enemies  of  tho 
Government,  and  hence  one  who  did  not 
cat  fist,  like  a  papist,  on  fast  days  yfni 


FISH  AND  THE  RING. 


FIVE  WITS. 


considered  a  protestaut,  and  friend  to  the 
Government. 

I  do  profeai  ...  to  serre  him  truly  that  will  put  me  in 
tnist  ,  .  .  and  to  eat  uo  fish. — Shakespeare,  King  Lear, 
Kt  i.  sc.  i.  (1605). 

Fish  and  the  Ring. 

1.  Polycra.tes,  being  too  fortunate,  was 
advised  to  cast  away  something  he  most 
highly  prized,  and  threw  into  the  sea  an 
engraved  gem  of  great  value.  A  few 
days  afterwards  a  fish  came  to  his  table, 
and  in  it  was  this  very  gem. — Herodotus^ 
iii.  40. 

2.  A  certain  queen,  having  formed  an 
illicit  attachment  to  a  soldier,  gave  him  a 
ring  which  had  been  the  present  of  her 
husband.  The  king,  being  apprized  there- 
of, got  possession  of  the  ring  while  the 
Boldier  was  asleep,  threw  it  into  the  sea, 
and  then  asked  his  queen  to  bring  it  him. 
In  great  alarm,  she  went  to  St.  Kentigern 
and  told  him  everything.  The  saint  went 
to  the  Clyde,  caught  a  salmon  with  the 
ring  in  its  mouth,  and  gave  it  to  the 
queen,  who  thus  saved  her  character  and 
her  husband.  This  legend  is  told  about 
the  Glasgow  arms. 

3.  The  arms  of  dame  Rebecca  Berry, 
wife  of  sir  Thomas  Elton,  Stratford-le- 
BoAV,  to  be  seen  at  St.  Dunstan's  Church, 
Stepney.  The  tale  is  that  a  knight,  hear- 
ing the  cries  of  a  woman  in  labour,  knew 
that  the  infant  was  destined  to  become 
his  wife.  He  tried  to  elude  his  destiny, 
and,  Avhen  the  infant  had  grown  to  woman- 
hood, threw  a  rimj  into  the  sea,  command- 
ing the  damsel  never  to  see  his  face  again 
till  she  could  produce  the  ring  which  he 
had  cast  away.  In  a  few  days  a  cod-fish 
was  caught,  and  the  ring  was  found  in  its 
mouth.  The  young  woman  producing  the 
ring,  the  marriage  was  duly  consummated, 
— Momance  of  London. 

Fisher  {Ralph),  assistant  of  Roland 
Grasme,  at  Avenel  Castle. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Fitz-Boo'dle  {George)^  a  pseudonym 
assumed  by  Thackeray  in  Fraser's  Maga- 
zine (1811-1863). 

Fitz-Fulke  {Hebe  duchess  of),  a 
"  gracious,  graceful,  graceless  grace  " 
(canto  xvi.  49),  staying  with  lord  and 
lady  Amundeville  (4  syl.),  while  don 
Juan  "  the  Russian  envoy "  was  their 
guest.  Don  Juan  fancied  he  saw  in  the 
night  the  apparition  of  a  monk,  which 
produced  such  an  effect  on  his  looks  and 
behaviour  as  to  excite  attention.  When 
the  cause  of  his  perturbation  was  known, 
lady  Adeline  sang  to  him  a  tale  purport- 


ing to  explain  the  apparition  ;  but  "her 
froHc  grace"  at  night  personated  the 
ghost  to  carry  on  the  joke.  She  was, 
however,  discovered  by  don  Juan,  who 
was  resolved  to  penetrate  the  mystery. 
With  this  discovery  the  sixteenth  and 
last  book  of  Don  Jican  ends. — Byron,  Don 
Juan  (1824). 

Fitzurse  {Lord  Watdeniar),  a  baron 
in  the  suite  of  prince  John    of  Anjoii 
(brother  of  Richard  Cajur  de  Lion). — Sir; 
W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Five,  says  Pythagoras,  "has  peculiar 
force  in  expiations.     It  is  everything. 
It  stops  the  power  of  poisons,  and  is  re- 
doubted by  evil  spirits.      Unity  or  the 
monad  is  deity,  or  the  first  cause  of  alL 
things — the  good  principle.     Two  or  th< ' 
dyad  is  the  symbol  of  diversity — the  evii\ 
principle.      Three  or  the  triad  containai 
the  mystery  of  mysteries,  for  everything! 
is  composed  of  three  substances.     It  re- 
presents God,  the  soul  of  the  world,  an^l 
the  spirit  of  man.     Five  is  2  +  3,  or  the 
combination   of  the   first   of   the   equali|| 
and  the  first  of  the  unequals,  hence  also 
the   combination  of  the  good  and  evil 
powers  of  nature." — Pythagoras,  On  tht 
Pentad. 

Five  Kings  of  France,  the  five 
directors  (179.5). 

The  five  kings  of  France  sit  in  their  curule  chairs  with  j 
their  flesli-coloured  breechcb  and  regal  mantles.— .i£aii«l»| 
du  Lys,  IL 

Five  Points  of  Doctrine  {The) -A 

(1)  Predestination  or  particular  election  ;| 

(2)  Irresistible  grace  ;  (3)  Original  sin  o^ 
the  total  depravity  of  the  natural  man 
(4)  Particular  redemption  ;  and  (5)  The 
final  perseverance  of  the  saints.   The  Cal-j 
vinists  believe  the  affirmative  of  all  the 
five  points. 

Five-pound    Note.     De   Quincj 
tried  in  vain  to  raise  the  loan  of  half 
crown  on  the  security  of  a  five-poun^ 
note. 

Five    "Wits    {The) :    common 
imagination,    fantasy,    estimation,    an 
memory. 

1.  Common  wit  is  that  inward  sense 
which  judges  what  the  five  senses  simply 
discern:  thus  the  eye  sees,  the  nose 
smells,  the  ear  hears,  and  so  on,  but  it 
is  "common  wit"  that  informs  the  brain 
and  passes  judgment  on  the  goodness  or 
badness  of  these  external  matters 

2.  Imagination  works  on  the  min 
causing  it  to  realize  what  has  been  pi 
sented  to  it. 


1 


FLACCUS. 


337 


FLATTERER. 


8.  Fantasy  ener^^izes  the  mind  to  act  iu 
accordance  with  the  judgment  thus  pro- 
nounced. 

4.  Estimation  decides  on  all  matters 
pertaining  to  time,  space,  locality,  re- 
lation, and  so  on. 

5.  Memort/  enables  the  mind  to  retain 
the  recollection  of  what  has  been  imparted. 

These  are  the  five  witts  reinovyiig  inwardly — 
First  '•Common  Witte,'  ami  then  "  Yiuagiiuition," 
"  Fantasy"  and  "  Estitaation  "  trnely, 
And  "  Memory." 
Stepiieii  Ilpwes,  I'hePasse-tj/meof  Plcsure.xxlv.  (1515). 

!Placcus,  Horace  the  Roman  poet, 
whose  full  name  was  Quintus  Iloratius 
riaccus  (B.C.  65-8). 

Fladdock  (General),  a  friend  of  the 
Norris  fam.ily  in  America,  and,  like  them, 
devoted  to  titles  and  aristocracy. — C. 
Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Flags. 

Banners  of  saints  and  images  are 
smaller  than  standards,  and  not  slit  at  the 
extremity. 

Hoi/al  Banners  contain  the  royal  coat 
of  arms. 

Bannerols,  banners  of  great  width; 
they  represent  alliances  and  descent. 

rKNNOx.s,  smaller  than  standards. 
They  are  rounded  at  the  extremity  and 
charged  witli  arms. 

Pensils,  small  flags  shaped  like  the 
vanes  which  surmount  pinnacles. 

Stani>aki>s,  much  larger  and  longer 
than  banners. 

I'he  Royal  British  Standard  has  three 
red  and  one  blue  quarter.  The  tirst  and 
third  quarters  contain  three  leoparded 
lions,  the  second  quarter  the  thistle  of 
Scotland,  and  the  fourth  the  harp  of 
Ireland. 

*if*  The  Union  Jack  is  a  blue  flag  with 
three  united  crosses  extending  to  the  ex- 
treme edges:  (1)  St.  George's  cross  {red 
on  v)hitc)  for  England ;  (2)  St.  Andrew's 
cross  (white  on  blue)  for  Scotland  ;  (3)  St. 
Patrick's  cross  (red  on  white)  for  Ireland. 
In  all  other  flags  containing  the  "Union 
Jack,"  the  Jack  is  confined  to  the  first 
quarter  or  a  part  thereof. 

Flam'berge  (2  syl.),  the  sword  which 
Maagis  took  from  Anthe'nor  the  Saracen 
admiral,  when  he  attacked  the  castle  of 
Oriande  la  J'o'e.  The  sword  was  made 
byWeyland,  the  Scandinavian  Vulcan. — 
Jiornance  of  Afaugis  d'Aygremont  et  de 
Vivian  S071  Frere. 

Flamborough  (Solomon),  farmer. 
A  talkative  neighbour  of  Dr.  Primrose, 
near  of  Wakefield.  Moses  Primrose 
narries  one  of  his  daughters. 

15  ' 


I  The  Misses  Flamborough,  daughters  of 
the  farmer.  Their  homeliness  contrasts 
well  with  the  flashy  pretenders  to  fashion 
introduced  bv  squire  Thornhill.— Gold- 
smith, Vicar  'of  Wakefield  (1766). 

Flame  (Lord),  Johnson  the  jester 
and  dramatist,  author  of  Hurlo-Thrumbo, 
an  extravaganza  (1729). 

Flamraer  (The  Hon.  Mr.  Frisk),  a 
Cantab,  nephew  to  lord  Totterly.  He  is 
a  young  gentleman  with  a  vivid  imagina- 
tion, small  income,  and  large  debts. — C. 
Selby,  The  Unfinished  Gentleman. 

Flammock  ( Wilkin),  a  Flemish 
soldier  and  burgess  at  the  castle  of  Garde 
Doloureuse. 

Hose  or  Roschen  Flammock,  daughter  of 
Wilkin  Flammock,  and  attendant  on  lady 
Eveline..— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  II.). 

Flanders  (Moll),  a  woman  of  extra- 
ordinar}'  beauty,  born  in  Old  Bailoy. 
She  was  twelve  years  a  harlot,  five  years 
a  wife,  twelve  years  a  thief,  and  eight 
years  a  convict  in  Virginia;  but  ulti- 
mately she  became  rich,  lived  honestly, 
and  died  a  penitent  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
II. — Defoe,  IVie  Fortunes  of  Moll  Flanders. 

Flasll(Captom), a  blustering,  cowardly 
braggart,  "  always  talking  of  fighting 
and  wars."  In  the  Flanders  war  he  pre- 
tended to  be  shot,  sneaked  off  into  a 
ditch,  and  thence  to  England.  When 
captain  Loveit  met  him  paying  court  to 
Miss  Biddy  Bellaw,  he  commanded  the 
blustering  coward  to  "deliver  up  his 
sword,"  and  added : 

"  Leave  Uiis  house,  change  the  colour  of  your  clotlies  and 
fierceness  of  your  looks ;  appear  from  top  to  toe  the 
WTelch,  the  very  wretch  thou  art  1 " — D.  Garrick,  MUs  in 
Her  Teens  (1753). 

Henry  Woodward  [1717-1777]  was  the  best  "Copper 
Capt'iin,"  "CiipUiin  Flash,"  and  " Bobadil "  of  his  day. — 
C.  Leslie,  Life  of  Reynolds. 

*:^*  "  Copper  Captain  "  \n  Rule  a  Wife 
and  Have  a  Wife  (Beaumont  and  Flet- 
cher) ;  "  Bobadil  "  in  Every  Man  in  His 
Humour  (B.  Jonson). 

Flat  Simplicity.  "  The  flat  sim- 
plicity of  that  reply  was  admirable." — 
Collev  Cibber,  The  Crooked  Husband,  i.  1 
(1728). 

Flatterer.  The  Romans  called  a 
flatterer  "a  Vitellius,"  from  Vitellius 
president  of  Syria,  who  worshipped 
Jehovah  in  Jerusalem,  and  Calig'ula  in 
Rome.  '  Tacitus  says  of  him  :  "  Exemplar 
apud  posteros  adalatcrii  habetur "  (Annals, 
VI.  32). 

Irl^'in  iCicelHut]  rain  in  adiilando  Ingenli ;  iirimua  OL 
O«arom  uuo.ari  ut  deum  iiutituit.— SueM^niiw.  VUel.,  *'. 


PLAVIUS. 


338 


FLIBBEKTIGIBBET. 


I 


Pla'viua,  the  f aitJiful,  honest  steward 
«f  Timon  the  maii'-hn.ter. — Shakespeare, 
Timm  of  Athens  (1600). 

Fle'ance  (2  syL)^  son  of  Banqno. 
After  the  assassination  of  his  father  he 
escaped  to  Wales,  where  he  married  the 
daughter  of  the  reigning  prince,  and  had 
a  son  named  Walter.  This  Walter  after- 
wards became  lord  high  steward  of  Scot- 
land, and  called  himself  Walter  the 
Steward.  From  him  proceeded  in  a  direct 
line  the  Stuarts  of  Scotland,  a  royal  line 
which  gave  James  VI.  of  Scotland  and 
I.  of  England.  —  Shakespeare,  Macbeth 
(1G06). 

(Of  course,  this  must  not  be  looked  on 
as  history.  Historically,  there  was  no 
such  person  as  Banquo,  and  therefore  this 
descent  from  Fleance  is  mere  fable.) 

Flecknoe  (Eichard),  poet-laureate  to 
Charles  II.,  author  of  dramas,  poems,  and 
other  works.  As  a  poet,  his  name  stands 
on  a  level  with  Bavius  and  Maevius. 
Dryden  says  of  him  : 

...  he  reigned  without  dispute 
Thro'  all  the  realms  of  iioiiseiise  absolute. 

Dryden,  M'Flbcvoe  (1682). 

(It  was  not  Flecknoe  but  Shadwell  that 
Dryden  wished  to  castigate  in  this  satire. 
The  offence  was  that  Dryden  was  re- 
moved from  the  post  of  laureate,  and 
Shadwell  appointed  in  his  place.  The 
angry  ex-laureate  says,  with  more  point 
than  tnith,  that  '*  Shadwell  never  deviates 
into  sense.") 

Fledgelby  (2  syl.)^  an  over-reaching, 
cowardly  sneak,  who  conceals  his  dirty 
bill-broking  under  the  trade-name  of 
Pubsey  and  Co.  He  is  soundly  thrashed 
by  Alfred  Lammle,  and  quietly  pockets 
the  affront. — C.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual 
Friend  (1864). 

Fleece  of  Gold  {Order  of  the),  in- 
stituted in  1430,  by  Philippe  de  Bour- 
gogne,  sumamed  Le  Bon. 

Stately  dames,  like  queens  attended,  knights  who  bore  the 
Fleece  of  Gold. 

Longfellow,  Belfry  <tf  Bruges. 

Fleecebum'pkin  (3  syl.),  bailiff 
of  Mr.  Ireby,  the  country  squire. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  21ie  Two  Drovers  (time,  George 
III.). 

Fleece'em  {Mrs.),  meant  for  Mrs. 
Eudd,  a  smuggler,  thief,  milliner,  match- 
maker, and  procuress. — Sam.  Foote,  The 
Cozeners. 

Fleet'wood  or  The  New  Man  of 
Feelintji,  the  hero  of  a  novel  so  named  by 
W.  Godwin  (1805). 


Flem'ing  {Archdeacon),  the  clergy, 
man  to  whom  old  Meg  Murdockson  made 
her  confession. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Fleming  (Sir  Malcolm),  a,  former 
suitor  of  lady  Margaret  de  Hautlieu. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle  Dangerous  (time, 
Henry  I.). 

Fleming  {Lady  Mary),  one  of  the 
maids  of  honour  to  Marj'  queen  of  Scots. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  ITie  Abbot  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Fleming  {Hose),  niece  of  Mrs.  May  lie. 
Rose  marries  her  cousin  Harry  Maylie. 

She  was  past  17.  Cast  in  so  slight  and  exquisite  a 
mould,  so  mild  and  gentle,  so  pure  and  beautiful,  that 
earth  seemed  not  her  element,  not  its  rough  creatures  her 
fit  companions.  The  very  intelligence  tliat  slione  in  her 
deep  blue  eye  .  .  .  seemed  scarcely  ...  of  the  world,  and 
yet  the  changing  expression  of  sweetness  and  good-humour, 
the  thousand  lights  that  played  about  the  face  .  .  .  above 
all  the  smile,  the  cheerful,  happy  smile,  were  made  for 
home  and  fireside  peace  and  happiness. — C.  Dickens, 
Oliver  Twist,  xxix.  (1837). 

Flemish    School    {The),  a   schoolj 
of  painting  commencing  in  the  fifteenth 
century,   with  the  brothers  Van   EycklJ 
The  chief  early  masters  were  Memling,| 
Weyden,    Matsys,    Mabus,    and    More; 
The    chief    of    the    second   period    wer 
Rubens,    Vandyck,    Snydere,    Jordaenfl 
Gaspar    de    Grayer,    and    the    younge 
Teniers. 

Fleshly  School  ( The),  a  class  of  Brit-J 
ish  poets  of  which  Swinburne,  Rossetti 
Morris,   etc.,   are   exponents ;    so  called] 
from    the    sensuous    character    of    the! 
poetry. 

*^*  It  was  Thomas  Maitland  [i.e.   R* 
W.  Buchanan]  who  first  gave  them  thi 
appellation  in  the  Contemporary  Review.  *| 

Fletcher  {Dick),  one  of  the  crew_o| 
the    pirate    vessel. — Sir    W.   Scott, 
Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Fleur  de  Marie,  the  betrothed  o| 
captain  Phoebus. — Victor  Hugo,  Noti' 
Dame  de  Pans  (1831). 

Fleurant,  an  apothecary.  He  flu 
into  a  rage  because  Be'ralde  (2  syl.)  sa; 
to  his  brother,  "  Remettez  cela  h,  une  foil  ^ 
et  demeurez  un  peu  en  repos."  Th« 
apothecary  flares  out,  "De  quoi  vous 
melez  vous  de  vous  oppo,ser  aux  ordon- 
nances  de  la  me'decine  .  .  je  vais  dire  k 
Monsieur  Purgon  commes  on  m'a  em- 
peche  d'executer  ses  ordres  .  .  .  Vous 
verrez,  vous  verrez." — Molibre,  LeMalade 
Imaginaire  (1673). 

I'libTbertigib'bet,   the    fiend 


-I 


FLIBBERTIGIBBET. 


FLORA. 


gives  man  the  squint  eye  and  harelip, 
sends  mihiews  and  hiight,  etc. 

This  is  the  foul  fiend  Flibbertigibbet  ...  he  gives  tho 
web  and  the  piii  [diieaseg  of  the  eye],  squints  [i/]  the  eye, 
and  mokes  the  har(v4ip ;  [he]  mildews  the  white  wheat, 
and  hurts  the  poor  cieature  of  earth. — Kina  Lear,  act 
iii.  sc.  4  (1605). 

*^*  Shakespeare  got  this  name  from 
bishop  Harsnett's  Declaration  of  Popish 
Impostures,  where  Flibberdigibet  is  one 
of  the  fiends  which  the  Jesuits  cast  out  of 
Mr.  Edmund  Peckham. 

Flib'bertigib'het  or  "Dickie  Sludge," 
the  dwarf  grandson  of  Gammer  Sludge 
(landlady  of  Erasmus  Holiday,  the 
schoolmaster  in  the  vale  of  Whitehorse). 
In  the  entertainment  given  by  the  earl 
of  Leicester  to  queen  Elizabeth,  Dickon 
Sludge  acts  the  part  of  an  imp. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Flint  (Lord),  chief  minister  of  state 
to  one  of  the  sultans  of  India.  He  had 
tlie  enviable  faculty  of  a  very  short 
memory  when  he  did  not  choose  to  recol- 
lect. "My  people  know,  no  doubt,  but 
I  cannot  recollect,"  was  his  stock  phrase. 
—Mrs.  Inchbald,  Siich  Things  Are  (1786). 

Flint,  jailer  in  The  Deserter,  a  musical 
drama  by  Dibdin  (1770). 

Flint  (Sir  Clement),  a  very  kind-hearted, 
generous  old  bachelor,  who  "trusts  no 
one,"  and  though  he  professes  his  un- 
doubted belief  to  be  "that  self  is  the 
predominant  principle  of  the  human 
mind,"  is  never  so  happy  as  when  doing 
an  unselfish  and  generous  act.  He  settles 
£2000  a  year  on  the  young  lord  Gayville, 
his  nephew,  that  he  may  marry  Miss 
Alton,  the  lady  of  'his  choice  ;  and  says, 
"To  reward  the  deserving,  and  make 
those  we  love  happy,  is  self-interest  in 
the  extreme." — General  Burgoyne,  The 
Heiress  (1781). 

Flint  Jack,  Edward  Simpson,  who 
used  to  tramp  the  kingdom,  vending 
spurious  flint  arrow-heads,  celts,  and 
other  imitation  antiquities.  In  1867  he 
was  imprisoned  for  theft. 

Flippan'ta,  an  intriguing  lady's- 
maid.  Daughter  of  Mrs.  Cloggit.  She 
is  in  the  service  of  Clarissa,  and  aids  her 
in  all  her  follies.— Sir  John  Vanbrugh, 
The  Confederacy  (1695). 

1  saw  Miss  Pope  for  the  second  time  in  the  year  1790,  in 
the  filumicter  of  "  Flippanta."— James  Smith. 

Flite  (Miss),  a  poor  crazed,  good- 
hearted  woman,  who  has  lost  her  wits 
through  the  "law's  delay."  She  is 
always  haunting  the  Courts  of  Chancery 


with  "her  documents,"  hoping  against 
hope  that  she  will  receive  a  judgm»,at. 
— C.  Dickens,  Bleak  Bouse,  iv.  (1852). 

Flock'hart  ( Widow),  landlady  of  the 
lodgings  in  the  Canongate  where  Waver- 
ley  and  M'lvor  dine  with  the  baron  of 
Bradwardine  (3  syl.).— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Flogged  by  Deputy.  The  marquis 
de  Leganez  forbade  the  tutor  of  his  son  to 
use  rigour  or  corporal  punishment  of  any 
kind,  so  the  tutor  hit  upon  this  device  to 
intimidate  the  boy :  he  flogged  a  lad 
named  Raphael,  brought  up  with  young 
Leganez  as  a  playmate,  whenever  that 
young  nobleman  deserved  punishment. 
This  produced  an  excellent  effect ;  but 
Raphael  did  not  see  its  justice,  and  ran 
away. — Lesage,  Gil  Bias,  v.  i.  (1724). 

Flollo  or  Flollio,  a  Roman  tribune, 
who  held  the  province  of  Gaul  under  the 
emperor  Leo.  When  king  Arthur  invaded 
Gaul,  the  tribune  fled  to  Paris,  which 
Arthur  besieged,  and  Flollo  proposed  to 
decide  the  quarrel  by  single  combat.  To 
this  Arthur  agreed,  and  cleft  with  his 
sw^ord  Caliburn  both  tl>e  helmet  and  head 
of  his  adversary.  Having  made  himself 
master  of  all  Gaul,  king  Arthur  held  his 
court  at  Paris. — Geoffrey,  British  His- 
tory, ix.  11  (1142). 

And  after  these  .  .  . 

At  Paris,  in  the  list-s  [Arthur]  with  Flollio  fought; 
The  emperor  Leon's  power  to  raise  his  sieiie  that  brought. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Flor  and  Blancheflor,  the  title 
of  a  minnesong  by  Conrad  Fleck,  at  one 
time  immensely  popular.  It  is  the  story 
of  two  children  who  fall  in  love  with  each 
other.  There  is  a  good  deal  of  grace  and 
tenderness  in  the  tale,  with  an  abund- 
ance of  trash.  Flor,  the  son  of  Feinix, 
a  pagan  king,  is  brought  up  with 
Blancheflor  (an  enfant  vole').  The  two 
children  love  each  other,  but  Feinix  sells 
Blancheflor  to  some  Eastern  merchants. 
Flor  goes  in  quest  of  Blancheflor,  whom 
he  finds  in  Babylon,  in  the  palace  of  the 
sultan,  who  is  a  sorcerer.  He  gains 
access  to  the  palace,  hidden  in  a  basket 
of  roses  ;  but  the  sultan  discovers  him, 
and  is  about  to  cast  both  into  the  flames, 
when,  touched  with  human  gentleness  and 
love,  he  sets  them  free.  They  then  return 
to  Spain,  find  Feinix  dead,  and  mairy 
(fourteenth  century). 

^  Flo'ra,  goddess  of  flowers.    In  natural 
history  all  the  flowers  and  vegetable  prr 
ductions  of  a  country  or  locality  are  called 


FLORA. 


840 


FLORESKI. 


its  flora,  and  all  its  animal  productions 
its  fauna. 

Flora,  the  waitinj^-wonian  ot  donna 
Violante.  In  love  with  Lissado,  the  valet 
of  don  Felix. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  The 
Wonder  (1714). 

Mrs.  Mnttocks's  was  the  most  affecting  theatrical  leave- 
taking  we  ever  witnessed.  The  part  she  chose  was 
"Flora,"  to  Cook's  "don  Felix,"  which  she  played  with 
all  the  freshness  and  spirit  of  a  woman  In  her  prime. — 
The  Mew  Monthly  (1826). 

Flora,  the  niece  of  old  Farmer  Freehold. 
She  is  a  great  beauty,  and  captivates 
Heartwell,  v/ho  marries  her.  The  two 
are  so  well  assorted  that  their  "  best  love 
is  after  their  espousals." — John  Philip 
Kemble,  The  Farm-house. 

Floranthe  {Donna),  a  lady  beloved 
by  Octavian.  Octavian  goes  mad  because 
he  fancies  Floranthe  is  untrue  to  him, 
but  Roque,  a  blunt,  kind-hearted  servitor, 
assures  him  he  is  mistaken,  and  per- 
suades him  to  return  home. — G.  Colman, 
Octavian  (1824). 

Flor'delice  (3  syl.),  the  mistress  of 
Bran'dimart  (king  of  the  Distant  Islands). 
— Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (161G). 

Flordespi'na,  daughter  of  Mar- 
Biglio. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1616). 

Florence,  Mrs.  Spencer  Smith, 
daughter  of  baron  Herbert  the  Austrian 
ambassador  in  England.  She  was  born 
at  Constantinople,  during  her  father's 
residence  in  that  city.  Byron  made  her 
acquaintance  in  Malta,  but  Thomas  Moore 
thinks  his  devotion  was  more  imaginary 
than  real.  In  a  letter  to  his  mother,  his 
lordship  says  he  "  finds  her  IFlorenceli 
very  pretty,  very  accomplished,  and  ex- 
tremely eccentric." 

Thou  mayst  find  a  new  Calypso  there. 
Sweet  Florence,  could  another  ever  share 
This  wayward,  loveless  heart,  it  would  be  thine. 

Byron,  Childe  Harold,  ii.  30  (1810). 

Florence  {The  German),  Dresden,  also 
called  "  The  Florence  of  the  North." 

Florent  or  Florentius,  a  knight  who 
promised  to  marry  a  deformed  and  ugly 
hag,  who  taught  him  the  solution  of  a 
riddle. — Gower,  Confessio  Ainantis,  i. 
(1393). 

"  The  Wife  of  Bath's  Tale,"  in  Chau- 
cer's Canterbury  Tales,  is  the  same  story. 
The  ugly  old  hag  becomes  converted 
into  a  beautiful  j'oung  princess,  and 
"Florent"  is  called  "one  of  Arthur's 
kni^'hts"  a388). 

Florentine  Diamond  {The),  the 
fourth  largest  cut  diamond  in  the  world. 


It  weighs  1395  carats,  and  was  the  largest 
dianiond  belonging  to  Charles  "the 
Bold,"  duke  of  Burgundy.  It  was  picked 
up  by  a  Swiss  peasant,  who  sold  it  to  a 
priest  for  half  a  crown.  The  priest  sold 
it  for  £200,  to  Bartholomew  May  of  Berne. 
It  subsequently  came  into  the  hands  of 
pope  Julius  II.,  and  the  pope  gave  it  to 
the  emperor  of  Austria.    (See  Dl.\monds.) 

Flores  or  Isle  of  Flowers,  one  of 
the  Azores  (2  syl.).  It  was  discovered  in 
1439  by  Vanderberg,  and  is  especially 
celebrated  because  it  was  near  this  isle  that 
sir  Richard  Grenville,  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  fought  his  famous  sea-fight. 
He  had  only  one  ship  with  a  hundred 
men,  and  was  opposed  by  the  Spanish  fleet 
of  fifty-three  men-of-war.  For  some  hours 
victory  was  doubtful,  and  when  sir 
Richard  was  severely  wounded,  he 
wanted  to  sink  the  ship ;  but  the  Spaniards 
boarded  it,  complimented  him  on  his 
heroic  conduct,  and  he  died.  As  the  ship 
{The  Revenge)  was  on  its  way  to  Spain, 
it  was  wrecked,  and  went  to  the  bottom, 
so  it  never  reached  Spain  after  all. 
Tennyson  has  a  poem  on  the  subject 
(1878). 

Flo' res  (2  syl.),thQ  lover  of  Blanchefleur. 
— Boccaccio,'  //  Filocopo  (1340). 

*^;*  Boccaccio  has  repeated  the  tale  ini 
his  Decameron,  x.  5  (1352),  in  whichJ 
Flores  is  called  "  Ansaldo,"  and  Blanche-*] 
fleur  "Diano'ra."  Flores  and  Blanche-.] 
fleur,  before  Boccaccio's  time,  were  notedj 
lovers,  and  are  mentioned  as  early  a1 
1288  by  i\Iatfres  Eymengau  de  Bezers,  iill 
his  Brcviari  d^Amor. 

Chaucer  has  taken  the  same  story 
the   basis  of  the  FrankeleirCs  Tale,  and 
Bojardohas  introduced  it  as  an  episode  ii 
his  Orlando  Innamorato,  where  the  lovei 
is  "Prasildo"  and  the  lady  "Tisbina. 
(See  Prasildo.) 

The  chroniclers!  of  Charlemagne, 
Of  Merlin,  and  the  Mort  d'Anhure, 
Mingled  together  in  his  brain. 
With  tales  of  Flores  and  Blanchefleur. 

Longfellow. 

FloresTdi  {Count),  a  Pole,  in  lov<i 
with  princess  Lodois'ka  (4  syl.).  At  th< 
opening  of  the  play  he  is  travelling  with 
his  servant  Varbel  to  discover  where  the 
princess  has  been  placed  by  her  father 
during  the  war.  He  fails  in  with  the 
Tartar  chief  Kera  Khan,  whom  he  over- 
powers in  fight,  but  spares  his  life,  and 
thus  makes  him  his  friend.  Floreski 
finds  the  princess  in  the  castle  of  baron 
Lovinski,  who  keeps  her  a  virtual  prisoner, 
but  the  castle  being  stormed  hy  the  Tar-? 


i 


FLOREZ. 


341 


FLORINDA. 


tars,  the  baron  is  slain,  and  the  princess 
marries  the  count. — J.  P.   Kemble.  Lo- 

doiska. 

Flo'rez,  son  of  Gerrard  king  of  the 
beggars.  He  assumes  the  name  of  Gos- 
win,  and  becomes,  in  Bruges,  a  wealthy 
merchant.  His  mistress  is  Bertha,  the 
supposed  daughter  of  Vandunke  the 
burgomaster. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Flor'ian,  "  the  foundling  of  the 
forest,"  discovered  in  infancy  by  the 
count  De  Valmont,  and  adopted  as  his 
own  son.  Florian  is  light-hearted  and 
volatile,  but  with  deep  affection,  very 
brave,  and  the  delight  of  all  who  know 
him.  He  is  betrothed  to  his  cousin,  lady 
Geraldine,  a  ward  of  count  De  Val- 
mont.— W.  Dimond,  Tlie  Foundluij  of  the 
Forest. 

Plor'imel  "the  Fair,"  courted  by 
sir  Sat'yrane,  sir  Per'idure,  and  sir  Cal'i- 
dore  (each  3  sgt.),  but  she  herself  "loved 
none  but  Mar'inel,"  who  cared  not  for  her. 
When  Marinel  was  overthrown  by  Brito- 
mart  and  was  reported  to  be  dead,  Flori- 
mel  resolved  to  search  into  the  truth  of 
this  rumour.  In  her  wanderings,  she 
came  weary  to  the  hut  of  a  hag,  but  when 
Bhe  left  the  hut  the  hag  sent  a  savage 
monster  to  bring  her  back.  Florimel, 
however,  jumped  into  a  boat  and  escaped, 
but  fell  into  the  hands  of  Proteus  (2  sgL), 
•who  kept  her  in  a  dungeon  "  deep  in  the 
bottom  of  a  huge  great  rock."  One  day, 
Marinel  and  his  mother  went  to  a  banquet 
given  by  Proteus  to  the  sea-gods ;  and 
as  Marinel  was  loitering  about,  he  heard 
the  captive  bemoaning  her  hard  fate,  and 
all  "for  love  of  Marinel."  His  heart 
was  touched ;  he  resolved  to  release  the 
prisoner,  and  obtained  from  his  mother 
a  warrant  of  release,  signed  by  Neptune 
himself.  Proteus  did  not  dare  to  dis- 
obey ;  the  lad}'  was  released,  and  became 
the  happy  bride  of  her  liberator. — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  in.  4,  8,  and  iv.  11, 12  (1590, 
1596). 

***  The  name  Florimel  means  "honey- 
flower." 

Florimel  {The  False),  made  by  a  witch 
of  Riphae'an  snow  and  virgin  wax,  with 
an  infusion  of  vermilion.  Two  burning 
lamps  in  silver  sockets  served  for  eyes, 
fine  gold  wire  for  locks,  and  for  souf  "  a 
sprite  that  had  fallen  from  heaven." 
Braggadoccio,  seeing  this  false  Florimel, 
carried  "her"  off  as  the  veritable  Flori- 
mel; but  when  he  waa  stripped  of  his 


borrowed  plumes,  this  waxen  Florimel 
vanished  into  thin  air,  leaving  nothing 
behind  except  the  "golden  girdle  that 
was  about  her  waist." — Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  iii.  8,  and  v.  3  (1590,  1596). 

Florimel's  G-irdle,  a  girdle  which 
gave  to  those  who  wore  it,  "  the  virtue  of 
chaste  love  and  wifehood  true  ;  "  if  any 
woman  not  chaste  or  faithful  put  it  on, 
it  immediately  "loosed  or  tore  asunder." 
It  was  once  the  cestus  of  Venus,  but 
when  that  queen  of  beauty  wanfoned  with 
Mars,  it  fell  off  and  was  left  on  the  "Aci- 
dalian  mount." — Spenser,  Faery  Queen. 
iv.  2  (1596). 

One  day,  sir  Cambel,  sir  Triamond,  sir 
Paridel,  sir  Blandamour,  and  sir  Ferra- 
mont  agreed  to  give  Florimel's  girdle  to 
the  most  beautiful  lady ;  Avhen  the  pre- 
vious question  was  moved,  "Who  was  the 
most  beautiful  ?  "  Of  course,  each  knight, 
as  in  duty  bound,  adjudged  his  own  lady 
to  be  the  paragon  of  women,  till  the 
witch's  image  of  snow  and  wax,  made  to 
represent  Florimel,  was  produced,  when 
all  agreed  that  it  was  without  a  peer, 
and  so  the  girdle  was  handed  to  "the 
false  Florimel."  On  trying  it  on,  however, 
it  would  in  no  wise  fit  her  ;  and  when  by 
dint  of  pains  it  was  at  length  fastened,  it 
instantly  loosened  and  fell  to  the  ground. 
It  would  lit  Amoret  exactly,  and  of  course 
Florimel,  but  not  the  witch's  thing  of 
snow  and  wax. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
iv.  5  (1596). 

*^*  Morgan  la  Fe'e  sent  king  Arthur 
a  /torn,  out  of  which  no  lady  could  drink 
"who  was  not  to  herself  or  to  her  husband 
true."  Ariosto's  enchanted  cup  possessed 
a  similar  spell. 

A  boy  showed  king  Arthur  a  mantle 
which  no  wife  not  leal  could  wear.  If 
any  unchaste  wife  or  maiden  put  it  on, 
it  would  either  go  to  shreds  or  refuse  to 
drape  decorously. 

At  Ephesus  was  a  grotto  containing  a 
statue  of  Diana.  li  a  chaste  wife  or 
maiden  entered,  a  reed  there  (presented  by 
Pan)  gave  forth  most  melodious  sounds  ; 
but  if  the  unfaithful  or  unchaste  entered, 
its  sounds  were  harsh  and  discordant. 

Alasnam's  mirror  remained  unsullied 
when  it  reflected  the  unsullied,  but  be- 
came dull  when  the  unchaste  stood  before 
it.     (See  Caradoc,  p.  160.) 

Florin'da,  daughter  of  count  Julian 
one  of  the  high  lords  in  the  Gothic  court 
of  Spain.  She  was  violated  by  king 
Roderick  ;  and  the  count,  in  his  indigna 
tion,  renouaceo  the  Christian  religion  and 


FLORIPES. 


342 


FLOWERS. 


called  over  the  Moors,  who  came  to  Spain 
in  large  numbers  and  drove  Roderick 
from  the  throne.  Orpas,  the  renegade 
archbishop  of  Sev'ille,  asked  Florinda  to 
become  his  bride,  but  she  shuddered  at 
the  thought.  Roderick,  in  the  guise  of  a 
priest,  reclaimed  count  Julian  as  he  was 
dying,  and  as  Florinda  rose  from  the 
fdead  body  : 

1  Her  cheek  was  flushed,  and  in  her  eyes  there  beamed 
A  wilder  brightness.    On  the  Goth  [/ioderick]  she  gazed, 
I  While  underueaih  the  emotions  of  that  hour 
Exhausted  lifcwgave  way.  .  .  .  Bound  his  neck  she  threw 
Her  arms,  and  cried,  "  My  Roderick ;  mine  in  heaven  I  ** 
Groaning:  he  claspt  her  dose,  and  in  that  act 
And  agony  her  ha;>py  spirit  fled. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xxiv.  (1814). 

Flo'ripes  (3  syl.),  sister  of  sir  Fiera- 
bras  \_Fe.a' .ra.br all],  daughter  of  Laban, 
and  wife  of  Guy  the  nephew  of  Charle- 
magne. 

Florisan'do  {Tlie  Exploits  and  Ad- 
ventures of),  part  of  the  series  of  Le 
limnan  des  Romans,  or  those  pertaining  to 
Am'adis  of  Gaul.  This  part  (from 
bk.  vi.  to  xiv.)  was  added  by  Paez  de 
Eibera. 

Florise  {The  lady),  attendant  on 
queen  Berengaria. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Flor'isel  of  Nice'a  {The  Exploits 
and  Adventures  of),  part  of  the  series 
called  Le  Roman  des  Romans,  pertaining 
to  Am'adis  of  Gaul.  This  part  was  added 
by  Feliciano  de  Silva. 

Flor'ismart,  one  of  Charlemagne's 
paladins,  and  the  bosom  friend  of  Roland. 

Florival  {Mdlle.),  daughter  of  a 
French  physician  in  Belleisle.  She  fell 
in  love  with  major  Belford,  while  nursing 
him  in  her  father's  house  during  a  period 
of  sickness.  Her  marriage,  however,  was 
deferred,  from  the  great  aversion  of  the 
major's  father  to  the  French,  and  he 
went  to  Havannah.  In  due  time  he  re- 
turned to  England  and  colonel  Tamper 
with  him.  Now,  colonel  Tamper  was  in 
love  with  Emily,  and,  wishing  to  try  tlie 
strength  of  her  affection,  pretended  to  be 
severely  mutilated  in  the  wars.  Florival 
was  a  guest  of  Emily  at  the  time,  and, 
being  apprised  of  the  trick,  resolved  to 
turn  the  tables  on  the  colonel,  so  when 
he  entered  the  room  as  a  maimed  soldier, 
he  found  there  Florival,  dressed  as  an 
officer,  and,  under  the  name  of  captain 
Johnson,  Hirting  most  desperately  with 
Emily.  The  colonel  was  mad  with 
jealousy,  but  in  the  very  whirlwind  of 
his  rage,  major  Belford  recognized  INIdllo. 
Florival,  saw  through  the  trick,  and  after 


a  hearty  good  laugh  at  the  colonel,  all 
ended  happily. — Colman,  sen.,  Jlie  Dettce 
is  in  ///m(l7G2). 

Flor'izel,  son  of  Polixenes  king  of 
Boliemia.  In  a  hunting  expedition,  he 
saw  Perdita  (the  supposed  daughter  of  a 
shepherd),  fell  in  love  ^nth  her,  and 
courted  her  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Dor'icles.  Ihe  king  tracked  his  son  to 
the  shepherd's  house,  and  told  Perdita  that 
if  she  gave  countenance  to  this  foolery 
he  would  order  her  and  the  shepherd  to 
be  put  to  death.  Florizel  and  Perdita  tlicn 
fled  from  Bohemia,  and  took  refuge  m 
Sicily.  Being  brought  to  the  cour;  of 
king  Leontes,  it  soon  became  manifest 
that  Perdita  was  the  king's  daughter. 
Polixenes,  in  the  mean  time,  had  tracked 
his  son  to  Sicily,  but  when  he  was  in- 
formed that  Perdita  was  the  king's  daugh- 
ter, his  objection  to  the  marriage  ceased, 
and  Perdita  became  the  happy  bride  of 
prince  Florizel. — Shakespeare,  The  Win- 
ter's Tale  (1604). 

Florizel,  the  name  assumed  by  George 
IV.  in  his  correspondence  with  Mrs. 
Robinson  (actress  and  poetess),  generally 
known  as  Per'dita,  that  being  the  cha- 
racter in  which  she  first  attracted  his 
attention  when  prince  of  Wales. 

*^*  George  IV.  was  generally  nick- 
named "prince  Florizel." 

Flower  of  Chivalry,  sir  William 
Douglas,  knight  of  Liddesdale  (*-135o). 
Sir  Philip  Sidney,  statesman,  poet,  and 
soldier,  was  also  called  "The  Flower  of 
Chivalry"  (1554-1586).  So  was  the 
Chevalier  de  Bayard,  le  Chevalier  sans 
Peur  et  sans  Reproche  (1476-1524). 

Flower  of  Kings.  Arthur  is  so 
called  by  John  of  Exeter  (sixth  century). 

Flower  of  Poets,  Geoffrey  Chaucer 
(1328-1400). 

Flower  of  the  Levant'.  ZantO  is 
so  called  from  its  great  beauty  and  fer- 
tility. 

Zante  I  Zante !  flor  di  Levanti. 

Flower  of  Yarrow  {The),  Mary 
Scott,  daughter  of  sir  William  Scott  of 
Harden. 

Flowers  {Lovers')  are  stated  bj*  Spen- 
ser, in  his  Shephearde's  Calendar,  to  l)e 
"the  p-arpie  columbine,  gilliflowers,  car- 
natirms,  and  sops  in  wine"  ("April"). 

In  the  "language  of  flowers,"  colwn- 
bine  signifies  ^^foUy,''  gilliflowers  "bonds 
of  love,"  carnations  "pure  love,"  and 


FLOWER  SERMON. 


343 


FOLAIR. 


tops  of  wine  (one  of  the  carnation  family) 
•*  woman's  love." 

Bring  hither  the  pinke,  and  purple  collumblne, 

Withgilliflowers; 
Brin^;  coronations,  and  sops  in  wine, 

Worne  of  paramours. 
Spenser,  The  ShejAearde't  Calendar  ("  April,"  1579). 

Flower  Sermon,  a  sermon  preached 
every  Whit  Monday  in  St.  Gather:  v. 
Cree.  On  this  occasion  each  of  the  con- 
gregation carries  a  bunch  of  flowers,  and 
a  bunch  of  flowers  is  also  laid  on  the 
pulpit  cushion.  The  Flower  Sermon  is 
not  now  limited  to  St.  Catherine  Cree, 
other  churches  have  adopted  the  custom. 

Flowerdalo  {Sir  John),  father  of 
Clarissa,  and  the  neighbour  of  colonel 
Oldboy. — Bickerstaff,  Lionel  and  Clarissa. 

Flowered  Robes.  In  ancient  Greece 
to  say  "a  woman  wore  flowered  robes" 
was  the  same  as  to  say  she  was  a  file 
publique.  Solon  made  it  a  law  that 
virtuous  women  should  appear  in  simple 
and  modest  apparel,  but  that  harlots 
should  always  dress  in  gay  and  flowered 
robes. 

As  fugitive  slaves  are  Icnown  by  their  stigmata,  so 
flowered  garments  indicate  one  of  tli<s  demi-monde 
[noixaKida]. — Clemens  of  Alexandria. 

Flowery  Kingdom  (The),  China. 
The  Chinese  call  their  kingdom  Hwa 
Kwoh,  which  means  "The  Flowery  King- 
dom," i.e.  the  flower  of  kingdoms. 

Fluellen,  a  Welsh  captain  and  great 
pedant,  who,  amongst  other  learned  quid- 
dities, drew  this  parallel  between  Henry  V. 
and  Alexander  the  Great:  "One  was  bom 
in  Monmouth  and  the  other  in  !Macedon, 
both  which  places  begin  with  M,  and  in 
both  a  river  flowed." — Shakespeare,  Henry 
V.  act  iv.  sc.  7  (1599). 

Flur,  the  bride  of  Cassivelaun,  "  for 
whose  love  the  Roman  Caesar  first  invaded 
Britain." — Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the  King 
("Enid"). 

Flute  ( Tlie  Magic),  a  flute  which  has 
the  power  of  inspiring  love.  When  given 
by  the  powers  of  darkness,  the  love  it  in- 
spires is  sensual  love  ;  but  when  bestowed 
by  the  powers  of  light,  it  becomes  sub- 
servient to  the  very  holiest  ends.  In  the 
opera  called  Die  Zatiberflote,  Tami'no  and 
Pami'na  are  guided  by  it  through  all 
.worldly  dangers  to  the  knowledge  of 
divine  truth  (or  the  mysteries  of  Isis). — 
Mozart,  Die  Zavberflote  (1791). 

Flutter,  a  gossip,  fond  of  telling  a 
good  story,  but,  unhappily,  unable  to  do 
so  without  a  blunder.    "A  good-natured, 


insignificant  creature,  admitted  every- 
where, but  cared  for  nowhere"  (act  i.  3). 
— Mrs.  Cowley,  The  Belle's  Stratagem 
(1780). 

Fly-gods,  Beelzebub,  a  god  of  the 
Philistines,  supposed  to  ward  off  flies. 
Achor  was  worshipped  by  the  Cyreneans 
for  a  similar  object.  Zeus  Apomy'ios  was 
the  fly-god  of  the  Greeks. 

On  the  east  side  of  your  shop,  aloft. 
Write  Mathlai,  Tarmael,  and  Barab'orat ; 
Upon  the  north  part,  R;iel,  Velel,  Thiel. 
They  are  the  names  of  those  mercurial  sprites 
That  do  fright  flies  from  boxes. 

B.  Johnson,  The  AlchemUt,  I  (1610). 

Flying  Dutchman  (The),  a  phan- 
tom ship,  seen  in  stormy  weather  off  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  thought  to  fore- 
bode ill  luck.  The  legend  is  that  it  was 
a  vessel  laden  with  precious  metal,  but  a 
horrible  murder  having  been  committed 
on  board,  the  plague  broke  out  among 
the  crew,  and  no  port  would  allow  the 
ship  to  enter,  so  it  was  doomed  to  float 
about  like  a  ghost,  and  never  to  enjov 
rest.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

*^*  Another  legend  is  that  a  Dutch 
captain,  homeward  bound,  met  with  long- 
continued  head  winds  off  the  Cape,  but 
swore  he  would  double  the  Cape  and  not 
put  back,  if  he  strove  till  the  day  of  doom. 
He  was  taken  at  his  word,  and  there  he 
still  beats,  but  never  succeeds  in  rounding 
the  point. 

(Captain  Marryat  has  a  novel  founded 
on  this  legend,  called  I'he  Phantom  S/tip, 
183(5.) 

Flying  Highwayman,  Williaen 
Harrow,  who  leaped  his  horse  over  turn- 
pike gates  as  if  it  had  been  furnished 
with  wings.     He  was  executed  in  17G3. 

Flyter  (Mrs.),  landlady  of  the  lodg- 
ings occupied  by  Frank  Osbaldistone  in 
Glasgow. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Hob  Hoy  (time, 
George  I.). 

Foible,  the  intriguing  lady's-maid  of 
lady  Wishfort,  and  married  to  Waitwell 
(lackey  of  Edward  Mirabell).  She  inter- 
lards her  remarks  with  "says  he,"  "be 
says  says  he,"  "  she  says  says  she," 
etc. — W.  Congreve,  The  Way  of  tiie 
World  (1700). 

Foi'gard  (Father),  one  of  a  gang 
of  thieves.  He  pretends  to  be  a  French 
priest,  but  "  his  French  shows  him  to  be 
English,  and  his  English  shows  him  to 
be  Irish." — Farquhar,  Tlie  Beaux'  Strata- 
gem (1705). 

Folair'  (2  syl.),  a  pantomimist  at  the 
Portsmouth  Theatre,  under  the  manage- 


FOLDATH. 


844 


ment    of    Mr.   Vincent    Crummies. — C. 
Dickens,  Nicholas  Nicklehxj  (1838). 

Foldath,  general  of  the  Fir-bolg  or 
Iklgse  in  the  south  of  Ireland.  In  the 
epic  called  Tem'ora,  Cathmor  is  the  "lord 
of  Atha,"  and  Foldath  is  his  general. 
He  is  a  good  specimen  of  the  savage 
chieftain :  bold  and  daring,  but  pre- 
sumptuous, overbearing,  and  cruel.  "His 
stride  is  haughty,  and  his  red  eye  rolls  in 
wrath."  He  looks  with  scorn  on  Hidalla, 
a  humane  and  gentle  officer  in  the  same 
army,  for  his  delight  is  strife,  and  he 
exults  over  the  fallen.  In  counsel  Fol- 
dath is  imperious,  and  contemptuous  to 
those  who  differ  from  him.  Unrelenting 
in  revenge  ;  and  even  when  he  falls  with 
his  death-wound,  dealt  by  Fillan  the  son 
of  Fingal,  he  feels  a  sort  of  pleasure  that 
his  ghost  would  hover  in  the  blast,  and 
exult  over  the  graves  of  his  enemies. 
Foldath  had  one  child,  a  daughter,  the 
blue-eyed  Dardu-Le'na,  the  last  of  the 
race.— Ossian,  Temora. 

Follies  of  a  Day,  a  comedy  by 
Holcroft  (1745-1809). 

IPon'dle'wlfe,  an  uxorious  banker. — 
Congreve,  The  Old  Bachelor  (1693). 

When  Mrs.  Jefferson  [1733-1776]  was  asked  In  what 
characters  she  excelled  the  most,  she  innocently  rerlied, 
"  In  old  men,  like  '  Fondlewife '  and  '  sir  Jealous  Traffic'  " 
— T.  Davies. 

***  "Sir  Jealous  Traffic"  is  in  The 
Busy  Body,  by  Mrs.  Centlivre. 

Fondlove  (Sir  William),  a  vain  old 
baronet  of  60,  who  fancies  himself  a 
schoolboy,  capable  of  playing  boyish 
games,  dancing,  or  doing  anything  that 
young  men  do.  "How  marvellously  I 
wear  !  What  signs  of  age  have  I  ?  I'm 
certainly  a  wonder  for  my  age.  I  walk 
as  well'as  ever.  Do  I  stoop?  Observe 
the  hollow  of  my  back.  As  now  I  stand, 
so  stood  I  when  a  child,  a  rosy,  chubby 
boy.  My  arm  is  firm  as  'twas  at  20. 
Oak,  oak,  isn't  it?  Think  you  my  leg 
is  shrunk? — not  in  the  calf  a  little? 
When  others  waste,  'tis  growing-time 
with  me.  Vigour,  sir,  vigour,  in  every 
joint.  Could  run,  could  leap.  Why 
shouldn't  I  marry  ?  "  So  thought  sir 
William  of  sir  William,  and  he  married 
the  Widow  Green,  a  buxom  dame  of  40 
summers. — S.  Knowles,  The  Love-Chase 
(1837). 

Pontainebleau  {Decree  of),  an  edict 
passed  by  Napoleon  I.,  ordering  all 
English  goods  wherever  found  to  be 
ruthlessly  burnt  (October  18,  1810). 


FOOLS,  JESTERS,  ETC. 

FontaraTjia,  now  called  Fuenter&bia 
(in  Latin  Fons  rapidus),  near  the  gulf  of 
Gascony.  Here  Charlemagne  and  all  his 
chivalry  fell  by  the  sword  of  the  "  Span- 
ish Saracens." — Mariana. 

*^*  Mezeray  says  that  the  rear  of  the 
king's  army  being  cut  off,  Charlemagne 
returned  and  obtained  a  brilliant  revenge. 

Fool.  James  I.  of  Great  Britain  was 
called  by  Henri  IV.  of  France,  "The 
Wisest  Fool  in  Christendom"  (1566- 
1625). 

Fool  [The),  in  the  ancient  morris-dance, 
represented  the  court  jester.  He  carried 
in  his  hand  a  yellow  bauble,  and  wore  on 
his  head  a  hood  with  ass's  ears,  the  top 
of  the  hood  rising  into  the  form  of  a 
cock's  neck  and  head,  with  a  belt  at  the 
extreme  end.  The  hood  was  blue  edged 
with  yellow  and  scalloped,  the  doublet 
red  edged  with  yellow,  the  girdle  yellow, 
the  hose  of  one  leg  yellow  and  of  the 
other  blue,  shoes  red.  (See  MoKuis- 
Dance.) 

Fools.  Pays  de  Fous.  Gheel,  in^ 
Belgium,  is  so  called,  because  it  has  ] 
been  for  many  years  the  Bedlam  oi\ 
Belgium. 

Battersea  is  also  a  pays  de  fous,  from] 
a  pun.  Simples  used  to  be  grown  there  i 
largely  for  the  London  apothecaries,  and 
hence  the  expression.  You  must  go  to 
Battersea  to  get  your  simples  cut. 

*^*  Bceotia  was  considered  by  the] 
At'.unians  the  pays  de  fous  of  Greece. 
Arcadia  was  also  a  folly-land ;  hence] 
Arcades  ambo  ("both  noodles  alike"). 

Fools,  Jesters,  and  Mirthmen.j 
Those  in  italics  were  mirthmen,  but  not] 
licensed  fools  or  jesters. 

Adelsburn  {Bur hard Kaspar),  jester  to  j 
George  I.  He  was  not  only  a  fun-makerJ 
but  also  a  ghostly  adviser  of  the  Hano-j 
verian. 

Aksakoff,  the  fool  of  czanna  Eliza-4 
beth  of  Russia  (mother  of  Peter  II.).  | 
He  was  a  stolid  brute,  fond  of  practical 
jokes. 

AxGELY  (Z.),  jester  to  Louis  XIV.,  am 
last  of  the  licensed  fools  of  France.     He! 
is  mentioned  by  Boileau  in  Satires  i.  and 
viii. 

Aopi  {Monsignore),  who  succeeded 
Soglia  as  the  merryman  of  pope  Gregory 
XVI. 

Armstrong  {Archie),  jester  in  tne 
courts  of  James  I.  and  Charles  I.  One 
of  the  characters  in  Scott's  novel  Th4 
Fortunes  of  Nigel.    Being  condemned  to 


III 


FOOLS,  JESTERS,  ETC. 


345 


FOOLS,  JESTERS,  ETC. 


death  by  king  James  for  sheep-stealing, 
Archie  implored  that  he  might  live  till 
he  had  read  his  Bible  through  for  his 
Boul's  weal.  This  was  granted,  and  Archie 
rejoined,  with  a  sly  look,  "Then  de'il  tak' 
me  'gin  I  ever  read  a  word  on't !  " 

Berdic,  "joculator"  to  William  the 
Conqueror.  Three  towns  and  five  cara- 
cutes  in  Gloucestershire  were  given  him 
by  the  king. 

Bluet  d'Aubekes  (seventeenth  cen- 
tury), fool  to  the  duke  of  Mantua. 
During  a  pestilence,  he  conceived  the  idea 
of  offering  his  life  as  a  ransom  for  his 
countrymen,  and  actually  starved  himself 
to  death  to  staj'  the  plague. 

Bonny  (Patrick),  jester  to  the  regent 
Morton. 

Boi^de  (Andrew),  usually  called 
♦'  Merry  Andrew,"  physician  to  Henry 
VIIL  (1500-1549). 

Bkusquet.  Of  this  court  fool  Bran- 
tome  savs :  "He  never  had  his  equal  in 
repartee"  (1512-1663). 

Caillet  (  Guillaume) ,  who  flourished  about 
1490.  His  likeness  is  given  in  the 
frontispiece  of  the  Ship  of  Fools  (1497). 

Chicot,  jester  of  Henri  III.  and  Henri 
IV.  Alexandre  Dumas  has  a  novel 
called  Chicot  the  Jester  (1553-1591). 

CoLQUHOUN  (Jemmy),  predecessor  of 
James  Geddes,  jester  in  the  court  of 
Mary  queen  of  Scots. 

Coryat,  "  prince  of  non-official  jesters 
and  coxcombs."  Kept  by  prince  Henry, 
brother  of  Charles  1. 

CouLON,  doctor  and  jester  to  Louis 
XVHI.  He  was  the  very  prince  of 
mimics.  He  sat  for  the  portraits  of 
ITiiers,  Mole',  and  comte  Joseph  de  Villele 
(died  1858). 

Da'gonet  (Sir),  jester  to  king  Arthur. 
He  was  knighted  by  the  king  himself. 

Derrie,  a  court  jester  to  James  I. 
Contemporary  with  Thom. 

Du  FRESNO Y,  poet,  playwright,  actor, 
gardener,  glass-manufacturer,  spend- 
thrift, wit,  and  honorary  fool  to  Louis 
XIV.  His  jests  are  the  "Joe  Millers" 
of  France.  ' 

Geddes  (James),  jester  in  the  court  of 
Mary  queen  of  Scots.  He  was  daft,  and 
followed  Jemmy  Colquhoun  in  the  motley. 

Glorieux  (Le),  jester  of  Charles  le 
JIardiot  Burgundy. 

GoNELLA,  domestic  jester  of  the  duke 
of  Ferrara,  His  jests  are  in  print. 
Gonella  used  to  ride  a  horse  all  skin 
and  bone,  which  is  spoken  of  in  Don 
Qw':cote. 

Hafod  (Jack),  a  retainer  in  the  hougg 


of  Mr.  Bartlett,  of  Castlcmorton,  Worces- 
tershire. He  died  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  has  given  birth 
to  the  expression  "  As  big  a  fool  as  Jack 
Hafod."  He  was  the  ultimus  scurrarum 
m  Great  Britain. 

Heywood  (John),  author  of  numerous 
dramatic  works  (1492-1565). 

Jean  (Seigni),  or  "  Old  John  ;  "  go 
called  to  distinguish  him  from  Jean  or 
Johan,  called  Le  Fol  de  Madam/;  (fl.  1380). 

JoHAN,  Le  Fol  de  Madame,  mentioned 
by  Marot  in  his  epitaphs. 

Johnson  (S.),  familiarly  known  as 
"lord  Flame,"  the  character  he  played 
in  his  own  extravaganza  of  Jlurlo- 
Thrumho  (1729). 

Kgaw  (General),  a  Saxon  general, 
famous  for  his  broad  jests. 

KiLLiGREW  (Thomas),  called  "king 
Charles's  jester"  (1611-1682). 

LoNGELY,  jester  to  Louis  XIII. 

Narr  (Klaus),  jester  to  Frederick 
"the  Wise,"  elector  of  Pnissia. 

Pace. 

Patch,  court  fool  of  Elizabeth  wife 
of  Henry  VII. 

Patche,  cardinal  Wolsey's  jester. 
The  cardinal  made  Henry  VI II.  a  pre- 
sent of  this  "  wise  fool,"  and  the  king 
returned  word  that  "  the  gift  was  a  most 
acceptable  one." 

Patison,  licensed  jester  to  sir  Thomas 
More.  He  is  introduced  by  Hans  Hol- 
bein in  his  famous  picture  of  the  lord 
chancellor. 

Paul  (Jacob),  baron  Gundling.  This 
merryman  was  laden  with  titles  in  ridi- 
cule by  Frederick  William  I.  of  Prussia. 

Pearce  (Dickie),  fool  of  the  earl  of 
Suffolk.  Dean  Swift  wrote  an  epitaph 
on  him. 

Rayere,  court  jester  to  Henry  I.  of 
England. 

Rosen  (Kunz  von  der),  private  jester 
to  the  emperor  Maximilian  I. 

ScoGAN,  court  jester  to  Edward  IV. 

SoGLTA  (Cardinal),  the  fun-maker  of 
pope  Gregory  XVI.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Aopi. 

SoMERS  (  Will),  court  jester  to  Henry 
VIII.  The  effigy  of  this  jester  is  at 
Hampton  Court.  And  in  Old  Fish  Street 
was  once  a  public-house  culled  Will 
Somers's  tavern  (1490-1560). 

Stehlin  (Professor),  in  the  household 
of  czarina  Elizabeth  of  Russia.  He  was 
teacher  of  mathematics  and  history  to 
the  grand-duke  (Peter  II.),  and  was  also 
his  licensed  buffoon. 

Tarleton  (Richard),  the  famous  clowo 


FOOLS'  PARADISE. 


346 


FOPPINGTON. 


and  jester  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth, 
but  not  attached  either  to  the  court  or  to 
any  nobleman  (1530-1588). 

Thom,  one  of  the  court  jesters  of 
James  I.     Contemporary  with  Derrie. 

Tbiroulet,  court  jester  to  Louis  XII. 
and  Fran9ois  I.  (1487-1536).  Licinio, 
the  rival  of  Titian,  took  his  likeness, 
which  is  still  extant. 

Wai.lktt  {W.  F.),  court  jester  to 
queen  Victoria.  He  styles  himself  "the 
queen's  jester,"  but  doubtlessly  has  no 
warrant  for  the  title  from  the  lord  cham- 
berlain. 

Walter,  jester  to  queen  Elizabeth. 

Will,  "  my  lord  of  Leicester's  jesting 
player;"  but  who  this  "Will"  was  is 
not  known.  It  might  be  Will  Johnson, 
Will  Sly,  Will  Kimpe,  or  even  Will 
Shakespeare. 

YoRiCK,  jester  in  the  court  of  Den- 
mark. Referred  to  by  Shakespeare  in 
his  Hamlet,  act  v.  sc.  1. 

(Dr.  Doran  published  The  History  of 
Court  Fools,  in  1858.) 

Fools'  Paradise,  unlawful  plea- 
sure ;  illicit  love ;  vain  hopes ;  the 
limbus  fatuorum  or  paradise  of  idiots 
and  fools. 

If  ye  should  lesid  her  into  a  fool's  paradise,  It  were  a 
gross  .  .  .  behaviour. — Shakespeare,  Ilomeo  and  Juliet, 
act  iL  EC.  4  (1597). 

Foot.  The  foot  of  the  Arab  is  noted 
for  its  arch,  and  hence  Tennyson  speaks 
of  the  "  delicate  Arab  arch  of  [Maud's'] 
feet." — Maud,  xvi.  1. 

Foot-breadth,  the  sword  of  Thoralf 
Skolinson  "the  Strong"  of  Norway. 

Quern-biter  of  Hakon  the  Good, 
Wherewith  at  a  stroke  he  hewed 

The  niillstone  thro*  and  thro" ; 
And  Foot-breadth- of  Thoralf  "  the  Strong!  "— 
Were  not  so  broad,  nor  yet  so  long. 

Nor  was  their  edge  so  true. 

Longfellow. 

Fopling  Flutter  {Sir),  "  the  man 
of  mode,"  and  chief  character  of  a 
comedy  by  sir  George  Etherege,  entitled 
Tfie  Man  of  Mode  or  Sir  Fopling  Flutter 
(1676). 

Foppery.  Vespasian  the  Roman 
emperor  had  a  contempt  for  foppery. 
When  certain  young  noblemen  came  to 
him  smelling  of  perfumes,  he  said  to 
them,  "  You  would  have  pleased  me 
more  if  you  had  smelt  of  garlic." 

Charlemagne  had  a  similar  contempt 
of  foppery.  One  day,  when  he  was 
hunting,  the  rain  poured  down  in  tor- 
rents, and  the  fine  furs  and  silks  of  ^his 
suite  were  utterly  spoilt.    The  king  took 


this  occasion  to  rebuke  the  court  beaax 
for  their  vanity  in  dress,  and  advised 
them  in  future  to  adopt  garments  more 
simple  and  more  serviceable. 

Foppington  {Lord),  an  empty- 
headed  coxcomb,  intent  only  on  dress 
and  fashion.  His  favourite  oaths,  which 
he  brings  out  with  a  drawl,  are  :  "  Strike 
me  dumb  !  "  "  Split  my  windpipe ! "  and 
so  on.  When  he  loses  his  mistress,  he 
consoles  himself  with  this  reflection : 
"Now,  for  my  part,  I  think  the  wisest 
thing  a  man  can  do  with  an  aching  heart 
is  to  put  on  a  serene  countenance ;  for  a 
philosophical  air  is  the  most  becoming 
thing  in  the  world  to  the  face  of  a  person 
of  quality." — Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  The 
Relapse  (1697). 

The  shoemaker  In  The  Relapte  tells  lord  Popping? 
ton  that  his  lordsl)ip  is  mistaken  in  supposing  tiiat  bb 
shoe  pinches.— Macaulay. 

Foppington  {Lord),  a  young  marri( 
man  about  town,  most  intent  upon  drea 
and  fashion,  whose  whole  life  is  cou'^ 
sumed  in  the  follies  of  play  and  seduc 
tion.  His  favourite  oaths  are:  "  Sur 
burn  me  !  "  "  Curse,  catch  me  !  "  "  Staj 
my  breath!"  "Let  me  blood!"  "  Ri 
me  through  !  "  "  Strike  me  stupid  ! ! 
"  Knock  me  down  !  "  He  is  reckom 
the  king  of  all  court  fops. — Colley  Cil 
ber,  The  Careless  Husband  (1704). 

Macklin  says:  "Nature  formed  Colley  Cibber  for 
coxcomb  .  ,  .  and  his  predominant  tendency  was  to  I 
considered  among  men  as  a  leader  of  fashion,  ar 
among  women  as  a  beau  garfon.  Hence  .  .  .  his  '  lo 
Foppington '  was  a  model  for  dress,  and  that  haut 
and  nonclialance  which  distinguished  the  superior 
combs  of  that  day."— Percy,  Anecdotet. 

Foppington  {Lord),  elder  brother  o| 
Tom  Fashion.  A  selfish  coxcomb,  en* 
gaged  to  be  married  to  Miss  Hoyden 
daughter  of  sir  Tunbelly  Clumsy, 
whom  he  is  personally  unknown.  Hit 
brother  Tom,  to  whom  he  did  not  behavi 
well,  resolved  to  outwit  him  ;  and  pass-j 
ing  himself  oif  as  lord  Foppington,  gc* 
introduced  to  the  family,  and  marrie 
the  heiress.  When  his  lordship  appeared 
he  was  treated  as  an  impostor,  till  Tot 
explained  his  ruse  ;  and  sir  Tunbelly, 
being  snubbed  by  the  coxcomb,  was  soon 
brought  to  acquiesce  in  the  change,  and 
gave  his  hand  to  his  new  son-in-law  with 
cordiality.  The  favourite  oaths  of  lord 
Foppington  are:  "Strike  me  dumb!" 
"  Strike  me  ugly  !  "  "  Stap  my  vitals  !  " 
"  Split  my  windpipe  !  "  "  Rat  me  !  " 
etc. ;  and,  in  speaking,  his  affectation  is 
to  change  the  vowel  "o"  into  a,  as  rat, 
naw,  resolve,  waurld,  ardercd,  mautkf 
paund,  maunth,  lang,  philasap/ier,  tartut«, 


FORD. 


347 


FORGERIES 


and  BO  on. — Sheridan,  A  Trip  to  Scar- 
borough (1777). 

♦^*  This  comedy  is  The  Belapse, 
slightly  altered  and  curtailed. 

Ford,  a  gentleman  of  fortune  living 
at  Windsor.  He  assumes  the  name  of 
Brook,  and  being  introduced  to  sir  John 
Falstaff,  the  knight  informs  him  "  of 
his  whole  course  of  wooing,"  and  how  at 
one  time  he  eluded  Mrs.  Ford's  jealous 
husband  by  being  carried  out  before  his 
eyes  in  a  buck-basket  of  dirty  linen. — 
Act  iii.  sc.  6. 

Mrs.  Ford,  wife  of  Mr.  Ford.  Sir 
John  Falstaff  pays  court  to  her,  and  she 
pretends  to  accept  his  protestations  of 
love,  in  order  to  expose  and  punish  him. 
Her  husband  assumes  for  the  nonce  the 
name  of  Brook,  and  sir  John  tells  him 
from  time  to  time  the  progress  of  his 
suit,  and  how  he  succeeds  in  duping  her 
fool  of  a  husband. — Shakespeare,  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor  (1596). 

Forde'lis  (3  syL),  wife  of  Bran'di- 
mart  (Orlando's  intimate  friend).  When 
Brandimart  was  slain,  Fordelis  dwelt  for 
a  time  in  his  sepulchre  in  Sicily,  and 
died  broken-hearted.  (See  Fourdelis.) — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Forehead.  A  high  forehead  was  at 
one  time  deemed  a  mark  of  beauty  in 
women ;  hence  Felice,  the  wife  of  Guy  of 
Warwick,  is  described  as  having  "  the 
same  high  forehead  as  Venus." — History 
of  Guy  of  Warwick. 

Fore'sight  (2  syl.),  a  mad,  super- 
stitious old  man,  who  "consulted  the 
stars,  and  believed  in  omens,  portents, 
and  predictions."  He  referred  "  marfs 
goatish  disposition  to  the  charge  of  a 
star,"  and  says  he  himself  was  "bom 
when  the  Crab  was  ascen^gpl  so  that  all 
his  affairs  in  life  have  gone  backwards." 

I  know  the  signs,  and  the  planets,  and  their  houses ; 
can  judge  of  motions,  di?ect  and  retrograde,  of  sextiles, 
quadrates,  trines,  and  oppositions,  tiery  trigons  and 
aquatic  trigons.  Know  whetlier  life  shall  be  long  or 
short,  happy  or  unhappy  ;  whether  diseases  are  curable  or 
inctuable ;  if  journeys  shall  be  prosperous,  undertakings 
successful,  or  stolen  goods  recovered. — H.  Oongreve,  Love 
for  Love,  ii.  (1695). 

Forester  {Sir  Philip),  a  libertine 
knight.  He  goes  in  disguise  to  lady 
Bothwell's  ball  on  his  return  from  the 
Continent,  but,  being  recognized,  decamps. 

Lady  Jemima  Forester,  wife  of  sir 
Philip,  who  goes  with  her  sister  lady 
Bothwell  to  consult  "the  enchanted 
mirror,"  in  which  they  discover  the  clan- 
destine marriage  and  infidelity  of  sir 
Philip.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Aunt  Margaret's 
Mirror  (time,  William  III.). 


Forgeries  {Literary). 

Bertram  {C.  Julius),  professor  of 
English  at  Copenhagen,  professed  to  have 
discovered,  in  1747,  the  De  Situ  Britannice 
of  Richardus  Corinensis,  in  the  library  of 
that  city ;  and  in  1757  he  published  it 
with  two  other  treatises,  calling  the  whole 
The  Three  Writers  on  the  Ancient  History 
of  the  British  Nations  (better  known  as 
Scriptores  Tres).  His  forgery  was  ex- 
posed by  J.  E.  Mayor,  in  his  preface 
to  Jiicardi  de  Cirencestria  Speculum  His- 
toriale. 

Chatterton  {Thomxis),  in  1777,  pub- 
lished certain  poems,  which  he  affirmed 
were  written  in  the  fifteenth  century  by^ 
Thomas    Rowley,   a    monk.     The    poets 
Gray  and  Mason  detected  the  forgerj> 

His  other  literary  forgeries  were:  (1) 
The  Pedigree  of  Burgum  (a  Bristol  pew- 
terer),  professed  to  have  been  discovered 
in  the  muniment-room  of  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Redcliffe.  He  accordingly 
printed  a  history  of  the  "  De  Bergham" 
family,  with  a  poem  called  The  Eo~ 
maunt  of  the  Cnyghte,  by  John  de 
Bergham  (fourteenth  century).  (2)  A 
forged  account  of  the  opening  of  the  old 
bridge,  signed  "  Dunhelmus  Bristoliensis," 
and  professing  to  have  been  copied  from 
an  old  MS.  (3)  An  Account  of  Bristol, 
by  Turgotus,  "  translated  out  of  Saxon 
into  English,  by  T.  Rowley."  This 
forgery  was  made  for  the  use  of  Mr. 
Catcott,  who  was  writing  a  history  of 
Bristol. 

Ireland  {S.  W.  H.)  published,  in 
folio,  1796,  Miscellaneous  Papers  and 
Instruments,  under  the  hand  and  seal  of 
William  Shakespeare,  including  the  tragedy 
of  King  Jjear  and  a  small  fragment  of 
Hamlet,  from  the  original,  price  £4  4s. 
He  actually  produced  MSS.  which  he 
had  forged,  and  which  he  pretended  were 
original. 

On  April  2,  1796,  the  play  of  Vorti- 
gern  and  Rowena,  "  from  the  pen  of 
Shakespeare,"  was  announced  for  repre- 
sentation. It  drew  a  most  crowded 
house  ;  but  the  fraud  was  detected,  and 
Ireland  made  a  public  declaration  of  his 
impositions,  from  beginning  to  end. 

Mentz,  who  lived  in  the  ninth  century, 
published  fifty-nine  decretals,  whicti  he 
asserted  were  by  Isidore  of  Seville,  who 
lived  three  centuries  previously.  The 
object  of  these  forged  letters  was  to  exalt 
the  papacy  and  to  corroborate  certain 
dogmas. 

At  Bremen,  in  1837,  were  printed  nine 
books  of  Sanchoni'athon,  and  it  was  said 


FORGET-ME-NOTS. 


348 


FORTUNIO. 


that  the  MSS.  had  been  discovered  in  the 
convent  of  St.  Maria  de  Merinhao,  by  a 
colonel  Pereira  in  the  Portuguese  army  ; 
but  it  was  ascertained  that  there  was  no 
such  convent,  nor  any  such  colonel,  and 
that  the  paper  of  this  "ancient"  MS. 
bore  the  water-mark  of  OsnabrUck  paper- 
mills. 

Forget-me-nots  of  the  Angels. 

So  Longfellow  calls  the  stars. 

Silently,  one  by  one,  in  tJie  infinite  meadows  of  heaven. 
Blossomed  the  lovely  stars,  the  "  forget-me-nots  "  of  the 
angels. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline  (1849). 

Forgive,  Blest  Shade  .  .  .  This 
celebrated  epitaph  in  Brading  Chiirch- 
yard,  Isle  of  Wight,  is  an  altered  version, 
by  the  Kev.  John  Gill  (curate  of  New- 
church),  of  one  originally  composed  by 
IVIrs.  Anne  Steele,  daughter  of  a  baptist 
minister  at  Bristol. 

Forgiveness. 

Forgiveness  to  the  injured  doth  belong  ; 

But  they  ne'er  pardon  who  have  done  the  wrong. 

Dryden,  The  Conquest  of  Granada. 

Forks,  the  gallows.  (Latin,  furca.) 
Cicero  (Be  Div.,  i.  26)  says :  "  Ferens 
furcam  ductus  est"  ("he  was  led  forth, 
bearing  his  gallows").  "  Furcifer  "  was  a 
slave  made  to  carry  a  furca  for  punish- 
ment. 

Fornari'na  (La),  so  called  because 
she  was  the  daughter  of  a  baker  (For- 
najo),  is  the  name  under  which  Rjiphael's 
mistress  is  known.  Her  real  name  is  said 
to  have  been  Margherita.  Raphael  paint- 
ed several  portraits  of  this  woman,  the 
most  famous  being  in  the  UfBzi  Gallery 
at  Florence,  and  her  face  appears  to  have 
suggested  many  of  his  most  beautiful 
faces  in  other  works. 

Forrest  (George),  Esq.,  M.A.,  the 
nom  de  plume  of  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Wood, 
author  of  Uvei-y  Boy's  Book  (1855),  etc. 

For'tinbras,  prince  of  Norway. — 
Shakespeare,  Hamlet  (1596). 

Fortuna'tus,  a  man  on  the  brink  of 
starvation,  on  whom  Fortune  offers  to 
bestow  cither  wisdom,  strength,  riches, 
health,  beauty,  or  long  life.  He  chooses 
riches,  and  she  gives  him  an  inexhaustible 
purse.  Subsequently,  the  sultan  gives 
him  a  wishing-cap,  Avhich  as  soon  as  he 
puts  on  his  head,  -will  transport  him  to 
any  spot  he  likes.  These  gifts  prove  the 
ruin  of  Fortunatus  and  his  sons. 

*^*  This  is  one  of  the  Italian  tales  called 
Nights^  by  Straparo'la.    There  is  a  German 


version,  and  a  French  one,  as  far  back  M 
1535.  The  story  was  dramatized  in  1553 
by  Hans  Sachs ;  and  in  IGOO  by  Thomas 
Dekker,  under  the  title  of  The  Pleasant 
Cotnedie  of  Old  Fortunatus.  Ludwig 
Tieck  also  has  a  drama  upon  the  same 
subject. 

The  purse  of  Fortunatus  could  not  supply  you. — Hol- 
croft,  The  Jioad  to  Ruin,  i.  3. 

Fortunatus'' s  Purse,  a  purse  which  was 
inexhaustible.  It  was  given  to  Fortu- 
natus by  Fortune  herself. 

Fortunatus" s  Wishing-cap,  a  cap  given 
by  the  sultan  to  Fortunatus.  He  had 
only  to  put  it  on  his  head  and  wish,  when 
he  would  find  himself  transported  to  any 
spot  he  liked. 

Fortune  of  Love,  in  ten  cooks,  oy 
Antonio  Lof rasco,  a.  Sardinian  poet. 

" By  my  holy  office,"  cried  the  cari,  "since  Apollo i 
Apollo,  and  the  Muses  were  the  offspring  of  Jove,  there 
never  was  a  l>ettcr  or  more  delightful  volume.  He  who 
has  never  read  it,  has  missed  a  fund  of  entertainment. 
Give  it  me,  Mr.  Nicholas  ;  1  would  rather  have  that  book 
than  a  cassock  of  the  very  best  Florence  silk."— Cervantes, 
Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  6  (1605* 

Fortune's  Frolic,  a  farce  by 
Allingham.  Lord  Lackwit  died  suddenly, 
and  the  heir  of  his  title  and  estates  was 
Robin  Roughhead,  a  poor  labourer,  en- 
gaged to  Dolly,  a  cottager's  daughter. 
The  object  of  the  farce  is  to  show  thei 
pleasure  of  doing  good,  and  the  blessings 
which  a  little  liberality  can  dispense. 
Robin  was  not  spoilt  by  his  good  fortune, 
but  married  Dolly,  and  became  the  good  j 
genius  of  the  cottage  tenantry. 

Fortunes  of  Nigel,  a  novel  by  sir 
W.  Scott  (1822).  This  story  gives  aa] 
excellent  picture  of  the  times  of  James 
and  the  account  of  Alsatia  is  wholly] 
unrivalled.  The  character  of  king  James, 
poor,  proud,  and  pedantic,  is  a  masterly^ 
historic  sketch. 

Fortunio,  one  of  the  three  daughters ; 
of  an  old  lord,  who  at  the  age  of  fouRl 
score  was  called  out  to  join  the  army 
levied  against  the  emperor  of  Matapa'. 
Fortunio  put  on  military  costume,  and 
went  in  place  of  her  father.  On  her  way, 
a  fairy  gave  her  a  horse  named  Com- 
rade, not  only  of  incredible  swiftness, 
but  all-knowing,  and  endowed  with 
human  speech  ;  she  also  gave  her  an  in- 
exhaustible Turkey-leather  trunk,  full  of 
money,  jewels,  and  fine  clothes.  By  the 
advice  of  Comrade,  she  hired  seven  gifted 
servants,  named  Strongback,  Lightfoot, 
Marksman,  Fine-ear,  Boisterer,  Trinquet, 
and  Grugeon.  After  performing  several 
marvellous  feats  by  the  aid  of  her  horae 


i 


FORTY  THIEVES. 


349 


FOSTER. 


and  servants,  Fortunio  married  Alfurite 
(;3  syl.)  the  king  of  her  country. — Com- 
tessc  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  (1682). 

*^*  The  tale  is  reproduced  in  Grimm's 
Goblins. 

Fortunio^s  Horse,  Comrade,  which  not 
only  possessed  incredible  speed,  but  knew 
.all  things,  and  was  gifted  with  human 
speech. 

Fortunio' s  Attendants. 

'  Trinquet  drank  up  the  lakes  and  ponds,  and  thus  caught 
for  his  master  [sic]  most  delicate  flsh.  Lightfoot  hunted 
down  venison,  and  caught  bares  by  tlie  ears.  As  for 
Marlcsman,  he  gave  neither  partridge  nor  plieasant  any 
quarter ;  and  whaiever  amount  of  game  Marksman  shot, 
Strongback  would  carry  without  inconvenience. — Com- 
tesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  Fortunio,"  1632). 

Fortunid's  Sisters.  Whatever  gifts 
Fortunio  sent  her  sisters,  their  touch 
rendered  them  immediately  worthless. 
Thus  the  coffers  of  jewels  and  gold,  "be- 
came only  cut  glass  and  false  pistoles " 
the  moment  the  jealous  sisters  touched 
them. 

Fortunid's  Turkey-leather  Trunk,  full 
of  suits  of  all  sorts,  swords,  jewels,  and 
gold.  The  fairy  told  Fortunio  "  she 
needed  but  to  stamp  with  her  foot,  and 
call  for  the  Turkey-leather  trunk,  and  it 
would  always  come  to  her,  full  of  money 
and  jewels,  fine  linen  and  laces." — Com- 
tesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  I'ales  (1682). 

Forty  Thieves,  also  called  the  tale 
of  "  Ali  Baba."  These  thieves  lived  in  a 
vast  cave,  the  door  of  which  opened  and 
shut  at  the  words,  "Open,  Sesame!" 
"  Shut,  Sesame  !  "  One  day,  Ali  Baba, 
a  wood-monger,  accidentally  discovered 
the  secret,  and  made  himself  rich  by 
carrying  off  gold  from  the  stolen  hoards. 
The  captain  tried  several  schemes  to  dis- 
cover the  thief,  but  was  always  outwitted 
by  Morgia'na,  the  wood-cutter's  female 
slave,  who,  with  boiling  oil,  killed  the 
whole  band,  and  at  length  stabbed  the 
captain  himself  with  his  own  dagger. — 
Arabian  Nights  ("  Ali  Baba  or  the  Forty 
Thieves"). 

Forty-five  {No.  45),  the  celebrated 
number  of  Wilkes's  North  Britain,  in 
which  the  ministers  were  accused  of 
"  putting  a  lie  into  the  king's  mouth." 

Forwards  {Marshal).  Blucher  is  so 
called  for  his  dash  and  readiness  to  attack 
in  the  campaign  of  1813  (1742-1819). 

Fosca'ri  {Frauds),  doge  of  Venice 
for  thirty-five  years.  He  saw  three  of  his 
sons  die,  and  the  fourth,  named  Jac'opo, 
was  banished  by  the  Council  of  Ten  for 
taking  bribes  from  his  country's  enemies. 
The  old  doge  also  was  deposed  at  the  ago 


of  84.  As  he  was  descending  the  "  Giant 
Staircase "  to  take  leave  of  his  son,  he 
heard  the  bell  announce  the  election  of 
his  successor,  and  he  dropped  down  dead. 

Jac'opo  Foscari,  the  fourth  and  only 
surviving  son  of  Francis  Foscari  the  doge 
of  Venice.  He  was  banished  for  taking 
bribes  of  foreign  princes.  Jacopo  had 
been  several  times  tortured,  and  died  soon 
after  his  banishment  to  Candia. — Byron, 
The  Two  Foscari  (1820). 

*^*  Verdi  has  taken  this  subject  for  an 
opera. 

Fobs  {Corporal),  a  disabled  soldier, 
who  served  many  years  under  lieutenant 
Worthington,  and  remained  his  ordinary 
when  the  lieutenant  retired  from  the  ser- 
vice. Corporal  Foss  loved  his  master  and 
Miss  Emily  the  lieutenant's  daughter, 
and  he  gloried  in  his  profession.  Though 
brusque  in  manner,  he  was  tender-hearted 
as  a  child. — G.  Colman,  The  Poor  Gentle- 
man (1802). 

*#*  Corporal  Foss  is  modelled  from 
"  corporal  Trim,"  in  Sterne's  Tristram 
Shandy  (1759). 

Foss-way,  the  longest  of  the  Roman 
roads,  from  Mt.  Michael,  in  Cornwall,  to 
Caithness  (the  furthest  north  of  Scotland-). 
Drayton  says  the  Foss-way,  Watling 
Street,  and  Iknield  Street  were  con- 
structed by  Mulmutius,  son  of  Cloten 
king  of  Cornwall,  who  gained  the  sceptre 
of  Britain  after  the  period  of  anarchy 
which  followed  the  murder  of  Porrex  by 
his  mother  (about  B.C.  700). 

The  Foss  exceeds  me  [  Watling  Street]  many  a  mile. 
That  holds  from  shore  to  shore  the  length  of  all  the  isle. 
From  where  rich  Cornwall  points  to  the  Iberian  seas, 
Till  colder  Caithness  tells  the  scjittered  Orciides. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Foster  {Captain),  on  guard  at  Tully 
Veolan  ruin. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Foster,  the  English  champion. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  2'he  Laird's  Jock  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Foster  {Anthony)  or  "  Tony-fire-the- 
Faggot,"  agent  of  the  earl  of  Leicester  at 
Cumnor  Place. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenil- 
worth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Foster  {Sir  John),  the  English  warden. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monastery  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Foster  {Dr.  James),  a  dissenting 
minister,  who  preached  on  Sunday  even- 
ings for  above  twenty  years,  from  1728- 
1749,  in  Old  Jewry  (died  1753). 


Let  modest  Foster,  if  he  will,  axcel 
Ten  UMtropoUtaus  in  praachlng  well. 


Pop« 


FOUL- WEATHER  JACK. 


350 


FOURTEEN. 


Foiil-"weather  Jack,  commodore 
Byron  (1723-1786). 

Foundling  {The).  Harriet  Raj^- 
mond,  whose  mother  died  in  childbirth, 
was  committed  to  the  charge  of  a 
gouvernante,  who  announced  to  her  father 
(sir  Charles  Raymond)  that  the  child  was 
dead.  This,  however,  was  not  true,  for 
the  gouvernante  changed  the  child's 
name  to  Fidelia,  and  sold  her  at  the  age 
of  12  to  one  Villiard.  One  night,  Charles 
Belmont,  passing  Villiard's  house,  heard 
the  cries  of  a  girl  for  help ;  he  rescued  her 
and  took  her  to  his  own  home,  where  he 
gave  her  in  charge  to  his  sister  Rosetta. 
The  two  girls  became  companions  and 
friends,  and  Charles  fell  in  love  with  the 
"  foundling."  The  gouvernante,  on  her 
death-bed,  revealed  the  secret  to  sir  Charles 
Raymond,  the  mystery  was  cleared  up, 
and  Fidelia  became  the  wife  of  Charles 
Belmont.  Rosetta  gave  her  hand  to 
Fidelia's  brother,  colonel  Raj'mond. — 
Edward  Moore,  The  Foundling  fl748). 

Fountain,  Bellamore,  ard 
Hare'brain,  suitors  to  lady  Hartwell, 
a  widow.  They  are  the  chums  of  Valen- 
tine the  gallant,  who  would  not  be  per- 
suaded to  keep  his  estate. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money  (1639). 

Fountain  of  Life,  Alexander  Hales 
"the  Irrefragible  Doctor"  (*-1245). 

Fountain  of  Youth,  a  marvellous 
fountain  in  the  island  of  Bim'ini  (one  of 
the  Baha'ma  group).  It  had  the  virtue 
of  restoring  the  aged  to  youth  again.  In 
the  middle  ages  it  was  really  believed  to 
exist,  and  Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  among 
other  Spanish  navigators,  went  in  serious 
quest  of  this  fountain. 

Four  Kings  (The)  of  a  pack  of 
cards  are  Charlemagne  (the  Franco- 
German  king),  David  (the  Jewish  king), 
Alexander  (the  Macedonian  king),  and 
Cassar  (the  Roman  king).  These  four 
kings  are  representatives  of  the  four  great 
monarchies. 

Four  Masters  (T^e).  (1)  Michael 
O'Clenghe;  (2)  Cucoirighe  O'Clerighe ; 
(3)  Maurice  Conry  ;  (4)  Fearfeafa  Conrv. 
These  four  masters  were  the  authors  of 
the  Annals  of  Donegal. 

*:^*  O'Clerighe  is  sometimes  Anglicized 
into  Clerkson,  and  Cucoirighe  into  iVre- 
grine. 

Four  Stones  marked  the  extent  of 
a  tumulus.  With  the  body  of  a  hero  was 
buried  his  sword  and  the  heads  of  twelve 


arrows ;    while    on    the    surface   of    the 
tumulus  was  placed  the  horn  of  a  deer. 

Four  stones  rise  on  the  grave  of  C&thba,  .  •  .  Cftthba, 
son  of  Torman,  thou  wert  a  sunbeam  iu  Erin.— Ossian, 
t'ingal,  i. 

Fourberies  de  Seapin  (Les),  by 
Moliere  (1671).  Seapin  is  the  valet  of 
Le'andre,  son  of  seignior  Ge'ronte  (2  syl.), 
who  falls  in  love  with  Zerbinette,  sup- 
posed to  be  a  gipsy,  but  in  reality  the 
daughter  of  seignior  Argante  (2  syl.), 
stolen  by  the  gipsies  in  early  childhood. 
Her  brother  Octave  (2  syl.)  falls  in  love 
with  Hyacinthe,  whom  he  supposes  to  be 
Hyacinthe  Pandolphe  of  Tarentum,  but 
wiio  turns  out  to  be  Hyacinthe  Ge'ronte, 
the  sister  of  Le'andre.  Now,  the  gipsies 
demand  £1500  as  the  ransom  of  Zer- 
binette, and  Octave  requires  £80  for  his 
marriage  with  Hyacinthe.  Seapin  ob- 
tains both  these  sums  from  the  fathers 
under  false  pretences,  and  at  the  end  of 
the  comedy  is  brought  in  on  a  litter,  with 
his  head  bound  as  if  on  the  point  of  death. 
He  begs  forgiveness,  which  he  readily 
obtains;  whereupon  the  "sick  man" 
jumps  from  the  litter  to  join  the  ban- 
queters.    (See  ScAPiN.) 

Fourde'lis,  personification  of  France, 
called  the  true  love  of  Burbon  (Henri  ]  V.), 
but  enticed  away  from  him  by  Grantorto 
(rebellion).  Talus  (power  or  might)  rescues 
her,  but  when  Burbon  catches  her  by  ht 
"ragged  weeds,"  she  starts  back  in  di? 
dain.  However,  the  knight  lifts  her  on ' ' 
steed,  and  rides  otf  with  her. — Spens 
Faery  Queen,  v.  2  (1596). 

Fou'rierism,  a  communistic  syster 
so  called  from  Charles  Fourier  of  Besanyc 
(1772-1837). 

FouroUe  (2  ««//.),  a  WiIl-o'-the-wi« 
supposed  to  have  the  power  of  charmii 
sinful  human  beings  into  the  same  for 
The  charm  lasted  for  a  term  of  yea 
only,  unless  it  chanced  that  some  gof 
catholic,  wishing  to  extinguish 
wandering  flame,  made  to  it  the  sign 
the  cross,  in  which  case  the  sinful  creature 
became  a  fourolle  every  night,  by  way  of 
penance. 

She  does  not  know  the  way ;  she  is  not  honest,  Hon». 
Do  you  not  know — I  am  afraid  to  sny  it  aU  nil .  .  .  she  to 
—a  fourolle ?—2'emp/e  liar  ("  Beside  tlie  Rille,"  i.). 

Fourteen,  the  name  of  a  young 
man  who  could  do  the  work  of  fourteen 
men,  but  had  also  the  appetite  of  foiir- 
teen  men.  Like  Christoph'erus,  he  carried 
our  Lord  across  a  stream,  for  which  ser- 
vice the  Saviour  gave  him  a  sack,  saying, 
"  Whatever  vou  wish  for  will  come  in^' 


II 


FOURTEEN. 


351 


FRANCESCA. 


this  sack,  if  you  only  say  '  Artchila  murt- 
chila!'"  (i.e.  "come  (or  go)  into  my 
sack").  Fourteen's  last  achievement  was 
this  :  He  went  to  paradise,  and  being  re- 
fused admission,  poked  his  sack  through 
the  keyhole  of  the  door ;  then  crying  out 
"Artchila  murtchila !  "  ("get  into  the 
sack"),  he  found  himself  on  the  other  side 
of  the  door,  and,  of  course,  in  paradise. — 
Rev.  W.  AVebster,  Basque  Legends,  195 
(1877). 

Fourteen.  This  number  plays  a  very 
conspicuous  part  in  French  history, 
especially  in  the  reigns  of  Henri  IV.  and 
Louis  XIV.     For  example : 

14th  May,  1029,  the  /irtt  Henri  was  consecrated,  and 
a4th  May,  1610,  the  last  Henri  was  assassinated. 

14  letters  compose  the  name  of  Henri  de  Bourbon,  the 
14th  king  of  France  and  Navarre. 

14th  December,  1553  (14  eenturiei,  14  decade*,  and  14 
ymrsfrom  the  birth  of  Christ),  Henri  IV.  was  born,  and 
1553  added  together=14. 

14th  May,  1554,  Henri  II.  ordered  the  enlargement  of 
the  Rue  de  la  Ferronnerie.  This  order  was  carried  out, 
and  4  times  14  years  later  Henri  IV.  was  assassinated 
there. 

14th  May,  1552,  was  the  birth  of  Margaret  de  Valois,  first 
wife  of  Henri  IV. 

14th  May,  1588,  the  Parisians  revolted  against  Henri  III., 
under  the  leadership  of  Henri  de  Guise. 

14th  March,  1590,  Henri  IV.  gained  tlie  battle  of  Ivry. 

14th  May,  1590,  Henri  IV.  was  repulsed  from  the  fau- 
bourgs of  Paris. 

14th  November,  1590,  "  The  Sixteen  "  took  oath  to  die 
rather  than  serve  the  huguenot  Iting,  Henri  IV. 

14tli  Novenilier,  1592,  the  Paris  ftarlement  registered 
the  papal  bull  which  excluded  Henri  IV.  from  reigning. 

14th  December,  1599,  the  duke  of  Savoy  was  reconciled 
to  Henri  IV. 

14th  September,  1606,  the  dauphin  (Louis  XIII.),  son  of 
Henri  IV.,  was  itaptized. 

14th  May,  1610,  Kavaillac  murdered  Henri  IV.  in  the 
Rue  de  la  Ferronnerie.  Henri  IV.  lived  4  times  14  years 
14  weeks,  and  4  times  14  days,  i.e.  56  years  and  5  months. 

14th  May,  1&13.  died  Louis  XIII.,  son  of  Heiui  IV.  (the 
«ame  day  and  month  as  his  fatlier).  And  1643  added  to- 
gether=14 ;  just  as  1553  {the  birth  of  Henri  /r.)  =  li. 

Louis  XIV.  mounted  the  throne  1643,  which  added  to- 
6ether=14. 

Louis  XIV.  died  1715,  which  added  together=14. 

Louis  XIV.  lived  77  years,  wiiich  added  together=14. 

Louis  XV.  mounted  the  throne  1715,  which  added  to- 
gether =14. 

Louis  XV.  died  1774  (the  two  extremes  are  14,  and  the 
two  means  77—14 

Louis  XVI.  published  the  edict  for  the  convocation  of 
the  states-general  in  the  14th  year  of  his  reign  (September 
27,  1788). 

Louis  XVIII.  was  restored  to  the  throne.  Napoleon 
al)dicated,  tlie  "  Peace  of  Paris  "  was  signed,  and  the 
"  Congress  of  Vienna "  met  in  1814 ;  and  these  figures 
added  together=14. 

In  1832=  14,  was  the  death  of  the  due  de  Reichstadt  (only 
son  of  Napoleon  I.). 

In  1841=14,  the  law  was  passed  for  the  fortification  of 
Paris. 

In  1850  =  14,  Louis  Philippe  died. 

Fourteen  Hundred!  the  cry  on 

'Change  when  a  stranger  enters  the  sacred 
precincts.  The  question  is  then  asked, 
"  Will  you  purchase  my  new  navy  five 
per  cents.,  sir  ?  "  after  which  the  stranger 
is  hustled  out  without  mercy. 

Fox  (That),  Herod  Antipas  (b.c.  4  to 
A.r>.  39). 

,  Go  ye,  and  teU  that  fox,  Behold,  I  cast  out  devils.— 


Fox  (The  Old),  marshal  Soult  (1789- 
1851). 

Foxley  (Squire  Matthew),  a  magis- 
trate who  examines  Darsie  I.Atimer  lie. 
sir  Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet] ,  after  he 
had  been  attacked  by  the  rioters. — Sir 
W.    Scott,    Redgauntlet    (time,    George 

Fracasse  (Capitaine),  the  French 
Bombastes  Furioso. — Theophile  Gautier. 

Fra  Diavolo,  the  sobriquet  of 
Michel  Pozza,  a  Calabrian  insurgent  and 
brigand  chief.  In  1799  cardinal  Ruffo 
made  him  a  colonel  in  the  Neapolitan 
army,  but  in  1806  he  was  captured  by  the 
French,  and  hanged  at  Naples.  Auber 
has  a  comic-opera  so  entitled,  the  libretto 
of  which  was  written  by  Scribe,  but 
nothing  of  the  true  character  of  the 
brigand  chief  appears  in  the  opera. 

Fradu'bio  [i.e.  brother  Doubf],  In 
his  youth  he  loved  Fraelissa,  but  riding 
with  her  one  day  they  encountered  a 
knight  accompanied  by  Duessa  (false 
faith),  and  fought  to  decide  which  lady 
was  the  fairer.  The  stranger  knight  fell, 
and  both  ladies  being  saddled  on  the 
victor,  Duessa  changed  her  rival  into  a 
tree.  One  day  Fradubio  saw  Duessa 
bathing,  and  was  so  shocked  at  her  de- 
formity that  he  determined  to  abandon 
her,  but  the  wit«h  anointed  him  during 
sleep  with  herbs  to  produce  insensibilit)^, 
and  then  planted  him  as  a  tree  beside 
Fraelissa.  The  Red  Cross  Knight  plucked 
a  bough  from  this  tree,  and  seeing  with 
horror  that  blood  dripped  from  the  rift, 
was  told  this  tale  of  the  metamorphows. 
— Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  2  (1590). 

Frail  (Mrs.),  a  demirep.  Scandal  says 
she  is  a  mixture  of  "pride,  folly,  affec- 
tation, wantonness,  inconstancy,  covetoijs- 
ness,  dissimulation,  malice,  and  ignorance, 
but  a  celebrated  beauty  "  (act  i.).  She  is 
entrapped  into  marriage  with  Tattle. — W. 
Congreve,  Love  for  Love  (1695). 

Francatelli,  a  chef  de  cuisine  at 
Windsor  Castle,  Crockford's,  and  at  the 
Freemasons'  Tavern.  He  succeeded  Ude 
at  Crockford's. 

Frances,  daughter  of  Vandunke 
(2  syl.)  burgomaster  of  Bruges. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Beggars'  Buab 
(1S22). 

Francesca,  daughter  of  Guido  da 
Pplenta  (lord  of  Ravenna) .  She  was  given 
by  her  father  in  marriage  to  Lanciotto, 


FRANCESCA. 


352 


FRANKFORD. 


son  of  Malatesta  lord  of  Rimini,  who  was 
deformed.  His  brother  Paolo,  who  was 
a  handsome  man,  won  the  affections  of 
Francesca ;  but  being  caught  in  adultery, 
both  of  them  were  put  to  death  by  Lan- 
ciotto.  Francesca  told  Dante  that  the 
tale  of  Lancelot  and  Guinever  caused  her 
fall.  The  tale  forms  the  close  of  Dante's 
Hell,  v.,  and  is  alluded  to  by  Petrarch  in 
his  Triumph  of  Love,  iii. 

*+*  Leigh  Hunt  has  a  poem  on  the 
subject,  and  Silvio  Pellico  has  made  it 
the  subject  of  a  tragedy. 

Francesca,  a  Venetian  maiden,  daughter 
of  old  Minotti  governor  of  Corinth.  Alp, 
the  Venetian  commander  of  the  Turkish 
army  in  the  siege  of  Corinth,  loved  her  ; 
but  she  refused  to  marry  a  renegade. 
Alp  was  shot  in  the  siege,  and  Francesca 
died  of  a  broken  heart. — Byron,  Siege  of 
Corinth  (1816). 

Medora,  Neuha,  Leila.  Francesca,  and  Theresa,  it  has 
been  alleged,  are  but  children  of  one  famiiy,  with  dif- 
ferences resulting  from  climate  and  circumstances. — 
Findeu,  Byron  Beauties. 

*^*  "Medora,"  in  The  Corsair ;  "  Neu- 
ha," in  The  Island;  "Leila,"  in  The 
Giaour  ;  and  "Theresa,"  in  Mazeppa. 

Francesco,  the  "  lago "  of  Mas- 
ginger's  LhLke  of  Milan  ;  the  duke  Sforza 
"the  More"  being  "Othello;"  and  the 
cause  of  hatred  being  that  Sforza  had  se- 
duced "  Eugenia,"  Francesco's  sister.  As 
lago  was  Othello's  favourite  and  ancient, 
so  Francesco  was  Sforza's  favourite  and 
chief  minister.  During  Sforza's  absence 
with  the  camp,  Francesco  tried  to  corrupt 
the  duke's  beautiful  young  bride  Marcelia, 
and  being  repulsed,  accused  her  to  the 
duke  of  wishing  to  play  the  wanton  with 
him.  The  duke  believe!  his  favourite 
minister,  and  in  his  mad  jealousy  ran 
upon  Marcelia  and  slew  her.  He  was 
then  poisoned  by  Eugenia,  whom  he  had 
seduced. — Massinger,  The  Duke  of  Milan 
(1622).     (See  Francisco.) 

Francis,  the  faithful,  devoted  servant 
of  "the  stranger."  Quite  impenetrable 
to  all  idle  curiosity. — Benj.  Thompson, 
The  Stranger  (1797). 

Francis  {Father),  a  Dominican  monk, 
the  confessor  of  Simon  Glover. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Francis  {Father),  a  monk  of  th«  con- 
vent at  Namur. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin 
Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Franciscans.  So  called  from  St. 
Francis  of  Assisi,  their  founder,  in  1208. 


Called  "  Min'oritcs  "  (or  Inferiors),  froui 
their  professed  humilty  ;  "  Gray  Friars," 
from  the  colour  of  their  coarse  clothing ; 
"Mendicants,"  because  they  obtained 
their  daily  food  by  begging  ;  "  Obser- 
vants," because  they  observed  the  rule 
of  poverty.  Those  who  lived  in  convents 
were  called  "Conventual  Friars." 

Franciscan  Sisters  Avere  called 
"Clares,"  "Poor  Clares,"  " Minoresses,'' 
"  Mendicants,"  and  "  Urbanites  "  (3  sgl.). 

Francis'co,  the  son  of  Valentine. 
Both  father  and  son  are  in  love  with 
Collide  (2  syL),  but  the  lady  naturally 
prefers  the  son. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
2Ions.  Thomas  {1619). 

Francis'co,  a  musician,  Antonio's  boy 
in  The  Chances,  a  comedy  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher  (1620). 

Francisco,  younger  brother  of  Valen- 
tine (the  gentleman  who  will  not  be 
persuaded  to  keep  his  estate).  (See  Fuan- 
CKSco.) — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Wit 
Without  Money  (1639). 

Franguestan,  famous  for  enamel. 

Of  complCTlon  more  fair  tlian  the  enamel  of  Fran- 
guestan.— W.  Beckford,  V^atTiek  (1784). 

Frank,  sister  to  Frederick  ;  passion- 
ately in  love  with  captain  Jac'omo  the 
woman-hater. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Captain  (1613). 

Frankenstein  (3  syl.),  a  student, 
who  constructed,  out  of  the  fragments  of 
bodies  picked  from  churchyards  and 
dissecting-rooms,  a  human  form  without 
a  soul.  The  monster  had  muscular 
strength,  animal  passions,  and  active  life, 
but  "no  breath  of  divinity."  It  longed 
for  animal  love  and  animal  sympathy,  but 
was  shunned  by  all.  It  was  most  power- 
ful for  evil,  and  being  fully  conscious  of 
its  own  defects  and  deformities,  sought 
with  persistency  to  inflict  retribution  on 
the  young  student  who  had  called  it 
into  "being. — Mrs.  Shelley,  Frankenstein 
(1817). 

In  the  summer  of  1816,  lord  Byron  and  Mr.  and  Mrs. 

Sh  Hey  resided  on  the  banks  of  the  lake  of  Geneva  .  .  . 
and  tho  Shelleys  often  passed  their  evenings  with  Byron, 
at  his  house  at  Diodati.  During  a  week  of  rain,  having 
amused  themselves  with  reading  German  ghost  stories, 
thev  agreed  to  write  something  in  imitation  of  them. 
"Vou  and  I,"  said  lord  Byron  to  Mr^.  Shelley,  "will 
publish  ours  together."  He  then  l>e:i:in  his  taie  of  the 
Vam/ire  ,  .  .  but  the  most  memnri'ilepartirf  thisftorj- 
telling  compart  was  Mrs.  Shelley's  wild  nnd  roverfnl 
romance  of  FrankcTistein. — T.  Moore,  Life  of  Byron. 

Frankford  {Mr.  and  Mrs.),  Mrs. 
Frankford  proved  unfaithful  to  her  mar- 
riage vow,  and  Mr.  Frankford  sent  her 
to  reside  on  one  of  his  estates.     She  died 


I 


FRANKIJN. 


353 


FREDERICK  THE  GREAT. 


of  {?nef ;  but  on  her  death-bed  her  hus- 
band went  to  see  her,  and  forgave  her. — 
John  Heywood,  A  Wo)nan  Killed  by 
Kindness  (1576-1645). 

Franklin  {Lady),  the  half-sister  of 
sir  John  Vescj',  and  a  j'oung  widow. 
Lady  Franklin  had  an  angelic  temper, 
which  nothing  disturbed,  and  she  really 
believed  that  "whatever  is  is  best."  She 
could  bear  with  unruffled  feathers  even 
the  failure  of  a  new  cap  or  the  disappoint- 
ment of  a  new  gown.  This  paragon  of 
women  loved  and  married  Mr.  Graves, 
a  dolorous  widower,  for  ever  sighing  over 
the  superlative  excellences  of  his  "sainted 
Maria,"  his  first  wife. — Lord  L.  Bulwer 
Lytton,  Money  (1840). 

'Frank' tin  ( The  Polish),  Thaddeus  Czacki 
(1765-1813). 

Tranklin's  Tale  {The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  is  that  of  "  Dorigen  and 
Arvir'agus."  Dorigen,  a  lady  of  rank, 
married  Ar^'iragus,  out  of  pity  for  his 
love  and  meekness.  One  Aurelius  tried 
to  corrupt  her,  but  she  said  she  would 
never  listen  to  his  suit  till  "  on  these 
coasts  there  n'is  no  stone  y-seen."  Aure- 
lius contrived  by  magic  to  clear  the  coast 
of  atones,  and  Arviragus  insisted  that 
Dorigen  should  keep  touch  with  him. 
When  Aurelius  heard  thereof,  and  saw 
the  deep  grief  of  the  lady,  he  said  he 
would  rather  die  than  injure  so  true  a 
wife  and  so  noble  a  gentleman. 

*»♦  This  tale  is  taken  from  The  De- 
cameron, X.  5.  (See  Dianoka,  p.  251.) 
There  is  also  a  very  similar  one  in  Boc- 
caccio's Fhilocopo. 

Frankly  (Charles),  a  light-hearted, 
joyous,  enthusiastic  young  man,  in  love 
with  Clarinda,  whom  he  marries. — Dr. 
Hoadly,  The  Suspicious  Husband  (1747). 

Franval  {Madame),  bom  of  a  noble 
family,  is  proud  as  the  proudest  of  the 
old  French  noblesse.  Captain  St.  Alme, 
the  son  of  a  merchant,  loves  her  daughter ; 
but  the  haughty  aristocrat  looks  with 
disdain  on  such  an  alliance.  However, 
;her  daughter  INIarianne  is  of  another  way 
of  thinking,  and  loves  the  merchant's 
'son.  Her  brother  intercedes  in  her  behalf, 
and  madanie  makes  a  virtue  of  necessity, 
^th  as  much  grace  as  possible. — Th. 
Holcroft,  T.ic  Jjcaj  and  Uuiiib  (1785). 

Fra'teret'to,  a  fiend,  who  told  Edgar 
that  Nero  was  an  angler  in  the  Lake  of 
Darkness.  —  Shakespeare,  Kinq  Lear 
(IGOo;. 


Fraud,  seen  by  Dante  between  the 
sixth  and  seventh  circles  of  the  Inferno, 

His  heiid  and  upper  part  exposed  on  land. 
But  laid  not  on  tlie  sliore  his  bestial  train. 
His  face  the  semblance  of  a  just  man's  wore 
(So  kind  and  gracious  was  Its  outward  cheer). 
Tlie  rest  was  serpent  all.    Two  shaggy  claws 
Reached  to  the  armpits,  and  the  liack  and  breast 
And  either  side  were  painted  o'er  with  nodus 
And  orbits. 

DantS,  Bell,  xvii.  (1300). 

Freckles  Cured.  "  The  entrails  of 
crocodiles,"  says  Ovid,  "  are  excellent  to 
take  freckles  or  spots  from  the  face  and 
to  whiten  the  skin."  As  Pharos,  an  island 
in  the  mouth  of  the  Nile,  abounded  in 
crocodiles,  the  poet  advises  those  who  are 
swarthy  and  freckled  to  use  the  Phariau 
wash. 

If  swarthy,  to  the  Pharian  varnish  fly. 

Ovid,  Artqf  Love,  iii.  (B.C.  2). 

Fred  or  Frederick  Lewis  prince  of 
Wales,  father  of  George  III.,  was  struck 
by  a  cricket-ball  in  front  of  Cliefden 
House,  in  the  autumn  of  1750,  and  died 
the  following  spring.  It  was  of  this 
prince  that  it  was  written,  by  way  of 
epitaph : 

He  was  alive,  and  is  dead ; 
And  as  it  is  only  Fred, 
Why,  there's  no  more  to  be  said. 

Frederick,  the  usurping  duke,  father 
of  Celia  and  uncle  of  Rosalind.  He  was 
about  to  make  war  upon  his  banished 
brother,  when  a  hermit  encountered  him, 
and  so  completely  changed  him  that  he 
not  only  restored  his  brother  to  his  duke- 
dom, but  he  retired  to  a  religious  house, 
and  passed  the  rest  of  his  life  in  penitence 
and  acts  of  devotion. — Shakespeare,  As 
You  Like  It  (161)8). 

Fred'crick,  the  unnatural  and  licentious 
brother  of  Alphonso  king  of  Naples, 
whose  kingdom  he  usurped.  He  tried 
to  seduce  Evanthe  (3  syl.),  the  chaste 
wife  of  Valerio,  but  not  succeeding  in  his 
infamous  design,  he  offered  her  as  a  con- 
cubine for  one  month  to  any  one  who,  at 
the  end  of  that  period,  would  yield  his 
head  to  the  block.  As  no  one  would 
accept  the  terms,  Evanthe  was  restored 
to  her  husband. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
A  Wife  for  a  Month  (16-24). 

Frederick  {Don),  a  Portuguese  merch.nnt, 
the  friend  of  don  Felix. — Mrs.  Centlivre, 
The  Wonder  (1714). 

Frederick  the  Great  in  Flight. 
In  1741  was  tlie  battle  of  Molwitz,  in 
which  the  Prussians  carried  the  day,  and 
the  Austrians  fied  ;  but  Frederick,  who 
commanded  the  cavalry,  was  put  to  flight 
2  ▲ 


FREEBORN  JOHN. 


354 


FRIARS. 


early  in  the  action,  and  thinking  that  all 
•was'  lost,  fled  with  his  staif  many  miles 
from  the  scene  of  action. 

Frederick  the  Great  from  Molwitz  deigned  to  run. 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  22  (1824). 

iPreebom  John,  John  Lilbume,  the 
republican  (1613^-1657). 

Freehold,  a  grumpy,  rusty,  but 
soft-hearted  old  gentleman  farmer,  who 
hates  all  new-fangled  notions,  and  de- 
tests "men  of  fashion."  He  lives  in  his 
farm-house  with  his  niece  and  daughter. 

Aura  Freehold,  daughter  of  Freehold. 
A  pretty,  courageous,  high-spirited  lass, 
who  wins  the  heart  of  Modely,  a  man  of 
the  world  and  a  libertine. — John  Philip 
Kemble,  The  Farm-house. 

Freelove  {Lady),  aunt  to  Harriot 
[Russet].  A  woman  of  the  world,  "as 
mischievous  as  a  monkey,  and  as  cunning 
too"  (act  i.  1). — George  Colman,  The 
Jealous  Wife  (1761). 

Freeman  (Oiarles),  the  friend  of 
Lovel,  whom  he  assists  in  exposing  the 
extravagance  of  his  servants. — Rev.  J. 
Townley,  High  Life  Below  Stairs  (1763). 

Free' man  (Sir  Charles),  brother  of  Mrs, 
Sullen  and  friend  of  Aimwell. — George 
Farquhar,  The  Beaux'  Stratagem  (1705), 

Free'mxm  (Mrs.),  a  name  assumed  by 
the  duchess  of  Marlborough  in  her  cor- 
respondence with  queen  Anne,  who 
called  herself  "Mrs.  Morley." 

Freemason  (The  lady),  the  Hon. 
Miss  Elizabeth  St.  Leger  (afterwards 
Mrs.  Aldworth),  daughter  of  Arthur  lord 
Doneraile.  In  order  to  witness  the  pro- 
ceedings of  a  lodge  held  in  her  father's 
house,  she  hid  herself  in  an  empty  clock- 
case  ;  but,  being  discovered,  she  was 
compelled  to  become  a  member  of  the 
craft. 

Freemasons*  Buildings.  St. 
Paul's  Cathedral,  London,  in  604,  and 
St.  Peter's,  Westminster,  in  606,  were 
both  built  by  freemasons.  Gundulph 
bishop  of  Rochester,  who  built  White 
Tcw^er,  was  a  grand  -  master ;  so  was 
Peter  of  Colechurch,  architect  of  Old 
London  Bridge.  Henry  VII. 's  Chapel, 
Westminster,  is  the  work  of  a  master 
mason.  Sir  Thomas  Gresham,  who 
planned  the  Royal  Exchange,  was  also  a 
master  mason  ;  so  were  Inigo  Jones  and 
eir  Christopher  Wren.  Covent  Garden 
Theatre  was  founded,  in  1808,  by  the 
prince  of  Wales,  in  his  capacity  of  grand- 
master. 


Free'port  (Sir  Andrew),  a  London 
merchant,  industrious,  generous,  and  of 
sound  good  sense.  He  was  one  of  the 
members  of  the  hypothetical  club  under 
whose  auspices  the  Spectator  was  enter- 
prised. 

Freiherr  von  Guttin^en,  having 
collected  the  poor  of  his  neighbourhood 
in  a  great  bam,  burnt  them  to  death,  and 
mocked  their  cries  of  agony.  Being 
invaded  by  a  swarm  of  mice,  he  shut 
himself  up  in  his  castle  of  Guttingen,  in 
the  lake  of  Constance  ;  but  the  vermin 
pursued  him,  and  devoured  him  alive. 
The  castle  then  sank  in  the  lake,  and 
may  still  be  seen  there.     (See  Hatto.) 

Freischiitz  (I>er),  a  legendary 
German  archer,  in  league  with  the  devil. 
The  devil  gave  him  seven  balls,  six  of 
which  were  to  hit  with  certainty  any 
mark  he  aimed  at ;  but  the  seventh  was 
to  be  directed  according  to  the  will  of 
the  giver. — Weber,  I>er  Freischiitz  (an 
opera,  1822). 

**♦  The  libretto  is  by  F.  Kind,  taken 
from  Apel's  Gespensterbuch  (or  ghost 
book).  A  translation  of  Apel's  story 
may  be  found  in  De  Quincey's  works. 

Freron  (Jean),  the  person  bitten  by 
a  mad  dog,  referred  to  by  Goldsmith  ir 
the  lines : 

The  man  recovered  of  the  bite 
The  dog  it  was  that  died. 

Elegy  on  a  Mad  D»g. 
Un  serpent  niordit  Jean  Freron,  eh  bient 
Le  serpent  en  mourut. 
Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  etc.,  vii.  4  (Milman's  botes) 

Freston,  an  enchanter,  introduced 
the  romance  of  Don  Belia'nis  of  Greece. 

Freston,  the  enchanter,  who  bore  dc 
Quixote  especial  ill-will.  When 
knight's  library  was  destroyed,  he  w» 
told  that  some  enchanter  had  carried  o| 
the  books  and  the  cupboard  which  coi 
tained  them.  The  niece  thought  the  er 
chanter's  name  was  Munaton ;  but 
don  corrected  her,  and  said,  "You  nu 
Freston."  "Yes,  yes,"  said  the  nic 
"  I  know  the  name  ended  in  ton.' 

"  That  Freston,"  said  the  linight,  "  is  doing  me  all  tb« 
mischief  his  malevolence  can  invent ;  but  1  regard  him 
not'— Ch.  7. 

"That  cursed  Freston,"  said  the  knight,  "who  stole 
my  closet  and  books,  has  transformed  the  giants  into 
windmills"  (ch.  8).— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote.  1.  i.  (1605). 

Friars.  The  four  great  religious 
orders  were  Dominicans,  Franciscans, 
Augustines,  and  Car'melites  (3  syl.). 
Dominicans  are  called  black  friars,  Fran- 
ciscans gray  friars,  and  the  other  two 
white  friars.  A  fifth  order  was  the 
Trinitarians  or  Crutched  friars,  a  later 


;wo 

the 

iter 


FEIAR'S  TALE. 


855 


FROG. 


foundation.  The  Dominicans  were  fur- 
thermore called  Fratres  Majores,  and  the 
Franciscans  Fratres  Minores. 

(For  friars  famed  in  fable  or  story,  see 
under  each  respective  name  or  pseu- 
donym.) 

Friar's  Tale  (ITie),  by  Chaucer,  in 
The  Canterbury  Tales  (1388).  An  arch- 
deacon employed  a  sumpnour  as  his 
secret  spy  to  find  out  offenders,  with  the 
view  of  exacting  fines  from  them.  In 
order  to  accomplish  this  more  effectually, 
the  snmpnour  entered  into  a  compact 
with  the  devil,  disguised  as  a  yeoman. 
Those  who  imprecated  the  devil  were  to 
be  dealt  with  by  the  yeoman-devil,  and 
those  who  imprecated  God  were  to  be 
the  sumpnoufs  share.  They  came  in 
time  to  an  old  woman  "  of  whom  they 
knew  no  wrong,"  and  demanded  twelve 
pence  "for  cursing."  She  pleaded 
poverty,  when  the  sumpnour  exclaimed, 
"The  foul  fiend  fetch  me  if  I  excuse 
thee ! "  and  immediately  the  foul  fiend 
at  his  side  did  seize  him,  and  made  off 
with  him  too. 

Fribble,  a  contemptible  molly- 
coddle, troubled  with  weak  nerves.  He 
"  speaks  like  a  lady  for  all  the  world,  and 
never  swears.  .  .  .  He  wears  nice  white 
gloves,  and  tells  his  lady-love  what 
ribbons  become  her  complexion,  where 
to  stick  her  patches,  who  is  the  best 
milliner,  where  they  sell  the  best  tea, 
what  is  the  best  wash  for  the  face,  and 
the  best  paste  for  the  hands.  He  is 
always  playing  with  his  lady's  fan,  and 
showing  his  teeth."  He  says  when  he  is 
married  : 

"  All  the  domestic  business  will  be  taken  from  my  wife's 
hands.  I  shall  make  tlie  tea,  comb  the  dogs,  and  dress 
the  children  myself.'— D.  Garrick,  MUs  in  Her  Teem  ii. 
(1753). 

Friday  {My  man),  a  young  Indian, 
whom  Robinson  Crusoe  saved  from  death 
on  a  Friday,  and  kept  as  his  servant  and 
companion  on  the  desert  island. — Defoe, 
Robinson  Crusoe  (1709). 

Friday  Street  (London).  So  called 
because  it  was  the  street  of  fishmongers, 
who  served  the  Friday  markets. — Stow. 

Friday  Tree  {A),  a  trial,  mis- 
fortune, or  cross ;  bo  called  from  the 
"  accursed  tree "  on  which  the  Saviour 
was  crucified  on  a  Friday. 

Friend  {The  Poor  Man's),  Nell 
Gwynne  (1642-1691). 

Friend  of  Man  {The),  the  marquis 
de  Mirabeau :  so  called  from  one  of  his 


books,  entitled  L'Ami  des  Homrnes  (1716- 

1789). 

Friends. 

Frenchmen :  Montaigne  and  Etienne  de 
la  Boetie. 

Ga'nuins :  Goethe  and  Schiller. 

Greeks:  Achilles  and  Patroc'los ; 
Diomedes  and  Sthen'alos ;  Epaminondas 
and  Pelop'idas ;  Harmo'dias  and  Aristo- 
gi'ton  ;  Hercules  and  I ola'os  ;  Idomeneus 
(4  syl.)  and  Merlon  ;  Pyl'ades  and  Ores'- 
tes  ;  Septim'ios  and  Alcander  ;  Theseus 
(2  syl.)  and  Pirith'oos. 

Jews :  David  and  Jonatnan ;  Christ 
and  the  beloved  disciple. 

Syracusians :  Damon  and  Pythias ; 
Sacharissa  and  AmSret. 

2'rojans :  Nisus  and  Eury'aluB. 

Of  Feudal  History:  Amys  and  Amy- 
lion. 

Friends  Falling  out. 

Faint  friends,  when  they  fall  out,  most  cruel  foemen  be. 
Spenser,  fa£ry  Queen,  Iv.  9  (IKXS). 

Friendly  {Sir  Thomas),  a  gouty- 
baronet  living  at  Friendly  Hall. 

Lady  Friendly,  wife  of  sir  Thomas. 

Frank  Friendly,  son  of  sir  Thomas 
and  fellow-collegian  with  Ned  Blushing- 
ton. 

Dinah  Friendly,  daughter  of  sir 
Thomas.  She  marries  Edward  Blushing- 
ton  "the  bashful  man." — W.  T.  Mon- 
crieff,  The  Bashful  Man. 

Frithiof  \_Frit.yof],  a  hero  of  Ice- 
landic story.  He  married  Ingeborg 
\^In.ge.boy''e'\,  daughter  of  a  petty  Norwe- 
gian king,  and  the  widow  of  Hring.  His 
adventures  are  recorded  in  an  ancient 
Icelandic  saga  of  the  thirteenth  century. 

*^*  Bishop  Tegner  has  made  this 
story  the  groundwork  of  his  poem  en- 
titled Frithjofs  Saga. 

Frithiofs  Sicord,  Angurva'del. 

*^*  Frithiof  means  "  peace-maker," 
and  Angurvadel  means  "  stream  of  an- 
guish." 

Fritz  {Old),  Frederick  II.  "the 
Great,"  king  of  Prussia  (1712,  1740- 
1786). 

I'ritz,  a  gardener,  passionately  fond  of 
flowers,  the  only  subject  he  can  talk 
about. — E.  Stirling,  The  Prisoner  of 
State  (1847). 

Frog  {Nic.),  the  linen-draper.  The 
Dutch  are  so  called  in  Arbuthnot's  History 
of  John  Bull. 

Nic.  Frog  was  a  cunning,  sly  rogue,  quite  the  reverse  of 
John  {Bull}  in  many  particulars ;  covetous,  frugal ;  minded 
domestic  afiEain ;  would  pinch  bi«  beUjr  to  Mre  hia  pocket ; 


FROLLO. 


866 


FUDGE  FAMILY. 


never  lost  a  farthing  by  careless  servants  or  bad  debts. 
He  lild  not  care  imich  for  any  sort  of  diversions,  except 
tricks  of  liigii  German  artists  and  legerdemain  ;  no  man 
exceeded  Nic.  in  these.  Yet  it  must  be  owned  ihat  Nlc. 
WHS  a  fair  dealer,  andin  th  at  way  acquired  immense  riches. 
—Dr.  Arbuthnot,  History  of  John  Bull,  v.  (171-2). 

*^*  "Frogs"  are  called  Dutch  night- 
ingales. 

FroUo  (Claude),  an  archdeacon,  ab- 
sorbed by  a  search  after  the  philqiophers' 
stone.  He  has  a  great  reputation  for 
sanctitj',  but  entertains  a  base  passion 
for  Esmeralda,  the  beautiful  gipsy  girl. 
Quasimodo  flings  him  into  the  air  from 
the  top  of  Notre  Dame,  and  dashes  him  to 
death. — ^^Victor  Hugo,  Notre  Dame  de 
Paris  (1831). 

Fronde  "War  (The\  a  political 
squabble  during  the  ministry  of  Maz'- 
arin  in  tJtie  minority  of  Louis  XIV.  (1648- 
1653). 

Frondeur,  a  "Mrs.  Candour,"  a 
backbiter,  a  railer,  a  scandal-monger ;  any 
one  who  flings  stones  at  another.  (French, 
frondeur,  "a  slingeT^fronde,  "a  sling.") 

"  And  what  about  Diebitsch  t"  began  another  frondeur. 
— Vera,  200. 

Frondeur s,  the  malcontents  in  tjie 
Fronde  war. 

Tliey  were  like  schoolboys  who  sling  stones  about  the 
streets.  When  no  eye  is  upon  them  they  are  bold  as 
bullies ;  but  the  moment  a  "policeman"  approaches,  off 
they  scamper  to  any  ditch  for  conce<almcnt. — Montglat. 

Front  de  Boeuf  (Sir  Reginald),  a 
follower  of  prince  John  of  Anjou,  and 
one  of  the  knight's  challengers. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Frontaletto,  the  name  of  Sa'cri- 
pant'3  horse.  The  word  means  "Little 
head." — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1616). 

Fronti'no,  the  horse  of  Brada- 
man'te  (4  syL).  Roge'ro's  horse  bore  the 
same  name.  The  word  means  "  Little 
head." — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

The  renowned  Frontino,  which  Bradamantd  purchased 
at  so  high  a  price,  could  never  be  thought  thy  equal  [i.e. 
RoiinarUe'*  eqiial]. — Cervantes,  J)on  Quixote  (1605). 

Frost  (Jack),  Frost  personified. 

Jack  Frost  looked  forth  one  still,  clear  night, 
And  he  said,  "  Now  I  shall  be  out  of  sight, 
So  over  the  valley  and  over  the  height 
In  silence  I'll  take  my  way." 

Miss  Gould. 

Froth.  (Master),  a  foolish  gentleman. 
Too  shallow  for  great  crime  and  too  light 
for  virtue. — Shakespeare,  Measure  for 
Measure  il603). 

Froth  (Lord),  a  good  boon  companion  ; 
but  he  vows  that  "  he  laughs  at  nobody's 
jests  but  his  own  or  a  lady's."  He  says, 
"Nothing  is  more  unbecoming  a  man  of 


quality  than  a  laugh  ;  'tis  such  a  vulgar 
expression  of  the  passion  ;  every  one  can 
laugh."  To  lady  Froth  he  is  most  gallant 
and  obsequious,  though  her  fidelity  to  her 
liege  lord  is  by  no  means  immaculate. 

JLady  Froth,  a  lady  of  letters,  who  writes 
pongs,  elegies,  satires,  lampoons,  plays, 
and  so  ^n.  She  thinks  her  lord  the 
most  polished  of  all  men,  and  his  bow 
the  pattern  of  grace  and  elegance.  She 
writes  an  heroic  poem  called  The  Si/l- 
labub,  the  subject  of  which  is  lord 
Froth's  love  to  herself.  In  this  poem 
she  calls  her  lord  "Spumoso"  (Froth), 
and  herself  "Biddy"  (her  own  name). 
Her  conduct  with  Mr.  Brisk  is  most  blam- 
able. — W.  Congreve,  The  Double  Dealer 
(1700). 

Frothal,  king  of  Sora,  and  son  of 
Annir.  Being  driven  by  tempest  to 
Sarno,  one  of  the  Orkney  Islands,  he  was 
hospitably  entertained  by  the  king,  and 
fell  in  love  with  Coma'la,  daughter  of 
Starno  king  of  Inistore  or  the  Orkneys. 
He  would  have  carried  her  off  by  violence, 
but  her  brother  Cathulla  interfered,  bound 
Frothal,  and,  after  keeping  him  in  bondi 
for  three  days,  sent  him  out  of  the  island. 
When  Starno  was  gathered  to  his  fathers, 
Frothal  returned  and  laid  siege  to  the 
palace  of  Cathulla ;  but  Fingal,  happen- 
ing to  arrive  at  the  island,  met  Frothal 
in  single  combat,  overthrew  him,  and 
would  have  slain  him,  if  Utha  his 
trothed  (disguised  in  armour)  had  nc 
interposed.  WTien  Fingal  knew  tl 
Utha  was  Frothal's  sweetheart,  he  nt 
only  spared  the  foe,  but  invited  both 
the  palace,  where  they  passed  the  night  i^ 
banquet  and  song. — Ossian,  Carrie- Thur 

Fruit  at  a  Call.  In  the  tale 
"  The  White  Cat,"  one  of  the  fairies, 
order  to  supply  a  certain  queen  with  rij 
fruit,  put  her  fingers  in  her  mouth,  blei 
three  times,  and  then  cried  : 

"  Apricots,  peaches,  nectarines,  plums,  cherries, 
melons,  grapes,  apples,  oranges,  citrons,  goo.seberries, 
currants,  strawberries,  raspberries,  and  all  sorts  of  fruit ; 
come  at  my  call  I "  .  .  .  And  they  came  rolling  in  without 
injurj-.— Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Talei  ("The  White 
Cat,"  1682). 

FuarTed  (3  syl.),  an  island  of  Scan- 
dinavia. 

Fudge  Family  (The),  a  family 
supposed  by  T.  Moore  to  be  visiting 
Paris  after  the  peace.  It  consists  of  Phil 
Fudge,  Esq.,  his  son  Robert,  his  daughter 
Biddy,  and  a  poor  relation  named  Phelim 
Connor  (an  ardent  Bonapartist  and  Irish 
patriot)  acting  as  bear-leader  to  Bol 
These  four  write  letters  to  their  frie: 


I 


FIJLGENTIO. 


357 


FUROR. 


in  England.      The  skit  is  meant  to   sa- 
tirize the  parvenu  Englisli  abroad. 

Phil  FitdgCy  Esq.,  father  of  Bob  and 
Biddy  Fudge ;  a  hack  writer  devoted 
to  legitimacy  and  the  Bourbons.  He 
is  a  secret  agent  of  lord  Castlereagh 
[A'ar.'s/.ra^],  to  whom  he  addresses  letters 
11.  and  ix.,  and  points  out  to  his  lordship 
that  Robert  Fudge  will  be  verj'  glad  to 
receive  a  snug  Government  appointment, 
and  hopes  that  his  lordship  will  not  fail 
to  bear  him  in  mind.  Letter  vi.  he  ad- 
dresses to  his  brother,  showing  how  the 
Fudge  family  is  prospering,  and  ending 
thus: 

Should  we  but  still  enjoy  the  sway 

Of  Sidmouth  and  of  Castlereagh, 

1  hope  ere  lonf?  to  see  the  day 

When  Engliiiid's  wisest  statesmen,  judges, 

Lawyers,  peers,  will  all  be— FUDGKS. 

Miss  Biddy  Fudge,  a  sentimental  girl 
of  18,  in  love  with  "romances,  higli  bon- 
nets, and  Mde.  le  Roy."  She  writes 
letters  i.,  v.,  x.,  and  xii.,  describing  to 
her  friend  Dolly  or  Dorothy  the  sights 
of  Paris,  and  especially  how  she  be- 
comes acquainted  with  a  gentleman 
whom  she  believes  to  be  the  king  of 
Prussia  in  disguise,  but  afterwards  she 
discovers  that  her  disguised  king  calls 
himself  "  colonel  Calicot."  Going  with 
her  brother  to  buy  some  handkerchiefs, 
her  visions  of  glory  are  sadly  dashed 
•when  "  the  hero  she  fondlj'  had  fancied 
a  king "  turns  out  to  be  a  common 
linen-draper.  "There  stood  the  vile  trea- 
cherous thing,  with  the  yard-measure  in 
his  hand."  "  One  tear  of  compassion  for 
your  poor  heart-broken  friend.  P.S. — 
You  will  be  delighted  to  know  we  are 
going  to  hear  Brunei  to-night,  and  have 
obtained  the  governor's  box  ;  we  shall  all 
enjoy  a  hearty  good  laugh,  I  am  sure." 

Bob  or  Rvbert  Fudge,  son  of  Phil 
Fudge,  Esq.,  a  young  exquisite  of  the 
first  water,  writes  letters  iii.  and  viii.  to 
his  friend  Richard..  These  letters  describe 
how  French  dandies  dress,  eat,  and  kill 
time.— T.  Moore  (1818). 

*if*  A  sequel,  called  The  Fudge  Family 
in  England,  was  published. 

Fulgentio,  a  kinsman  of  Roberto 
(king  of  the  two  Sicilies).  He  was  the 
most  rising  and  most  insolent  man  in 
the  court.  Cami'ola  calls  him  "a  suit- 
broker,"  and  says  he  had  the  worst  report 
among  all  good  men  for  bribery  and  ex- 
tortion. This  canker  obtained  the  king's 
leave  for  his  marriage  with  Camiola,  and 
he  pleaded  his  suit  as  a  right,  not  a  favour ; 
but  the  lady  rejected  him  with  scorn,  and 
Adoni  killed  tiie  arrogant  "sprig  of  no- 


bilitv  "  in  a  duel. — Massinger,  Tlie  Maid 
of  Itonour  {iQ37). 

Fulraer,  a  man  with  many  shifts, 
none  of  which  succeeded.     He  says  : 

"  I  have  beat  through  every  quarter  of  the  compass  .  .  . 
I  have  blustered  for  prerogative ;  I  have  bellowed  for 
freedom ;  I  have  offered  to  serve  my  country  ;  I  hava 
engaged  to  betray  it  ...  t  have  talked  treason,  writ 
treason  .  .  .  And  here  I  set  up  as  a  bookseller,  but  men 
leave  off  reading ;  and  if  I  were  to  turn  butcher,  I  believe 
.  .  .  they'd  leave  off  eating." — Act  ii.  1. 

Fatty  Fulmer,  an  unprincipled,  flashy 
woman,  living  with  Fulmer,  with  the 
brevet  rank  of  wife.  She  is  a  swindler, 
a  scandal-monger,  anything,  in  short,  to 
turn  a  penny  by  ;  but  her  villainy  brings 
her  to  grief. — Cumberland,  The  West 
Indian  (1771). 

Frnn,  George  lY.  The  Chinese  fum 
is  a  mixture  of  goose,  stag,  and  snake, 
with  the  beak  of  a  cock  ;  a  combination 
of  folly,  cowardice,  malice,  and  conceit. 

And  where  is  Fum  the  Fourth,  our  royal  blrdT 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi  78  (1824). 

Fum-Hoam,  the  mandarin  who  re- 
stored Malek-al-Salem  king  of  Georgia 
to  his  throne,  and  related  to  the  king's 
daughter  Gulchenraz  [Gundogdi]  his 
numerous  metamorphoses :  He  was  first 
Piurash,  who  murdered  Siamek  the 
usurper  ;  then  a  flea  ;  then  a  little  dog ; 
then  an  Indian  maiden  named  Massouma  ; 
then  a  bee ;  then  a  cricket ;  then  a  mouse ; 
then  Abzenderoud  the  imaum';  then  the 
daughter  of  a  rich  Indian  merchant,  the 
Jezdad  of  lolcos,  the  greatest  beauty  of 
Greece ;  then  a  foundling  found  by  a 
dyer  in  a  box  ;  then  Dugme  queen  of 
Persia ;  then  a  young  v/oman  named 
Hengu ;  then  an  ape ;  then  a  midwife's 
daughter  of  Tartary  ;  then  the  only  son 
of  the  sultan  of  Agra ;  then  an  Arabian 
physician ;  then  a  wild  man  named  Kolao ; 
then  a  slave ;  then  the  son  of  a  cadi  of 
Erzerum ;  then  a  dervise ;  then  an  Indian 
prince ;  and  lastly  Fum-Hoam. — T.  S. 
Gueulette,  Chinese' Tales  (1723). 

Fum-Hoam,  first  president  of  the  cere- 
monial academv  of  Pekin. — Goldsmith, 
Citizen  of  the  World  (1764). 

Fumitory  (^*earth-sm^ke^'),  once 
thought  to  be  beneficial  for  dimness  of 

sight. 

iThe  hermU]  fumitory  gets  and  eye-bright  for  the  eye. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xilL  (1G13). 

Fungo'so,  a  character  in  Ben  Jon- 
son's  drama,  Every  Man  in  His  Humour 
(1598). 

Unlucky  as  Fungoso  in  the  play. 

Pope,  Essay  on  Criticism,  328  (1711). 

Furor  {intemperate  aiiger),  a  mad  man 


FUSBERTA. 


358 


GABRIEL  LAJEUNNESSE. 


of  great  strength,  the  son  of  Occasion. 
Sir  Guyon,  the  "Knight  of  Temperance," 
overcomes  both  Furor  and  his  mother, 
and  rescues  Phaon  from  their  clutches. — 
Spenser,  Foiery  Queen,  ii.  4  (1590). 

Fusber'ta,  the  sword  of  Rinaldo. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

PusTbos,  minister  of  state  to  Artax- 
am'inous  king  of  Uto'pia.  When  the 
king  cuts  down  the  boots  which  Bombastes 
has  hung  defiantly  on  a  tree,  the  general 
engages  the  king  in  single  combat,  and 
slays  him.  Fusbos,  then  coming  up, 
kills  Bombastes,  *'  who  conquered  all  but 
Fusbos,  Fusbos  him."  At  the  close  of 
the  farce,  the  slain  ones  rise  one  after 
the  other  and  join  the  dance,  promising 
"to  die  again  to-morrow,"  if  the  audience 
desires  it. — W.  B.  Rhodes,  Boinbastes 
Furioso. 

Fus'bos,  a  nom  de  plume  of  Henry  Plun- 
kett,  one  of  the  first  contributors  to  Punch. 

Fy'rapel  {Sir),  the  leopard,  the 
nearest  kinsman  of  king  Lion,  in  the 
beast-epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 


a. 


Qabble  Retchet,  a  cry  like  that  of 
hounds,  heard  at  night,  foreboding  trouble. 
Said  to  be  the  souls  of  unbaptized  chil- 
dren wandering  through  the  air  till  the 
day  of  judgment. 

Gabor,  a  Hungarian  who  aided 
Ulric  in  saving  count  Stral'enheim  from 
the  Oder,  and  was  unjustly  suspected  of 
being  his  murderer. — Byron,  Werner 
(1822). 

Ga'briel  (2  or  3  syL),  according  to 
Milton,  is  called  "chief  of  the  angelic 
guards  "  {Paradise  Lost,  iv.  649)  ;  but  in 
bk.  vi.  44,  etc.,  Michael  is  said  to  be  "  of 
celestial  armies  prince,"  and  Gabriel  "in 
military  prowess  next." 

Go,  Michael,  of  celestial  armies  prince : 
And  tliou  in  military  prowess  next, 
Gabriel ;  lead  forth  to  battle  these  my  soiu 
Invincible. 

MUton,  ParadUe  Lost,  vi.  44,  etc  (1665). 

*^*  Gabriel  is  also  called  "  The  Mes- 
senger of  the  Messiah,"  because  he  was 
sent  by  the  Messiah  to  execute  his  orders 
on    the    earth.      He    is   referred    to    in 


Daniel  viii.  16,  ix.  21 ;  and  in  Idike  i, 

19,  26. 

Gabriel  (according  to  the  Koran  and 
Sale's  notes) : 

1.  It  is  from  this  angel  that  Ma- 
homet professes  to  have  received  the 
Koran ;  and  he  acts  the  part  of  the  Holy 
Ghost  in  causing  believers  to  receive  the 
divine  revelation. — Ch.  ii. 

2.  It  was  the  angel  Gabriel  that  won 
the  battle  of  Bedr.  Mahomet's  forces 
were  319,  and  the  enemy's  a  thousand : 
but  Gabriel  (1)  told  Mahomet  to  throw 
a  handful  of  dust  in  the  air,  and  on  so 
doing  the  eyes  of  the  enemy  were  "  con- 
founded ; "  "  (2)  he  caused  the  army  of 
Mahomet  to  appear  twice  as  many  as 
the  army  opposed  to  it ;  (3)  he  brought 
from  heaven  3000  angels,  and,  mounted 
on  his  horse  Haizum,  led  them  against 
the  foe. — Ch.  iii. 

3.  Gabriel  appeared  twice  to  Ma- 
homet in  his  angelic  form:  first  "in 
the  highest  part  of  the  horizon,"  and 
next  "by  the  lote  tree"  on  the  right 
hand  of  the  throne  of  God. — Ch.  liv. 

4.  Gabriel's  horse  is  called  Haizftm, 
and  when  the  golden  calf  was  made,  a 
little  of  the  dust  from  under  this  horse's 
feet  being  thrown  into  its  mouth,  the  calf 
began  to  low,  and  received  life. — Ch.  ii 

Gabriel  (according  to  other  legends)  : 

The  Persians  call  Gabriel  "the  an 
of  revelations,"  because  he  is  so  fri 
quently  employed  by  God  to  carry  1 
messages  to  man. 

The  Jews  call  Gabriel   their   enem; 
and  the  messenger  of  wrath ;  but  Mic 
they  call  their  friend,  and  the  messenj 
of  all  good  tidings. 

In  mediasval  romance,  Gabriel  is 
second  of  the  seven  spirits  which  stai 
before  the  throne  of    God,   and    he 
frequently  employed  to  carry  the  pray 
of  man  to  heaven,  or  bring  the  messa 
of  God  to  man. 

Longfellow,  in  the  Golden  Legend, 
makes  Gabriel  "  the  angel  of  the  moon," 
and  says  that  he  "  brings  to  man  the  gift 
of  hope." 

Gabriel  Lajeunnesse,  son  of 
Basil  the  blacksmith  of  Grand  Pre',  in 
Acadia  (now  Nova  Scotia).  He  was 
legally  plighted  to  Evangeline,  daughter 
of  Benedict  Bellefontaine  (the  richest 
farmer  of  the  village)  ;  but  next  day  all 
the  inhabitants  were  exiled  by  order  of 
George  II.,  and  their  property  confiscated. 
Gabriel  was  parted  from  his  troth-plight 
wife,   and  Evangeline  spent  her  w'loto 


■I 


GABRIELLE. 


359 


GALAHAD. 


life  in  trying  to  find  him.  After  many 
wanderings,  she  went  to  Philadelphia, 
and  became  a  sister  of  mercy.  The 
plague  visited  this  city,  and  in  the  alms- 
house the  sister  saw  an  old  man  stricken 
down  by  the  pestilence.  It  was  Gabriel. 
He  tried  to  whisper  her  name,  but  died 
in  the  attempt.  He  was  buried,  and 
Evangeline  lies  beside  him  in  the  grave. 
— Longfellow,  Evangeline  (1849). 

Gabrielle  (Charmante),  or  La  Belle 
Gabrielle,  daughter  of  Antoine  d'Estre'es 
(grand-master  of  artillery  and  governor 
of  the  He  de  France).  Henri  IV.  (1590) 
happened  to  stay  for  the  night  at  the 
chateau  de  Coeuvres,  and  fell  in  love  with 
Gabrielle,  then  19  years  old.  To  throw 
a  veil  over  his  intrigue,  be  gave  her  in 
marriage  to  Damerval  de  Liancourt, 
created  her  duchess  of  Beaufort,  and 
took  her  to  live  with  him  at  court. 

The  song  beginning  "Charmante 
Gabrielle  .  .  ."  is  ascribed  to  Henri  IV. 

Gabri'na,  wife  of  Arge'o  baron  of 
Servia,  tried  to  seduce  Philander,  a 
Dutch  knight ;  but  Philander  fled  from 
the  house,  where  he  was  a  guest.  She 
then  accused  him  to  her  husband  of  a 
•wanton  insult,  and  Argeo,  having  appre- 
hended him,  confined  him  in  a  dungeon. 
One  day,  Gabrina  visited  him  there,  and 
knplored  him  to  save  her  from  a  knight 
■  who  sought  to  dishonour  her.  Philander 
willingly  espoused  her  cause,  and  slew 
the  knight,  who  proved  to  be  her  hus- 
band. Gabrina  then  told  her  champion 
that  if  he  refused  to  marry  her,  she  would 
accuse  him  of  murder  to  the  magistrates. 
On  this  threat  he  married  her,  but  ere 
long  was  killed  by  poison.  Gabrina  now 
wandered  about  the  country  as  an  old 
hag,  and  being  fastened  on  Odori'co,  was 
hung  by  him  to  the  branch  of  an  elm. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Gabriolet'ta,  governess  of  Brittany, 
rescued  by  Am'adis  de  Gaul  from  the 
hands  of  Balan  ("the  bravest  and 
strongest  of  all  giants").  —  Vasco  de 
Lobeira,  Amadis  de  Gaul,  iv.  129  (four- 
teenth century). 

Gadshill,  a  companion  of  sir  John 
Falstaff.  This  thief  receives  his  name 
from  a  place  called  Gadshill,  on  the 
\  Kentish  road,  notorious  for  the  many 
robberies  committed  there.  —  Shake- 
speare, 1  henry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  4  (1597). 

I      Ga'heris  (Sir),  son  of  Lot  (king  of 

[  Orkney)   and   Morgause   (king  Arthur's 

■later).      Being    taken    captive    by    sir 


Turquine,  he  was  liberated  by  sir 
Launcelot  du  I^c.  One  night,  sir  Gaheris 
caught  his  mother  in  adultery  with  sir 
Lamorake,  and,  holding  her  by  the  hair, 
struck  off  her  head. 

"  Alas  1 "  said  sir  Lamorake,  "  why  have  you  slain  your 
own  mother?  With  more  riglit  should  ye  have  slain  me." 
.  ,  .  And  when  it  was  known  that  sir  Gatieris  had  slain 
his  mother,  king  Arthur  was  passing  wroth,  and  com- 
manded him  to  leave  his  court. — Sir  T,  Malory,  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  109  (1470). 

Gaiour  [Z>/om;.V],  emperor  of  China, 
and  father  of  Badour'a  (the  "  most  beau- 
tiful woman  ever  seen  upon  earth"). 
Badoura  married  Camaral'zaman,  the  most 
beautiful  of  men. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Ca- 
maralzaman  and  Badoura").  (See 
Giaour.) 

GaFahad  {Sir)^  the  chaste  son  of  sir 
Launcelot  and  the  fair  Elaine  (king 
Pelles's  daughter,  pt.  iii.  2),  and  thus  was 
fulfilled  a  prophecy  that  she  should  be- 
come the  mother  of  the  noblest  knight 
that  was  ever  bom.  Queen  Guenever 
says  that  sir  Launcelot  "came  of  the 
eighth  degree  from  our  Saviour,  and  sir 
Galahad  is  of  the  ninth  .  .  .  and, therefore, 
be  they  the  greatest  gentlemen  of  all  the 
world"  (pt.  iii.  35).  His  sword  was 
that  which  sir  Balin  released  from  the 
maiden's  scabbard  (see  Balin),  and  his 
sk'eld  belonged  to  king  Euelake  [Eve- 
lake'],  who  received  it  from  Joseph  of 
Arimathy.  It  was  a  snow-white  shield, 
on  which  Joseph  had  made  a  cross  with 
his  blood  (pt.  iii.  39).  After  divers 
adventures,  sir  Galahad  came  to  Sarras, 
where  he  was  made  king,  was  shown  the 
sangraal  by  Joseph  of  Arimathy,  and 
even  "took  the  Lord's  body  between  his 
hands,"  and  died.  Then  suddenly  "a 
great  multitude  of  angels  bear  his  soul 
up  to  heaven,"  and  "  sithence  was  never 
no  man  that  could  say  he  had  seen  the 
sangreal"  (pt.  iii.  103). 

Sir  Galahad  was  the  only  knight  who 
could  sit  in  the  "  Siege  Perilous,  a  seat 
in  the  Round  Table  reserved  for  the 
knight  destined  to  achieve  the  quest  of 
the  holy  graal,  and  no  other  person 
could  sit  in  it  without  peril  of  his  life 
(pt.  iii.  32).  He  also  drew  from  the 
iron  and  marble  rock  the  sword  which 
no  other  knight  could  release  (pt.  iii.  33), 
His  great  achievement  was  that  of  the 
holy  graal.  Whatever  other  persons 
may  say  of  this  mysterious  subject,  it 
is  quite  certain  that  the  Arthuriau 
legends  mean  that  sir  Galahad  saAV  with 
his  bodily  eyes  and  touched  with  hii 
hands  "  the  incarnate  Saviour,"  repro- 
duced by  the  consecration  of  the  elements 


GALAHALT. 


360 


GALERANA. 


of  bread  and  wine.  Other  persons  see 
the  transformation  by  the  eye  of  faith 
only,  but  sir  Galahad  saw  it  bodily  with 
Lis  eyes. 

Then  the  bishop  took  a  wafer,  which  was  made  in  the 
likeness  of  bread,  and  at  the  lifting  up  [the  elevation  of 
the  host]  there  came  a  fijrure  in  the  lilteness  of  a  child, 
and  the  visage  was  as  red  and  as  bright  as  fire  ;  and  he 
smote  himself  into  that  bread ;  so  they  saw  that  the  bread 
was  formed  of  a  fleshly  man,  and  then  he  put  it  into  tlit' 
holy  vessel  again  .  .  .  then  [the  bishop]  took  the  holy 
vessel  and  came  to  sir  Galahad  as  he  kneeled  down,  and 
there  he  received  his  Saviour  .  .  .  then  went  he  and 
kissed  sir  Bors  .  .  .  and  kneeled  at  the  table  and  made 
his  prayers ;  and  suddenly  his  soul  departed  .  .  .  and  a 
great  multitude  of  angels  bear  his  soul  to  heaven.— Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  101-103  (1470). 

*^*  Sir  Galahalt,  the  son  of  sir  Brew- 
nor,  must  not  be  confounded  with  sir 
Galahad,  the  son  of  sir  Launcelot. 

Galahalt  (Sir),  called  "The  Haut 
Prince,"  son  of  sir  Brewnor.  He  was  one 
of  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table. 

*^*  This  knight  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  sir  Galahad,  the  son  of  sir 
Launcelot  and  Elaine  (daughter  of  king 
Pelles). 

G-al'antyse  (3  stjL),  the  steed  given 
to  Graunde  Amoure  by  king  Melyzyus. 

And  I  myselfe  shall  give  you  a  worthy  stede, 

Called  Galantyse,  to  heli)e  you  in  your  nede. 

Stephen  Hawes,  The  I'assc-tyme  of  Plesurc,  xxvui.  (1515). 

Ga'laor  [Don),  brother  of  Am'adis  de 
Gaul.  A  desultor  amor  is,  who,  as  don 
Quixote  says,  "made  love  to  every 
pretty  girl* he  met."  His  adventures 
form  a  strong  contrast  to  those  of  his 
more  serious  brother. — Amadis  de  Gaid 
(fourteenth  century). 

A  baiber  in  the  vill.-ige  insisted  that  none  equalled 
"Tho  Knight  of  the  Sun"  [i.e.  Amadis],  except  don 
GalH^r  his  brother.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  L  1 
(1605). 

Gal'apas,  a  giant  of  "marvellous 
height"  in  the  army  of  Lucius  king  of 
Rome.     He  was  slain  by  king  Arthur. 

[Kinn  Arthur]  slew  a  great  giant  named  Galapas.  .  .  . 
He  shortened  him  by  smiting  off  both  his  legs  at  the 
knees,  saying,  "  Now  art  thou  better  of  a  size  to  deal 
with  than  thou  wert."  And  after,  he  smote  off  his  hejid. 
—Sir  T.  Malory,  Bittory  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  115 
(1470). 

Galaph'ron  or  Gallaphrone  (3 
syl.),  a  king  of  Cathay,  father  of  An- 
gelica.— Bojardo,  Orlando  Innamorato 
(1495)  ;  Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

When  Agrican  .  .  .  besieged  Albracca  .  .  . 
The  city  of  Gallaphrone,  whence  to  win 
The  fairest  of  her  sex,  Angelica. 

Milton,  Paradise  Regained,  iii.  (1671). 

G-alasp,  or  rather  George  Gillespie, 
mentioned  by  Milton  in  Sonnet,  x.,  was 
a  Scottish  writer  against  the  indepen- 
dents, and  one  of  the  "Assemblv  of 
Divines"  (1583-1648). 

Galate'a,  a  sea-nymph,  beloved  by 


Polypheme  (3  sijl.).  She  herself  had  a 
heartache  for  Acis.  The  jealous  giant 
crushed  his  rival  under  a  huge  rock,  and 
Galatea,  inconsolable  at  the  loss  of  her 
lover,  was  changed  into  a  fountain.  The 
word  Galatea  is  used  poetically  for  any 
rustic  maiden. 

*^*  Handel  has  an  opera  called  Acis 
and  Galatea  (1710). 

Galate'a,  a  wise  ana  modest  lady  at- 
tending on  the  princess  in  the  drama  of 
Philaster  or  Love  Lies  a-bleeding,  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1608). 

Gal'atine  (S  syl.),  the  sword  of  sir 
Gaw'ain,  king  Arthur's  nephew. — Sir 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i. 
93  (1470). 

Galbraitli  (Major  Duncan),  of  Gars- 
chattachin,  a  militia  officer. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Hob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

G-n'len,  an  apothecary,  a  medical  man 
(in  disparagement).  Galen  was  the  most 
celebr.ifed  phj'sician  of  ancient  Greece, 
and  had  a  greater  influence  on  medical 
bcience  than  anv  other  man  before  or 
since  (a.p.  130-200). 

Unawed,  young  G.alen  bears  the  hostile  brunt. 
Pills  in  his  rear,  and  Cullen  in  his  front. 

Wm.  Falconer,  The  Midshipman. 

(Dr.   William    Cullen,    of    Hamilton^ 
Lanarkshire,  author  of  Nosology,   171S 
1790.) 

Galen'ical  Medicines,  herbs  at 
drugs  in  general,  in  contradistinction 
minerals  recommended  by  Paracel'sus. 

Gai'eiiist,  a  herb  doctor 

The  Galdnist  and  Paracelsian. 

S.  Butler,  Uudibras,  iii.  3  (1678). : 

Galeotti  Martivalle  (Martius\ 
astrologer  of  Louis  XI.  Being  asked  " 
the  superstitious  king  if  he  knew  the  da 
of  his  own  death,  the  crafty  astrolog 
replied  that  he  could  not  name  the  exa 
day,  but  he  had  learnt  thus  much  by  his 
art — that  it  would  occur  just  twenty-four 
hours  before  the  decease  of  his  majesty 
(ch.  xxix.). — SirW.  Scott,  Quentin Bur- 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

*^*  Thrasullus  the  soothsayer  made 
precisely  the  same  answer  to  Tibe'rius 
emperor  of  Rome. 

Galera'na  is  called  by  Ariosto  the 
wife  of  Charlemagne ;  but  the  nine  wives 
of  that  emperor  are  usually  given  as 
Hamiltrude  (3  syl.),  Desidera'ta,  Hil 'de- 
garde  (3  syl.),  Fastrade  (2  syl.),  Luifc- 
garde,   Maltegarde,   Gersuiude,   Regi'i 


GALERE. 


361 


GALLO-MANIA. 


and  Adalin'da. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso, 
xxi.  (1616). 

Cfalere  (2  syl.).  Que  diahlc  allait-il 
fairc  dans  cette  galere  ?  Scapin  wants  to 
get  from  Geronte  (a  miserly  old  hunks) 
£1500,  to  help  Leaudre,  the  old  man  s  son, 
out  of  a  money  difficulty.  So  Scapin 
vamps  up  a  cock-and-bull  story  about 
Leandre  being  invited  by  a  Turk  on  board 
bis  galley,  where  he  was" treated  to  a  most 
sumptuous  repast;  but  when  the  young 
man  was  about  to  quit  the  galley,  the 
Turk  told  him  he  was  a  prisoner,  and 
demanded  £1600  for  his  ransom  within 
two  hours'  time.  When  Geronte  hears 
this,  he  exclaims,  "  Que  diable  allait-il 
faire  dans  cette  galere?"  and  he  swears 
he  will  arrest  the  Turk  for  extortion. 
Being  shown  the  impossibility  of  so  doing, 
he  again  exclaims,  "  Que  diable  allait-il 
faire  dans  cette  galere  ?  "  and  it  flashes 
into  his  mind  that  Scapin  should  give  him- 
self up  as  suret}'  for  the  payment  of  the 
ransom.  This,  of  course,  Scapin  objects 
to.  The  old  man  again  exclaims,  "  Que 
diable  allait-il  faire  dans  cette  galere  ?  " 
and  commands  Scapin  to  go  and  tell 
the  Turk  that  £1500  is  not  to  be  picked 
off  a  hedge.  Scapin  says  the  Turk  does 
not  care  a  straw  about  that,  and  insists 
on  the  ransom.  '*  Mais,  que  diable  allait- 
il  faire  dans  cette  galere  ?  "  cries  the  old 
hunks  ;  and  tells  Scapin  to  go  and  pawn 
certain  goods.  Scapin  replies  there  is  no 
time,  the  two  hours  are  nearly  exhausted. 
"  Que  diable,"  cries  the  old  man  again, 
"allait-il  faire  dans  cette  galere?"  and 
when  at  last  he  gives  the  money,  he 
repeats  the  same  words,  "  Mais,  que 
diabie  allait-il  faire  dans  cette  galere  ?  " 
— Moliere,  Les  Fourberiesde  Scapin,  ii.  11 
(1G71). 

***  Vogtie  la  galere  means  "come  what 
may,"  "  let  what  will  happen." 

Gale'sian  Wool,  the  best  and  finest 
wool,  taken  from  sheep  pastured  on  the 
me&dows  of  Galesus. 

I  Dulce  pellitis  ovibus  G.iliesi  flumen. 

Horace,  Carm.,  ii.  6,  10. 

j      GaFgacus,  chief  of  the  Caledonians, 

I  who  resisted  Agricfila  with  great  valour. 

I  In  A.D.  84  he  was  defeated,  and  died  on 

the  field.     Tacitus  puts  into  his  mouth  a 

noble  speech,  made  to  his  army  before 

the  battle. 

Galfpicus,  their  guide, 
Amongst  his  murthered  troops  there  resolutely  died. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

\    Q-alia'na,  a  Moorish  princess,  daughter 
\  df  Gadaife  king  of  Toledo.     Her  father 
16 


built  for  her  a  palace  on  the  Tagus,  so 
splendid  that  "a  palace  of  Galiana"  has 
become  a  proverb  in  Spain. 

Galien  Restored,  a  mediaeval 
romance  of  chivalry.  Galien  was  the 
son  of  Jaqueline  (daughter  of  Hugh  king 
of  Constantinople).  His  father  was  count 
Oliver  of  Vienne.  Two  fairies  interested 
themselves  in  Jaqueline's  infant  son :  one, 
named  Galienne,  had  the  child  named  after 
her,  Galien ;  and  the  other  insisted  that 
he  should  be  called  "Restored,"  for  that 
the  boy  would  restore  the  chivalry  of 
Charlemagne. — Author  unknown. 

Galile'o  [Galilei],  born  at  Pisa, 
but  lived  chief!}'-  in  Florence.  In  1633  he 
published  his  work  on  the  Copernican 
system,  showing  that  "the  earth  moved 
and  the  sun  stood  still."  For  this  he  w&s 
denounced  by  the  Inquisition  of  Rome, 
and  accused  of  contradicting  the  liible. 
At  the  age  of  70  he  was  obliged  tp  abjure 
his  system,  in  order  to  gain  his  liberty. 
After  pronouncing  his  abjuration,  he  said, 
in  a  stage  whisper,  E  pur  si  muove  ("  It 
does  move,  though  ").  This  is  said  to  bo 
a  romance  (1664-1642). 

Galinthia,  daughter  of  Prcetus  king 
of  Argos.  She  was  changed  by  the  Fatea 
into  a  cat,  and  in  that  shape  was  made  by 
Hecate  her  high  priestess. — Antonius  LJ- 
beralis,  Metam.,  xxix. 

Galis,  in  Arthurian  romance,  means 
"  Wales,"  as  sir  Lamorake  de  Galis,  i.e, 
sir  Lamorake  the  Welshman. 

Gallegos  [Gal'.le.goze],  the  people  of 
Galicia  (once  a  province  of  Spain). 

Gallia,  France.  "Gauls,"  the  in- 
habitants of  Gallia. 

Gallice'nae,  priestesses  of  Gallic  my- 
thology, who  had  power  over  the  winds 
and  waves.  There  were  nine  of  them,  all 
virgins. 

Galligan'tus,  the  giant  who  lived 
with  Hocus-Pocus  the  conjuror.  When 
Jack  the  Giant-killer  blew  the  magic 
horn,  both  the  giant  and  conjuror  were 
overthrown. — Jack  the  Giant-killer 

Gallo-Bel'gicus,  an  annual  register 
in  Latin,  first  published  in  1698 

It  is  believed  .  .  . 
As  if  'twere  writ  in  Gallo-Belgicus. 

T.  May,  r/ie  Heir  (1615). 

Gallo-ma'nia,  a  furor  for  erery- 
thing  French.  Generally  applied  to  that 
vile  imitation  of  French  literature  and 
customs  which  prevailed  in  Germany  in 
the  time  of  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia.    It 


GALLOPING  DICK. 


362      GAMMER  GURTON'S  NEEDLE. 


is  very  conspicuous  in  the  writings  of 
Wieland  (1733-1818). 

Galloping  Dick,  Richard  Ferguson 
the  highwayman,  executed  in  1800. 

Gral'lovsray  {A),  a  small  nag  of  the 
breed  which  originally  came  from  Gal- 
loway, in  Scotland. 

Galloway  {The  Fair  Maid  of),  Margaret, 
only  daughter  of  Archibald  fifth  earl  of 
Douglas.  She  married  her  cousin  Wil- 
liam, to  whom  the  earldom  passed  in 
1443.  After  the  death  of  her  first  hus- 
band, she  married  his  brother  James  (the 
last  earl  of  Douglas). 

Gal'lo^Wglasses,  heavy-armed  Irish 
foot-soldiers  ;  their  chief  weapon  was  the 
pole-axe.  They  were  "  grim  of  counten- 
ance, tall  of  stature,  big  of  limb,  lusty 
of  body,  and  strongly  built."  The  light- 
armed  foot-soldiers  were  called  "  Kerns  " 
or  "Kernes"  (1  syl.). 

The  muUiplying  villainies  of  nature 

Do  swarm  upon  him  ;  from  the  western  isles 

Of  Kernes  and  Gallowglasses  [he's]  supplied. 

Sliakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  1.  sc.  2  (1606). 

Gallu'ra's  Bird,  the  cock,  which 
was  the  cognizance  of  Gallura. 

For  her  so  fair  a  burial  will  not  make 

The  viper  [the  Milanete,  whose  ensign  was  a  viper] 

As  had  been  made  by  shrill  Gallura's  bird. 

DantS.  Purgatory,  viiL  (13(K). 

Gal'-way  Jury,  an  independent  jury, 
neither  to  be  brow-beaten  nor  led  by  the 
nose.  In  1635,  certain  trials  were  held  in 
Ireland,  respecting  the  right  of  the  Crown 
to  the  counties  of  Ireland.  Leitrim,  Ros- 
common, Sligo,  and  Mayo  gave  judgment 
in  favour  of  the  Crown,  but  Galway  stood 
out,  whereupon  each  of  the  jury  was 
fined  £4000. 

Ga'ma  {Vasco  da),  the  hero  of  Ca- 
moens's  Inisiad.  Sagacious,  intrepid, 
tender-hearted,  pious,  and  pUriotic.  He 
was  the  first  European  navigator  who 
doubled  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  (1497). 

Gama,  captain  of  the  venturous  band. 
Of  bold  emprise,  and  born  for  high  command, 
Whose  martial  fires,  with  prudence  close  allied. 
Ensured  the  smiles  of  fortune  on  his  side. 

CamoSns,  Ltuiad,  i.  (1569). 

*^*  Gama  is  also  the  hero  of  Meyer- 
beer's posthumous  opera  called  VAfri- 
cane  (1865). 

Gam'elyn  (3  syl.),  youngest  of  the 
three  sons  of  sir  Johan  di  Boundys,  who, 
on  his  death-bed,  left  "  five  plowes  of 
land"  to  each  of  his  two  elder  sons, 
and  the  residue  of  his  property  to  the 
youngest.  The  eldest  son  took  charge 
of  Gamelyn,  but  entreated  him  shame- 
fully.    On  one  occasion  he  said  to  him, 


"  Stand  still,  gadelyng,  and  hold  thy 
peace."  To  which  the  proud  boy  retorted, 
"I  am  no  gadelyng,  but  the  lawful  son 
of  a  lady  and  true  knight."  On  this,  the 
elder  brother  sent  his  servants  to  chastise 
him,  but  he  drove  them  off  "with  a 
pestel."  At  a  wrestling  match  young 
Gamelyn  threw  the  champion,  and  carried 
off  the  prize  ram  ;  but  on  reaching  home 
found  the  door  closed  against  him.  He 
at  once  kicked  the  door  down,  and  threw 
the  porter  into  a  well.  The  elder  brother 
now  bound  the  young  madcap  to  a  tree, 
and  left  him  two  days  without  food  ;  but 
Adam,  the  spencer,  unloosed  him ;  and 
Gamelyn  fell  upon  a  party  of  ecclesiastics, 
who  had  come  to  dine  with  his  brother, 
and  "sprinkled  holy  water  on  them  with 
a  stout  oaken  cudgel."  The  sheriff  sent 
to  apprehend  the  young  spitfire,  but 
he  fled  with  Adam  into  the  woods,  and 
came  upon  a  party  of  foresters  sitting  at 
meat.  The  captain  gave  him  Avelcome, 
and  Gamelyn  in  time  became  "  king  of 
the  outlaws."  His  brother,  being  sheriff, 
would  have  put  him  to  death,  but  Game- 
lyn hanged  his  brother  on  a  forest  tree. 
After  this  the  king  appointed  him  chief 
ranger,  and  he  married. — Coke,  Tale  of 
Gamelyn. 

*:^*  Lodge  has  made  this  tale  the  basis 
of  his  romance  entitled  Rosalynd  or 
JSupheus^  Golden  Legacye  (1590) ;  and 
from  Lodge's  novel  Shakespeare  has  bor- 
rowed the  plot,  with  some  of  the  charac- 
ters and  dialogue,  of  As  You  Like  It. 

Gamelyn  de  Guar'dover  {Sir), 
an  ancestor  of  sir  Arthur  Wardour. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Gamester  {The),  a  tragedy  by  Ed. 
Moore  (1753).  The  name  of  the  gamester 
is  Beverley,  and  the  object  of  the  play  is 
to  show  the  great  evils  of  gambling  end- 
ing in  despair  and  suicide. 

Gamester  {The),  by  Mrs.  Centlivre 
(1705).  The  hero  is  Valere,  to  whom 
Angelica  gives  a  picture,  which  she  en- 
joins him  not  to  lose  on  pain  of  forfeiting 
her  hand.  Valere  loses  it  in  play,  and 
Angelica,  in  disguise,  is  the  winner.  After 
much  tribulation,  Valere  is  cured  of  his 
vice,  the  picture  is  restored,  and  the  two 
are  happily  united  in  marriage. 

Gammer  Gurton's  Needle,  by 
Mr.  S.  Master  of  Arts.  It  was  in 
existence,  savs  Warton,  in  1551  {English 
roetry,  iv.  32)-  Sir  Walwr  Scott  says: 
"It  was  the  supposed  composition  of 
John  Still,  M.A.,  afterwards  bishop  of 


GAMP. 


363 


GANGES. 


Bath  and  Wells  ;"  but  in  1551  John  Still 
was  a  boy  not  nine  years  old.  The  fun 
of  this  comedy  turns  on  the  loss  and 
recovery  of  a  needle,  with  which  Gammer 
Gurton  was  repairing  the  breeches  of  her 
man  Hodge.  The  comedy  contains  the 
famous  drinking  song,  "I  Cannot  Eat  but 
Little  Meat." 

Oammer  Ourton't  Needle  Is  a  creat  curiosltr.  The 
popular  characters,  such  as  "The  Sturdy  Beggar,"  "The 
Clotm,"  "The  Country  Vicar,"  and  "The  Shrew,"  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  are  drawn  in  colours  taken  from  the 
lite.  .  . .  The  place  is  the  open  square  of  the  village  before 
Gammer  Gurton's  door ;  the  action,  the  loss  of  the 
needle  j  and  this,  followed  by  the  search  for  it,  and  its 
final  recovery,  is  intermixetl  with  no  other  thwarting  or 
iUbordinate  interest— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Drama, 

Gamp  {Sarah),  a  monthly  nurse, 
residing  in  Kingsgate  Street,  High 
HolborQ.  Sarah  was  noted  for  her  gouty 
umbrellsk,  and  for  her  perpetual  reference 
to  an  hypothetical  Mrs.  Harris,  whose 
opinions  were  a  confirmation  of  her  own. 
She  was  fond  of  strong  tea  and  strong 
stimulants.  "  Don't  ask  me,"  she  said, 
♦'  whether  I  won't  take  none,  or  whether 
I  will,  but  leave  the  bottle  on  the  chimley- 
piece,  and  let  me  put  my  lips  to  it 
when  I  am  so  dispoged."  When  Mrs. 
Prig,  "her  pardner,"  stretched  out  her 
hand  to  the  teapot  [filled  with  giri],  Mrs. 
Gamp  stopped  the  hand  and  said  with 
great  feeling,  "No,  Betsey!  drink  fair, 
wotever  you  do."  (See  Harris.) — C. 
Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xlix.  (1843). 
*^*  A  big,  pawky  umbrella  is  called  a 
,  Mrs.  Gamp^  and  in  France  un  Robinson, 
j  from  Robinson  Crusoe's  umbrella. 

*,^*  Mrs.  Gamp  and  Mrs.  Harris  have 
Parisian  sisters  in  Mde.  Pochet  and  Mde. 
Gibou,  creations  of  Henri  Monnier. 

Gan.    (See  Ganelon.) 

I  Gan'abim,  the  island  of  thieves. 
jl  (Hebrew,  gannab,  "  a  thief.") — Rabelais, 
I  Fantag'ruel,  iv.  66  (1545). 

(  Gan'dalin,  earl  of  the  Firm  Island, 
i  and  'squire  of  Am'adis  de  Gaul. 

Gandalin,  though  an  earl,  never  spoke  to  his  master  but 
»p  In  hand,  bis  head  bowing  all  the  time,  and  his  body 
J  jent  after  the  Turkish  manner. —Cervantes,  Don  quixote, 
I ..  iiL  6  (1605). 

Gander-Cleugh  {'^folly-cliff"),  that 
Mysterious  place  where  a  person  makes 
I  goose  of  himself.  Jededi'ah  Cleish- 
)otham,  the  hypothetical  editor  of  The 
Tales  of  My  Landlord,  lived  at  Gander- 
leuffh.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

i  Gan'elon  (2  syl.),  count  of  Mayence, 
I  be  "  Judas  "  of  Charlemagne's  paladins. 
\iia  castle  was  built  on  the  Blocksberg, 
jl  ae  loftiest  peak  of  the  Hartz  Mountains. 
'  Charlemagne   was    always  trusting  this 


base  knight,  and  was  as  often  betrayed  by 
him.  Although  the  very  business  of  the 
paladins  was  the  upholding  of  Chris- 
tianity, sir  Ganelon  was  constantly  in- 
triguing for  its  overthrow.  No  doubt, 
jealousy  of  sir  Roland  made  him  a  traitor, 
and  he  basely  planned  with  Marsillus 
(the  Moorish  king),  the  attack  of  Ron- 
cesvalles.  The  character  of  sir  Ganelon 
was  marked  with  spite,  dissimulation, 
and  intrigue,  but  he  was  patient,  ob- 
stinate, and  enduring.  He  was  six  feet 
and  a  half  in  height,  had  large  glaring 
eyes,  and  fiery  red  hair.  He  lovea  soli- 
tude, was  very  taciturn,  disbelieved  in 
the  existence  of  moral  good,  and  has 
become  a  by-word  for  a  false  and  faith- 
less friend.  Dante  has  placed  him  in  his 
"  Inferno."     (Sometimes  called  Gan.) 

The  most  faithless  spy  since  the  days  of  Ganelon.- Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Abbot,  xxiv.  (1820). 

Gunem,  "the  Slave  of  Love."  The 
hero  ard  title  of  one  of  the  Arabian 
Nights  tales.  Ganem  was  the  son  of  a 
rich  merchant  of  Damascus,  named  Abou 
Aibou.  On  the  death  of  his  father  he 
went  to  Bagdad,  to  dispose  of  the  mer- 
chandize left,  and  accidentally  saw  three 
slaves  secretly  burying  a  chest  in  the 
earth.  Curiosity  induced  him  to  dis- 
inter the  chest,  when,  lo  !  it  contained  a 
beautiful  woman,  sleeping  from  the  effects 
of  a  narcotic  drug.  He  took  her  to  hio 
lodgings,  and  discovered  that  the  victim 
was  Fetnab,  the  caliph's  favourite,  who 
had  been  buried  alive  by  order  of  the 
sultana,  out  of  jealousy.  When  the  caliph 
heard  thereof,  he  was  extremely  jealous 
of  the  young  merchant,  and  ordered  him 
to  be  put  to  death,  but  he  made  good  his 
escape  in  the  guise  of  a  waiter,  and  lay 
concealed  till  the  angry  fit  of  the  caliph 
had  subsided.  When  Haroun-al-Raschid 
(the  caliph)  came  to  himself,  and  heard 
the  unvarnished  facts  of  the  case,  he 
pardoned  Ganem,  gave  to  him  Fetnab  for 
a  wife,  and  appointed  him  to  a  lucrative 
post  about  the  court. 

G^n'esa,  goddess  of  wisdom,  in 
Hindu  mythology. 

Then  Camdeo  [Love]  bright  and  Ganesa  sublima 
Shall  bless  with  joy  their  own  propitious  clime. 

CampbeU,  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i  (1798J. 

Gan'ges.  Pliny  tells  us  of  men 
living  on  the  odour  euiitti-d  bv  the  water 
of  this  river. — Nat.  Ilist.,  xii. 

By  Ganges'  bank,  as  wild  traditions  tell. 
Of  old  ttie  tribes  lived  healtliful  by  the  smell ; 
No  food  they  knew,  such  fragrant  vapours  ro.se 
Rich  from  the  Howery  lawn  where  Ganges  flows. 

Camoiins.  XiukKi,  vii.  llfiOB). 


GANLESSE. 


364 


GARETH. 


Ganlesse  {Richard),  alias  Simon 
Canter,  alias  Edward  Christian,  one 
of  the  conspirators. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fever il  of  the  Feak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Q-anna,  the  Celtic  prophetess,  who 
succeeded  Velle'da.  She  went  to  Rome, 
and  was  received  by  Domitian  with  great 
honour. — Tacitus,  Annals,  55. 

Ganor,  Gano'ra,  Geneura,  Ginevra, 
Genievre,  Guinevere,  Guenever,  are  dif- 
ferent ways  of  spelling  the  name  of 
Arthur's  wife  ;  called  by  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth, Guanhuma'ra  or  Guan'humar ; 
but  Tennyson  has  made  Guenevere  the 
popular  English  form. 

Gants  Jaunes  (-C^^s),  dandies, 
men  of  fashion. 

Gan'ymede  (3  syl.),  a  beautiful 
Phrygean  boy,  who  was  carried  up  to 
Olympos  on  the  back  of  an  eagle,  to  be- 
come cup-bearer  to  the  gods  instead  of 
Hebe.  At  the  time  of  his  capture  he 
was  playing  a  flute  while  tending  his 
father's  sheep. 

There  fell  a  flute  when  Ganymede  went  up— 
The  flute  that  he  was  wont  to  play  upon. 

Jean  Ingelow,  Honours,  ii. 

(Jupiter  compensated  the  boy's  father 
for  the  loss  of  his  son,  by  a  pair  of 
horses.) 

Tennyson,  speaking  of  a  great  reverse 
of  fortune  from  the  highest  glory  to  the 
lowest  shame,  says  : 

They  mounted  Oanymede*, 
To  tumble  VvUcans  on  the  second  mom. 

The  Princeu,  ill. 

The  Birds  of  Ganymede,  eagles.  Gany- 
mede is  represented  as  sitting  on  an  eagle, 
or  attended  by  that  bird- 

To  see  upon  her  shores  her  fowl  and  conies  feed, 
And  wantonly  to  hatch  the  birds  of  Ganymede. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  Iv.  (1612). 

*^*   Ganymede    is    the    constellation 

Aquarius. 

Garagan'tua,  a  giant, who  swallowed 
five  pilgrims  Avith  their  staves  in  a  salad. 
— Rabelais,  The  History  of  Garaqantua 
(1633). 

You  must  borrow  me  Garagantua's  mouth  before  I  can 
utter  so  long  a  word.— Shakespeare,  As  You  Like  It,  act 
m.  so.  2  (1600). 

Gar'cias.  The  soul  of  Feter  Garcias, 
money.  Two  scholars,  journeying  to 
Salamanca,  came  to  a  fountain,  which 
bore  this  inscription :  "  Here  is  buried 
the  soul  of  the  licentiate  Peter  Garcias." 
One  scholar  went  away  laughing  at  the 
notion  of  a  buried  soul,  but  the  other, 
cutting  with  his  knife,  loosened  a  stone. 


and  found  a  purse  containing  100  ducati. 
— Lesage,  Gil  Bias  (to  the  reader,  1716). 

Garcilas'o,  sumamed  "the  Inca," 
descended  on  the  mother's  side  from  the 
royal  family  of  Peru  (1530-1668).  He 
was  the  son  of  Sebastian  Garcilaso,  a 
lieutenant  of  Alvarado  and  Pizarro. 
Author  of  Commentaries  on  the  Origin  of 
the  Incas,  their  Laws  and  Government. 

It  was  from  poetical  traditions  that  Garcilasso  [sic]  com- 
posed  his  account  of  the  Yncas  of  Peru  ...  it  was  from 
ancient  poems  which  his  mother  (a  princess  of  the  blood 
of  the  Yncas)  taught  him  in  his  youth,  that  he  collected 
the  materials  of  his  id&tory.— Dissertation  on  the  Era  of 
Ossiatu 

Garcilaso  [de  la  Vega],  called  "The 
Petrarch  of  Spain,"  born  at  Toledo 
(1503-1536).  His  poems  are  eclogues, 
odes,  and  elegies  of  great  naivete',  grace, 
and  harmony. 

Sometimes  he  turned  to  gaze  upon  his  book, 
Boscan  or  Garcilasso  [sic]. 

Byron,  Dou  Jnan,  L  95  (1819)i 

Gar'dariTce  (4  syl.).  So  Russia  is 
called  in  the  Eddas. 

Garden  of  the  Argentine,  Turcuman, 
a  province  of  Buenos  Ayres. 

Garden  of  England.  Worcestershire 
and  Kent  are  both  so  called. 

Garden  of  Erin,  Carlo w,  in  Leinstcr. 

Garden  of  Europe.  Italy  and  Belgium 
are  both  so  called. 

Garden  of  France,  Amboise,  in  the  de- 
partment of  Indre-et-Loire.  .^Hl 

Garden  of  India,  Oude.  ^^| 

Garden  of  Italy,  Sicily.  '^^hI 

Garden  of  South  Wales,  southern 
division  of  Glamorganshire. 

Garden  of  Spain,  Andaluci'a. 

Garden  of  the  West.  Illinois  and 
Kansas  are  both  so  called. 

Garden  of  the  World,  the  region  of  the 
Mississippi.  ! 

Garden  {The),  Covent  Garden  Theatre.  I 
The  "  Lane,"  that  is,  Drury  Lane.  j 

He  managed  the  Garden,  and  afterwards  the  Lane.— V. 
C.  Macready,  Temple  Bar,  76,  1875 

Gardens  of  the  Sun,  the  East 
Indian  or  Malayan  Archipelago. 

Gardening  {Father  of  Landscape),  I 
Lenotre  (1613-1700).  '  | 

Gar 'diner  {Richard),  porter  to  Miss 
Seraphine  Arthuret  and  her  sister  Ange- 
lica.—Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time, 
George  III.). 

Gar' diner  {Colonel),  colonel  of  Waver- 
ley's  regiment.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverky 
(time,  George  II.). 

Gareth.  {Sir),  according  to  ancifldt 


GARETH. 


365 


GARGANTUA. 


romance,  was  the  3'oungest  eon  of  Lot 
kiag  of  Orkney  and  Morgawse  Arthur's 
[half] -sister.  His  mother,  to  deter  him 
from  entering  Arthur's  court,  said,  jest- 
ingly, she  would  consent  to  his  so  doing 
if  he  concealed  his  name  and  went  as  a 
scullion  for  twelve  months.  To  this  he 
agreed,  and  sir  Kay,  the  king's  steward, 
nicknamed  him  "  Beaumains,"  because 
his  hands  were  unusually  large.  At  the 
end  of  the  year  he  was  knighted,  and 
obtained  the  quest  of  Linet',  who  craved 
tlie  aid  of  some  knight  to  liberate  her 
sister  Liones,  who  was  held  prisoner  by 
sir  Ironside  in  Castle  Perilous.  Linet 
treated  sir  Gareth  with  great  contumely, 
calling  him  a  washer  bf  dishes  and  a 
kitchen  knave;  but  he  overthrew  the 
five  knights  and  liberated  the  lady,  whom 
he  married.  The  knights  were — first,  the 
Black  Knight  of  the  Black  Lands  or  sir 
Pere'ad  (2  syl.),  the  Green  Knight  or  sir 
Pertolope,   the  Red  Knight  or  sir  Peri- 

'  mo'nes,  the  Blue  Knight  or  sir  Persaunt 
of  India   (four  brothers),  and  lastly  the 

I  Red  Knight  of  the  Red  Lands  or  sir  Iron- 
side.— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 

I    Arthur,  i.  120-153  (1470). 

1  ♦^*  According  to  Tennyson,  sir  Gareth 
was  *'  the  last  and  tallest  son  of  Lot  king 

I  of  Orkney  and  of  Bellicent  his  wife." 
He  served  as  kitchen  knave  in  king 
>  Arthur's  hall  a  twelvemonth  and  a  day, 
and  was  nicknamed  " Fair-hands"  (Beau- 
mains).  At  the  end  of  twelve  months  he 
was  knighted,  and  obtained  leave  to 
;  accompany  Lynette  to  the  liberation  of 
:  her  sister  Lyonors,  who  was  held  captive 
in  Castle  Perilous  by  a  knight  called 
I  Death  or  Mors.  The  passages  to  the 
■  castle  were  kept  by  four  brothers,  called 
\  by  Tennyson,  Morning  Star  or  Phos'- 
phorus.  Noonday  Sun  or  Meridies,  Even- 
ing Star  or  HespCrus,  and  Night  or  Nox, 
;  all  of  whom  he  overthrew.  At  length 
i  Death  leapt  from  the  cleft  skull  of  Night, 
;  and  prayed  the  knight  not  to  kill  him, 
( seeing  that  what  he  did  his  brothers  had 
!  made  him  do.  At  starting,  Lynette  treated 
I  Jareth  with  great  contumely,  but  softened 
I  ;o  him  more  and  more  after  each  victory, 
|ind  at  last  married  him. 

I  He  that  told  the  tale  in  olden  times 

(  Says  that  sir  Gareth  wedded  Lyonors ; 

1  But  he  tlmt  told  it  later  says  Lynette. 

•  eiinyion,  JdylU  of  the  King  ("  Gareth  and  Lynette  "). 

I  Gareth  and  Linet'  is  in  reality  an  alle- 
l-ory,  a  sort  of  Bunyan's  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
iresSy  describing  the  warfare  of  a  Christian 
'  rom  birtJi  to  his  entrance  into  glory, 
'he  "Bride"  lived  in  Castle  Perilous, 
Jd  was  named  Liones  ;  Linet'  represents 


the  "  carnal  world,"  which,  like  the  in- 
habitants of  the  City  of  Destniction,  jest 
and  jeer  at  everything  the  Christian  does. 
Sir  Gareth  fought  with  four  knights, 
keepers  of  the  roads  "  to  Zion"  or  Castle 
Perilous,  viz..  Night,  Dawn,  Midday, 
and  Evening,  meaning  the  temptations  of 
the  four  ages  of  man.  Having  conquered 
in  all  these,  he  had  to  encounter  the  last 
enemy,  which  is  death,  and  then  the  bride 
was  won — the  bride  who  lived  in  Castle 
Perilous  or  Mount  Zion. 

*^f*  Tennyson,  in  his  version  of  this 
beautiful  allegory,  has  fallen  into  several 
grave  errors,  the  worst  of  which  is  his 
making  Gareth  marry  Linet  instead  of 
the  true  bride.  This  is  like  landing  his 
Pilgrim  in  the  City  of  Destruction,  after 
having  finished  his  journey  and  passed 
the  flood.  Gareth's  brother  was  wedded 
to  the  world  (i.e.  Linet),  but  Gareth  him- 
self was  married  to  the  "true  Bride," 
who  dwelt  in  Castle  Perilous.  Another 
grave  error  is  making  Death  crave  of 
Gareth  not  to  kill  him,  as  what  he  did  he 
was  compelled  to  do  by  his  elder  brothers. 
I  must  confess  that  this  to  me  is  quite 
past  understanding.  —  See  Notes  and 
Queries,  January  19,  February  16,  March 
16,  1878. 

Gar'gamelle  (3  syl.),  wife  of  (Jran- 
gousier  and  daughter  of  the  Parpaillons. 
On  the  day  that  she  gave  birth  to  Gar- 
gantua,  she  ate  16  qrs.  2  bush.  3  pecks 
and  a  pipkin  of  dirt,  the  mere  remains 
left  in  the  tripe  which  she  had  for  supper, 
although  the  tripe  had  been  cleaned  with 
the  utmost  care. — Rabelais,  Gargantua,  i. 
4  (1533). 

*^*  Gargamelle  is  an  allegorical  skit 
on  the  extravagance  of  queens,  and  the 
dirt  is  their  pin-money. 

Q-argan'tua,  son  of  Grangousier  and 
Gargamelle.  It  needed  17,913  cows  to 
supply  the  babe  with  milk.  Like  Gara- 
gantua  (q.v.),  he  ate  in  his  salad  lettuces 
as  big  as  walnut  trees,  in  which  were 
lurking  six  pilgrims  from  Sebastian. 
He  founded  and  endowed  the  abbey  of 
Theleme  (2  syl.),  in  remembrance  of  his 
victory  over  Picrochole  (3  syl.). — Rabe- 
lais, Gargantua,  i.  7  (1533). 

*^*  Of  course,  Gargantua  is  an  alle- 
gorical skit  on  the  allowance  accorded  to 
princes  for  their  maintenance. 

Gargantua's  Mare.  This  mare  was 
as  big  as  «ix  elephants,  and  had  feet 
with  fingers.  On  one  occasion,  going  to 
school,  the  "boy  "  hung  the  bells  of  Notre 
Dame  de  Paris  on  his  mare's  neck,  as 


GARGANTUAN  CURRICULUM.      366 


GASCOIGNE. 


jingles;  but  when  the  Parisians  promised 
to  feed  his  beast  for  nothing,  he  restored 
the  peal.  This  mare  had  a  terrible  tail, 
"  ewry  whit  as  big  as  the  steeple  of  St. 
Mark's,"  and  on  one  occasion,  being 
annoyed  by  wasps,  she  switched  it  about 
so  vigorously  that  she  knocked  down  all 
the  trees  in  the  vicinity.  Gargantua 
roared  with  laughter,  and  cried,  "Je 
trouve  beau  ce  I  "  whereupon  the  locality 
was  called  "  Beauce." — Rabelais,  Gar- 
gantua, i.  16  (1533). 

*^*  Of  course,  this  "  mare  "  is  an  alle- 
gorical skit  on  the  extravagance  of  court 
mistresses,  and  the  "tail"  is  the  suite  in 
attendance  on  them. 

G-argan'tuan     Curriculum,     a 

course  of  studies  including  all  languages, 
all  sciences,  all  the  fine  arts,  with  all 
athletic  sports  and  calisthenic  exercises. 
Grangousier  wrote  to  his  son,  saying : 

"  There  should  not  be  a  river  in  the  world,  no  matter 
how  small,  thou  dost  not  know  the  name  of,  with  the 
nature  and  habits  of  all  fishes,  all  fowls  of  the  air,  all 
shrubs  and  trees,  all  metals,  minerals,  gems,  and  precious 
stones.  I  would,  furthermore,  have  thee  study  the  Tal- 
rnudists  and  Cabalists,  and  get  a  perfect  knowledge  of 
man,  together  with  every  language,  ancient  and  modern, 
Jiving  or  dead."— Rabelais,  Pantag'ruel',  ii.  8  (1533). 

Gar'gery  {Mrs.  Joe),  Pip's  sister.  A 
virago,  who  kept  her  husband  and  Pip  in 
constant  awe. 

Joe  Gargery,  a  blacksmith,  married  to 
Pip's  sister.  A  noble-hearted,  simple- 
minded  young  man,  who  loved  Pip  sin- 
cerely. Though  uncouth  in  manners  and 
ungainly  in  appearance,  Joe  Gargery 
was  one  of  nature's  gentlemen. — C.  Dick- 
ens, Great  Expectations  (1860). 

Gargouille  (2  s.y/.),  the  great  dragon 
that  lived  in  the  Seine,  ravaged  Rouen, 
and  was  slain  by  St.  Roma'nus  in  the 
seventh  century. 

Garland  of  Ho-wtli  (Ireland),  the 
book  of  the  four  Gospels  preserved  in 
the  abbey  of  Howth,  remains  of  which 
still  exist. 

Garlic.  The  purveyor  of  the  sultan 
of  Casgar  says  he  knew  a  man  who  lost  his 
thumbs  and  great  toes  from  eating  garlic. 
The  facts  were  these  :  A  young  man  was 
married  to  the  favourite  of  Zobeide,  and 
partook  of  a  dish  containing  garlic  ;  when 
he  went  to  his  bride,  she  ordered  him  to 
be  bound,  and  cut  off  his  two  thumbs  and 
two  great  toes,  for  presuming  to  appear 
before  her  without  having  purified  his 
fingers.  Ever  after  this  he  always  washed 
his  hands  120  times  with  alkali  and  soap 
after  partaking  of  garlic  in  a  ragout. — 
Arabian  Nights  /"The  Purveyor's  Story"). 


Gar'rat  (Tli.e  mayor  of).  Garrat  is  a 
village  between  Wandsworth  and  Tool- 
ing. In  1780  the  inhabitants  associated 
themselves  together  to  resist  any  further 
encroachments  on  their  common,  and  the 
chairman  was  called  the  Mayor.  The  first 
"  mayor "  happened  to  be  chosen  on  a 
general  election,  and  so  it  was  decreed 
that  a  new  mayor  should  be  appointed  at 
each  general  election.  This  made  excel- 
lent capital  for  electioneering  squibs,  and 
some  of  the  greatest  wits  of  the  daj'  have 
ventilated  political  grievances,  gibbeted 
political  characters,  and  sprinkled  holy 
water  with  good  stout  oaken  cudgels 
under  the  mask  of  "addresses  by  the 
mayors  of  Garrat." 

S.  Foote  has  a  farce  entitled  The  Mayor 
of  Garrat  (1762). 

Garra"v\ray's,  a  coffee-house  in  Ex- 
change Alley,  which  existed  for  216  years, 
but  is  now  pulled  down.  Here  tea  was 
sold  in  1657  for  sums  varying  from  16s. 
to  505.  per  lb 

Q-arter.  According  to  legend,  Joan 
countess  of  Salisbury  accidentally  slipped 
her  garter  at  a  court  ball.  It  was  picked 
up  by  her  royal  partner,  Edward  III., 
who  gallantly  diverted  the  attention  of 
the  guests  from  the  lady  by  binding  the 
blue  band  round  his  own  knee,  saying, 
as  he  did  so,  "  Honi  soit  qui  mal  y 
pense." 

The  earl's  greatest  of  all  grandmothers 
Was  grander  daughter  still  to  that  fair  dame 
Whose  garter  slipped  down  at  the  famous  balL 
Robert  Browning,  A  Blot  on  the  'Seutc/ieon,  L  81j 

G-artha,  sister  of  pnnce  Oswald 
Vero'na.      When  Oswald  was    slain 
single  combat  by  Gondibert  (a  combat 
provoked  by  his  own  treachery),  Gartha 
used  all  her  efforts  to  stir  up  civil  w    ~ 
but  Hermegild,  a  man  of  great  pruden( 
who  loved  her,  was  the  author  of  wii 
counsel,  and  diverted  the  anger  of 
camp  by  a  funeral  pageant  of  unusi 
splendour.     As  the  tale  is  not  finish^ 
the  ultimate  lot  of  Gartha  is  unknown. 
Sir  William  Davenant,   Gondibert  (dii 
1668). 

Gas'abal,  the  'squire  of  don  Galaor' 

Gasabal  was  a  man  of  such  silence  that  the  author 
names  liim  only  once  in  the  course  of  his  Toluminoui 
history.—ZJon  Quixote,  I.  iii.  6  {l&Ju). 

Gascoigne  (Sir  William).  Shake- 
speare says  that  prince  Henry  "struck 
the  chief  justice  in  the  open  court ;  "  but 
it  does  not  appear  from  history  that  any 
blow  was  given.     The  fact  is  this : 

One  of  the  gay  companions  of  the  prince  being 
mitted  for  felony,  the  prince  demanded  bis  release 


•at       I 


but 

fli 


GASHFORD. 


867 


GAUL. 


rir  William  told  him  the  only  way  of  obUining  a  releaao 
would  be  to  get  from  the  icing  a  free  pardon.  Prince 
Bern?  now  tried  to  rescue  the  prisoner  by  force,  wlien 
tlie  judge  ordered  him  out  of  court.  In  a  towering  fury, 
the  prince  hew  to  the  judgment  seat,  and  all  thought  he 
was  about  to  slay  the  judjge;  but  sir  William  said  very 
firmly  and  quietly,  "Syr,  remember  yourselfe.  I  kepe 
here  the  place  of  the  kynge,  your  govereigiie  lorde  and 
father,  to  whom  you  owe  double  obedience  ;  wherefore  I 
charge  you  in  his  name  to  desyste  of  your  wylfulnes.  .  .  . 
And  nowe  for  your  contempte  goo  you  to  the  prysona  of 
the  Kynge.s  Benche,  whereunto  I  comniytte  you,  and  re- 
niayne  ye  there  prisoner  untyll  the  pleasure  of  the  kynge 
be  further  known."  With  which  words,  the  prince  being 
abaslied,  the  noble  prisoner  departed  and  went  to  the 
King't  Bench.— Sir  Thomas  Elyot,  The  Goverrurur  (1531). 

Gashford,  secretary  to  lord  George 
Gordon.  A  detestable,  cruel  sneak,  who 
dupes  his  half-mad  master,  and  leads 
him  to  imagine  he  is  upholding  a  noble 
cause  in  plotting  against  the  English 
catholics.  To  wreak  vengeance  on  Geof- 
frey Haredale,  he  incites  the  rioters  to 
burn  *'  The  Warren,"  where  Haredale 
resided.  Gashford  commits  suicide. — C. 
Dickens,  Barnaby  Rudcje  (1841). 

Gaspar  or  Caspar  ("  the  white  one''), 
one  of  the  three  Magi  or  kings  of  Cologne. 
His  offering  to  the  infant  Jesus  was 
franki7ice7ise,  in  token  of  divinity. 

*if*  The  other  two  were  Melchior 
("king  of  light"),  who  offered  gold, 
symbolical  of  royalty ;  and  Balthazar 
("lord  of  treasures"),  who  offered  myrrh, 
to  denote  that  Christ  would  die.  Klop- 
Btock,  in  his  Messiah,  makes  the  number 
of  the  Magi  six,  not  one  of  which  names 
agrees  with  those  of  Cologne  Cathedral. 

Gaspard,  the  steward  of  count  De 
Valmont,  in  whose  service  he  had  been 
for  twenty  years,  and  to  whom  he  was 
most  devotedly  attached. — W.  Dimond, 
The  Foundling  of  the  Forest. 

Gas'pero,  secretary  of  state,  in  the 
drama  called  T/ie  Laws  of  Candy,  by 
Beaumont  and  Hfetcher  (1647). 

?    •  Gate  of  France  (Iron),  Longwy,  a 
strong  military  position. 

Gate  of  Italy,  that  part  of  the  valley 
of  the  Adige  which  is  in  the  vicinity  of 
Trent  and  Roveredo.  It  is  a  narrow 
gorge  between  two  mountain  ridges. 

Gate  of  Tears  ( Babel mandeb),  the 
passage  into  the  Red  Sea. 

like  some  ill-destined  bark  that  steers 

In  silence  through  the  Gate  of  Tears. 

Moore,  Lalla  Rookli  ("  The  Fire-Worshippers,"  1817). 

Gates  {Iron)  or  Demir  Kara,  a  cele- 
brated pass  of  the  Teuthras,  through 
which  all  caravans  between  Smyrna  and 
Brusa  must  needs  pass. 

Gates  of  Cilicia  {pylce   Ciliciw),  a 


defile  connecting  Cappadocia  and  Cilicia, 
Now  called  the  Pass  of  Golek  B<5gh^z. 

Gates  of  Syria  (pylce  Syrice),  a 
Beilan  pass.  Near  this  pass  was  the 
battle-field  of  Issus. 

Gates  of  the  Caspian  (pylw  Cas^ 
pice),  a  rent  in  the  high  mountain-wall 
south  of  the  Caspian,  in  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  modern  Persian  capital. 

Gates  of  the  Occult  Sciences 
{The),  forty,  or  as  some  say  forty-eight, 
books  on  magic,  in  Arabic.  The  first 
twelve  teach  the  art  of  sorcery  and 
enchantment,  the  thirteenth  teaches  how 
to  disenchant  and  restore  bodies  to  their 
native  shapes  again.  A  complete  set 
was  always  kept  in  the  Dom-Daniel  or 
school  for  magic  in  Tunis. — Continuation 
of  the  Arabian  Nights  ("  History  of  Mau'- 
graby"). 

Gath'eral  {Old),  steward  to  the  duke 
of  Buckingham. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Pewril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Gath'erill  {Old),  bailiff  to  sir  Geof- 
frey Peveril  of  the  Peak.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Feveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Gauden'tio  di  Lucca,  the  hero 
and  title  of  a  romance  by  Simon  Bering- 
ton.  He  makes  a  journey  to  Mezzoramia, 
an  imaginary  country  in  the  interior  of 
Africa. 

Gau'difer,  a  champion  in  the 
romance  of  Alexander. 

Gaudio'sa  {Lady),  wife  of  Pelayo ; 
a  wise  and  faithful  counsellor,  high- 
minded,  brave  in  danger,  and  a  real  help- 
mate.— Southey,  Eoderick,  Last  of  the 
Goths  (1814). 

Gaudissart,  the  droll  French  bag- 
man. 

Gaul,  son  of  Momi  of  Stnxmon.  He 
was  betrothed  to  Oith'ona  daughter  of 
Nuath,  but  before  the  day  of  marriage  he 
was  called  away  by  Fingal  to  attend  him 
on  an  expedition  against  the  Britons. 
At  the  same  time  Nuath  was  at  war,  and 
sent  for  his  son  Lathmon ;  so  Oithona 
was  left  unprotected  in  her  home.  Dun- 
rommath  lord  of  Uthal  (or  Cuthal) 
seized  this  opportunity  to  carry  her  off, 
and  concealed  her  in  a  cave  in  the  desert 
island  of  Trom'athon.  When  Gaul  re- 
turned to  claim  his  betrothed,  he  found 
she  was  gone,  and  was  told  bj'  a  vision 
in  the  night  where  she  was  hidden.  Next 
day,  with  three  followers,  Gaul  went  to 
Tromatb.on,    and    the    ravisher    coming 


GAUL. 


368 


GAYYIIXE. 


tip,  he  slew  him  and  cut  off  his  head. 
Oithona,  armed  as  a  combatant,  mingled 
with  the  fighters  and  was  wounded. 
(Jaul  saw  what  he  thought  a  youth  dying, 
and  went  to  offer  assistance,'but  found  it 
was  Oithona,  who  forthwith  expired. 
Disconsolate,  he  returned  to  Dunlathmon, 
and  thence  to  Slorven. — Ossian,  Oithona. 

His  voice  was  lilce  many  streams. — Ossian,  Fingal,  iii, 

(Homer  makes  a  loud  voice  a  thing  to 
be  much  commended  in  a  warrior.) 

Gaul  {A)  generally 'means  a  French- 
man ;  and  Gallia  means  France,  the 
countrj'  of  the  Celtae  or  Keltai,  called  by 
the  Greeks  "  GallStai,"  and  shortened 
into  Galli.  Wales  is  also  called  Gallia, 
Galis,  and  Gaul,  especially  in  mediaeval 
romance :  hence,  AmSdis  of  Gaul  is  not 
Amadis  of  France,  but  Amadis  of  Wales  ; 
sir  Lamorake  de  Galis  is  sir  Lamorake  of 
Wales.  Gaul  in  France  is  Armorica  or 
Little  Britain  {Brittany). 

Gaunt' grim,  the  Avolf,  in  lord 
Lytton's  Pilgrims  of  the  Rhine  (1834). 

Bruin  is  always  in  tlie  sulks,  and  Gauntgrim  always  in 
a  passion. — Cb.  xiL 

G-autier  et  Garguille,  "all  the 
"vrorld  and  his  wife." 

Se  moquer  de  Gautier  et  Garguille  ("To  make  game  of 
every  one  ").—A  French  Proverb. 

Gava'ni,  the  pseudonym  of  Sulpice 
Paul  Chevalier,  the  great  caricaturist  of 
the  French  Charivari  (1803-1866). 

Gavroche  (2  syl.),  type  of  the 
Parisian  street  arab. — Victor  Hugo,  Les 
Mise'rables  (1862). 

Gawain  [(Taw"n],  son  of  king  Lot 
and  Morgause  (Arthur's  sister).  His 
brothers  were  Agravain,  Ga'heris,  and 
Ga'reth.  The  traitor  Mordred  was  his 
half-brother,  being  the  adulterous  off- 
spring of  Morgause  and  prince  Arthur. 
Lot  was  king  of  Orkney.  Gawain  was 
the  second  of  the  fifty  knights  created  by 
king  Arthur  ;  Tor  was  the  first,  and  was 
dubbed  the  same  day  (pt.  i.  48).  When 
the  adulterous  passion  of  sir  Launcelot 
for  queen  Guenever  came  to  the  know- 
ledge of  the  king,  sir  Gawain  insisted 
that  the  king's  honour  should  be  upheld. 
Accordingly,  king  Arthur  went  in  battle 
array  to  Benwicke  {Brittany),  the  "  realm 
of  sir  Launcelot,"  and  proclaimed  war. 
Here  sir  Gawain  fell,  according  to  the 
prophecy  of  Merlin,  "  With  this  sword 
shall  Launcelot  slay  the  man  that  in 
this  world  he  loved  best "  (pt.  i.  44).  In 
this  same  battle  the  king  was  told  that 
his  bastard  son  Mordred  had  usurped  his 


throne,  so  he  hastened  back  with  all 
speed,  and  in  the  great  battle  of  the 
West  received  his  mortal  wound  (pt.  iii, 
160-167).— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Prince  Arthur  (1470). 

Of  Arthurian  knights,  Gawain  is  called 
the  "  Courteous,"  sir  Kay  the  "  Rude  and 
Boastful,"  Mordred  the"^  "Treacherous," 
Launcelot  the  "Chivalrous,"  Galahad 
the  "Chaste,"  Mark  the  "Dastard,"  sir 
Palomides  (3  syl.)  the  "  Saracen "  i.e. 
unbaptized,  etc. 

Gawky  {Lord),  Richard  Grenville 
(1711-1770). 

Gaw'rey,  a  flying  woman,  whose 
wings  served  the  double  purpose  of  flving 
and  dress. — R.  Pultock,  Peter  Wtlkir^ 
(1750). 

Gay  {Walter),  in  the  firm  of  Dom- 
bey  and  Son ;  an  honest,  frank,  in- 
genuous youth,  who  loved  Florence 
Dombey,  and  comforted  her  in  her  early- 
troubles.  Walter  Gay  was  sent  in  the 
merchantman  called  The  Son  and  Heir,  as 
junior  partner,  to  Barbadoes,  and  sur- 
vived a  shipwreck.  After  his  return 
from  Barbadoes,  he  married  Florence.— 
C.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Gayless     {Charles),     the    penny] 
suitor  of  Melissa.     His  valet  is  Sharp.- 
Garrick,  The  Lying  Valet  (1741). 

Gay'ville     {Lord),     the     affiance 
husband  of  Miss  Alscrip  "  the  heiress,* 
whom  he  detests  ;   but  he  ardently  love 
Miss  Alton,  her  companion.     The  forme 
is  conceited,  overbearing,  and  vulgar,  b'J 
very  rich  ;   the  latter  is  modest,  retiring 
and  lady-like,  but  very  poor.     It  tui 
out  that  £2000  a  year  of  "  the  heiress's' 
property    was    entailed   on  sir  Williai 
Charlton's  heirs,  and  therefore  descend( 
to  Mr.  Clifford  in  right  of  his  mothers 
This  money  Mr.  Clifford  settles  on 
sister,  Miss  Alton  (whose  real  name  is 
Clifford).     Sir  Clement   Flint  tears  the 
conveyance,  whereby  Clifford  retains  the 
£2000  a  year,    and  sir  Clement  settles 
the  same  amount  on  lord  Gayville,  who ' 
marries  Miss  Alton  alias  Miss  Clifford. 

Lady  Ernily  Gayville,  sister  of  lord 
Gayville.  A  bright,  vivacious,  and  witty 
lady,  who  loves  Mr.  Clifford.  Clifford 
also  greatly  loves  lady  Emily,  but  is 
deterred  from  proposing  to  her,  because 
he  is  poor  and  unequal  to  her  in  a  social 
position.  It  turns  out  that  he  comes  into 
£2000  a  year  in  right  of  his  mother,  ladv 
Charlton  ;   and  is  thus  enabled  to  offer 


GAZBAN. 


3G9 


GELLATLY. 


himself  to  the  lady,  by  whom  he  is 
accepted. — General  liurgoyne,  The  Heiress 
(1781). 

Gaz'ban,  the  black  slave  of  the  old 
fire-Avorshipper,  employed  to  sacrifice  the 
Mussulmans  to  be  offered  on  the  "  moun- 
tain of  fire." — Arabian  Nights  ("  Amgiad 
and  Assad  "). 

Gazette  (Sir  Gregory),  a  man  who 
delights  in  news,  without  having  the 
slightest  comprehension  of  politics. — 
Samuel  Foote,  2'he  Knights, 

Gaz'nivides  (3  sjjL),  a  Persian 
dynasty,  which  gave  four  kings  and 
lasted  fifty  years.  It  was  founded  by 
Mahmoud  Gazni  (999-1049). 

Gre'ber,  an  Arabian  alchemist,  born 
at  Thous,  in  Persia  (eighth  century).  He 
wrote  several  treatises  on  the  "  art  of 
making  gold,"  in  the  usual  mystical 
jargon  of  the  period ;  and  hence  our  word 
gibberish  ("senseless  jargon"). 

This  art  the  Arabian  Geber  taught  .  . 
The  Klixir  uf  Perpetual  Youth. 

Longfeilow,  The  GoJ<Un  Legend. 

G^ddes  {Joshua),  the  quaker. 
Rachel  Geddes,  sister  of  Joshua. 
Philip   Geddes,  grandfather  of  Joshua 
i    and  Rachel  Geddes.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Eed- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

I  Gehen'na,  the  place  of  everlasting 
';  torment.  Strictly  speaking,  it  means  the 
Valley  of  Hinnom  (Ge  Hinnom),  where 
sacrifices  to  Moloch  were  offered,  and 
where  refuse  of  all  sorts  was  subsequently 
cast,  for  the  consumption  of  which  fires 
were  kept  constantly  burning.  There 
was  also  a  sort  of  aqva  tofana,  called 
liqtior  Gehenna. 

Holy  water  It  may  be  to  many. 

But  to  me  the  veriest  liquor  Gehennte. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend. 
And  black  Gehenna  called,  the  type  of  hell. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lout,  i.  405  (1665). 

\     Geierstein     [Gf.er.stine]^     Arnold 

1'  count  of. 

;  Count  Albert  of  Geierstein,  brother  of 
Arnold  Biederman,  disguised  (1)  as  the 
black  priest  of  St.  Paul's  ;   (2)  as  pre- 

1'  jident  of  the  secret  tribunal ;  (3)  as  monk 
it  Mont  St.  Victoire. 
Anne  of^  Geierstein,  called  "The  Maiden 
)f  the  Mist,"  daughter  of  count  Albert, 
ind  baroness  of  Aruheim. 

Count  Ueinrick  of    Geierstein,   grand- 
^  ather  of  count  Arnold. 
'    Count   WiUiewcdd  of  Geierstein,  father 
f  count  Arnold.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
reierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 


Geislaer  (Peter kin),  one  of  the  in- 
surgents at  Liege  \_Le.aje']. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Geith  (George),  a  model  of  untiring  in- 
dustry, perseverance,  and  moral  courage. 
Undaunted  by  diflSculties,  he  pursued  his 
onward  way,  and  worked  as  long  as 
breath  was  left  him. — Mrs.  Tralford 
[Kiddell],  George  Geith, 

Gelert,  Llewellyn's  favourite  hound. 
One  day,  Llewellyn  returned  from  hunt- 
ing, when  Gelert  met  him  smeared  with 
gore.  The  chieftain  felt  alarmed,  and 
instantly  went  to  look  for  his  baby  son. 
He  found  the  cradle  overturned,  and  all 
around  was  sprinkled  with  gore  and  blood. 
He  called  his  child,  but  no  voice  replied, 
and  thinking  the  hound  had  eaten  it,  he 
stabbed  the  animal  to  the  heart.  The 
tumult  awoke  the  baby  boy,  and  on  search- 
ing more  carefully,  a  huge  wolf  was  found 
under  the  bed,  quite  dead.  Gelert  had 
slain  the  wolf  and  saved  the  child. 

And  now  a  gallant  tomb  they  raise. 

With  costly  sculpture  decked  ; 
And  marbles,  storied  with  his  praise, 

Poor  Gelert's  bones  protect. 
Hon.  W.  R.  Spencer,  BethGeUsrt  ("Gfilerfs  Grave"). 

*:^*  This  tale,  with  a  slight  difference, 
is  common  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  It 
is  told  in  the  Gesta  Jiomanorum  of 
Folliciilus,  a  knight,  but  the  wolf  is  a 
"  serpent,"  and  Folliculus,  in  repentance, 
makes  a  pilgrimage  to  the  Holy  Land. 
In  the  Sanskrit  version,  given  in  the 
Pantschatantra  (a.d.  540),  the  tale  is 
told  of  the  brahmin  Devasaman,  an 
"ichneumon"  and  "black  snake"  taking 
the  placeo  of  the  dog  and  the  wolf.  In 
the  Arabic  version  by  Nasr-Allah  (twelfth 
century),  a  "weasel"  is  substituted  for 
the  dog  ;  in  the  Mongolian  Uliuerun  a 
"polecat;"  in  the  Persian  Sindibadndmehf 
a  "  cat ;  "  and  in  the  Hitopadesa  (iv.  3), 
an  "  otter."  In  the  Chinese  Forest  of 
Pearls  from  the  Garden  of  the  Law,  the 
dog  is  an  "ichneumon,"  as  in  the  Indian 
version  (a.d.  G68).  In  Sandabar,  and 
also  in  the  Hebrew  version,  the  tale  is 
told  of  a  dog.  A  similar  tale  is  told  of 
czar  Piras  of  Russia  ;  and  another  occurs 
in  the  Seven  Wise  Masters. 

G^l'latly  (Davie),  idiot  servant  or 
the  baron  of  Bradwardine  (3  syl.). 

Old  Janet  Gellatly,  the  idiot's  mother. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George 

***  In  some  editions  the  word  la  spelt 
"Gellatley." 

2b 


GELOIOS. 


370 


GEMINI. 


Greloi'os,  Silly  Laughter  personified. 
Geloios  is  slain  by  Encra'tes  (temper- 
ance) in  the  battle  of  Mansoul.  (Greek, 
giloios^  "facetious.") 

Geloioi  next  ensued,  a  merry  Greek, 

Whose  life  was  laughter  vain,  and  mirth  misplaced ; 
His  speeches  broad,  to  sliame  the  modest  cheeli ; 

Nor  cared  he  whom,  or  when,  or  how  disgraced. 
PhUieas  Fletcher,  The  Purple  ItUitui,  Tui.,  xL  (1633). 


Gem  Alphabet. 

Trantparent. 

Amethyst 

Beryl 

Chrysoberyl 

Diamond 

Emerald 

Felspar 

Garnet 

Hyacinth 

Idocrase 

Kyanite 

Xivnx-sapphire 

Milk-opal 

Natrolite 

Opal 

Pyrope 

Quartz 

Ruby 

Sapphire 

Topaz 

TJnanite 

Vesuvianite 

"Water-sapphire 

Xanthite 

Zircon 


OpaqtiA 

Agate 

Basalt 

Cacholong 

Diaspore 

Egyptian  pebble 

Eire-stone 

Granite 

Heliotrope 

Jasper 

Krokidolite 

Lapis-lazuli 

Malachite 

Nephrite 

Onyx 

Porphyry 

Quartz-agate 

E,ose-quartz 

Sardonyx 

Turquoise 

Ultra-marine 

Verd-antique 

Wood-opal 

Xylotile 

Zurlite 


Gem.  of  Normandy,  Emma, 
daughter  of  Richard  "the  Fearless," 
duke  of  Normandy.  She  first  married 
Ethelred  II.  of  England,  and  then  Canute, 
but  survived  both,  and  died  in  1052. 

Tliere  is  a  story  told  that  Emma  was  once  brought  to 
trial  on  various  charges  of  public  and  private  misconduct, 
but  that  she  cleared  herself  by  the  ordeal  of  walking  blind- 
fold over  red-l'.ot  plougtisliareii  without  being  hurt. — £.  A. 
Freeman,  Old  Jingluh  HUtcn-y,  265. 

Gem.  of  the  Ocean.  Ireland  is 
called  by  T.  Moore  "  first  gem  of  the 
ocean,  first  pearl  of  the  sea." 

G^ms  emblems  of  the  Twelve 
Apostles. 

Andrew,  the  bright  blue  sapphire^ 
emblematic  of  his  heavenly  faith. 

Baktholomew,  the  red  carnelian^ 
emblematic  of  his  martyrdom. 

James,  the  white  chalcedony^  em- 
blematic of  his  purity. 

James  the  Less,  the  topaz,  em- 
blematic of  delicacy. 

John,  the  emerald,  emblematic  of  his 
youth  and  gentleness. 

Matthew,  the  amethyst,  emblematic 
of  sobriety,    Matthew  was  once  a  "  pub- 


lican," but  was  "  sobered"  by  the  leaven 
of  Christianity. 

Matthias,  the  chrysolite,  pure  as  sun- 
shine. 

Peter,  the  jasper,  hard  and  solid  ai 
the  rock  of  the  Church. 

Philip,  the  friendly  sardonyx. 

Simeon  of  Cana,  the  pink  hyacinth, 
emblem latic  of  sweet  temper. 

Thaddeus,  the  chrysoprase,  em- 
blematic of  serenity  and  trustfulness. 

Thomas,  the  beryl,  indefinite  ia  lustre, 
emblematic  of  his  doubting  faith. 

Gems  symbolic  of  the  Months. 

January,  the  jacinth  or  hj'acinth, 
symbolizing  constancy  and  fidelity. 

February,  the  amethyst,  symbolizing 
peace  of  mind  and  sobriety. 

March,  the  blood-stone  or  jasper,  sym- 
bolizing courage  and  success  in  dangerous 
enterprise. 

April,  the  sapphire  and  diamond, 
symbolizing  repentance  and  innocence. 

May,  the  emerald,  symbolizing  succesa 
in  love. 

June,  the  agate,  symbolizing  long  life 
and  health. 

July,  the  camelian,  symbolizing  cure 
of  evils  resulting  from  forgetf ulness. 

August,  the  sardonyx  or  onyx,  sym- 
bolizing conjugal  felicity. 

September,  the  chrysolite,  symbolizi 
preservation  from  folly,  or  its  cure. 

October,    the    aqua-marine,    opal, 
beryl,  symbolizing  hope. 

November,  thetopaz,  symbolizing  fidelif 
and  friendship. 

December,  the  turquoise  or  ruby,  sj 
bolizing  brilliant  success. 

*^*  Some  doubt  exists  between  Ma 
and  June,  July  and  August.     Thus  son 
give  the  agate  to  May,  and  the  emerald^ 
June ;  the  camelian  to  August,  and 
onyx  to  July. 

Gembok  or  Gk)msboc,  a  sort 
stag,  a  native  of  South  Africa.    It  ig^ 
heavy,  stout  animal,  which  makes  cue 
use  of  its  horns  as  even  to  beat  off  the 
lion. 

Far  into  the  heat  among  the  sands. 
The  gembolc  nations,  snuffing  up  the  wind 
Drawn  by  the  scent  of  water;  and  the  band* 
Of  tawny-bearded  lions  pitcing,  blind 
With  the  sun-dazzle  .  .  .  and  spiritless  for  lack  of  rest 
Jean  Ingelow,  The  Four  Bridget. 

Gem'ini  {'^the  twins'').  Castor  and 
Pollux  are  the  two  principal  stars  of  thii 
constellation ;  the  former  has  a  bluish 
tinge,  and  the  latter  a  damask  red. 

As  heaven's  high  twins,  whereof  in  Tyrian  blue 
The  one  revolveth  ;  through  liis  course  immense 
Might  love  hiii  fellow  of  the  damask  hue. 

Jeau  Ingelow,  Honour*.  L 


GEMINI. 


GEOFFREY. 


Gemini,  Mrs.  Browning  makes  Eve 
view  in  the  constellation  Gemini  a 
eymboi  of  the  increase  of  the  human  race, 
and  she  loved  to  gaze  on  it. — E.  B. 
Browning,  A  Drama  of  Exile  (1850). 

Geneu'ra.    (See  Gineura.) 

*^*  Queen  Guinever  or    Guenever   is 

sometimes  called  *'  Geneura,"    or  "  Ge- 

nevra." 

Gene'va  Bull  (The),  Stephen 
Marshall,  a  Calvinistic  preacher. 

Genevieve  ('S'^.))  the  patron  saint  of 
Paris,  born  at  Nanterre.  She  was  a 
shepherdess,  but  went  to  Paris  when  her 
parents  died,  and  was  there  during 
Attila's  invasion  (a.d.  451).  She  told 
the  citizens  that  God  would  spare  the 
city,  and  *'her  prediction  came  true." 
At  another  time,  she  procured  food  for  the 
Parisians  suflfering  from  famine.  At  her 
request,  Clovis  built  the  church  of  St. 
Pierre  et  St.  Paul,  afterwards  called 
Ste.  Genevieve.  Her  day  is  January  3. 
Her  relics  are  deposited  in  the  Panthe'on 
now  called  by  her  name  (419-512). 

Genii  or  Ginn,  an  intermediate  race 
between  angels  and  men.  They  ruled  on 
earth  before  the  creation  of  Adam. — 
D'Herbelot,  Bibliotheqne  Orientate,  357 
(1697).  Also  spelt  Djinn  and  Jinn. 
*  *<(f*  Solomon  is  supposed  to  preside 
over  the  whole  race  of  genii.  This  seems 
to  have  arisen  from  a  mere  confusion  of 
words  of  somewhat  similar  sound.  The 
chief  of  the  genii  was  called  a  suley- 
man,  which  got  corrupted  into  a  proper 
name. 

Genius  and  Common  Senfje. 
T.  Moore  says  that  Common  Sense  and 
Genius  once  went  out  together  on  a 
ramble  by  moonlight.  Common  Sense 
went  prosing  on  his  way,  arrived  home 
in  good  time,  and  went  to  bed ;  but 
Genius,  while  gazing  at  the  stars,  stum- 
bled into  a  river,  and  died. 

***  This  story  is  told  of  Thales  the 
philosopher  by  Plato.  Chaucer  has  also 
i    an  allusion  thereto  in  his  Miller's  Tale. 

So  ferde  another  clerk  with  'stronomye : 
He  walked  in  the  feeldSs  for  to  prye 
Upon  the  sterrfis,  what  ther  shuld  befall, 
Til  he  was  in  a  marlfi  pit  i-fall. 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales,  3457,  etc.  (1388). 

Genna'ro,  the  natural  son  of  Lucrezia 
di  Borgia  (daughter  of  pope  Alexander 
!  VI.)  before  her  marriage  with  Alfonso 
duke  of  Ferra'ra.  He  was  brought  up 
j  by  a  Neapolitan  fisherman.  In  early 
f.  jnoohood  lie  went  to  Venice,  heard  of 
1  the  scandalous  cruelty  of  Lucrezia,  and. 


with  the  heedless  petulance  of  ycotb, 
mutilated  the  duke's  escutcheon  by  strik- 
ing out  the  B,  thus  converting  Borgia 
into  Orgia  (orgies).  Lucrezia  demanded 
vengeance,  and  Gennaro  was  condemned 
to  death  by  poison.  When  Lucrezia 
discovered  that  the  offender  was  her  own 
son,  she  gave  him  an  antidote  to  the 
poison,  and  set  him  free.  Not  long  after 
this,  at  a  banquet  given  by  Negro'ni, 
Lucrezia  revealed  herself  to  Gennaro  as 
his  mother,  and  both  expired  of  poison  in 
the  banquet  hall. — Donizetti,  Lucrezia  di 
Borgia  (1834). 

Gennil  (Ralph),  a  veteran  in  the 
troop  of  sir  Hugo  de  Lacy. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Genove'fa,  wife  of  Siegfried  count 
palatine  of  Brabant.  Being  sus- 
pected of  infidelity,  she  was  driven  into 
the  forest  of  Ardennes,  where  she  gave 
birth  to  a  son,  who  was  suckled  by  a 
white  doe.  After  a  time,  Siegfried  dis- 
covered his  error,  and  both  mother  and 
child  were  restored  to  their  proper  home. 
— German  Popular  Stories, 

Tieck  and  Miiller  have  popularized  the 
tradition,  and  Raupach  has  made  it  the 
subject  of  a  drama. 

Gentle  Shepherd  (The),  George 
Grenville.  In  one  of  his  speeches,  Le 
exclaimed  in  the  House,  '*  Tell  me 
where  !  "  when  Pitt  hummed  the  line  of 
a  popular  song,  "Gentle  Shepherd,  tell 
me  where  ! "  and  the  House  was  convulsed 
with  laughter  (1712-1770). 

Gentle  Shepherd  (The),  the  title  and 
chief  character  of  Allan  Ramsay's  pas- 
toral (1725). 

Gentleman  of  Europe  (TheFirst)^ 
George  IV.  (1762,  1820-1830). 

It  was  the  "first  gentleman  in  Europe"  in  whose  high 
presence  Mrs.  Rawdon  passed  her  examination,  and  took 
her  degree  in  reputation  ;  so  it  must  be  flat  disloyalty  to 
doubt  her  virtue.  What  a  noble  appreciation  of  cha- 
racter must  there  not  have  been  in  Vanity  Fair  when 
that  august  sovereign  was  invested  with  the  title  of 
Premier  Gentilhomme  of  all  Europe  I  —  Thackeray, 
Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

Gentleman  of  Europe  (First)^  Louis 
d'Artois. 

Gentleman  Smith,  William  Smith, 
actor,  noted  for  his  gentlemanly  deport- 
ment on  the  stage  (1730-1790). 

Geofflpey,  archbishop  of  York.— Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Talisman  (time,  Kichard 
I.). 

Geoffrey,  the  old  ostler  of  John  Mengs 
(innkeeper  at  Kirchhoff). — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Anne  of  Geierstetn  (time,  Edward  IV.), 


GEOFFREY  CRAYON. 


372 


GEORGE  IV.,  ETC. 


O^ofErey  Crayon,  the  hypothetical 
name  of  the  author  of  the  Sketch- Book, 
by  Washington  Irving  of  New  York 
(1818-1820). 

George  {Honest).  General  Monk, 
George  duke  of  Albemarle,  was  so 
called  by  the  rotaries  of  Cromwell 
(1608-1670). 

George  {Mr.),  a  stalwart,  handsome, 
Bim  pie-hearted  fellow,  son  of  Mrs. 
Rouncewell  the  housekeeper  at  Chesney 
Wold.  He  Avas  very  wild  as  a  lad,  and 
ran  away  from  his  mother  to  enlist  as  a 
soldier ;  but  on  his  return  to  England 
he  opened  a  shooting-gallery  in  Leicester 
Square,  London.  When  sir  Leicester 
Dedlock,  in  his  old  age,  fell  into  trouble, 
George  became  his  faithful  attendant. — 
C.  Dickens,  Bleak  Home  (1853). 

George  {St.),  the  patron  saint  of  Eng- 
land. He  was  born  at  Lydda,  but  brought 
up  in  Cappadocia,  and  suffered  martyrdom 
in  the  reign  of  Diocletian,  April  23,  a.d. 
303.  Mr.  Hogg  tells  us  of  a  Greek  in- 
scription at  Ezra,  in  Syria,  dated  346,  in 
which  the  martyrdom  of  St.  George  is 
referred  to.  At  this  date  was  living 
George  bishop  of  Alexandria,  with  whom 
Gibbon,  in  his  Decline  and  Fall,  has  con- 
founded the  patron  saint  of  England ;  but 
tlie  bishop  died  in  362,  or  fifty-nine  years 
after  the  prince  of  Cappadocia.  (See 
Red  Cross  Knight.) 

*^*  Mussulmans  revere  St.  George 
under  the  name  of  "  Gherghis." 

St.  George's  Bones  were  taken  to  the 
church  in  the  city  of  Constantine. 

St.  George^s  Head.  One  of  his  heads 
was  preserved  at  Rome.  Long  forgotten, 
it  was  rediscovered  in  751,  and  was  given 
in  1600  to  the  church  of  Ferrara.  Another 
of  his  heads  was  preserved  in  the  church 
of  Mares-Moutier,  in  Picardy. 

St.  George's  Limbs.  One  of  his  arms 
fell  from  heaven  upon  the  altar  of  Pan- 
taleon,  at  Cologne.  Another  was  pre- 
served in  a  religious  house  of  Barala, 
and  was  transferred  thence  in  the  ninth 
century  to  Cambray.  Part  of  an  arm 
v/as  presented  by  Robert  of  Flanders  to 
the  city  of  Toulouse  ;  another  part  was 
given  to  the  abbey  of  Auchin,  and 
another  to  the  countess  Matilda. 

George  and  the  Dragon  {St.). 
St.  George,  son  of  lord  Albert  of 
Coventry,  was  stolen  in  infancy  by  "the 
weird  lady  of  the  woods,"  who  brought 
the  lad  up  to  deeds  of  arms.  His  body 
had  three  marks  :  a  dragon  on  the  breast, 


a  garter  round  one  of  the  legs,  and  a 
blood-red  cross  on  the  right  arm.  When 
he  grew  to  manhood,  he  fought  against 
the  Saracens.  In  Libya  he  heard  of  a 
huge  dragon,  to  which  a  damsel  wa^ 
daily  given  for  food,  and  it  so  happened 
that  when  he  arrived  the  victim  was 
Sabra,  the  king's  daughter.  She  was 
already  tied  to  the  stake  when  St.  George 
came  up.  On  came  the  dragon  ;  but  the 
knight,  thrusting  his  lance  into  the 
monster's  mouth,  killed  it  on  the  spot. 
Sabra,  being  brought  to  England,  became 
the  wife  of  her  deliverer,  and  they  lived 
happily  in  Coventry  till  death. — Percy, 
Beliques,  III.  iii.  2. 

St.  George  and  the  Dragon,  on  old 
guinea-pieces,  Avas  the  design  of  Pis- 
trucci.  It  was  an  adaptation  of  a  di- 
drachm  of  Tarentum,  B.C.  250. 

*^*  The  encounter  between  George  and 
the  dragon  took  place  at  Berytus  {Bey- 
rut). 

The  tale  of  St.  George  and  the  dragon 
is  told  in  the  Golden  Legends  of  Jacques 
de  Voragine.  —  See  S.  BaringrGoidd, 
Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

George  I.  and  the  duchess  of 
Kendal  (1719).  The  duchess  was  a 
German,  whose  name  was  Erangard 
Melrose  de  Schulemberg.  She  was 
created  duchess  of  Munster,  in  Irelan 
baroness  Glastonbury,  countess  of  Fever- 
sham,  and  duchess  of  Kendal  (di(  ' 
1743). 

George  II.    His  favourite  was 
Howard,  duchess  of  Suffolk. 

George  II.,  when  angry,  vented 
displeasure  by  kicking  his  hat  about 
room.     We  are  told  that  Xerxes  vent( 
his  displeasure  at  the  loss  of  his  bridg 
by  ordering  the  Hellespont  to   be  fel 
tered,  lashed  with  300  stripes,  and 
suited. 

George  III.  and  the  Fe 
Quakeress.  When  George  III.  -v 
about  20  years  of  age,  he  fell  in  love  with 
Hannah  Lightfoot,  daughter  of  a  linen- 
draper  in  Market  Street,  St.  James's.  He 
married  her  in  Kew  Church,  1759,  but 
of  course  the  marriage  was  not  recog- 
nized.    (See  Lovers.) 

*^*  The  following  year  (September, 
1760),  he  married  the  princess  Charlotte 
of  Mecklenburg-Strelitz.  Hannah  Light- 
fodt  married  a  INfr.  Axford,  and  passed 
out  of  public  notice. 

George  TV.  and  Mrs.  Mary 
Robinson,   generally  called   Perdita, 


GEORGE. 


373 


GERALDINE. 


Mary  Darby,  at  the  age  of  15,  married 
Mr.  Robinson,  who  lived  a  few  months  on 
credit,  and  was  then  imprisoned  for 
debt.  Mrs.  Robinson  sought  a  livelihood 
on  the  stage,  and  George  IV.,  then  prince 
of  Wales  and  a  mere  lad,  saw  her  as 
"  Perdita,"  fell  in  love  with  her,  cor- 
responded with  her  under  the  assumed 
name  of  "  Florizel,"  and  gave  her  a  bond 
for  £20,000,  subsequently  cancelled  for 
an  annuity  of  £500  (1758-1800). 

*^*  George  IV.  was  born  in  1762,  and 
was  only  IG  in  1778,  when  he  fell  in  love 
with  Mrs.  Robinson.  The  young  prince 
suddenly  abandoned  her,  and  after  two 
other  love  affairs,  privately  married,  at 
Carlton  House  (in  1785),  Mrs.  Fitzherbert, 
a  lady  of  good  family,  and  a  widow, 
seven  years  his  senior.  The  marriage 
being  contrary  to  the  law,  he  married  the 
princess  Caroline  of  Brunswick,  in  1795  ; 
but  still  retained  his  connection  with 
Mrs.  Fitzherbert,  and  added  a  new  fa- 
vourite, the  countess  of  Jersey. 

George  [de  Laval],  a  friend  of 
Horace  de  Brienne  (2  syL).  Having 
committed  forgery,  Carlos  (alias  marquis 
d'Antas),  being  cognizant  of  it,  had  him 
in  his  power ;  but  Ogarita  (alias  Martha) 
obtained  the  document,  and  returned  it  to 
George. — E.  Stirling,  Orphan  of  the  Frozen 
Sea  (1856). 

George-a-Green,  the  pinner  or 
pound-keeper  of  Wakefield,  one  of  the 
chosen  favourites  of  Robin  Hood. 

Veni  Wakefield  peramwnuni, 

Ubi  quierens  Georgitim  Greenum, 

Non  inveiii,  sed  in  lisnum, 

Fixuin  reperi  Georgil  signum, 

Ubi  allani  bibi  feram. 

Donee  Georgio  forUor  eram. 

Drunken  Bamaby  (1640), 
Once  In  Wakefield  town,  so  pleasant, 
Sought  I  George-a-Green,  the  peasant ; 
Totind  him  not,  but  spied  instead,  sir, 
On  a  sign,  "The  George's  Head,"  sir ; 
Valiant  grown  with  ale  like  nectar. 
What  cared  I  for  George  or  Hector  I 

*^*  Robert  Green  has  a  drama  entitled 
Gear (je-a- Green,  t/ie  Finner  of  Wakefield 
(1589). 

George  Street  (Strand,  London), 
one  of  a  series  of  streets  named  after  the 
second  duke  of  Buckingham.  The  series 
consists  of  George  Street,  Villiers  Street, 
Duke  Street,  and  BuckingLam  Street. 

Georgian  Women  (The).  Allah, 
wishing  to  stock  his  celestial  .harem,  com- 
missioned an  imaum  to  select  for  him 
forty  of  the  loveliest  women  he  could 
find.  The  imaum  journeyed  into  Frankis- 
tan,  and  from  the  country  of  the  Ingliz 


carried  off  the  king's  daughter.  From 
Germany  he  selected  other  maidens  ;  but 
when  he  ^.rrived  at  Gori  (north-west  of 
Tiflis)  he  fell  in  love  with  one  of  the  beau- 
ties, and  tarried  there.  Allah  punished 
him  by  death,  but  the  maidens  remained 
in  Gori,  and  became  the  mothers  of  the 
most  beautiful  race  of  mortals  in  the 
whole  earth. — A  Leijend. 

■  Georgina  [Vesey],  daughter  of  sir 
John  Vesey.  Pretty,  but  vain  and  frivo- 
lous. She  loved,  as  much  as  her  heart 
was  susceptible  of  such  a  passion,  sir 
Frederick  Blount,  but  wavered  between 
her  liking  and  the  policy  of  marrying 
Alfred  Evelyn,  a  man  of  great  wealth. 
When  she  thought  the  property  of  Evelyn 
wag  insecure,  she  at  once  gave  her  hand 
to  sir  Frederick. — Lord  L.  Bulwer  Lytton, 
Money  (1840). 

Geraint'  (Sir)^  of  Devon,  one  of  the 
knights  of  the  Round  Table.  He  was 
married  to  E'nid,  only  child  of  Yn'iol. 
Fearing  lest  Enid  should  be  tainted  by 
the  queen,  sir  Geraint  left  the  court,  and 
retired  to  Devon.  Half  sleeping  and 
half  waking,  he  overheard  part  of  Enid's 
words,  and  fancying  her  to  be  unfaithful 
to  him,  treated  her  for  a  time  with  great 
harshness  ;  but  Enid  nursed  him  when  he 
was  wounded  with  such  wifely  tenderness 
that  he  could  no  longer  doubt  her  fealty, 
and  a  complete  understanding  being  estab- 
lished, "  they  crowned  a  happy  life  with 
a  fair  death." — Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the 
King  ("  Geraint  and  Enid  "). 

Ger'aldin  (Lord),  son  of  the  earl  of 
Glenallan.  He  appears  first  as  William 
Lovell,  and  afterwards  as  major  Neville. 
He  marries  Isabella  Wardour  (daughter 
of  sir  Arthur  Wardour). 

Sir  Aymer  de  Geraldin,  an  ancestor  of 
lord  Geraldin.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  An- 
tiquary (time,  George  III.). 

Ger'aldine  (3  syL),  a  young  man, 
who  comes  home  from  his  travels  to  find 
his  playfellow  (that  should  have  been  his 
wife)  married  to  old  Wincott,  who  receives 
him  hospitably  as  a  friend  of  his  father's, 
takes  delight  in  hearing  tales  of  his 
travels,  and  treats  him  most  kindly. 
Geraldine  and  the  wife  mutually  agree 
not  in  any  wise  to  wrong  so  noble  and 
confiding  an  old  gentleman. — John  Hey- 
wood.  The  English  Traveller  (1576-1645). 

Geraldine  (Lady),  an  orphan,  the  ward 
of  her  uncle  count  de  Valmont,  and  th« 
betrothed  of  Florian  ("the  foundling  of 
the  forest,"  and  the  adopted  son  of  the 


GERALDINE. 


374 


GERONTE. 


count).  This  foundling  turns  out  to  be 
his  real  son,  who  had  been  rescued  by  his 
mother  and  carried  into  the  forest  to  save 
him  from  the  hands  of  Longueville,  a 
desperate  villain. — "W.  Dimond,  The 
Foundling  of  t/ie  Forest. 

Geraldine  {The  Fair),  the  lady  whose 
praises  are  sung  by  Henry  Howard  earl 
of  Surrey.  Supposed  to  be  Elizabeth 
Fitzgerald,  daughter  of  Gerald  Fitzgerald 
ninth  earl  of  Kildare.  She  married  the 
earl  of  Lincoln. 

Gerard  (John),  an  English  botanist 
(1545-1607),  who  compiled  the  Catalogus 
Arborum,  Fruticum,  et  Plantorum,  iam 
Jndigenarum  quam  Fxoticarum,  in  ffoito 
Johanis  Gerardi.  Also  author  of  the 
Herbal  or  General  History  of  Plants 
(1597). 

Of  these  most  helpful  herbs  yet  tell  we  but  a  few, 

To  those  unnumbered  sorts  of  simples  here  that  grew  •  .  . 

Not  skilful  Gerard  jet  shall  ever  find  them  all. 

Drayton,  PolyolUon,  xiii.  (1613). 

Gerard,  attendant  of  sir  Patrick  Char- 
teris  (provost  of  Perth). — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Gerhard  the  Good,  a  merchant  of 
Cologne,  who  exchanges  his  rich  freight 
for  a  cargo  of  Christian  slaves,  that  he 
may  give  them  their  liberty.  He  retains 
only  one,  who  is  the  wife  of  William 
king  of  England.  She  is  about  to  marry 
the  merchant's  son,  when  the  king  sud- 
denly appears,  disguised  as  a  pilgrim. 
Gerhard  restores  the  wife,  ships  both  off 
to  England,  refuses  all  recompense,  and 
remains  a  merchant  as  before. — Rudolf 
of  Ems  (a  minnesinger),  Gerhard tlie  Good 
(thirteenth  century). 

Ger'ion.    So  William  Browne,  in  his 

Britannia's  Pastorals  (fifth  song),  calls 
Philip  of  Spain.  The  allusion  is  to 
Geryon  of  Gades  (Cadiz),  a  monster  with 
three  bodies  (or,  in  other  words,  a  king 
over  three  kingdoms)  slain  by  Hercules. 

*^*  The  three  kingdoms  over  which 
Philip  reigned  were  Spain,  Germany,  and 
the  Netherlands. 

Q^rlinda  or  Girlint,  the  mother 
of  Hartmuth  king  of  Norway.  When 
Hartmuth  carried  off  Gudrun  the  daugh- 
ter of  Hettel  (Attila),  who  refused  to 
marry  him,  Gerlinda  put  her  to  the  most 
menial  work,  such  as  washing  the  dirty 
linen.  But  her  lover,  Herwig  king  of 
Heligoland,  invaded  Norway,  and  having 
gained  a  complete  victory,  put  Gerlinda 
to  death. — An  Anglo-Saoson  Poem  (thir- 
teenth century) 


German  Literature  {Father  of)j 
Gotthold  Ephraim  Lessing  (1729-1781). 

Germany,  formerly  called  Tongres. 
The  name  was  changed  (according  to 
fable)  in  compliment  to  Ger'mana,  sister 
of  Julius  Caesar,  and  wife  of  Salvius 
Brabon  duke  of  Brabant. — Jehan  de 
Maire,  Illustrations  de  Gaule,  iii.  20-23. 

Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  says  that 
Ebraucus,  one  of  the  descendants  of  Brute 
king  of  Britain,  had  twenty  sons,  all  of 
whom,  except  the  eldest,  settled  in 
Tongres,  which  was  then  called  Germany, 
because  it  was  the  land  of  the  germans  or 
brothers. 

These  germans  did  subdue  all  Germany, 
Of  whom  it  hight. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  10  (1590). 

Geron'imo,  the  friend  of  Sganarelle 
(3  syl).  Sganarelle  asks  him  if  he  would 
advise  his  marrying.  "  How  old  are 
you  ?  "  asks  Geronimo  ;  and  being  told 
that  he  is  63,  and  the  girl  under  20,  says, 
"  No."  Sganarelle,  greatly  displeased  at 
his  advice,  declares  he  is  hale  and  strong, 
that  he  loves  the  girl,  and  has  promised 
to  marry  her.  "Then  do  as  you  like,"  says 
Geronimo. — Moli^re,  Le  Mariage  Ford 
(1664). 

*^*  This  joke  is  borrowed  from  Rabe- 
lais. Panurge  asks  Pantag'ruel'  whether 
he  advises  him  to  marry.  "Yes,"  says 
the  prince ;  whereupon  Panurge  states 
several  objections.  "Then  don't,"  saya 
the  prince.  "  But  I  wish  to  marry," 
says  Panurge.  "  Then  do  it  by  all 
means,"  says  the  prince.  Every  time  the 
prince  advises  him  to  marry,  Panurge 
objects ;  and  every  time  the  prince 
advises  the  contrary,  the  advice  is 
equally  unacceptable. — Pantagruei,  iii. 
9  (1545). 

Ge'ronte'  (2  syl.),  father  of  Le'andre 
and  Hyacinthe ;  a  miserly  old  hunks. 
He  has  to  pay  Scapin  £1500  for  the 
"  ransom  "  of  Le'andre,  and  after  having 
exhausted  every  evasion,  draws  out  hia 
purse  to  pay  the  money,  saying,  "Th^ 
Turk  is  a  villain  !  "  "Yes,"  says  Scaping 
"  A  rascal !  "  "  Yes,"  says  Scapin 
thief  !  "  "  Yes,"  says  Scapin.  "  H 
would  wring  from  me  £1500 !  would  he  ?" 
"Yes,"  says  Scapin.  "Oh,  if  I  catc'^ 
him,  won't  I  pay  him  out?"  "Yes,*' 
says  Scapin.  Then,  putting  his  purse 
back  into  his  pocket,  he  walks  off,  saying, 
"Pay  the  ransom,  and  bring  back  the 
boy."  "  But  the  monej' ;  where's  the 
money?  "  says  Scapin.  "  Oh,  didn't  I  give 
it    you?"     "No,"    says  .  Scapin 


I 


Gf:RONTE. 


GESSLER. 


forgot,"  says  G^ronte,  and  he  pays  the 
money  (act  ii.  11).— Molifere,  Les  Four- 
beries  de  Scapin  (1671). 

In  the  English  version,  called  The 
Cheats  of  Scapin,  by  Otway,  Ge'ronte 
is  called  "  Gripe,"  Hyacinthe  is  called 
"  Clara,"  Leandre  is  Anglicized  into 
"  Leander,"  and  the  sum  of  money  bor- 
rowed is  £200. 

Geronte  (2  syl.),  the  father  of  Lucinde 
(2  syl.).  He  wanted  his  daughter  to 
marry  Horace,  but  as  she  loved  Le'andre, 
in  order  to  avoid  a  marriage  she  detested 
she  pretended  to  have  lost  the  power  of 
articulate  speech,  and  only  answered, 
*'  Han,  hi,  hon  !  "  "  Han,  hi,  hon,  han  !  " 
Sganarelle,  "  le  mc'decin  malgre'  lui," 
seeing  that  this  jargon  was  put  on,  and 
ascertaining  that  Le'andre  was  her  lover, 
introduced  him  as  an  apothecary,  and  che 
young  man  soon  effected  a  perfect  cure 
with  "pills  matrimoniac." — Molifere,  Le 
M^decin  Malgre' Lui  (166G). 

Q«r'rard,  king  of  the  beggars,  dis- 
guised under  the  name  of  Clause.  He  is 
the  father  of  Florez  the  rich  merchant  of 
Bruges. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Jiegyars'  Bush  (1622). 

Ger'trude  (2  syl.),  Hamlet's  mother. 
On  the  death  of  her  husband,  who  was 
king  of  Denmark,  she  married  Claudius, 
the  late  king's  brother.  Gertrude  was 
accessory  to  the  murder  of  her  first 
husband,  and  Claudius  was  principal. 
Claudius  prepared  poisoned  wine,  which 
he  intended  for  Hamlet ;  but  the  queen, 
not  knowing  it  was  poisoned,  drank  it 
and  died.  Hamlet,  seeing  his  mother 
fall  dead,  rushed  on  the  king  and  killed 
him. — Shakespeare.  Hamlet  (1596). 

*^*  In  the  Historie  of  Hamblett,  Ger- 
trude is  called  "  Geruth." 

Gertrude,  daughter  of  Albert  patriarch 
of  Wy'oming.  One  day,  an  Indian 
brought  to  Albert  a  lad  (nine  years  old) 
named  Henry  Waldegrave  (2  syl.),  and 
told  the  patriarch  he  had  promised  the 
boy's  mother,  at  her  death,  to  place  her 
son  under  his  care.  The  lad  remained  at 
Wyoming  for  three  years,  and  was  then 
sent  to  his  friends.  When  grown  to  man- 
hood, Henry  Waldegrave  returned  to 
Wyoming,  and  married  Gertrude ;  but 
three  months  afterwards,  Brandt,  at  the 
head  of  a  mixed  army  of  British  and 
Indians,  attacked  the  settlement,  and  both 
Albert  and  Gertrude  were  shot.  Henry 
Waldegrave  then  joined  the  army  of 
Washington,     which     was    fighting    for 


American  independence. — Campbell,  (fer- 
trude  of  Wyoming  (1809). 

*^*  Campbell  accents  Wyoming  on  tii« 
first  syllable,  but  it  is  more  usual  to  throw 
the  accent  on  the  second. 

GTeriin'diq  (Fray),  i.e.  Friar  Gerund, 
the  hero  and  title  of  a  Spanish  romance, 
by  the  Jesuit  De  I'lsla.  It  is  a  satire  on 
the  absurdities  and  bad  taste  of  the 
popular  preachers  of  the  time  (1758). 

Gte'ryon's  Sons,  the  Spaniards ;  so 
called  from  Geryon,  an  ancient  king  of 
Spain,  whose  oxen  were  driven  off  by 
Her'cules.  This  task  was  one  of  the 
hero's  "twelve  labours."  Milton  uses 
the  expression  in  Paradise  Lost^  xi.  410 
(1665). 

Geryon'eo,  a  human  monster  with 
three  bodies.  He  was  of  the  race  of 
giants,  being  the  son  of  Geryon,  the 
tyrant  who  gave  all  strangers  "as  food  to 
his  kine,  the  fairest  and  the  fiercest  kine 
alive."  Geryoneo  promised  to  take  the 
young  widow  Beige  (2  syl.)  under  his 
protection  ;  but  it  was  like  the  wolf  pro- 
tecting the  lamb,  for  "he  gave  her 
children  to  a  dreadful  monster  to  devour." 
In  her  despair,  she  applied  to  king  Arthur 
for  help,  and  the  British  king,  espousing 
her  cause,  soon  sent  Geryoneo  "  down  to 
the  house  of  dole." — Spenser,  Fa^ry 
Queen,  v.  10,  11  (1596). 

*^*  "  Geryoneo  "  is  the  house  of  Aus- 
tria, and  Philip  of  Spain  in  particular. 
"King  Arthur"  is  England,  and  the  earl 
of  Leicester  in  particular.  The  "Widow 
Beige"  is  the  Netherlands;  and  the  mon- 
ster that  devoured  her  children  the  in- 
quisition, introduced  by  the  duke  of  Alva. 
"  Geryoneo"  had  three  bodies,  for  Philip 
ruled  over  three  kingdoms — Spain,  Ger- 
many, and  the  Netherlands.  The  earl 
of  Leicester,  sent  in  1585  to  the  aid  of 
the  Netherlands,  broke  off  the  yoke  of 
Philip. 

Ges'mas,  the  impenitent  thief  cruci- 
fied with  our  Lord.  In  the  apocryphal 
Gospel  of  Nicodemus,  he  is  called  Gestas. 
The  penitent  thief  was  Dismas,  Dysmas, 
Demas,  or  Dumacus. 

Three  bodies  on  three  crosses  hang  supine ; 
Disnuts  and  Gesmss  and  the  Power  Divine. 
Dismas  seeivs  heaven,  Gesinas  bis  own  dnmnation. 
The  Mid-one  seelis  our  ransom  and  salvation. 

Trantlation  of  a  Latin  Charm, 

Gessler  (Albrecht),  the  brutal  and 
tyrannical  governor  of  Switzerland,  ap- 
pointed by  Austria  over  the  three  forest 
cantons.    When  the  people  rose  in  re- 


GETA. 


376     GIANTS  OF  SIYTHOLOGY,  ETC. 


bellion,  Gcsslei  insulted  them  by  hoisting 
his  cap  on  a  pole,  and  threatening  death 
to  any  one  who  refused  to  ho\r  down  to  it 
in  reverence.  William  Tell  refused  to  do 
80,  and  was  compelled  to  shoot  at  an 
apple  placed  on  the  head  of  his  own  son. 
llaving  dropped  an  arrow  bv  accident, 
Gessler  demanded  why  he  ha  i  brought  a 
second.  "To  shoot  you,"  said  the  in- 
trepid mountaineer,  "  if  I  fail  in  my 
task."  Gessler  then  ordered  him  to  be 
cast  into  Kusnacht  Castle,  "a  prey  to  the 
reptiles  that  lodged  there."  Gessler  went 
in  the  boat  to  see  the  order  executed,  and 
as  the  boat  neared  land,  Tell  leapt  on 
shore,  pushed  back  the  boat,  shot  Gessler, 
and  freed  his  country  from  Austrian 
domination.  —  Rossini,  Guglielmo  Tell 
(1829). 

Geta,  according  to  sir  Walter  Scott, 
the  representative  of  a  stock  slave  and 
rogue  in  the  new  comedy  of  Greece  and 
Rome  (?  Getes). 

The  principal  character,  upon  whose  devices  and  fn- 
geijuity  the  whole  plot  >isually  turns,  is  tlia  Geta  of  the 
piece— a  witty,  roguish,  insinuating,  and  malignant  slave, 
tlie  confidant  of  a  wild  and  extravagant  son,  whom  h« 
aids  in  his  pious  endeavours  to  cheat  a  suspicious,  severe, 
and  griping  father.— Sir  Walter  Scott,  The  Drama. 

Ghengis  Khan,  a  title  assumed  by 
Tamenane  or  Timour  the  Tartar  (1336- 
1405). 

GMlan,  a  district  of  Persia,  notoriously 
unhealthy,  and  rife  with  fever,  ague, 
cholera,  and  plague.  Hence  the  Persian 
proverb : 

"  Let  him  who  is  tired  of  life  retire  to  Ghilan." 

GiafRr  [Z>/a/./r],  pacha  of  Aby'dos, 
and  father  of  Zuleika  [Zu.lee' .kali^.  He 
tells  his  daughter  he  intends  her  to  marry 
the  governor  of  Magne'sia,  but  Zuleika 
has  given  her  plight  to  her  cousin  Selim. 
The  lovers  take  to  flight ;  Giaffir  pursues 
and  shoots  Selim  ;  Zuleika  dies  of  grief; 
and  the  father  lives  on,  a  broken-hearted 
old  man,  calling  to  the  winds,  "Where 
is  my  daughter?"  and  echo  answers, 
"Where?" — Byron,  Bride  of  Abydos 
(1813). 

Giam'sch-id  [Jam.shid],  suleyman 
of  tlie  Peris.  Having  reigned  seven" hun- 
dred 5'^ears,  he  thought  himself  immortal ; 
but  God,  in  punishment,  gave  him  a 
human  form,  and  sent  him  to  live  on 
earth,  where  he  became  a  great  conqueror, 
and  ruled  over  both  the  East  and  West. 
The  bulwark  of  the  Peris'  abode  was  com- 
posed of  green  chrysolite,  the  reflection 


of  which  gives  to  the  sky  its  deep  blue- 
green  hue. 

Soul  beamed  forth  in  every  spark 
That  darted  from  beneatli  the  lid, 
Bright  as  the  jewel  of  Giamschid. 

Byron,  rite  Giaour  (1813). 
She  only  wished  the  amorous  monarch  had  shown  mor« 
ardour  for  the  carbuncle  of  Giamschid.— W.  Beckford, 
Vathek  (1786). 

Giants  of  Mythology  and 
Fable.  Strabo  makes  mention  of  the 
skeleton  of  a  giant  GO  cubits  in  height, 
Pliny  tells  us  of  another  46  cubits.  Boc- 
caccio describes  the  body  of  a  giant  from 
bones  discovered  in  a  cave  near  Trapani, 
in  Sicilv,  200  cubits  in  length.  One 
tooth  of  this  "giant"  weighed  200 
ounces  ;  but  Kircher  says  the  tooth  and 
bones  were  those  of  a  mastodon. 

Ac'amas,  one  of  the  Cyclops. — Greek 
Fable. 

Adamastou,  the  giant  Spirit  of  the 
Cape.  His  lips  were  black,  teeth  blue, 
eyes  shot  with  livid  fire,  and  voice  louder 
than  thunder. — Camocns,  Lusiad,  v. 

JEgmo^,  the  hundred -handed  giant. 
One  of  the  Titans. — Greek  Fable. 

Ag'rios,  one  of  the  giants  called 
Titans.  He  was  killed  by  the  Parcae. — 
Greek  Fable. 

Alcyoneus  [Al'.si.d.nucel  or  Al'cion, 
brother  of  Porphyrion.  He  stole  some  of 
the  Sun's  oxen,  and  Jupiter  sent  Her- 
cules against  him,  but  he  was  unable  to 
prevail,  for  immediately  the  giant  touched 
the  earth  he  received  fresh  vigour. 
Pallas,  seizing  him,  carried  him  beyond 
the  moon,  and  he  died.  His  seven 
daughters  were  turned  into  halcyons  or 
kingfishers. — Apollonios  of  Rhodes,  Ar- 
gonauiic  Expedition,  i.  6. 

Al'gebak'.  The  giant  Orion  is  so 
called  by  the  Arabs.. 

Alifanfarox  or  Alipiiirnon,  em- 
peror of  Trapoban. — Don  Qn  '<cote. 

Aloe'os  (4  syl.),  son  of  Titan  and 
Terra. — Greek  Fable. 

Aloi'des  (4  syl.),  sons  of  Ale^us  (4 
syl.),  named  Otos  and  Ephialtes  {q.v.). 

Am'erant,  a  cruel  giant,  slain  by  Gu; 
of  Warwick. — Percy,  Heliqiies. 

Angoulakfuk,  the  Saracen  gian 
He  was  12  cubits  high,  his  face  measu 
3  feet  in  breadth,  his  nose  was  9  inchi 
long,  his  arms  and  legs  6  feet.  He  h 
the  strength  of  thirty  men,  and  his  mace 
was  the  solid  trunk  of  an  oak  tree,  300 
years  old.  The  tower  of  Pisa  lost  its 
perpendicularity  by  the  weight  of  this 
giant  leaning  against  it  to  rest  himself. 
He  was  slain  in  single  combat  by  Roland, 
at  Fronsac. — L'Epine,  Croqmmituine, 


1(4— 

i 


GIANTS  OF  MYTHOLOGY,  ETC.     377     GIANTS  OF  MYTHOLOGY,  ETC. 


Ant^os,  60  cubits  (85  feet)  in  height. 
—Plutarch. 

Arges  (2  syl.),  one  of  the  Cyclops.— 
Greek  Fable. 

AscAPART,  a  giant  30  feet  high,  and 
with  12  inches  between  his  eyes.  Slain 
by  sir  Bevis  of  Southampton. — British 
Fable. 

Atlas,  the  giant  of  the  Atlas  Moun- 
tains, who  carries  the  world  on  his  back. 
A  book  of  maps  is  called  an  "atlas" 
from  this  giant. — Greek  Fable. 

Balan,  "bravest  and  strongest  of  the 
giant  race." — Amddis  of  Gaul. 

Belle,  famous  for  his  three  leaps, 
which  gave  names  to  the  places  called 
Wanlip,  Burstall,  and  Bellegrave. — 
British  Fable. 

Belle'rus,  the  giant  from  whom 
Cornwall  derived  its  name  "  Bellerium." 
— British  Fable. 

Blunderbore  (3  syl.),  the  giant  who 
was  drowned  because  Jack  scuttled  his 
boat. — Jack  the  Giant-killer. 

Briare'os  (4  syl.),  a  giant  with  a 
hundred  hands.  One  of  the  Titans. — 
Greek  Fable. 

Brobdingnag,  a  country  of  giants,  to 
whom  an  ordinary-sized  man  was  "  not 
half  so  big  as  the  round  little  worm 
pricked  from  the  lazy  fingers  of  a  maid." 
—Swift,  Gulliver^s  Travels. 

Brontes  (2  syl.),  one  of  the  Cyclops. 
"—Greek  Fable. 

BuRLONG,  a  giant  mentioned  in  the 
romance  of  Sir  Tryamour. 

Gacus,  of  mount  Aventine,  who  dragged 
the  oxen  of  Hercules  into  his  cave  tail 
foremost. — Greek  Fable. 

Calig'orant,  the  Egyptian  giant,  who 
entrapped  travellers  with  an  invisible  net. 
— Ariosto. 

Caraculiambo,  the  giant  that  don 
Quixote  intended  should  kneel  at  the  foot 
of  Dulcin'ea. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote. 

Ceus  or  CtEus,  son  of  Heaven  and 
Earth.  He  married  Phoebe,  and  was  the 
father  of  Latona. — Greek  Fable. 

Chalbroth,  the  stem  of  all  the  giant 
race. — Rabelais,  Pantagruel. 

CURISTOPHERUS  Or  St.  CHRISTOPHER, 

the  giant  who  carried  Christ  across  a 
ford,  and  was  well-nigh  borne  down  with 
the  "child's"  ever-increasing  weight. — 
Christian  Legend. 

Clytios,  one  of  the  giants  who  made 
war  upon  the  gods.  Vulcan  killed  him 
with  a  red-hot  iron  mace. — Greek  Fable. 

Colbrand,  the  Danish  giant  slain  by 
Guv  of  Warwick. — British  Fable. 

Corflambo,  a  giant  who  was  always 


attended  by  a  dwarf. — Spenser,  FaMrg 
Queen,  iv.  8. 

Cormoran',  the  Cornish  giant  who  fell 
into  a  pit  twenty  feet  deep,  dug  by  Jack 
and  filmed  over  with  a  thin  layer  of  grass 
and  gravel. — Jack  the  Giant-killer. 

Cormorant,  a  giant  discomfited  by 
sir  Brian. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  vi.  4. 

CouLiN,  the  British  giant  pursued  by 
Debon,  and  killed  by  falling  into  a  deep 
chasm. — British  Fable. 

Cyclops,  giants  with  only  one  eye, 
and  that  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead. 
They  lived  in  Sicily,  and  were  black- 
smiths.— Greek  Fable. 

Despair,  of  Doubting  Castle,  who 
found  Christian  and  Hopeful  asleep  on 
his  grounds,  and  thrust  them  into  a 
dungeon.  He  evilly  entreated  them,  but 
they  made  their  escape  by  the  key  "Pro- 
mise."— Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 

DoNDASCH,  a  giant  contemporary  with 
Seth.  "  There  were  giants  in  the  earth 
in  those  days." — Oriental  Fable. 

Encel'ados,  "  most  powerful  of  the 
giant  race."  Overwhelmed  under  mount 
Etna. — Greek  Fable. 

Ephialtes  (4  syl.),  a  giant  who  grew 
nine  inches  every  month. — Greek  Fable. 

Erix,  son  of  Goliah  [sicl  and  grandson 
of  Atlas.  He  invented  legerdemain. — 
Duchat,  (Euvres  de  Rabelais  (1711). 

Eu'rytos,  one  of  the  giants  that  made 
war  with  the  gods.  Bacchus  killed  him 
with  his  thyrsus. — Greek  Fable. 

Ferracute,  a  giant  36  feet  in  height, 
with  the  strength  of  forty  men. —  Turpin''s 
Chronicle. 

Ferragus,  a  Portuguese  giant. —  Va- 
lentine and  Orson. 

FiicRABRAS,  of  Alexandria,  "the 
greatest  giant  that  ever  walked  the 
earth." — Mediaeval  Romance. 

FiON,  son  of  Comnal,  an  enormous 
giant,  who  could  place  his  feet  on  two 
mountains,  and  then  stoop  and  drink 
from  a  stream  in  the  valley  between. — 
Gaelic  Legend. 

FiORGWYN,  the  gigantic  father  of 
Frigga. — Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Fracassus,  father  of  Ferrkgus,  and 
son  of  Morgante. 

Primus  erat  quidam  Fracassus  prole  gigantis, 
Cujus  stirps  olim  Morgan  to  venit  ab  illo, 
Qui  baecliioconem  campanse  ferre  solebat, 
Cuai  quo  niille  honiinuni  colpos  fracasset  in  uno. 

Merlin  Cocaiu8[i.e.  Tli(5opliile  Folengo^j.  I/i*tolr» 
Macaronigue  (1606). 

Gabbara,  father  of  Goliah  {sic']  of 
Secondille,  and  inventor  of  the  custom 
of  drinking  healths. — Duchat,  (Euvres  de 
Rabelais  (1711). 


GIANTS  OF  MYTHOLOGY,  ETC.     878    GIANTS  OF  MYTHOLOGY,  ETC. 


G^TiAPAS,  the  giant  slain  by  king 
Artbar. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur. 

Galligantus.  the  giant  who  lived 
with  Hocus-PocuB  the  conjuror. — Jack 
the  Giant-killer. 

Garagantua,  same  as  Gargantua 
iq.v.). 

Gargantua,  a  giant  so  large  that  it 
required  900  ells  of  linen  for  the  body  of 
his  shirt,  and  200  more  for  the  gussets  ; 
406  ells  of  velvet  for  his  shoes,  and  1100 
cow-hides  for  their  soles.  His  toothpick 
was  an  elephant's  tusk,  and  17,913  cows 
were  required  to  give  him  milk.  This 
was  the  giant  who  swallowed  five  pil- 
grims, with  their  staves,  in  a  salad. — 
Rabelais,  Gargantua. 

Gkmmagog,  son  of  the  giant  OromS- 
don,  and  inventor  of  Poulan  shoes,  i.e. 
shoes  with  a  spur  behind,  and  turned-up 
toes  fastened  to  the  knees.  These  shoes 
were  forbidden  by  Charles  V.  of  France, 
in  1365,  but  the  fashion  revived  again. — 
Duchat,  (JEuvres  de  Rabelais  (1711). 

Geryon'eo,  a  giant  with  three  bodies 
\ Philip  II.  of  Spain\. — Spenser,  FaJ^ry 
"Queen,  v.  11. 

GiRALDA,  the  giantess.  A  statue  of 
victory  on  the  top  of  an  old  Moorish  tower 
in  Seville. 

GoDMER,  son  of  Albion,  a  British 
giant  slain  by  Canu'tus  one  of  the  com- 
panions of  Brute. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
ii.  10. 

Goem'agot,  the  Cornish  giant  who 
wrestled  with  Cori'neus  (3  syQ,  and  was 
hurled  over  a  rock  into  the  sea.  The 
place  where  he  fell  was  called  "  Lam 
Goemagot."  —  Geoffrey,  British  His- 
tory. 

Gogmagog,  king  of  the  giant  race  of 
Albion  when  Brute  colonized  the  island. 
He  was  slain  by  Cori'neus.  The  two 
statues  of  Guildhall  represent  Gogmagog 
and  Corineus.  The  giant  carries  a  pole- 
axe  and  spiked  balls.  This  is  the  same 
as  Gogmagot. 

Grangousia,  the  giant  king  of  Utopia. 
— Rabelais,  Pantagruel. 

Grantorto,  the  giant  who  withheld 
the  inheritance  of  Ire'na. — Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  v. 

Grim,  the  giant  slain  by  Greatheart, 
because  he  tried  to  stop  pilgrims  on  their 
way  to  the  Celestial  City. — Bunyan,  Pil- 
grim's Progress,  ii. 

Grum'bo,  the  giant  up  whose  sleeve 
Tom  Thumb  crept.  The  giant,  thinking 
some  insect  had  crawled  up  his  sleeve, 
gave  it  a  shake,  and  Tom  fell  into  the 


sea,  when  a  fish  swallowed  him. — Tom 
Thumb. 

Gyges,  who  had  fifty  heads  and  a 
hundred  hands.  He  was  one  of  the 
Titans.— Greek  Fable. 

Hapmouche,  the  giant  "fly-catcher." 
He  invented  the  drying  and  smoking  of 
neats'  tongues. — Duchat,  (Euvres  de 
Rabelais  (1711). 

Hippol'ytos,  one  of  the  giants  who 
made  war  with  the  gods.  He  was  killed 
by  Hermes. — Greek  Fable. 

Hrasvelg,  the  giant  who  keeps  watch 
over  the  Tree  of  Life,  and  devours  the 
dead. — Scandinavian  Mythology. 

HuRTALi,  a  giant  in  the  time  of  the 
Flood.  He  was  too  large  of  stature  to 
get  into  the  ark,  and  therefore  rode 
straddle-legs  on  the  roof.  He  perpetu- 
ated the  giant  race.  Atlas  was  his 
grandson. 

Indracittran,  a  famous  giant  of 
Indian  mythology. 

JoTUX,  the  giant  of  Jotunheim  or  Giant- 
land,  in  Scandinavian  story. 

JuLiANCE,  a  giant  of  Arthurian 
romance. 

KiFRi,  the  giant  of  atheism  and  in- 
fidelity. 

KoTTOS,  a  giant  with  a  hundred  hands. 
One  of  the  Titans. — Greek  Fable. 

Malambru'no,  the  giant  who  shut  up 
Antonoma'sia  and  her  husband  in  the 
tomb  of  the  deceased  queen  of  Candaya. 
— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II.  iii.  45. 

Margutte  (3  syL),  a  giant  10  feet  high,  I 
who   died  of  laughter  when  he  saw  a 
monkey   pulling   on   his   boots. — Pulci, 
Morgante  Maggiore. 

Maugys,  the  giant  warder  with  whom 
sir  Lybius  does  battle. — Libeaux. 

Maul,  the  giant  of  sophistry,  killed  by 
Greatheart,  who  pierced  him  under  thd"' 
fifth  rib. — Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  v 

MoNT-RoGNON,  one  of  Charlemagne' 
paladins. 

Morgante  (3  syl.),  a  ferocious  gian 
who  died  by  the  bite  of  a  crab. — Pul 
Morgante  Maggiore. 

MuGiLLO,  a  giant  famous  for  his  ma* 
with  six  balls. 

Offerus,    the    pagan    name    of    Si 
Christopher,  whose  body  was  12  ells 
height. — Christian  Legend, 

Ogias,  an  antediluvian  giant,  men 
tioned  in  the  apocrypha  condemned  by 
pope  Gelasius  I.  (492-496). 

Orgoglio,  a  giant  thrice  the  height  of 
an  ordinary  man.  •  He  takes  captive  the 
Red  Cross'  Knight,  but  is  slain  by  ki  " 
Arthur. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i. 


I 


GIANTS  OF  MYTHOLOGY,  ETC.    379 


GIANTS  IN  REAL  LIFE. 


OKi'oisr,  a  giant  hunter,  noted  for  his 
beauty.  He  was  slain  by  Diana,  and 
made  a  constellation. — Greek  Fable. 

Otos,  a  giant,  brother  of  Ephialtes. 
They  both  grew  nine  inches  every  month. 
According  to  Pliny,  he  was  46  cubits  (66 
feet)  in  height. — Greek  Fable. 

Pallas,  one  of  the  giants  called  Titans. 
Minerva  flayed  him,  and  used  his  skin  for 
armour;  hence  she  was  called  Pallas 
Minerva. — Greek  Fable. 

Pantaq'ruel,  son  of  Gargantua,  and 
last  of  the  race  of  giants. 

Polybo'tk^  (4  syl.),  one  of  the  giants 
who  fought  against  the  gods.  The  sea- 
god  pursued  him  to  the  island  of  Cos, 
and,  tearing  away  a  part  of  the  island, 
threw  it  on  him  and  buried  him  beneath 
the  mass. — Greek  Fable. 

Polyphe'mos,  king  of  the  Cyclops. 
His  skeleton  was  found  at  Trapa'ni,  in 
Sicil}',  in  the  fourteenth  century,  by 
which  it  is  calculated  that  his  height  was 
300  itfti.— Greek  Fable. 

Pouphyr'ion,  one  of  the  giants  who 
made  war  with  the  gods.  He  hurled  the 
island  of  Delos  against  Zeus  ;  but  Zeus, 
with  the  aid  of  Hercules,  ovtrcame  him. 
—Greek  Fable. 

Pvrac'mon,  one  of  the  Cyclops. — 
Greek  Fable. 

RiTHO,  the  giant  who  commanded 
king  Arthur  to  send  his  beard  to  complete 
the  lining  of  a  robe. — Arthurian  Romance. 

Slay-good,  a  giant  slain  by  Great- 
heart. — Bunyan,  Filgrim's  Progress,  ii. 

Ster'opes  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  Cyclops. 
— Greek  Fable. 

Tartar©,  the  Cyclops  of  Basque 
legendary  lore. 

Teutoboch'us,  a  king,  whose  remains 
were  discovered  in  1613,  near  the  river 
Rhone.  His  tomb  was  30  feet  long. — 
Mazurier,  Histoire  Veritable  du  Ge'ant 
Teutobochus  (1618). 

Thaon,  one  of  the  giants  who  made 
war  with  the  gods.  He  was  killed  by  the 
Parcae. — Hesiod,  Theogony. 

Titans,  a  race  of  giants. — Greek  Fable. 

Tit'yos,  a  giant  whose  body  covered 
nine  acres  of  land.  He  tried  to  defile 
Latona,  but  Apollo  cast  him  into  Tar- 
tarus, where  a  vulture  fed  on  his  liver, 
whicii  grew  again  as  fast  as  it  was  de- 
voured.— Greek  Fable. 

Typhceus,  a  giant  with  a  hundred 
heads,  fearful  eyes,  and  most  terrible 
Toice.  He  was  the  father  of  the  Harpies. 
Zeus  [Jupiter]  killed  him  with  a  thunder- 
bolt, and  he  lies  buried  under  mount 
Etna. — Hesiod,  Theogony. 


Typhon,  son  of  Typhceus,  a  giant  with 
a  hundred  heads.  He  was  so  tall  that  he 
touched  heaven  with  his  head.  His  off- 
spring were  Gorgon,  Geryon,  Cerberos, 
and  the  hydra  of  Leme.  He  lies  buried 
under  mount  Etna. — Homer,  Hymns. 

WiDENOSTRiLS,  a  huge  giant,  who  lived 
on  windmills,  and  died  from  eating  a 
lump  of  fresh  butter. — Rabelais,  Pantag- 
ruel,  ir.  17. 

YoHAK,  the  giant  guardian  of  the  caves 
of  Babylon. — Southey,  Talaba,  v. 

***  Those  who  wish  to  pursue  this 
subject  further,  should  consult  the  notes 
of  Duchat,  bk.  ii.  1  of  his  (Euvres  de 
EabeUis. 

Giants  in  Real  Life. 

AxAK,  father  of  the  Anakim.  The 
HebreAv  spies  said  they  themselves  were 
mere  grasshoppers  in  comparison  to  these 
giants. — Josh.  xv.  14 ;  Judges  i.  20 ; 
Numb.  xiii.  33. 

Anak,  7  feet  8  inches  at  the  age  of  26. 
Exhibited  in  London,  1862-6.  Born  at 
Ramonchamp,  in  the  Vosges  (1  syl.), 
1840.     His  real  name  was  Joseph  Brice. 

Andron'icus  II.,  10  feet.  GrandsoH 
of  Alexius  Comnenus.  Nicetas  asserts 
that  he  had  seen  him. 

Bamford  {Edward),  7  feet  4  inches. 
Died  in  1768,  and  was  buried  in  St.  Dmi- 
Btan's  Churchyard. 

Bates  {Captain),  7  feet  11  inches;  of 
Kentucky.    Exhibited  in  London,  1871. 

Blacker  {Henry),  7  feet  4  inches,  and 
most  symmetrical.  Born  at  Cuckfield, 
Sussex,  in  1724.  Generally  called  "  The 
British  Giant." 

Bradley,  7  feet  8  inches  at  dcvth. 
Born  at  Market  Weighton,  in  Yorksaire. 
His  right  hand  is  preserved  in  the  museum 
of  the  College  of  Surgeons  (1798-1820). 

Brice  {Joseph),  7  feet  8  inches.  His 
hand  could  span  16^  inches.  (See  "Anak.") 

Bushy  {John),  7  feet  9  inches;  of  Dar- 
field.  His  brother  was  about  the  same 
height. 

Chang-Woo-Goo,  7  feet  6  inches  ;  of 
Fychou.  The  Chinese  giant.  Exhibited 
in  London,  1865-6. 

Charlemagne,  8  feet  nearly.  He 
could  squeeze  together  three  horse-shoes 
at  once  with  his  hands. 

Cotter  {Patrick),  8  feet  7\  inches. 
The  Irish  giant.  A  cast  of  his  hand  is 
preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  College  of 
Surgeons  (died  1802). 

Elea'/er,  7  cubits  (?  10  feet  6  inches). 
The  Jewish  giant  mentioned  by  JosephuSj 
He  lived  in  the  reign  of  VitelUus. 


GIANTS  IN  REAL  LIFE. 


GIANT'S  LEAP. 


Elkizegue  (Joachim),  7  feet  10  inches. 
The  Spanish  giant.    Exhibited  in  London. 

Evans  (William),  8  feet  at  death. 
Porter  to  Charles  I.  (died  1632). 

Frank  (Big),  7  feet  8  inches ;  weight, 
22  stone ;  girth  round  the  chest,  58  inches. 
He  was  an  Irishman,  whose  name  was 
Francis  Sheridan  (died  1870). 

Frenz  (Louis),  7  feet  4  inches.  The 
French  giant. 

Gabara,  9  feet  9  inches.  An  Arabian 
giant.  Pliny  says  he  was  the  tallest  man 
Been  in  the  days  of  Claudius. 

GiLLY,  8  feet.  A  Swede  ;  exhibited  as 
a  show  in  the  early  part  of  the  nine- 
teenth century. 

Goli'ath,  6  cubits  and  a  span  (?  9  feet 
4  inches). — 1  Sam.  xvii.  4,  etc.  His 
"brother"  was  also  a  giant. — 2  Sam. 
xxi.  19 ;  1  Chron.  xx.  5. 

Gordon  (Alice),  7  feet.  An  Essex 
giantess  (died  1737). 

Hale  (Robert),  7  feet  6  inches ;  bom  at 
Somerton.  Generally  called  "The  Nor- 
folk Giant"  (1820-1862). 

Har'drada  (Harold),  "  5  ells  of  Nor- 
way in  height"  (nearly  8  feet).  The 
Norway  giant. 

La  Pierre,  7  feet  1  inch ;  of  Strat- 
gard,  in  Denmark. 

Louis,  7  feet  4  inches.  The  French 
giant.  His  left  hand  is  preserved  in  the 
museum  of  the  College  of  Surgeons. 

LousHKiN,  8  feet  5  inches.  The 
Russian  giant,  and  drum-major  of  the 
Imperial  Guards. 

M'DoNALD  (James),  7  feet  6  inches;  of 
Cork  (died  17G0). 

M 'Donald  (Samuel),  6  feet  10  inches. 
A  Scotchman ;  usually  called  "  Big  Sam" 
(died  1802). 

Magratii  (Cornelius),  7  feet  8  inches. 
He  was  an  orphan,  reared  by  bishop 
Berkley,  and  died  at  the  age  of  20  (1740- 
1760). 

Maximi'nus,  8  feet  6  inches.  Tha 
Roman  emperor  (235-238). 

Mellon  (Edmund),  7  feet  6  inches. 
BomatPortLeicester,  Ireland  (1665-1684). 

Middleton  (John),  9  feet  3  inches. 
"His  hand  was  17  inches  long,  and  8| 
inches  broad."  He  was  born  at  Hale,  in 
Lancashire,  in  the  reign  of  James  I. — 
Dr.  Plott,  History  of  Staffordshire. 

Miller  (Maximilian  Christopher),  8 
feet.  His  hand  measured  12  inches,  and 
his  fore-finger  was  9  inches  long.  The 
Saxon  giant.  Died  in  London  (1674-1734). 

Murphy,  8  feet  10  inches.  An  Irish 
giant,  contemporary  with  O'Brien.  Died 
at  Marseilles. 


O'Brien  or  Charles  Byrne,  8  feet  4 
inches.  The  Irish  giant.  His  skeleton 
is  preserved  in  the  museum  of  the  College 
of  Surgeons  (1761-1783). 

Oo,  king  of  Bashan.     "His  bed  was 

9  cubits  by  4  cubits "  (?  13^  feet  by  6 
feet). — Deut.  iii.  11. 

***  The  Great  Bed  of  Ware  is  12  feet 
by  12  feet. 

OsEN  (Heinrich),  7  feet  6  .inches; 
weight,  300  lbs.  or  37j  stone.  Bom  in 
Norway. 

PoRus,  an  Indian  king  who  fought 
against  Alexander  near  the  river  Hv- 
daspes  (b.c.  327).  He  was  a  giant  "5 
cubits  in  height"  [7|  feet],  with  strength 
in  proportion. — Quintus  Curtius,  De  rebus 
gestis  Alexandri  Magni. 

RiECHART  (J.  H.),  8  feet  3  inches,  of 
Friedberg.  His  father  and  mother  were 
both  giants. 

Salmeron  (Martin),  7  feet  4  inches. 
A  Mexican. 

Sam  (Big),  6  feet  10  inches.  (See 
"M 'Donald.") 

Sheridan  (Francis),  7  feet  8  inches. 
(See  "  Frank.") 

Swan  (Miss  Anne  Hanen),  7  feet  11 
inches  ;  of  Nova  Scotia. 

*^*  In  1682,  a  giant  7  feet  7  inches 
was  exhibited  in  Dublin.  A  Swede  8 
feet  6  inches  was  in  the  body-guard  of  a 
king  of  Prussia.  A  human  skeleton 
8  feet  6  inches  is  preserved  in  the  museum 
of  Trinity  College,  Dublin. 

Becanus  says  he  had  seen  a  man  nearly 

10  feet  high,  and  a  woman  fully  10  feet. 
Gasper  Bauhin  speaks  of  a  Swiss  8  feet 
in  height.  Del  Rio  says  he  saw  a  Pied- 
montese  in  1572  more  than  9  feet  in 
stature.  C.  S.  F.  Warren,  M.A.,  says 
(in  Notes  and  Queries,  August  14,  1876) 
that  his  father  knew  a  lady  9  feet  high  ; 
"her  head  touched  the  ceiling  of  a  good- 
sized  room."  Vanderbrook  says  he  saw 
a  black  man,  at  Congo,  9  feet  high. 

Giant  of  Literature,  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson  (1709-1783). 

Giant's  Cause-way,  a  basaltic  mole 
in  Ireland,  said  to  be  the  commencement 
of  a  causeway  from  Ireland  to  Scotland. 

Giant's  Grave  (The),  a  height  on 
the  Adriatic  shore  of  the  Bosphorus,  much 
frequented  by  holiday  parties. 


"Pis  a  grand  sight  from  off  "  The  Giant's  Gran 
To  watch  the  progress  of  those  rolling  seas 
Between  the  Bosphorus,  as  they  lash  and  lava 
Europe  and  Asia. 

Byron,  Don  Jxian,  y.  5  (IMOjt 


Giant's  Leap  (Lam  Goemagot) 


I 


GIAOUR. 


381         GIGGLESWICK  FOUNTAIN. 


*' Goemngot's  Leap."  Now  called  Haw, 
n«ar  Plymouth.  The  legend  is  that 
Cori'neus  (3  syl.)  wrestled  with  Goerna- 
got  king  of  the  Albion  giants,  heaved  the 
monster  on  his  shoulder,  carried  him  to 
the  top  of  a  high  rock,  and  cast  him  into 
the  sea. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  encounter,  Corlneus  and  the 
giant,  standing  front  to  front,  lield  each  other  strongly  in 
their  arms,  and  panted  aloud  for  breath  ;  but  Gocniagot 
presently  grasping  Corineus  with  all  his  might,  brol«e  three 
of  his  ribs,  two  on  the  right  side  and  one  on  his  left. 
Corlneus,  highly  enraged,  roused  up  his  whole  strength, 
gnatclied  up  tlie  giant,  ran  with  him  on  his  shoulders  to 
the  neighbouring  clitf,  and  heaved  him  Into  the  sea  .  .  . 
The  place  where  he  fell  is  called  Lam  GoCmagot  to  this 
day.— Geoffrey,  liHtish  Biitory,  1.  16  (1142). 

Giaour  \djow'.er].  Byron's  tale 
called  The  Criaotir  is  supposed  to  be 
told  by  a  Turkish  fisherman  who  had 
been  employed  all  the  day  in  the  gulf  of 
iEgi'na,  and  landed  his  boat  at  night-fall 
on  the  Pifie'us,  now  called  the  harbour  of 
Port  Leone.  He  Avas  eye-witness  of  all 
the  incidents,  and  in  one  of  them  a 
principal  agent  (see  line  352  :  "I  hear  the 
sound  of  coining  feet  .  .  .  ").  The  tale 
is  this :  Leilah,  the  beautiful  concubine 
of  the  caliph  Hassan,  falls  in  love  with  a 
giaour,  flees  from  the  seraglio,  is  over- 
taken by  an  emir,  put  to  death,  nnd  cast 
into  the  sea.  The  giaour  cleaves  Hassan's 
skull,  flees  for  his  life,  and  becomes  a 
monk.  Six  years  afterwards  he  tells  his 
history  to  his  father  confessor  on  his 
death-bed,  and  prays  him  to  "  lay  his 
body  with  the  humblest  dead,  and  not 
even  to  inscribe  his  name  on  his  tomb." 
Accordingly,  he  is  called  "the  Giaour," 
and  is  known  by  no  other  name  (1813). 

Giauha're  (4  syL),  daughter  of  the 
king  of  Saman'dal,  the  mightiest  of  the 
under-sea  empires.  When  her  father  was 
made  captive  by  king  Saleh,  she  emerged 
for  safety  to  a  desert  island,  where  she 
met  Bed'er  the  young  king  of  Persia, 
who  proposed  to  make  her  his  wife  ;  but 
Giauhare  "spat  on  him,"  and  changed 
him  "into  a  white  bird  with  red  beak 
and  red  legs."  The  bird  was  sold  to  a 
certain  king,  and,  being  disenchanted,  re- 
sumed the  human  form.  After  several 
mar\'ellous  adventures,  Beder  again  met 
the  under-sea  princess,  proposed  to  her 
again,  and  she  became  his  wife  and  queen 
of  Persia. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Beder  and 
Giauhare"). 

Gibbet,  a  foot-pad  and  a  convict, 
who  "left  his  country  for  his  country's 
good."  He  piqued  himself  on  being  "  the 
best-behaved  man  on  the  road." 

Twas  for  the  good  of  my  country  I  should  be  abroad.— 
George  Farquhar,  The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  iii.  3  (1707). 


I  thought  it  rather  odd  .  .  .  and  said  to  myaelf.  M 
Gibbet  said  when  ho  heard  that  Aimwell  had  gone  to 
church,  "  That  looks  suspicious."— James  Smith. 

Gibbet  {Master),  secretary  to  Martin 
Joshua  Bletson  (parliamentary  commis- 
sioner).— Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Gib'bie  (Guse),  a  half-witted  lad  in 
the  service  of  lady  Bellenden. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Like  Goose  Gibbie  of  famous  memory,  he  first  kept  the 
turkeys,  and  then,  as  his  years  advanced,  was  promoted 
to  the  more  important  office  of  minding  the  cows. — 
Keightley. 

Gibby,  a  Scotch  Highlander  in  attend- 
ance on  colonel  Briton.  He  marries  Inis, 
the  waiting-woman  of  Isabella. — Mrs. 
Centlivre,  The  Wonder  (1714). 

Gibou  (Madame),  a  type  of  feminine 
vulgarity.  A  hard-headed,  keen-witted, 
coarsely  clever,  and  pragmatical  maitress 
femme,  who  believes  in  nothing  but  a 
good  digestion  and  money  in  the  Funds. 
—  Henri  Monnier,  Scenes  Populaires 
(1852). 

Mde.  Pochet  and  Mde.  Gibou  arc  the 
French  "Mrs.  Gamp  and  Mrs.  Harris." 

Gibraltar  of  America,  Quebec. 

Gibraltar  of  Greece,  a  precipitous 
rock  700  feet  above  the  sea. 

Gibraltar  of  the  TS&w  "World, 
Cape  Diamond,  in  the  province  of  Quebec. 

Gibson  {Janet),  a  young  dependent 
on  Mrs.  Margaret  Bertram  of  Singleside. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Giftbrd  {John).  This  pseudonym  Las 
been  adopted  by  three  authors :  (1)  John 
Richards  Green,  Blackstone's  Commen- 
taries Abridged  (1823) ;  (2)  Edward  Foss, 
An  Abridgment  of  Blackstone's  Commen- 
taries (1821)  ;  (3)  Alexander  Whellier, 
l^he  English  Lawyer. 

Gifford  {William),  author  of  The 
Baviad,  a  poetical  satire,  which  annihi- 
lated the  Delia  Crusca  school  of  poets 
(1794).  In  1796,  Gifford  published  The 
Maeviad,  to  expose  the  low  state  of  dra- 
matic authorship. 

He  was  a  man  with  whom  I  had  no  literary  sympathies. 
...  He  had,  however,  a  heart  full  of  kindne:^8  for  all 
living  creatures  except  authors ;  them  he  regarded  as  a 
fishmonger  regards  eels,  or  as  Izaak  Walton  did  worms.— 
Southey. 

Giggleswick  Fountain  ebbs  and 
flows  eight  times  a  day.  The  tale  is  that 
GigglesAvick  was  once  a  nymph  living 
with  the  Oreads  on  mount  Craven.  A 
satyr  chanced  to  see  her,  and  resolved  to 
win  her ;  but  Giggleswick  fled  to  escape 


GILBERT. 


382 


GILES. 


her  pursuer,  and  praying  to  the  "topic 
gods "  (the  local  genii),  was  converted 
into  a  fountain,  which  still  pants  with 
fear.  The  tale  is  told  by  Drayton,  in  his 
I*olyolbion,  xxviii.  (1622). 

Gilbert,  butler  to  sir  Patrick  Chatteris 
provost  of  Perth.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Gilbert  (Sir),  noted  for  the  sanative 
virtue  of  his  sword  and  cere-cloth.  Sir 
Launcelot  touched  the  wounds  of  sir 
Meliot  Avith  sir  Gilbert's  sword  and  wiped 
them  with  the  cere-cloth,  and  "anon  a 
wholer  man  was  he  nerer  in  all  his  life." 
— Sir  T.  lilalorv,  History  of  Frince 
Arthur,  i.  116  (1470). 

Gilbert  witli  the  "Wliite  Hand, 
one  of  the  companions  of  Robin  Hood, 
mentioned  often  in  The  Lyttell  Geste  of 
Mohyn  Hode  (fytte  v.  and  vii.). 

Thair  saw  I  Maillaind  upon  aiiM  Beird  Gray, 
Robene  Hude,  and  Gilbei  t  "  witli  the  quhltehand," 
Quhom  Hay  of  Nauchtou  ilew  in  Mjidin-land. 

Hcotiis'i  J'ocms,  L  128. 

Gillbertscleugli,  cousin  to  lady 
]\Targaret  Bellenden.— Sir  ^\'.  Scott,  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Gil  Bias,  son  of  Bias  of  Santilla'ne 
'squire  or  "escndero"  to  a  lady,  and 
brought  up  by  his  uncle,  canon  Gil  Peres. 
Gil  Bias  went  to  Dr.  Godinez's  school,  of 
Oviedo  l^Ov.e.a'.dol,  and  obtained  the  re- 
putation of  being  a  great  scholar.  He 
had  fair  abilities,  a  kind  heart,  and  good 
inclinations,  but  was  easily  led  astray  by 
his  vanity.  Full  of  wit  and  humour,  but 
lax  in  his  morals.  Duped  by  others  at  first, 
he  afterwards  played  the  same  devices  on 
those  less  experienced.  As  he  grew  in 
years,  however,  his  conduct  improved, 
and  when  his  fortune  was  made  he  became 
an  honest,  steady  man. — Lesage,  GU  Bias 
(1715). 

(Lesage  has  borrowed  largely  from  the 
romance  of  Espinel,  called  Vida  del  Escn- 
dero Marcos  de  Obregon  (1618),  from 
which  he  has  taken  his  prologue,  the 
adventure  of  the  parasite  (bk.  i.  2), 
the  dispersion  of  the  company  of  Caca- 
belos  by  the  muleteer  (bk.  i.  3),  the 
incident  of  the  robber's  cave  (bk.  i.  4,  5), 
the  surprise  by  the  corsairs,  the  contri- 
butions levied  by  don  Raphael  and 
Ambrose  (bk.  i.  15,  16),  the  service  with 
the  duke  of  Lerma,  the  character  of  San- 
grado  (called  by  Espinel  Sarjrcdo),  and  even 
the  reply  of  don  Matthias  de  Silva  Avhen 
asked  to  fight  a  duel  early  in  the  morn- 
ing, "  As  I  never  rise  before  one,  even  for 
a  party  of  pleasure,  it  is  unreasonable 


to  expect  that  I  should  rise  at  bIx  to  have 
my  throat  cut,"  bk.  iii.  8.) 

Gildas  de  Ruys  (St.),  near  Vannes, 
in  France.  This  monastery  was  founded 
in  the  sixth  century  by  St.  Gildas  "  the 
Wise"  (516-565). 

For  some  of  us  knew  a  thing  or  two 
In  the  abbey  of  St.  Gildiis  de  Unys. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend. 

Gil'deroy,  a  famous  robber.  There 
were  two  of  the  name,  both  handsome 
Scotchmen,  both  robbers,  and  both  were 
hanged.  One  lived  in  the  seventeenth 
century,  and  "had  the  honour"  of 
robbing  cardinal  Richelieu  and  Oliver 
Cromwell.  The  other  was  bom  in  Roslin, 
in  the  eighteenth  century,  and  was 
executed  in  Edinburgh  for  "stealing 
sheep,  horses,  and  oxen."  In  the  Percy 
Reliques,  I.  iii.  12,  is  the  lament  of 
Gilderoy's  widow  at  the  execution  of  her 
"handsome"  and  "winsome"  Gilderoy  ; 
and  Campbell  has  a  ballad  on  the  same 
subject.  Both  are  entitled  "Gilderoy," 
and  refer  to  the  latter  robber;  but  in 
Thomson's  Orpheus  Caledonius,  ii.  is  a^ 
copy  of  the  older  ballad. 

*^*  Thomson's  ballad  places  Gilderoj 
in  the  reign  of  Mary  "queen  of  Scots,' 
but  this  is  not  consistent  with  the 
tradition  of  his  robbing  Richelieu  and 
Cromwell.  We  want  a  third  Gilderoy 
for  the  reign  of  queen  Mary — one  living 
in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Gilding  a  Boy.  Leo  XII.  killed  the 
boy  Morta'ra  by  gilding  him  all  over  to 
adorn  a  pageant. 

Gildip'pe  (3  syL),  wife  of  Edward  j 
an  English  baron,  who  accompanied  her| 
husband  to  Jerusalem,  and  performedj 
prodigies  of  valour  in  the  war  (bk.  ix.). 
Both  she  and  her  husband  were  slain  hi 
Solyman  (bk.  xx.). — Tasso,  Jerusale 
Delivered  (1576). 

Giles,  a  farmer  in  love  with  PattyJ 
"  the  maid  of  the  mill,"  and  promised  to| 
him  by  her  father  ;  but  Patty  refuses  tej 
marry  him.  Ultimately,  the  "maid  of | 
the  mill  "  marries  lord  Aimworth.  Gilesl 
is  a  blunt,  well-meaning,  working  farmer,! 
of  no  education,  no  refinement,  no  notioir 
of  the  amenities  of  social  life. — Bicker- 
staff,  The  Maid  of  the  Mill. 

Giles  (1  syl.),  servdng-boy  to  Clauc 
Halcro.— Sir'W.  Scott,  The  Firate  (time 
William  III.). 

Giles  (1  syl.),  warder  of  the  Tower.- 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time 
James  I.). 


GILES. 


GINES  DE  PASSAMONTE. 


Giles  (1  syL),  jailer  of  sir  Reginald 
Front  de  Boeuf. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Jvanhoe 
(time,  Eichard  I.). 

Giles  {Will),  apprentice  of  Gibbie 
Girder  the  cooper  at  Wolf's  Hope 
village. — Sir  W.  bcott,  Bride  of  Lammer- 
moor  (time,  William  III.). 

Giles,  the  "farmer's  boy,"  "meek, 
fatherless,  and  poor,"  the  hero  of  Robert 
Bloomfield's  principal  poem,  which  is 
divided  into  "  Spring,"  "  Summer," 
''Autumn,"  and  "Winter"  (1798). 

Giles  of  Antwerp,  Giles  Coignet, 
the  painter  (1530-1600). 

GilfiUan  {Habakkuk),  called  "Gifted 
Gilfillan,"  a  Caniero'nian  officer  and 
enthusiast.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Gill  {Harry),  a  farmer,  who  forbade 
old  Goody  Blake  to  carry  home  a  few 
sticks,  which  she  had  picked  up  from  his 
land,  to  light  a  wee-bit  fire  to  warm  her- 
self by.  Old  Goody  Blake  cursed  him 
for  his  meanness,  saying  he  should  never 
from  that  moment  cease  from  shivering 
with  cold  ;  and,  sure  enough,  from  that 
hour,  a-bed  or  up,  summer  or  winter,  at 
home  or  abroad,  his  teeth  went  "  chatter, 
chatter,  chatter  still."  Clothing  was  of 
no  use,  fires  of  no  avail,  for,  spite  of  all, 
he  muttered,  "  Poor  Harry  Gill  is  very 
cold." — Wordsw-orth,  Goody  Blake  and 
Harry  GUI  (1798). 

Giriamore  (3  syl.)  or  Guillamur, 
king  of  Ireland,  being  slain  in  battle  by 
Arthur,  Ireland  was  added  by  the  con- 
queror to  his  own  dominions. 

How  Gillamore  again  to  Ireland  he  pursued  .  .  . 
And  having  iJain  the  king,  the  country  waste  he  laid. 
Drayton.  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Gil'lian,  landlady  of  don  John  and 
don  Frederic. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Chances  (1620). 

Gil'lian  {Dame),  tirewoman  to  lady 
Eveline,  and  wife  of  Kaoul  the  huntsman. 
-Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  II.). 

Gilliflowers.  A  nosegay  of  these 
flowers  was  given  by  the  fairy  Amazo'na 
to  Carpil'lona  in  her  flight.  The  virtue 
of  this  nosegay  was,  that  so  long  as  the 
princess  had  it  about  her  person,  those 
who  knew  her  before  v/ould  not  recognize 
her. — Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales 
("Princess  Carpillona,"  1682). 

Gills  {Solomon),  ship's  instrument 
noaker.  A  slo'v,  thoughtful  old  man, 
uncle  of  Walter  Gay,  who  was  in  the 


house  of  Mr.  Dombey,  merchant.  Gill« 
was  very  proud  of  his  stock-in-trade, 
but  never  seemed  to  sell  anything. — C. 
Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Gilpin  {John),  a  linen-draper  and 
train-band  captain,  living  in  London. 
His  wife  said  to  him,  "  Though  we  have 
been  married  twenty  years,  we  have  taken 
no  holiday  ;  "  and  at  her  advice  the  well- 
to-do  linen-draper  agreed  to  make  a 
family  party,  and  dine  at  the  Bell,  at 
Edmonton.  Mrs.  Gilpin,  her  sister,  and 
four  children  went  in  the  chaise,  and 
Gilpin  promised  to  follow  on  horseback. 
As  madam  had  left  the  wine  behind, 
Gilpin  girded  it  in  two  stone  bottles  to 
his  belt,  and  started  on  his  way.  The 
horse,  being  fresh,  began  to  trot,  and  then 
to  gallop ;  and  John,  being  a  bad  rider, 
grasped  the  mane  with  both  his  hands. 
On  went  the  horse,  off  flew  John  Gilpin's 
cloak,  together  with  his  hat  and  wig. 
The  dogs  barked,  the  children  screamed, 
the  turnpike  men  (thinking  he  was  riding 
for  a  wager)  flung  open  their  gates.  He 
flewthrough  Edmonton,  and  never  stopped 
till  he  reached  Ware,  when  his  friend  the 
calender  gave  him  welcome,  and  asked  him 
to  dismount.  Gilpin,  however,  declined, 
saying  his  wife  would  be  expecting  him. 
So  the  calender  furnished  him  with 
another  hat  and  wig,  and  Gilpin  harked 
back  again,  when  similar  disasters 
occurred,  till  the  horse  stopped  at  his 
house  in  London. — W.  Cowper,  John 
Gilpin  (1786). 

*^*  John  Gilpin  was  a  Mr.  Beyer,  of 
Paternoster  Row,  who  died  in  1791,  and 
it  was  lady  Austin  who  told  the  anecdote 
to  the  poet.  The  marriage  adventure  of 
commodore  Trunnion,  in  Peregrine  Fickle, 
is  a  similar  adventure. 

Giltspur  Street,  a  street  in  West 
Smithfield,  built  on  the  route  taken  by 
the  knights  (who  wore  gilt  spurs)  on  their 
way  to  Smithfield,  where  th^e  tournaments 
were  held. 

Gines  de  Passamonte,  one  of  the 
galley-slaves  set  free  by  don  Quixote. 
Gines  had  written  a  history  of  his  life  and 
adventures.  After  being  liberated,  th-, 
slaves  set  upon  the  knight ;  they  assaulted 
him  with  stones,  robbed  him  and  Sancho 
ol  everj'thing  they  valued,  broke  to  pieces 
"  Mambrino's  helmet,"  and  then  made  off 
with  all  possible  speed,  taking  Sancho'a 
ass  with  them.  After  a  time  the  a,sa  was 
recovered  (pt.  I.  iv.  3). 

"Harlt  ye,  friend,"  said  the  galley  alave,  "Ginetismf 
name,  and  Passamonte  the  title  of  my  family."    " 
Dm  quixote,  L  iii.  8  (1605). 


GINEURA. 


884 


GIOVANNI. 


*^*  This  Gines  re-appears  in  pt.  IT.  ii. 
7  as  "  Peter  the  showman,"  Avho  exhibits 
the  story  of  "  Melisendra  and  don  Gay- 
Ceros."  The  helmet  also  is  presented 
■vhole  and  sound  at  the  inn,  Avhere  it 
jecomes  a  matter  of  dispute  whether  it  is 
«  basin  or  a  helmet. 

Qineura.  the  troth-plight  bride  of 
Ariodantes,  falsely  accused  of  infidelity, 
and  doomed  to  die  unless  she  found  within 
a  month  a  champion  to  do  battle  for  her 
honour.  The  duke  who  accused  her  felt 
confident  that  no  champion  would  appear, 
but  on  the  day  appointed  Ariodantes  him- 
self entered  the  lists.  The  duke  was 
slain,  the  lady  vindicated,  and  the  cham- 
pion became  Gineura's  husband. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Shakespeare,  in  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing,  makes  Hero  falsely  accused  of 
infidelity,  through  the  malice  of  don 
John,  who  induces  Margaret  (the  lady's 
attendant)  to  give  Borachio  a  rendezvous 
at  the  lady's  chamber  window.  While 
this  was  going  on,  Claudio,  the  betrothed 
lover  of  Hero,  was  brought  to  a  spot 
where  he  might  witness  the  scene,  and, 
believing  Margaret  to  be  HerOj  was  so 
indignant,  that  next  day  at  the  altar  he 
denounced  Hero  as  unworthy  of  his  love. 
Benedict  challenged  Claudio  for  slander, 
but  the  combat  was  prevented  by  the 
arrest  and  confession  of  Borachio.  Don 
John,  finding  his  villainy  exposed,  fled  to 
Messina. 

Spenser  has  introduced  a  similar  story 
in  his  Faery  Queen,  v.  11  (the  tale  of 
"  Irena,"  q.v.), 

Gin'evra,  the  young  Italian  bride 
who,  playing  hide-and-seek,  hid  herself 
in  a  large  trunk.  The  lid  accidentally 
fell  down,  and  was  held  fast  by  a  spring- 
lock.  Many  years  afterwards  the  trunk 
was  sold  and  the  skeleton  discovered. — 
Eogers,  Italy  (1792). 

T.  Ilaynes  Bajdey  wrote  a  ballad  called 
The  Jlistletoe  Bough,  on  the  same  tradi- 
tion. He  calls  the  bridegroom  "young 
Lovell.'\ 

A  similar  narrative  is  given  by  Collet, 
in  his  Causes  Cc'lcbres. 

Marwell  Old  Hall,  once  the  residence 
of  the  Seymours,  and  subsequently  of  the 
Dacre  family,  has  a  similar  tradition 
attached  to  it,  and  "the  verj'  chest  is 
now  the  property  of  the  Rev.  J.  Ilaygarth, 
rector  of  Upham." — Post-Office  Directory. 

Bramshall,  Hampshire,  has  a  similar 
tale  and  chest. 


The  same  tale  is  ilso  told  of  the  great 
house  at  Malsanger,  near  Basingstoke. 

Gingerbread  (Giles),  the  hero  of  an 
English  nursery  tale. 

Jack  the  Giant-kUler,  Giles  Gingerbread,  and  Tom 
Thumb  will  flourish  in  wide-spreading  and  never-ceasing 
popularity.— Wasliington  Irving. 

Ginn  or  Jan  (singular  masculine 
Jinnee,  feminine  Jinniyeh),  a  species  of 
beings  created  long  before  Adam.  They 
were  formed  of  "smokeless  fire"  or  fire 
of  the  simoom,  and  were  governed  by 
monarchs  named  suleyman,  the  last  of 
whom  was  Jan-ibn-Jan  or  Gian-ben- 
Gian,  who  "  built  the  pyramids  of 
Egypt."  Prophets  were  sent  to  convert 
them,  but  on  their  persistent  disobedience, 
an  army  of  angels  drove  them  from  the 
earth.  Among  the  ginn  was  one  named 
Aza'zel.  When  Adam  was  created,  and 
God  commanded  the  angels  to  worship 
him,  Azazel refused, saying,  "Why  should 
the  spirits  of  fire  worship  a  creature  made 
of  earth  ?  "  Whereupon  God  changed  him 
into  a  devil,  and  called  him  Iblis  or 
Eblis  ("despair").     Spelt  also  Djinn. 

Gi'ona,  a  leader  of  the  anabaptists, 
once  a  servant  of  comte  d'Oberthal,  but 
discharged  from  his  service  for  theft.   He 
joined  the  rebellion  of  the  anabaptists^j 
but,   with  the  rest  of  the  conspirators 
betrayed  the    "  prophet-king,"   John 
Ley  den,  when  the  emperor  arrived  wit 
his     army. — Meyerbeer,     Le    Frophei 
(1849). 

Giovan'ni  {Don),  a  Spanish  liberti 
of  the  aristocratic  class.  His  vale 
Leporello,  says,  "  He  had  700  mistresses  i^ 
Italy,  800  in  Germany,  91  in  France 
Turkey,  and  1003  in  Spain."  When 
measure  of  his  iniquity  was  full,  a  legic 
of  foul  fiends  carried  him  off  to  the  Ai 
vouring  gulf. — Mozart's  opera, 
Giovanni  (1787). 

(The    libretto    of    this    opera    is 
Lorenzo  da  Ponte.) 

*^,*  The  origin  of  this  character  wa 
don  Juan  Teno'rio,  of  Seville,  who  lived 
in  the  fourteenth  century.  The  traditions 
concerning  him  were  dramatized  by  Tirso 
de  Mo'lina  ;  thence  passed  into  Italy  and 
France.  GlUck  has  a  musical  ballet  called 
Don  Juan  (1766)  ;  Moliere,  a  comedy  on 
the  same  subject  (1665) ;  and  Thomas 
Corneille  (brother  of  the  Grand  Corneille) 
brought  out,  in  1673,  a  comedy  on  the  sanie 
subject,  called  Le  Festin  de  Fienre,  which 
is  the  second  title  of  Moliere's  DoPj  Juan, 
Goldoni,  called  "  The  Italian  MoUfere," 


GIPSEY. 


385 


GLADIATOR. 


has  also  a  comedy  on  the  same  favourite 
hero. 

Qipsey,  the  favounte  greyhound  of 
Charles  I. 

One  evening,  his  [Charlet  /.]  dog  scraping  at  the  door, 
he  commanded  me  l*ir  i'hilip  Warwick]  to  let  in  Gipsey. 
—Memoirt,  329. 

Gipsey  Ring,  a  flat  gold  ring,  with 
etones  let  into  it,  at  given  distances.  So 
called  because  the  stones  were  originally 
Egyptian  pebbles — that  is,  agate  and 
jasper. 

Gipsies'  Head-quarters,  Yet- 
holm,  Roxburgh. 

Head -quarters  of  the  gipsies  here. 

Double  Acrottic  ("Queen"). 

♦**  The  tale  is,  that  the  gipsies  are 
wanderers  because  they  refused  to  shelter 
the  Virgin  and  Child  in  their  flight  into 
Egypt.  —  Aventinus,  Annales  Boiorum, 
viii. 

Giralda  of  Seville,  called  by  the 
Knight  of  the  Mirrors  a  giantess,  whose 
body  was  of  brass,  and  who,  without 
ever  shifting  her  place,  was  the  most  un- 
steady and  changeable  female  in  the 
world.  In  fact,  this  Giralda  was  no 
other  than  the  brazen  statue  on  a  steeple 
in  Seville,  serving  for  a  weathercock. 

"  I  fixed  the  changeable  Giralda  ...  I  obliged  her  to 
stand  still ;  for  during  the  space  of  a  whole  weelt  no  wind 
blew  but  from  the  north."— -Cervantes,  J)on  (Quixote,  II.  L 
14  (1615). 

Girder  (Gibbie,  i.e.  Gilbert),  the 
cooper  at  Wolf's  Hope  village. 

Jean  Girder,  wife  of  the  cooper.— Sir 
W.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lammcrmoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Girdle  {Arm^da^s),  a  cestus  worn  by 
Armi'da,  which,  like  that  of  Venus,  pos- 
sessed the  magical  charm  of  provoking 
irresistible  love. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  De- 
livered {lolb). 

Girdle  (Flor'imeVs),  the  prize  of  a  grand 
tournament,  in  which  sir  Sat'yrane  (3  syl.), 
sir  Brianor,  sir  Sanglier,  sir  Artggal, 
sir  Cambel,  sir  Tri'amond,  Brit'omart, 
and  others  took  part.  It  was  accidentally 
dropped  by  Florimel  in  her  flight  (bk. 
iii.  7,  31),.  picked  up  by  sir  Satyrane, 
and  employed  by  him  for  binding  the 
monster  which  frightened  Florimel  to 
flight,  but  afterwards  came  again  into  sir 
Satyrane's  possession,  when  he  placed  it 
for  safety  in  a  golden  coffer.  It  was  a 
gorgeous  girdle,  made  by  Vulcan  for 
Venus,  and  embossed  with  pearls  and 
precious  stones  ;  but  its  chief  merit  was 

It  gave  the  virtue  of  chaste  love 
And  wifehood  true  to  all  that  it  did  bear ; 

17 


But  whosoever  contrary  doth  prove. 
Might  not  tlie  same  about  her  middle  wear. 
But  it  would  loose,  or  else  asunder  tear. 

Spenser,  J'^tiery  Queen,  iii.  7  (1599^ 

*if*  Other  tests  of  chastity  were : 
"  Arthur's  drinking  horn,"  mentioned  in 
the Morted''Artkur.  The  "court  mantel," 
mentioned  in  the  ballad  called  "  The  Boy 
and  the  Mantel,"  in  Percy's  lieliques. 
The  "enchanted  cup,"  mentioned  in 
Orlando  Furioso,  ii.,  etc. 

Girdle  ( Venus' s),  a  girdle  on  which  was 
embroidered  the  passions,  desires,  joys, 
and  pains  of  love.  It  was  usually  called 
a  cestus,  which  means  "embroidered,"  and 
was  worn  lower  down  than  the  cin'gulum 
or  matron's  girdle,  but  higher  up  than 
the  zone  or  maiden's  girdle.  It  was  said 
to  possess  the  magical  power  of  exciting 
love.     Homer  describes  it  thus  : 

In  this  was  every  art,  and  every  charm, 
To  win  the  wisest,  and  the  coldest  warm ; 
Fond  love,  the  gentle  vow,  the  gay  desire. 
The  kind  deceit,  tba  still  reviving  fire. 
Persuasive  speech,  and  more  persuasive  sighs, 
Sileuce  tliat  spoke,  and  eloquence  of  eyes. 

Pope,  Jliad,  xlr. 

Girdle  of  Opakka,  foresight  and 
prudence. 

"  The  girdle  of  Opakka.  with  which  Kifri  the  enchanter 
is  endued,  what  is  it,"  said  Bheinshelnar,  "but  foresight 
and  prudence — the  best  'girdle'  for  tlie  sultiins  of  the 
earth  ?  "—Sir  G.  Morell  [i.e.  J.  Kidlevl,  Tale*  €f  th«  Genii 
("  History  of  Mahoud,"  tale  vii.,  1751). 

Girdles,  impressed  with  m5^stical 
characters,  were  bound  with  certain  cere- 
monies round  women  in  gestation,  to 
accelerate  the  birth  and  alleviate  the 
pains  of  labour.  It  was  a  Druid  custom, 
observed  bj  the  Gaels,  and  continued  in 
practice  till  quite  modern  times. 

Aldo  offered  to  give  Erragon  "  a  hundred  steeds,  chil- 
dren of  the  rein  ;  a  hundred  hawks  with  fluttering  wing, 
.  .  .  and  a  hunOred  girdles  to  bind  higli-bosoined  maids, 
friends  of  the  birtlis  of  heroes." — Ossiau,  The  Battle  cf 
Lora. 

Gimington  ( TJie  laird  of),  previously 
Frank  Hayston,  laird  of  Bucklaw,  the 
bridegroom  of  Lucy  Ashton.  He  is  found 
wounded  by  his  bride  on  the  wedding 
night,  recovers,  and  leaves  the  country  ; 
but  the  bride  goes  mad  and  dies. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Gjallar,  Heimdall's  horn,  which  he 
blows  to  give  the  gods  notice  when  any 
one    approaches    the    bridge    Bifrost. — 

Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Gladiator  (  The  Dying).  This  fam- 
ous statue,  found  at  Nettuno  (the  an- 
cient Anfium),  was  the  work  of  Agasias, 
a  sculptor  of  Ephesus. 

2c 


GLADSMOOR. 


386 


GLASTONBURY. 


I 


Glads'raoor  (Mr.),  almoner  of  the 
earl  of  Glenallan,  at  Glenallan  House. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary  (time, 
George  III.). 

Glamorgan,  according  to  British 
fable,  is  gla  or  glyn  Morgan  (valley  or 
glen  of  Morgan).  Cundah'  and  Morgan 
(says  Spenser)  were  sons  of  Gonorill  and 
Regan,  the  two  elder  daughters  of  king 
Leyr.  Cundah  chased  Morgan  into  Wales, 
and  slew  him  in  the  glen  which  per- 
petuates his  name. 

Then  gan  the  bloody  brethren  both  to  raine  : 
But  fierce  Cundah  gwi  shortly  to  envy 
His  brotlier  Morgan  .  .  . 
Rnisd  warre,  and  him  In  battelll  overthrew ; 
Whence  as  tie  to  those  woody  hllles  did  fly, 
Which  hlght  of  him  Gla-iuorgan,  there  him  slew. 
Spenser,  Faerj/  Queen,  ii.  10,  33  (1590). 

This  is  not  quite  in  accordance  with 
Geoffrey's  account : 

Some  restless  spirits  .  .  .  inspired  Margan  with  vain 
conceits,  .  .  .  who  marched  with  an  ai-my  through  Cune- 
dagius's  country,  and  began  to  burn  all  before  him  ;  but 
he  was  met  by  Cunedagius,  with  all  his  femes,  who  at- 
tacked Margan, .  .  .  and,  putting  him  to  flight,  .  .  .  killed 
hira  in  a  town  of  Kambria,  which  since  his  death  has 
been  called  Margan  to  this  day. — British  IlUtory,  ii.  15 
(1142). 

Glasgow  {Tlie  bishop  o/).— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Castle  Dangerous,  xix.  (time, 
Henry  I.). 

Glasgow  Arms,  an  oak  tree  with 
a  bird  above  it,  and  a  bell  hanging  from 
one  of  the  branches  ;  at  the  foot  of  the 
tree  a  salmon  with  a  ring  in  its  mouth. 
The  legend  is  that  St.  Kentigem  built 
the  city  and  hung  a  bell  in  an  oak  tree  to 
summon  the  men  to  work.  This  accounts 
for  the  "oak  and  bell."  Now  for  the 
j  rest :  A  Scottish  queen,  having  formed  an 
illicit  attachment  to  a  soldier,  presented 
■  her  paramour  with  a  ring,  the  gift  of  her 
royal  husband.  This  coming  to  the  know- 
ledge of  the  king,  he  contrived  tu  abstract 
it  from  the  soldier  while  he  was  asleep, 
threw  it  into  the  Clyde,  and  then  asked 
his  queen  to  show  it  him.  The  queen,  in 
great  alarm,  ran  to  St.  Kentigem,  and 
confessed  her  crime.  The  father  con- 
fessor went  to  the  Clyde,  drew  out  a 
salmon  with  the  ring  in  its  mouth,  handed 
it  to  the  queen,  and  by  this  means  both 
prevented  a  scandal  and  reformed  the 
repentant  lady. 

A  similar  legend  is  told  of  Dame  Re- 
becca Berry,  wife  of  Thomas  Elton  of 
Stratford  Bow,  and  relict  of  sir  John 
Berry,  1696.  She  is  the  heroine  of  the 
ballad  called  The  Cruel  Knight.  The 
Btory  runs  thus  :  A  knight,  passing  by  a 
cottage,  heard  the  cries  of  a  woman  in 
Ubour.  By  his  knowledge  of  the  occult 
sciences,  he  knew  that  the  infant    was 


doomed  to  be  his  future  wife  ;  but  he 
determined  to  elude  his  destiny.  When 
the  child  was  of  a  marriageable  age,  he 
took  her  to  the  sea-side,  intending  to 
drown  her,  but  relented,  and,  throwing  a 
ring  into  the  sea,  commanded  her  never 
to  see  his  face  again,  upon  pain  of  death, 
till  she  brought  back  that  ring  with  her. 
The  damsel  now  went  as  cook  to  a  noble 
family,  and  one  day,  as  she  was  preparing 
a  cod-fish  for  dinner,  she  found  the  ring 
in  the  fish,  took  it  to  the  knight,  and  thus 
became  the  bride  of  sir  John  Berry.  The 
Berry  arms  show  a  fish,  and  in  the  dexter 
chief  a  ring. 

Glass  (iJft*s.),  a  tobacconist,  in  London, 
who  befriended  Jeanie  Deans  while  she 
sojourned  in  town,  whither  she  had  come 
to  crave  pardon  from  the  queen  for  Effie 
Deans,  her  half-sister,  lying  under  sen- 
tence of  death  for  the  murder  of  her 
infant  born  before  wedlock.  —  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 

Glass  Arm.our.  When  Chery  went 
to  encounter  the  dragon  that  guarded  the 
singing  apple,  he  arrayed  himself  in  glass 
armour,  which  reflected  objects  like  a 
mirror.  Consequently,  when  the  monster 
came  against  him,  seeing  its  reflection^ 
in  every  part  of  the  armour,  it  fanci< "" 
hundreds  of  dragons  were  coming  again^ 
it,  and  ran  away  in  alarm  into  a  cav« 
which  Cher}'-  instantly  closed  up,  and  thi; 
became  master  of  the  situation. — Coi 
tesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("Prince 
Fairstar,"  1682). 

Glasse  {Mrs.),  author  of  a  cookei 
book,  immortalized  by  the  saying,  "  Fi 
catch   l^skin']   your  hare,   then  cook  it 
Mrs.  Glasse  is  the  nom  deplume  at 
John  Hill  (1716-1775). 

A  great  variety  of  learned  dainties  whiA  Mrs.  Gla 
herself  would  not  disdain  to  add  to  her  high-flavou 
catalogue. — Edinburgh  Keview. 

I  know  it  all,  from  a  lark  to  a  loin  of  beef ;  and  in 
economy  of  the  table,  wouldn't  hold  a  candle  to  Hannah 
Glasse  herself.— Cumberland,  First  Love,  ii  1  (1796). 

Glas'tonbury,  in  Arthurian  ro- 
mance, was  the  burial-place  of  king 
Arthur.  Selden,  in  his  Illustrations  of 
Drayton,  gives  an  account  of  Arthur's 
tomb  "betwixt  two  pillars,"  and  says 
that  "  Henry  II.  gave  command  to  Henry 
de  Bois  (then  abbot  of  Glastonbury)  to 
make  great  search  for  the  body  of  the 
British  king,  which  was  found  in  a 
wooden  coffin  some  16  foote  deepe,  and 
afterwards  they  found  a  stone  on  whose 
lower  side  was  fixed  a  leaden  cross  with 
the  name  inscribed." 


GLATISANT. 


387 


GLENDINNING. 


Olastonbury  ITiorn.  The  legend  is  that 
Joseph  of  Arimathea  stuck  his  staff  into 
the  ground  in  "  the  sacred  isle  of  Glas- 
tonbury," and  that  this  thorn  blossoms 
"on  Christmas  Day"  every  year.  St. 
Joseph  was  buried  at  Glastonbury. 

Not.  great  Arthur's  tomb,  nor  holy  Joseph's  gnre, 
From  sacrilege  bad  power  their  sacred  bones  to  save  .  .  . 
[Here]  trwa  in  winter  bloom  and  bear  tlieir  aummer'a 
green. 

Drayton,  PoJyolMon,  UL  (1612). 

Glatisant,  the  questing  beast.  It 
had  the  head  of  a  serpent,  the  body  of  a 
libbard,  buttocks  of  a  lion,  foot  of  a  hart, 
and  in  its  body  "  there  was  a  noise  like 
that  of  thirty  couple  of  hounds  questing  " 
{i.e.  in  full  cry).  Sir  Palomi'des  the 
Saracen  was  for  ever  following  this  beast. 
— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  ii.  52,  63,149  (1470). 

Glau'ce  (2  s^/.),  nurse  of  the  princess 
Brit'omart.  She  tried  by  charms  to 
"  undo  "  her  lady's  love  for  sir  Artegal, 
"  but  love  that  is  in  gentle  heart  begun, 
no  idle  charm  can  remove."  Finding  her 
sorcery  useless,  she  took  the  princess  to 
consult  Merlin,  and  Merlin  told  her  that 
by  marrying  Artegal  she  would  found  a 
race  of  kings  from  which  would  arise  "  a 
royal  virgin  that  shall  shake  the  power  of 
Spain."  The  two  now  started  in  quest  of 
the  knight,  but  in  time  got  separated. 
Glance  became  "the  'squire"  of  sir 
Scu'damore,  but  re-appears  (bk.  iii.  12) 
after  the  combat  between  Britomart  and 
Artegal,  reconciles  the  combatants,  and 
the  princess  consents  "to  be  the  love  of 
Artegal,  and  to  take  him  for  her  lord  " 
(bk.  iv.  5,  6).— Spenser,  FaMru  Queen 
(1590,  1596). 

Glaucus,  a  fisherman  of  Boeo'tia. 
He  observed  that  all  the  fish  which  he 
laid  on  the  grass  received  fresh  vigour, 
and  immediately  leaped  into  the  sea. 
This  grass  had  been  planted  by  Kronos, 
and  when  Glaucus  tasted  it,  he  also 
leaped  into  the  sea,  and  became  a  pro- 
phetic marine  deity.  Once  a  year  he 
visited  all  the  coasts  of  Greece,  to  utter 
his  predictions.  Glaucus  is  the  sailors' 
patron  deity. 

By}  old  soothsaying  Glaucus'  spell. 

Milton,  Comu»,  874  (1634). 
As  Glaucus,  when  he  tasted  of  the  herb 
That  made  him  peer  among  the  ocean  gods. 

Dante,  Paradite,  i.  (1311). 

Glaucus,  son  of  Hippolytus.  Being 
smothered  in  a  tub  of  honey,  he  was 
restored  to  life  by  [a]  dragon  given  him 
by  Escula'pios  (probably  a  medicine  so 
called).— Apollodorus,  Bibliotheca,  23. 


Glaucus,  of  Chios,  inventor  of  the  art  of 
soldering  metal. — Pausanias,  Itinerary  of 
Greece. 

A  second  Glaucus,  one  who  ruins  him- 
self by  horses.  This  refers  to  Glaucus, 
son  of  Sis'yphos,  who  was  killed  by  his 
horses.  Some  say  he  was  trampled  to 
death  by  them,  and  some  that  he  was 
eaten  by  them. 

Glauci  et  Diomedis  pertnutatio,  a  very 
foolish  exchange.  Homer  (Iliad,  vi.) 
tells  us  that  Glaucus  changed  his  golden 
armour  for  the  iron  one  of  Diomedes.  The 
French  say,  Cest  le  troc  de  Glaucus  et  de 
Diomede.  This  Glaucus  was  the  grand- 
son of  Bellerophon.  (In  Greek,  "  Glau- 
kos.") 

Glem,  the  scene  of  Arthur's  battle,  is 
in  Northumberland. 

The  fight  that  all  day  long 
Rang  by  the  white  mouth  of  the  violent  Glem. 

Tennyson. 

Glenallan  (Joscelind  dowager  countess 
of),  whose  funeral  takes  place  by  torch- 
light in  the  Catholic  chapel. 

The  earl  of  Glenallan,  son  of  the  dow- 
ager countess. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Anti- 
qvAxry  (time,  George  III.). 

Glenalvon,  heir  of  lord  Randolph. 
When  young  Norv-al,  the  son  of  lady 
Randolph,  makes  his  unexpected  appear- 
ance, Glenalvon  sees  in  him  a  rival,  whom 
he  hates.  He  pretends  to  lord  Randolph 
that  the  young  man  is  a  suitor  of  lady 
Randolph's,  and,  having  excited  the  pas- 
sion of  jealousy,  contrives  to  bring  his 
lordship  to  a  place  where  he  witnesses 
their  endearments.  A  fight  ensues,  in 
which  Nerval  slays  Glenalvon,  but  is 
himself  slain  by  lord  Randolph,  who  then 
discovers  too  late  that  the  supposed  suitor 
was  his  wife's  son. — Home,  Doualas 
(1757). 

Glencoe  (2  syl.),  the  scene  of  the 
massacre  of  M'lau  and  thirty-ei^ht  of  his 
glenmcn,  in  1692.  All  Jacobites  were 
commanded  to  submit  to  William  III.  by 
the  end  of  December,  1691.  M'lan  was 
detained  by  a  heavy  fall  of  snow,  and  sir 
John  Dalrymple,  the  master  of  Stair,  sent 
captain  Campbell  to  make  an  example  of 
"  the  rebel." 

***  Talfourd  has  a  drama  entitled 
Glencoe  or  the  Fall  of  the  McDonalds. 

Glendale  (Sir  Richard),  a  papist 
conspirator  with  Redgauntlet.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Glendin'ning  (Elspeth)  or  Elspeth 
Brydone  (2  syl.),  widow  of  Simon 
Glendinning  of  the  Tower  of  Glendearg. 


GLENDINNING. 


388 


GLUCK. 


Halbert  and  Edward  Glendinning,  sons 
of  Elspeth  G\endinning. — Sir  "VV.  Scott, 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Glendin'ning  (Sir  Halbert)^  the  knight 
of  Avenel,  husband  of  lady  Mary  of 
Avenel  (2  s.y/.)-— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Glendoveer',  plu.  Glendoveers,  the 
most  beautiful  of  the  good  spirits  of 
Hindu  mythology, 

.  .  .  the  glendoreers. 
The  loveliest  of  all  of  heavenly  birth. 

Souther,  Curse  qf  Kehama,  vi.  2  (1809). 

Glendo"w'er  {Owen),  a  Welsh  noble- 
man, descended  from  Llewellyn  (last  of 
the  Welsh  kings).  Sir  Edmund  Mor- 
timer married  one  of  his  daughters. 
Shakespeare  makes  him  a  wizard,  but 
very  highly  accomplished. — Shakespeare, 
1  Henry  IV.  (1597). 

Q-lengar'ry.  So  M'Donald  of  Glen- 
garry (who  gave  in  his  adhesion  to 
William  III.)  is  generally  called. 

Glenpro'sing  {The  old  lady),  a 
neighbour  of  old  Jasper  Yellowlev. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Pirate  (time,  WHliam 
III.). 

Glen  thorn  (Lord),  the  hero  of  Miss 
Edgeworth's  novel  called  Ennui.  Spoiled 
by  indolence  and  bad  education,  he 
succeeds,  by  a  course  of  self -discipline,  in 
curing  his  mental  and  moral  faults,  and 
in  becoming  a  useful  member  of  society 
(1809). 

The  historjr  of  lord  Glenthorn  affords  8  striking  picture 
of  ennui,  and  contains  some  excellent  delineations  of 
character. — Chambers,  English  Literature,  ii.  S69. 

Glenvar'loch  (Lord),  or  Nigel 
Olifaunt,  the  hero  of  Scott's  novel  called 
The  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Glinter,  the  palace  of  Foresti  "the 
peace-maker,"  son  of  Balder.  It  was 
raised  on  pillars  of  gold,  and  had  a  silver 
roof. 

Gloria'na,  "the  greatest  glorious 
queen  of  Faery-land." 

By  Gloriana  I  mean  [trv^]  Glory  In  my  general  Intention, 
but  in  my  particular  I  conceive  the  most  excellent  and 
glorious  person  of  our  sovereign  the  queen  [Elizabeth], 
and  her  kingdom  is  Facr)e-land,— Spenser,  Introduction 
to  The  Faery  Queen  (1590). 

Glorious  John,  John  Dryden 
(1631-1701). 

Glorious  Preacher  (The),  St. 
John  Chrysostom  (i.e.  John  Goldenmouth, 
364-407). 


Glory  (Old),  sir  Francis  Burdett 
(1770-1844). 

Glory  Hole,  a  cupboard,  ottoman, 
box,  or  other  receptacle,  where  any- 
thing may  be  thrown  for  the  nonce  to  get 
it  out  of  sight  rapidly.  A  cupboard  at 
the  head  of  a  staircase  for  brooms,  etc.,  is 
80  called. 

GloBsin  (Mr.  Gilbert),  a  lawyer,  who 
purchases  the  Ellangowan  estate,  and  is 
convicted  by  counsellor  Plej'dell  of 
kidnapping  Henry  Bertrand  the  heir. 
Both  Glossin  and  Dirk  Hatteraick,  his 
accomplice,  are  sent  to  prison,  and  in  the 
night  Hatteraick  first  strangles  the  lawyer 
and  then  hangs  himself. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Gloucester  (The  duke  of),  brother  of 
Charles  II.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock 
(time.  Commonwealth). 

Gloucester  (Richard  duke  of),  in  the 
court  of  king  Edward  IV.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Anne  of  Gcierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Gloucester  (The  earl  of),  in  the  court 
of  king  Henry  II.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Glover  (Simon),  the  old  glover  of 
Perth,  and  father  of  the  "  fair  maid." 

Catharine  Glover,  "the  fair  maid  of 
Perth,"  daughter  of  Simon  the  glover, 
and  subsequently  bride  of  Henry  Smith 
the  armourer. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Glover  (Beins),  the  betrothed  of  Tmd- 
chen  [i.e.  Gertrude']  Pavilion,  daughter 
of  the  syndic's  wife. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Qugntin  Duricard  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Glo"WTO-WTuni  (TJie  old  lady),  a 
friend  of  Magnus  Troil. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Glubdub'drib,  the  land  of  sorcen 
and    magicians,     where     Gulliver 
shown    many     of    the     great    men 
antiquity.  —  Swift,      GuUiver's      Ti 
(1726). 

Gliick,  a  German  musical  compoi 
greatly  patronized  by  Marie  Antoinette' 
Young  France  set  up  against  him  the 
Italian  Piccini.  Between  1774  and  1780 
every  street,  coffee-house,  school,  and 
drawing-room  in  Paris  canvassed  the 
merits  of  these  two  composers,  not  on 
the  score  of  their  respective  talents,  but  as 
the  representatives  of  the  German  and 
Italian  schools  of  music.  The  partisans 
of  the  German  school  were  called  GlUck- 


cerei^^Hj 
pose^l 


GLUMDALCA. 


389 


GOD. 


istii,  and  those    of    the    Italian  school 
Piccinists. 

Est-ce  GlUck,  est-ce  Puccini, 
Que  doit  couroiiner  Polymiiief 
Done  eiitre  GlUck  et  Puccini 
Tout  le  Parnasse  est  dcsuni. 
L'uu  soutient  ce  que  I'autre  nie, 
Et  Clio  veut  battre  Uraiiie. 
Pour  nioi,  qui  cniiiis  toute  maniei 
Plus  Irrtsolu  que  Babouc 
N'^pousant  Piccini  ni  GlUck, 
Je  n'y  connais  riea  :  ergo  GlUclc. 

*^*  A  similar  contest  raged  in  Eng- 
land between  the  Bononcinists  anti 
Handelists.  The  prince  of  Wales  was 
the  leader  of  the  Handel  or  German 
party,  and  the  duke  of  Marlborough  of 
the  Bononcini  or  Italian  school.  (See 
Tweedledum.) 

Glumdalca,  qneen  of  the  giants, 
captive  in  the  court  of  king  Arthur. 
The  king  cast  love-glances  at  her,  and 
made  queen  Dollallolla  jealous  ;  but  the 
giantess  loved  lord  Grizzle,  and  lord 
Grizzle  loved  the  princess  Huncamunca, 
land  Huncamunca  loved  the  valiant  Tom 
'Thumb. —  Tom  Thumb,  by  Fielding  the 
novelist  (1730),  altered  by  O'Hara,  author 
of  Midas  (1778). 

Glum-dal'ditch,  a  girl  nine  years 
old  "  and  only  forty  feet  high."  Being 
such  a  "little  thing,"  the  charge  of 
Gulliver  was  committed  to  her  during 
his  sojourn  in  Brobdingnag. — Swift, 
Gulliver's  Travels. 

Soon  as  Glumdalclitch  missed  her  pleasing  care, 
Slie  wept,  she  blubbered,  and  she  tore  her  hair. 

Pope. 

Glumms,  the  male  population  of 
the  imaginary  country  Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
visited  by  Peter  Wilkins.  The  glumms, 
like  the  females,  called  gawreys  (q.v.), 
had  wings,  which  served  both  for  flving 
and  dress.— R.  Pultock,  Feter  WiUins 
(1750). 

Glutton  (The),  Vitellius  the  Roman 
emperor  (bom  a.d.  15,  reigned  69,  died 
69).  Visiting  the  field  after  the  battle  of 
Bedriac,  in  Gaul,  he  exclaimed,  * '  The  body 
of  a  dead  enemy  is  a  delightful  perfume." 

***  Charles  IX.  of  France,  when  he 
went  in  grand  procession  to  visit  the 
gibbet  on  which  admiral  Coligny  was 
hanging,  had  the  wretched  heartlessness 
to  exclaim,  in  doggerel  verse : 

Fragrance  sweeter  than  the  row 
Rises  from  our  slaughtered  foes. 

^  Glutton  (The),  Gabius  Apicius,  who 
lived  during  the  reign  of  Tiberius.  He 
epent  £800,000  on  the  luxuries  of  the 
table,  and  when  only  £80,000  of  his  large 
fortune    remained,   he    hanged   himself, 


thinking  death  preferable  to  "  Btarvation 
on  such  a  miserable  pittance." 

Gna,  the  messenger  of  Frigga. — 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Goats.  The  Pleiades  are  called  in 
Spain  The  Seven  Little  Goats. . 

So  it  happened  that  we  passed  close  to  the  Seven  Little 
Goats.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II.  iU.  S  (1615). 

*^*  Sancho  Panza  affirmed  that  two 
of  the  goats  were  of  a  green  colour,  two 
carnation,  two  blue,  and  one  motley  ; 
"  but,"  he  adds,  "  no  he-goat  or  cuckold 
ever  passes  beyond  the  horns  of  the 
moon." 

Goatsnose,  a  prophet,  bom  deaf  and 
dumb,  who  uttered  his  predictions  by 
signs. — Rabelais,  Fantag'ruel^  iii.  20 
(1546). 

Gobbo  {Old),  the  father  of  Launce- 
lot.     He  was  stone  blind. 

Launcelot  Gobbo,  son  of  Old  Gobbo. 
He  left  the  service  of  Shylock  the  Jew 
for  that  of  Bassa'nio  a  Christian.  Launce- 
lot Gobbo  is  one  of  the  famous  clowns  of 
Shakespeare. — Shakespeare,  Merdiant  of 
Venice  (1698). 

Gob'ilyve  {Godfrey),  the  assumed 
name  of  False  Report.  He  is  described 
as  a  dwarf,  with  great  head,  large  brows, 
hollow  eyes,  crooked  nose,  hairy  cheeks, 
a  pied  beard,  hanging  lips,  and  black 
teeth.  His  neck  wi»8  short,  his  shoulders 
awry,  his  breast  fat^  his  arms  long,  his 
legs  "kewed,"  and  he  rode  "  brigge-a- 
bragge  on  a  little  nag."  He  told  sir 
Graunde  Amoure  he  was  wandering  over 
the  world  to  find  a  virtuous  wife,  but 
hitherto  without  success.  Lady  Correc- 
tion met  the  party,  and  commanded 
Gobilyve  (3  syl.)  to  be  severely  beaten 
for  a  lying  varlet. — Stephen  Hawes,  The 
Fasse-tyme  of  Flesure,  xxix.,  xxxi., 
xxxii.  (1515). 

Gobseck,  a  grasping  money-lender, 
the  hero  and  title  of  one  of  Balzac's  novels. 

God. 

Full  of  the  god,  full  of  wine,  partly 
intoxicated. 

God  made  the  countri/,  and  man  made 
the  town.— Cowper's  Task  ("  The  Sofa"). 
Varro,  in  his  De Re Rustica,  has:  "Divina 
Natura  agros  dedit,  ars  humana  sedificavit 
urbes." 

God  sides  with  the  strongest.  Napoleon 
I.  said,  "  Le  bon  Dieu  est  ton  jours  du 
cote'  des  gros  bataillons."  Julius  CaBSor 
made  the  same  remark. 


GOD'S  TABLE. 


390      GOETZ  VON  BERLICHINGEN. 


Gk)d*s  Table.  The  Koran  informs 
us  that  God  has  written  down,  in  what  is 
called  "The  Presented  Table,"  every 
event,  past,  present,  and  to  come,  from 
the  beginning  to  the  end  of  time.  The 
most  minute  are  not  omitted  (ch.  vi.). 

God's  Token,  a  peculiar  eruption  on 
the  skin ;  a  certain  indication  of  death 
in  those  afflicted  with  the  plague. 

A  Will  and  a  Tolling  bell  are  as  present  death  ns  God's 
token.— 2'wo  WUe  Men  and  all  the  re»t  Fools  (1619). 

Godam,  a  nickname  applied  by  the 
French  to  the  English,  in  allusion  to  a 
once  popular  oath. 

Godfrey  {de  Bouillon),  the  chosen 
chief  of  the  allied  crusaders,  who  went 
to  wrest  Jerusalem  from  the  hands  of  the 
Saracens.  He  was  calm,  circumspect, 
prudent,  and  brave.  Godfrey  despised 
"worldly  empire,  wealth,  and  fame." — 
Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Godfrey  (Sir  Edmondbury),  a  magis- 
trate killed  by  the  papists.  He  was  very 
active  in  laying  bare  their  nefarious 
schemes,  and  his  body  was  found  pierced 
with  his  own  sword,  in  1678. — Sir  Vv. 
Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 

*^*  Dryden  calls  sir  Edmondbury 
"Agag,"  and  Dr.  Titus  Oates  he  calls 
"Corah." 

Corah  might  for  Agag's  murder  call. 

In  terms  as  coarse  as  Samuel  used  to  Saul. 

Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 

Godfrey  (Miss),  an  heiress,  daughter  of 
an  Indian  governor. — Sam.  Foote,  The 
Liar  (1761). 

God'inez  (Doctor),  a  schoolmaster, 
"  the  most  expert  flogger  in  Oviedo " 
lOv.e.a'.dol.  He  taught  Gil  Bias,  and 
"in  six  years  his  worthy  pupil  under- 
stood a  little  Greek,  and  was  a  tolerable 
Latin  scholar." — Lesage,  Gil  Bias.  i. 
(1716). 

Godi'va  or  Godgifu,  wife  of  earl 
Leofric.  The  tale  is  that  she  begged  her 
husband  to  remit  a  certain  tax  which 
oppressed  the  people  of  Coventry.  Leofric 
said  he  would  do  so  only  on  one  con- 
dition— that  she  would  ride  naked  through 
the  city  at  midday.  So  the  lady  gave 
orders  that  all  people  should  shut  up 
their  windows  and  doors ;  and  she  rode 
naked  through  the  town,  and  delivered 
the  people  from  the  tax.  The  tale 
further  says  that  all  the  people  did  as  the 
lady  bade  them  except  Peeping  Tom, 
who  looked  out,  and  was  struck  blind. 

*^*  This  legend  is  told  at  length  by 
Drayton  in  his  Folyolbion,  xiii.  (1613;. 


Godless  Plorins,  English  tvro- 
shilling  pieces  issued  by  Sbiel  when 
master  of  the  mint.  He  was  a  Roman 
Catholic,  and  left  out  F.  D.  {defender  of 
the  faith)  from  the  legend.  They  were 
issued  and  called  in  the  same  year 
(1849). 

Godmanchester  Hogs  and 
Huntingdon  Sturgeon. 

During  a  very  high  flood  in  the  meadows  between 
Himtingdon  and  Godmanchester,  something  was  seen 
floating,  which  the  Godinancliester  people  thought  was  a 
blaclc  hog,  and  tlie  Huntingdon  folli  declared  was  a 
sturgeon.  When  rescued  from  the  waters,  it  prove<l  to 
be  a  young  donkey.— Lord  Braybrooke  (Pepys,  Diary, 
May  22, 1667). 

Godmer,  a  British  giant,  son  of 
Albion,  slain  by  Canu'tus  one  of  the 
companions  of  Brute. 

Those  three  monstrous  stones  .  .  . 
Which  that  huge  son  of  hideous  Albion, 
Great  (Jodmer,  threw  in  fierce  contention 
-  At  bold  Canutus ;  but  of  him  was  slain. 

Spenser.  Faery  queen,  IL  10  (1590). 

Goemot  or  Goemagot,  a  British 
giant,  twelve  cubits  high,  and  of  such 
prodigious  strength  that  he  could  pull  up 
a  full-grown  oak  at  one  tug.  Same  as 
Gogmagog  (q.v.). 

On  a  certain  day,  when  Brutus  was  holding  a  solemn 
festival  to  the  gods  .  .  .  this  giant,  with  twenty  more  of 
his  companions,  came  in  upon  the  Britons,  among  whom 
he  made  a  dreadful  slaughter  ;  but  the  Britons  at  last . .  . 
killed  them  every  one  but  GoCmagot  .  .  .  him  Brutus 
preserved  alive,  out  of  a  desire  to  see  a  combat  between 
the  giant  and  Corineus,  who  took  delight  in  such  en- 
counters. .  .  .  Corineus  carried  hin:  to  tiie  top  of  a  high 
rock,  and  tossed  him  into  the  sea.— Geoffrey,  Britith 
Uutory,  L  16  (1142). 

Goemagofs  Leap  or  "  Lam  GoSmagot," 
now  called  Haw,  near  Plymouth ;  the 
place  where  the  giant  fell  when  Corin'- 
eus  (3  syL)  tossed  him  down  the  craggy 
rocks,  by  which  he  was  mangled  to 
pieces. — Geoffrey,  British  History,  i.  16 
(1142). 

*^*  Southey  calls  the  word  Lan-gce- 
mdgog.    (See  Gogmagog.) 

Goer'vyl,  sister  of  prince  Madoc, 
and  daughter  of  Owen  late  king  of  North 
Wales.  She  accompanied  her  brother  to! 
America,  and  formed  one  of  the  colony^ 
of  Caer-madoc,  south  of  the  Missouri 
(twelfth  century).  —  Southey,  Madoc 
(1806). 

Goetz    von     Berlichingen,   or 

Gottfried  of  the  Iron  Hand,  a  famous 
German  burgrave,  who  lost  his  right 
hand  at  the  siege  of  Landshut.  The  iron 
hand  which  replaced  the  one  he  had  lost 
is  still  shown  at  Jaxthausen,  the  place  of 
his  birth.  Gottfried  took  a  prominent 
part  in  the  wars  of  independence  against 
the  electors  of  Brandenberg  and  Bavaria, 
in  the  sixteenti  century  (1480-1662; 


J 


GOFFE. 


391 


GOLD  OF  TOLOSA. 


subject  of  an  historical  drama. 

Goflfe  (Captain),  captain  of  the  pirate 
vessel. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Pirate  (time, 
William  III.). 

Q-Og,  according  to  Ezek.  xxxviii., 
xxxix.,  was  "  prince  of  Magog "  (a 
country  or  people).  Calmet  says  Cam- 
by'ses  king  of  Persia  is  meant ;  but 
others  think  Antiochus  Epiph'anes  is 
alluded  to. 

Gog,  in  Hev.  xx.  7-9,  means  Anti- 
christ. Gog  and  Magog,  in  conjunc- 
tion, mean  all  princes  of  the  earth  who 
are  enemies  of  the  Christian  Church. 

*^*  Sale  says  Gog  is  a  Turkish  tribe. 
— Al  Koran,  xviii.  note. 

Gog  and  Magog.  Prestcr  John, 
in  his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus,  em- 
peror of  Constantinople,  speaks  of  Gog 
and  Magog  as  two  separate  nations 
tributary  to  him.  These,  with  thirteen 
others,  he  says,  are  now  shut  up  behind 
inaccessible  mountains,  but  at  the  end  of 
the  world  they  will  be  let  loose,  and 
overrun  the  whole  earth.  —  Albericus 
Trium  Fontium,  Chronicles  (1242). 

Sale  tells  us  that  Gog  and  Magog  are 
called  by  the  Arabs  "  Yajui  "  and  "  Ma- 
juj,"  which  are  two  nations  or  tribes 
descended  from  Japhet,  son  of  Noah. 
Gog,  according  to  some  authorities,  is  a 
Turkish  tribe ;  and  Magog  is  the  tribe 
called  "  Gilan"  by  Ptolemy,  and  "  Geli  " 
or  "  Gelae  "  bj''  Strabo. — Al  Koran,  xviii. 
note. 

Respecting  the  re-appearance  of  Gog 
and  Magog,  the  Koran  says:  "  They  [the 
dead]  shall  not  return  .  .  .  till  Gog  and 
Magog  have  a  passage  opened  for  them, 
and  they  [the  dead]  shall  hasten  from 
every  high  hill,"  i.e.  the  resurrection  (ch. 
xxi.). 

Gog  and  Magog.  The  two  statues  of 
Guildhall  so  called  are  in  reality  the 
statues  of  Gogmagog  or  Goemagot  and 
Corineus,  referred  to  in  the  next  article. 
(See  also  Cokinkus.)  The  Albion  giant 
is  known  by  his  pole-axe  and  spiked  ball. 
Two  statues  so  called  stood  on  the  same 
spot  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V. ;  but  those 
now  seen  were  made  by  Richard  Saunders, 
in  1708,  and  are  fourteen  feet  in  height. 

In  Hone's  time,  children  and  country  visitors  were  told 
that  every  day,  when  the  giants  heard  the  clock  strike 
twelve,  they  came  down  to  dinner.— Old  and  New 
Uyndon,  L  387. 

Another  tale  was  that  they  then  fell 
fool  of  each  other  in  angry  combat. 


Gog'magog,  king  of  the  Albion  giants, 
eighteen  feet  in  height,  killed  by  Corin 
in  a  wrestling  match,  ana  flung  by  him 
over  the  Hoe  or  Haw  of  Plymouth.  For 
this  achievement,  Brute  gave  his  follower 
all  that  horn  of  land  now  called  Corn- 
wall, Cor'n[w]all,  a  contraction  of  Corin- 
all.  The  contest  is  described  by  Drayton 
in  his  Polyolbion,  i.  (1612). 

E'en  thus  unmoved 
Stood  Corineus.  the  sire  of  Guendolcn, 
When,  grappling  with  his  monstrous  enemy, 
He  the  brute  vastness  held  aloft,  and  bore, 
And  headlong  hurled,  all  shattered  to  the  sea, 
Down  from  the  rock's  high  summit,  since  that  day 
Called  Lau'-gaenia'gog. 

Southey,  Joan  of  Arc,  viii.  395. 

Spenser  throws  the  accent  of  Corineus 
on  the  second  syllable,  Southey  on  the 
first,  while  Drayton  makes  it  a  word  of 
four  syllables,  and  accents  the  third. 

Gog'magog  Hill,  the  higher  of  the 
two  hills  some  three  miles  south-east  of 
Cambridge.  It  once  belonged  to  the 
Balsham  Hills,  but,  "  being  rude  and 
bearish,  regarding  neither  God  nor  man," 
it  was  named  in  reproacli  Gogmagog. 
The  legend  is  that  this  Gogmagog  Hill 
was  once  a  huge  giant,  who  fell  in  love 
with  the  nymph  Granta,  and,  meeting 
her  alone,  told  her  all  his  heart,  saying : 

"  Sweeting  mine,  if  thou  mine  own  wilt  be, 
I've  many  a  pretty  gaud  I  keep  in  store  for  thee  : 
A  nest  of  broad-f.iced  owls,  and  goodly  urchins  too 
(N.'iy,  nymph,  take  hyed  of  me,  when  I  begin  lo  woo) ; 
And  better  far  than  tlmt,  a  bulchin  two  years  old. 
A  curled-pate  calf  it  ia,  and  oft  could  have  been  sold ; 
And  yet  besides  all  this.  I've  goodly  bear-whelps  tway, 
Full  dainty  for  my  joy  when  she's  dispotied  to  phiy  ; 
And  twenty  sows  of  lead  to  make  our  wedding  ring ;  " 

but  the  saucy  nymph  only  mocked  the 
giant,  and  told  his  love  story  to  the 
Muses,  and  all  made  him  their' jest  and 
sport  and  laughter.  —  Drayton,  Foly~ 
olbion,  xxi.  (1622). 

Goitre. 

When  we  were  boys. 
Who  would  believe  that  there  were  mountaineers 
Dew-lapp'd  like  bulls,  whose  throats  had  hangiitg  at  'em 
Wallets  of  flesh  ? 

Shakespeare,  The  Tempest,  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1609). 

Gold  of  Nibelungen  {The),  un- 
lucky wealth.  "  To  have  the  gold  of 
Nibelungen "  is  to  have  a  possession 
which  seems  to  bring  a  curse  with  it. 
The  uncle  who  murdered  "the  babes  in 
the  wood "  for  their  estates  and  money, 
got  the  "gold  of  Nibelungen;"  nothing 
from  that  moment  went  well  with  him — 
his  cattle  died,  his  crops  failed,  his  bams 
were  destroyed  by  fire  or  tempest,  and 
he  was  reduced  to  utter  ruin.  (See 
Nibelungen.) — Icelandic  Edda. 

Gold  of  Tolo'sa  {The),  ill  gains, 
which  never  prosper.    The  reference  ig 


GOLD  POURED,  ETC. 


392 


GOLDEN  MOUTH. 


to  Caepio  the  Roman  consul,  who,  on  his 
inarch  to  Gallia  Narbonensis,  stole  from 
Tolosa  (Toiiloiise)  the  gold  and  silver 
consecrated  by  the  Cimbrian  Druids  to 
their  gods.  lie  was  utterly  defeated  by 
the  Cimbrians,  and  some  112,000  Romans 
were  left  dead  on  the  field  of  battle  (b.c. 
106). 

Gold  Poured  dovsm  the  Throat. 

Marcus  Licin'ius  Crassus,  sumamed  "The 
Rich,"  one  of  the  first  Roman  triumvirate, 
tried  to  make  himself  master  of  Partbia, 
but  being  defeated  and  brought  captive 
to  Oro'des  king  of  Parthia,  he  was  put  to 
death  by  having  molten  gold  poured  down 
his  throat.  "  Sate  thy  greed  with  this," 
said  Orodes. 

Manlius  Nepos  Aquilius  tried  to  restore 
the  kings  of  Bithynia  and  Cappado'cia, 
dethroned  by  Mithridates,  but  being  un- 
successful and  made  prisoner,  he  was  put 
to  death  by  Mithridates  by  molten  gold 
poured  down  his  throat. 

In  hell,  the  avaricious  are  punished  in 
the  same  way,  according  to  the  Shep- 
hearde's  Calendar. 

And  ladles  full  of  melted  gold 
Were  poured  adown  their  throats. 

The  Dead  Man's  Song  (1579), 

Gol'demar  {Kinq),  a  house-spirit, 
sometimes  called  king  Vollmar.  He 
lived  three  years  Avith  Neveling  von 
Hardenberg,  on  the  Hardenstein  at  the 
Ruhr,  and  the  chamber  in  which  he  lived 
is  still  called  Vollmar's  chamber.  This 
house-spirit,  though  sensible  to  the  touch, 
was  invisible.  It  played  beautifully  on 
the  harp,  talked  freely,  revealed  secrets, 
and  played  dice.  One  day,  a  person  de- 
termined to  discover  its  whereabouts, 
but  Goldemar  cut  him  to  pieces  and 
cooked  the  different  parts.  Never  after 
this  was  there  any  trace  of  the  spirit. 
The  roasted  fragments  disappeared  in  the 
Lorrain  war  in  iGol,  but  the  pot  in  which 
the  man's  head  was  boiled  was  built  into 
the  kitchen  wall  of  Neveling  von  Harden- 
berg, where  it  remains  to  this  day. — Von 
Steinen,  German  Mythology,  477. 

Golden  Ass  {The),  a  romance  in 
Latin  by  Apule'ius  (4  syl.).  It  is  the 
adventures  of  Lucian,  a  young  man  who 
had  been  transformed  into  an  ass  but  still 
retained  his  human  consciousness.  It 
tells  us  the  miseries  which  he  suffered  at 
the  hands  of  robbers,  eunuchs,  magis- 
trates, and  so  on,  till  the  time  came  for 
him  to  resume  his  proper  form.  It  is 
full  of  wit,  racy  humour,  and  rich  fancy, 
and  contains  the  exquisite  episode  of 
Cupid  and  Psy'che  (bks.  iv.,  v.,  vi.). 


(This  very  famous  satire,  together  with 
the  Aslnus  of  Lucian,  was  founded  on  a 
satire  of  the  same  name  by  Lucius  of 
Patrae,  and  has  been  imitated  in  modem 
times  by  Niccolo  Machiavelli.  T.  Taylor, 
in  1822,  published  a  translation  of  the 
Aureus  Asinus;  and  sir  G.  Head,  in  1851. 
Laf  ontaine  has  an  imitation  of  the  episode ; 
and  Mrs.  Tighe  turned  it  into  Spenserian 
verse  in  1805.) 

*^*  Boccaccio  has  borrowed  largely 
from  The  Golden  Ass,  and  the  incidents 
of  the  robbers  in  Gil  Bias  are  taken  from 
it. 

Golden  Dragon  of  Bruges  {T}ie). 
The  golden  dragon  was  taken  in  one  of 
the  crusades  from  the  church  of  St.  Sophia 
at  Constantinople,  and  placed  on  the  belfry 
of  Bruges,  but  Philip  van  Artevelde  (2 
syl.)  transported  it  to  Ghent,  where  it 
still  adorns  the  belfry. 

Saw  great  Artevelde  victorious  scale  the  Golden 
nest. 

Longfellow,  The  Belfry  of  Bruges. 

Golden  Fleece  (The),  the  fleece 
the   ram  which  transported  Phryxos 
Colchis.     When  Phrj'xos  arrived  there 
he  sacrificed  the  ram  and  gave  the  fleec 
to  king  ^etes,  who  hung  it  on  a  sacr 
oak.      It  was    stolen   by  Jason,   in  hi 
"  Argonautic  expedition." 

The  Golden  Fleece  of  the  North.     Fb 
and  peltry  of  Siberia  is  so  called. 

Golden  Fountain  (Tlie),  a  fountaii 
which  in  twenty-four  hours  would  convei 
any  metal  or  mineral  into  gold. — R.  Johi 
son.  The  Seven  Champions  of  Christe 
ii.  4  (1617). 

Golden  Gate  of  Constantinople 
added  by  Theodosius  to  Constantine'i 
wall.  It  consists  of  a  triumphal  arc* 
surmounted  with  a  bronze  statue 
Victory.  The  gate  is  amply  decorat 
with  gilt  ornaments  and  inscriptions.- 
See  Count  Robert  of  Paris,  ii.,  by  sir  " 
Scott. 

Golden  Horn  {The),  the  inlet 
the  BosphQrus  on  which  Constantinopl 
stands  ;    so  called  from  its  shape  an^ 
beauty. 

Golden  Legends  {The),  a  collectit 
of  hagiology,  made  in  the  thirteent 
century  by  James  de  Voragine,  a  Domini- 
can, the  legends  consist  of  177  sections, 
each  of  which  is  devoted  to  a  particular 
saint  or  festival,  arranged  in  the  order  of 
the  calendar. 


Golden    Mouth,    St.    Chrysoi 


1 


GOLDEN  STATE, 


393 


GOMER. 


(847-407).  The  name  is  the  Greek 
chrusos  stdma,  "  gold  mouth." 

Golden  State  i^^^))  California,  in 
North  America. 

Golden  Stream  (The),  Joannes  Da- 
mascenus  (died  756). 

Golden-tongued  (The),  St.  Peter 
of  Kavenna  (433-450).  Our  equivalent 
is  a  free  transla'^ion  of  the  Greek  chry- 
sol'ogos  (chrusos  logos,  "gold  discourse  "). 

Golden  Valley  (The),  the  eastern 
portion  of  Limerick ;  so  called  from  its 
great  fertility. 

Golden  Water  (2%e).  One  drop  of 
tliis  water  dropped  into  the  basin  of  a 
fountain  would  fill  it,  and  then  throw  up 
a  jet  d'eau  of  exquisite  device.  It  was 
called  "golden"  because  the  water  looked 
like  liquid  gold. — Arabian  Nights  ("The 
Two  Sisters,"  the  last  tale). 

*^*  In  Chery  and  Fair  star,  by  the 
comtesse  D'Aunoy,  the  "golden  water" 
is  called  "the  dancing  water." 

Goldfinch  (Charles),  a  vulgar,  horsy 
fellow,  impudent  and  insolent  in  manner, 
who  flirts  with  Widow  Warren,  and  con- 
spires with  her  and  the  Jew  Silky  to 
destroy  Mr.  Warren's  will.  By  this  will 
the  widow  was  left  £600  a  year,  but  the 
bulk  of  the  property  went  to  Jack  Milford 
his  natural  son,  and  Sophia  Freelove  the 
daughter  of  Widow  Warren  by  a  former 
marriage.     (See  Beaglk.) 

Father  was  a  sugar-baker,  grandfather  a  slop-seller,  I'm 
a  genUeiiMin.— Holcroft,  The  Hood  to  Ruin,  ii.  1  (1792). 

Goldiebirds  (Messrs.),  creditors  of 
sir  Arthur  Wardour. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Gold-mine    (The)    or  Miller   of 
Grenoble,    a   drama   by  E.    Stirling 
\  (1854).     (For  the  plot,  see  Simon.) 

1  Gold-mine  of  Europe  (The). 
\  Transylvania  was  once  so  called  ;  but 
Uhe  supply  of  gold  obtained  therefrom 
I;  las  now  very  greatly  diminished. 

'  Gold-mines  (King  of  the) ,  a  powerful, 
landsom.e  prince,  who  was  just  about  to 
narry  the  princess  All-Fair,  when  Yellow 
Jwarf  claimed  her  as  his  betrothed,  and 
arried  her  to  Steel  Castle  on  a  Spanish 
at.  A  good  syren  gave  the  betrothed 
ing  a  diamond  sword  to  secure  All-Fair's 
eliverance ;  but  after  overcoming  every 
bstacle,  he  was  so  delighted  at  seeing 
er,  that  he  dropped  his  sword.  In  a 
loment  Yellow  Dwarf  snatched  it  up, 
ad  stabbed  his  rival  to  the  heart.     The 


king  of  the  Gold-mines  and  All-Fair  were 
both  changed  into  two  palm  trees. — Com- 
tesse D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("The  Yellow 
Dwarf,"  1682). 

Gold-purse  of  Spain.  Andalu'- 
cia  is  so  called  because  it  is  the  city  from 
which  Spain  derives  its  chief  wealth. 

Goldsmith  (Oliver). 

Here  lies  Nolly  Goldsmith,  for  shortness  called  Noll. 
Who  wrote  like  au  augel,  and  talked  like  poor  poll. 
David  Gai-rick. 

Goldsmith  (Rev.  J.),  one  of  the  many- 
pseudonyms  adopted  by  sir  Richard 
Phillips,  in  a  series  of  school  books. 
Some  other  of  his  false  names  were  the 
Rev.  David  Blair,  James  Adair,  Rev.  C. 
Clarke,  etc.,  with  noted  French  names 
for  educational  French  books. 

Goldsmith's  Monument,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  is  by  Nollekens. 

Gold'thred  (Lawrence),  mercer,  near 
Cumnor  Place. — Sir  W.  Scott  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Qold'y.  Oliver  Goldsmith  was  so 
called  by  Dr.  Johnson  (1728-1774). 

Gol'gotha  ("  the  place  of  a  sktUl"),  a 
small  elevated  spot  north-west  of  Jeru- 
salem, where  criminals  were  executed. 
Used  in  poetry  to  signify  a  battle-field  or 
place  of  great  slaughter. 

Except  they  meant  to  bathe  in  reeking  woundl* 
Or  memorize  another  Golgotha. 

Shakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  L  ic.  3  (1606). 

*^*  In  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
the  dons'  gallery  in  Great  St.  Mary's  is 
called  "Golgotha"  because  the  heads  ot 
the  colleges  sit  there. 

Gol'gotha  (The  City),  Temple  Bar, 
London  ;  so  called  because  the  heads  of 
traitors,  etc.,  used  at  one  time  to  be  ex- 
posed there  after  decapitation.  This  was 
not  done  from  any  notion  of  punishment, 
but  simply  to  advertise  the  fact  as  a 
warning  to  evil-doers.  Temple  Bar  was 
taken  away  from  the  Strand  in  1878. 

Golightly  (-Mr.),  the  fellow  who 
wants  to  borrow  6s.  in  Lend  Me  Five  Shil' 
lings,  a  farce  by  J.  M.  Morton. 

Goltho,  the  friend  of  Ul'f.nore  (3 
syl.).  He  was  in  love  with  Birtha, 
daughter  of  lord  As'tragon  the  sage ; 
but  Birtha  loved  the  duke  Gondibert. 
The  tale  being  unfinished,  the  sequel  of 
Goltho  is  not  known. — Sir  William 
Davenant,  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Gomer  or  Godmer,  a  British  giant, 


GOMEZ. 


894 


GOOD  REGENT. 


Blain  by  Canu'tus  one  of  the  companions 
of  Brute.     (See  Goemot.) 

Since  Comer's  giant  brood  inhabited  this  isle. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiv.  (1613). 

Gomez,  a  rich  banker,  60  years  of 
age,  married  to  Elvi'ra,  a  young  wife. 
He  is  mean,  covetous,  and  jealous. 
Elvi'ra  has  a  liaison  with  colonel  Lo- 
renzo, which  Dominick,  her  father  con- 
fessor, aids  and  abets ;  but  the  amour  is 
constantly  thwarted,  and  it  turns  out  that 
Lorenzo  and  Elvira  are  brother  and  sister. 
— Dryden,  Tlie  Spanish  i^ryar  (1680). 

Gon'dibert  {Duke),  of  the  royal  line 
of  Lombardy.  Prince  Oswald  of  Verona, 
out  of  jealousy,  stirs  up  a  faction  fight 
against  him,  which  is  limited  by  agree- 
ment to  four  combatants  on  each  side. 
Oswald  is  slain  by  Gondibert,  and  Gon- 
dibert  is  cured  of  his  wounds  by  lord 
As'tragon,  a  philosopher  and  sage. 
Rhodalind,  the  only  child  of  Aribert 
king  of  Lombardy,  is  in  love  with  Gondi- 
bert, and  Aribert  hopes  that  he  will 
become  his  son-in-law  and  heir,  but 
Gondibert  is  betrothed  to  Birtha.  One 
day,  while  walking  with  his  affianced 
Birtha,  a  messenger  from  the  king  comes 
post  haste  to  tell  him  that  Aribert  had 
publicly  proclaimed  him  his  heir,  and 
that  Rhodalind  was  to  be  his  bride.  Gon- 
dibert still  told  Birtha  he  would  remain 
true  to  her,  and  gave  her  an  emerald 
ring,  which  would  turn  pale  if  his  love 
declined.  As  the  tale  was  never  finished, 
the  sequel  cannot  be  given. — Sir  W. 
Davenant,  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Qon'eril,  eldest  daughter  of  king 
Lear,  and  wife  of  the  duke  of  Albany. 
She  treated  her  aged  father  with  such 
scant  courtesy,  that  he  could  not  live 
under  her  roof ;  and  she  induced  her 
sister  Regan  to  follow  her  example. 
Subsequently,  both  the  sisters  fell  in  love 
with  Edmund,  natural  son  of  the  earl  of 
Gloucester,  whom  Regan  designed  to 
marry  when  she  became  a  widow. 
Goneril,  out  of  jealousy,  now  poisoned 
her  sister,  and  "  after  slew  herself." 
Her  name  is  proverbial  for  "  filial  in- 
gratitude." —  Shakespeare,  King  Lear 
(1605). 

Gonin,  a  buffoon  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  who  acquired  great  renown  for 
his  clever  tricks,  and  gave  rise  to  the 
French  phrase,  tfn  tour  de  maitre  Gonin 
("a  trick  of  Master  Gonin's  "). 

Gonnella,  domestic  jester  to  the 
margrave  Nicolo  d'Este,  and  to  his  son 


Borso  duke  of  Ferrara.  The  horae  ha 
rode  on  was  ossa  atque  pellis  totus,  and, 
like  RosinantO,  has  become  proverbial. 
Gonnella's  jests  were  printed  in  1506. 

Gonsalez  [Gon.zalleyl,  Feman  Gon- 
salez  or  Gonsalvo,  a  Spanish  hero  of  the 
tenth  century,  whose  life  was  twice  saved 
by  his  wife  Sancha.  His  adventures  have 
given  birth  to  a  host  of  ballads. 

(There  was  a  Hernandez  Gonsalvo  of 
Cordova,   called    "The  Great   Captain 'j 
(1443-1515),  to  whom  some  of  the  ballac"" 
refer,  and  this  is  the  hero  of  Florian^ 
historical  novel  entitled  Gonzalve  de  Go 
doue  (1791),  borrowed  from  the  Spania 
romance  called   T/w  Civil  Wars  of  Gr 
nada,  by  Gines  Perez  de  la  Hita.) 

Gonza'lo,  an  honest  old  counsellc 
of  Alonso  king  of  Naples. — Shakespe« 
The  Tempest  (1609). 

Gonza'lo,  an  ambitious  but  politic  lord 
of  Venice. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Lam  of  Candy  (1647). 

Good  Earl  {The),  Archibald  eighth 
earl  of  Angus,  who  died  in  1588. 

Good  Even,  Good  Robin  Hood ! 
civility  extorted  by  fear,  as  "  Good  Mr. 
H*<ghwayman,  good  gentlemen ' "  of  Mrs. 
Hardcastle  in  her  terror. 

Clapping  his  rod  on  the  borde. 
No  man  dare  utter  a  word  .  .  . 
He  [  WoUey^  said,  "  How  say  ye,  my  lordes  ! ' 
Oood  even,  good  Robin  Hood. 
Slielton,  Why  Came  ye  not  to  Court}  (died  IS^Ug 

Good  Hope  {Cape  of).    When 
tholomew  Diaz  first  discovered  this  caj 
in    1497,   he    called    it   "The    Cape  oi 
Storms"   {Cabo    Tormentoso) ;   but  John 
IL  king  of  Portugal  changed  the  nai 
to  that  of  "  Good  Hope." 

The  Euxine  Sea  {i.e.  "the  hospital 
sea")  was  first  called  "  The  Axine  Se 
("  the  inhospitable"),  from  the  terrorwif 
which  it  was  viewed  by  the  early  Greeks^ 
but  it  was  subsequently  called  by  the 
more  courteous  name.  However,  the  older 
name  is  the  one  which  now  generally 
prevails ;  thus  we  call  it  in  English 
"The  Black  Sea,"  and  the  Turks, 
Greeks,  and  Russians  call  it  inhospitabkf 
and  not  hospitable. 

Good  Man  {A).  Count  Cassel  says, 
"  In  Italy  a  good  man  means  a  religious 
one,  in  France  a  cheerful  one,  in  Spain  a 
wise  one,  and  in  England  a  rich  one."^ 
Inchbald,  Lovers'  Vows,  ii.  2  (1800). 

Good  Regent  {The),  James  Stuart, 
earl  of  Murray,  regent  of  Scotland  after 
the  imprisonment  of  queen  Mary.  (Boitt 
1533,  regent  1567,  assassinated  1570.) 


GOODFELLOW. 


395 


GORBODUC. 


Goodfellow  {Robin),  son  of  kinf^ 
Oberon.  When  six  years  old,  he  was  so 
mischievous  that  his  mother  threatened 
to  whip  him,  and  he  ran  away  ;  but  fall- 
ing asleep,  his  father  told  him  he  should 
have  anything  he  wished  for,  v.'ith  power 
to  turn  himself  into  any  shape,  so  long 
'as  he  did  harm  to  none  but  knaves  and 

rueans. 
His  first  exploit  was  to  turn  himself  into  a  hor«s,  to 
•punish  a  churl,  whom  he  conveyed  into  a  great  plash  of 
water  and  left  there,  laughing,  as  he  tlew  olf,  "  Ho,  ho, 
ho  ! "  He  afterwards  went  to  a  farm-house,  and  taking  a 
fancy  to  the  maid,  does  her  work  during  the  night  The 
maid,  watching  him,  and  observing  him  rather  bare  of 
clotiies,  provides  hin>  with  garments,  which  he  puts  out, 
laughing  "Ho,  ho,  ho  I "  He  next  changes  himself  into  a 
Will-o'-the-wisp,  to  mislead  a  party  of  merry-makers,  and 
having  misled  thera  all  night,  he  left  them  at  daybreak, 
with  a  "  Ho,  ho,  ho ! "  At  another  time,  seeing  a 
fellow  ill-using  a  maiden,  he  clianged  himself  into  a  hare, 
ran  between  his  legs,  and  then  growing  into  a  horse, 
tossed  him  into  a  hedge,  laughing  "Ho,  ho,  hoi" — The 
Mad  I'rankt  and  Merry  JetU  of  Robin  Oood/eUow  (1680), 
(Percy  Society.  1841). 

Goodfellow  {Robin),  a  general  name 
for  any  domestic  spirit,  as  imp,  urchin, 
elve,  hag,  fay,  Kit-wi'-the-can'stick, 
spoom,  man-i'-the-oak.  Puck,  hobgoblin, 
k Tom-tumbler,  bug,  bogie.  Jack-o'-lantern, 
Friar's  lantern.  Will-o'-the-wisp,  Ariel, 
nixie,  kelpie,  etc.,  etc. 

A  bigger  kind  than  these  German  kobolds  is  that 
called  with  us  Robin  Goodfellows,  that  would  in  those 
superstitious  times  grind  corn  for  a  mess  of  milk,  cut 
wood,  or  do  any  manner  of  drudgery  work.  .  .  .  Tliese 
have  several  names  .  .  .  but  we  commonly  call  them 
Pucks.— Burton,  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  47. 

*^*  The  Goodfellows,  being  very  nu- 
merous, can  hardly  be  the  same  as  Robin 
son  o*  Oberon,  but  seem  to  obtain  the 
name  because  their  character  was  similar, 
and,  indeed,  Oberon's  son  must  be  in- 
cluded in  the  generic  name. 

Goodman  of  Ballengeich,  the 
assumed  name  of  James  V.  of  Scotland 
when  he  made  his  disguised  visits 
through  the  districts  round  Edinburgh 
and  Stirling. 

***  Haroun-al-Raschid,  Louis  XI., 
Peter  "the  Great,"  etc.,  made  similar 
visits  in  disguise,  for  the  sake  of  obtain- 
ing information  by  personal  inspection. 

Goodman's  Fields,  Whitechapel, 
London.  So  called  from  a  large  farmer 
of  the  name  of  Goodman. 

At  this  farm  I  myself  in  my  youth  have  fetched  many 
a  ha'p'orth  of  milk,  and  never  had  less  than  three  ale- 
pints  in  summer  and  one  in  winter,  always  hot  from  the 
kine,  an;i  strained.  One  Trolop  and  afterw.irds  Goodman 
was  the  larnier  tliere.  and  hud  thlrtv  or  forty  kine  to  the 
palL-Stow,  a%untey  ttf  London  (1698). 

Good'man  Grist,  the  miller,  a 
friend  of  the  smugglers.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Red/auntlet  (time,  George  IIL). 


Goodricke  (^r.),  a  catholic  priest 
at  Middlemas.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Sur- 
geon's Daughter  (time,  George  IL). 

Goodsire  {Johnnie),  a  weaver,  near 
Charles's  Hope  farm. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  IL). 

Goodwill,  a  man  who  had  acquired 
£10,000  by  trade,  and  wished  to  give  his 
daughter  Lucy  in  marriage  to  one  of  his 
relations,  in  order  to  keep  the  money  in 
the  family ;  but  Lucy  would  not  have 
any  one  of  the  boobies,  and  made  choice 
instead  of  a  strapping  footman.  Good- 
will had  the  good  sense  to  approve  of  the 
choice. — Fielding,  The  Virgin  Unmasked, 

Goody  Blake,  a  poor  old  woman 
detected  by  Harry  Gill  picking  up  sticks 
from  his  farm-land.  The  farmer  com- 
pelled her  to  leave  them,  and  threatened 
to  punish  her  for  trespass.  Goody  Blako 
turned  on  the  lusty  yeoman,  and  said 
never  from  that  moment  should  he  know 
the  blessing  of  warmth  ;  and  sure  enough, 
neither  clothing,  fire,  nor  summer  sun 
ever  did  make  him  warm  again. 

No  word  to  any  msn  he  utters, 
A- bed  or  up,  to  young  or  old ; 
But  ever  to  himself  he  mutters, 
"  Poor  Harry  Gill  is  very  cold.** 
Wordsworth,  Goody  Blake  and  Uarry  GiU  (1798). 

Goody  Palsgrave,  a  name  of  con- 
tempt given  to  Frederick  V.  elector  pala- 
tine. He  is  also  called  the  "  Snow  King  " 
and  the  *'  Winter  King,"  because  the  pro- 
testants  made  him  king  of  Bohemia  in 
the  autumn  of  1()19,  and  he  was  set  aside 
in  the  autumn  of  1620. 

Goody  Two-shoes,  a  nursery  tale 
supposed  to  be  by  Oliver  Goldsmith, 
written  in  1765  for  Newbery,  St.  Paul's 
Churchyard. 

Goose  Gibbie,  a  half-witted  lad, 
first  entrusted  to  "keep  the  turkeys," 
but  afterwards  "advanced  to  the  more 
important  office  of  minding  the  cows." — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles 
IL). 

Goosey  Goderich,  Frederick 
Robinson,  created  viscount  Goderich  in 
1827.  So  called  by  Cobbett,  for  his  in- 
capacity as  a  statesman  (premier  1827- 
1828). 

Gorlboduc,  GoRBODUG,  or  Gokbo- 
GUD,  a  mythical  British  king,  who  had 
two  sons  (Ferrex  and  Porrex).  Ferrex 
was  driven  by  his  brother  out  of  the  king- 
dom, and  on  attempting  to  return  with 
a  large  army,  was  defeated  by  him  and 


GORBODUC. 


396 


GORMAL. 


slain.  Soon  afterwards,  Porrex  himself  was 
murdered  in  his  bed  by  his  own  mother, 
Widen,  who  loved  Ferrex  the  better. — 
Geoffrey,  British  History,  ii.  16  (1142). 

And  Gorbogud,  till  far  in  years  he  grew ; 
When  his  ambitious  soniies  unto  them  twayne 
Arraiight  the  rule,  and  from  their  father  drew ; 
Stout  Feirex  and  stout  Porrex  him  in  prison  threw. 

But  oh  !  the  greedy  thirst  of  royall  crowne  .  ,  . 
Stird  Porrex  up  to  put  his  brother  downe ; 
Who  unto  him  assembling  forreigne  niight, 
Made  warre  on  him,  and  fell  himself  in  fight ; 
Whose  death  t'  avenge,  his  mother,  niercilesse 
(Most  mercilesse  of  women,  Wyden  hight), 
Her  other  sonne  fiist  sleeping  did  oppresse, 
And  with  most  cruell  hand  him  murdred  pitilesse. 

Spenser,  faery  Queen,  li.  10,  34,  35  (1590). 

Gorhoduc,  the  first  historical  play  in 
the  language.  The  first  three  acts  by 
Thomas  Norton,  and  the  last  two  by 
Thomas  Sackville  afterwards  lord  Buck- 
hurst  (1562).  It  is  further  remarkable 
as  being  the  father  of  Iambic  ten-syllable 
blank  verse. 

Those  who  last  did  tug 
In  worse  than  civil  war,  the  sons  of  (JSorbodug. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1615$). 

Gor'briae,  lord-protector  of  Ibe'ria, 
and  father  of  king  Arba'ces  (3  syL). — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  A  King  or  No 
Kiruj  (1611). 

Gor'dius,  a  Phrj'gian  peasant,  chosen 
by  the  Phrygians  for  their  king.  He 
consecrated  to  Jupiter  his  waggon,  and 
tied  the  yoke  to  the  draught-tree  so  art- 
fully that  the  ends  of  the  cord  could  not 
be  discovered.  A  rumour  spread  abroad 
that  he  who  untied  this  knot  would  be 
king  of  Asia,  and  when  Alexander  the 
Great  was  shown  it,  he  cut  it  with  his 
sword,  saying,  "It  is  thus  we  loose  our 
knots." 

Gordon  {The  Bev.  Mr.),  chaplain  in 
Cromwell's  troop. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 

Gordon  (Lord  George),  leader  of  the 
"  No  Popery  riots  "  of  1779.  Half  mad, 
but  really  well-intentioned,  he  counte- 
nanced the  most  revolting  deeds,  urged 
on  by  his  secretary  Gashford.  Lord 
George  Gordon  died  in  jail,  1793. — C. 
Dickens,  Barnahy  Budge  (1841). 

Gordo 'nius  or  Gordon  (Bernard)  y 
a  noted  physician  of  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury in  the'Rouergue  (France),  author  of 
Lilium  Medicines,  de  Morborum  prope 
Omnium  Curatione,  septem  Barticulis  JDis- 
tributuni  (Naples,  1480). 

And  has  Gordonius  "  the  divine," 
In  his  famous  Mly  of  Medicine  .  .  . 
Mo  remedy  potent  enough  to  restore  you  t 

longfeUow,  TAe  Golden  Legend. 


Gor'gibus,  an  honest,  simple-^minded 
citizen  of  middle  life,  father  of  Mad^'on 
and  uncle  of  Cathos.  The  two  girls  have 
had  their  heads  turned  by  novels,  but  are 
taught  by  a  harmless  trick  to  discern 
between  the  easy  manners  of  a  gentle- 
man and  the  vulgar  pretensions  of  a 
lackey. — Molibre,  Les  Fre'cieuses  Bidi- 
cules  (1659). 

QorgHbus,  father  of  Celie.  He  is  a  head- 
strong, unreasonable  old  man,  who  tells 
his  daughter  that  she  is  for  ever  reading 
novels,  and  filling  her  mind  with  ridiculous 
notions  about  love.  "  Vous  parlez  de  Dieu 
bien  moins  que  de  Lelie,"  he  says,  and 
insists  on  her  giving  up  Lelie  for  Valere, 
saying,  "  S'il  ne  Test  amant,  11  le  sera 
mari,"  and  adds,  "  L'amour  est  souvent  un 
fruit  du  mariage." 
Jetez-moi   dans  le  feu   tous  cea  m6chant<  teit    [La. 

romanoM] 
Qui  givtent  t«us  les  jours  tant  de  jeunes  esprits ; 
Lisez  moi,  comme  il  faut,  au  lieu  de  ces  somettes. 
Leu  Quatraint  de  Pibrac,  et  les  doctes  Tablettei 
Du  conseiller  Matthleu  ;  I'ouvrage  est  de  valeur, 
Et  pein  do  beaux  dictons  k  reciter  par  cceur. 

Molifere,  SganareUe{im)\ 

Gor'lois  (3  syl.),  said  by  some  to  be 
the  father  of  king  Arthur.  He  was  lord 
of  Tintag'il  Castle,  in  Cornwall ;  his  wife 
was  Igrayne  (3  syL)  or  Igema,  and  one 
of  his  daughters  (Bellicent)  was,  accord- 
ing to  some  authorities,  the  wife  of  Lot 
king  of  Orkney. 

***  Gorlois  was  not  the  father  of 
Arthur,  although  his  wife  (Igema  or 
Igrayne)  was  his  mother. 

Then  all  the  kings  asked  Merlin,  "  For  what  cause  Is  tha 
beardless  boy  Arthur  made  king  ?  "    "  Sirs,"  said  Merli 
"  because  he  is  king  Uther's  son,  bom  in  wedlock. 
More  than  three  hours  after  the  death  of  Gorlois,  did 
king  wed  the  fair  Igrayne." — Malory,  History  of  Prir, 
Arthur,  i.  2,  6(1470). 

[Uther]  was  sorry  for  the  death  of  Gorlois,  but  r»^j 
joiced  that  Igerna  was  now  at  liberty  to  marry  ajptin  , 
they  continued  to  live  together  with  much  affection,  am 
had  a  son  and  daughter,  whose  names  were  Arthur  an 
Anne.— Geoffrey,  BHtuh  HiUory,  iii.  20  (1142). 

*^*  It  is  quite  impossible  to  reconciU 
the  contradictory  accounts  of    Arthur'i 
sister  and   Lot's  wife.     Tennyson    sayi 
Bellicent,  but  the  tales  compiled  by 
T.  Malory  all  give  Margause.     Thus  ial 
La  Mort  d' Arthur,  i.  2,  we  read  :  "  Kingj 
Lot  of  Lothan  and  of  Orkeney  weddedj 
Margawse  [Arthur's  sister]"  (pt.  i.  36), 
"whose  sons  were  Gawaine,  Agravaine, 
Gahgris,    and    Gareth ; "    but    Tennyson 
says  Gareth  was  "the  last  tall  son  of  Lot 
and  Bellicent." 

Gor'mal,  the  mountain  range  ol 
Sevo. 

Her  arm  was  white  like  Gormal's  snow;  her  bosoaa ' 
whiter  than  the  foam  of  the  main  when  roll  the  wav«i 
beneath  the  wrath  of  winis.—J'yagment  of  o  SvM» 
Tale. 


GOSH. 


397 


GRAAF. 


Gosh,  the  Right  Hon.  Charles 
Arbuthnot,  the  most  confidential  friend 
of  the  duke  of  Wellington,  with  whom 
he  lived. 

Goslin^_  (Giles),  landlord  of  the 
Black  Bear  inn,  near  Cumnor  Place. 

Cicely  Gosling,  daughter  of  Giles. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Gospel  Doctor  {The),  John  Wy- 
cliife  (1324-1384). 

Gospel  of  the  Golden  Rule,  "  Do 

as  you  would  be  done  by,"  or  "As  ye 
would  that  men  should  do  to  you,  do  ye 
also  to  them." — Luke  vi.  31. 

He  preached  to  all  men  everywhere 
The  Gosjiel  of  the  Golden  Rule. 

Longfellow,  The  Waytide  Inn  (prelude). 

Gospeller  ( The  Hot),  Dr.  R.  Barnes, 
burnt  at  Smithfield,  1640. 

Gos'samer  {i.e.  God's  seam  or 
thread).  The  legend  is  that  gossamer  is 
the  ravellings  of  the  Virgin  Mary's 
winding-sheet,  which  fell  away  on  her 
ascension  into  heaven. 

Gossips  {Prince  of),  Samuel  Pepys, 
noted  for  his  gossiping  Diary,  commenc- 
ing January  1,  1669,  and  continued  for 
nine  years  (1632-1703). 

GtoS'Vmi,  a  rich  merchant  of  Bruges, 
who  is  in  reality  Florez,  son  of  Gerrard 
king  of  the  beggars.  His  mistress,  Bertha, 
the  supposed  daughter  of  Vandunke  the 
burgomaster  of  Bruges,  is  in  reality  the 
daughter  of  the  duke  of  Brabant. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Beggars^ 
Bush  (1622). 

Goths  (The  last  of  the),  Roderick,  the 
thirty-fourth  of  the  Visigothic  line  of 
kings  in  Spain.  He  was  the  son  of 
Cor'dova,  who  had  his  eyes  put  out  by 
Viti'za  the  king  of  the  Visigoths,  where- 
upon Roderick  rose  against  Vitiza  and 
dethroned  him ;  but  the  sons  and  ad- 
herents of  Vitiza  applied  to  the  Moors, 
who  sent  over  Tarik  with  90,000  men, 
and  Roderick  was  slain  at  the  battle  of 
Xerres,  a.d.  711. 

*^*  Southey  has  an  epic  poem  called 
Roderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths.  He 
makes  "Rusilla"  to  be  the  mother  of 
Roderick. 

Gothland  or  Gottland,  an  island 
called  ' '  The  eye  of  the  Baltic."  GeoflPrey 
of  Monmouth  says  that  when  king  Arthur 
had  added  Ireland  to  his  dominions,  he 
Bailed  to  Iceland,  which  he  subdued,  and 
then  both  "Doldavius  king  of  Gothland 


and  Gnnfasius  king  of  the  Orkneys 
voluntarily  became  his  tributaries." — • 
British  History,  ix.  10  (1142). 

To  Gothland  how  again  this  conqueror  maketh  forth  .  .  . 
Where  Iceland  first  he  won,  and  Orkney  after  got. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Gottlieb  [Got.leeb],  a  cottage  farmer, 
with  whom  prince  Henry  of  Hoheneck 
went  to  live  after  he  was  struck  with 
leprosy.  The  cottager's  daughter  Elsie 
volunteered  to  sacrifice  her  life  for  the 
cure  of  the  prince,  and  was  ultimately 
married  to  him. — Hartmann  von  der  Aue, 
Poor  Henry  (twelfth  century)  ;  Long- 
fellow, Golden  Legend. 

Gour'lay  {Ailshie),  a  privileged  fool 
or  jester.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Gourlay  (Ailsie),  an  old  sibyl  at  the 
death  of  Alice  Gray.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Bride  of  Lamrnermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

Gourmaz  {Bon),  a  national  portrait 
of  the  Spanish  nobility. — Pierre  Corneille, 
The  Cid  (1636). 

The  character  of  don  Gormaz,  for  its  very  excellence, 
drew  down  the  censure  of  the  French  Academy.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Drama. 

Go'vemale  (3  syl.),  first  the  tutor 
and  then  the  attendant  of  sir  Tristram  de 
Liongs, 

Gow  {Old  Niell),  the  fiddler. 

Nathaniel  Gow^  son  of  the  fiddler. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Bonan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Gotjo  {Henry)  or  Henry  Smith,  also 
called  '*  Gow  Chrom"  and  "Hal  of  the 
Wynd,"  the  armourer.  Suitor  of  Ca- 
tharine Glover  "the  fair  maid  of  Perth," 
whom  he  marries. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Gowk  Storm,  a  short  storm,  such  as 
occurs  in  spring,  when  the  gowk  or 
cuckoo  comes. 

He  trusted  the  present  [dUturbance]  would  prove  but 
a  gowk  storm.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Tales  of  a  Orandfathor.  i. 
49. 

Gowk-thrapple  {Maister),  a  co- 
venanting preacher. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

A  man  of  coarse,  mechanical,  perhaps  rather  intrinsl- 
cally  feeble  intellect,  with  the  vehenience  of  some  pulpit- 
drumming  Gowk-thrapple.— Carlyle. 

Graaf  {Count)  was  a  great  speculator 
in  corn.  One  year  a  sad  famine  pre- 
vailed, and  he  expected,  like  Pharaoh 
king  of  Egypt,  to  make  an  enormoiia 
fortune  by  his  speculation,  but  an  army 
of  rats,  pressed  by  hunger,  invaded  his 
bams,    and    then    swarming    into    the 


GRAAL. 


398  GRACE-BE-HERE  HUMGUDGEON. 


castle,  fell  on  the  old  baron,  worried  him 
to  death,  and  then  devoured  him.  (See 
Hatto.) 

Graal  (Saint)  or  St.  Greal  is 
generally  said  to  be  the  vessel  or  platter 
used  by  Christ  at  the  last  supper,  in 
which  Joseph  of  Arimathea  caught  the 
b'ood  of  the  crucified  Christ.  In  all 
descriptions  of  it  in  the  Arthurian 
romances,  it  is  simply  the  visible  "pre- 
sence" of  Christ,  or  realization  of  the 
papistic  notion  that  the  wafer,  after 
consecration,  is  changed  into  the  very 
body  of  the  Saviour,  and  when  sir  Gala- 
had "achieved  the  quest  of  the  holy 
graal,"  all  that  is  meant  is  that  he  saw 
with  his  bodily  eyes  the  visible  Saviour 
into  which  the  holy  wafer  had  been 
transmuted. 

Then  the  bishop  took  a  wafer,  which  was  made  In  the 
likeness  of  bread,  and  at  the  lifting  up  [the  elevation  of 
the  host]  t>  ere  came  a  figure  in  the  likeness  of  a  child, 
and  the  visage  was  as  red  and  as  bright  as  fire,  and  he  smote 
hinuielf  into  that  bread  :  so  they  saw  that  the  bread  was 
formed  of  a  fleshly  man,  and  then  he  put  it  into  the  holy 
vessel  again  .  .  .  then  Ithe  buhop]  took  the  holy  vessel 
and  came  to  sir  Galahad  as  he  kneeled  down,  and  there 
he  received  his  Saviour.— Pt  iiL  101,  102. 

King  Pelles  and  sir  Launcelot  caught 
a  sight  of  the  St.  Graal ;  but  did  not 
"achieve  it,"  like  Galahad. 

When  they  went  into  the  castle  to  take  their  repast .  .  . 
there  came  a  dove  to  the  window,  and  in  its  bill  was  a 
little  censer  of  gold,  and  there  withall  was  such  a  savor  as 
if  all  the  gpicery  of  the  world  had  been  there  .  .  .  and  a 
damsel,  passing  fair,  bare  a  vessel  of  gold  between  her 
hands,  and  thereto  the  king  kneeled  devoutly  and  said  his 
prayers.  ..."  Oh  mercy  1 "  said  sir  Launcelot,  "  what  may 
this  mean?".  .  .  "This,"  said  the  king,  "is  the  holy 
Bancgreall  which  ye  have  seen." — Pt.  iii.  2. 

When  sir  Bors  de  Ganis  went  to  Corbin, 
and  saw  Galahad  the  son  of  sir  Laun- 
celot, he  prayed  that  the  boy  might  prove 
as  good  a  knight  as  his  father,  and 
instantly  the  white  dove  came  with  the 
golden  censer,  and  the  damsel  bearing 
the  sancgraal,  and  told  sir  Bors  that 
Galahad  would  prove  a  better  knight  than 
his  father,  and  would  "achieve  the  Sanc- 
greall ; "  then  both  dove  and  damsel 
vanished. — Pt.  iii.  4. 

Sir  Percival,  the  son  of  sir  Pellinore 
king  of  Wales,  after  his  combat  with  sir 
Ector  de  Maris  (brother  of  sir  Launcelot) 
caught  a  sight  of  the  holy  graal,  and 
both  were  cured  of  their  wounds  thereby. 
Like  sir  Bors,  he  was  with  sir  Galahad 
when  the  quest  was  achieved  (pt.  iii.  14). 
Sir  Launcelot  was  also  miraculously 
1  cured  in  the  same  way  (pt.  iii.  18). 
;  King  Arthur,  the  queen,  and  all  the 
1160  knights  saw  the  holy  graal  as  they 
[sat  at  supper  when  Galahad  was  received 
"into  the  fellowship  of  the  Round  Table : 

Vint  they  beard  a  crackling  and  crying  of  thunder  .  .  . 


and  in  the  midst  of  the  blast  entered  a  sun-beam  mor* 
clear  by  seven  times  than  ever  they  saw  day,  and  all  wer« 
lighted  of  the  grace  of  the  Holy  Ghost .  .  .  then  thero 
entered  the  hall  the  holy  greal  [consecrated  bread\ 
covered  with  white  samite ;  but  none  might  see  it,  nor 
who  bare  it .  .  .  and  when  the  lioly  greal  had  been  borna 
thro'  the  hall,  the  vessel  suddenly  departed.— Sir  T.  Malory, 
BUtwry  of  PHnee  Arthur,  iii.  35  (1470). 


are :  Parceval  le  Gallois  by  Chretien  de 
Troyes,  in  verse,  and  Roman  des  Diveraet 
Qnetes  de  St.  Graal,  by  Walter  Mapes, 
in  prose,  both  written  in  the  latter  part 
of  the  twelfth  century;  Titnrel  or  the 
Guardian  of  the  Holy  Graal,  by  Wolfram 
von  Eschenbach ;  The  Romance  of  Parzi- 
val,  by  the  same — partly  founded  upon 
the  poem  of  Chretien — and  the  Life  of 
Joseph  of  Arimathea,  by  Robert  de  Bor- 
ron,  all  belonging  to  the  early  part  of 
the  thirteenth  century;  TheHoly  Graal, 
by  Tennyson. 

Helinandus  says :  "  In  French  they  give  the  name  grad/il  \ 
or  graal  to  a  large  deepish  ves.sel  in  wliich  rich  meats  J 
with  their  gravy  are  served  to  the  wealthy." — Vincentius^ 
Bellovacensis,  Speculum  Ilist.,  xxiii.  147. 

We  find  in  the  churchwardens'  account] 
of  Wing  (Bucks.),  1527:  "  Three  Graylls,'* 
i.e.  three  gradates,  called  by  the  Roman] 
Catholics  cantatoria.  In  the  AthencEum] 
(June  25,  1870)  we  read:  "The  Saxoni 
called  a  graal  a  '  graduale '  ad  te  levavi, 
from  the  first  three  words  of  the  introiM 
(First  Sunday  in  Advent),  with  which  the] 
codex  begins." 

Graal-burg,  a  magnificent  temple,| 
surrounded  with  towers  raised  on  brazeai 
pillars,  and  containing    the    holy  graaUj 
It    was    founded  by    king  Titurel,  oi 
mount  Salvage,  in  Spain,  and  was  a  mar-* 
vel  of  magnificence,  glittering  with  gold^ 
and  precious  stones. — Wolframof  Eschen-j 
bach  (minnesinger),  Parzival  (thirteent' 
century). 

Grace  (Lady),  sister  of  lady  TownlyJ 
and  the  engaged    wife  of    Mr.   Manly] 
The  very  opposite  of  a  lady  of  fashion 
She  says : 

"  In  summer  I  could  pass  my  leisure  hours  in  readin 
walking,  ...  or  sitting  under  a  green  tree  ;  in  dressin 
dining,    chatting  with    an    agreeable    friend ;    perhap 
hearing  a  little  music,  taking  a  dish  of  tea,  or  a  game  atl 
cards  ;   managing  my  family,  looking  into  its  accountM 
playing  with  my  cliildren  .      .  or  in  a  thousand  othfli 
innocent  amusements." — Vanbrugh  and  Cibber,  Thei 
voked  Husband,  iii.  (1728). 

"No  person,"  says  George  Colman,   "has  ever  mo 
successfully  performed  the  elegant  levities  of '  lady  TownlyJ 
upon  the  stage,  or  more  happily  practised  the  amialJM 
virtues  of  '  lady  Grace  '  in  the  circles  of  society,  than  T  — 
Farren  (the  countess  of  Derby,  175S>-182a)." 

Grace-be-here  Humgudgoon,  a 

corporal  in  Cromwell's  troop. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 


1 


GRACE  WAS  IN  ALL  HER  STEPS.  399 


GRAMMAR. 


Grace  was  in  all  Her  Steps. 
Adam  says  of  Eve  : 

Grace  was  in  all  her  steps,  heaven  in  her  eye. 
In  every  gesture  dignity  and  love. 

MUton,  ParadUe  Lost,  vlii.  488,  etc.  (1665). 

Grace'church,  London,  means  the 
grces  or  grass  church.  It  was  built  on 
the  site  of  the  old  grass-market. 

Gracio'sa,  a  lovely  princess,  who  is 
the  object  of  a  step-mother's  most  im- 
placable hatred.  The  step-mother's  name 
18  Grognon,  and  the  tale  shows  how  all 
her  malicious  plots  are  thwarted  by  Per- 
cinet,  a  fairy  prince,  in  love  with 
Graciosa. 

Gracio'so,  the  licensed  fool  of  Span- 
ish drama.  He  has  his  coxcomb  and 
truncheon,  and  mingles  with  the  actors 
without  aiding  or  abetting  the  plot. 
Sometimes  he  transfers  his  gibes  from  the 
actors  to  the  audience,  like  our  circus 
clowns. 

Gradas'so,  king  of  Serica'na, 
"bravest  of  the  pagan  knights."  He 
went  against  Charlemagne  with  100,000 
vassals  in  his  train,  "  all  discrowned 
kings,"  who  never  addressed  him  but  on 
their  knees. — Bojardo,  Orlando  Innamo- 
rato  (1496)  ;  Aiiosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Grad'grind  {Thomas),  a  man  of 
facts  and  realities.  Everything  about 
him  is  square  ;  his  forehead  is  square, 
and  80  is  his  fore-finger,  with  which  he 
emphasizes  all  he  says.  Formerly  he 
was  in  the  wholesale  hardware  line.  In 
his  greatness  he  becomes  M.P.  for  Coke- 
town,  and  he  lives  at  Stone  Lodge,  a 
mile  or  so  from  town.  He  prides  him- 
self on  being  eminently  practical ;  and 
though  not  a  bad  man  at  heart,  he  blights 
his  children  by  his  hard,  practical  way  of 
bringing  them  up. 

Mrs.  Gradgrindy  wife  of  Thomas  Grad- 
grind.  A  little  thin  woman,  always 
taking  physic,  without  receiving  from  it 
any  benefit.  She  looks  like  an  indif- 
ferently executed  transparency  without 
light  enough  behind  the  figure.  She  is 
always  complaining,  always  peevish,  and 
dies  soon  after  the  marriage  of  her 
daughter  Louisa. 

2'am  Gradgrindy  son  of  the  above,  a 
sullen  young  man,  much  loved  by  his 
sister,  and  holding  an  office  in  the  bank 
of  his  brother-in-law,  Josiah  Bounderby. 
Tom  robs  the  bank,  and  throws  suspicion 
on  Stephen  Blackbridge,  one  of  the  hands 
in  Bounderby's  factory.  When  found 
out,  Tom  ta,kes  refuge  in  the  circus  of  the 


town,  disguised  as  a  black  servant,  till 
he  efi'ects  his  escape  from  England. 

Louisa  Gradgrindy  eldest  daughter  of 
Thomas  Gradgrind,  M.P.  She  marries 
Josiah  Bounderby,  banker  and  mill- 
owner.  Louisa  has  been  so  hardened  by 
her  bringing  up,  that  she  appears  cold 
and  indifferent  to  everything,  but  she 
dearly  loves  her  brother  Tom. — C. 
Dickens,  Hard  Times  (1864). 

Graeme  {Roland)y  heir  of  Avencl 
(2  syl.).  He  first  appears  as  page  to  the 
lady  of  Avenel,  then  as  page  to  Mary 
queen  of  Scots. 

Magdalene  Grceme,  dame  of  Heather- 
gill,  grandmother  of  Roland  Grasmo. 
She  appears  to  Roland  disguised  as 
Mother  Nicneven,  an  old  witch  at  Kin- 
ross.—Sir  W.  Scott,  2'he  Abbot  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Grceine  {William),  the  red  riever  \frce~ 
booter}  at  Westbumflat. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  mack  Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Graevius  or  J.  G.  Grmfe  of  Saxony, 
editor  of  several  of  the  Latin  classics 
(1632-1703). 

Believe  me,  lady,  I  have  more  satisfaction  in  beholding 
you  than  I  should  have  in  conversing  with  Grsevius  and 
Gronovius. — Mrs.  Cowley,  Who'$  the  Itupe  $  i.  3. 

(Abraham  Gronovius  was  a  famous 
philologist,  1694-1775.) 

Gra'hame  {ColonelJohn)y  of  Claver- 
house,  in  the  royal  army  under  the  duke 
of  Monmouth.  Afterwards  viscount  of 
Dundee. 

Cornet  Richard  Grahama,  the  colonel's 
nephew,  in  the  same  army. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Graliaine*s  Dike,  the  Roman  wall 
between  the   friths    of   the   Clyde   and 

Forth. 

This  wall  defended  the  Britons  for  a  time,  but  the  Scots 
and  Picts  .  .  .  climbed  over  it.  ...  A  man  named 
Grahame  is  said  to  liave  been  the  (irst  soldier  who  gut 
over,  and  the  common  people  still  caU  the  remains  of  the 
wall  "Grahame's  Dike."  —  Sir  W.Scott,  Talet  of  a 
Qraitdfatlier . 

Grahams,  nicknamed  "Of  the  Hen." 
The  reference  is  this :  The  Grahams, 
having  provided  for  a  great  marriage 
feast,  found  that  a  raid  had  been  made 
upon  their  poultry  by  Donald  of  the 
Hammer  {q.v.).  They  went  in  pursuit, 
and  a  combat  took  place  ;  but  as  the 
fight  was  for  "cocks  and  hens,"  it  ob- 
tained for  the  Grahams  the  nickname  of 
Gramoch  an  Garrigh. 

Gram,  Siegfried's  sword. 

Grammar.  Sigismund,  Bumamed 
Augustus,   said,    "  Ego    sum    Imp«rator 


GRAMMARIANS. 


400 


GRANGOrSIER. 


Romanorum,    et    supra    grammaticam " 
(1620,  1648-1572). 

Grammarians  (Prince  of),  Apol- 
lonios  of  Alexandria.  Priscian  called 
him  Grammaticorum  Princeps  (second 
century  e.g.). 

Gramm.ont  {Tlie  count  of).  He 
promised  marriage  to  la  belle  Hamilton, 
but  left  England  without  performing  the 
promise  ;  whereupon  the  brothers '  fol- 
lowed him,  and  asked  him  if  he  had  not 
forgotten  something.  "True,  true,"  said 
the  count,  "  excuse  my  short  memory  ;  " 
and,  returning  with  the  brothers,  he 
made  the  young  lady  countess  of  Gram- 
mont. 

Granary  of  Athens,  the  district 
about  Kertch.  The  buck-wheat  of  this 
district  carried  off  the  prize  of  the  Great 
Exhibition  in  1851. 

Granary  of  Europe.  Sicily  was 
so  called  once. 

Grand  Jument,  meant  for  Diana 
of  Poitiers. — Rabelais,  Gargantua  and 
Pantagrucl. 

Grand  Monarque  [mo.nark'^^ 
Louis  XiV.  (1638,  1643-1715). 

Grand  Pendu  {Le),  in  cards,  the 
king  of  diamonds.  Whoever  draws  this 
card  in  cartomancy,  is  destined  to  die  by 
the  hands  of  the  executioner.    (See  Le- 

NORMAND.) 

Joachim  Murat,  when  king  of  Naples,  sought  the  aid 
of  Mdlle.  Leiiormand,  by  whom  he  was  received  with 
her  customary  haughtiness.  The  cards  being  produced, 
Murat  cut  the  Grand  Pendu,  the  portent  of  ill-fortune. 
Murat  cut  four  times,  and  in  every  instance  it  was  the 
king  of  diamonds.— See  W.  H.  Wiltshire,  Playing  and 
other  Card*.  162. 

(Ths  card  called  le  pendu  in  tarot 
cards  is  represented  by  a  man  with  his 
hands  tied  behind  his  back,  and  in  some 
cases  with  two  bags  of  money  attached 
to  his  armpits.  The  man  is  hanging  by 
the  right  leg  to  a  gibbet.  Probably  an 
emblematic  figure  in  alchemy.) 

Grand  Pre,  a  village  of  Acadia  (now 
Nova  Scotia),  inhabited  by  a  colony  from 
Normandy,  of  very  primitive  manners, 
preserving  the  very  costume  of  their  old 
Norman  forefathers.  They  had  no  locks 
to  their  doors  nor  bolts  to  their  windows. 
There  "  the  richest  man  was  poor,  and  the 
poorest  lived  in  abundance."  Grand  Fr4 
is  the  scene  of  Longfellow's  Evangeline 
(1849). 

Grandison  (Sir  Charles),  the  hero 
of  a  novel  by  S.  Richardson,  entitled 
The  History  of  Sir  Charles   Grandison. 


Sir  Charles  is  the  beau-ideal  of  a  perfect 
hero,  the  union  of  a  good  Christian  and 
perfect  English  gentleman  ;  but  such  a 
"  faultless  monster  the  world  ne'er  saw." 
Richardson's  ideal  of  this  character  was 
Robert  Nelson,  reputed  author  of  the 
Whole  Duty  of  Man  (1753). 

Like  the  old  lady  mentioned  by  sir  Walter  Scott,  who 
chose  Sir  Charlet  Oranditon  because  she  could  go  to  sleep 
for  haif  an  hour  at  any  time  during  its  reading,  and  still 
find  the  personages  just  where  she  left  them,  conversing 
in  the  cedar  parlour.— £nci/c.  Brit.,  Art.  "  Romance." 

Grandison  is  the  English  Smile,  but  an  Emile  com- 
pletely instructed.  His  discourses  are  continual  precepts, 
and  his  actions  are  examples.  Miss  Biron  is  the  object  ot 
his  affection.— Editor  of  Arabian  Mghts  Continued, 
It.  72. 

Grandmother.  Lord  Byron  calls  the 
British  lieview^'My  Grandmother's  Re- 
view," and  jestingly  says  he  purchased 
its  favorable  criticism  of  Don  Juan. 

For  fear  some  prudish  readers  should  grow  skittish, 

I've  bribed  "My  Grandmother's  Review,"  The  British ; 

I  sent  it  in  a  letter  to  the  editor. 

Who  thanked  me  duly  by  return  of  post  .  . . 

And  if  my  gentle  Muse  he  please  to  roast  .  .  • 

All  I  can  say  i&— that  he  had  the  nwney. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  L  209,  210  (ISlfi). 

Grane  (2  syl.),  Siegfried's  horse, 
whose  speed  outstripped  the  wind. 

Grane'angowl  (Pev.  Mr.),  chaplain 
to  sir  Duncan  Campbell,  at  Ardenvohr 
Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  L). 

Granger  (Captain),  in  love  with 
Elizabeth  Doiley,  daughter  of  a  retired 
slop-seller.  The  old  father  resolves  to 
give  her  to  the  best  scholar,  himself  being 
judge.  Gradus,  an  Oxford  pedant,  quotes 
two  lines  of  Greek,  in  which  the  word 
panta  occurs  four  times.  "  Pantry  !  " 
cries  old  Doiley;  "no,  no;  you  can't  per- 
suade me  that's  Greek."  The  captain  talks 
of  "refulgent  scintillations  in  the  ambient 
void  opake  ;  chrysalic  spheroids,  and 
astifarous  constellations ; "  and  when 
Gradus  says,  "  It  is  a  rant  in  English," 
the  old  man  boils  with  indignation, 
"  Zounds  !  "  says  he;  "  d'ye  take  me  for 
a  fool?  D'ye  think  I  don't  know  my 
own  mother  tongue?  'Twas  no  more  like 
English  than  I  am  like  Whittington'a 
cat !  "  and  he  drives  off  Gradus  as  a  vile 
impostor. — Mrs.  Cowley,  Who's  the  Dupe? 

Granger.     (See  Edith.) 

Grangousier,  father  of  Gargantua, 
"a  good  sort  of  a  fellow  in  his  younger 
days,  and  a  notable  jester.  He  loved  to 
drink  neat,  and  would  eat  salt  meat" 
(bk.  i.  8).  He  married  Gargamelle 
(3  syl.),  daughter  of  the  king  of  the  Par- 
paillons,  and  had  a  son  named  Garga- 
tua.—Rabelais,  Gargantua,  i.  3  (1533). 


i 


GRANTAM. 


401 


GRAUNDE  AMOURE. 


♦^*  "  Grangousier  "  is  meant  for  John 
d'Albret,  king  of  Navarre ;  "Gargaaielle" 
for  Catherine  de  Foix,  queen  of  Navarre  ; 
end  "Gargantua"  for  Henri  d'Albret, 
king  of  Navarre.  Some  fancy  that 
"  Grangousier  "  is  meant  for  Louis  XII., 
but  this  cannot  be,  inasmuch  as  he  is 
distinctly  called  a  "heretic  for  declaim- 
ing against  the  saints  "  (ch.  xlv.). 

Grantam  (Miss),  a  friend  of  Miss 
jodfrey,  engaged  to  sir  James  Elliot. — 
Sam.  Foote,  The  Liar  (1761). 

Granfmesnil  (Sir  Hugh  de),  one  of 
the  knights  challengers  at  the  tourna- 
ment.—Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Grantorto,  the  personification  of  re- 
bellion in  general,  and  of  the  evil  genius 
of  the  Irish  rebellion  of  1580  in  particular. 
Grantorto  is  represented  as  a  huge  giant, 
who  withheld  from  Irena  [i.e.  Icrm  or 
Ireland']  her  inheritance.  Sir  Artggal 
\^Arthur  lord  Grey  of  Wiltori],  being  sent 
to  destroy  him,  challenged  him  to  single 
combat,  and  having  felled  him  to  the 
earth  with  his  sword  Chrysa'or,  "  reft  off 
his  head  to  ease  him  of  his  pain." — 
Spenser,  FaMry  Queen,  v.  12  (1596). 

Grapes  of  God.  Tennyson  calls 
the  wine-cup  of  the  eucharist  "  the 
chalice  of  the  grapes  of  God,"  alluding, 
of  course,  to  the  symbolical  character  of 
the  sacramental  wine,  which  represents  the 
death-blood  of  Christ,  shed  for  the  re- 
mission of  sin. 

Where  the  kneeling  hsimlet  drains 
The  chalice  of  the  grapes  of  God. 

Tennyson,  !n  iiemoriam,  x. 

Graipes  Painted.  Zeuxis  of  Hera- 
clea  painted  grapes  so  admirably  that 
birds  flew  to  them  and  tried  to  eat  them. 
(See  House  Painted.) 

Therefore  the  bee  did  suck  the  painted  flower, 
And  birds  of  grapes  the  cunning  semblance  pecked. 
Sir  John  Pavies,  Immortality  of  tho  Soul,  ii.  (1622). 

Grass  (Cronos),  a  grass  which  gives 
those  who  taste  it  an  irresistible  desire 
5  for  the  sea.  Glaucus,  the  Boeo'tian 
fisherman,  observed  that  all  the  fishes 
which  he  laid  on  the  grass  instantly 
leaped  back  into  the  water,  whereupon 
he  also  tasted  the  grass,  and  was  seized 
with  the  same  irresistible  desire.  Leaping 
into  the  sea,  he  became  a  minor  sea-god, 
with  the  gift  of  prophecy. 

Grass  ( To  give),  to  acknowledge  yourself 
vanquished.  A  Latin  phrasip,  Herbam 
dare  aut  porrigSre. — Pliny,  Nat,  Hist., 
xxii.  4. 


Grasshopper  (A).  What  animal  is 
that  which  avoids  every  one,  is  a  com- 
pound of  seven  animals,  and  lives  la 
desolate  places  ? 

Damakfi  answered,  "  It  Is  a  grasshopper,  which  has  tba 
head  of  a  horse,  the  neck  of  an  ox,  the  wings  of  a  dragon, 
the  feet  of  a  camel,  the  tail  of  a  serpent,  the  horns  of  a 
stag,  and  tlie  body  of  a  scorpion." — Count  Caylus,  Oriental 
Tales  ("  The  Four  Talisnuins,"  1743). 

Grass-market  (Edinburgh),  at  one 
time  the  place  of  public  executions. 

Mitchel,  being  asked  why  he  had  made  so  wicked  an 
attempt  on  tlie  person  of  the  archbishop  [Shtirpe],  replied 
that  he  did  it  "  for  the  glory  of  God."  .  .  .  The  duke  said 
then,  "Let  Mitchel  glorify  God  in  the  Grass-market.'  — 
Higgins,  JiemarkM  on  Burnet,  ii.  131. 

Gra'tian  (Father),  the  begging  friar 
at  John  Alengs's  inn  at  Kirchhoff. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Gratia'no,  one  of  Anthonio's  friends. 
He  "talked  an  infinite  deal  of  nothing, 
more  than  any  man  in  all  Venice." 
Gratiano  married  Nerissa,  the  waiting- 
gentlewoman  of  Portia. — Shakespeare, 
Merchant  of  Venice  (1598). 

Gratia'no,  brother  of  Brabantio,  and 
undo  of  Desdemona.  —  Shakespeare, 
Othello  (1611). 

Graunde  Amoure  (Sir),  walking 
in  a  meadow,  was  told  by  Fame  of  a 
beautiful  lady  named  La  belle  Pucell, 
who  resided  in  the  Tower  of  Musyke. 
He  was  then  conducted  by  Gouvemance 
and  Grace  to  the  Tower  of  Doctrine,  where 
he  received  instruction  from  the  seven 
Sciences : — Gramer,  Logyke,  Rethorike, 
Arismetricke,  Musyke,  Geometry,  and 
Astronomy.  In  the  Tower  of  Musyke 
he  met  La  belle  Pucell,  with  whom  he  fell 
in  love,  but  thoy  parted  for  a  time.  Graunde 
Amoure  went  to  the  Tower  of  Chivalry 
to  perfect  himself  in  the  arts  of  knight- 
hood, and  there  he  received  his  degree 
from  king  Melyz'yus.  He  then  started 
on  his  adventures,  and  soon  encountered 
False  Report,  who  joined  him  and  told 
him  many  a  lying  tale  ;  but  lady  Correc- 
tion, coming  up,  had  False  Report  soundly 
beaten,  and  the  knight  was  entertained 
at  her  castle.  Next  day  he  left,  and  came 
to  a  wall  where  hung  a  shield  and  horn. 
On  blowing  the  horn,  a  three-headed 
monster  came  forth,  with  whom  he  fought, 
and  cut  off  the  three  heads,  called  False- 
hood, Imagination,  and  Perjury.  He 
passed  the  night  in  the  house  of  lady  Com- 
fort, who  attended  to  his  wounds ;  and  next 
day  he  slew  a  giant  fifteen  feet  high  and 
with  seven  heads.  Lastly,  he  slew  the 
monster  Malyce,  made  by  enchantment  of 
seven  metals.  His  achievements  over,  he 
2  c 


GRAVEAIRS. 


402    GREAT  CHAM  OF  LITERATURE. 


married  La  belle  Pucell,  and  lived  happily 
till  he  was  arrested  by  Age,  havinj^  for 
companions  Policye  and  Avarice.  Death 
came  at  last  to  carry  him  off,  and  Re- 
membrance wrote  his  epitaph. — Stephen 
Hawes,  The  Passe-tijmeof  Plesure  (1515). 
Graunde  Amoure's  Steed,  G&i&nty&Q,  the 
gift  of  king  Melyz'yus  when  he  conferred 
on  him  the  degree  of  knighthood. 

I  myselfe  shall  give  you  a  worthy  stede. 
Called  Galantyse,  to  helpe  you  In  your  nede. 
Stephen  Ilawes,  The  Paue-tyme  of  Picture,  xxviii.  (1515). 

Graunde  Amoure's  Sword,  Clare  Pru- 
dence. 

Drawing  my  swerde,  that  was  both  faire  and  bright, 
1  clipped  Clare  Prudence. 
Stephen  Hawes,  The  Pcuse-tj/me  of  Pleture,  xxxlil.  (1515). 

Q-rave'airs  (Lady),  a  lady  of  very 
dubious  virtue,  in  The  Careless  Husband, 
by  CoUey  Gibber  (1704). 

Mrs.  Hamilton  [1730-1788],  upon  her  entrance,  was 
saluted  with  a  storm  of  hLsses,  and  advancing  to  the 
footlights  said,  "Gemmen  and  ladies,  I  s'pose  as  how 
you  hiss  me  because  I  wouldn't  play  'lady  Gravenirs' 
last  night  at  Mrs.  Bellamy's  benefit.  I  would  have  done 
so,  but  she  said  as  Itow  my  audience  stunk,  and  were  all 
tripe  people."  The  pit  roared  with  laughter,  and  the 
who'«  house  shouted  "  Mrs.  Tripe  1 "  a  title  which  the  fair 
speechifier  retained  ever  after.— if emoir  o/  Mrs.  Bamil- 
tun  (1803). 

Gray  {Old  Alice),  a  former  tenant  of 
the  Ravenswood  family. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Bride    of   Lammermoo'r   (time,    William 

in.). 

Gray  {Dr.  Gideon),  the  surgeon  at 
Middlemas. 

Mrs.  Gray,  the  surgeon's  wife. 

Menie  Gray,  the  "surgeon's  daughter," 
taken  to  India  and  given  to  Tippoo  Saib 
as  an  addition  to  his  harem,  but,  being 
rescued  by  Hyder  Ali,  was  restored  to 
Hartley  ;  after  which  she  returned  to  her 
country, — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Gray  {Duncan)  wooed  a  young  lass 
called  Maggie,  but  as  Duncan  looked 
asklent,  Maggie  "coost  her  head"  and 
bade  Duncan  behave  himself.  "  Duncan 
fleeched,  and  Duncan  praj^ed,"  but  Meg 
was  deaf  to  his  pleadings ;  so  Duncan 
took  himself  off  in  dudgeon.  This  was 
more  than  Maggie  meant,  so  she  fell  sick 
and  like  to  die.  As  Duncan  "could  na 
be  her  death,"  he  came  forward  manfully 
again,  and  then  "  they  were  crouse 
[merry']  and  canty  bath.  Ha,  ha !  the 
wooing  o't." — R.  Bums,  Duncan  Gray 
(1792). 

Gray  {Mary),  daughter  of  a  country 
gentleman  of  Perth.  When  the  plague 
broke  out  in  1666,  Mary  Gray  and  her 
friend    Bessy    Bell    retired    to    an    un- 


frequented spot  called  Bum  Braes,  where 
they  lived  in  a  secluded  cottage  and  saw 
no  one.  A  young  gentleman  brought 
them  food,  but  he  caught  the  plague, 
communicated  it  to  the  two  ladies,  and 
all  three  died. — Allan  Ramsay,  Bessy  Bell 
and  Mary  Gray. 

Gray  {Auld  Robin).  Jennie,  a  Scotch 
lass,  was  loved  by  young  Jamie  ;  "  but 
saving  a  crown,  he  had  naething  else 
besides."  To  make  that  crown  a  pound, 
young  Jamie  went  to  sea,  and  both  were 
to  be  for  Jennie.  He  had  not  been  gone 
many  days  when  Jennie's  mother  fell 
sick,  her  father  broke  his  arm,  and  their 
cow  was  stolen  ;  then  auld  Robin  came 
forward  and  maintained  them  both.  Auld 
Robin  loved  the  lass,  and  "  wi'  tears  in 
his  ee,"  said,  "Jennie,  for  their  sakes,  oh, 
marry  me  !  "  Jennie's  heart  said  "  nay," 
for  she  looked  for  Jamie  back  ;  but  her 
father  urged  her,  and  the  mother  pleaded 
with  her  eye,  and  so  she  consented.  They 
had  not  been  married  above  a  month 
when  Jamie  returned.  They  met ;  she 
gave  him  one  kiss,  and  though  she  "  gang 
like  a  ghaist,"  she  made  up  her  mind, 
like  a  brave,  good  lassie,  to  be  a  gude 
wife,  for  auld  Robin  was  very  kind  to 
her  (1772). 

This  ballad  was  composed  by  lady  Anne 
Lindsay,  daughter  of  the  earl  of  Bal- 
carres  (afterwards  lady  Barnard).  It 
was  written  to  an  old  Scotch  tune  called 
The  Bridegroom  Grat  when  the  Sun  went 
Down.  Auld  Robin  Gray  was  her  father's 
herdsman.  When  lady  Anne  was  writing 
the  ballad,  and  was  piling  distress  on 
Jennie,  she  told  her  sister  that  she  had 
sent  Jamie  to  sea,  made  the  mother  sick, 
and  broken  the  father's  arm,  but  wanted 
a  fourth  calamity.  "  Steal  the  cow, 
sister  Anne,"  said  the  little  Elizabeth ; 
and  so  "the  cow  was  stolen  awa',"  and_ 
the  song  completed. 

Gray's  Monument,  in  Westminst 
Abbey,  was  by  Bacon. 

Graysteel,  the  sword  of  Kol,  fatal 
its  owner.  It  passed  into  several  banc 
and  always  brought  ill-luck  with  it. 
Icelandic  jEdda. 

Great  Captain  {The),  Gonsah 
Cor'dova,  el  Gran  Capitan  (1453-1515). 

Manuel  I.  [Comnenus]  emperor  of 
Trebizond,  is  so  called  also  (1120,  1143- 
1180). 

Great  Cham  of  Literature,  T>t, 

Samuel  Johnson  (1709-1784).  ~ 


J 


GREAT  COMMONER. 


403 


GREEK  CHURCH. 


Great  Commoner  {The),  William 
Pitt  (1759-1806). 

Great  Dauphin  {Tlw),  Louis  the 
son  of  Louis  XIV.  (1661-1711). 

*^*  The  "Little  Dauphin"  was  the 
duke  of  Bourgogne,  son  of  the  Great  or 
Grand  Dauphin.  Both  died  before  Louis 
XIV. 

Great  Duke  {The),  the  duke  of 
Wellington  (1769-1862). 

Bury  the  Great  Duke 

With  an  empire's  lamentation ; 
Let  us  bury  the  Great  Duke 

To  the  noise  of  the  mourning  of  a  great  nation. 
Tennyson. 

Great-Head  or  Canmore,  Mal- 
colm III.  of  Scotland  (*,  1057-1093). 

Great-heart  {Mr.),  the  guide  of 
Christiana  and  her  family  to  the  Celestial 
City. — Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii. 
(1684). 

Great  Magician  {The)  or  The 
Great  Magician  of  the  North,  sir  Walter 
Scott.  So  called  first  by  professor  John 
Wilson  (1771-1832). 

Great  Marquis  {The),  James  Gra- 
ham, marquis  of  Montrose  (1612-1650). 

I've  told  thee  how  we  swept  Dundee, 
And  tamed  the  Lindsays'  pride ; 


But  never  have  I  told  tl>ee  yet 


How  the  Great  Marquis 


I  yet 
died. 


Aytoun. 


Great  Marquis  {The),  dom  Sebastiano 
Jose  de  Carvalho,  marquis  de  Pombal, 
greatest  of  all  the  Portuguese  statesmen 
(1699-1782). 

Great  Moralist  {The),  Dr.  Samuel 
Johnson  (1709-1784). 

Great  Sea  {The).  The  Mediterra- 
nean Sea  was  so  called  by  the  ancients. 

Great  Unknown  {The),  sir  Walter 
Scott,  who  published  his  Waver  ley  Novels 
anonymously  (1771-1832). 

Great  Unwashed  {The).  The 
artisan  class  were  first  so  called  by  sir 
W.  Scott. 

Greaves  {Sir  Launcelot),  a  well-bred 
young  English  squire  of  the  George  II. 
period ;  handsome,  virtuous,  and  en- 
lightened, but  crack-brained.  He  sets 
out,  attended  by  an  old  sea-captain,  to 
detect  fraud  and  treason,  abase  inso- 
lence, mortify  pride,  discourage  slander, 
jl  disgrace  immodesty,  and  punish  ingrati- 
tude. Sir  Launcelot,  in  fact,  is  a  modem 
don  Quixote,   and  captain   Crow  is  his 


Sancho  Panza.— T.  Smollett,  The  Adven- 
tures of  Sir  launcelot  Greaves  (1760). 

Smollett  became  editor  of  the  Critical  Review,  and  an 
attack  in  that  journal  on  admiral  Knowles  led  to  a  trial 
for  libel.  The  author  was  sentenced  to  jiay  a  fine  of 
£100,  and  suffer  three  months'  imprisonment.  He  con- 
soled himself  in  prison  by  writing  his  novel  of  Launceiot 
Greaves. — Chambers,  English  literature,  ii.  65. 

Grecian  Daughter  {The),  Eu- 
phrasia, daughter  of  Evander  a  Greek, 
who  dethroned  Dionysius  the  Elder,  and 
became  king  of  Syracuse.  In  hip  old  age 
he  was  himself  dethroned  by  Dionysius 
the  Younger,  and  confined  in  a  dungeon 
in  a  rock,  where  he  was  saved  from  star- 
vation by  his  daughter,  who  fed  him  with 
"  the  milk  designed  for  her  own  babe." 
Timoleon  having  made  himself  master  of 
Syracuse,  Dionysius  accidentally  en- 
countered Evander  his  prisoner,  and  was 
about  to  kill  him,  when  Euphrasia  rushed 
forwards  and  stabbed  the  tyrant  to  the 
heart. — A.  Murphy,  The  Grecian  Daughter 
(1772). 

**♦  As  an  historical  drama,  this  plot  is 
much  the  same  as  if  the  writer  had  said 
that  James  I.  (of  England)  abdicated  and 
retired  to  St.  Germain,  and  when  his  son 
James  II.  succeeded  to  the  crown,  he  was 
beheaded  at  White  Hall ;  for  Murphy 
makes  Dionysius  the  Elder  to  have  been 
dethroned,  and  going  to  Corinth  to  live 
(act  i.),  and  Dionysius  the  Younger  to 
have  been  slain  by  the  dagger  of  Eu- 
phrasia ;  whereas  Dionysius  the  Elder 
never  was  dethroned,  but  died  in  Syracuse 
at  the  age  of  63 ;  and  Dionysius  the 
Younger  was  not  slain  in  Syracuse,  but 
being  dethroned,  went  to  Corinth,  where 
he  lived  and  died  in  exile. 

Greece  {T/ie  two  eyes  of),  Athens  and 
Sparta. 

Greedy  {Justice),  thin  as  a  thread- 
paper,  always  eating  and  always  hungry. 
He  says  to  sir  Giles  Overreach  (act  iii.  1), 
"  Oh,  I  do  much  honour  a  chine  of  beef ! 
Oh,  I  do  reverence  a  loin  of  veal ! "  As  a 
justice,  he  is  most  venial — the  promise  of 
a  turkey  will  buy  him,  but  the  promise 
of  a  haunch  of  venison  will  out-buy  him. 
— Massinger,  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts 
(1628). 

Greek  {A),  a  pander ;  a  merry  Greek, 
a  foolish  Greek,  a  Corinthian,  etc.,  all 
mean  either  pander  or  harlot.  Frequently 
used  by  Shakespeare  in  Timon  of  Athens 
(1678),  and  in  Henry  IV.  (1597-9). 

Greek  Church  {Fathers  of  the): 
Eusebius,  Athana'sius,  Basil  *'  the  Great," 
Gregory  Nazianze'nus,  Gregory  of  Nyssa, 


GREEK  KALENDS. 


404 


GREEN  KNIGHT. 


Cyril  of  Jerusalem,  Chrys'ostom,  Epipha'- 
nuis,  Cyril  of  Alexandria,  and  Ephraim 
deacon  of  Edessa. 

Greek  Kalends,  never.  There  were 
no  kalends  in  the  Greek  system  of  reckon- 
ing the  months.  Hence  Suetonius  says 
it  shall  be  transferred  ad  Grcccas  calendas, 
or,  in  parliamentary  phrase,  "to  this  day 
six  months." 

They  and  their  bills  ...  are  left 
Xo  the  Greek  Kalend*. 

Byron,  Bon  Juan,  xiii.  45  (1824). 

Greeks  (Last  of  the),  Philopoe'men  of 
Megalop'olis,  whose  great  object  was  to 
infuse  into  the  Achaeans  a  military  spirit, 
and  establish  their  independence  (b.c. 
262-183). 

Greeks  joined  Greeks.  Clytus  said  to 
Alexander  that  Philip  was  the  greater 
warrior : 

I  have  seen  him  march, 
And  fought  beneath  his  dreadful  banner,  where 
The  boldest  at  this  table  would  have  trembled. 
Nay,  frown  not,  sir,  you  cannot  look  me  dead  ; 
When  Greeks<joined  Greeks,  then  was  the  tug  of  war. 
N.  Lee,  Alexander  the  Great,  iv.  2  (1678). 

♦^*  Slightly  altered  into  When  Greek 
joins  Greek,  then  is  the  tug  of  war.  This  lin  e 
of  Nathaniel  Lee  has  become  a  household 
phrase. 

Ih  play  the  Greek,  to  act  like  a  harlot. 
When  Cressid  says  of  Helen,  "Then 
she's  a  merry  Greek  indeed,"  she  means 
that  Helen  is  no  better  than  a  fitle publique. 
Probably  Shakespeare  had  his  eye  upon 
"fair  Hiren,"  in  Peel's  play  called  The 
2'urkish  Mahomet  and  Hyren  the  Fair 
Greek.  "  A  fair  Greek  "  was  at  one  time 
a  euphemism  for  a  courtezan. 

Green  {Mr.  Faddington),  clerk  at 
Somerset  House. 

Mrs.  Faddington  Green,  his  wife. — T. 
M.  Morton,  If  i  had  a  Thousand  a  Year. 

Green  (Verdant),  a  young  man  of 
infinite  simplicity,  who  goes  to  college, 
and  is  played  upon  by  all  the  practical 
jokers  of  alma  mater.  After  he  has 
bought  his  knowledge  by  experience, 
the  butt  becomes  the  "butter"  of  juve- 
Biles  greener  than  himself.  Verdant 
Green  wore  spectacles,  which  won  for 
him  the  nickname  of  "Gig-lamps." — 
Cuthbert  Bede  [Rev.  Edw.  Bradley], 
Yerdant  Green  (1860). 

Green  (Widow),  a  nch,  buxom  dame 
of  40,  who  married  first  for  money,  and 
intended  to  choose  her  second  husband 
"to  please  her  vanity."  She  fancied 
Waller  loved  her,  and  meant  to  make 
her  his  wife,  but  sir  William  Fondlove 


was  her  adorer.  When  the  politic  widow 
discovered  that  Waller  had  fixed  his  love 
on  another,  she  gave  her  hand  to  the  old 
beau,  sir  William  ;  for  ii  the  news  got 
wind  of  her  love  for  Waller,  she  would 
become  the  laughing-stock  of  all  her 
friends. — S.  Knowles,  The  Love- Chase 
(1837). 

Green-Bag  Inquiry  (The).  A 
green  bag  full  of  documents,  said  to  be 
seditious,  was  laid  before  parliament  by 
lord  Sidmouth,  in  1817.  A*  "inquiry' 
was  made  into  these  documents,  ana  it 
was  deemed  advisable  to  suspend  the 
Habeas  Corpus  Act,  and  forbid  all  sorts 
of  political  meetings  likely  to  be  of  a 
seditious  character. 

Green  Bird.  Martyrs,  after  death, 
partake  of  the  delights  of  bliss  in  the 
crops  of  green  birds,  which  feed  on  the 
fruits  of  paradise. — Jallalo'ddin. 

Green  Bird  (The),  a  bird  that  told 
one  everything  it  was  asked.  An  oracular 
bird,  obtained  by  Fairstar  after  the 
failure  of  Chery  and  her  two  brothers. 
It  was  this  bird  who  revealed  to  the  king 
that  Fairstar  was  his  daughter  and 
Chery  his  nephew. — Comtesse  D'Aunoy, 
Fairy  Tales  ("Fairstar  and  Prince 
Chery,"  1682). 

Green  Hands,  inferior  sailors ;  also 
called  "boys,"  quite  irrespective  of  age. 
A  crew  is  divided  into  (1)  able  seamen, 
(2)  ordinarj'  seamen,  and  (3)  green  hands 
or  boys,  who  need  know  nothing  about  a 
ship,  not  even  the  name  of  a  single  rope. 

Green  Horse  (The),  the  5th 
Dragoon  Guards  (not  the  5th  Dragoons). 
So  called  from  their  green  velvet  facings. 

Green  Howards  (The),  the  19t 
Foot.  So  called  from  the  Hon.  CharU 
Howard,  their  colonel  from  1738  to  Yt 

Green  Isle  (The)  or  The  Emerai 
Isle,  Ireland. 

A  pugnacity  characteristic  of  the  Green  Isle.— Sir  ^ 
Scott. 

Green  Knight  (The),  sir  Pei 
lope  (3  syl.),  called  by  Tennyson  "  Evei 
iug  Star"  or  "  Hesperus."  He  was  one 
of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages 
of  Castle  Perilous,  and  was  overthrown 
by  sir  Gareth. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Frince  Arthur,  i.  127  (1470);  Tennyson, 
Idylls  ("  Gareth  and  Lynette  "). 

*^*  It  IS  evidently  a  blunder  of  Tenny- 
son to  call  the  Green  Knight  "Even'"' 
Star,"  and  the  Blue  Knight  "  Momi 


I 


GREEN  KNIGHT. 


405 


GRENVILLE. 


Star."  In  the  old  romance  the  combat 
■with  the  "Green  Knight"  was  at  dawn, 
and  with  the  "Blue  Knight"  at  sunset. 
— See  Ifotes  and  Queries  (February  16, 
1878). 

Green  Knight  (The),  a  pagan  knight, 
who  demanded  Fezon  in  marriage,  but 
being  overcome  by  Orson,  was  obliged  to 
resign  his  claim. —  Valentine  and  Orson 
(fifteenth  century). 

Green  Lettuce  Lane  (St.  Law- 
rence, Poultney),  a  corruption  of  "Green 
Lattice  ; "  so  called  from  the  green  lattice 
gate  which  used  to  open  into  Cannon 
Street. 

Green  Linnets,  the  39th  Foot. 
Their  facings  are  green. 

Green  Man  (The).  The  man  who 
used  to  let  off  fireworks  was  so  called  in 
the  reign  of  James  I. 

Have  you  any  squiws,  any  green  man  hi  your  shows  T— 
Jolin  Kirke  [R.  Johnson],  The  Seven  Champions  of 
ChrUtettdom  (1617). 

Green  Alan  (The),  a  gentleman's 
gamekeeper,  at  one  time  clad  in  green. 

But  the  green  man  shall  I  pass  by  unsung?  .  . . 
A  iqujre's  attendant  clad  in  keepers  green. 

Crabbe,  Borough  (1810). 

Greenhalgh,  messenger  of  the  earl 
of  Derby. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  tlie 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Greenhorn  {Mr.  Gilbert),  an  attor- 
ney, in  partnership  with  Mr,  Gabriel 
Grinderson. 

Mr.  Gernigo  Greenhorn,  father  of  Mr. 
Gilbert.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Greenleaf  {Gilbert),  the  old  archer  at 
Douglas  Castle. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henrj'  I.). 


St.    Gregory's    Day," 


Gregory. 
March  12. 

Sow  runcivals  timely,  and  all  that  Is  gray ; 
But  sow  not  the  white  \_pe(u,  etc.]  till  St.  Gregory's  day. 
T.  Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Pointt  of  Oood 
Husbandry,  xxxv.  3  (1537). 

Gregory,  a  faggot-maker  of  good 
education,  first  at  a  charity  school, 
then  as  waiter  on  an  Oxford  student,  and 
j  then  as  the  fag  of  a  travelling  physician. 
I  When  compelled  to  act  the  doctor,  he 
ji  says  the  disease  of  his  patient  arises  from 
i"  propria  quae  maribus  tribuuntur  mas- 
hula  dicas,  ut  sunt  divorum,  Mars, 
j,' Bacchus,  Apollo,  virorum."  And  when 
I  lit  Jasper  says,  "I  always  thought  till 
I  low  that  the  heart  is  on  the  left  side  and 
he  liver  on  the  right,"  he  replies,  "  Ay, 


sir,  so  they  were  formerly,  but  we  hav« 
changed  all  that."  In  Molifere's  comedy, 
Le  Me'decin  Malgr^Lui,  Gregory  is  called 
"  Sganarelle,"  and  all  these  jokes  are  in 
act  ii.  6. — Henry  Fielding,  The  Mock 
Doctor. 

Gregory,  father  and  son,  hangmen  in 
the  seventeenth  century.  In  the  time  of 
the  Gregorys,  hangmen  were  termed 
"  esquires."  In  France,  executioners  were 
termed  "  monsieur,"  even  to  the  breaking 
out  of  the  Revolution. 

Gregson  {Widow),  Darsie  Latimer's 
landladv  at  Shepherd's  Bush. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  kedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Gregson  {Gilbert),  the  messenger  of 
father  Buonaventura. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Gre'mio,  an  old  man  who  wishes  to 
marry  Bianca,  but  the  lady  prefers 
Lucentio,  a  young  man. — Shakespeare, 
Taming  of  the  Shrew  (1594). 

Grendel,  the  monster  from  which 
Beowulf  delivered  Hrothgar  king  of 
Denmark.  It  was  half  monster,  half 
man,  whose  haunt  was  the  marshes  among 
"  a  monster  race."  Night  after  night  it 
crept  stealthily  into  the  palace  called 
Heorot,  and  slew  sometimes  as  many  as 
thirtj'  of  the  inmates.  At  length  Beowulf, 
at  the  head  of  a  mixed  band  of  warriors, 
went  against  it  and  slew  it. — Beowulf,  aa 
Anglo-Saxon  epic  (sixth  century). 

Grenville  {Sir  Richard),  the  com- 
mander of  The  Revenge,  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Elizabeth.  Out  of  his  crew,  ninety 
were  sick  on  shore,  and  only  a  hundred 
able-bodied  men  remained  on  board. 
The  Revenge  was  one  of  the  six  ships 
under  the  command  of  lord  Thomas 
Howard.  WTiile  cruising  near  the  Azores, 
a  Spanish  fleet  of  fifty-three  ships  made 
towards  the  English,  and  lord  Howard 
sheered  off,  saying,  "  My  ships  are  out 
of  gear,  and  how  can  six  ships-of-the- 
line  fi^ht  with  fifty-three  ?  "  Sir  Richard 
Grenville,  however,  resolved  to  stay  and 
encounter  the  foe,  and  "ship  after  ship 
the  whole  night  long  drew  back  with  her 
dead  ;  some  were  sunk,  more  were  shat- 
tered ; "  and  the  brave  hundred  still 
fought  on.  Sir  Richard  was  wounded' 
and  his  ship  riddled,  but  his  cry  was  still 
"  Fight  on  !  "  When  resistance  was  no 
longer  possible,  he  cried,  "  Sink  the  ship, 
master  gunner !  sink  her !  Split  her  in 
twain,  nor  let  her  fail  into  the  hands  of 
the  foeL"    But   the  Spaniards  boarded 


GRESHAM  AND  THE  PEARL.      406 


GRIFFIN. 


het;  atsd  praised  sir  Richard  for  his  heroic 
daring.  "  I  have  done  my  duty  for  my 
qiieen  and  faith,"  he  said,  and  died.  The 
Spaniards  sent  the  prize  home,  but  a 
tempest  came  on,  and  The  Revenge^  shot- 
shattered,  "went  down,  to  be  lost  ever- 
more in  the  main." — Tennvson,  The 
Jievenge,  a  ballad  of  the  fleet  (1878).  ^ 

Froude  has  an  essay  on  the  subject. 
Canon  Kingsley,  in  Westward  Ho !  has 
drawn  sir  Richard  Grenville,  and  alludes 
to  the  fight.  Arber  published  three  small 
volumes  on  sir  Richard's  noble  exploit. 
Gervase  Markham  has  a  long  poem  on 
the  subject.  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  says : 
"If  lord  Howard  had  stood  to  his  guns, 
the  Spanish  fleet  would  have  been  annihi- 
lated." Probably  Browning's  Herve'  Riel 
was  present  to  the  mind  of  Tennyson 
when  he  wrote  the  ballad  of  The  Revenge. 

Gresham  and  the  Pearl.  When 
queen  Elizabeth  visited  the  Exchange, 
sir  Thomas  Gresham  pledged  her  health 
in  a  cup  of  wine  containing  a  precious 
stone  crushed  to  atoms,  and  worth 
£15,000. 

Here  £15,000  at  one  clap  goes 
Instead  of  sugar ;  Gresham  drinks  the  pead 
Unto  his  queen  and  mistress.     Pledxe  it,  lords, 
Heywood,  //  Vou  Know  not  Me,  Voii  Know  Nobody. 

*^*  It  is  devoutly  to  be  hoped  that  sir 
Thomas  was  above  such  absurd  vanity, 
very  well  for  queen  Cleopatra,  but  more 
than  ridiculous  in  such  an  imitation. 

Gresham  and  the  Grasshopper.  There 
is  a  vulgar  tradition  that  sir  Thomas 
Gresham  was  a  foundling,  and  that  the 
old  beldame  who  brought  him  up  was 
attracted  to  the  spot  where  she  found 
him,  by  the  loud  chirping  of  a  grass- 
hopper. 

*^*  This  tale  arose  from  the  grass- 
hopper, which  forms  the  crest  of  sir 
Thomas. 

To  Sup  with  sir  Thomas  Gresham, 
to  have  no  supper.  Similarly,  "to  dine 
with  duke  Humphrey,"  is  to  have  no- 
where to  dine.  The  Royal  Exchange 
was  at  one  time  a  common  lounging-place 
for  idlers. 

Tlio'  little  coin  thy  purseless  pockets  line, 

Yet  with  great  company  thou'rt  taken  up ; 
For  often  with  duke  Humphrey  thou  dost  dine. 
And  offen  with  sir  Thomas  Gresham  sup. 
Haymaii,  quidlibet  (Epigram  ou  a  loafer,  1628). 

Gretchen,  a  German  diminutive  of 
Margaret  ;  the  heroine  of  Goethe's 
Faust.  Faust  meets  her  on  her  return 
from  church,  falls  in  love  with  her,  and 
at  last  seduces  her.  Overcome  with 
shame,  Gretchen  destroys  the  infant  to 
vhich  she  gives  birth,  and  is  condemned . 


to  death.  Faust  attempts  to  save  her; 
and,  gaining  admission  to  the  dungeon, 
finds  her  huddled  on  a  bed  of  stra>r, 
singing  wild  snatches  of  ballads,  quite 
insane.  He  tries  to  induce  her  to  flee 
with  him,  but  in  vain.  At  daybreak, 
Mephistopheles,  Gretchen  dies  and  Faust 
is  taken  away. 

Gretchen  is  a  perfect  union  of  home- 
liness and  simplicity,  though  her  love  is 
strong  as  death ;  yet  is  she  a  human 
woman  throughout,  and  never  a  mere 
abstraction.  No  character  ever  drawn 
takes  so  strong  a  hold  on  the  heart,  and, 
with  all  her  faults,  who  does  not  love 
and  pity  her  ? 

Greth'el  (Gammer),  the  hypothetical 
narrator  of  the  tales  edited  by  the 
brothers  Grimm. 

*^*  Said  to  be  Frau  Viehmanin,  wife  of 
a  peasant  in  the  suburbs  of  Hesse  Cassel, 
from  whose  mouth  the  brothers  tran- 
scribed the  tales. 

Grey  (Lady  Jane),  a  tragedy  by  N. 
Rowe  (1715).  Another  by  Ross  Neil; 
and  one  by  Tennyson  (1876). 

In  French,  Laplace  (1745),  Mde.  de 
Stael  (1800),  Ch.  Brifaut  (1812),  and 
Alexandre  Soumet  (1844),  produced 
tragedies  on  the  same  subject.  Paul, 
Helaroche  has  a  fine  picture  called  "I 
Supplice  de  Jane  Grey"  (1835). 

Gribouille,  the  wiseacre  who  threi 
himself  into  a  river  that  his  clothe 
might  not  get  wetted  by  the  rain. — J^ 
French  Proverbial  Saying. 

Gride  (Arthur),  a  mean  old  usure 
who  wished  to  marrj"^  Madeline  Bray,  bt 
Madeline  loved  Nicholas  Nickleby,  and 
married  him.     Gride  was  murdered.- 
Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Grieux  (Le  chevalier  de),  the  hero 
a  French  novel  by  A.  F.  Pre'vost,  calle 
Manon  VEscaut,  translated  into  Englisl] 
by  Charlotte  Smith.  A  discreditabl 
connection  exists  betAveen  De  Grieu3 
and  Manon,  but  as  the  novel  proceeda 
Manon  changes  from  "the  fair  mischief" 
to  the  faithful  companion,  following  the 
fortunes  of  her  husband  in  disgrace  and 
banishment,  and  dying  by  his  side  in  the 
wilds  of  America  (1697-1763). 

Grieve  (Jockie),  landlord  of  an  ale- 
house near  Charlie's  Hope. — Sir  W.  Scott} 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Griffin  (Allan),  landlord  of  the  Grif- 
fin inn,  at  Perth.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fait 
Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 


GRIFFIN-FEET. 


407 


GRIPE. 


Griffin-feet,  the  mark  by  which  the 
Desert  Fairy  was  known  in  all  her  meta- 
morphoses.— Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy 
Tales  ("  The  Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 

Griffiths  {Old)^  steward  of  the  earl 
of  Derby.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peverii  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Griffiths  (Samuel),  London  agent  of  sir 
Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet.  -^  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Griflet  {Sir),  knighted  by  king 
Arthur  at  the  request  of  Merlin,  who  told 
the  king  that  sir  Griflet  would  prove 
"one  of  the  best  knights  of  the  world, 
and  the  strongest  man  of  arms." — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  20 
(1470). 

Grildrig,  a  mannikin. 

She  gave  me  tlie  name  "  Grildrig,"  which  the  family 
took  up,  and  afterwards  the  whole  kingdom.  The  word 
Imports  what  the  Latin  calls  manunculus,  the  Italian 
homunceletion,  and  the  English  mannikin. — Dean  Swift, 
6ulliver't  Travels  ("  Voyage  to  Brobdingnag,"  1726). 

Grim,  a  fisherman  who  rescued,  from 
a  boat  turned  adrift,  an  infant  named 
Habloc,  whom  he  adopted  and  brought 
up.  This  infant  was  the  son  of  the  king 
of  Denmark,  and  when  restored  to  his 
royal  father,  the  fisherman,  laden  with 
rich  presents,  built  the  village,  which  he 
called  after  his  own  name,  Grims-by  or 
"Grim's  town." 

*^*  The  ancient  seal  of  the  town  con- 
tained the  names  of  "Gryme"  and 
"Habloc." 

Grim  {Giant),  a  huge  giant,  who  tried 
to  stop  pilgrims  on  their  way  to  the 
Celestial  City.  He  was  slain  by  Mr. 
Greatheart. — Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress, 
u.  (1684). 

Grimalkin,  a  cat,  the  spirit  of  a 
witch.  Any  witch  was  permitted  to 
assume  the  body  of  a  cat  nine  times. 
When  the  "first  Witch"  (in  Macbeth) 
hears  a  cat  mew,  she  says,  "I  come, 
Grimalkin"  (act  i.  sc.  1). 

Grime,  the  partner  of  Item  the 
usurer.  It  is  to  Grime  that  Item  appeals 
when  he  wants  to  fudge  his  clients. 
"  Can  we  do  so,  Mr.  Grime  ?  "  brings  the 
stock  answer,  "Quite  impossible,  Mr. 
Item."— Holcroft,  The  Deserted  Daughter 
(1784),  altered  into  The  Steward. 

Grimes  {Peter),  the  drunken,  thievish 
son  of  a  steady  fisherman.  He  had  a 
^  boy,  whom  he  killed  by  ill-usage,  and 
two  others  he  made  away  with ;  but  es- 
caped conviction  through  defect  of  evi- 


dence. As  no  one  would  live  with  him# 
he  turned  mad,  was  lodged  in  the  parish 
poor-house,  confessed  his  crimes  in  de- 
lirium, and  died. — Crabbe,  Borouah,  s.xii, 
(1810). 

GrimesTDy  (Gaffer),  an  old  farmer  at 
Marlborough. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Grimwig,  an  irascible  old  gentle- 
man, who  hid  a  very  kind  heart  under  a 
rough  exterior.  He  was  Mr.  Brownlow's 
great  friend,  and  was  ahvays  declaring 
himself  ready  to  "eat  his  head"  if  he 
was  mistaken  on  any  point  on  which  he 
passed  an  opinion. — C.  Dickens,  Oliver 
Twist  (1837). 

Grinder  son  (Mr,  Gabriel),  partner 
of  Mr.  Greenhorn.  They  are  the  attor- 
neys who  press  sir  Arthur  Wardour  for 
the  payment  of  debts. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Grip,  the  clever  raven  of  Bainaby 
Rudge.  During  the  Gordon  riots  it 
learnt  the  cry  of  "  No  Popery  !  "  Other 
of  its  phrases  were :  "  I'm  a  devil ! " 
"Never  say  die!"  "Polly,  put  the 
kettle  on!"  etc. — C.  Dickens,  Barnaby 
Evdge  (1841). 

Gripe  (1  syl.),  a  scrivener,  husband 
of  Clarissa,  but  with  a  tendre  for  Ara- 
minta  the  wife  of  his  friend  Moneytrap. 
He  is  a  miserly,  money-loving,  pig- 
headed hunks,  but  is  duped  out  of  £250 
by  his  foolish  liking  for  his  neighbour's 
wife. — Sir  John  Vanbrugh,  The  Con~ 
federacy  (1695). 

Gripe  (1  syl.),  the  English  name  oi 
Ge'ronte,  in  Otway's  version  of  Molifere's 
comedy  of  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin.  His 
daughter,  called  in  French  Hyacinthe,  is 
called  "  Clara,"  and  his  son  Leandre  is 
Anglicized  into  "Leander." — Th.  Otway, 
The  Cheats  of  Scapin. 

Gripe  (Sir  Francis),  a  man  of  64, 
guardian  of  Miranda  an  heiress,  and 
father  of  Charles.  He  wants  to  marry 
his  ward  for  the  sake  of  her  money,  and 
as  she  cannot  obtain  her  property  without 
his  consent  to  her  marriage,  she  pretends 
to  be  in  love  with  him,  and  even  fixes  the 
day  of  espousals.  "  Gardy,"  quite  secure 
that  he  is  the  man  of  her  choice,  gives 
his  consent  to  her  marriage,  and  she 
marries  sir  George  Airy,  a  man  of  24. 
The  old  man  laughs  at  sir  George,  whom 
he  fancies  he  is  duping,  but  he  is  himself 


GRIPUS. 


40» 


GRONOVIUS. 


ihe  dupe  all  through. — Mrs.   Centlivre, 
The  Busii^^ody  (1709). 

December  2,  1790,  Munden  made  his  bow  to  the  CoTent 
Gardei;  audience  as  "sir  Francis  Gripe." — Memoir  of 
J.  S.  Munden  (1832). 

Gripus,  a  stupid,  venial  judge,  uncle 
of  Alcmena,  and  the  betrothed  of  Phsedra 
(Alcmena's  waiting-maid),  in  Drj'den's 
comedy  of  Amphitryon.  Neither  Gripus 
nor  Phaedra  is  among  the  dramatis 
personae  of  Molibre's  comedy  of  Amphi- 
tryon. 

Grisilda  or  Griselda,  the  model  of 
patience  and  submission,  meant  to  alle- 
gorize the  submission  of  a  holy  mind  to 
the  will  of  God.  Grisilda  was  the 
daughter  of  a  charcoal-burner,  but  be- 
came the  wife  of  Walter  marquis  of 
Saluzzo.  Her  husband  tried  her,  as  God 
tried  Job,  and  with  the  same  result:  (1) 
He  took  away  her  infant  daughter,  and 
secretly  conveyed  it  to  the  queen  of 
Pa'via  to  be  brought  up,  while  the 
mother  was  made  to  believe  that  it  was 
murdered.  (2)  Four  years  later  she  had 
a  son,  which  was  also  taken  from  her, 
and  was  sent  to  be  brought  up  with  his 
Bister.  (3)  Eight  j^ears  later,  Grisilda 
was  divorced,  and  sent  back  to  her  native 
cottage,  because  her  husband,  as  she  was 
told,  intended  to  marry  another.  \\Tien, 
however,  lord  Walter  saw  no  indication  of 
murmuring  or  jealousy,  he  told  Grisilda 
that  the  supposed  rival  was  her  own 
daughter,  and  her  patience  and  submis- 
sion met  with  their  full  reward. — Chaucer, 
Canterbury  Tales  ("The  Clerk's  Tale," 
1388). 

*^*  The  tale  of  Grisilda  is  the  last  in 
Boccaccio's  Decameron,  Petrarch  ren- 
dered it  into  a  Latin  romance,  entitled 
De  Obedentia  et  Fide  Uxoria  Mythologia. 
In  the  middle  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
appeared  a  ballad  and  also  a  prose  ver- 
sion of  Patient  Grissel.  Miss  Edgeworth 
has  a  domestic  novel  entitled  The  Modern 
Griselda.  The  tale  of  Griselda  is  an 
allegorj'  on  the  text,  "The  Lord  gave, 
and  the  Lord  hath  taken  away  ;  blessed 
be  the  name  of  the  Lord." 

Dryden  says  :  "  The  tale  of  Grizild  vr^s  the  invention  of 
Petiarch,  and  was  sent  by  him  to  Boccace,  from  wliom 
It  came  to  Cliaucer." — Prefaae  to  fabl-es. 

Griskinis'sa,  wife  of  Artaxaminous 
king  of  Utopia.  The  king  felt  in  doubt, 
and  asked  his  minister  of  state  this 
knotty  question : 

Shall  I  my  Griskinissa's  chams  forego, 
Compel  her  to  give  up  the  royal  chair, 
tuad  place  the  rosy  Dutaffina  tiiere  { 


The    minister    reminds    the    king    tibuit 
Distaffina  is  betrothed  to  his  general. 

And  would  a  king  his  general  supplant  J 
I  can't  advise,  upon  my  soul  I  can't. 

W.  B.  Rhodes.  Rombattes  PuHoao  (1790). 

Grissel  or  Grizel.  Octavia,  the 
wife  of  Mark  Antony,  and  sister  of 
Augustus,  is  called  the  "  patient  Grizel 
of  Koman  story." 

For  patience  she  will  prove  a  second  Grissel. 
Shakespeare,  Taming  of  the  Shrew,  act  ii.  sc.  1  (1594). 

Griz'el  Dal'mahoy  {Miss),  the 
seamstress. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Griz'zie,  maid-servant  to  Mrs.  Saddle- 
tree.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Griz'zie,  one  of  the  servants  of  the 
Rev.  Josiah  Cargill.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St. 
Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Griz'zie,  chambermaid  at  the  Golden 
Arms  inn,  at  Kippletringan. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Grizzle  {Lord),  the  first  peer  of  the 
realm  in  the  court  of  king  Arthur.     He 
is  in  love  with  the  princess  Huncamunca, 
and  as  the  lady  is  promised  in  marriage 
to  the    valiant    Tom  Thumb,   he  turns 
traitor,  and  "leads  his  rebel  rout  to  the, 
palace    gate."    Here    Tom    Thumb    en*ij 
counters  the  rebels,  and  Glumdalca, 
giantess,  thrusts  at  the  traitor,  but  missea 
him.     Then    the   "pigmy    giant-killer '^' 
runs  him  through  the  body.     The  blacJ 
cart  comes  up  to  drag  him  off,  but  the 
dead  man  tells  the  carter  he  need  no^ 
trouble  himself,  as  he  intends  "to  bea 
himself    off,"    and    so    he    does. — To 
Thumb,  by  Fielding  the  novelist  (1730)j 
.altered  by  Kane  O'Hara,  author  of  JfA 
(1778). 

Groat'settar  {Miss  Clara),  niece 
the  old  lady  Glowrowrum,  and  one  of 
guests  at  Burgh  Westra. 

Miss  Maddie  Groatscttar,  niece  of  thef 
old  lady  Glowrowrum,  and  one  of  the 
giiests  at  Burgh  Westra. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Pirate  (time,  William  HI.). 

Groffar'ius,  king  of  Aquitania,  wno 
resisted  Brute  the  mythical  groat-grand- 
son of  .^neas,  who  landed  there  on  his 
way  to  Britain. — M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion, 
i.  (1G12). 

Gronovius,  father  and  son,  critics 
and  humanists  (father,  1611-1671  ;  son, 
1646-1716). 

I  have  more  satisfaction    In   t>eholding   you    tlian   I 
I    should  have  in  conversing  with  Graavius  and  Gronovius. 


GROOM. 


•ion 


GRUEBY. 


I  bad  rather  possess  your  approbation  than  that  of  the 
«ider  Scaliger.— Mrg.  Cowley,  iVho'i  the  Ou/iel  i.  3. 

(Scaliger,  father  (1484-1558),  son 
(1640-1609),  critics  and  humanists.) 

Groom  (Squire),  "a  downright, 
English,  Newmarket,  stable-bred  gen- 
tleman-jockey, who,  having  ruined  his 
finances  by  dogs,  grooms,  cocks,  and 
horses  .  .  .  thinks  to  retrieve  his  affairs 
by  a  matrimonial  alliance  with  a  City 
fortune  "  (canto  i.  1).  He  is  one  of  the 
suitors  of  Charlotte  Goodchild ;  but, 
supposing  the  report  to  be  true  that  she 
has  lost  her  money,  he  says  to  her 
guardian : 

"  Hark  ye  I  sir  Tlieodore ;  I  always  make  my  match 
according  to  the  weight  my  thing  can  carry.  When  I 
offered  to  take  her  into  my  stable,  she  was  sound  and  in 
goo»l  ciise ;  but  I  hear  her  wind  is  touched.  If  so,  I  would 
not  back  her  for  a  shilling.  Matrimony  is  a  long  course, 
.  .  .  and  it  won't  do."— C.  Macklin,  Love  d  la  mode,  li.  1 
(1779). 

This  was  Lee  Lewes's  great  part  [1740-18031.  One 
morning  at  rehearsal,  Lewes  said  something  not  in  the 
play.  "Hoy,  hoy!"  cried  Macklin;  "whafs  that? 
what's  thatt"  "Oh,"  replied  Lewes,  "'tis  only  a  bit  of 
my  nonsense."  "  But,"  said  M.-vcklin,  gravely,  "  1  like 
my  nonsense,  Mr.  Lewes,  better  than  yours."— J.  O'Keefe. 

Grosvenor  IGrove'.nr]  Square, 
London.  So  called  because  it  is  built 
on  the  property  of  sir  Richard  Grosvenor, 
who  died  1732. 

Grotto  of  Bph'esus.  NearEphesus 
was  a  grotto  containing  a  statue  of  Diana 
attached  to  a  reed  presented  by  Pan.  If 
a  young  woman,  charged  with  dishonour, 
entered  this  grotto,  and  the  reed  gave 
forth  musical  sounds,  she  was  declared  to 
be  a  pure  virgin ;  but  if  it  gave  forth 
hideous  noises,  she  was  denounced  and 
never  seen  more.  Corinna  put  the  grotto 
to  the  test,  at  the  desire  of  Glaucon  of 
Lesbos,  and  was  never  seen  again  by  the 
eye  of  man. — E.  Bulwer  Lytton,  Tales 
of  Miletus,  iii.  (See  Chastity,  for  other 
tests.) 

Grouse's  Day  (Saint),  the  12th  of 
August. 

They  were  collected  with  guns  and  dogs  to  do  honour 
St.   Grouse's  d»y.— London    Society    ("Patty's 


Groveby  (Old),  of  Gloomstock  Hall, 
aged  65.  He  is  the  uncle  of  sir  Harry 
Groveby.  Brusque,  hasty,  self-willed, 
but  kind-hearted. 
j  Sir  Harry  Groveby,  nephew  of  old 
j  Groveby,  engaged  to  Maria  "  the  maid 
of  the  Oaks."— J.  Burgoyne,  The  Maid  of 
the  Oaka. 

'   Groves  (Jem),  landlord  of  the  Valiant 
I  Soldier,  to  which  was  attached  "  a  good 

dry  skittle-ground."— C.    Dickens,    Tlie 
\  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xxix.  (1840). 
18 


Grub  (Jonathan),  a  stock-broker, 
weighted  with  the  three  plagues  of  life — 
a  wife,  a  handsome  marriageabl  A  daugh- 
ter, and  £100,000  in  the  Funds,  "  any 
one  of  which  is  enough  to  drive  a  man 
mad ;  but  all  three  to  be  attended  to  at 
once  is  too  much." 

Mrs.  GrrU),  a  wealthy  City  woman,  who 
has  moved  from  the  east  to  the  fashion- 
able west  quarter  of  London,  and  has 
abandoned  merchants  and  tradespeople 
for  the  gentry. 

Emily  Grub,  called  Milly,  the  hand- 
some daughter  of  Jonathan.  She  marries 
captain  Bevil  of  the  Guards.— -O'Brien, 
Cross  Purposes. 

Grub  Street,  near  Moorfields,  Lon- 
don, once  famous  for  literary  hacks  and 
inferior  literary  publications.  It  is  now 
called  Milton  Street.  No  compliment  to 
our  great  epic  poet. 

rd  sooner  ballads  write  and  Grub  Street  lays. 

Gay. 

*^*  The  connection  between  Grub 
Street  literature  and  Milton  is  not  ap- 
parent. However,  as  Pindar,  Hesiod, 
Plutarch,  etc.,  were  Bceo'tians,  so  Foxe 
the  martyrologist,  and  Speed  the  his- 
torian, resided  in  Grub  Street. 

GrubTbinol,  a  shepherd  who  sings 
with  Bumkinet  a  dirge  on  the  death  of 
Blouzelinda. 

Thus  walled  the  louts  in  melancholy  strain, 
Till  bonny  iSusan  sped  across  the  plain  ; 
They  seized  the  lass,  in  apron  cleati  tirrayed. 
And  to  the  ale-house  forced  the  willing  maid ; 
In  ale  and  kisses  they  forgot  their  cares, 
And  Susan  Blouzelinda's  loss  repairs. 

Gay,  Pmtoral,  r.  (1714). 

(An  imitation  of  Virgil's  Ed.,  v. 
"  Daphnis.") 

Gru'dar  and  Bras'solis.  Cairbar 
and  Grudar  both  strove  for  a  spotted 
bull  "that  lowed  on  Golbun  Heath,"  in 
Ulster.  Each  claimed  it  as  his  own,  and 
at  length  fought,  when  Grudar  fell. 
Cairbar  took  the  shield  of  Grudar  to 
Brassolis,  and  said  to  her,  "  Fix  it  on 
high  within  my  hall ;  'tis  the  armour  of 
my  foe;"  but  the  maiden,  "distracted, 
flew  to  the  spot,  where  she  found  the 
youth  in  his  blood,"  and  died. 

Fair  was  Brassolis  on  the  plain.  Stately  was  Grudar  oa 
the  hill. — Ossian,  Hngal,  i. 

Grueby  (John),  servant  to  lord 
George  Gordon.  An  honest  fellow,  who 
remained  faithful  to  his  master  to  the 
bitter  end.  He  twice  saved  Haredale's 
life ;  and,  although  living  under  lord 
Gordon  and  loving  him,  detested  the 
crimes  into  which  his  master  was  be- 


GRUGEON. 


410 


GUARDS  OF  THE  POLE. 


trayed  by  bad  advice  and  false  zeal. — 
C.  Dickens,  Barnaby  Rudge  (1841). 

Grugeon,  one  of  Fortunio's  seven 
attendants.  His  gift  was  that  he  could 
eat  any  amount  of  food  without  satiety. 
When  Fortunio  first  saw  him,  he  was 
eating  60,000  loaves  for  his  breakfast. — 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("For- 
tunio," 1682). 

Grum'ball  {The  Rev.  Dr.),  from 
Oxford,  a  papist  conspirator  with  Red- 
gauntlet. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  IH.). 

Grumbo,  a  giant  in  the  tale  of  Tom 
Thumb.  A  raven  having  picked  up  Tom 
Thumb,  dropped  him  on  the  flat  roof  of 
the  giant's  castle.  When  old  Grumbo 
went  there  to  sniff  the  air,  Tom  crept 
up  his  sleeve  ;  the  giant,  feeling  tickled, 
shook  his  sleeve,  and  Tom  fell  into  the 
sea  below.  Here  he  was  swallowed  by 
a  fish,  and  the  fish,  being  caught,  was 
sold  for  king  Arthur's  tabic.  It  was 
thus  that  Tom  got  introduced  to  the 
great  king,  by  whom  he  was  knighted. 

Grumio,  one  of  the  servants  of 
Petruchio. — Shakespeare,  Tanning  of  the 
Shrew  (1694). 

Grundy  (Mrs.).  Dame  Ashfield,  » 
farmer's  wife,  is  jealous  of  a  neighbour- 
ing farmer  named  Grundy.  She  tells 
her  husband  that  Farmer  Grundy  got  five 
shillings  a  quarter  more  for  his  wheat 
than  they  did  ;  that  the  sun  seemed  to 
shine  on  purpose  for  Farmer  Grundy  ; 
that  Dame  Grundy's  butter  was  the 
crack  butter  of  the  market.  She  then 
goes  into  her  day-dreams,  and  says,  "  If 
our  Nelly  were  to  marry  a  great  baronet, 
I  wonder  what  Mrs.  Grundy  would  say?" 
Her  husband  makes  answer  : 

"Why  dan't  thee  letten  Mra.  Grundy  alone?  I  do 
Terily  think  when  thee  goest  to  t'other  world,  the  vurst 
question  thee'll  ax  'Ul  l)e,  if  Mis.  Grundy's  there?"— 
Th.  Morton,  Speed  the  Plmigh,  i  1  (1798). 

Gryll,  one  of  those  changed  by 
Acras'ia  into  a  hog.  He  abused  sir 
Guyon  for  disenchanting  him  ;  where- 
upon the  palmer  said  to  the  knight, 
"  Let  Gryll  be  Gryll,  and  have  his 
hoggish  mind." — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
ii.  12  (1590). 

Only  a  target  light  upon  his  arm 

He  careless  bore,  on  wliich  old  Gryll  was  drawn. 
Transformed  into  a  hog. 

Phin.  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Island,  vii.  (1633). 

Gryphon,  a  fabulous  monster,  having 
the  upper  part  like  a  vulture  or  eagle, 
and  the  lower  part  like  a  lion.  Grjphons 
were  the  supposed  guardians  of  gold- 
mines, and  were  in  perpetual  strife  with 


the  Arimas'pians,  a  people  of  Scythia, 
who  ritied  the  mines  for  the  adornment 
of  their  hair. 

As  when  a  gryphon  thro'  the  wilderness, 
With  winged  course,  o'er  hill  or  nioory  dale^ 
Pursues  the  Ariniaspian,  wlio,  by  stealth, 
Had  from  his  wakeful  custody  purloined 
The  guarded  gold. 

Milton,  I'aradUe  Lost,  ii.  943,  etc.  (1665). 

The  Gryphon,  symbolic  of  the  diving 
and  human  union  of  Jesus  Christ.  ThI 
fore  part  of  the  gryphon  is  an  eagle,  an^ 
the  hinder  part  a  lion.  Thus  Dante  sain 
in  purgatory  the  car  of  the  Church  dra\ 
by  a  gryphon. — Dante,  Purgatory,  x3  " 
(1308). 

Guadia'na,  the  'squire  of  Dui 
darte,  changed  into  a  river  of  the  sami 
name.  He  was  so  grieved  at  leaving  hi| 
master  that  he  plunged  instantaneousl] 
under  ground,  and  when  obliged  to  af 
pear  "where  he  might  be  seen,  he  glidt 
in  sullen  state  to  Portugal." — Cervant 
Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  6  (1615). 

Gualber 'to  ( ^5^ . ) ,  heir  of  Valdespe'i 
and  brought  up  with  the  feudal  notioi 
that  he  was  to  be  the  avenger  of  blooc* 
Anselmo  was  the  murderer  he  was  to  Ii 
in  wait  for,  and  he  was  to  make  it 
duty  of  his  life  to  have  blood  for  bloc 
One  day,  as  he  was  lying  in  ambush  fo 
Anselmo,  the  vesper  bell  rang,  and  Gi 
berto  (3  syl.)  fell  in  prayer,  but  somebon 
could  not  pray.  The  thought  struck  hii 
that  if  Christ  died  to  forgive 
could  not  be  right  in  man  to  hold  it  beyoi 
forgiveness.  At  this  moment  Anselr 
came  up,  was  attacked,  and  cried  fo 
mere}'.  Gualberto  cast  away  his  dagg« 
ran  to  the  neighbouring  convent,  thankc 
God  he  had  been  saved  from  bloc 
guiltiness,  and  became  a  hermit  not 
for  his  holiness  of  life. — Southey, 
Gualberto. 

Guards  of  the  Pole,  the  two 
j8  and  7  of  the  Great  Bear,  and  not 
star  Arctoph'ylax,  which,  Steevens  saj 
"literally  signifies  the  guard  of 
Bear,"  i.e.  Bootes  (not  the  Polar  Guards)! 
Shakespeare  refers  to  these  two  "guards 
in  Othello,  act  ii.  sc.  1,  where  he  says  the 
surge  seems  to  "quench  the  guards  of  the 
ever-fixed  pole."  Hood  says  they  are  so 
called  "  from  the  Spanish  word  guardare^ 
which  is  *  to  behold,'  because  they  »i6 
diligently  to  be  looked  unto  in  regard  of 
the  singular  use  which  they  have  in 
navigation." — Use  of  the  Celestial  Globe 
(1590). 

How  to  kiiowe  the  houre  of  the  night  by  the  [P<»^ 
Cards,  by  knowing  on  what  jKiint  of  the  compass  tMf 
shall  be  at  midnight  every  fifteenth  day  throughout  OM 
whole  year.— Norman,  Safeqard  Oif  Sailer t  (1587). 


GUARINI. 


411 


GUENEVRA. 


Oua'rini  {Philip),  the  'squire  of  sir 
Hugo  de  Lacy. — Sir  W.  Scott,  I'he 
Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Guari'nos  (Admiral),  one  of  Char- 
lemagne's paladins,  taken  captive  at 
Roncesvalles.  He  fell  to  the  lot  of 
Marlo'tes,  a  Moslem,  who  offered  him 
his  daughter  in  marriage  if  he  would 
become  a  disciple  of  the  Arabian  pro- 
phet. Guarinos  refused,  and  was  kept 
m  a  dungeon  for  seven  years,  when  he 
was  liberated,  that  he  might  take  part 
in  a  joust.  The  admiral  then  stabbed 
the  Moor  to  his  heart,  and,  vaulting  on 
his  grey  horse  Treb'ozond,  escaped  to 
France. 

Gu'drun,  a  lady  married  to  Sigurd 
by  the  magical  arts  of  her  mother  ;  and 
on  the  death  of  Sigurd  to  Atli  (Attila), 
whom  she  hated  for  his  fierce  cruelty, 
and  murdered.  She  then  cast  herself 
into  the  sea,  and  the  waves  bore  her  to 
the  castle  of  king  Jonakun,  who  became 
her  third  husband. — Edda  of  Samund 
Sigfusson  (1130). 

Gu'drun,  a  model  of  hei-oic  fortitude 
and  pious  resignation.  She  was  the 
daughter  of  kiug  Hettel  (Attila),  and 
the  betrothed  of  Herwig  king  of  Heli- 
goland, but  was  carried  off  by  Harmuth 
king  of  Norway,  who  killed  Hettel.  As 
she  refused  to  marry  Harmuth,  he  put 
her  to  all  sorts  of  menial  work.  One 
day,  Herwig  appeared  with  an  army,  and 
having  gained  a  decisive  victory,  married 
Gudrun,  and  at  her  intercession  pardoned 
Harmuth  the  cause  of  her  great  misery. — 
A  North-Saxon  Foem  (thirteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Qud'yill  (Old  John),  butler  to  lady 
Bellenden.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Quelph'o  (3  syl.),  son  of  Actius  IV. 
marquis  d'Este  and  of  Cunigunda  (a 
German).  Guelpho  was  the  uncle  of 
Rinaldo,  and  next  in  command  to  God- 
frey. He  led  an  army  of  5000  men  from 
Carynthia,  in  Germany,  to  the  siege  of 
Jerusalem,  but  most  of  them  were  cut 
off  by  the  Persians.  Guelpho  was  noted 
for  his  broad  saoulders  and  ample  chest. 
— Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  iii.  (1575). 

Guen'dolen  (3  syl.),  a  fairy  whose 
mother  was  a  human  being.  King  Arthur 
fell  in  love  with  her,  and  she  became  the 
mother  of  Gyneth.  When  Arthur  de- 
Berted  the  frail  fair  one,  she  offered  him 
ft  IMTting  cup ;   but  as  he  took  it  in  his 


hand,  a  drop  of  the  liquor  fell  on  hU 
horse  and  burnt  it  so  severely  that  it 
*'  leapt  twenty  feet  high,"  ran  mad,  and 
died.  Arthur  dashed  the  cup  on  the 
ground,  whereupon  it  set  fire  to  the  grass 
and  consumed  the  fairy  palace.  As  for 
Guendolen,  she  was  never  seen  after- 
wards.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Bridal  of 
Triermain,  i.  2  ("Lyulph's  Tale,"  1813). 

Guendoloe'na,  wife  of  Locrin 
(eldest  son  of  Brute,  whom  he  suc- 
ceeded), and  daughter  of  Cori'ueus  (3 
syl.).  Being  divorced,  she  retired  to 
Cornwall,  and  collected  an  army,  which 
marched  against  Locrin,  who  "  was 
killed  by  the  shot  of  an  arrow."  Guen- 
doloena  now  assumed  the  reins  of  govern- 
ment, and  her  first  act  was  to  throw 
Estrildis  (her  rival)  and  her  daughter 
Sabre  into  the  Severn,  which  was  called 
Sabri'na  or  Sabren  from  that  day. — 
Geoffrey,  British  History,  ii.  4,  5  (1142). 

Guenever  or  Guinever,  a  corrupt 
form  of  Guanhuma'ra  (4  syl.),  daughter 
of  king  Leodegrance  of  the  land  of 
Camelyard.  She  was  the  most  beautiful 
of  women,  was  the  wife  of  king  Arthur, 
but  entertained  a  criminal  attachment  to 
sir  Launcelot  du  Lac.  Respecting  tnt 
latter  part  of  the  queen's  history,  the 
greatest  diversity  occurs.  Thus,  Geoffrey 
says : 

King  Arthur  was  on  his  way  to  Rome  .  .  .  when  news 
was  brought  him  that  liis  nephew  Modred,  to  whose  care 
he  liad  entrusted  Britain,  had  ...  set  the  crown  upon 
his  own  liead  ;  and  that  the  queen  Guanhumara  .  .  .  had 
wicliedly  married  him.  .  .  .  When  Icing  Arthur  returned 
and  put  Motired  and  hU  army  to  flight  .  .  .  the  queen 
fled  from  Yorli  to  the  City  of  Legions  [Xewiwrt.  in  South 
Wale»\,  where  she  resolved  to  lead  a  cliaste  life  among  tho 
nuns  of  Julius  the  martyr.— Briti**  HUtory,  xi.  1  (1142). 

Another  version  is,  that  Arthur,  being 
informed  of  the  adulterous  conduct  of 
Launcelot,  went  with  an  army  to  Ben- 
wick  (Brittany),  to  punish  him.  That 
Mordred  (his  son  by  his  own  sister),  left 
as  regent,  usurped  the  crown,  proclaimed 
that  Arthur  was  dead,  and  tried  to  marry 
Guenever  the  queen  ;  but  she  shut  herself 
up  in  the  Tower  of  London,  resolved  to 
die  rather  than  marry  the  usurper. 
When  she  heard  of  the  death  of  Arthur, 
she  "stole  away"  to  Almesbury,  "and 
there  she  let  make  herself  a  nun,  and 
wore  white  cloaths  and  black."  And  there 
lived  she  "  in  fasting,  prayers,  and  alms- 
deeds,  that  all  marvelled  at  her  virtuous 
life." — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  iii.  161-170  (1470). 

*^*  For  Tennyson's  account,  see  Gui- 

NKVERE. 

Guene'vra  (3  syl.)^  wife  of  Neo» 


GUERIN. 


412 


GUILLOTINE. 


taba'nus  the  dwarf,  at  the  cell  of  the 
hermit  of  Engaddi. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Guer'in  or  Gueri'no,  son  of  Millon 
king  of  Alba'nia.  On  the  day  of  his 
birth  his  father  was  dethroned,  but  the 
child  was  rescued  by  a  Greek  slave,  who 
brought  it  up  and  sumamed  it  Meschi'no 
or  "The  Wretched."  When  grown  to 
man's  estate,  Guerin  fell  in  love  with 
the  princess  Elizena,  sister  of  the  Greek 
emperor,  who  held  his  court  at  Constan- 
tinople.— An  Italian  Romance. 

Guesclin's   Du.st  a  Talisman. 

Guesclin,  or  rather  Du  Guesclin,  constable 
of  France,  laid  siege  to  Chateauneuf -de- 
Randan,  in  Auvergne.  After  several 
assaults,  the  town  promised  to  surrender 
if  not  relieved  within  fifteen  days.  Du 
Guesclin  died  in  this  interval,  but  the 
governor  of  the  town  came  and  laid  the 
keys  of  the  city  on  the  dead  man's  body, 
saying  he  resigned  the  place  to  the  hero's 
ashes  (1380). 

France  . .  .  demands  hfs  bones  {IfapoleorCi], 
To  carry  onward,  in  the  battle's  van. 
To  form,  like  Guesclin's  dust,  her  talisman. 

Bjron,  Age  of  Bronze,  iv.  (1821). 

Gugner,  Odin's  spear,  which  never 
failed  to  hit.  It  was  made  by  the  dwarf 
Eitri.— r/ttf  Eddas. 

Guide'rius,  eldest  son  of  Cym'be- 
line  (3  syl.)  king  of  Britain,  and  brother 
of  Arvir'agus.  They  were  kidnapped  in 
infancy  by  Belarius,  out  of  revenge  for 
being  unjustly  banished,  and  were  brought 
up  by  him  in  a  cave.  WTien  groY,''n  to 
manhood,  Belarius  introduced  them  to 
the  king,  and  told  their  story  ;  where- 
upon Cymbeline  received  them  as  his 
sons,  and  Guiderius  succeeded  him  on  the 
throne. — Shakespeare,  Ctjmlieline  (1605). 

Geoffrey  calls  Cymbeline  "Kymbe- 
linus  son  of  Tenuantius ; "  says  that  he 
was  brought  up  by  Augustus  Caesar,  and 
adds :  "In  his  days  was  born  our  Lord 
Jesus  Christ."  Kymbeline  reigned  ten 
years,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Guide- 
rius. The  historian  says  that  Kymbeline 
paid  the  tribute  to  the  Romans,  and  that 
it  was  Guiderius  who  refused  to  do  so, 
"  for  which  reason  Claudius  the  emperor 
marched  against  him,  and  he  was  killed 
by  Hamo." — British  History,  iv.  11, 12, 13 
(1142). 

Guido  "the  Savage,"  son  of  Am  on 
and  Constantia.  He  was  the  younger 
brother  of  Rinaldo.  Being  wrecked  on 
the  coast  of  the  Am'azons,  he  was  com- 


pelled to  fight  their  ten  male  champions, 
and,  having  slain  them  all,  to  marry  ten 
of  the  Amazons.  From  this  thraldom 
Guido  made  his  escape,  and  joined  the 
army  of  Charlemagne. — Ariosto,  Orlando 
Furioso  (1616). 

Guido  [FranceschixiJ,  a  reduced 
nobleman,  who  tried  to  repair  his  fortune 
by  marrying  Pompilia,  the  putative  child 
of  Pietro  and  Violante.  When  the  mar- 
riage was  consummated,  and  the  money 
secure,  Guido  ill-treated  the  putative 
parents ;  and  Violante,  in  revenge,  de- 
clared that  Pompilia  was  not  their  child 
at  all,  but  the  ofi'spring  of  a  Roman 
wanton.  Having  made  this  declaration, 
she  next  applied  to  the  law-courts  for 
the  recovery  of  the  money.  When 
Guido  heard  this  tale,  he  was  furious, 
and  so  ill-treated  his  child-wife  that  she 
ran  away,  under  the  protection  of  a  young 
canon.  Guido  pursued  the  fugitives, 
overtook  them,  and  had  them  arrested ; 
whereupon  the  canon  was  suspended  for 
three  years,  and  Pompilia  sent  to  a  con- 
vent. Here  her  health  gave  way,  and 
as  the  birth  of  a  child  was  expected,  she 
was  permitted  to  leave  the  convent  and 
live  with  her  putative  parents.  Guido, 
having  gained  admission,  murdered  all 
three,  and  was  himself  executed  for  the 
crime. — R.  Browning,  The  Rim)  and  the 
Book. 

Guil'denstem,  one  of  Ilamlct's 
companions,  employed  by  the  king  and 
queen  to  divert  him,  if  possible,  from  his 
strange  and  wayward  ways. — Shake- 
speare, Hamlet  (1696). 

Rosencrantz  and  Guildenstern  are  favourable  samples 
of  the  thorough-paced  time-serving  court  knave  .  .  . 
ticketed  and  to  be  hired  for  any  hard  or  dirty  work.— 
Cowden  Clarke. 

Guillotiere  (4  syl.),  the  scum  of 
Lyons.  La  Guillotiere  is  the  low  quarter, 
where  the  bouches  inutiles  find  refuge. 

Guillotine  (3  syl.).  So  named  from 
Joseph  Ignace  Guillotin,  a  French  phy- 
sician, who  proposed  its  adoption,  to 
prevent  unnecessary  pain.  Dr.  Guillotin 
did  not  invent  the  guillotine,  but  he  im- 
proved the  Italian  machine  (1791).  In 
1792  Antoine  Louis  introduced  further 
improvements,  and  hence  the  instrument 
is  sometimes  called  Louisctte  or  Louison. 
The  original  Italian  machine  was  called 
mannaja  ;  it  was  a  clumsy  affair,  first 
employed  to  decapitate  Beatrice  Cenci  *■" 
Rome,  A.D.  1600. 

It  was  the  popular  theme  for  jests.  It  was  [called 
mere  Guillotine],  the  'sharp  female,"  the  "  best  cure 
headache."    It  "infalliblj  prevented  the  hair  from  *" 


1 


GUINART. 


413 


GULBEYAZ. 


ing  grey."  It  "  imparted  a  peculiar  delicary  to  the  coni- 
plcxion."  It  was  the  "national  razor"  which  shaved 
close.  Those  "who  Icissed  tlie  guillotine,  looked  through 
the  iittle  window  and  sneezed  into  the  jsack."  It  was  tlie 
sign  of  "the  regeneration  of  the  human  race."  It 
"superseded  the  cross."  Models  were  worn  [as  orna- 
ments].—C.  Dickens,  A  Tate  dT  Tieo  Citiet,  iii.  4  (1859). 

Guinart  (Jioque),  whose  true  name 
was  Pedro  KochaGuinarda,  chief  of  a  band 
of  robbers  who  levied  black  mail  in  the 
mountainous  districts  of  Catalonia.  He 
is  introduced  by  Cervantes  in  his  tale  of 
Don  Quixote. 

Guinea  (Adventures  of  a),  a.  novel  by 
Charles  Johnstone  (17G1).  A  guinea,  as 
it  passes  into  different  hands,  is  the  his- 
torian of  the  follies  and  vices  of  its 
master  for  the  time  being ;  and  thus  a 
series  of  scenes  and  personages  are  made 
to  pass  before  the  reader,  somewhat  in 
the  same  manner  as  in  The  Devil  upon 
Two  Sticks  and  in  The  Chinese  'Tales. 

Guinea-hen,  a  fille  de  joie,  a  word 
of  contempt  and  indignity  for  a  woman. 

Ere  I  would  .  .  .  drown  myself  for  the  love  of  a 
guinen-hen,  I  would  change  my  humanity  with  a  baboon. 
—Shakespeare,  Othello,  act  i.  sc.  3  (1611). 

Guinea-pig:  {A),  a  gentleman  of 
sufficient  name  to  form  a  bait,  who 
allows  himself  to  be  put  on  a  directors' 
list  for  the  guinea  and  lunch  which  the 
board  provides. — City  Slang. 

Guin'evere  (3  syL).  So  Tennyson 
spells  the  name  of  Arthur's  queen  in  his 
Idylls.  He  tells  us  of  the  liaison  be- 
tween her  and  "  sir  Lancelot,"  and  says 
that  Modred,  having  discovered  this 
familiarity,  "brought  his  creatures  to 
the  basement  of  the  tower  for  testimony." 
Sir  Lancelot  flung  the  fellow  to  the 
ground,  and  instantly  took  to  horse ; 
while  Guinevere  fled  to  the  nunnery  at 
Almesbury.  Here  the  king  took  leave 
I  of  her ;  and  when  the  abbess  died,  the 
queen  was  appointed  her  successor,  and 
remained  head  of  the  establishment  for 
three  years,  when  she  also  died. 

*^*  It  will  be  seen  that  Tennyson 
departs  from  the  British  History  by 
Geoffrey,  and  the  History  of  Prince 
Arthur  as  edited  by  sir  T.  Malory.     (See 

GUENEVER.) 

Guiomar,  mother  of  the  vain- 
glorious Duar'te. — Beaumont  and  Flet- 
cher, The  Custom  of  the  Country  (1647). 

Guiscardo,  the  'squire,  but  previously 
the  page,  of  Tancred  king  of  Salerno. 
Sigismunda,  the  king's  daughter,  loved 
him,  and  clandestinely  married  him.  When 
Tancred  discovered  it,  he  ordered  the  young 


man  to  be  waylaid  and  strangled.  He 
then  went  to  his  daughter's  chamber, 
and  reproved  her  for  loving  a  base-born 
"slave."  Sigismunda  boldly  defended 
her  choice,  but  next  day  received  a  human 
heart  in  a  golden  casket.  It  needed  no 
prophet  to  tell  her  what  had  happened, 
and  she  drank  a  draught  of  poison.  Iter 
father  entered  just  in  time  to  hear  her 
dying  request  that  she  and  Guiscardo 
might  be  buried  in  the  same  tomb.  The 
royal  father 

Too  late  repented  of  his  cruel  deed. 
One  common  sepulclire  for  both  decreed ; 
Intombed  the  wretched  pair  in  royal  state, 
And  on  their  monument  inscribed  their  fate. 
Dryden,  Sigismunda  and  Guiscardo  (from  Boccaccio). 

Guise  (Henri  de  Lorraine,  due  de) 
commenced  the  Massacre  of  Bartholomew 
by  the  assassination  of  admiral  Coligny 
ICo.leen'.yel;.  Being  forbidden  to  enter 
Paris,  by  order  of  Henri  III.,  he  dis- 
obeyed the  injunction,  and  was  mur- 
dered (1550-1588). 

*^*  Henri  de  Guise  has  furnished  the 
subject  of  several  tragedies.  In  English 
we  have  Guise  or  the  Massacre  of  France^ 
by  tlolm  Webster  (1620)  ;  The  Duke  of 
Guise,  by  Dryden  and  Lee.  In  French 
we  have  Ftats  de  Blois  (the  Death  of 
Guise),  by  Francois  Raynouard  (1814). 

Guisia  (2  syL),  sister  of  Pelayo,  in 
love  with  Numac'ian  a  renegade.  "  She 
inherited  her  mother's  leprons  taint." 
Brought  back  to  her  brother's  house  by 
Adosinda,  she  returned  to  the  Moor, 
"cursing  the  meddling  spirit  that  in- 
terfered with  her  most  shameless  love." 
— Southev,  Roderick,  Last  of  tlie  Gothi 
(1814). 

Gui'zor  (2  syl.),  groom  of  the  Saracen 
PoUente.  His  "  scalp  was  bare,  betray- 
ing his  state  of  bondage."  His  office  was 
to  keep  the  bridge  on  Pollente's  territory, 
and  to  allow  no  one  to  pass  without  pay- 
ing "  the  passage-penny."  This  bridge 
was  full  of  trap-doors,  through  which 
travellers  were  apt  to  fall  into  the  river 
below.  When  Guizor  demanded  toll  of 
sir  ArtSgal,  the  knight  gave  him  a 
"  stunning  blow,  saying,  '  Lo  !  there's  my 
hire  ; '  "  and  the  villain  dropped  down 
dead.  —  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  2 
(1596). 

*^f*  Upton  conjectures  that  "Guizor" 
is  intended  for  the  due  de  Guise,  and  his 
master  "  Pollente "  for  Charles  IX.  of 
France,  notorious  both  for  the  St.  Bar- 
tholomew Massacre. 

Gulbey'az,  the  sultana.  Having 
seen  Juan  amongst  Lambro's  captive*, 


GULCHENRAZ. 


414 


GUNTETER. 


**  passing  on  his  way  to  sale,"  she  caused 
him  to  be  purchased,  and  introduced  into 
the  harem  in  female  attire.  On  discover- 
ing that  he  preferred  Dudii,  one  of  the 
attendant  beauties,  to  herself,  she  com- 
manded both  to  be  stitched  up  in  a  sack, 
and  cast  into  the  Bosphorus.  They  con- 
trived, however,  to  make  their  escape. — 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  vi.  (1824), 

Gul'chenraz,  sumamed  "  Gundog- 
di "  ("morning"),  daughter  of  Malek- 
al-salem  king  of  Georgia,  to  whom 
Fum-Hoam  the  mandarin  relates  his 
numerous  and  extraordinary  transforma- 
tions or  rather  metempsychoses. — T.  S. 
Gueulette,  Chinese  Tales  (1728). 

Gul'chenrouz,  son  of  Ali  Hassan 
(brother  of  the  emir'  Fakreddin) ;  the 
**  most  delicate  and  lovely  youth  in  the 
whole   world."     He  could   "write   with 

f»rccision,  paint  on  vellum,  sing  to  the 
ute,  write  poetry,  and  dance  to  perfec- 
tion ;  but  could  neither  hurl  the  lance 
nor  curb  the  steed."  Gulchenrouz  was 
betrothed  to  his  cousin  Nouron'ihar,  who 
loved  "  even  his  faults  ; "  but  they  never 
married,  for  Nouronihar  became  the  wife 
of  the  caliph  Vathek. — W.  Beckford, 
Vathek  (1784;, 

Gu'listan  {^^the  rose  garden")^  a 
collection  of  tales  and  apophthegms  in 
prose  and  verse  by  Saadi,  a  native  of 
Shiraz.  It  has  been  translated  into 
English  by  Gladwin, 

Even  beggars,  in  soliciting  alms,  will  give  utterance  to 
some  Appropriate  passage  from  the  OiUistan, — J.  J. 
GraudvUie. 

Gulliver  (Lemuel),  first  a  surgeon, 
then  a  sea-captain  of  several  ships.  He 
gets  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Lilliput,  a 
country  of  pygmies.  Subsequently  he  is 
thrown  among  the  people  of  Brobdingnag, 
giants  of  tremendous  size.  In  his  next 
voyage  he  is  driven  to  Lapu'ta,  an  empire 
of  quack  pretenders  to  science  and  knavish 
projectors.  And  in  his  fourth  voyage  he 
visits  the  Houyhnhnms  [Whin'.nms'], 
where  Jjorses  were  the  dominant  powers. 
— Dean  Swift,  Travels  in  Several  Remote 
Natiotis .  .  .  by  Lemiiel  Gulliver  (1726). 

Gulna're  (3  syL),  daughter  of 
Faras'che  (3  syl.)  whose  husband  was 
king  of  an  under-sea  empire.  A  usurper 
drove  the  king  her  father  from  his  throne, 
and  Gulnare  sought  safety  in  the  Island 
of  the  Moon.  Here  she  was  captured, 
made  a  si  ave,  sold  to  the  king  of  Persia, 
and  becairie  his  favourite,  but  preserved 
a  most  obstinate  and  speechless  silence 
for  twelve  months.    Then  the  king  made 


her  his  wife,  and  she  told  him  her  history. 
In  due  time  a  son  was  born,  whom  thev 
called  Beder  ("  the  full  moon  "). 

Gulnare  says  that  the  under-sea  folk  are 
never  wetted  by  the  water,  that  they  can 
see  as  well  as  we  can,  that  they  speak 
the  language  "  of  Solomon's  seal,"  and 
can  transport  themselves  instantaneously 
from  place  to  place. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Beder  and  Giauhare  "). 

Gulnare  (2  syl.),  queen  of  the  harem, 
and  the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  slaves  of 
Seyd  [Seed^.  Shewas  rescued  by  Conrad 
the  corsair  from  the  flames  of  the  palace  ; 
and,  when  Conrad  was  imprisoned,  she 
went  to  his  dungeon,  confessed  her  love, 
and  proposed  that  he  should  murder  the 
sultan  and  flee.  As  Conrad  refused  to 
assassinate  Seyd,  she  herself  did  it,  and 
then  fled  with  Conrad  to  the  "Pirate's 
Isle."  The  rest  of  the  tale  is  continued 
in  Lara,  in  which  Gulnare  assumes  the 
name  of  Kaled,  and  appears  as  a  page. 
— Byron,  The  Corsair  (1814). 

Gulvi'gar  ("  weigher  of  gold  "),  the 
Plutus  of  Scandinavian  mythology.  He 
introduced  among  men  the  love  of  gain. 

Gum'inidge  (Mrs.),  the  widow  of 
Dan'el  Peggotty's  partner.  She  kept 
house  for  Dan'el,  who  was  a  bachelor. 
Old  Mrs.  Gummidge  had  a  craze  that  sho 
was  neglected  and  uncared  for,  a  waif  in 
the  wide  world,  of  no  use  to  any  one. 
She  was  always  talking  of  herself  as  the 
"lone  lorn  cre'tur'."  When  about  to 
sail  for  Australia,  one  of  the  sailors 
asked  her  to  marry  him,  when  "  she  ups 
with  a  pail  of  water  and  flings  it  at  his 
head." — C.  Dickens,  David  Gopperfield 
(1849). 

Gundof  orus,  an  Indian  king  for 
whom  the  apostle  Thomas  built  a  palace 
of  sethyni  wood,  the  roof  of  which  was 
ebony.  He  made  the  gates  of  the  horn 
of  the  "  horned  snake,"  that  no  one  with 
poison  might  be  able  to  pass  through. 

Gungnir,  Odin's  spear.— /Scarufn] 
navian  Mythology, 

Gunpowder.  The  composition  ot 
gunpowder  is  expressly  mentioned  bj 
Roger  Bacon  in  his  treatise  De  Nullitat 
Magice,  published  1216. 

.  .  .  earth  and  air  were  sadly  shaken 
By  thy  humane  discovery,  friar  Bacon. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  33  (1821). 

Gunther,  king  of  Burgundy  and^ 
brother  of  Kriemhild  (2  syl.).  Htt  re- 
solved to  wed  Brunhild,  the  martial  queeu 
of  Issland,  and  won  her  by  the  aid  of 
Siegfried ;   but    the    bride    behaved   80 


i 


GUPPY. 


415 


GUY  EARL  OF  WARWICK. 


obstreperously  that  the  bridegroom  had 
again  to  apply  to  his  friend  for  assistance. 
Siegfried  contrived  to  get  possession  of 
her  ring  and  girdle,  after  which  she 
became  a  submissive  wife.  Gi'mther, 
witli  base  ingratitude,  was  privy  to  the 
murder  of  his  friend,  and  was  himself 
slain  in  the  dungeon  of  Etzel  b}'  his 
sister  Kriemhild. —  The  Nibelunqcn  Lied. 

*^*  In  history,  Giinther  is  called 
"Guntacher,"  and  Etzel  "Attila." 

Gup'py  {Mr.),  clerk  in  the  office  of 
Kenge  and  Carboy.  A  weak,  common- 
place youth,  who  has  the  conceit  to 
propose  to  Esther  Summerson,  the  ward 
in  Chancery. — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House 
(1853). 

Gurgus'tus,  according  to  Drayton, 
son  of  Belinus.  This  is  a  mistake,  as 
Gurgustus,  or  rather  Gurgustius,  was  son 
of  Rivallo ;  and  the  son  of  Belinus  was 
Gurgiunt  Brabtruc.  The  names  given  by 
Geoffrey,  in  his  British  History^  run  thus : 
Leir  {Lear),  Cunedag  his  grandson,  Rivallo 
his  son,  Gurgustius  his  son,  Sisillius  his 
son,  Jago  nephew  of  Gurgustius,  Kinmarc 
son  of  Sisillius,  then  Gorbogud.  Here  the 
line  is  broken,  and  the  new  dynasty 
begins  with  Molmutius  of  Cornwall, 
then  his  son  Belinus,  who  was  succeeded 
by  his  son  Gurgiunt  Brabtruc,  whose  son 
and  successor  was  Guithelin,  called  by 
Drayton  "  Guynteline."— Geoffrey,  British 
History,  ii.,  iii.  (1142). 

In  greatness  next  succeeds  Belinus'  worthy  son 

Gurgustus,  who  soon  left  what  his  great  lather  won 

To  Guynteline  his  heir. 
i  M.  Drayton,  Polpolbion,  viU.  (1612). 

!         Gurney  (Gilbert),  the  hero  and  title 
ll      of  a  novel   by    Theodore    Hook.     This 

novel  is  a  spiced  autobiography  of  the 

author  himself  (1835). 
1         Gurney    (Thomas),   shorthand    writer, 
I     and    author  of  a  work  on   the   subject, 

«alled  Brachygraphy  (1705-1770). 

If  you  would  like  to  see  the  whole  proceedings  .  .  . 
The  best  is  that  in  shorthand  t.i'en  by  Gurney, 
Who  to  Madrid  on  purpose  made  a  journey. 

Byron.  Don  Juan,  L  189  (1819). 

Gurth,  the  swine-herd  and  thrall 
of  Cedric  of  Rotherwood.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Gurton  (Gammer),  the  heroine  of  an 

old    English    comedy.     The    plot  turns 

upon  the  loss  of  a  needle  by  Gammer 

I    Gurton,   and    its    subsequent    discovery 

f    sticking   in    the    breeches    of    her   man 

f    Hodge.— Mr.  J.  S.  Master  of  Arts  (1561). 

!  Guse  Gibbie,  a  half-witted  lad  in 
the  service  of  lady  Bellenden. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 


Gushingrton  (Angelina),  the  nom  de 
plume  of  lady  Dufferin. 

Gustavus  III.  used  to  say  there  were 
two  things  he  held  in  equal  abhorrence — 
the  German  language  and  tobacco. 

Gusta'vus  Vasa  (1496-1560),  hav- 
ing made  his  escape  from  Denmark, 
where  he  had  been  treacherously  carried 
captive,  worked  as  a  common  labourer 
for  a  time  in  the  copper-mines  of  Dale- 
carlia  [Da'.le.karl'.ya]  ;  but  the  tyranny 
of  Christian  II.  of  Denmark  induced  the 
Dalecarlians  to  revolt,  and  Gustavus  was 
chosen  tlieir  leader.  The  rebels  made 
themselves  masters  of  Stockholm  ;  Chris- 
tian abdicated,  and  Sweden  henceforth 
became  an  independent  kingdom. — H. 
Brooke,  Gustavus  Vasa  (1730). 

Gus'ter,  the  Snagsbys'  maid-of-all- 
work.  A  poor,  overworked  drudge, 
subject  to  fits. — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House 
(1853). 

Gusto  Picaresco  ("  taste  for  rogue- 
ry"). In  romance  of  this  school  the  Span- 
iards especially  excel,  as  don  Diego  de 
Mondo'za's  Lazarillo  de  Tonnes  (1553); 
Mateo  Aleman's  Guzman  d'Al/arache 
(1599);  Quevedo's  Gran  Tacano,  etc. 

Guthrie  (John),  one  of  the  archers 
of  the  Scottish  guard  in  the  employ  of 
Louis  XI. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Qtwntin  Dur- 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Gutter  Lane,  London,  a  corrup- 
tion of  Guthurun  Lane  ;  so  called  from  a 
Mr.  Guthurun  or  Guthrum,  who  "  pos- 
sessed the  chief  property  therein." — Stow, 
Survey  of  London  (1598). 

Gutter  Lyrist  (The),  Robert 
Williams  Buchanan  ;  so  called  from  his 
poems  on  the  loves  of  costermongers  and 
their  wenches  (1841-        ). 

Guy  (Thomas),  the  miser  and  philan- 
thropist. He  amassed  an  immense  fortune 
in  1720  by  speculations  in  South  Sea 
stock,  and  gave  £238,292  to  found  and 
endow  Guy's  Hospital  (1644-1724). 

Guy  earl  of  "Warwick,  an  English 
knight.  He  proposed  marriage  to  Phelis 
or  Phillis,  who  refused  to  listen  to  his 
suit  till  he  had  distinguished  himself  by 
knightly  deeds.  He  first  rescued  Blanch 
daughter  of  the  emperor  of  Germany, 
then  fought  against  the  Saracens,  and 
slew  the  doughty  Coldran,  Elmage  king 
of  Tyre,  and  the*  Soldan  himself.  Then, 
returning  to  England,  he  was  accepted  by 
Phelis  and  married  her.  In  forty  days  he 
returned    to    the  Holy  Land,   when  he 


GUY  FAWKES. 


416 


GWYNEDD. 


redeemed  earl  Jonas  out  of  prison,  slew 
the  giant  Am'erant,  and  performed  many 
other  noble  exploits.  Again  he  returned 
to  England,  just  in  time  to  encounter  the 
Danish  giant  Colebrond  (2  syl.)  or  Col- 
brand,  which  combat  is  minutely  de- 
scribed by  Drayton,  in  his  Polyolbion,  xii. 
At  Windsor  he  slew  a  boar  "  of  passing 
might."  On  Dunsmore  Heath  he  slew 
the  dun  cow  of  Dunsmore,  a  wild  and 
cruel  monster.  In  Northumberland  he 
slew  a  winged  dragon,  "black  as  any 
cole,"  wiih  the  paws  of  a  lion,  and  a  hide 
which  no  sword  could  pierce  (Folyolbion, 
xiii.).  After  this  he  turned  hermit,  and 
went  daily  to  crave  bread  of  his  wife 
Phelis,  who  knew  him  not.  On  his  death- 
bed he  sent  her  a  ring,  and  she  closed  his 
dying  eyes  (890-958). 

Guy  Fa"wkes,  the  conspirator,  went 
tinder  the  name  of  John  Johnstone,  and 
pretended  to  be  the  servant  of  Mr.  Percy 
(1577-1606). 

Guy  Mannering,  the  second  of 
Scott's  historical  novels ,  published  in 
1815,  just  seven  months  after  Waverley. 
The  interest  of  the  tale  is  well  sustained  ; 
but  the  love  scenes,  female  characters, 
and  Guy  Mannering  himself  are  quite 
worthless.  Not  so  the  character  of 
Dandy  Dinmont,  the  shrewd  and  witty 
counsellor  Pleydell,  the  desperate  sea- 
beaten  villainy  of  Hatteraick,  the  uncouth 
devotion  of  that  gentlest  of  all  pedants 
poor  Domine  Sampson,  and  the  savage 
crazed  superstition  of  the  gipsy-dweller 
in  Derncleugh  (time,  George  II.). 

Ouy  Mannering  was  the  work  of  six  weeks  about 
Christmas-time,  uiul  marks  of  haste  are  visible  both  in  the 
plot  and  in  its  development — Chambers,  EnglUh  Jjitera- 
ture.  ii.  5S6. 

Guyn'teline  or  Guith'elin,  ac- 
cording to  Geoffrey,  son  of  Gurgiunt 
Brabtruc  (British  History,  iii.  11,  12,  13) ; 
but,  according  to  Drayton,  son  of  Gur- 
gustus  an  early  British  king.  (See 
GuRGusTus.)  His  queen  was  Martia, 
who  codified  what  are  called  the  Martian 
Laws,-  translated  into  Anglo-Saxon  by 
king  Alfred.     (See  Martian  Laws.) 

Gurttustus  .  .  .  left  what  his  great  father  won 
To  Giiynteline  his  heir,  whose  queen  .  .  . 
To  wise  Mulmutius'  laws  her  Martian  first  did  frame. 
Drayton,  J'olyolhion,  viii.  (1612). 

Guyon  {Sir),  the  personification  of 
"temperance."  The  victory  of  tem- 
perance over  intemperance  is  the  subject 
of  bk.  ii.  of  the  Faery  Queen.  Sir  Guyon 
first  lights  on  Amavia  (intemperance  of 
grief),  a  woman  Avho  kills  herself  out 
of  grief  for  her  husband  ;  and  he  takes 
her  infant  boy  and  commits  it  to  the 


care  of  Medi'na.  He  next  meets  Bra^- 
gadoccio  (intemperance  of  the  tonjue),  who 
is  stripped  bare  of  everA'thing.  lie  then 
encounters  Furor  (intern jjcrance  of  anger), 
and  delivers  Phaon  from  his  hands.  In- 
temperance of  desire  is  discomfited  in 
the  persons  of  Pyr'ocles  and  Cym'ocles  ; 
then  intemperance  of  jAeasure,  or  wanton- 
ness, in  the  person  of  Phaedria.  After  his 
victory  over  wantonness,  he  sees  Mam- 
mon (intemperance  of  worldly  wealth  and 
honour) ;  but  he  rejects  all  his  offers,  and 
Mammon  is  foiled.  His  last  and  great 
achievement  is  the  destruction  of  the 
"  Bower  of  Bliss,"  and  the  binding  iu 
chains  of  adamant  the  enchantress 
Acrasia  (or  intemperance  generally). 
This  enchantress  was  fearless  against 
Force,  but  Wisdom  and  Temperance 
prevailed  against  her. — Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  ii.  12  (1590). 

Guyot  (Bertrand),  one  of  the  archers 
in  the  Scottish  guard  attached  to  Louis 
XL — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin  Burward 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Guzman  d'Alfara'che  (4  syl.), 
hero  of  a  Spanish  romance  of  roguery. 
He  begins  by  being  a  dupe,  but  soon 
becomes  a  knave  in  the  character  of 
stable-boy,  beggar,  swindler,  pander, 
student,  merchant,  and  so  on. — Mateo 
Aleman  (1599). 

*^*  Probably  The  Life  of  Guzman 
Alfarache  suggested  to  Lesage  The  Life 
of  Gil  Bias.  It  is  certain  that  Lesage 
borrowed  from  it  the  incident  of  the  para- 
site who  obtained  a  capital  supper  out  of 
the  greenhorn  by  terming  him  the  eighth 
wonder. 

G'wenhid'wy,  a  mermaid.  The 
white  foamy  waves  are  called  her  sheep, 
and  the  ninth  wave  her  ram. 

Take  shelter  when  you  see  Gwenhidwy  driving  her  flock 
glhore.— »Vei»A  Proverb. 

.  .  .  they  watched  the  great  sea  fall. 
Wave  after  wave,  each  mightier  than  the  last ; 
Till  last,  a  ninth  one,  gathering  half  the  deep. 
And  full  of  voices,  slowly  rose  and  plunged, 
Roaring,  and  all  the  wave  w:is  in  a  ilame. 

Tennyson,  The  Molj/  OraU 

G"went,  Monmouthshire. 

Not  a  brook  of  Morgany  [GJainorganihire]  nor  Gwe»t, 
M.  Drayton,  Pulyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Gwineth'ia  (4  syl.),  North  Wales. 

Which  thro'  Gwinethia  be  so  famous  everywhere. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612), 

G"wynedd  or  Gwyneth,  North 
Wales.  Rhodri  Mawr,  in  873,  move^ 
to  Aber'frow  the  seat  of  government,  '^ 
viously  fixed  at  Dyganwy. 

Among  the  hills  of  Gwyneth,  and  Its  wikb 
And  mountain  glens. 

Southey,  Madoc,  1 12  | 


North 
moved 

-J 


GWYNNE. 


417 


HADES. 


G Wynne  (Nell),  one  of  the  favourites 
of  Charles  II.  She  was  an  actress,  but 
in  her  palmy  days  was  noted  for  her 
many  works  of  benevolence  and  kindness 
of  heart.  The  last  words  of  king  Charles 
were,  "Don't  let  poor  Nelly  starve  !  " — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Gyas  and  Cloan'thus,  two  com- 
panions of  iEne'as,  generally  mentioned 
together  as  "fortis  Gyas  fortisque  Cloan- 
thus."  The  phrase  has  become  prover- 
bial for  two  very  similar  characters. — 
Virgil,  JEneid. 

The  •'  stronij  Gyas " and  the  " strong  Cloanthus" are  less 
distinguished  by  the  poet  than  the  strong  Percival  and 
tlie  strong  Osbaldistones  were  by  outward  appearance. — 
SirW.  Scott. 

Gyges  (2  syl.),  one  of  the  Titans. 
He  had  fifty  heads  and  a  hundred  hands. 

Gyges,  a  king  of  Lydia,  of  whom  Apollo 
said  he  deemed  the  poor  Arcadian  Ag'laos 
more  happy  than  the  king  Gyges,  who 
was  proverbial  for  his  wealth. 

Gyges  (2  syl.),  who  dethroned  Can- 
daulfis  (3  syl.)  king  of  Lydia,  and  married 
Nyssia  the  young  widow.  Herodotos 
says  that  Candaules  showed  Gyges  the 
queen  in  her  bath,  and  the  queen,  in- 
dignant at  this  impropriety,  induced 
Gyges  to  kill  the  king  and  marry  her 
(bk.  i.  8).     He  reigned  B.C.  716-678. 

Gyges's  Pdng  rendered  the  wearer  in- 
visible. Plato  says  that  Gyges  found  the 
ring  in  the  flanks  of  a  brazen  horse,  and 
was  enabled  by  this  talisman  to  enter  the 
king's  chamber  unseen,  and  murder  him. 

Why  did  you  think  that  you  Iiad  Gyges'  ring. 

Or  the  lierb  [fern  teed]  tliat  gives  invisibility? 

Beaumontand  Fletcher,  Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  i.  1  (1647). 

Gynec'ium,  the  apartment  in  which 
the  Anglo-Saxon  women  lived. — Fos- 
broke,  Antiquities,  ii.  570  (1824). 

Gyneth,  natural  daughter  of  Guen- 
dulen    and    king    Arthur.       The    king 
promised  to    give   her   in    marriage  to 
the  bravest  knight  in  a  tournament  in 
which  the  warder  was  given  to  her  to 
drop  when  she   pleased.      The  haughty 
beauty  saw  twenty  knights  fall,  among 
vrhom  was  Vanoc,  son  of  Merlin.     Im- 
mediately Vanoc  fell,  Merlin   rose,  put 
m  end  to  the  jousts,  and  caused  Gyneth 
;  .0  fall  into  a  trance,  from  which  she  was 
I  lever  to  wake  till  her  hand  was  claimed 
I  n  marriage  by  some  knight  as  brave  as 
hose  who  had  fallen  in  the  tournament. 
Vfter  the  lapse  of  500  years,  De  Vaux 
'ndertnok  to  break  the  spell,  and  had  to 
vercome  four   temptations,   viz.,    fear, 


avarice,  pleasure,  and  ambition.  Having 
succeeded  in  these  encounters,  Gyneth 
awoke  and  became  his  bride. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Bridal  of  Triermain  (1813). 

Gyp,  the  college  servant  of  Blushing- 
ton,  who  stole  his  tea  and  sugar,  candles, 
and  so  on.  After  Blushington  came  into 
his  fortune,  he  made  Gyp  his  chief 
domestic  and  private  secretary. — W.  T. 
Moncrieff,  The  Bashful  Man. 

Gyptian  (Saint),  a  vagrant. 

Percase  [perchance]  sometimes  St.  Gyptian's  pflgiynvics 
Did  carie  nie  a  month  (yea,  sometimes  more) 
To  brake  the  bowres  [to  reject  the  food  provided], 
Bicause  they  had  no  better  cheere  in  store. 
6.  Gascoigne.  The  t>uUet  o/  Warra,  100  (died  1557). 


H. 


H.  B.,  the  initials  adopted  by  Mr. 
Doyle,  father  of  Richard  Doyle,  in  his 

Reform  Caricatures  (1830). 

H.  U.  (Jiard  up),  an  H.  U.  member 
of  society. 

Hackbum  (Simon  of),  a  friend  of 
Hobbie  Elliott,  farmer  at  the  Heugh-foot. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Black  Dwarf  (time, 
Anne). 

Hackum  (Captain),  a  thick-headed 
bully  of  Alsatia,  once  a  sergeant  in 
Flanders.  He  deserted  his  colours,  fled 
to  England,  took  refuge  in  Alsatia,  and 
assumed  the  title  of  captain. — Shadwell, 
Squire  of  Alsatia  (1688). 

Had  I  a  Heart  for  Falsehood 
Framed !  —  Sheridan,  The  Duenna 
(1778). 

Hadad,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
the  East  led  by  the  guiding  star  to  Jesus. 
He  left  his  beloved  consort,  fairest  of  the 
daughters  of  Bethu'rim.  At  his  decease 
she  shed  no  tear,  yet  was  her  love  ex- 
ceeding that  of  mortals. — Klopstock,  Tha 
Messiah,  v.  (1771). 

Had'a"way  (Jack),  a  former  neigh- 
bour of  Nanty  Ewart  the  smuggler- 
captain.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Eedgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Ha'des  (2  syl.),  the  god  of  the  un- 
seen  world  ;  also  applied  to  the  grave,  or 
the  abode  of  departed  spirits. 

*^*  In  the  Apostles'  Creed,  the  phraM 


HADGI. 


418 


HAIDEE. 


*'  descended  into  hell  "  is  equivalent  to 
"  descended  into  hades." 

Hadgi  (Abdallah  el),  the  soldan's 
envoy.— Sir  W.  Scott,  T/ie  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Hadoway  (Mrs.),  Level's  landlady 
at  Fairport.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Hadramaut,  a  province  containing 
the  pit  where  the  souls  of  infidels  dwell 
after  death.  The  Av^ord  means  "  Cham- 
bers of  death." — Al  Koran. 

Haa'mony,  a  most  potent  counter- 
charm,  more  powerful  even  than  mo'ly 
('/.«.).  So  called  from  Hsemonia,  i.e. 
Thcssaly,  the  land  of  magic. 

...  a  small,  unsighUy  root. 
But  of  divine  effect .  .  . 
The  leaf  wus  darkish  and  bad  prickles  on  It ; 
But  in  another  country 

Bore  a  bright  golden  flower ;  but  not  in  this  soil. 
Unknown  and  like  esteemed,  and  the  dull  swaiu 
Treads  on  it  daily  with  his  clouted  shooii  ; 
And  yet  more  med'cinal  is  it  than  tliat  Moly 
That  Hermes  once  to  wise  Ulysses  gave. 
He  [fhe  shepherd]  called  it  Haemony,  and  gave  it  me. 
And  bade  me  keep  it,  as  of  sovereign  use 
'Gainst  all  encliantments,  mildew,  blast,  or  damp. 
Or  ghastly  furies'  apparition. 

Milton,  Comut  (1634). 

HaBmos,  in  Latin  H^mus,  a  chain 
of  mountains  forming  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  Thrace.  Very  celebrated  by 
poets  as  "the  cool  Haemus." 

And  Hxmus'  bills  with  snows  eternal  crowned. 

Pope,  liiad,  ii.  49  (1715). 

Hafed,  a  gheber  or  fire-worshipper,  in 
love  with  Hinda  the  emir's  daughter. 
He  was  the  leader  of  a  band  sworn  to 
free  their  country  or  die  in  the  attempt. 
His  rendezvous  was  betrayed,  but  when 
the  Moslem  came  to  arrest  him,  he  threw 
himself  into  the  sacred  fire  and  was 
burnt  to  death. — T.  Moore,  Lalla  Rookh 
("The  Fire- Worshippers,"  1817). 

Haf  edal,  the  protector  of  travellers, 
one  of  the  four  gods  of  the  Adites 
(2  syl.). 

Hafiz,  the  nom  de  plume  of  Mr.  Stott 
in  the  Morning  Press.  Byron  calls  him, 
"grovelling  Stott,"  and' adds,  "What 
would  be  the  sentiment  of  the  Persian 
Anacreon  ...  if  he  could  behold  his 
name  assumed  by  one  Stott  of  Drorhore, 
the  most  impudent  and  execrable  of 
literary  poachers?" — Enjlish  Bards  and 
Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Hafod.  As  big  a  fool  as  Jack  Hafod. 
Jack  Hafod  was  a  retainer  of  Mr. 
Bartlett  of  Castlemorton,  Worcestershire, 


and  the  ultimus  scurrarum  of  Great 
Britain.  He  died  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  century. 

Hagan,  son  of  a  mortal  and  a  sea- 
goblin,  the  Achilles  of  German  romance. 
He  stabbed  Siegfried  while  drinking  from 
a  brook,  and  laid  the  body  at  the  door  of 
Kriemhild,  that  she  might  suppose  he  had 
been  killed  by  assassins.  Hagan,  having 
killed  Siegfried,  then  seized  the  "  Nibe- 
lung  hoard,"  and  buried  it  in  the  Rhine, 
intending  to  appropriate  it.  Kriemhild, 
after  her  marriage  with  Etzel  king  of  the 
Huns,  invited  him  to  the  court  of  her 
husband,  and  cut  off  his  head.  He  is 
described  as  "  well  grown,  strongly  built, 
with  long  sinewy  legs,  deep  broad  chest, 
hair  slightly  grey,  of  terrible  visage,  and 
of  lordly  gait"  (stanza  1789).  — JAe 
Nibelungen  Lied  (1210). 

Ha'garenes  (3  syl.),  the  descendants 
of  Hagar.  The  Arabs  and  the  Spanish 
Moors  are  so  called. 

Often  he  \St.  James]  hath  been  seen  conquering  and 
destroying  the  Hagarenes. — Cervantes.  Don  Quixote,  IL 
iv.  6  (1615). 

Hagenbach  (Sir  Archibald  von), 
governor  of  La  Ferette. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Hague  (1  syl.).  This  word  means 
"meadow,"  and  is  called  in  the  Dutch, 
S'  Gravenhagen  ("  the  count's  hague  or 
meadow"). 

Haiatal'nefous  (5  syl.),  daughter 
and  only  child  of  Ar'manos  king  of  the 
"Isle  of  Ebony."  She  and  Badoura 
were  the  two  wives  of  prince  Camaral'- 
zaman,  and  gave  birth  at  the  same  time 
to  two  princes.  Badoura  called  her  son 
Amgiad  ("  the  most  glorious "),  and 
Haiatalnefous  called  her's  Assad  (' 
most  happy  "). — Arabian  Nights  ("  < 
ralzaman  and  Badoura"). 


("the  h 
CaooflM 

le  Cf'T 
^imbro 


Haidee',  "the  beauty  of  the 
clades,"  was  the  daughter  of  Lambro 
a  Greek  pirate,  living  in  one  of  the 
Cyclades.  Her  mother  was  a  Moorish 
maiden  of  Fez,  who  died  when  Haidee 
was  a  mere  child.  Being  brought  up  in 
utter  loneliness,  she  was  wholly  Nature's 
child.  One  day,  don  Juan  was  cast  on 
the  shore,  the  only  one  saved  from 
shipwrecked  crew,  tossed  about  tor  many 
days  in  the  long-boat.  Haidee  lighted 
on  the  lad,  and,  having  nursed,  him  in 
cave,  fell  in  love  with  him.  A  report] 
being  heard  that  Lambro  was  dead, 
Juan  gave  a  banquet,  but  in  the  midst 


HAIMON. 


419 


HAKIM. 


the  revelry,  the  old  pirate  returned,  and 
ordered  don  Juan  to  be  seized  and  sold 
as  a  slave.  Haidee  broke  a  blood-vessel 
from  grief  and  fright,  and,  refusing  to 
take  any  nourishment,  died. — Bvron,  Don 
Juan,  ii.  118;  iii.,  iv.  (1819,  1821). 

Lord  Byron  appears  to  have  worked  up  no  part  of  his 
poem  with  so  much  beauty  and  life  of  deicription  as  that 
wliich  narrates  Uie  loves  of  Juan  and  Haidee. — Sir  Eger- 
ton  Brydges. 

Don  Juan  is  dashed  on  the  shore  of  the  Cycladfis,  where 
he  is  found  by  a  be<iutiful  and  innocent  girl,  the  daughter 
of  an  old  Greek  pirate.  There  is  a  very  superior  kind  of 
poetry  in  the  conception  of  this  incident :  the  desolate 
isle— the  utter  loneliness  of  the  maiden,  who  is  ignorant  as 
she  is  innocent — the  tielpless  condition  of  tlie  youth. — 
everything  conspires  to  render  it  a  true  romance. — Black' 
wood's  Magazine, 

Haimon  (The  Four  Sons  of),  the 
title  of  a  minnesong  in  the  degeneracy 
of  that  poetic  school,  which  rose  in  Ger- 
many with  the  house  of  Hohenstaufen, 
and  went  out  in  the  middle  of  the 
thirteenth  century. 

Hair.  Every  three  days,  when  Cor*- 
sina  combed  the  hair  of  Fairstar  and  her 
two  brothers,  "a  great  many  valuable 
jewels  were  combed  out,  which  she  sold 
at  the  nearest  town." — Comtesse  D'Aunoy, 
Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess  Fairstar,"  1682). 

"I  suspected,"  said  Corsina,  "that  Chery  is  not  the 
brother  of  Fairstar,  for  he  iias  neither  a  star  nor  collar 
of  gold  as  Fairstar  and  her  brothers  have."  "That's  true," 
rejoined  her  husband  ;  "  but  jewels  fall  out  of  his  hair,  as 
weU  as  out  of  the  others'." — Princess  fairstar. 


Hair.  Mrs.  Astley,  an  actress  of  the 
last  century,  wixe  of  "  Old  Astley,"  could 
stand  up  and  cover  her  feet  with  her 
flaxen  hair. 

She  had  such  luxuriant  hair  that  she  could  stand  upright 
and  it  covered  her  to  her  feet  like  a  veil.  She  wsis  very 
proud  of  these  flaxen  locks ;  and  a  slight  accident  by  fire 
having  befallen  them,  she  resolved  ever  after  to  play  in  a 
wig.  She  used,  therefore,  to  wind  this  immense  quantity  of 
hair  round  her  head,  and  put  over  it  a  capacious  caxon, 
the  consequence  of  which  was  tiiat  her  head  bore  about 
the  same  proportion  to  the  rest  of  her  ligure  that  a  whale's 
skull  does  to  its  body.— Philip  Astley  (1742-1814). 

Mdlle.  Bois  de  Chene,  exhibited  in 
London  in  1852-3,  had  a  most  profuse 
head  of  hair,  and  also  a  strong  black 
beard,  large  whiskers,  and  thick  hair  ou 
her  arms  and  legs. 

Charles  XII.  had  in  his  army  a  woman 
whose  beard  was  a  yard  and  a  half  long. 
She  was  taken  prisoner  at  the  battle  of 
Pultowa,  and  presented  to  the  czar  in 
1724. 

Johann  Mayo,  the  German  painter,  had 
a  beard  which  touched  the  ground  when 
he  stood  up. 

Master  George  Killingworthe,  in  the 
court  of  Ivan  "the  Terrible"  of  Russia, 
had  a  beard  five  feet  two  inches  long.  It 
was  thick,  broad,  and  of  a  yellowish  hue. 
— Hakluyt  (1589). 


Hair  Cut  Off.  It  was  said  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans  that  life  would  not 
quit  the  body  of  a  devoted  victim  till  a 
lock  of  hair  had  first  been  cut  from  the 
head  of  the  victim  and  given  to  Proser- 
pine. Thus,  when  Alcestis  was  about  to 
die  as  a  voluntary  sacrifice  for  the  life  of 
her  husband,  Than'atos  first  cut  off  a  lock 
of  her  hair  for  the  queen  of  the  infernals. 
When  Dido  immolated  herself,  she  could 
not  die  till  Iris  had  cut  off  one  of  her 
yellow  locks  for  the  same  purpose. — ^Vir- 
gil, ^neid,  iv.  693-705. 

Iris  cut  the  yellow  hair  of  unhappy  Dido,  and  broke  the 
charm.— O.  W.  Holmes,  Autocrat  of  the  Ureakfast  Table. 

Hair  Sign  of  Kank. 

The  Parthians  and  ancient  Persians  of 
high  rank  wore  long  flowing  hair. 

Homer  speaks  of  "the  long-haired 
Greeks  "  by  way  of  honourable  distinction. 
Subsequently  the  Athenian  cavalry  wore 
long  hair,  and  all  Lacedaemonian  soldiers 
did  the  same. 

The  Gauls  considered  long  hair  a  notable 
honour,  for  which  reason  Julius  Caesar 
obliged  them  to  cut  off  their  hair  in 
token  of  submission. 

The  Franks  and  ancient  Germans  con- 
sidered long  hair  a  mark  of  noble  birth. 
Hence  Clodion  the  Frank  was  called  "  The 
Long-Haired,"  and  his  successors  are 
spoken  of  as  les  rots  chevelures. 

The  Goths  looked  on  long  hair  as  a 
mark  of  honour,  and  short  hair  as  a  mark 
of  thraldom. 

For  many  centuries  long  hair  was  in 
France  the  distinctive  mark  of  kings  and 
nobles. 

Haiz'um  (3  syl.),  the  horse  on  which 
the  archangel  Gabriel  rode  when  he  led 
a  squadron  of  3000  angels  against  the 
Koreishites  (3  syl.)  in  the  famous  battle 
of  Bedr. 

Hakem'  or  Hakeem,  chief  of  the 
Druses,  who  resides  at  Deir-el-Kamar. 
The  first  hakem  was  the  third  Fatimite 
caliph,  called  B'amr-ellah,  who  professed 
to  be  incarnate  deity  and  the  last  prophet 
who  had  personal  communication  between 
God  and  man.  He  was  slain  on  mount 
Mokattam,  near  Cairo  (Egypt). 

Hakem  the  khalif  vanished  erst. 
In  what  seemed  death  to  uninstructed  oyes. 
On  red  Mokattam's  verge. 
Robert  Browning,  The  Jietarn  of  the  Druset,  I. 

Hakim  (Adonbec  el),  Saladin  in  the 
disguise  of  a  physician.  He  visited 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  in  sickness  ;  gave 
him  a  medicine  in  which  the  "  talisman  " 
had    been   dipped,    and   the   sick    king 


HALCRO. 


420 


HAMET. 


recovered  from  his  fever. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Halcro.  {Claud),  the  old  bard  of 
Magnus  Troil  the  udaller  of  Zetland. — 
Sir^V.  Scott,  The  I'irate  (time,  William 
III.). 

*^*  A  udaller  is  one  who  holds  his 
land  by  allodial  tenure. 

Halcyon  a  Weathercock.    It  is 

said  that  if  the  kingfisher  or  halcyon  is 
hung,  it  will  show  which  way  the  wind 
blows  by  veering  about. 

Mow  now  stands  the  wind  ? 

Into  what  corner  peers  mv  halcyon's  bill? 

Marlowe,  Vei*  of  Malta  (1586). 
Or  as  a  halcyon  with  her  turning  brest, 
Demonstrates  wind  from  wind  and  east  from  west 
Stover,  J.ife  and  Death  of  Thorn.  )to/«cy,  Card.  (1599). 

Halden  or  Halfdene  (2  syL),  a 
Danish  king,  who  with  Basrig  or  Bagsecg, 
another  Scandinavian  king,  made  (in  871) 
a  descent  upon  Wessex,  and  in  that  one 
year  nine  pitched  battles  were  fought 
with  the  islanders.  The  first  was  Engle- 
field,  in  Berkshire,  in  which  the  Danes 
were  beaten  ;  the  second  was  Reading,  in 
which  the  Danes  were  victorious ;  the 
third  was  the  famous  battle  of  ^>scesdun 
or  Ashdune,  in  which  the  Danes  were 
defeated  with  great  loss,  and  king  Bag- 
secg was  slain.  In  909,  Halfdene  was 
slain  in  the  battle  of  Wodnesfield  (Staf- 
fordshire). 

Reading  ye  regained  .  .  . 

Where  Basrig  ye  outbraved,  and  Halden  sword  to  sword. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

Hal'dimund  {Sir  Ewes),  a  friend  of 
lord  Dalgarno.— Sir  \V.  Scott,  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Hales  {John),  called  "The  Ever- 
Memorable"  (1684-1656). 

The  works  of  John  Hales  were  pub- 
lished after  his  death,  in  1659,  under  the 
title  of  The  Golden  Remains  of  the  Ever- 
Memorahle  Mr.  John  Hales  of  Eton 
College  (three  vols.). 

Halkit  {Mr.),  a  young  lawyer  in  the 
introduction  of  sir  W.  Scott's  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (1818). 

Hall  {Sir  Christopher),  an  officer  in 
the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Hallam's  Greek.  Henry  Hallam 
reviewed,  in  The  Edinburgh,  Payne 
Knight's  book  entitled  An  Analytical 
Inquiry  into  the  Principles  of  Taste,  and 
Lished  most  unmercifully  some  Greek 
verses  therein.  It  was  not  discovered 
that  the  lines  were  Pindar's  till  it  was 


too   late  to  cancel  the  critique. — Crabb 
Robinson,  Diary,  i.  277. 

Classic  Hallam,  much  renowned  for  Greek. 
BjTon,  Kngliih  Bards  attd  Scotch  Jieviewers  (1809). 

Haller  {3frs.).  At  the  age  of  16 
Adelaide  [Mrs.  Haller]  married  the  count 
Waldbourg,  from  whom  she  eloped.  The 
count  then  led  a  roving  life,  and  was 
known  as  "the  stranger."  The  countess, 
repenting  of  her  folly,  assumed  (for  three 
years)  the  name  of  Mrs.  Haller,  and  took 
service  under  the  countess  of  Wintersen, 
whose  affection  she  won  by  her  amiability 
and  sweetness  of  temper.  Baron  Stein- 
fort  fell  in  love  with  her,  but,  hearing 
her  tale,  interested  himself  in  bringing 
about  a  reconciliation  between  Mrs.  Haller 
and  "  the  stranger,"  who  happened,  at  the 
time,  to  be  living  in  the  same  neighbour- 
hood. They  met  and  bade  adieu,  but 
when  their  children  were  brought  forth 
they  relented,  and  rushed  into  each 
other's  arms. — Benj.  Thompson,  The 
Strauger{n^7).  Adaptedfrom  Kotzebue. 
In  "  Mrs.  Haller,"  the  powers  of  Miss  O'Neill,  aided  by  her 
beauty,  shone  forth  in  the  iilghest  perfection,  and  wlien 
she  appeared  in  that  character,  with  Jolin  Kemble  as 
"The  Stranger,"  a  spectacle  was  exhibited  such  as  no  one 
ever  saw  before,  or  wJl  ever  see  again.— Sir  A.  Alison. 

Halliday  {Tom),  a  private  in  the 
royal  army. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortalitx^ 
(time,  Charles  II.).- 

Hamarti'a,  Sin  personified,  offsprii 
of  the  red  dragon  and  Eve.    "A  foul,  d^ 
formed  "  monster,  "more  foul,  deform 
the   sun  yet  never  saw."      "A  womj 
seemed  she  in  tJie  upper  part,"  but 
rest  was  in  serpent  form,"  though  out  i 
sight.     Fullv  described  in  canto  xii. 
The  Purple'  Island  (1633),   by   Phint 
Fletcher.     (Greek,  hamartia,  "  sin.") 

Hamet,  son  of  Mandane  and  Zam, 

(a  Chinese  mandarin).  When  the  infant  ' 
prince  Zaphimri,  called  "the  orphan  of 
China,"  was  committed  to  the  care  of 
Zamti,  Hamct  was  sent  to  Corea,  and 
placed  under  the  charge  of  Morat ;  but 
when  grown  to  manhood,  he  led  a  band  of 
insurgents  against  Ti'murkan'  the  Tartar, 
who  had  usurped  the  throne  of  China. 
He  was  seized  and  condemned  to  death, 
under  the  conviction  that  he  wad 
Zaphimri  the  prince.  Etan  (who  was 
the  real  Zaphimri)  now  came  forward  to 
acknowledge  his  rank,  and  Timurkan, 
unable  to  ascertain  which  was  the  true 
prince,  ordered  them  both  to  execution. 
At  this  juncture  a  party  of  insurgents 
arrived,  Hamet  and  Zaphimri  were  set  at 
liberty,  Timurkan  was  slain,  and  Zaphi 


im^^ 


HAMET. 


421 


HAMPDEN. 


was  raised  to  the  throne  of  his  forefathers. 
— Murphy,  The  Orphan  of  China. 

Ilamet,  one  of  the  black  slaves  of  sir 
Brian  de  Bois  Guilbert  preceptor  of  the 
Knights  Templars. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivan- 
hoe  (time,  Kichard  I.). 

Ifamet  (The  Cid)  or  The  Cid  Hamet 
Benexgei/i,  the  hypothetical  Moorisii 
chronicler  who  is  fabled  by  Cervantes  to 
have  written  the  adventures  of  "don 
Quixote." 

O  Nature's  noblest  gift,  my  gray  goose  quill  I  •  ,  . 

Our  ta^ik  complete,  like  Haniet's,  sshall  be  free. 
Byron,  English  Sards  and  Hcotch  lieviewert  (1809). 
The  shrewd  Cid  Hamet,  addressing  himself  to  his  pen, 
says,  "And  now,  my  slender  quill,  whether  skilfully  cut 
or  otherwise,  here  from  this  rack,  suspended  by  a  wire, 
Shalt  thou  peacefully  live  to  distant  times,  unless  the  hand 
of  some  rash  historian  disturb  thy  repose  by  taking  thee 
down  and  profaning  tbee." — Cervautes,  JDon  (Quixote 
(last  chap.,  1015). 

Hamilton  {Ladx/  Emily)^  sister  of 
lord  Evandale.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mor- 
tality (time,  Charles  II.). 

Hamiltrude  (3  s?//.),  a  poor  French- 
woman, the  first  of  Charlemagne's  nine 
wives.     She  bore  him  several  children. 

Her  neck  was  tinged  with  a  delicate  rose.  .  .  .  Her 
locks  were  bound  about  her  temples  with  gold  and  purple 
bands.  Her  dress  was  looped  up  with  ruby  clasps.  Her 
coronet  and  her  purple  robes  gave  her  an  air  of  surpassing 
majesty. — L'Epine,  C'roquemilaine,  iii. 

Hamlet,  prince  of  Denmark,  a  man 
of  mind  but  not  of  action  ^  nephew  of 
Claudius  the  reigning  king,  who  had 
married  the  widowed  queen.  Hamlet 
loved  Ophelia,  daughter  of  Polo'nius  the 
lord  chamberlain ;  but  feeling  it  to  be 
his  duty  to  revenge  his  father's  murder, 
he  abandoned  the  idea  of  marriage,  and 
treated  Ophelia  so  strangely,  that  she 
went  mad,  and,  gathering  flowers  from 
a  brook,  fell  into  the  water  and  was 
drowned.  While  wasting  his  energy  in 
speculation,  Hamlet  accepted  a  challenge 
from  Laertes  of  a  friendly  contest  with 
foils  ;  but  Laertes  used  a  poisoned  rapier, 
with  which  he  stabbed  the  young  prince. 
A  scuffle  ensued,  in  which  the  combatants 
changed  weapons,  and  Laertes  being 
stabbed,  both  died. — Shakespeare,  Hamlet 
(1596). 

"The  whole  play,"  says  Schlegel,  "is 
intended  to  show  that  calculating  con- 
sideration which  exhausts  .  .  .  the  power 
of  action."  Goethe  is  of  the  same  opinion, 
and  says  that  "  Hamlet  is  a  noble  nature, 
without  the  strength  of  nerve  which  forms 
a  hero.  He  sinks  beneath  a  burden  which 
he  cannot  bear,  and  cannot  [mahe  up  his 
mind  to]  cast  aside." 

%*  The  best  actors  of  "Hamlet"  have 
been    Thomas     Bctterton     (1635-1710), 


Robert  Wilks  (1670-1732),  Garrick 
(1716-1779),  .John  Henderson  (1747- 
178.')),  J.  P.  Kemble  (1767-1823),  and  W. 
H.  Betty  (1792-1874).  Next  to  these,  C. 
Kemble  (1775-1854),  C.  M.Young  (1777- 
185(;),  Edmund  Kean  (1787-1833),  Henry 
Irving  (1840-        ),  etc. 

*^*  In  the  History  of  Hamhiet,  Hamlet'g 
father  is  called  "  Horvendille." 

Hammer  (The),  Judas  Asamonaeus, 
surnamed  3faccaba2us,  "the  hammer" 
(B.C.  160-136). 

Charles  Martel  (689-741). 

On  pretend  qu'on  lui  donna  le  sumom  de  Hartel 
parcequ'il  avait  ^cras6  comme  avec  un  marteau  le.s 
Sarrasins  qui,  sous  la  conduite  d'Abd^rame,  avaient 
envahi  la  France.— Bouillet. 

Hamm.er  and  Scourge  of  Eng- 
land, sir  William  Wallace  (1270-1305). 

Hammer  of  Heretics. 

1.  Pierre  d'Ailly,  president  of  the 
council  which  condemned  John  Huss 
(1350-1425). 

2.  St.  Augustine,  "the  pillar  of 
truth  and  hammer  of  heresies"  (395- 
430).— Hakewell. 

8.  John  Faber.  So  called  from  the 
title  of  one  of  his  works.  Malleus  Hereiic- 
orum  (1470-1541). 

Hammer  of  Scotland,  Edward  I. 
His  son  inscribed  on  his  tomb :  "Edwardus 
Longus  Scotorum  Malleus  hie  est "  (1239, 
1272-1307). 

Hammerlein  (Glaus),  the  smith,  one 
of  the  insurgents  at  Liege. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Hamond,  captain  of  the  guard  of 
EoUo  ("  the  bloody  brother"  of  Otto,  and 
duke  of  Normandy).  He  stabs  the  duke, 
and  Kollo  stabs  the  captain  ;  so  that  they 
kill  each  other. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Bloody  Brother  (1639). 

Hampden  (John)  was  bom  in 
London,  but  after  his  marriage  lived  as  a 
country  squire.  He  was  imprisoned  in 
the  gate-house  for  refusing  to  pay  a  tax 
called  ship-money,  imposed  without  the 
authority  of  parliament.  The  case  was 
tried  in  the  Exchequer  Chamber,  in  1637, 
and  given  against  him.  He  threw  him- 
self heart  and  soul  into  the  business 
of  the  Long  Parliament,  and  commanded 
a  troop  in  the  parliamentary  army.  In 
1643  he  fell  in  an  encounter  with  prince 
Kupert ;  but  he  has  ever  been  honoured 
as  a  patriot,  and  the  defender  of  the  rights 
of  the  people  (1594-1643). 

[ShaU]  Hampden  no  more,  when  suffering  Freedom  calllk 
Encounter  Fate,  and  triumph  as  he  talis} 

Campbell,  Pleasures  o/  Uope,  L  (1799). 


HAMZU-BEN-AHMUD. 


422 


HANS. 


Some  village  Hampden,  that  with  dauntless  breast. 
The  Utile  tirant  of  his  fields  withstood. 

Gray,  Elegy  (1749). 

Hamzu-ben-Ahmud,  who,  on  the 
death  of  hakeem  B'amr-ellah  (called  the 
incarnate  deity  and  last  prophet),  was 
the  most  zealous  propagator  of  the  new 
faith,  out  of  which  the  semi-Moham- 
medan sect  called  Druses  subsequently 
arose. 

N.B. — They  were  not  called  "Druses" 
till  the  eleventh  century,  when  one  of  their 
"apostles,"  called  Durzi,  led  them  from 
Egypt  to  Syria,  and  the  sect  was  called 
by  his  name. 

Handel's  Monument,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  is  by  Koubiliac.  It  was 
the  last  work  executed  by  this  sculptor. 

Han  {Sons  of),  the  Chinese  ;  so  called 
from  Han,  the  village  in  which  Lieou- 
pang  was  chief.  Lieou-pang  conquered 
all  who  opposed  him,  seized  the  supreme 
power,  assumed  the  name  of  Kao-hoang- 
tee,  and  the  dynasty,  which  lasted  422 
years,  was  "the  fifth  imperial  dynasty, 
or  that  of  Han."  It  gave  thirty  emperors, 
and  the  seat  of  government  was  Yn. 
With  this  dvnasty  the  modern  history  of 
China  begins  (b.c.  202  to  a.d.  220). 

Handsome  Englishman  (The). 
The  French  used  to  call  John  Churchill, 
duke  of  Marlborough,  Le  Bel  Anglais 
(1650-1722). 

Handsome  Swordsman  (The). 
Joachim  Murat  was  popularly  called  Ze 
Beau  Sabreur  (1767-1815). 

Handy  (Sir  Abel),  a  great  contriver 
of  inventions  which  would  not  work,  and 
of  retrograde  improvements.  Thus  "his 
infallible  axletree "  gave  way  when  it 
was  used,  and  the  carriage  was  "  smashed 
to  pieces."  His  substitute  for  gunpowder 
exploded,  endangered  his  life,  and  set 
fire  to  the  castle.  His  "extinguishing 
powder"  might  have  reduced  the  flames, 
but  it  was  not  mixed,  nor  were  his  patent 
fire-engines  in  workable  order.  He  said 
to  Farmer  Ashfield : 

"  I  have  obtained  patents  for  tweezers,  tooth-picks,  and 
iiiidei'-boxes  .  .  .  and  have  now  on  hand  two  inventions, 
.  .  .  one  for  converting  saw-dust  into  deal  boards,  and  the 
cUwr  for  cleaning  rooms  by  steam-engines."— Act  i.  1. 

Lady  Nelly  Bandy  (his  wife),  formerly 
a  servant  in  the  house  of  Farmer  Ashfield. 
She  was  full  of  affectations,  overbearing, 
and  dogmatical.  Lady  Nelly  tried  to 
"  forget  the  dunghill  whence  she  grew, 
and  thought  herself  the  Lord  knows  who." 
Ker  extravagance  was  so  great  that  sir 
Abel  said  bis  "best  coal-pit  would  not 


find  her  in  white  muslin,  nor  his  India 
bonds  in  shawls  and  otto  of  roses."  It 
turned  out  that  her  first  husband  Gerald, 
who  had  been  absent  twenty  years,  re- 
appeared and  claimed  her.  Sir  Abel  will- 
inglv  resigned  his  claim,  and  gave  Gerald 
£5000  to  take  her  ofE  his  hands. 

Robert  Handy  (always  called  Bob),  son 
of  sir  Abel  by  his  first  wife.  He  fancied 
he  could  do  everything  better  than  any 
one  else.  He  taught  the  post-boy  to  drive, 
but  broke  the  horse's  knees.  He  taught 
Farmer  Ashfield  how  to  box,  but  got 
knocked  down  by  him  at  the  first  blow. 
He  told  Dame  Ashfield  he  had  learnt 
lace-making  at  Mechlin,  and  that  she  did 
not  make  it  in  the  right  way  ;  but  he 
spoilt  her  cushion  in  showing  her  how  to 
do  it.  He  told  lady  Handy  (his  father's 
bride)  she  did  not  know  how  to  use  the 
fan,  and  showed  her  ;  he  told  her  she  did 
not  know  how  to  curtsey,  and  showed 
her.  Being  pestered  by  this  popinjay 
beyond  endurance,  she  implored  her  hus- 
band to  protect  her  from  further  insults. 
Though  light-hearted.  Bob  was  "warm, 
steady,  and  sincere."  He  married  Susan, 
the  daughter  of  Farmer  Ashfield. — Th. 
Morton,  Speed  the  Plough  (1798). 

Hanging  Judge  (The),  sir  Francis 
Page  (1718-1741). 

The  earl  of  Norbury,  who  was  chief 
justice  of  the  Common  Pleas  in  Irelaii " 
from  1820  to  1827,  was  also  stigmatia 
with  the  same  unenviable  title. 

Hannah.,  housekeeper  to  Mr.  Fairfo| 

the  lawyer.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Bedgam  " 
(time,  George  III.). 

Hanover  Rat.    The  Jacobites  us^ 
to  affirm  that  the  rat  was  brought  over  1 
the  Hanoverians  when  they  succeeded 
the  crown. 

Curse  me  the  British  vermin,  the  rat, — 
I  know  not  whether  he  came  in  the  Hanover  ship. 
Tennyson,  Maud,  II.  v.  S. ' 

Hans,  a  simple-minded  boy  of  fire 
and  twenty,  in  love  with  Esther,  but  too 
shy  to  ask  her  in  marriage.  He  is  a 
"Modus"  in  a  lower  social  grade ;  and 
Esther  is  a  "cousin  Helen,"  Avho  laughs 
at  him,  loves  him,  and  teaches  him  how 
to  make  love  to  her  and  win  her. — S. 
Knowles,  The  Maid  of  Mariendorpt 
(18^8). 

Hans,  the  pious  ferryman  on  the  banks 
of  the  Rhine,— Sir  W,  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Hans    (Adrian)^    a    Dutch    merchant, 


HANS  OF  ICELAND. 


423 


HARDCASTLE. 


killed  at  Boston.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Hans  of  Iceland,  a  novel  by- 
Victor  Hugo  (1824).  Hans  is  a  stern, 
savaQ;e,  Northern  monster,  ghastly  and 
fascinating. 

Hans  von  Rippach  \_Bir  pa^],  i.e. 
Jack  of  Rippach.  Rippach  is  ii  village 
near  Leipsic.  This  Hans  von  Rippach 
is  a  "  Mons.  Nong-tong-pas,"  that  is,  a 
person  asked  for,  who  does  not  exist. 
The  "joke"  is  to  ring  a  house  up  at 
some  unseasonable  hour,  and  ask  for 
Herr  Hans  von  Rippach  or  Mons.  Nong- 
tongpas. 

Hanson  {Neil),  a  soldier  in  the 
castle  of  Garde  Doloureuse.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

HansTATurst,  the  "  Jack  Pudding  "  of 
old  German  comedy,  but  almost  anni- 
hilated by  Gottsched,  in  the  middle  of  the 
eighteenth  century.  He  was  clumsy, 
huge  in  person,  an  immense  gourmand, 
and  fond  of  vulgar  practical  jokes. 

*^*  The  French  "Jean  Potage,"  the 
Italian  "  Macaroni,"  and  the  Dutch 
"  Pickel  Herringe,"  were  similar  charac- 
ters. 

Hapmouche  (2  syl),  i.e.  "fly- 
catcher," the  giant  who  first  hit  upon 
the  plan  of  smoking  pork  and  neats' 
tongues. — Rabelais,  Pantagruel,  ii.  1. 

Happer  or  Hob,  the  miller  who 
supplies  St.  Mary's  Convent. 

Mysie  Happer,  the  miller's  daughter. 
Afterwards,  in  disguise,  she  acts  as  the 
page  of  sir  Piercie  Shafton,  whom  she 
marries.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Happuck,  a  magician,  brother  of 
Ulin  the  enchantress.  He  was  the  instiga- 
tor of  rebellion,  and  intended  to  kill  the 
sultan  Misnar  at  a  review,  but  Misnar 
had  given  orders  to  a  body  of  archers  to 
shoot  the  man  who  was  left  standing 
when  the  rest  of  the  soldiers  fell  pros- 
trate in  adoration.  Misnar  went  to  the 
review,  and  commanded  the  army  to  give 
thanks  to  Allah  for  their  victory,  when 
all  fell  prostrate  except  Happuck,  who 
was  thus  detected,  and  instantly  de- 
spatched.—Sir  C.  Morell  [James  Ridley], 
Tales  of  the  Genii  ("The  Enchanter's 
Tale,"  vi.,  1751). 

Have  we  prevailetl  asjfiinst  Ulin  and  Happuck,  Ollo- 
niand  ana  Tasnar,  Ahaback  and  Desra  ;  and  shall  we 
fear  the  contrivance  of  a  poor  vizieit— Tales  of  the  Genii, 
ViL  (1751). 


Happy  Valley  {The),  in  the  king- 
dom of  Amhara.  It  was  here  the  royal 
princes  and  princesses  of  Abyssinia  lived. 
It  was  surrounded  by  high  mountains, 
and  was  accessible  only  by  one  spot 
under  a  cave.  This  spot  was  concealed 
by  woods  and  closed  by  iron  gates. — Dr. 
Johnson,  Rasselas  (1759). 

Har'apha,  a  descendant  of  Analc  the 
giant  of  Gath.  He  went  to  mock  Sam- 
son in  prison,  but  durst  not  venture 
within  his  reach.  —  Milton,  Samson 
Agonistes  (1632). 

Har'bothel  {Master  Fabian),  the 
'squire  of  sir  Aymer  de  Valence. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Hard  Times,  a  novel  by  C.  Dickens 
(1854),  dramatized  in  1867  under  the  title 
of  Under  the  Earth  or  The  Sons  of  Toil. 
Bounderby,  a  street  arab,  raised  himself 
to  banker  and  cotton  prince.  When  55 
years  of  age,  he  proposed  marriage  to 
Louisa,  daughter  of  Thomas  Gradgrind, 
Esq.,  J.P.,  and  was  accepted.  One  night, 
the  bank  was  robbed  of  £150,  and  Boun- 
derby believed  Stephen  Blackpool  to  be 
the  thief,  because  he  had  dismissed  him, 
being  obnoxious  to  the  mill  hands  ;  but 
the  culprit  was  Tom  Gradgrind,  the 
banker's  brother-in-law,  who  lay  perdu 
for  a  while,  and  then  escaped  out  of  the 
country.  In  the  dramatized  version,  the 
bank  was  not  robbed  at  all,  but  Tom 
merely  removed  the  money  to  another 
drawer  for  safe  custody. 

Hardcastle  {Squire),  a  jovial,  prosy, 
but  hospitable  country  gentleman  of  the 
old  school.  He  loves  to  tell  his  long- 
winded  stories  about  prince  Eugene 
and  the  duke  of  Marlborough.  He  says, 
"  I  love  everything  that's  old  —  old 
friends,  old  times,  old  manners,  old 
books,  old  wine  "  (act  i.  1),  and  he  might 
have  added,  "  old  stories." 

Mrs.  Hardcastle,  a  very  "genteel" 
ladj'  indeed.  Mr.  Hardcastle  is  her 
second  husband,  and  Tony  Lumpkin  her 
son  by  her  former  husband.  She  is 
fond  of  "genteel"  society,  and  the  last 
fashions.  Mrs.  Hardcastle  says,  "There's 
nothing  in  the  world  I  love  to  talk  of 
so  much  as  London  and  the  fashions, 
though  I  was  never  there  myself"  (act 
ii.  1).  Her  mistaking  her  husband  for  a 
highwayman,  and  imploring  him  on  her 
knees  to  take  their  watches,  money,  all 
they  have  got,  but  to  spare  their  lives: 
"  Here,  good  gentleman,  whet  your  rage 
upon  me,  take  my  money,  my  life,  but 


HARDIE. 


424 


HARMON. 


spare    my  child!"    is    infinitely    comic 
(act  iv.  1). 

The  princess,  like  Mrs.  Hardcastle,  was  jolted  to  a  jelly. 
•-Lord  W.  P.  Lennox,  Celebrities,  i.  1. 

Miss  Hardcastle,  the  pretty,  bright- 
eyed,  lively  daughter  of  squire  Hard- 
castle. She  is  in  love  with  young 
Marlow,  and  "stoops"  to  a  pardonable 
deceit  "to  conquer"  his  bashfulness  and 
win  him. — Goldsmith,  Site  Stoops  to 
Conquer  (1773). 

Har'die  (Mr.),  a  young  lawyer,  in 
the  introduction  of  sir  W.  Scott's  Heart 
of  Midlothian  (1818). 

Hardouin  (2  syl.).  Jean  Hardouin, 
the  Jesuit,  was  librarian  to  Louis  XIV. 
He  doubted  the  truth  of  all  received 
history ;  denied  that  the  JEne'id  was  the 
work  of  Virgil,  or  the  Odes  of  Horace 
the  production  of  that  poet ;  placed  no 
credence  in  medals  and  coins  ;  regarded 
all  councils  before  that  of  Trent  as 
chimerical ;  and  looked  on  all  Jansenists 
as  infidels  (1646-1729). 

Hardy  {Mr.),  father  of  Letitia.  A 
worthy  little  fellow  enough,  but  with  the 
unfortunate  gift  of  "  foreseeing  "  every- 
thing (act  V.  4). 

Letitia  Hardy,  his  daughter,  the  fiancee 
of  Dor'icourt.  A  girl  of  great  spirit  and 
ingenuity,  beautiful  and  clever.  Dori- 
court  dislikes  her  M'ithout  knowing  her, 
simply  because  he  has  been  betrothed  to 
her  by  his  parents  ;  but  she  wins  him  by 
stratagem.  She  first  assumes  the  airs 
and  manners  of  a  raw  country  hoyden, 
and  disgusts  the  fastidious  man  of 
fashion.  She  then  appears  at  a  masque- 
rade, and  wins  him  by  her  many  attrac- 
tions. The  marriage  is  performed  at 
midnight,  and,  till  the  ceremony  is  over, 
Doricourt  has  no  suspicion  that  the  fair 
masquerader  is  his  affiancedMiss  Hardy. 
—Mrs.  Cowley,  The  Belle's  Stratagem 
(1780).  "^ 

Hare'dale  (Geoffrey),  brother  of 
Reuben  the  uncle  of  Emma  Haredale. 
He  was  a  papist,  and  incurred  the  malig- 
nant hatred  of  Gashford  (lord  George 
Gordon's  secretary)  by  exposing  him  in 
Westminster  Hall.  Geoffrey  Haredale 
killed  sir  John  Chester  in  a  duel,  but 
made  good  his  escape,  and  ended  his  days 
in  a  monastery. 

Reuben  Haredale  (2  syl.),  brother  of 
Geoffrey,  and  father  of  Emma  Haredale. 
He  was  murdered. 

Emma  Haredale,  daughter  of  Reuben, 
and  niece  of   Geoffrey  with  whom  she   | 


lived  at  "  The  Warren."  Edward  Chester 
entertained  a  tendre  for  Emma  Haredale. 
— C.  Dickens,  Barnaby  liudge  (1841). 

Harefoot  (Harold).  So  Harold  I. 
was  called,  because  he  was  swift  of  foot 
as  a  hare  (1035-1040). 

Har^ave,  a  man  of  fashion.  The 
hero  and  title  of  a  novel  by  Mrs.  Trol- 
lope  (1843). 

Harley,  "the  man  of  feeling."  A 
man  of  the  finest  sensibilities  and  un- 
bounded benevolence,  but  bashful  as  a 
maiden. — Mackenzie,  T/ie  Man  of  Feeling 
(1771). 

The  principal  ohject  of  Mackenzie  is  .  .  .  to  reach 
and  sustain  a  tone  of  moral  pathos  by  representing  tha 
effect  of  incidents  .  .  .  upon  the  human  mind,  .  .  . 
especially  those  which  are  just,  boaourable,  and  Intel- 
ligent.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

Harlot  (The  Infamous  Northern), 
Elizabeth  Petrowna  empress  of  Russia 
(1709-1761). 

Har'lowe  (Clarissa),  a  young  lady, 
who,  to  avoid  a  marriage  to  which  her 
heart  cannot  consent,  but  to  which  she 
is  urged  by  her  parents,  casts  herself  on 
the  protection  of  a  lover,  who  most 
scandalously  abuses  the  confidence  re- 
posed in  him.  He  afterwards  proposes 
marriage  ;  but  she  rejects  his  proposal, 
and  retires  to  a  solitary  dwelling,  where 
she  pines  to  death  with  grief  and  shame. 
— S.  Richardson,  The  History  of  Clarissa 
Harlowe  (1749). 

The  dignity  of  Clarissa  under  her  disgrace  ...  re- 
minds us  of  the  saying  of  the  ancient  poet,  that  a  good 
man  struggling  with  the  tide  of  adversity  and  surmounting 
it,  is  a  sight  upon  which  the  immortal  gods  might  look 
down  with  pleasure.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

The  moral  elevation  of  this  heroine,  the  saintly  purity 
which  she  preserves  amidst  scenes  of  the  deepest  de- 
pravity and  the  most  seductive  g!»iety,  and  the  never- 
failing  sweetness  and  benevolence  of  her  temper,  render 
Clarissa  one  of  the  brightest  triumphs  of  the  whole  range 
of  imaginative  literature.— Chambers,  Engliih  Literature, 
ii.  161. 

Harl'-weston  Fountains,  near  St. 

Neot's,  in  Huntingdon.  There  are  two, 
one  salt  and  the  other  fresh.  The  salt 
fountain  is  said  to  cure  dimness  of  sight, 
and  the  sweet  fountain  to  cure  the  itch 
and  leprosy.  Drayton  tells  the  legend 
of  these  two  fountains  at  the  beginning 
of  song  xxii.  of  his  Folyolhion  (1622). 

Harmon  (John),  alias  John  Roki 
SMITH,  Mr.  Boffin's  secretary.   He  lodj 
with  the  Wilfers,  and  ultimately  marrit 
Bella  Wilfer.     He  is  described    as 
dark  gentleman,  30  at  the  utmost,  wit 
an   expressive,  one  might  say,  a  hand's 
some    face."— C.   Dickens,   Oar  Mutt 
Friend  (1864). 


HARMONIA'S  NECKLACE. 


426 


HARPAGON. 


*#*  For  explanation  of  the  mystery, 
Bee  vol.  I.  ii.  13. 

Harmo'nia's  Wecklaee,  an  un- 
lucky possession,  something  which  brings 
evil  to  its  possessor.  Harmonia  was  the 
daughter  of  Mars  and  Venus.  On  the 
day  of  her  marriage  with  king  Cadmos, 
she  received  a  necklace  made  by  Vulcan 
for  Venus.  This  unlucky  ornament 
afterwards  passed  to  Sem'ele,  then  to 
Jocasta,  then  Eriphy'le,  but  was  equally 
fatal  in  every  case.  (See  Luck.) — Ovid, 
Metaph.,  iv.  5 ;  Statius,  Thebaid,  ii. 

Harmonious  Blacksmith.    It  is 

said  that  the  sound  of  hammers  on  an 
anvil  suggested  to  Handel  the  "theme" 
of  the  musical  composition  to  which  he 
has  given  this  name. — See  Schoelcher, 
Life  of  Handel,  65. 
A  similar  tale  is  told  of  Pythagoras. 

Intently  considering  whetlier  it  would  be  possible  to 
devise  a  certain  iustrunientiil  aid  to  the  he»ring,  ...  he 
one  day  passed  near  a  stitliy,  and  was  struck  by  the 
sound  produced  as  the  hammers  beat  out  a  piece  of 
iron  on  an  anvil.  ...  He  recoj;nized  in  these  sounds  th« 
diapason,  tlie  diapente,  and  tlie  diatessaron  harmony.  .  .  . 
Going  then  into  the  stitliy,  he  discovered  thc-it  the  dif- 
ference of  sound  arose  from  the  different  sizes  of  the 
hammers,  and  not  from  the  difference  of  force  employed 
in  giving  tlie  stroltes  nor  yet  from  any  difference  in  the 
shape  of  tlie  hammers.  .  .  .  From  this  liint  he  constructed 
bis  musical  scale.— lamblichus,  Li/e  of  Pythagoras,  xxvL 

The  same  tale  is  also  told  of  Tubal- 
cain. 

Tubal!  haddc  greete  lykynge  to  here  the  hamers  sowno, 
and  he  fonde  projiorcioiis  and  acorde  of  melodye  by 
weyglit  of  the  liamers ;  and  so  he  use;l  tliem  moclie  in  the 
acorde  of  melodye,  but  he  was  not  fyiider  of  the  lustru- 
uentes  of  musyke. — Higden,  Polycronycon. 

(It  would  be  more  to  the  point,  per- 
i  haps,  if  the  tale  had  been  told  of  Jubal, 
J  "the  fynder  of  certain  Instrumentes  of 
I  musyke.") 

Harm.ony  {Mr.),  a  general  peace- 
1   maker.      When    he    found    persons    at 
i  variance,  he  went  to  them   separately, 
':  and  told  them    how    highly  the    other 
;  spoke  and  thought  of  him   or   her.     If 
I  it  were  man  and  wife,  he  would  tell  the 
j;  wife  how  highly  her  husband  esteemed 
I  her,  and  would  apply  the  "  oiled  feather" 
;  in  a  similar  way  to  the  husband.     "  We 
all  have  our  faults,"  he  would  say,  "and 
So-and-so  knows  it,  and  grieves  at  his 
infirmity  of  temper  ;  but  though  he  con- 
tends with  you,  he  praised  you  to  me  this 
i  morning  in  the  highest  terms."     By  this 
means  he  succeeded  in  smoothing  many 
a  rufHed  mind.— Inchbald,  Everu  One  has 
His  Fault  (1794). 

Harness  Prize,  a  prize  competed 
for  triennially,  on  some  Shakespearian 
iubject.  The  prize  consists  of  three 
(dears'  accumulated  interest  of  £500.    It 


was  founded  by  the  Rev,  Mr.  Harness,  and 
accepted  by  the  University  of  Cambridge. 
The  first  prize  was  awarded  in  1874. 

Harold  "the  Dauntless,"  son  of 
Witikind  the  Dane.  "He  was  rocked 
on  a  buckler,  and  fed  from  a  blade." 
Harold  married  Eivir,  a  Danish  maid, 
who  had  waited  on  him  as  a  page. — Sir 
W.  Sc^tt,  Harold  the  Dauntless  (1817). 

Harold  (Child?),  a  man  of  good  birth, 
lofty  bearing,  and  peerless  intellect,  who 
has  exhausted  by  dissipation  the  plea- 
sures of  youth,  and  travels.  Sir  Walter 
Scott  calls  him  "lord  Byron  in  a  fancy 
dress."  In  canto  i.  the  childe  visits 
Portugal  and  Spain  (1809)  ;  in  canto  ii., 
Turkey  in  Europe  (1810)  ;  in  canto  iii., 
Belgium  and  Switzerland  (1816) ;  in  canto 
iv.,  Venice,  Rome,  and  Florence  (1817). 

*^*  Lord  Byron  was  only  21  when  he 
began  Childe  Harold,  and  28  when  he 
finished  it. 

Haroun-al-Rasehid,  caliph,  of 
the  Abbasside  race,  contemporary  with 
Charlemagne,  and,  like  him,  a  patron  of 
literature  and  the  arts.  The  court  of  this 
caliph  was  most  splendid,  and  under  him 
the  caliphate  attained  its  greatest  degree 
of  prosperity  (765-809). 

*^*  Many  of  the  tales  in  the  Arabian 
Nights  are  placed  in  the  caliphate  of 
Haroun-al-Raschid,  as  the  histories  of 
"Am'ine,"  "  Sindbad  the  Sailor,"  "Aboul- 
hasson  and  Shemselnihar,"  "  Noureddin," 
"  Codadad  and  his  Brothers,"  "  Sleeper 
Awakened,"  and  "  Cogia  Hassan."  In 
the  third  of  these  the  caliph  is  a  prin- 
cipal actor. 

Har'pagon,  the  miser,  father  of 
Cleante  (2  syl.)  and  Elise  (2  syl.).  Both 
Harpagon  and  his  son  desire  to  marry 
Mariane  (3  syl.)  ;  but  the  father,  having 
lost  a  casket  of  money,  is  asked  which 
he  prefers — his  casket  or  Mariane,  and 
as  the  miser  prefers  the  money,  Cleante 
marries  the  lady.  Harpagon  imagines 
that  every  one  is  going  to  rob  him,  and 
when  he  loses  his  casket,  seizes  his  own 
arm  in  the  frenzy  of  passion.  He  pro- 
poses to  give  his  daughter  in  marriage 
to  an  old  man  named  Anselme,  because 
no  "dot"  will  be  required;  and  when 
Valere  (who  is  EUse's  lover)  urges  reason 
after  reason  against  the  unnatural  alli- 
ance, the  miser  makes  but  one  reply, 
"sans  dot."  "Ah,"  says  Valere,  "  il 
est  vrai,  cela  ferme  la  bouche  a  tout, 
sans  d(.)t."  Harpagon,  at  another  time, 
solicits  Jacques  (1  syl.)  to  tell  him  what 
folks  say  of    him  ;   and  when  JacQues 


IIARPAX. 


426 


HARROWBY. 


replies  he  cannot  do  so,  as  it  would  make 
hiui  angry,  the  miser  answers,  "  Point 
de  tout,  au  contraire,  c'est  me  faire 
plaiser."  But  when  told  that  he  is  called 
a  miser  and  a  skinflint,  he  towers  with 
rage,  and  beats  Jacques  in  his  uncon- 
trolled passion. 

"  Le  seigneur  Harpagon  est  de  tous  les  humains  ITiumain 
le  tnoiiis  huiiiaiii,  le  mortal  de  tons  les  mortels  le  plus  dur 
et  le  plus  serr6  "  (ii.  5).  Jacnues  says  to  him,  "  Jamais  on 
ne  parle  de  vous  que  sous  les  noms  d'avare,  de  ladre,  de 
vilain,  et  de  fesse-Mutthiae  "  (iiL  6).— Moli^re,  L'Avare 
(1667). 

Harpax,  centurion  of  the  "  Immortal 
Guard."— Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Eobert  of 
Faris  (time,  Rufus). 

Harpe  (2  syL),  the  cutlass  with 
which  Mercury  killed  Argus,  and  with 
which  Perseus  (2  sijl.)  subsequently  cut 
off  the  head  of  Medusa. 

Harper,  a  familiar  spirit  of  mediaeval 
demonology. 

Harper  cries,  "  Tis  time,  'tis  time ! " 

Sliakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  iv.  sc.  1  (1606). 

Harpoc'rates  (4  syl.),  the  god  of 
silence.  Cupid  bribed  him  with  a  rose 
not  to  divulge  the  amours  of  Venus. 
Harpocrates  is  generally  represented  with 
his  second  finger  on  his  mouth. 

He  also  symbolized  the  sun  at  the  end 
of  winter,  and  is  represented  with  a 
cornucopia  in  one  hand  and  a  lotus  in 
the  other.  The  lotus  is  dedicated  to  the 
sun,  because  it  opens  at  sunrise  and 
closes  at  sunset. 

I  assured  my  mistress  she  might  make  herself  quite 
easy  on  that  score  [i.e.  my  inaking  mention  of  what  wag 
told  we],  for  I  was  the  Harpocrates  of  trusty  valets. — 
Lesage,  Gil  Blot,  iv.  2  (1724). 

Harriet,  the  elder  daughter  of  sir 
David  and  lady  Dunder,  of  Dunder  Hall. 
She  was  in  love  with  Scruple,  whom  she 
accidentally    met    at    Calais ;     but    her 

f)arents  arranged  that  she  should  marry 
ord  Snolts,  a  stumpy,  "  gummy  "  old 
nobleman  of  five  and  forty.  To  prevent 
this  hateful  marriage,  Harriet  consented 
to  elope  with  Scruple ;  but  the  flight 
was  intercepted  by  sir  David,  who,  to 
prevent  a  scandal,  consented  to  the  mar- 
riage, and  discovered  that  Scruple,  both 
in  family  and  fortune,  was  a  suitable 
son-in-law. — G.  Colman,  Ways  and  Means 
(1788). 

Harriet  [Mo"wrbray],the  daughter 
of  colonel  Mowbray,  an  orphan  without 
fortune,  without  friends,  without  a  pro- 
tector. She  marries  clandestinely  Charles 
Eustace. — J.  Poole,  The  Scapegoat. 

Harriot  [Russet],  the  simple, 
unsophisticated  daug^hter  of  Mr,  Russet. 


She  loves  Mr.  Oakly,  and  marries  him, 
but  becomes  a  "jealous  wife,"  watching 
her  husband  like  a  lynx,  to  find  out  some 
proof  of  infidelity,  and  distorting  every 
casual  remark  as  evidence  thereof.  Her 
aunt,  lady  Freelove,  tries  to  make  her  a 
woman  of  fashion,  but  without  success. 
Ultimately,  she  is  cured  of  her  idiosyn- 
crasy.— George  Colman,  The  Jealous  Wife 
(1761). 

Harris  (Mrs.),  a  purely  imaginary 
character,  existing  only  in  the  brain  of 
Mrs.  Sarah  Gamp,  and  brought  forth  on 
all  occasions  to  corroborate  the  opinions 
and  trumpet  the  praises  of  Mrs.  Gamp 
the  monthly  nurse. 

'• '  Mrs.  Harris,'  I  says  to  her,  .  .  .  '  if  I  could  afford  to 
buy  out  all  my  fellow-creeturs  for  nothinlc,  I  would  gladly 
do  it ;  sich  is  the  love  1  bears  'em.' "  Again  :  "  What !  " 
said  Mrs.  Gamp,  "  you  l)a&e  creetur  !  Have  I  know'd  Mrs. 
Harris  five  and  thirty  year,  to  be  told  at  last  that  thei-e 
an't  no  sich  a  person  livin'?  Have  I  stood  her  friend  in 
all  her  troubles,  great  and  small,  for  It  to  come  to  sich  a 
end  as  this,  with  her  own  sweet  picter  hanging  up  afore 
you  all  the  time,  to  shame  your  Bragian  words?  Go  along 
with  you  1  "— C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xlix.  (1843). 

Mrs.  Harris  is  the  "  Mde.  Benoiton  "  of  French  comedy. 
.—The  Timet. 

*^*  Mrs.  Gamp  and  Mrs.  Harris  have 
Parisian  sisters  in  Mde.  Pochet  and 
Mde.  Gibou,  by  Henri  Monnier. 

Harris.     (See  Slawken-Bergius.) 

Harrison  (T>r.),  the  model  of 
benevolence,  who  nevertheless  takes  in 
execution  the  goods  and  person  of  his 
friend  Booth,  because  Booth,  while  plead- 
ing poverty,  was  buying  expensive  a,x\~ 
needless  jewellery.  —  Fielding,  Amek 
(1751). 

Har'rison  (Major-General),  one  of 
parliamentary  commissioners. — Sir 
Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth 

Harrison,  the  old  steward  of  Iac_ 
Bellenden,  of  the  Tower  of  Tillietudlem. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Har'ro'wby  (John),  of  Stocks  Green, 
a  homely,  kind-hearted,  honest  Kentish 
farmer,  with  whom  lieutenant  Worth- 
ington  and  his  daughter  Emily  take 
lodgings.  Though  most  desirous  of 
showing  his  lodger  kindness,  he  is  con- 
stantly wounding  his  susceptibilities 
from  blunt  honesty  and  want  of  tact. 

Dame  Harrowhy,  wife  of  Farmer  Har- 
rowby. 

Stephen  Harrowhy,  son  of  Farmer 
Harrowby,  who  has  a  mania  for  soldier- 
ing, and  calls  himself  "a  perspiring 
young  hero." 

Mary  Harrowby,  daughter  of  Farmer 
Harrowbv.— G.  Colman,  The  Foor  Gen- 
tleman (1802). 


HARRY. 


427 


HASSAN. 


Harry  (Sir),  the  servant  of  a  baronet, 
who  assumed  the  airs  and  title  of  his 
master,  and  was  addressed  as  "  Baronet," 
or  "  sir  Harry."  He  even  quotes  a  bit 
of  Latin  :  "  O  tempora  !  O  Moses  !  " — 
Rev.  James  Townley,  High  Life  Below 
Stairs  (1759). 

Harry  {Blind),  the  minstrel,  friend  of 
Henry  Smith.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Harry  {The  Great)  or  Henri  Grace  a 
Dieu,  a  man-of-war  built  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII. 

Towered  the  Great  Harry,  crank  and  tall. 

Lcngfelliiw,  The  Building  of  the  HMp. 

Harry  Paddington,  a  highway- 
man in  the  gang  of  captain  Macheath. 
Peachum  calls  him  "  a  poor,  petty-lar- 
ceny rascal,  without  the  least  genius  ; " 
and  says,  "  even  if  the  fellow  were  to  live 
six  months,  he  would  never  come  to  the 
gallows  with  credit." — Gay,  The  Beggar's 
Opera  (1727). 

Hart'house  (2  syl,),  a  young  man 
who  begins  life  as  a  cornet  of  dragoons, 
but,  being  bored  with  everything,  coaches 
himself  up  in  statistics,  and  comes  to 
Cokctown  to  study  facts.  He  falls  in 
love  with  Louisa  [ne'e  Gradgrind],  wife 
of  Josiah  Bounderby,  banker  and  mill- 
owner,  but,  failing  to  induce  the  young 
wife  to  elope  with  him,  he  leaves  the 
place. — C.  Dickens,  Hard  Times  (1854). 

Hartley  {Adam),  afterwards  Dr. 
Hartley.  Apprentice  to  Dr.  Gray. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Tlie  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time, 
George  II.). 

Hartwell  {Lady),  a  widow,  courted 
by  Fountain,  Bellamore,  and  Harebrain. 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Wit  without 
Money  (1639). 

Harut  and  Mar^t,  two  angels 
sent  by  Allah  to  adminster  justice  upon 
earth,  because  there  was  no  righteous 
judgment  among  men.  They  acted  well 
till  Zoha'ra,  a  beautiful  woman,  applied 
to  them,  and  then  they  both  fell  in  love 
with  her.  She  asked  them  to  tell  her  the 
secret  name  of  God,  and  immediately  she 
uttered  it,  she  was  borne  upwards  into 
heaven,  where  she  became  the  planet 
Venus.  As  for  the  two  angels,  they  were 
imprisoned  in  a  cave  near  13abylon. — 
Sale's  Koran^  ii. 

Allah  bade 
That  two  untempted  spirits  should  descend, 
Judges  on  earth.     Hardth  and  Mnrflth  went. 
The  chosen  sentencers.    They  fairly  heard 


Tlie  appeals  of  men  ...  At  length, 
A  woman  came  before  them  ;  bcautifal 
Zohara  was,  etc. 

Southey,  Talaba  the  Dettroyer.  It.  (1797). 

Hassan,  caliph  of  the  Ottoman 
empire,  noted  for  his  splendour  and  hos- 
pitality. In  his  seraglio  was  a  beautiful 
young  slave  named  Leila  (2  syl.),  who  had 
formed  an  attachment  to  "the  Giaour" 
(2  syl.).  Leila  is  put  to  death  by  the 
emir,  and  Hassan  is  slain  near  mount 
Parnassus  by  the  giaour  [djow' ,er'\.—' 
Byron,  The  Giaour  (1813). 

Hassan,  the  story-teller,  in  the  retinue 
of  the  Arabian  physician. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Hassan  {Al),  the  Arabian  emir  of 
Persia,  father  of  Hinda.  He  won  the 
battle  of  Cadessia,  and  thus  became 
master  of  Persia. — T.  Moore,  Lalla 
Rookh  ("  The  Fire- Worshippers,"  1817). 

Hassan,  sumamed  Al Habbal  ("the rope- 
maker"),  and  subsequently  Cogia  ("mer- 
chant"); his  full  name  was  then  Cogia 
Hassan  Alhabbal.  Two  friends,  named 
Saad  and  Saadi,  tried  an  experiment  on 
him.  Saadi  gave  him  200  pieces  of  gold, 
in  order  to  see  if  it  would  raise  him  from 
extreme  poverty  to  affluence.  Hassan 
took  ten  pieces  for  immediate  use,  and 
sewed  the  rest  in  his  turban  ;  but  a  kite 
pounced  on  his  turban  and  carried  it 
away.  The  two  friends,  after  a  time, 
visited  Hassan  again,  but  found  him  in 
the  same  state  of  poverty  ;  and,  having 
heard  his  tale,  Saadi  gave  him  another 
200  pieces  of  gold.  Again  he  took  out  ten 
pieces,  and,  wrapping  the  rest  in  a  linen 
rag,  hid  it  in  a  jar  of  bran.  While  Has- 
san was  at  work,  his  wife  exchanged  this 
jar  of  bran  for  fuller's  earth,  and  again 
the  condition  of  the  man  was  not  bettered 
by  the  gift.  Saad  now  gave  the  rope- 
maker  a  small  piece  of  lead,  and  this 
made  his  fortune  thus :  A  fisherman 
wanted  a  piece  of  lead  for  his  nets,  and 
promised  to  give  Hassan  for  Saad's  piece 
whatever  he  caught  in  his  first  draught. 
This  was  a  large  fish,  and  in  it  the  wife 
found  a  splendid  diamond,  which  was  sold 
for  100,000  pieces  of  gold.  Hassan  now 
became  very  rich,  and  when  the  two  friends 
visited  him  again,  they  found  him  a  man 
of  consequence.  He  asked  them  to  stay 
with  him,  and  took  them  to  his  country 
house,  when  one  of  his  sons  showed  him 
a  curious  nest,  made  out  of  a  turban. 
This  w^^s  the  very  turban  which  the  kite 
had  carried  off,  and  the  money  was  found 
in  the  lining.    As  they  returned  to  the 


HASSAN. 


428 


HATTEKAICK. 


right  of  wearing  his  hat  in  the  presence 
of  royalty  by  a  grant  from  king  John. 

T.nrrl     Kr»rf>«ff>r    la    r>n««p«eprl     of    the    Sani6 


city,  they  stopped  and  purchased  a  jar  of 
bran.  This  happened  to  be  the  very  jar 
which  the  wife  had  given  in  exchange, 
and  the  money  was  discovered  wrapped 
in  linen  at  the  bottom.  Hassan  was 
delighted,  and  gave  the  180  pieces  to  the 
poor. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Cogia  Hassan 
Alhabbal"). 

Hassan  {Abou)^  the  son  of  a  rich  mer- 
chant of  liagdad,  and  the  hero  of  the  tale 
called  "The  Sleeper  Awakened  "  {q.v.). — 
Arabian  Nights. 

Hassan  Aga,  an  infamous  renegade, 
who  reigned  in  Algiers,  and  was  the 
sovereign  there  when  Cervantes  (author 
of  Don  Quixote)  was  taken  captive  by  a 
Barbary  corsair  in  1574.  Subsequently, 
Hassan  bought  the  captive  for  600  ducats, 
and  he  remained  a  slave  till  he  was  re- 
deemed by  a  friar  for  1000  ducats. 

Every  day  this  Hassan  Aga  was  hanging  one,  impaling 
another,  cutting  off  the  ears  or  breaking  the  limbs  of  a 
third  . .  .  out  of  mere  wantonness.— Cervantes  (1605). 

Hassan  ben  Sabah,  the  old  man 

of  the  mountain,  founder  of  the  sect 
called  the  Assassins. 

Dr.  Adam  Clark  has  supplemented 
Rymer's  Fccdera  with  two  letters  by  this 
sheik.  This  is  not  the  place  to  point  out 
the  want  of  judgment  in  these  addenda. 

Hastie  (Robin),  the  smuggler  and 
publican  at  Annan. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Eed- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Hastings,  the  friend  of  young 
Marlow,  who  entered  with  him  the  house 
of  squire  Hardcastle,  which  they  mistook 
for  an  inn.  Here  the  two  young  men 
met  Miss  Hardcastle  and  Miss  Neville. 
Marlow  became  the  husband  of  the 
former,  and  Hastings,  by  the  aid  of  Tony 
Lumpkin,  won  the  latter. — 0.  Goldsmith, 
She  Stoops  to  Conquer  (1773). 

Hastings,  one  of  the  court  of  king 
Edward  IV.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Haswell,  the  benevolent  physician 
who  visited  the  Indian  prisons,  and  for 
his  moderation,  benevolence,  and  judg- 
ment, received  the  sultan's  signet,  which 
gave  him  imlimited  power. — Mrs.  Inch- 
}5a,m,Such  Things  Are  (1786). 

Hat  {A  White)  used  to  be  a  mark  of 
radical  proclivities,  because  orator  Hunt, 
the  great  demagogue,  used  to  wear  a 
white  hat  during  the  Wellington  and 
Peel  administration. 

Hat  -worn  in  the  Royal  Pre- 
sence.    Lord    Kingsale    acquired    the 


right,  from  a 
VIIL 


Lord  Forester  is  possessed  of  the  same 
grant  confirmed  by  Henry 


Hats  and  Caps,  two  political 
factions  of  Sweden  in  the  eighteenth 
century.  The  "  Hats"  were  partizans  in 
the  French  interest,  and  were  so  called 
because  they  wore  French  chapeaux. 
The  "  Caps "  were  partizans  in  the 
Kussian  interest,  and  were  so  called  be- 
cause they  wore  the  Russian  caps  as  a 
badge  of  their  party. 

Hatchway  (Lieutenant  Jack),  a 
retired  naval  officer  on  half-paj',  living 
with  commodore  Trunnion  as  a  com- 
panion.—  Smollett,  The  Adventures  of 
Peregrine  Pickle  (1751). 

Who  can  read  the  calamities  of  Trunnion  and  Hatch- 
way, when  run  awny  with  l)y  their  mettled  steeds  .  . . 
without  a  good  hearty  burst  of  honest  laughter? — Sir  W. 
Scott. 

Hatef  (i.e.  the  deadly),  one  of  Ma- 
homet's swords,  confiscated  from  the 
Jews  when  they  were  exiled  from 
Medi'na. 

Hater.    Dr.   Johnson   said,    "  Sir,  I 
like   a  good  hater."     This  is  not  alto-^ 
gether  out  of  character  with  the  -w^ords 
"  Thou  art  neither  cold  nor  hot :  I  woul 
thou  wert  cold   or  hot"    (Eev,  iii.  1^3 
(See  Candid  Friend.) 

Rough  Johnson,  the  gi'eat  moralist,  professed 
Eight  honestly  he  "  liiieU  ivn  honest  hater." 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiil  7  (1821).  j 

Hatim  (Generous  as),  an  Arabia 
expression.  Hatim  was  a  Bedouin  chi€ 
famous  for  his  warlike  deeds  and  boun<i 
less  generosity.  His  son  was  contei 
porary  with  Mahomet  the  prophet. 

Hatter.  Mad  as  a  hatter,  or  mt 
as  a  viper.  Atter  is  Anglo-Saxon  for 
"adder"  or  "viper,"  so  called  from  its 
venomous  character;  dter,  "poison;" 
atter-drink  or  dttor-drink,  "a  poisonous 
drink;"  dttor-lic,  "snake-like." 

Hatteraick  (Dirk),  alias  Jans  Jan- 
son,  a  Dutch  smuggler-captain,  and 
accomplice  of  lawyer  Glossin  in  kid- 
napping Henry  Bertrand.  Meg  Merrilies 
conducts  young  Hazlewood  and  others  to 
the  smuggler's  cave,  when  Hatteraick 
shoots  her,  is  seized,  and  imprisoned. 
Lawyer  Glossin  visits  the  villain  in 
prison,  when  a  quarrel  ensues,  in  which 
Hatteraick  strangles  the  lawyer,  and  then 
hangs  himself.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Man- 
ner ina  ('time.  Georsre  II.). 


ii 


HATTO. 


429 


HAVISHAM. 


Hatto,  archbishop  of  Mentz,  was 
devoured  by  mice  in  the  Mouse-tower, 
situate  in  a  little  green  island  in  the 
midst  of  the  Rhine,  near  the  town  of 
Bingen.  Some  say  he  was  eaten  of  rats, 
and  Southey,  in  his  ballad  called  God's 
Judgment  on  a  Wicked  Bishop^  has 
adopted  the  latter  tradition. 

This  Hatto,  In  the  time  of  the  great  famine  of  914, 
when  he  gaw  the  poor  exceedingly  oppressed  by  fumine, 
assembled  :i  great  company  of  them  together  into  a  barne 
at  Kaub,  and  burnt  them  .  .  .  because  he  thought  the 
famine  would  sooner  cease  if  those  poor  folks  were  de- 
spatched out  of  Uie  world,  for  like  mice  they  only  devour 
food,  and  are  of  no  good  whatsoever.  .  .  .  But  God  .  .  . 
sent  against  him  a  plague  of  mice,  .  .  .  and  the  prelate 
retreated  to  a  tower  in  the  Rhine  as  a  sanctuai-y  ;  .  .  .  but 
the  mice  chased  him  continually,  .  .  .  and  at  last  lie  was 
most  miserably  devoured  by  those  sillie  creatures. — Coryat, 
Gruditiet,  671,  572. 

*^*  Giraldus  Cambrensis,  in  his  Itine- 
rary, xi.  2,  says:  "the  larger  sort  of 
mice  are  called  rati."  This  may  nrcount 
for  the  substitution  of  rats  for  mice  in 
the  legend. 

The  legend  of  Hatto  is  very  common, 
as  the  following  stories  will  prove  : — 

Widerolf,  bishop  of  Strasburg  (997), 
was  devoured  by  mice  in  the  seventeenth 
year  of  his  episcopate,  because  he  sup- 
pressed the  convent  of  Seltzen  on  the 
Rhine. 

Bishop  Adolf,  of  Cologne,  was  devoured 
by  mice  or  rats  in  1112. 

Freikerr  von   Giittingen  collected    the 
poor  in  a  great  barn,  and  burnt  them  to 
death,   mocking    their    cries    of    agony. 
He,  like   Hatto,   was  invaded  by  mice, 
ran  to  his  castle   of  Giittingen,   in   the 
lake  of  Constance,  whither  the  vermin 
pursued  him,  and   ate  him   alive.     The 
Swiss  legend  says  the  castle  sank  in  the 
I     lake,   and    may  still  be  seen.     Freiherr 
[;    von  Giittingen  had  three  castles,  one  of 
I    which  was  INIoosburg. 
!:        Count  Graaf,  in   order  to   enrich  him- 
self, bought  up  all  the  corn.     One  year 
a  sad  famine  prevailed,  and  the  count 
expected  to  reap  a  rich  harvest  by  his 
;    speculation  ;  but  an  army  of  rats,  pressed 
I    by  hunger,  invaded  his  bams,  and,  swarm- 
ing  into   his   Rhine  tower,   fell  on   the 
!   old  baron,  worried  him  to  death,  and  then 
[    devoured  him.— Legends  of  the  Rhine. 
\       A  similar  story  is  told  by  William  of 
I  Malmesbury,    History,   ii.    313    (Bohn's 
[  edit.). 

1  ***  Some  of  the  legends  state  that  the 
I  "mice"  were  in  reality  "the  souls  of 
I  the  murdered  people." 

I      Hatton     (Sir      Christopher),     "  the 

I  dancing  chancellor."     He   tirst  attracted 

the  attention  of  queen  Elizabeth  by  his 

graceful  dancing  at  a  masque.     He  was 


made  by  her  chancellor  and  knight  of 

the  Garter. 

***  M.  de  Lauzun,  the  favourite  of 
Louis  XIV.,  owed  his  fortune  also  to  the 
manner  in  which  he  danced  in  the  king's 
quadrille. 

You'll  know  sir  Christopher  by  his  turning  out  his 
toes,— famous,  you  know,  for  his  dancing.— Sheridan,  The 
Critic,  il.  1  (17ry). 

Hautlieu  (Sir  Artavan  de),  in  the 
introduction  of  sir  W.  Scott's  Count 
Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Hautlieu  (The  lady  Margaret  de),  first 
disguised  as  sister  Ursula,  and  afterwards 
affianced  to  sir  Malcolm  Fleming. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry 

Have'lok  (2  syl.)  or  Hablok,  the 
orphan  son  of  Birkabcgn  king  of  Den- 
mark, was  exposed  at  sea  through  the 
treachery  of  his  guardians.  The  raft 
drifted  to  the  coast  of  Lincolnshire, 
where  it  was  discovered  by  Grim,  a  fisher- 
man, who  reared  the  young  foundling  as 
his  own  son.  It  happened  that  some 
twenty  years  later  certain  English  nobles 
usurped  the  dominions  of  an  English 
princess,  and,  to  prevent  her  gaining  any 
access  of  power  by  a  noble  alliance, 
resolved  to  marrj'  her  to  a  peasant. 
Young  Havelok  was  selected  as  the 
bridegroom,  but  having  discovered  the 
story  of  his  birth,  he  applied  to  his 
father  Birkabegn  for  aid  in  recovering 
his  wife's  possessions.  The  king  afforded 
him  the  aid  required,  and  the  young 
foundling  became  in  due  time  both  king 
of  Denmark  and  king  of  that  part  of 
England  which  belonged  to  him  in  right 
of  his  wife. — Haveloc  the  Dane  (by  the 
trouveurs). 

Havisham  (Miss),  an  old  spinster, 
who  dressed  always  in  her  bridal  dress, 
with  lace  veil  from  head  to  foot,  white 
shoes,  bridal  flowers  in  her  Avhite  hair, 
and  jewels  on  her  hands  and  neck. 
She  was  the  daughter  of  a  rich  brewer, 
engaged  to  Compeyson,  a  young  man,  who 
threw  her  over  on  the  wedding  morning  ; 
from  which  moment  she  became  fossilized 
(ch.  xxii.).  She  fell  into  the  fire,  and 
died  from  the  shock. 

Estella  Havisham,  the  adopted  child  of 
Miss  Havisham,  by  whom  she  was  brought 
up.  She  was  proud,  handsome,  and  self- 
possessed.  Pip  loved  her,  and  probablj* 
she  reciprocated  his  love,  but  she  married 
Bentley  Drummle,  who  died,  leaving 
Estella  a  young  widow.  The  tale  ends 
with  these  words : 


HAVRE. 


430 


liEAKT  OF  MIDLOTHIAN. 


I  [Pip]  took  her  band  in  mine,  and  we  went  out  of  the 
ruined  place.  As  the  morning  mists  liad  risen  .  .  .  when 
I  first  left  the  forge,  so  Uie  evening  were  rising  now  ;  and 
.  .  .  I  saw  no  shadow  of  anotlier  parting  from  her.— C. 
Dickens,  Oreat  Expectatiom  (1860). 

Havre,  in  France,  is  a  contraction  of 
Le  havre  de  notre  dame  de  Grace. 

Ha^cabite  (3  syl.)^  a  street  bnlly. 
After  the  Restoration,  we  had  a  succession 
of  these  disturbers  of  the  peace :  first 
came  the  Muns,  then  followed  the  Tityre 
Tus,  the  Hectors,  the  Scourers,  the 
Nickers,  the  Hawcabites,  and  after  them 
the  Mohawks,  the  most  dreaded  of  all. 

Hawk  {Sir  Mulberry),  the  bear- 
leader of  lord  Frederick  Verisopht.  He 
is  a  most  unprincipled  rou^,  who  sponges 
on  his  lordship,  snubs  him,  and  despises 
him.  "  Sir  Mulberry  was  remarkable  for 
his  tact  in  ruining  young  gentlemen  of 
fortune." 

With  all  the  boldness  of  an  original  genius,  sir  Mul- 
berry had  struck  out  an  entirely  new  course  of  treatment, 
quite  oppo.seil  to  the  usual  method,  liis  custom  being  .  .  . 
to  keep  down  those  he  took  in  hand,  and  to  give  them 
their  own  way.  .  .  .  Thus  he  made  them  his  butts  in  a 
diiuble  sense,  for  he  emptied  them  with  good  address,  and 
made  them  the  laughing-stocks  of  society.— C.  Dickens, 
Jficholat  Nickleby,  xix.  (1838). 

To  knoio  a  hawk  from  a  handsaw^  a 
corruption  of  "from  a  hemshaw  "  (i.e. 
a  heron),  meaning  that  one  is  so  ignorant 
he  does  not  know  a  hawk  from  a  heron, 
the  bird  of  prey  from  the  game  floAvn  at. 
The  Latin  proverb  is,  Linorat  quid  distent 
(era  lupinis  ("he  does  not  know  sterling 
money  from  counters  ").  Counters  used 
in  games  were  by  the  Romans  called 
"lupins." 

Ha"wkins,  boatswain  of  the  pirate 
vessel. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Pirate  (time, 
William  HI.). 

Ha-wthorn,  a  jolly,  generous  old 
fellow,  of  jovial  spirit,  and  ready  to  do 
any  one  a  kindness  ;  consequently,  every- 
body loves  him.  He  is  one  of  those  rare, 
unselfish  beings,  who  "loves  his  neigh- 
bour better  than  himself." — I.  Bickerstaif, 
Love  in  a  Village. 

Digntmi  [1765-1827],  in  such  parts  as  "  Hawthorn,"  was 
superior  to  every  actor  since  the  days  of  h&xxA.— Diction- 
ary of  Musicians. 

Hay  (Colonel),  in  the  king's  army. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time, 
Charles  L). 

Hay  (John),  fisherman  near  Ellan- 
gowan. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  \l.). 

Haydn  could  never  compose  a  single 
bar  of  music  unless  he  could  see  on  his 
finger  the  diamond  ring  given  him  by 
Frederick  II. 


Hayston  {Frank),  laird  of  Bucklaw 

and  afterwards  of  Girnington.  In  order 
to  retrieve  a  broken  fortune,  a  marriage 
was  arranged  between  Hayston  and  Lucy 
Ashton.  Lucy,  being  told  that  her  plighted 
lover  ( Edgar  master  of  Ravenswood)  was 
unfaithful,  assented  to  the  family  arrange- 
ment, but  stabbed  her  husband  on  the 
wedding  night,  went  mad,  and  died. 
Frank  Hayston  recovered  from  his  wound 
and  went  abroad. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride 
of  Lammermoor  (time,  William  IIL). 

*m*  In  Donizetti's  opera,  Hayston  is 
called  "Arturio." 

Hazlewood  {Sir  Bobert),  the  old 
baronet  of  Hazlewood. 

Charles  Hazlewood,  son  of  sir  Robert. 
In  love  with  Lucy  Bertram,  whom  he 
marries. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  II.). 

Head'rigg  {Cuddle),  a  ploughman  in 
lady  Bellcnden's  service.  (Cuddie= 
Cuthbert.)— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Headstone     {Bradley),     a    school- 
master,   of    very  determinate    character 
and   violent    passion.     He    loves   Lizzie 
Hexam  with  an   irresistible  mad  love, 
and  tries  to  kill  Eugene  Wrayburn  out 
of    jealousy.       Grappling    with    Rog 
Riderhood  on  Plashwater  Bridge,  Rid^ 
hood  fell  backwards  into  the  smooth  pJ 
and  Headstone  over  him.     Both  of  tb 
perished  in  the  grasp  of  a  death-struggl 
— C.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend  (186' 

Heart  of  England   {The),  W> 
wickshire,  the  middle  county. 

That  sliire  whicii  we  "  The  Heart  of  England"  call. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Heart  of  Midlothian,  the  old  j 

or  tolbooth  of  Edinburgh,  taken  down 
1817. 

Sir  Walter  Scott  has  a  novel  so  called 
(1818),  the  plot  of  which  is  as  follows  :— 
Efiie  Deans,  the  daughter  of  a  Scotch 
cow-feeder,  is  seduced  by  George  Staun- 
ton, son  of  the  rector  of  Willingham  ; 
and  Jeanie  is  cited  as  a  witness  on  the 
trial  which  ensues,  by  which  Effie  is 
sentenced  to  death  for  child  murder. 
Jeanie  promises  to  go  to  London  and  ask 
the  king  to  pardon  her  half-sister,  and, 
after  various  perils,  arrives  at  her  desti- 
nation. She  lays  her  case  before  the  duke 
of  Argyll,  who  takes  her  in  his  carriage  to 
Richmond,  and  obtains  for  her  an  inter- 
view with  the  queen,  who  promises  to 
intercede  with  his  majesty  (George  H.) 
on  her  sister's  behalf.    In  due  tune  the 


HEARTALL. 


431 


HECTORS. 


royal  pardon  is  sent  to  Edinburgh,  Effie 
is  released,  and  marries  her  seducer,  now 
sir  George  Staunton  ;  but  soon  after  the 
marriage  sir  George  is  shot  by  a  gipsy 
boy,  who  is  in  reality  his  illegitimate 
son.  On  the  death  of  her  husband,  lady 
Staunton  retires  to  a  convent  on  the  Con- 
tinent. Jeanie  marries  Reuben  Butler 
the  prcsbyterian  minister.  The  novel 
opens  with  the  Porteous  riots. 

Heartall  (Governor),  an  old  bachelor, 
peppery  in  temper,  but  with  a  generous 
heart  and  unbounded  benevolence.  lie 
is  as  simple-minded  as  a  child,  and  loves 
his  young  nephew  almost  to  adoration. 

Frank  Heartall,  the  governor's  nephew ; 
impulsive,  free-handed,  and  free-hearted, 
benevolent  and  frank.  He  falls  in  love 
with  the  Widow  Cheerly,  the  daughter  of 
colonel  Woodley,  whom  he  sees  first  at 
the  opera.  Ferret,  a  calumniating  rascal, 
tries  to  do  mischief,  but  is  utterly  foiled. 
— Cherrj',  The  Soldier's  Daughter  (1804). 

Heartfree  (Jack),  a  railer  against 
women  and  against  marriage.  He  falls 
half  in  love  with  lady  Fanciful,  on  whom 
he  rails,  and  marries  Belinda. — Van- 
brugh,  The  Provoked  Wife  (1G93). 

Heartwell,  a  friend  of  Modely'n, 
who  falls  in  love  with  Flora,  a  niece  of 
old  Farmer  Freehold.  They  marry,  and 
are  happy. — John  Philip  Kemble,  The 
Farm-house. 

Heatherblutter  (John),  gamekeeper 
of  the  baron  of  Bradwardine  (3  si/l.)  at 
Tally  Veolan. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wave7iey 
(time,  George  II.). 

i        Heaven,  according  to  Dante,  begins 

f     from  the  top  of  the  mountain  Purgatory, 

and  rises   upwards    through    the    seven 

planetary  spheres,  the  sphere  of  the  fixed 

J    stars,  the  primum  mobile,  and  terminates 

j    with  the  empyreum,  which  is  the  seat  of 

God.   (See  Paradise.)  Milton  preserves 

I    the  same  divisions.     He  says,  ' '  they  who 

I   to  be  sure  of  paradise  dying  put  on  the 

I  garb  of  monks  :  '* 

'■  ...  pass  the  planets  seven,  and  pass  the  "  flxt," 

I    And  that  ciystalliii  sphere  whose  balance  weighs 

I    The  trepidation  talked,  and  that  first  moved  .  .  .  aad 

now 
!   At  foot  of  heaven's  ascent  they  lift  their  feet,  when  lo  I 
A  violent  cross  wind  .  .  .  blows  them  .  .  .  awry 
Into  the  devious  air. 

Milton,  ParadUe  LoH,  ill.  481,  etc.  (1665). 

Heaven-sent  Minister  ( TAe), 
William  Pitt  (1759-1806). 

Hebe  (2  syl.),  goddess  of  youth,  and 
cup-bearer  of  the  immortals  before 
Ganymede  superseded  her.     She  was  the 


wife  of  Hercules,  and  had  the  power  of 
making  the  aged  young  again.  (See 
Plousina.) 

HebSs  are  they  to  hand  aisbrosia,  mix 
The  nectar. 

Tennyson,  The  Prineeu,  ilL 

Heb'ron,  in  the  first  part  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  by  Dryden,  stands  for 
Holland ;  but  in  the  second  part,  by 
Tate,  it  stands  for  Scotland.  Hebronite 
similarly  means  in  one  case  a  Hollander, 
and  in  the  other  a  Scotchman. 

Hec'ate  (2  syl.),  called  in  classic 
mythology  He&.a.te  (3  syl.)  ;  a  triple 
deity,  being  Luna  in  heaven,  Dian'a  on 
earth,  and  Proserpine  (3  syl.)  in  hell. 
Hecate  presided  over  magic  and  enchant- 
ments, and  was  generally  represented  as 
having  the  head  of  a  horse,  dog,  or  boar, 
though  sometimes  she  is  represented  with 
three  bodies,  and  three  heads  looking 
different  ways.  Shakespeare  introduces 
her  in  his  tragedy  of  Macbeth  (act  iii. 
sc.  5),  as  queen  of  the  witches  ;  but  the 
witches  of  Macbeth  have  been  largely 
borrowed  from  a  drama  called  The  Witch, 
by  Thorn.  Middleton  (died  1626).  The 
following  is  a  specimen  of  this  indebted- 
ness : — 

Hecate.  Black  spirits  and  white,  red  spirits  and  grey. 

Mingle,  mingle,  mingle,  yon  tliat  mingle  may  . . . 
1st  Witch.  Here's  the  blood  of  a  bat. 
I/ecatf.  Put  in  that,  oh  i)nt  in  that. 
27id  Witch.  Here's  libbard's  bane. 
Hecate.  Put  ill  again,  etc.,  eta 

Middleton,  The  Witch. 
And  yonder  pale-faced  Hecate  there,  tlie  moon. 
Doth  give  consent  to  that  is  done  in  darliness. 

Thom.  Kyd,  I'he  Spanish  Tragedy  (15.97). 

Hector,  one  of  the  sons  of  Priam 
king  of  Troy.  This  bravest  and  ablest 
of  all  the  Trojan  chiefs  was  generalissimo 
of  the  allied  armies,  and  was  slain  in  the 
last  year  of  the  Avar  by  Achilles,  who, 
with  barbarous  fury,  dragged  the  dead 
body  insultingly  thrice  round  the  tomb  of 
Patroclos  and  the  walls  of  the  beleagured 
city. — Homer,  Jliad. 

Hector  de  Mares  (1  syl.)  or 
Marys,  a  knight  of  the  Round  Table, 
brother  of  sir  Launcelot  du  Lac. 

The  gentle  Gaw  'ain's  courteous  lore. 
Hector  de  Mares,  and  Pellinore. 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Brid(^.  of  Trier  main,  IL  13  (181.S). 

Hector  of  Germany,  Joachim  II. 
elector  of  Brandenburg  (1514-1571). 

Hector  of  the  Mist,  an  outlaw, 
killed  by  Allan  M'Aulay.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Hectors,  street  bullies.  Since  the 
Restoration,  we  have  had  a  succession  of 
Street  brawlers,  as  the  Muns,  the  Tityre 


HEELTAP. 


HELEN. 


Tus,  the  Hectors,  the  Scourers,  the 
Nickers,  the  Hawcabites,  and,  lastly,  the 
Mohawks,  worst  of  them  all. 

Heeltap  (Crispin),  a  cobbler,  and 
one  of  the  corporation  of  Garratt,  of 
which  Jerry  Sneak  is  chosen  mavor. — 
S.  Foote,  The  Alayor  of  Garratt  (17G3). 

Heep  (Uri^ah),  a  detestable  sneak, 
who  is  everlastingly  forcing  on  one's 
attention  that  he  is  so  ^umble.  Uriah 
is  Mr.  Wickfield's  clerk,  and,  with  all 
his  ostentatious  'umility,  is  most  design- 
ing, malignant,  and  intermeddling.  His 
infamy  is  dragged  to  light  by  Mr. 
Micawber. 

*'  I  am  well  aware  that  I  am  the  'umblest person  going, 
let  the  other  be  who  he  may.  My  mother  u  likewise  a 
very  'uinble  person.  We  live  in  a  n'umble  abotle.  Master 
Copperfield,  but  have  much  to  be  thankful  for.  My 
father's  former  calling  was  'umble— lie  was  a  se.xton." — 
C.  Dickens,  David  Copperfield,  xvi.  (1849). 

Heidelberg  {Mrs.)^  the  widow  of  a 
vrealtliy  Dutch  merchant,  who  kept  her 
brother's  house  (Mr.  Sterling,  a  City 
merchant).  She  was  very  vulgar,  and, 
*♦  knowing  the  strength  of  her  purse, 
domineered  on  the  credit  of  it."  Mrs. 
Heidelberg  had  most  exalted  notions 
'*  of  the  qualaty,"  and  a  "perfect  con- 
tempt for  everything  that  did  not  smack 
of  high  life."  Her  English  was  certainly 
faulty,  as  the  following  specimens  will 
show': — farden,  wulijar,  spurrit,  pertcst, 
Svnshy  /avers,  piirliteness,  etc.  She 
si)(>ke  of  a  pictur  by  Raphael- Anc]eIo,  a 
po-shay,dish-abille,parfet  natural  slidiots'] , 
most  genteelest,  and  so  on.  When 
thwarted  in  her  overbearing  ways,  she 
threatened  to  leave  the  house  and  go  to 
Holland  to  live  with  her  husband's 
cousin,  Mr.  Vanderspracken. — Colman 
and  Garrick,  The  Clandestine  Marriage 
(1766). 

H^imdall  (2  syl),  in  Celtic  mytho- 
logy, was  the  son  of  nine  virgin  sisters. 
He  dwelt  in  the  celestial  fort  Himins- 
biorg,  under  the  extremity  of  the  rain- 
bow. His  ear  was  so  acute  that  he  could 
hear  "the  wool  grow  on  the  sheep's 
back,  and  the  grass  in  the  meadows." 
Heimdall  w^as  the  Avatch  or  sentinel  of 
Asgard  {Olympus),  and  even  in  his  sleep 
■was  able  to  see  everything  that  tran- 
spired.    (See  FiNE-EAK,  p.  333.) 

IJeiindairs  Horn.  At  the  end  of  the 
world,  Heimdall  will  wake  the  gods  with 
his  horn,  when  they  will  be  attacked  by 
Muspell,  Loki,  the  wolf  Fenris,  and  the 
serpent  Jormunsgandar. 

And  much  he  talked  of  .  ,  . 
And  Heimdal's  horn  and  the  day  of  doom. 
lAUgfeUow.  The  yra^tide  Inn  (interlude,  1863). 


Heinricli  (Poor),  or  "  Poor  Henry," 
the  hero  and  title  of  a  poem  by  Hart- 
mann  von  der  Aue  {Our}.  Heinrich 
was  a  rich  nobleman,  struck  with  leprosy, 
and  was  told  he  would  never  recover  till 
some  virgin  of  spotless  purity  volun- 
teered to  die  on  his  behalf.  As  Heinrich 
neither  hoped  nor  even  wished  for  such 
a  sacrifice,  he  gave  the  main  part  of  his 
possessions  to  the  poor,  and  Avent  to  live 
with  a  poor  tenant  farmer,  who  was  one 
of  his  vassals.  The  daughter  of  this 
farmer  heard  by  accident  on  what  the 
cure  of  the  leper  depended,  and  went  to 
Salerno  to  offer  herself  as  the  victim. 
No  sooner  was  the  offer  made  than  the 
lord  was  cured,  and  the  damsel  became 
his  wife  (twelfth  century). 

*^*  This  tale  forms  the  subject  of 
Longfellow's  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Heir-at-Law.  Baron  Duberly  being 
dead,  his  "heir-at-law"  was  Henry  Mor- 
land,  supposed  to  be  droAvned  at  sea,  and 
the  next  heir  was  I>aniel  Dowlas,  a 
chandler  of  Gosport.  Scarcelj'^  had 
Daniel  been  mised  to  his  new  dignity, 
when  Henry  Morland,  who  had  been 
cast  on  Cape  Breton,  made  his  appear- 
ance, and  the  whole  aspect  of  affairs  was 
changed.  That  Dowlas  might  still  live 
in  comfort,  suitable  to  his  limited  am 
bition,  the  heir  of  the  barony  settled 
him  a  small  life  annuity. — G.  Colman 
Heir-at-Law  (1797). 

Hel'a,  queen    of    the  dead.     She 
daughter  of    Loki    and    Angurbo'da 
giantess).     Her  abode,  called   Helheii 
Avas  a  vast  castle  in  Niflheim,  in  the  mid 
of  eternal  snow  and  darkness. 

Down  the  yawning  steep  he  rode. 
That  leads  to  Hela's  drear  abode. 

Gray,  Descent  of  Odin  (1757).j 

Helen,  wife  of  Menelaos  of  Spar 
She  eloped  with  Paris,  a  Trojan  prince, 
while  he  was  the  guest  of  the  Spartan 
king.  Menelaos,  to  avenge  this  wrong, 
induced  the  allied  armies  of  Greece  to 
invest  Troy ;  and  after  a  siege  of  tea 
years,  the  city  was  taken  and  burnt  to 
the  ground. 

*^*  A  parallel  incident  occurred  in 
Ireland.  Dervorghal,  Avife  of  Tieman 
O'Ruark,  an  Irish'  chief  Avho  held  the 
county  of  Leitrim,  eloped  Avith  Dermod 
M'Murchad  prince  of  Leinstcr.  Dermod 
induced  O'Connor  king  of  Connaught  to 
avenge  this  wrong.  So  O'Connor  drove 
Dermod  from  his  throne.  Dermod  ap- 
plied to  Henry  H.  of  England,  and  this 
was  the  incident  which  brought  about  the 


HELEN. 


433 


HELENA. 


conquest  of  Ireland  (1172). — Lcland,  ffts- 
iory  of  Ireland  (1773). 

Hel'en,  the  heroine  of  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  novel  of  the  same  name.  Thia 
was  her  last  and  most  popular  tale  (1834): 

Helen,  cousin  of  Modus  the  bookworm. 
She  loved  her  cousin,  and  taught  him 
there  was  a  better  "art  of  love"  than 
that  written  bv  Ovid. — S.  Koowles,  The 
Hunchback  (1831). 

Mis3  Taylor  was  the  original  "  Helen,"  and  her  per- 
foriiiiiiice  was  universally  pronounced  to  be  exquisite  and 
unsurpassable.  On  one  occasion,  Mr.  Knowles  admired  a 
rose  which  Miss  Taylor  wore  In  the  part,  and  after  the 
play  sha  sent  it  him.  The  poet,  in  reply,  sent  the  lady  a 
copy  of  verses.— Walter  Lacy. 

Helen  {Lady),  in  love  with  sir  Edward 
Mortimer.  Her  uncle  insulted  sir 
Edward  in  a  county  assembly,  struck 
him  down,  and  trampled  on  him.  Sir 
Edward,  returning  home,  encountered  the 
drunken  ruffian  and  murdered  him.  He 
was  tried  for  the  crime,  and  acquitted 
"without  a  stain  upon  his  character  ; "  but 
the  knowledge  of  the  deed  preyed  upon 
his  mind,  so  that  he  could  not  marry  the 
niece  of  the  murdered  man.  After  lead- 
ing a  life  of  utter  wretchedness,  sir 
Edward  told  Helen  that  he  was  the 
murderer  of  her  uncle,  and  died. — G. 
Colman,  The  Iron  Chest  (1796). 

Helen  [Mowbray],  in  love  with  Wal- 
Bingham.  "Of  all  grace  the  pattern — 
person,  feature,  mind,  heart,  everything, 
as  nature  had  essayed  to  frame  a  work 
where  none  could  find  a  flaw."  Allured  by 
lord  Athunree  to  a  house  of  ill-fame, 
under  pretence  of  doing  a  work  of  charity, 
she  was  seen  by  Walsingham  as  she  came 
out,  and  he  abandoned  her  as  a  wanton. 
She  then  assumed  male  attire,  with  the 
name  of  Eustace.  Walsingham  became 
her  friend,  was  told  that  Eustace  was 
Helen's  brother,  and  finally  discovered 
that  Eustace  was  Helen  herself.  The 
mystery  being  cleared  up,  they  became 
man  and  wife. — S.  Knowles,  Woman's 
Wit,  etc.  (1838). 

Helen's  Fire  {feu  d'H^lene),  a 
comazant,  called  "  St.  Helme's  "  or  "  St. 
Elmo's  fire"  by  the  Spaniards;  the  "  fires 
of  St.  Peter  and  St.  Nicholas"  by  the 
Italians;  and  "Castor  and  Pollux"  bv 
the  ancient  Romans.  This  electric  light 
will  sometimes  play  about  the  masts  of 
ships.  If  only  one  appears,  foul  weather 
may  be  looked  for ;  but  if  two  or  more 
I  flames  appear,  the  worst  of  the  storm  is 
over. 

Whene'er  the  sons  of  Leda  .«hed 
"•"'HMr  !iliir-l!in>i>s  on  our  vessel's  head, 

19 


The  storm-winds  ceiiae.  the  tro!iV)led  ipnir 
Falls  from  the  rocks,  clouds  pass  away, 
And  on  the  bosom  of  the  deep 
In  peace  the  angry  billows  sleep. 

Horace,  Odes,  U  12. 

Helen  of  One's  Troy,  the  ambi- 
tion of  our  heart,  the  object  for  which 
we  live  and  die.  The  allusion,  of  course, 
is  to  that  Helen  who  eloped  with  Paris, 
and  thus  brought  about  the  siege  and 
destruction  of  Troy. 

For  which  men  all  the  life  they  here  enjoy 

Still  fight,  as  for  the  Helens  of  their  Troy. 

Lord  Brooke,  Treatie  of  Humane  Learning  (1554-1628), 

Hel'ena  (St.),  daughter  of  Coel  duke 
Colchester  and  afterwards  king  of 
Britain.  She  married  Constantius  (a 
Roman  senator,  who  succeeded  "  Old 
king  Cole"),  and  became  the  mother  of 
Constantine  the  Great.  Constantius  died 
at  York  (a.d.  306).  Helena  is  said  to  have 
discovered  at  Jerusalem  the  sepulchre 
and  cross  of  Jesus  Christ. — Geoffrey, 
British  Histot-y,  v.  6  (1142). 

'^,1,'^  This  legend  is  told  of  the  Col- 
chester arms,  which  consist  of  a  cross  and 
three  crowns  (two  atop  and  one  at  the 
foot  of  the  cross). 

At  a  considerable  depth  beneath  the  surface  of  the  earth 
were  found  tliree  crosses,  which  were  instantly  recognized 
as  those  on  which  Clirist  and  the  two  tliievcs  had  suffered 
death.  To  ascertain  which  was  tlie  true  cross,  a  female 
corpse  was  placed  on  all  three  alternately;  the  two  first 
tried  vroduced  no  effect,  but  the  third  instantly  reani- 
mated the  body. — J.  Brady,  Clavit  Cal^ndaria,  181. 
Herself  in  person  went  to  seek  that  holy  cross 
Whereon  our  Saviour  died,  which  found,  as  it  was  sought; 
From  Solem  unto  Home  triumphantly  she  brought. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

Hel'ena,  only  daughter  of  Gerard  de 
Narbon  the  physician.  She  was  left 
under  the  charge  of  the  countess  of 
Rousillon,  whose  son  Bertram  she  fell  in 
love  with.  The  king  sent  for  Bertram 
to  the  palace,  and  Helena,  hearing  the 
king  was  ill,  obtained  permission  of  the 
countess  to  give  him  a  prescription  left 
by  her  late  father.  The  medicine  cured 
the  king,  and  the  king,  in  gratitude, 
promised  to  make  her  the  wife  of  any  one 
of  his  courtiers  that  she  chose.  Helena 
selected  Bertram,  and  they  were  married  ; 
but  the  haughty  count,  hating  the  alliance, 
left  France,  to  join  the  army  of  the  dulse 
of  Florence.  Helena,  in  the  moan  time, 
started  on  a  pilgrimage  to  the  shrine  of 
St.  Jacques  le  Grand,  carrying  with  her  a 
letter  from  her  husband,  stating  that  he 
would  never  see  her  more  "  till  she  could 
get  the  ring  from  off  his  finger."  On  her 
way  to  the  shrine,  she  lodged  at  Florence 
with  a  widow,  the  mother  of  Diana,  with 
whom  Bertram  was  wantonly  in  love. 
Helena  was  p'ePTHitted  to  pass  herself  off 
as  Diana,  and  receive  his  visits,  in  one  of 
2  F 


HELENA. 


434 


HELL  KETTLES. 


\rhich  they  exchanged  rings.  Both  soon 
after  this  returned  to  the  countess  de 
Rousillon,  where  the  king  was,  and  the 
king,  seeing  on  Bertram's  finger  the  ring 
which  he  gave  to  Helena,  had  him 
arrested  on  suspicion  of  murder.  Helena 
now  explained  the  matter,  and  all  was 
well,  for  all  ended  well. — Shakespeare, 
All's  Well  that  ends  Well  (1598). 

Helena  is  a  young  woman  seeking  a  man  in  marriage. 
Tlie  ordinary  laws  of  courtship  are  reversed,  tlie  imbitual 
feelings  are  violated  ;  yet  with  such  exrjuisite  address  this 
dangerous  subject  is  handled,  that  Helena's  forwardness 
loses  her  no  lioiiour.  Delicacy  dispenses  with  her  laws  in 
her  favour. — C.  Lamb. 

Jlel'ena,  a  young  Athenian  lady,  in  love 
with  Demetrius.  She  was  the  playmate 
of  Her'mia,  with  whom  she  grew  up,  as 
*' two  cherries  on  one  stalk."  Egeus  (3 
syl.),  the  father  of  Hermia,  promised  his 
daughter  in  marriage  to  Demetrius ;  but 
when  Demetrius  saw  that  Hermia  loved 
Lysander,  he  turned  to  Helena,  who  loved 
him  dearly,  and  married  her. — Shako- 
speare,  Midsummer  Nijhfs  Bream  (1592). 

Hel'ice  (3  syl.),  the  Great  Bear. 

Night  on  the  earth  poured  darkness ;  on  the  sea 
The  wakeful  sailor  to  Orion's  star 
And  Helic6  turned  heedful. 
Apollonius  Rhodius,  I'he  Argonautic  Expedition. 

Eel'ieon,  a  mountain  of  Boeo'tia, 
Bacred  to  the  Muses. 

From  Helicon's  harmonious  springs 

A  thousand  rills  their  mazy  progress  lake 

Gray,  Progress  of  Poesy  (1757). 

Hel'inore  {Dame),  wife  of  Malbecco, 
who  was  jealous  of  her,  and  not  without 
cause.  When  sir  Paridel,  sir  Sat'yrane 
(3  syl.),  and  Britomart  (as  the  Squire  of 
Dames)  took  refuge  in  Malbecco's  house. 
Dame  Helinore  and  sir  Paridel  had  many 
"  false  belgardes "  at  each  other,  and 
talked  love  with  glances  which  liueded  no 
interpreter.  Helinore,  having  set  fire  to 
the  closet  where  Malbecco  kept  his 
treasures,  eloped  with  Paridel,  while  the 
old  miser  stopped  to  put  out  the  fire. 
Paridel  soon  tired  of  the  dame,  and  cast 
her  off,  leaving  her  to  roam  whither  she 
listed.  She  was  taken  up  by  the  satyrs, 
who  made  her  their  dairy-woman,  and 
crowned  her  queen  of  the  May. — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  iii.  9,  10  (lo90). 

Heliotrope  renders  the  bearer  of  it 
iTivisible.  Boccaccio  calls  it  a  stone,  but 
Solinus  says  it  is  the  herb  so  called. 
(See  Invisibility). 

Amid  this  dread  exuberance  of  woe 
Ban  naked  spirits,  winged  with  horrid  fear ; 
Nor  hope  had  they  of  crevice  where  to  hide, 
Or  heliotrope  to  charm  them  out  of  view. 

Bants,  Inferno,  xxiv.  (1300). 
Heliotrope  is  a  Uont  of  such  extraordinary  virtue  that 


the  bearer  of  it  is  effectually  concealed  from  the  sight  o< 
all  present.— Boccaccio,  Decameron  (day  viii.  3). 

Viridi  colore  est  gemma  heliotropion,  iion  ita  acuto  sed 
nubilo  magis  et  repress©,  stellis  puniceis  superspersa. 
Causa  nomiiiis  de  effectu  lapidis  est  et  potestate.  Dejecta 
in  labris  seiieis  radios  soils  mutat  sanguineo  repercussu, 
utraque  aqua  splendorein  acris  abjicit  et  avertit.  Etiam 
illud  posse  dicitur,  ut  herba  ejusdeni  nonunis  mixta  et  prse- 
canUitionibus  legitiniis  consecrata,  eum,  a  quocuiique 
gestabitur,subtrahat  visi  bus  obviorum.— Solinus,  Oeog.,  xl. 

Helisane  de  Crenne,  contem- 
porary with  Paquier.  She  wrote  her  own 
biography,  including  the  "history  of 
her  own  diQaX\\.."—Angoisses  Boloureuses 
(Lyons,  1546). 

Hel  Keplein,  a  mantle  of  invisi- 
bility, belonging  to  the  dwarf -king  Laurin. 
(See  Invisibility.) — The  Heldcnbmh 
(thirteenth  century). 

Hell,  according  to  Mohammedan  belief, 
is  divided  into  seven  compartments  :  (1) 
for  Mohammedans,  (2)  for  Jews,  (3)  for 
Christians,  (4)  .  for  Sabians,  (5)  for 
Magians,  (G)  for  idolaters,  (7)  for  hypo- 
crites. All  but  idolaters  and  unbelievers 
will  be  in  time  released  from  torment. 

Hell,  Dante  says,  is  a  vast  funnel, 
divided  into  eight  circles,  with  ledges  more 
or  less  rugged.  Each  circle,  of  course,  is 
narrower  than  the  one  above,  and  the  last 
goes  down  to  the  very  centre  of  the  earth. 
Before  the  circles  begin,  there  is  a  neutral 
land  and  a  limbo.  In  the  neutral  land 
wander  those  not  bad  enough  for  hell 
nor  good  enough  for  heaven  ;  in  the  limbo, 
those  who  knew  no  sin  but  were  nc  ~ 
baptized  Christians.  Coming  then  to  h< 
proper,  circle  1,  he  says,  is  com  passe 
by  the  river  AchCron,  and  in  this  divisic 
of  inferno  dwell  the  spirits  of  the  heath* 
philosophers.  Circle  2  is  presided  ov< 
by  Minos,  and  here  are  the  spirits  of  the 
guilty  of  carnal  and  sinful  love.  Circ 
3  is  guarded  by  Cerberus,  and  this  is 
region  set  apart  for  gluttons.  Circle 
presided  over  by  Plutus,  is  the  real^ 
of  the  avaricious.  Circle  5  contains 
Stygian  Lake,  and  here  flounder  in  dee. 
mud  those  who  in  life  put  no  restraint  on 
their  anger.  Circle  6  (in  the  city  of 
Dis)  is  for  those  who  did  violence  to  man 
by  force  or  fraud.  Circle  7  (in  the  city 
of  Dis)  is  for  suicides.  Circle  8  (also  in 
the  city  of  Dis)  is  for  blasphemers  and 
heretics.  After  the  eight  circles  come 
the  ten  pits  or  chasms  of  Malebolge 
(4  syl.),  the  last  of  which  is  in  the  centre 
of  the  earth,  and  here,  he  says,  is  the. 
frozen  river  of  Cocy'tus.     (See  Infehno.) 

Hell  Kettles,  three  black  pits  of 
boiling  heat  and  sulphurous  vapour,  on  the 
banks  of  the  Skern,  in  Northumberland. 


HELL  PAVED,  ETC. 


435 


HENNEBERG. 


TheSkem  .  .  .  spieth  near  her  bank 

Three  black  and  horrid  pits,  wliich  for  fteir  suIpherous[«ic] 

sweat 
"  Hell  KetUes  "  rightly  called. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxix.  (1622). 

*^*  One  of  the  caverns  is  19  feet  6 
inches  deep,  another  is  14  feet  deep,  and 
the  third  is  17  feet.  These  three  com- 
uiunical«  with  each  other.  There  is  a 
fourth  5|  feet  deep,  which  is  quite  separate 
from  the  other  three. 

Hell  Paved  with  Good  Inten- 
tions.— A  Portuguese  Proverb, 

.  .  .  saying  "they  meant  toell." 
Tia  pity  "  that  such  meanings  should  pave  hell." 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  25  (1821). 

Hellebore  (3  syl.),  celebrated  in 
maniacal  cases. 

And  melancholy  cures  by  sovereign  hellebore. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiiL  (1013). 

Hellespont.  Leander  used  to  swim 
across  the  Hellespont  to  visit  Hero,  a 
priestess  of  Sestos.  Lord  Byron  and 
lieutenant  Ekenhead  repeated  the  feat, 
and  accomplished  it  in  seventy  minutes, 
the  distance  being  four  miles  (allowing 
for  drifting). 

He  could,  perhaps,  have  passed  the  Hellespont, 
As  once  (a  feat  on  which  ourselves  we  prided) 
Leander,  Mr.^fikenhead.  and  I  did. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  105  (1819). 

Hellica'nus,  the  able  and  honest 
minister  of  Per'icles,  to  whom  he  left  the 
charge  of  Tyre  during  his  absence. 
Being  offered  the  crown,  Hellicanus  nobly 
declined  the  offer,  and  remained  faithful 
to  the  prince  throughout. — Shakespeare, 
Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre  (1G08). 

Helmet  of  Invisibility.  The 
helmet  of  Perseus  (2  syl.)  rendered  the 
wearer  invisible.  This  was  in  reality  the 
"  Helmet  of  Ha'des,"  and  after  Perseus 
had  slain  Medu'sa  he  restored  it,  together 
with  the  winged  sandals  and  magic 
wallet.  The  "gorgon's  head"  he  pre- 
sented to  Minerva,  who  placed  it  in  the 
middle  of  her  aegis.     (See  Invisibility.) 

*^*  Mambrlno's  helmet  had  the  same 
magical  power,  though  don  Quixote,  even 
in  his  midsummer  madness,  never  thought 
himself  invisible  when  he  donned  the 
barber's  basin. 

Heloise.  La  Nouvelle  Heloise,  a  ro- 
mance by  Jean  Jacques  Rousseau  (1761). 

Helvet'ia,  Switzerland,  modernized 
Latin  for  Ager  Helvetiorum, 

England's  glory  and  Helvetia's  charms. 

Campbell,  Pleasuretof  Hope,  1.  (1799). 

TJie  Helvetian  Mountains,  the  Swiss  Alps. 

Twas  sunset,  and  the  ranz-dez-vaches  was  sung. 
And  lights  were  o'er  th'  Helvetian  Mountains  flung, 
Tbat  tinged  the  lakes  Uke  molten  gold  below. 

Campbell,  Theodorie. 


He'mera,  sister  of  prince  Memnon, 
mentioned  by  Dictys  Cretensis.  Milton, 
in  his  //  Pcnseroso,  speaks  of  "prince 
Memnon's  sister"  (1638). 

Hem'junah,  princess  of  Cassimir', 
daughter  of  the  sultan  Zebene'zer; 
betrothed  at  the  age  of  13  to  the  prince 
of  Georgia.  As  Hemjunah  had  never 
Been  the  prince,  she  ran  away  to  avoid 
a  forced  marriage,  and  was  changed  by 
Ulin  the  enchanter  into  a  toad.  In  this 
form  she  became  acquainted  with  Misnar 
Bultan  of  India,  who  had  likewise  been 
transformed  into  a  toad  by  Ulin.  Misnar 
was  disenchanted  by  a  den'ise,  and  slew 
Ulin ;  whereupon  the  princess  recovered 
her  proper  shape,  and  returned  home.  A 
rebellion  broke  out  in  Cassimir,  but  the 
"angel  of  death"  destroyed  the  rebel 
army,  and  Zebenezer  was  restored  to  his 
throne.  His  surprise  was  unbounded 
when  he  found  that  the  prince  of  Georgia 
and  the  sultan  of  India  were  one  and  the 
same  person  ;  and  Hemjunah  said,  "  Be 
assured,  0  sultan,  that  I  shall  not  refuse 
the  hand  of  the  prince  of  Georgia,  even  if 
my  father  commands  my  obedience." — Sir 
C.  Morcll  [J.  Ridley],  Tales  of  the  Genii 
("  Princess  of  Cassimir,"  vii.,  1751). 

Hemlock.  Socrates  the  Wise  and 
Phocion  the  Good  were  both  by  the  Athe- 
nians condemned  to  death  by  hemlo(,k 
juice,  Socrates  at  the  age  of  70  (r.c.  oSy) 
and  Phocion  at  the  age  of  85  (b.c.  317). 

HempsTcirke  (2  syL),  a  captain 
serving  under  Wolfort  the  usurper  of  the 
earldom  of  Flanders. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Hen  and  Chickens  {The),  the 
Pleiades.  Called  in  Basque  Oiloa  Chttuekin 
(same  meaning). — Miss  Frere,  Old  Deccan 
Days,  27. 

Henbane  makes  those  who  chance  to 
eat  of  it  "  bray  like  asses  or  neigh  like 
horses." 

Hen'derson  (Ellas),  chaplain  at 
Lochleven  Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Henneberg  (Count).  One  day  a 
beggar-woman  asked  count  Henneberg's 
wife  for  alms.  The  countess  twitted  her 
for  carrying  twins,  whereupon  the  woman 
cursed  her,  with  the  assurance  that  *'  her 
ladyship  should  be  the  mother  of  365 
children."  The  legend  says  that  the 
countess  bore  them  at  one  birth,  but 
none  of  them  lived  any  length  of  time. 
All  the  girls  were  named  Elizabeth,  and 


HENRIETTA  MARIA. 


436 


HENRY. 


all  the  boys  John.    They  are  buried,  we 
arc  told,  at  the  Hague. 

Henrietta  Maria,  widow  of  king 
Charles  I.,  introduced  in  sir  W.  Scott's 
PeverU  of  the  Peak  (1823). 

Henrietta  Street,  Cavendish 
Square,  London,  is  so  called  in  compli- 
ment to  Henrietta  Cavendish,  daughter  of 
John  Holies  duke  of  Newcastle,  and  wife 
of  Edward  second  earl  of  Oxford  and 
Mortimer.  From  these  come  "Edward 
Street,"  "  Henrietta  Street,"  '*  Cavendish 
Square,"  and  "  Holies  Street."  (See 
Portland  Place.) 

Henriette  (3  s?//.),  daughter  of 
Chrysale  (2  syl.)  and  Philaminte  (3  syL). 
She  is  in  love  with  Clitandre,  and  ulti- 
mately becomes  his  wife.  Philaminte, 
who  is  a  blue-stocking,  wants  Henriette 
to  marry  Trissotin  a  bel  esprit ;  and 
Armande  the  sister,  also  a  pas  bleu, 
thinks  that  Henriette  ought  to  devote 
her  life  to  science  and  philosophy ;  but 
Henriette  loves  woman's  work  far  better, 
and  thinks  that  her  natural  province  is 
domestic  life,  with  wifely  and  motherly 
duties.  Her  father  Chrysale  takes  the 
same  views  of  woman's  life  as  his 
daughter  Henriette,  but  he  is  quite  under 
the  thumb  of  his  strong-minded  wife. 
However,  love  at  last  prevails,  and 
Henriette  is  given  in  marriage  to  the 
man  of  her  choice.  The  French  call 
Henriette  "  the  type  of  a  perfect  woman," 
i.e.  a  thorough  woman.  —  Moliere,  Les 
Femmes  Savantes  (1672). 

Henrique  {Don)^  an  uxorious  lord, 
cruel  to  his  younger  brother  don  Jamie. 
Don  Henrique  is  the  father  of  Asca'nio, 
and  the  supposed  husband  of  Violan'te 
(4  syl.). — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Spanish  Curate  (1622). 

Henry,  a  soldier  engaged  to  Louisa. 
Souie  rumours  of  gallantry  to  Henry's 
disadvantage  having  reached  the  village, 
he  is  told  that  Louisa  is  about  to  be 
married  to  another.  In  his  despair  he 
gives  himself  up  as  a  deserter,  and  is 
condemned  to  death.  Louisa  now  goes 
to  the  king,  explains  to  him  the  whole 
matter,  obtains  her  sweetheart's  pardon, 
and  reaches  the  jail  just  as  the  muffled 
drums  begin  to  beat  the  death  march. — 
Dibdin,  The  Deserter  (1770).  . 

Henry,  son  of  sir  Philip  Blandford's 
brother.  Both  the  brothers  loved  the 
same  lady,  but  the  younger  marrying  her, 
sir  Philip,  in  his  rage,  stabbed  him,  as 
it  was  thought,  mortally.     In  due  time, 


the  young  "widow"  had  a  son  (Henry),  » 
very  high-minded,  chivalrous  young  man, 
greatly  beloved  by  every  one.  After 
twenty  years,  his  father  re-appeared  under 
the  name  of  Morrington,  and  Henry 
married  his  cousin  Emma  Blandford,— 
Thom.  Morton,  Speed  the  Plough  (1798). 

Henry  (Poor),  prince  of  Hoheneck,  in 
Bavaria.     Being  struck  with  leprosy,  he 
quitted  his  lordly  castle,  gave  largely  to 
the  poor,  and  retired  to  live  with  a  small 
cottage  farmer  named  Gottlieb  [GotJecb], 
one  of  his  vassals.     He  was  told  that  he 
would  never  be  cured  till  a  virgiti,  chaste 
and  spotless,  offered  to  die  on  his  behalf. 
Elsie,  the  farmer's  daughter,  offered  her- 
self, and  after  great  resistance  the  prince 
accompanied  her  to  Salerno  to  complete^ 
the  sacrifice.     When   he  arrived  at  th« ' 
city,  either  the  exercise,  the  excitement^ 
or  the  charm   of  some  relic,  no  mattei 
what,  had  effected  an  entire  cure,   anc 
when  he  took  Elsie  into  the  cathedra 
the  only  sacrifice  she  had  to  make  wa 
that  of  her  maiden  name  for  lady  Alici 
wife   of   prince  Henry    of   Hoheneck.—^ 
Hartmann   von  der  Aue  (minnesinger), 
Poor  Henry  (twelfth  century). 

*:^*  This  tale  is  the  subject  of  Long- 
fellow's Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Henry  II.,  king  of  England,  intr 
duced    by    sir   W.    Scott    both   in    T/tt 
Betrothed  and  in  The  Talisman  (1825), 

Henry  V.,  Shakespeare's  dram 
founded  on  The  Famous  Victories  of  Hen  ^ 
V. :  containing  the  Honourable  Battle  oj 
Agincourt.  As  it  is  plaide  by  the  Quee: 
Magesties  players,  1598.  Shakespeare'i 
play  appeared  in  print  in  1600  (quarto) 

Henry  "VT.  Shakespeare's  dramas 
this  reign  are  founded  on  The  First  Pai 
of  the  Contention  betwixt  the  two  Fan 
Houses  of  Yorke  and  Lancaster,  with  t 
Death  of  the  Good  Duke  Humphrey,  et< 
As  it  was  sundry  times  acted  by  the  Pig 
Honourable  the  Earle  of  Pembroke  his 
vants,  1600. 

Another.    The  True  Tragedie  of  Pichai 
Duke  of  Yorke,  and  the  Death  of  G 
Henrie  VI.,  etc.     As  it  was  sundry  ti 
acted  ...  (as  above). 

Henry  [Lee],  member  for  Virginia, 
on  whose  motion  (July  4,  1776)  the 
American  congress  published  their  decla- 
ration of  independence,  and  erected  the^ 
colonies  into  free  and  sovereign  states 

Henry,  the  forest-born  Demosthenes, 
Whose  thunder  shook  the  Philip    of   the  aeaaiGrtat 
Britainl. 

Byron,  Age  of  Brome,  riiL  (1891). 


2 


HEOROT. 


437 


HERCULES. 


He'orot,  the  magnificent  palace  built 
by  Hrothgar  king  of  Denmark.  Here  "he 
distributed  rings  [treastcre']  at  the  feast." 

Then  was  for  the  sons  of  the  Geats  a  bench  cleared  in 
the  beer  hall ;  there  the  bold  spirit,  free  from  quarrel, 
went  to  sit.  The  thane  observed  his  rank,  and  bore  in 
liis  hand  the  twisted  a!e-cup  .  .  .  meanwiiile  the  poet  sang 
serene  in  Heorot ;  there  was  joy  of  heroes,  no  little  pomp 
of  Danes  and  Westerns. — Kemble's  translation,  Betyuiulf 
(Anglo-Saxon  epic,  sixth  century). 

Heos'phoros,  the  morning  star. 

0  my  light-l)earer  .  .  , 
Ai,  ai,  Heosphoros. 
B.  B.  Browning,  A  Drama  of  Exil«  (1850) 

He'par,  the  Liver  personified,  the 
arch-city  in  The  Purple  Island,  by 
Phineas  Fletcher.  Fully  described  in 
canto  iii.  (1633). 

Hephaes'tos,  the  Greek  name  for 
Vulcan.  The  Vulcanic  period  of  geo- 
logy is  that  unknown  period  before  the 
creation  of  man,  when  the  molten  granite 
and  buried  metals  were  upheaved  by 
internal  heat,  through  the  overlying 
strata,  sometimes  even  to  the  very  sur- 
face of  the  earth. 

The  early  dawn  and  dusk  of  Time, 
The  reign  of  dateless  old  Hephaestus. 

LonRfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Herbert  (Sir  William) ,  friend  of  sir 
Hugo  de  Lacy.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Be- 
trothed (time,  Henry  IL). 

Her'cules  shot  Nessus  for  oifering 
insult  to  his  wife  Di'-i-a-ni-ra,  and  the 
dying  centaur  told  Diianira  that  if  she 
dipped  in  his  blood  her  husband's  shirt, 
she  would  secure  his  love  for  ever.  Her- 
cules, being  about  to  offer  sacrifice,  sent 
Lichas  for  the  shirt ;  but  no  sooner  was  it 
warmed  by  the  heat  of  his  body  than 
it  caused  such  excruciating  agony  that 
the  hero  went  mad,  and,  seizing  Lichas, 
he  flung  him  into  the  sea. 

Hercules  Mad  is  the  subject  of  a  Greek 
tragedy  by  Eurip'ides,  and  of  a  Latin 
one  by  Sen'eca. 

As  when  Alcid£s  .  .  .  felt  the  envenomed  robe,  and  tore, 
Thro'  pain,  up  by  the  roots  Thessalian  pines. 
And  Lichas  from  tlie  top  of  CEta  [a  mount]  threw 
Into  the  Euboic  Sea  [the  Archipelago\ 

Milton,  Paradite  Lost,  ii.  542,  etc.  (1665). 

***  Diodorus  says  there  were  three 
Herculeses  ;  Cicero  recognizes  six  (three 
of  which  were  Greeks,  one  Egyptian,  one 
Cretan,  and  one  Indian) ;  Varro  says 
there  were  forty-three. 

Hcrcules's  Choice.  When  Hercules 
was  a  young  man,  he  was  accosted  by 
two  women.  Pleasure  and  Virtue,  and 
asked  to  choose  which  he  would  follow. 
Pleasure  promised  him  all  carnal  delights, 
but  Virtue  promised  him  immortality. 
Hercules  gave  his  hand  to  the  latter,  and 


heiice  led  a  life  of  great  toil,  but  waa 
ultimately  received  amongst  the  im- 
mortals.— Xenophon. 

*4f*  Mrs.  Baubauld  has  borrowed  thia 
allegory,  but  instead  of  Hercules  has 
substituted  Melissa,  "  a  young  girl,"  who 
is  accosted  by  Dissipation  and  House- 
wifery. While  somewhat  in  doubt  which 
to  follow,  Dissipation's  mask  falls  off, 
and  immediately  Melissa  beholds  such  a 
"wan  and  ghastly  countenance,"  that 
she  turns  away  in  horror,  and  gives  her 
hand  to  the  more  sober  of  the  two  ladies. 
— Eveninqs  at  Home,  xix.  (1796). 

Hercules's  Horse,  Arion,  given  him  by 
Adrastos.  It  had  the  gift  of  human 
speech,  and  its  feet  on  the  right  side  were 
those  of  a  man. 

Hercules's  Pillars,  Calpe  and  Ab'yla, 
one  at  Gibraltar  and  the  other  at  Ceuta 
(3  syl.).  They  were  torn  asunder  by 
Alcides  on  his  route  to  Gades  (Cadiz). 

Hercules's  Forts  ;  (1)  "  Herculis  Corsani 
Portus"  (now  called  Porto-Ercolo,  in 
Etruria) ;  (2)  "  Herculis  Liburni  Portus  " 
(now  called  Livorno,  i.e.  Leghorn)  ;  (3) 
"Herculis  Monoeci  Portus"  (now  called 
Monaco,  near  Nice). 

Hercules  (The  Attic),  Theseus  (2  syl.), 
who  went  about,  like  Hercules,  destroy- 
ing robbers,  and  performing  most  won- 
derful exploits. 

Hercules  (The  Cretan).  All  the  three 
Idaean  Dactyls  were  so  called  :  viz.,  Cel- 
mis  ("the  smelter"),  Damnam6neus  ("the 
hammer  "),  and  Acmon  ("the  anvil  "). 

Hercides  (Tfie  Egyptian),  Sesostris  (fl, 
B.C.  1600).  Another  was  Som  or  Chon, 
called  by  Pausanias,  MacSris  son  of 
Amon. 

Hercides  (The  English),  Guy  earl  of 
Warwick  (890-958). 

Warwick  .  .  .  thou  English  Herculfis. 

Drajton,  Polyolbion,  xili.  (1613). 

Hercules  (The  Famese),  a  statue,  the 
work  of  Glykon,  copied  from  one  by 
Lysip'pos.  Called  Farne'se  (3  syl.)  from 
its  being  placed  in  the  Famese  palace  of 
Rome,  where  were  at  one  time  collected 
also  the  "  Toro  di  Famese,"  the  "  Flora  di 
Famese,"  and  the  "  Gladiatore  di  Far- 
nese."  The  "  Hercules  "  and  "  Toro  "  are 
now  at  Naples.  The  "  Famese  Her- 
cules "  represents  the  hero  exhausted  by 
toil,  leaning  on  his  club ;  and  in  his  left 
hand,  which  rests  on  his  back,  he  holds 
one  of  the  apples  of  the  Hesperides. 

*^*  A  copy  of  this  famous  statue 
stands  in  the  'JTuilleries  gardens  of  Paris. 


HERCULES. 


438 


HERMES. 


An  excellent  description  of  the  statue  is 
given  by  Thomson,  in  his  Liberty^  iv. 

Hercules  {The  Indian),  DorsSnes,  who 
married  Pandaea,  and  became  the  pro- 
genitor of  the  Indian  kings.  Belus  is 
sometimes  called  "  The  Indian  Hercules." 

Hercules  {The  Jewish),  Samson  (died 
B.C.  1113). 

Hercules  {TJie  Hussian),  Rustum. 

Hercules  {The  Swedish),  StarchatSrus 
(first  Christian  century). 

Hercules  of  Music,  Christoph  von 
Gluck  (1714-1787). 

Hercules  Seeundus.  CommSdus, 
the  Roman  emperor,  gave  himself  this 
title.  He  was  a  gigantic  idiot,  who  killed 
100  lions,  and  overthrew  1000  gladiators 
in  the  amphitheatre  (161,  180-192). 

Heren-Suge  {The),  a  seven-headed 
hydra  of  Basque  mythology,  like  the 
Deccan  cobras. 

Heretics  {Hammer  of),  Pierre  d'Ailly 
(1350-1425). 

John  Faber  is  also  called  "The  Hammer 
of  Heretics,"  from  the  title  of  one  of  his 
works  (*-1541). 

Heretics  {Scientific). 

Feargal  bishop  of  Saltzburg,  an  Irish- 
man, was  denounced  as  a  heretic  for  assert- 
ing the  existence  of  antipodes  (*-784). 

Galileo,  the  astronomer,  was  cast  into 
pnson  for  maintaining  the  "  heretical 
opinion  "  that  the  earth  moved  round  the 
sun  (1584-1642). 

Giordano  Bruno  was  burnt  alive  for 
maintaining  that  matter  is  the  mother  of 
all  things  (1550-1600). 

Her 'e ward  (3  syl.),  one  of  the 
Varangian  guard  of  Alexius  Comnenus, 
emperor  of  Greece. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count 
Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Hereward  the  Wake  (or  Vuji- 
lant),  lord  of  Born,  in  Lincolnshire. 
He  plundered  and  burnt  the  abbey  of 
Peterborough  (1070) ;  established  his 
camp  in  the  Isle  of  Ely,  where  he  was 
joined  by  earl  Morcar  (1071) ;  he  was 
blockaded  for  three  months  by  William  I., 
but  made  his  escape  with  some  of  his 
followers.  This  is  the  name  and  subject  of 
one  of  Kingsley's  novels. 

Her'iot  {Master  George),  goldsmith 
to  James  I. ;  guardian  of  lady  Hermione. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  I.)* 


Herman,  a  deaf  and  dumb  boy, 
jailer  of  the  dungeon  of  the  Giant's 
Mount.  Meeting  Ulrica,  he  tries  to  seize 
her,  when  a  flash  of  lightning  strikes  the 
bridge  on  which  he  stands,  and  Herman 
is  thrown  into  the  torrent. — E.  Stirling, 
The  Prisoner  of  State  (1847). 

Herman  {Sir),  of  Goodalricke,  one  of 
the  preceptors  of  the  Knights  Templars. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  {time,  Richard  I). 

Hermann,  the  hero  of  Goethe's  poem 
Hermann  und  Dorothea.  Goethe  tells  us 
that  the  object  of  this  poem  is  to  "  show, 
as  in  a  mirror,  the  great  movements  and 
changes  of  the  world's  stage." 

Hermaph'rodite  (4  syl.),  son  ©f 
Venus  and  Mercury.  At  the  age  of 
15,  he  bathed  in  a  fountain  of  Caria, 
when  Sal'macis,  the  fountain  nymph,  fell 
in  love  with  him,  and  prayed  the  gods  to 
make  the  two  one  body.  Her  prayers 
being  heard,  the  two  became  united  into 
one,  but  still  preserved  the  double  sex. 

Not  that  bright  spring  where  fair  Hermaphrodite 
Grew  into  one  with  wunton  Salniasis  .  .  . 
.  .  .  may  dare  compare  witli  this. 

Phin.  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Jsland,  r.  (1633). 

Hermegild  or  Hermyngyld,  wife 
of  the  lord-constable  of  Northumber- 
land. She  was  converted  by  Constance, 
but  was  murdered  by  a  knight  whose  suit 
had  been  rejected  by  the  young  guest,  in 
order  to  bring  her  into  trouble.  The 
villainy  being  discovered,  the  knight  was 
executed,  and  Constance  married  the  king, 
whose  name  was  Alia.  Hermegild, 
the  bidding  of  Constance,  restored  sij 
to  a  blind  Briton. — Chaucer,  Canterbv, 
Tales  ("  Man  of  Law's  Tale,"  1388). 

(The    word    is    spelt    "Custaunce" 
times,  "Constance"  15 times,  and  "Coi 
staunce  "  17  times,  in  the  tale.) 

Hermegild,  a  friend  of  Oswald, 
love  with  Gartha  (Oswald's  sister). 
was  a  man  in  the  middle  age  of  lif^ 
of  counsel  sage,  and  great  prudcnccT 
When  Hubert  (the  brother  of  Oswald) 
and  Gartha  wished  to  stir  up  a  civil  war 
to  avenge  the  death  of  Oswald,  who 
had  been  slain  in  single  combat  with 
prince  Gondibert,  Hermegild  wisely  de- 
terred them  from  the  rash  attempt,  and 
diverted  the  anger  of  the  camp  by  funeral 
obsequies  of  a  most  imposing  character. 
The  tale  of  Gondibert  being  unfinished, 
the  sequel  is  not  known. — Sir  W.  Dave 
nant,  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Her'm^es  (2  syl.),  son  of  Maia ;  patron 
of  commerce.    Akensida  makes  Hermefl 


HERMES. 


439 


HERMIONE. 


Bay  to    the    Thames,    referring    to    the 
merchant  ships  of  England  : 

By  you  [shipt]  my  function  and  my  honoured  namo 

Do  I  possess;   while  o'er  the  Batic  vale. 

Or  thro"  the  towers  of  Memphis,  or  the  palms 

By  sacred  Ganges  watered,  I  conduct 

The  English  merchant. 

Akenside.  Hvmn  to  the  Naiadi  (1767). 

(The  Baetis  is  the  Guadalquiver,  and 
the  liajtic  vale  Granada  and  Andalucia.) 

Her'mes  (2  syl.)^  the  same  as  Mercury, 
and  applied  both  to  the  god  and  to  the 
metal.  Milton  calls  quicksilver  "  volatil 
Hermes." 

So  when  we  see  the  liquid  metal  fall. 
Which  chemists  by  the  name  of  Hermfis  call. 

Hoole's  Ariosto,  viii. 

Hermes  (St.),  same  as  St.  Elmo,  Suerpo 
Santo,  Castor  and  Pollux,  etc.  A  coma- 
zant  or  electric  light,  seen  occasionally  on 
ships'  masts. 

"  They  shall  see  the  fire  which  saylors  call  St.  Hermes, 
fly  uppon  their  shippe.  and  alight  upon  the  toppe  of  the 
mast."— De  Loier,  TreatUe  of  Spectres,  67  (1605). 

Hermes  Trismegis'tus  {^^  Hermes 
thrice-greatest ''),  the  Egvptian  Thoth,  to 
whom  is  ascribed  a  host  of  inventions : 
as  the  art  of  writing  in  hieroglyhics,  the 
first  Egyptian  code  of  laws,  the  art  of 
harmonj',  the  science  of  astrology,  the 
invention  of  the  lute  and  lyre,  magic, 
etc.  (twentieth  century  B.C.). 

The  school  of  HermSs  Trismegistus, 
Who  uttered  his  oracles  subluno 
Before  the  Olympiads. 

Longfellow,  TAe  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Her'mesind  (3  s.;//.),  daughter  of 
Pelayo  and  Gaudio'sa.  She  was  plighted 
to  Alphonso,  son  of  lord  Pedro  of  Can- 
tabria.  Both  Alphonso  and  Hermesind 
at  death  were  buried  in  the  cave  of  St. 
Antonj',  in  Covadonga. 

Beauty  and  grace  and  innocence  in  her 

In  heavenly  union  shone.    One  who  had  held 

The  laitli  of  elder  Greece  would  sure  have  thought    . 

She  was  some  glorious  n)mph  of  seed  divine, 

Oread  or  Dryad  .  .  .  yea,  she  seemed 

Angel  or  soul  Ijeatified,  from  realms 

Of  bliss  ...  to  earth  re-sent. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc,  )tvL  (1814). 

Her'mia,  daughter  of  Ege'us  (3  syl.) 
of   Athens,    and    promised    by  him    in 
marriage  to  Demetrius.    As  Hermia  loved 
Lysander,    and    refused    to    marry   De- 
metrius, her  father  summoned  her  before 
the  duke,  and  requested  that  the  "  law  of 
the  land"  might  be  carried  out,  which 
was  death  or   perpetual  virginity.     The 
i      duke  gave  Hermia  four  days  to  consider 
I      the  subject,  at  the  expiration  of  which 
I      time  she  was  either  to  obey  her  father  or 
lose  her  life.     She  now  fled  from  Athens 
i      with  Lysander.     Demetrius  went  in  pur- 
t     suit  of  her,  and  HelSna,  who  doted  on 
Demetrius,  followed.    All  four  came  to  a 


wood,  and  falling  asleep  from  weariness, 
had  a  dream  about  the  fairies.  When  De- 
metrius woke  up,  he  came  to  his  senses, 
and  seeing  that  Hermia  loved  another, 
consented  to  marry  Helena;  and  Egous 
gladly  gave  the  hand  of  his  daughter 
to  Lysander. — Shakespeare,  Midsufhnier 
Night's  Dream  (1692). 

Herm'ion,  the  young  wife  of  Damon 
"the  Pythagore'an  "  and  senator  of  Syra- 
cuse.— J.  Banim,  Damon  and  Pythias 
(1825). 

Hermi'one  (4  syl.),  only  daughter  of 
Menela'os  and  Helen.  She  became  the 
wife  of  Pyrrhos  or  Neoptolgmos,  son  of 
Achilles ;  but  Orestes  assassinated  Pyrrhos 
and  married  Hermione,  who  had  been 
already  betrothed  to  him. 

Hermi'one  (4  syl.)  or  Harmo'nia,  wife 
of  Cadmus.  Leaving  Thebes,  Cadmus 
and  his  wife  went  to  Illyr'ia,  and  were 
both  changed  into  serpents  for  having 
killed  a  serpent  sacred  to  Mars. — Ovid, 
Metamorphoses,  iv.  590,  etc. 

N  ever  since  of  serpent-kind 
Lovelier,  not  those  that  in  lllyria  [were']  changed— 
Uermiond  and  Cadmus. 

Milton,  Paradite  Lost,  ix.  505,  etc.  (1666). 

Hermi'one  (4  syl.),  wife  of  Leontes 
king  of  Sicily.  The  king,  being  jealous, 
sent  her  to  prison,  where  she  gave  birth 
t>j  a  daughter,  who,  at  the  king's  command, 
was  to  be  placed  on  a  desert  shore  and 
left  to  perish.  The  child  was  driven  by 
a  storm  to  the  "coast"  of  Bohemia,  and 
brought  up  by  a  shepherd  who  called  her 
Per'dita.  FlorTzel,  the  son  of  Polixenes 
king  of  Bohemia,  fell  in  love  with  her, 
and  they  fled  to  Sicily  to  escape  the 
vengeance  of  the  angry  king.  Being 
introduced  to  Leontes,  it  was  soon  dis- 
covered that  Perdita  was  his  lost  daugh- 
ter, and  Polixenes  gladly  consented  to 
the  union  he  had  before  objected  to. 
Pauli'na  (a  lady  about  the  court)  now 
asked  the  royal  party  to  her  house  to 
inspect  a  statue  of  Hermione,  which, 
turned  out  to  be  the  living  queen  herself. ' 
— Shakespeare,  The  Winter's  Tale  (lo94). 

Hermi'one  (4  syl.),  only  daughter  of 
Helen  and  Menelii'us  (4  syl.)  king  of 
Sparta.  She  was  betrothed  to  Orestes, 
but  after  the  fall  of  Troy  was  promised 
by  her  father  in  marriage  to  Pyrrhus 
king  of  Epirus.  Orestes  madly  loved  her, 
but  Hermione  as  madly  loved  Pyrrhus. 
When  Pyrrhus  fixed  his  affections  on 
Androm'ache  (widow  of  Hector,  and 
his  captive),  the  pride  and  jealousy  of 
Hermione  were  roused.    At  this  crisis, 


HERMIONE. 


440 


HERO. 


an  embassy  led  by  Orestes  arrived  at  the 
court  of  Pyrrhus,  to  demand  the  death 
of  Asty'anax,  the  son  of  Andromache  and 
Hector,  lest  when  he  grew  to  manhood 
he  might  seek  to  avenge  his  fathers 
death.  Pyrrhus  declined  to  give  up  the 
boy,  and  married  Andromache.  The 
passion  of  Hermione  was  now  goaded  to 
jr.adness  ;  and  when  she  heard  that  the 
Greek  ambassadors  had  fallen  on  Pyrrhus 
and  murdered  him,  she  stabbed  herself 
and  died. — Ambrose  Philips,  The  Dis- 
tressed Mother  (1712). 

This  was  a  famous  part  with  Mrs. 
Porter  (*-1762),  and  with  Miss  Young 
better  known  as  Mrs.  Pope  (1740-1797). 

Hermi'one  (4  syl.),  daughter  of  Dan- 
nischemend  the  Persian  sorcerer,  men- 
tioned in  Donnerhugel's  narrative. — Sir 
"VV.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

HermHone  {The  lady)  or  lady  Er- 
min'ia  Pauletti,  privately  married  to  lord 
Dalgarno. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of 
Niijel  (time,  James  I.).  » 

Hermit,  the  pseudonym  of  the  poet 
Hayley,  the  friend  of  Cowper. 

Hermit  {The  English),  Roger  Crab, 
who  subsisted  on  three  farthings  a  week, 
his  food  being  bran,  herbs,  roots,  dock 
leaves,  and  mallows  (*-1680). 

Hermit  {Peter  the),  the  instigator  of  the 
first  crusade  (1050-1115). 

Hermit  and  the  Youth  {Tlie). 
A  hermit,  desirous  to  study  the  ways  of 
Providence,  met  with  a  youth,  who  became 
his  companion.  The  first  night,  they 
were  most  hospitably  entertained  by  a 
nobleman,  but  at  parting  the  young  man 
stole  his  entertainer's  golden  goblet. 
Next  day,  they  obtained  with  diflSculty  of 
a  miser  shelter  from  a  severe  storm,  and 
at  parting  the  youth  gave  him  the  golden 
goblet.  Next  night,  they  were  modestly 
but  freely  welcomed  by  one  of  the  middle 
class,  and  at  parting  the  youth  "crept 
to  the  cradle  where  an  infant  slept,  and 
wrung  its  neck  ; "  it  was  the  only  child 
of  their  kind  host.  Leaving  the  hospit- 
able roof,  they  lost  their  way,  and  were  set 
right  by  a  guide,  whom  the  youth  pushed 
into  a  river,  and  he  was  drowned.  The 
hermit  began  to  curse  the  youth,  when 
lo  !  he  turned  into  an  angel,  who  thus 
explained  his  acts: 

"  I  stole  the  goblet  from  the  rich  lord  to  teach  him  not  to 
trust  in  uncertain  riches.  I  gave  the  goblet  to  the  miser 
to  teach  him  that  kindness  always  meets  its  reward.  I 
itnuigled  the  infant  because  the  man  loved  it  better  than 


he  loved  God.  I  pushed  the  guide  into  the  river  becausa 
he  intended  at  night-fall  to  commit  a  robbery."  Th» 
hermit  bent  his  heiwi  and  cried,  "The  ways  of  the  Lord 
are  past  finding  out !  but  He  doeth  all  things  well.  Tefich 
me  to  say  with  faith,  'Tby  will  be  done  I ' "— Parnell 
(1679-1717). 

In  the  Talmud  is  a  similar  and  better 
allegory.  Rabbi  Jachanan  accompanied 
Elijah  on  a  journey,  and  they  came  to  the 
house  of  a  poor  man,  whose  only  treasure 
was  a  cow.  The  man  and  his  wife  ran 
to  meet  and  welcome  the  strangers,  but 
next  morning  the  poor  man's  cow  died. 
Next  night,  they  were  coldly  received  by 
a  proud,  rich  man,  who  fed  them  only 
with  bread  and  water ;  and  next  morning 
Elijah  sent  for  a  mason  to  repair  a  wall 
which  was  falling  down,  in  return  for  the 
hospitality  received.  Next  night,  they 
entered  a  synagogue,  and  asked,  "Who 
will  give  a  night's  lodging  to  two  tra- 
vellers V  "  but  none  offered  to  do  so.  At 
parting  Elijah  said,  "  I  hope  you  will  all 
be  made  presidents."  The  following  night 
they  were  lodged  by  the  members  of 
another  synagogue  in  the  best  hotel  of 
the  place,  and  at  parting  Elijah  said, 
*'  May  the  Lord  appoint  over  you  but 
one  president."  The  rabbi,  unable  to 
keep  silence  any  longer,  begged  Elijah  to 
explain  the  meaning  of  his  dealings  with 
men  ;  and  Elijah  replied : 

"In  regard  to  the  poor  man  who  received  us  so  hos- 
pitably, it  was  decreed  that  his  wife  was  to  die  that  night, 
but  in  reward  of  his  kindness,  God  took  the  cow  instead 
of  the  wife.  I  rcpaireil  tlie  wall  of  the  rich  miser  because 
a  chest  of  gold  wivs  concealed  near  the  place,  and  if  the 
miser  had  repaired  the  wall  he  would  have  discovered  the 
treasure.  I  said  to  the  inhospitable  synagogue,  'May 
each  member  be  president,'  because  no  one  can  s«irve  two 
masters.  I  said  to  the  hospitable  synagogue,  'May  you 
have  but  one  president,'  because  with  one  head  there  can 
be  no  divisions  of  counsel.  Say  not,  therefore,  to  the 
Lord,  '  What  doest  Thou  ? '  but  say  in  thy  heart,  '  Must 
not  the  Lord  of  all  the  earth  do  right?'" — The  Talmud 
("  Trust  in  God  "). 

Herm.ite  {Tristan  V)  or  "Tristan  oi 
the  Hospital,"  provost-marshal  of  France| 
He  was  the  main  instrument  in  carrying 
out  the  nefarious  schemes  of  Louis  'XI, 
who  used  to  call  him  his  "gossip. 
Tristan  was  a  stout,  middle-sized  mai 
with  a  hang-dog  visage  and  most 
pulsive  smile. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quenti 
Durvmrd  and  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time 
Edward  IV.). 

Hero,  daughter  of  Leonato  governor' 
of  Messi'na.  She  was  of  a  quiet,  serious 
disposition,  and  formed  a  good  contrast  to 
the  gay,  witty  rattle-pate,  called  Bea- 
trice, her  cousin.  Hero  Avas  about  to  be 
married  to  lord  Claudib,  when  don  John 
played  on  her  a  most  infamous  practical 
joke  out  of  malice.  He  bribed  Hero's 
waiting-woman  to  dress  in  Hero's  clothes, 
and  to  talk  with  him  by  moonlight  from 


HERO. 


441 


HESPERIA. 


;the  chamber  balcony  ;  he  then  induced 
Claudio  to  hide  himself  in  the  garden,  to 
'overhear  what  was  said.  Claudio,  think- 
ing the  person  to  be  Hero,  was  furious, 
and  next  day  at  the  altar  rejected  the 
bride  with  scorn.  The  priest,  convinced 
of  Hero's  innocence,  gave  out  that  she 
was  dead,  the  servant  confessed  the  trick, 
don  John  took  to  flight,  and  Hero  married 
Claudio  her  betrothed.  —  Shakespeare, 
Mitch  Ado  about  Nothing  (1600). 

Hero  [Sutton],  niece  of  sir  William 
Sutton,  and  beloved  by  sir  Valentine  de 
Grey.  Hero  "was  fair  as  no  eye  ever 
fairer  saw,  of  noble  stature,  head  of 
antique  mould,  magnificent  as  far  as  may 
consist  with  softness,  features  full  of 
thought  and  moods,  wishes  and  fancies, 
and  limbs  the  paragon  of  symmetry." 
Having  offended  her  lover  by  waltzing 
with  lord  Athunree,  she  assumed  the  garb 
of  a  Quakeress,  called  herself  "Ruth,"  and 
got  introduced  to  sir  Valentine,  who 
proposed  marriage  to  her,  and  then  dis- 
covered that  Hero  was  Ruth  and  Ruth 
was  Hero. — S.  Knowles,  Woinari's  Wit, 
etc.  (1838). 

Hero  and  Leander  (3  s.y/.). 
Hero,  a  priestess  of  Venus,  fell  in  love 
with  Leander,  who  swam  across  the 
Hellespont  every  night  to  visit  her.  One 
night  he  was  drowned  in  so  doing,  and 
;  Hero  in  grief  threw  herself  into  the  same 
!   sea. — Musaeus,  Leander  and  Hero. 


Hero  of  Fable  {The),  the  due  de 
Guise.  Called  by  the  French  L'Hero  de 
la  Fable  (1614-1664). 

\  '  Hero  of  History  {The),  the  due 
I  d'Enghien  rZ>ar».z/^'a/i'n].  Called  by  the 
J  French  Vtiero  de  rHistoire.  This  was 
\  Le  grand  Conde'  (1621-1687). 

!  Hero  of  Modern  Italy,  Gari- 
5  baldi  (1807-        ). 

I  Herod'otos  of  Old  London,  J. 
\  Stow  (1525-1605). 

i  Her'on  {Sir  George),  of  Chip-chace, 
i jin  officer  with  sir  John  Foster.— Sir  W. 
j  Scott,  The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

;  Heros'tratos  or  Erostratos,  the 
Ephesian  who  set  fire  to  the  temple  of 
)iana  at  Ephesus  (one  of  the  seven  won- 
lers  of  the  world)  merely  to  immortalize 
lis  name.  The  Ephesians  made  it  penal 
ven  to  mention  his  name. 

S*u°**"*^"^  ^'"'''  prove  vice  governes  fame, 
Who  built  that  church  he  burnt  hath  lost  hii  name. 
Lord  Brooke,  InquitUion  upon  Fame  (lfi54-l<i2S). 


Herries  {Lord),  a  friend  of  queen 
Mary  of  Scotland,  and  attending  on  her 
at  Dundrennan.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Ttt6 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Herring  {Good  red). 

Neuters  in  the  middle  way  of  steering. 

Are  neither  fish,  nor  flesh,  nor  good  red  herri/ig. 

Drydcn,  Duke  oi  Guise  (1661). 

Herring  Pond  {The),  the  ocean 
between  the  British  Isles  and  America. 

*'  What  is  your  opinion,  pray,  on  the  institutions  the 
other  side  of  the  Herring  Pond  t  "—Jennie  qf  the  PHiv 
cess,  i. 

Herschel  {Sir  F.  Wm.)  discovered 
the  eighth  planet,  at  first  called  the 
Georgium  sidus,  in  honour  of  George  HI., 
and  now  called  Saturn.  In  allusion  to 
this,  Campbell  says  he 

Gave  the  lyre  of  heaven  another  string. 

Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

Herta,  now  called  St.  Kilda,  one  of 
the  Heb'rides. 

Hertford  {The  marquis  of),  in  the 
court  of  Charles  II.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Her  Trippa,  meant  for  Henry 
Cornelius  Agrippa  of  Nettesheim,  phi- 
losopher and  physician.  '*  Her "  is  a 
contraction  of  He'ricus,  and  "Trippa "a 
play  on  the  words  Agrippa  and  tripe. — 
Rabelais,  Pantag'rucl,  iii.  25  (1545). 

Herwig,  king  of  Hel'igoland,  be- 
trothed to  Gudrun,  daughter  of  king 
Hettel  {Attila).  She  was  carried  off  by 
Hartmuth  king  of  Norway,  and  as  she 
refused  to  marry  him,  was  put  to  the 
most  menial  work.  Herwig  conveyed  an 
army  into  Norway,  utterly  defeated'  Hart- 
muth, liberated  Gudrun,  and  married  her. 
— Gudrun,  a  German  Epic  of  the  thir- 
teenth century. 

Her'zog  {Duke),  commander-in-chiei 
of  the  ancient  Teutons  {Germans). 
The  herzog  was  elected  by  tbe  freemen 
of  the  tribe,  but  in  times  of  war  and 
danger,  when  several  tribes  united,  the 
princes  selected  a  leader,  who  was  alse 
called  a  "  herzog,"  similar  to  the  Gaulish 
"brennus"  or  "bren,"  and  the  Celtic 
"  pendragon"  or  head  chief. 

Heskett  {Ralph),  landlord  of  the 
village  ale-house  where  Robin  Oig  and 
Harry  Wakefield  fought. 

Dame  Heskett,  Ralph's  wife. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George 
III.). 

Hesper'Ja,  Italy  was  so  called  by 
the  Greeks,  because  it  was  to  them  cha 


HESPERIDES. 


442 


HICKORY. 


"Western  Land."  The  Romans,  for  a 
Bimilar  reason,  transferred  the  name  to 
Spain. 

Hesper'ides  (4  syl. ) .  The  Hesper'ian 
Field.  The  Hesperides  were  the  women 
who  guarded  the  golden  apples  which 
Earth  gave  to  Here  at  her  marriage  with 
Zeus  {Jove).  They  were  assisted  by  the 
dragon  Ladon.  The  Hesperian  Fields  are 
the  orchards  in  M'hich  the  golden  apples 
grew.  The  island  is  one  of  the  Cape 
Verd  Isles,  in  the  Atlantic. 

Wilt  thou  fly 
With  Laughing  Autumn  to  the  Atlantic  isles. 
And  range  with  him  tb'  Hesperian  tieUls,  and  see 
Where'er  his  fingers  touch  the  fruitful  grove. 
The  branches  shoot  with  gold? 

Akeuside,  Pleasure*  0/  Imagination,  1.  (1741). 

Hesperus,  the  knight  called  by 
Tennyson  *'Evenin»'  Star;"  but  called 
in  the  History  of  rrince  Arthur^  "the 
Green  Knight"  or  sir  Pertolope  (3  syl.). 
One  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the 
passages  of  Castle  Perilous. — Tennyson, 
Idylls  ("Gareth  and  Lynette")  ;  sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Frinoe  Arthur,  i.  127 
(1470). 

*,„♦  It  is  a  manifest  blunder  to  call  the 
Green  Knight  "Hesperus  the  Evening 
Star,"  and  the  Blue  Knight  the  "  Morn- 
ing Star."  The  old  romance  makes  the 
rombat  with  the  "Green  Knight"  at  dawn^ 
and  with  the  "  Blue  Knight"  at  sunset. 
The  error  has  arisen  from  not  bearing  in 
mind  that  our  forefathers  began  the  day 
with  the  preceding  eve,  and  ended  it  at 
sunset. 

Hettly  {May),  an  old  servant  of 
Davie  Deans. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Heukbane  {Mrs.),  the  butcher's 
wife  at  Fairport,  and  a  friend  of  Mrs. 
Mailsetter. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Hew,  son  of  lady  Helen  of  "Merry- 
laud  town"  {Milan),  enticed  by  an  apple 
presented  to  him  by  a  Jewish  maiden, 
who  then  "  stabbed  him  with  a  penknife, 
rolled  the  body  in  lead,  and  cast  it  into  a 
well."  Lady  Helen  went  in  search  of 
her  child,  and  its  ghost  cried  out  from 
the  bottom  of  the  well : 

The  lead  is  wondrous  hearv.  mlther ; 

The  well  is  wondrous  deep ; 
A  keen  penknife  sticks  in  aiy  heart ; 

A  word  I  dounae  speik. 

Percy,  Rellquet,  i.  3. 

Hewit  {Godfrey  Bertram),  natural 
son  of  Mr.  Godfrey  Bertram. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Alannering  (time.  George  II.). 

Hiiawa'tha,  the  prophet  teacher,  son 


of  Mudjekee'wis  {the  west  wind)  and 
Weno'nah  daughter  of  Noko'mis.  He 
represtnts  the  progress  of  civilization 
among  the  North  American  Indians. 
Hiawatha  tirst  wrestled  with  Monda'mia 
{maize),  and,  having  subdued  it,  gave  it 
to  man  for  food.  He  then  taught  man 
navigation ;  then  he  subdued  Mishe 
Nah'ma  {the  sturgeon),  and  taught  the 
Indians  how  to  make  oil  therefrom  for 
winter.  His  next  exploit  was  against 
the  magician  Megissog'non,  the  author 
of  disease  and  death  ;  having  slain  this 
monster,  he  taught  man  the  science  of 
medicine.  He  then  married  Minneha'ha 
{laxujhing  water),  and  taught  man  to  be 
the  husband  of  one  wife,  and  the  comforts 
of  domestic  peace.  Lastly,  he  taught 
man  picture-writing.  When  the  white 
men  came  with  the  gospel,  Hiawatha 
ascended  to  the  kingdom  of  Pone'mah, 
the  land  of  the  hereafter. — Longfellow, 
Hiawatha. 

Hiawatha^s  Moc'casons.  When  Hiawa- 
tha put  on  his  moccasons,  he  could 
measure  a  mile  at  a  single  stride. 

He  had  moccasons  enchanted, 
Magic  moccasons  of  deer-skin  ; 
When  he  bound  them  round  Jus  ankles 
At  each  stride  n  mile  he  measured ! 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  It. 

Hiawatha's  Great  Friends,  Chibia'boa 
(the  sweetest  of  all  musicians)  and 
Kwa'sind  (the  strongest  of  all  mortals). 
— Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  vi. 

Hiber'nia,  Ireland.    Feme  is  simply 
a  contraction  of  the  same  word.     Pli 
says  that  "Irish  mothers  feed  their  ^ 
fanta  with  swords  instead  of  spoons." 

Hie  Jacet,  an  epitaph,  a  funee 
The  first  words  on  old  tombstones; 
Here  lies  .  .  .  etc. 

The  merit  of  service  is  seldom  attributed  to 
.  .  .  performer.  I  would  have  that  drum  .  .  . 
jacet  [that  it,  die  in  my  attemt>t  to  get  i*].- 
speare,  AU't  }VeU  that  End»  Well  (1598). 

Hick'athrift  {Tom  or  Jack),  a 
labourer  in  the  time  of  the  Conquest,  of 
such  enormous  strength  that  he  killed, 
with  an  axletree  and  cartwheel,  a  huge 
giant,  who  lived  in  a  marsh  at  Tylney, 
in  Norfolk.  He  was  knighted,  and  made 
governor  of  Thanet.  Hickathrift  is  some- 
times called  Hickafric. 

When  a  man  sits  down  to  write  a  history,  though  It  \» 
but  the  history  of  Jack  Hickathrift,  ...  he  knows  no      . 
more  than  his  heels  what  leU  .  .  .  he  Is  to  meet  with  u> 
his  way. — Sterne. 

Hick'ory     {Old),    general    Andrew   | 
Jackson.     He  was  first  called  "Tough,"    | 
then   "  Tough  as  Hickory,"  and,  lastly, 
"Old  Hickory."    Another  story  is  that 


HIERCCLES. 


443 


HIGHLAND  MARY. 


in  1813,  when  engaged  in  war  with  the 
Creek  Indians,  he  fell  short  of  supplies, 
and  fed  his  men  on  hickory  nuts  (17G7- 
1845) 

*^*  This  general  Andrew  Jackson 
must  not  be  confounded  with  general 
Thomas  Jackson,  better  known  as 
"Stone-wall"  Jackson  (1826-1863). 

Hi'erocles  (4  syl.),  the  first  person 
who  compiled  jokes  and  bon  mots.  After 
a  life-long  labour,  he  got  together  twenty- 
one,  which  he  left  to  the  world  as  his 
legacy.  Hence  arose  the  phrase,  An 
Hleroc'lean  legacy,  no  legacy  at  all,  a 
legacy  of  empty  promises,  or  a  legacy  of 
no  worth. 

One  of  his  anecdotes  is  that  of  a  man 
who  wanted  to  sell  his  house,  and  carried 
about  a  brick  to  show  as  a  specimen 
of  it. 

He  that  tries  to  recommend  Shakespeare  by  select 
quotations,  will  succeed  like  the  pedant  in  Hierocles, 
who,  when  he  offered  his  house  for  sale,  carried  a  brick 
In  his  pocket  as  a  specimen.— Dr.  Johnson,  Preface  to 
Shaketpeare. 

Hieron'imo,  the  chief  character  of 

Thomas  Kyd's  drama  in  two  parts,  pt.  i. 

being  called  Hicronimo,  and  pt.  ii.   The 

Spanish    Tragedy  or    Hieronimo  is  Mad 

Again.     In  the  latter  play,  Horatio,  only 

son  of  Hieronimo,   sitting  with   Belim- 

pe'ria  in  an  alcove,  is  murdered  by  his 

rival  Balthazar  and  the  lady's  brother 

Lorenzo.     The  murderers  hang  the  dead 

1       body  on  a  tree  in  the  garden,  and  Hie- 

I       ronimo,  aroused  by  the  screams  of  Be- 

I       limperia,  rushing  into  the  garden,  sees 

1       the  dead  body  of  his  son,  and  goes  raving 

I      mad  (1688). 

I  Higden  (Mrs.  Betty),  an  old  woman 

I  nearly  four  score,  very  poor,  but  hating 

I  the    union-house   more   than  she  feared 

!  death.     Betty   Higden   kept    a  mangle, 

\  and  "  minded  young  children  "  at  four- 

i  nence  a  week.     A   poor  workhouse  lad 

;  named  Sloppy  helped  her  to   turn   the 

I  mangle.     Mrs.   Boffin  wished   to    adopt 

I  Johnny,   Betty's   infant  grandchild,  but 

\  he  died  in  the  Children's  Hospital. 

i  She  was  one  of  those  old  women,  was  Mrs.  Betty 
Higden,  who,  by  dint  of  an  indomitable  purpose  and  a 
strong  constitution,  fight  out  many  years ;  an  active  old 

i  woman,  with  a  bright  dark  eye  and  a  resolute  face,  yet 
quite  a  tender  creature,  too.— <;.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual 
fViend.  i.  16  (1864). 

Higg,  "the  son  of  Snell,"  the  lame 
^yitnes3  at  the  trial  of  Rebecca.~Sir  VV. 
•Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Higgen,  Prigg,  Snapp,  and  Fer- 
ret, knavish  beggars  in  The  Beggars' 
Bush,  a  drama  by  Beaumont  and  flet- 
cb.er  (1022). 


High  and  Low  Heels,  two  fac- 
tions in  Lilliput.  So  called  from  the 
high  and  low  heels  of  their  shoes,  badges 
of  the  two  factions.  The  High-heels 
(tories  and  the  high-church  party)  were 
the  mo.st  friendly  to  the  ancient  consti- 
tution of  the  empire,  but  the  emperor 
employed  the  Low-heels  (whigs  and  low- 
churchmen)  as  his  ministers  of  state. — • 
Swift,  Gulliver's  IVavels  ("Lilliput," 
172G). 

High  Life  Belov?'  Stairs,  a  farce 
by  the  Rev.  James  Townley.  Mr.  Lovel, 
a  wealthy  commoner,  suspects  his  ser- 
vants of  "wasting  his  substance  in 
riotous  living  ; "  so,  pretending  to  go  to 
his  country  seat  in  Devonshire,  he  as- 
sumes the  character  of  a  country  bump- 
kin from  Essex,  and  places  himself 
under  the  charge  of  his  own  butler,  to 
learn  the  duties  of  a  gentleman's 
servant.  As  the  master  is  away, 
Philip  (the  butler)  invites  a  large  party 
to  supper,  and  supplies  them  with  the 
choicest  wines.  The  servants  all  assume 
their  masters'  titles,  and  address  each 
other  as  "  My  lord  duke,"  "  sir  Harrj'," 
"  My  lady  Charlotte,"  "  My  lady  Bab," 
etc.,  and  mimic  the  airs  of  their  em- 
ployers. In  the  midst  of  the  banquet, 
Lovel  appears  in  his  true  character, 
breaks  up  the  party,  and  dismisses  his 
household,  retaining  only  one  of  the  lot, 
named  Tom,  to  whom  he  entrusts  the 
charge  of  the  silver  and  plate  (1759). 

Highgate  (a  suburb  of  London). 
Drayton  says  that  Highgate  was  so 
called  because  Brute,  the  mythical  Tro- 
jan founder  of  the  British  empire,  "ap- 
pointed it  for  a  gate  of  London ; "  but 
others  tell  us  that  it  was  so  called  from 
a  gate  set  up  there,  some  400  years 
ago,  to  receive  tolls  for  the  bishop  of 
London. 

Then  Highgate  boasts  his  way  which  men  do  most  fre- 
quent, .  .  . 
Appointed  for  a  gate  of  London  to  have  been. 
When  first  the  mighty  Brute  that  city  did  begin. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvL  (1613). 

Highland  Mary,  immortalized  by 
Robert  Burns,  is  generally  thought  to  be 
Mary  Campbell ;  but  it  seems  more  likely 
to  be  Mary  Morison,  "one  of  the  poet's 
youthful  loves."  Probably  the  songs. 
Will  ye  go  to  the  Indies,  my  Mary  ?  High- 
land Mary,  Mary  Morison,  and  To  Mary 
in  Heaven,  were  all  written  on  one  and 
the  same  Mary,  although  sojjie  think 
HigUand  Mary  and  Mary  in  Heaven  re- 
fer to  Mary  Campbell,  who,  we  arw 
told,  was  the  poet's  first  love. 


HIGHWAYMEN. 


444 


HlPi'OLYTA. 


Highwaymen  (Noted). 

Claude  Duval  (*-1670).  Introduced 
in  White  Friars,  by  Miss  Robinson. 

Jamks  Whitney  (1660-1694),  aged  34. 

Jonathan  Wili>  of  Wolverhampton 
(1682-1725),  aged  43.  Hero  and  title  of 
a  novel  by  Fielding  (1744). 

Jack  Sheppard  of  Spitalfields  (1701- 
1724),  aged  24.  Hero  and  title  of  a 
novel  bv  Defoe  (1724)  ;  and  one  by  H. 
Ainswofth  (1839). 

Dick  Turpin,  executed  at  York 
(1711-1739).  Hero  of  a  novel  by  H. 
Ainsworth. 

Galloping  Dick,  executed  at  Avles- 
bury  in  1800. 

Captain  Grant,  the  Irish  highway- 
man, executed  at  Maryborough,  in  1816. 

Samuel  Greenwood,  executed  at  Old 
Bailey,  1822. 

William  Rea,  executed  at  Old  Bailey, 
1828. 

Hi'gre  (2  syL),  a  roaring  of  the 
waters  when  the  tide  comes  up  the 
Humber. 

For  when  my  Higre  comes  1  make  my  either  shore 
Ken  tremble  with  the  sound  that  1  afar  do  send. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxviii  (1622). 

Hilarius  (Brother),  refectioner  at 
St.  Mary's.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monas- 
tery (time,  Elizabeth). 

Hildebrand,  pope  Gregory  VII. 
(1013,  1073-1085).  He  demanded  for 
the  Church  the  right  of  "  investiture  "  or 
presentation  to  all  ecclesiastical  benefices, 
the  superiority  of  the  ecclesiastical  to  the 
temporal  authority,  enforced  the  celibacy 
of  all  clergymen,  resisted  simony,  and 
greatly  advanced  the  domination  of  the 
popes. 

We  need  another  Hildebrand  to  shake 
And  purify  us. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

HU'debrand  (Meister),  the  Nestor  of 
German  romance,  a  magician  and  cham- 
pion. 

*^*  Maugis,  among  the  paladins  of 
Charlemagne,  sustained  a  similar  twofold 
character. 

Hil'debrod  (Jacob  duke),  president 
of  the  Alsatian  Club.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Hil'desheim.  The  monk  of  Hilde- 
sheim,  doubtinghow  a  thousand  years  with 
God  could  be  "only  one  day,"  listened 
to  the  melody  of  a  bird  in  a  green  wood, 
as  he  supposed,  for  only  three  minutes, 
but  found  that  he  had  in  reality  been  j 
listening  to  it  for  a  hundred  years.  ' 


Hill  (Dr.  John),  whose  pseudonym 
was  "Mrs.  Glaspe."  Garrick  said  of  him: 

For  T,|ivsi<;  and  farces. 
His  equal  iher?  warce  is. 
For  his  farces  are  physic,  'nd  his  physic  a  farce  is. 

Hiriary  (Twn),  apprentice  of  Mr. 
Lawford  the  town  clerk.  Afterwards 
captain  Hillary. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Hinch'up  (Dame),  a  peasant,  at  the 
execution  of  Meg  Murdochson. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 

Hin'da,  daughter  of  Al  Hassan  the 
Arabian  emir  of  Persia.  Her  lover  Hafed, 
a  gheber  or  fire-worshipper,  was  the 
sworn  enemy  of  the  emir.  Ai  Hassan 
sent  Hinda  away,  but  she  was  taken 
captive  by  Hafed's  party.  Hafed,  being 
betrayed  to  Al  Hassan,  burnt  himself  to 
death  in  the  sacred  fire,  and  Hinda  cast 
herself  headlong  into  the  sea. — T.  Moore, 
Lalla  Eookh  ("The  Fire-Worshippers," 
1817). 

Hinges  (Harmonious).  The  doors  of 
the  harem  of  Fakreddin  turned  on  har- 
monious hinges. — W.  Beckford,  Vathek 
(1784). 

Hinzelmann,"  the  most  famous 
house-spirit  or  kobold  of  German  legend. 
He  lived  four  years  in  the  old  castle  of 
Hudemiihlen,  and  then  disappeared  for 
ever  (1588). 

Hipcut  Hill,  famous  for  cowslips. 
The  rendezvous  of  Pigwijjgen  and  queer 
Mab  was  a  coAvslip  on  Hipcut  Hill. — M^ 
Drayton,  Nymphidia  (1563-1631). 

Hip'pocrene  (3  syl.),  the  fountair 
of  the  Muses.  Longfellow  calls  poeti< 
inspiration  "  a  maddening  draught 
Hippocrene." — Goblet  of  Life. 

Hippol'ito.  So  Browning  spells  the 
name  of  the  son  of  Theseus  (2  syl.)  am' 
An'tiope.  Hippolito  fled  all  intercourse* 
with  woman.  Phaedra,  his  mother-in-law, 
tried  to  seduce  him,  and  when  he  resisted 
her  solicitations,  accused  him  to  her 
husband  of  attempting  to  dishonour  her. 
After  death  he  was  restored  to  life  under 
the  name  of  Virbius  (vir-bis,  "twice  a 
man").     (See  Hippolytos.) 

Hyppolito,  a  youth  who  never  knew  a  woman. 

Browning. 

Hippol'yta,  queen  of  the  Am'azons, 
and  daughter  of  Mars.  She  was  famous 
for  a  girdle  given  her  by  the  war-god, 
which  Hercules  had  to  obtain  possession 
of,  as  one  of  his  twelve  labours. 


i3 


HIPPOLYTA. 


445 


HOB. 


♦^*  Shakespeare  has  introduced  Hip- 
polyta  in  his  Midsummer  Night's  Dream, 
and  betroths  her  to  Theseus  (2  syl.) 
duke  of  Athens  ;  but  according  to  classic 
fable,  it  was  her  sister  An'tiope  (4  syl.) 
who  married  Theseus. 

Hippol'yta,  a  rich  lady  wantonly  in  love 
with  Arnoldo.  By  the  cross  purposes  of 
the  plot,  Leopold  a  sea-captain  is  en- 
amoured of  Hippolyta,  Arnoldo  is  con- 
tracted to  the  chaste  Zeno'cia,  and 
Zenocia  is  dishonourably  pursued  by  the 
governor  count  Clo'dio. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Custom  of  t/ie  Country 
(1G47). 

Hippolytos  (in  Latin,  Hippolytus), 
son  of  Theseus.  He  provoked  the  anger 
of  Venus  by  disregarding  her  love,  and 
Venus,  in  revenge,  made  Phajdra  (his 
mother-in-law)  fall  in  love  with  him,  and 
when  Hippolytos  repulsed  her  advances, 
she  accused  him  to  her  husband  of 
seeking  to  dishonour  her.  Theseus 
prayed  Neptune  to  punish  the  young 
rnan,  and  the  sea-god,  while  the  young 
man  was  driving  in  his  chariot,  scared 
the  horses  with  sea-calves.  Hippolytos 
was  thrown  from  the  chariot  and  killed, 
j      but  Diana  restored  him  ^o  life  again.  (See 

I  HiPPOLITO.) 

II  Hippolytus  himself  would  leave  Diana 
f,                        To  follow  such  a  Venus. 

I  Massinger,  A  Jfew  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  Ul.  1  (1628). 

Hippom'enes    (4    syl.),  a    Grecian 

prince    who    outstripped  Atalanta    in    a 

I      foot-race,   by     dropping     three     golden 

1      apples,  which   she    stopped  to   pick   up. 

f     By    this  conquest  he  won  Atalanta   to 

wife. 

E'en  here,  in  this  region  of  wonders,  I  find 
That  light-footed  Fancy  leaves  Truth  far  behind ; 
Or,  at  least,  like  Hipponienfs,  turns  her  astray 
By  the  goldun  illusions  he  flings  in  her  way. 

T.  Moore. 

Hippopofamus,  symbol  of  impiety 
and  ingratitude.  Lear  says  that  "in- 
gratitude in  a  child  is  more  hideous  than 
the  sea  monster." 

The  hippopotamus  killeth  his  sire,  and  rarisheth  his 
ttam.— Sandys,  Travels  (1615). 

1       Hippot'ades    (4   syl.),    ESlus    the 
I    wind-god,  son  of  Hippota. 

I  [Be]  questioned  every  gust  of  nigged  wings 

That  blows  from  off  each  beakfed  promontory  : 
They  knew  not  of  his  story ; 
And  sage  HippotadSs  their  answer  brings. 
That  not  a  blast  was  from  hi?  dungeon  strayed. 

Milton.  Lycidas,  m,  etc,  (1638). 

Hiren,  a  strumpet.  From  Peele's  play 
The  Turkish  Mahoniet  and  Ilyren  the  Fair 
Greek  (1584). 

In  Italian  called  a  courtezan  ;  in  Spaine  a  margarite  ; 
in  French  unejputawie;  in  Eagiish  ...  a  punk. 


"  There  be  .Mrens  in  the  sea  of  the  world.  Eyrenst 
Hiren*,  as  they  are  ^ow  c^led.  What  a  number  of  IheM 
sirens  IHirens],  -,^katric«s,  courteghians,  in  plain  Engli&n, 
harlots,  swimme  amongst  us  1 " — Adaius,  Spiritual  A'avi- 
gator  (1615). 

Hiroux  (Jean),  the  French  "Bill 
Sikes,"  with  all  the  tragic  elements 
eliminated. 

Pres.  Where  do  you  live  ?    Jean.  Haven  t  got  any. 
Pres.  Where  were  you  born  ?    Jean.  At  GiUard. 
Pres.  Where  is  Uiat?    Jean.  At  G.ahird. 
Pres.  What  department?    yean.  Galaixl. 

Henri  Monnier,  Popular  Scenes  drawn  with 
Pen  and  Ink  (18-25). 

Hislop  (John),  the  old  carrier  at  Old 
St.  Ronan's. — Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan'i 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Hispa'nia,  Spain. 

Histor'icus,  the  nom  de  plum^  of 
the  Hon.  E.  Vernon  Harcourt,  for  many 
years  the  most  slashing  writer  in  Uie 
Saturday  Review,  and  a  writer  in  the 
Times. 

ILiatory  (Father of).  Herod'otos,  the 
Greek  historian,  is  so  called  by  Cicero 
(B.C.  484-408). 

History  (Father  of  Ecclesiastical), 
Polygnotos  of  Thaos  (fl.  B.C.  403-435). 
The  Venerable  Bede  is  so  called  some- 
times (672-735). 

History  (Father  of  French),  Andre 
Duchesne  (1584-1640). 

Histrio-mastix,  a  tirade  against 
theatrical  exhibitions,  by  William  Prynno 
(1632). 

Ho'amen,  an  Indian  tribe  settled  on 
a  south  branch  of  the  Mis.souri,  having 
Az'tlan  for  their  imperial  city.  The 
Az'tecas  conquered  the  tribe,  depose** 
the  queen,  and  seized  their  territory  b> 
right  of  conquest.  When  Madoc  landed 
on  the  American  shore,  he  took  the  part  of 
the  Hoamen,  and  succeeded  in  restoring 
them  to  their  rights.  The  Aztecas  then 
migrated  to  Mexico  (twelfth  century).— 
Southey,  Madoc  (1805). 

Hoare  (1  syl.),  37,  Fleet  Street, 
London.  The  golden  bottle  displayed 
over  the  fanlight  is  the  sign  of  James 
Hoare,  a  cooper,  who  founded  the  bank. 
The  legend  is  that  it  contains  the  leather 
bottle  or  purse  of  James  Hoare,  and  the 
half-crown  with  which  he  started  busi- 
ness in  1677. 

Hot)  Miller  of  Twyford,  an  insur- 
gent.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  II.). 

Hob  or  Happer,  miller  at  St. 
Mary's  Convent. 


HOBBES'S  VOYAGE. 


446 


HOBSON. 


Mysie  Happer,  the  miller's  daughter. 
She  marries  sir  Piercie  Shafton. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Hobbes's  Voyage,  a  leap  in  the 
dark.  Thomas  Ilobbes,  on  the  point  of 
death,  said,  "Now  I  am  about  to  take  my 
last  voyage,  a  great  leap  in  the  dark" 
(1688-1679). 

'Tis  enough.  I'll  not  fail.  So  now  I  am  in  for 
Hobbes'.<<  voyag©— a  great  leap  in  the  dark  [thit  leap  toat 
nvitrimony].  —  Vaubrugh,  The  Provoked  Wije,  v.  3 
(1697). 

Hob'bididance  (4  syl.),  the  prince 
of , dumbness,  and  one  of  the  five  fiends 
that  possessed  "poor  Tom." — Shake- 
speare, King  Lear,  act  iv.  sc.  1  (1005). 

*^*  This  name  is  taken  from  Harsnett's 
Declaration  of  Egregious  Popish  Impos- 
tures (1561-1631). 

Hobbie  O'Sorbie'trees,  one  of  the 
huntsmen  near  Charlie's  Hope  farm. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Guy  Manner ing  (time,  George 
II.). 

HobTbima  {The  English),  John 
Crome  of  Norwich,  whose  last  words  were : 
"0  Hobbima,  Hobbima,  how  I  do  love 
thee !  "  (1769-1821). 

Ilob'hima  {The  Scotch),  P.  Nasmvth 
(1831-        ). 

*^*  Minderhout  Hobbima,  a  famous 
landscape  painter  of  Amsterdam  (1638- 
1709). 

Hobbinol.    (See  Hobinol.) 

Hobbler  or  Clopinel,  Jehan  de 
Meung,  the  French  poet,  who  was  lame 
(1260-1320).  Meung  was  called  by  his 
contemporaries  Fere  de  r  Eloquence. 

*^*  Tyrtaeus,  the  Greek  elegiac  poet, 
was  called  "Hobbler"  because  he  intro- 
duced the  alternate  pentameter  verse, 
which  is  one  foot  shorter  than  the  old 
heroic  metre. 

Bobbler  (The  Rev.  Dr.),  at  Ellieslaw 
Castle,  one  of  the  Jacobite  conspirators 
with  the  laird  of  Ellieslaw. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Black  Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Hobby-de-Hoy,  a  lad  from  14  to 
21. 

1-7.  The  first  seven  years,  bring  up  a-s  a  child ; 
7-14  ITie  next  to  learning,  for  waxing  too  wild  ; 
14-21.  The  next,  to  keep  under  sir  Hobbard  de  Hoy ; 
21-28.  The  next,  a  man,  aiid  no  longer  a  boy. 

T.  Tusser,  Five  Hundred  PoiiUs  of  Good 
Husbandry,  1.  (1557). 

Hobby-horse,  in  the  morris-dance, 
a  pasteboard  horse  which  a  man  carries 
and  dances  about  in,  displaying  tricks  of 
legerdemain,  such  as  threading  a  needle, 
running  daggers  through  his  cheeks,  etc. 
The  horse  had  a  ladle  in  its  mouth  for 


the  collection  of  half-pence.  The  colour 
of  the  hobby-horse  was  a  reddish  white, 
and  the  man  inside  wore  a  doublet,  red 
on  one  side  and  yellow  on  the  other.  (See 
Morkis-Dance.) 

CTo.  They  should  be  morrisdancerg  by  their  gingle,  but 
tbey  have  no  napkins. 

Coc.  No,  nor  a  hobby-horse.— Ben  Jonson,  The  Meta^ 
morphosed  Gipsies. 

Hobby-horse,  a  favourite  pursuit,  a  cor- 
ruption of  hobby-hausc  ("hawk-tossing "), 
a  favourite  diversion  in  the  days  of  fal- 
conry. The  term  has  become  confounded 
with  the  wicker  hobby-horse,  in  which 
some  one,  being  placed,  was  made  to  take 
part  in  a  morris-dance. 

Why  can't  you  ride  your  hobby-horse  without  desiring 
to  place  me  on  a  pillion  Iwhiud  you  ?— Sheridan,  The 
Critic,  i.  1  (1779). 

Hobby-horse  (The),  one  of  the  masquers 
at  Kennaquhair  Abbey. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Hobinol  or  Hobbinol  is  Gabriel 
Harvey,  physician,  LL.D.,  a  friend  and 
college    chum    of  Edmund  Spenser  the 
poet.      Spenser,   in  his  eel.   iv.,   makes 
Thenot    inquire,   "What    gars    thee    to 
weep  ?  "  and  Hobinol  replies  it  is  because 
his  friend  Colin,  having  been  flouted  by 
Rosalind   (eel.  i.),  has  broken  his  pipe 
and     seems     heart-broken     with     grief. 
Thenot  then  begs  Hobinol  to  sing  to  him 
one  of  Colin's  own  songs,  and  Hobinol 
sings  the  lay    of   "Elisa  queen  of  the 
shepherds "   (q'iieen  Elizabeth),  daughter 
of  Syrinx   and  Pan  (Anne  Boleyn  and 
Henry  VIII.).     He  says  Phoebus  thrust 
out  his  golden  head  to  gaze  on  her,  ar 
was  amazed  to  see  a  sun  on  earth  bright 
and  more  dazzling  than  his  own.     Tl 
Graces  requested  she  might  make  a  four 
grace,   and  she    was    received    amon£ 
them  and  reigned  with  them  in  heave 
The  shepherds  then  strewed  flowers 
the  queen,  and  Elisa  dismissed  them,  saj 
ing  that  at  the  proper  season  she  woi' 
reward  them  with  ripe  damsons  (eel.  iv. 
Eel.  ix.  is  a  dialogue  between  Hobinol  ant 
Diggon  Davie,  upon  Popish  abuses.    (Se 
DiGGON  Davie.) — Spenser,  Shephearde's 
Calendar  (1572). 

Hobnel'ia,  a  shepherdess,  in  love  wit 
Lubberkin,   who   disregarded    her.     She 
tried  by  spells  to  win  his  love,  and  after 
every  spell  she  said  : 

With  my  sharp  heel  I  three  times  mark  the  ground, 
And  turn  me  thrice  around,  around,  around. 

Gay,  Pastoral,  iv.  (1714).  ^ 

(An  imitation   of  Virgil's  Eel.,   vi 
"  Pharmaceutria.") 

Hob'son  (Tobias),  a  carrier  who  lived 


HOCHSPKINGEN. 


447 


HOLDENOUGH. 


at  Cambridge  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
He  kept  a  livery  stable,  but  obliged  the 
university  students  to  take  his  hacks  in 
rotation.  Hence  the  term  Bobson's 
choice  came  to  signify  "  this  or  none." 
Milton  (in  1660)  wrote  two  humorous 
poems  on  the  death  of  the  old  carrier. 

Hochspring'en  {TJie  young  duke 
o_f),  introduced  in  Donnerhugel's  narra- 
tive.— Sir  W.  Scott,  An7ie  of  Geierstein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Hocus  (Humphry),  "the  attorney" 
into  whose  hands  John  Bull  and  his 
friends  put  the  law-suit  they  carried  on 
against  Lewis  Baboon  (Louis  XIV.). 
Of  course,  Humphry  Hocus  is  John 
Churchill,  duke  of  Marlborough,  who 
commanded  the  army  employed  against 
the  Grand  Monarque. 

Hocus  was  an  old  cunning  atjtomcy ;  and  though  this 
was  the  iirst  considerable  suit  he  was  ever  engaged  in,  he 
showed  himself  superior  in  address  to  most  of  his  profes- 
sion. He  always  kept  good  clerks.  He  loved  money,  was 
smooth-tongued,  gave  good  words,  and  seldom  lost  his 
temper.  ...  He  provided  plentifully  for  his  family  ;  but 
he  loved  himself  better  than  them  all.  The  neighbours 
reported  that  he  was  hen-pecked,  which  was  impossible  by 
such  a  mild-spirited  woman  as  bis  wife  was  [his  wife  was 
a  desperate  termagant]. — Dr.  Arbuthuot,  UUtory  of  John 
Bull,  V.  (1712). 

Hodei'rah  (3  syl.),  husband  of  Zei'- 
nab  (2  syl.)  and  father  of  Thalaba.  He 
died  while  Thalaba  was  a  mere  lad.— 
Southey,  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  i.  (1797). 

Hodeken  (i.e.  little  hat),  a  German 
kobold  or  domestic  fairy,  noted  for  his 
little  felt  hat. 

Ho'der,  the  Scandinavian  god  of 
darkness,  typical  of  night.  He  is  called 
the  blind  old  god.  Balder  is  the  god  of 
light,  typical  of  day.  According  to  fable, 
Hoder  killed  Balder  with  an  arrow  made 
of  mistletoe,  but  the  gods  restored  him  to 
life  again. 

HOder,  the  blind  old  god, 
Whose  feet  are  shod  with  silence. 

Longfellow,  Tegner't  Death. 

Hodge,  Gammer  Gurton's  goodman, 
whose  breeches  she  was  repairing  when 
she  lost  her  needle. — Mr.  S.  Master  of 
Arts,  Gammer  Gurton's  Needle  (1551). 

***  Mr.  S.  is  said  to  be  J.  Still,  after- 
wards bishop  of  Bath  and  Wells,  but  in 
1551  he  was  only  eight  years  old. 

Hodges  (John),  one  of  Waverley's 
servants.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waveriey  (time, 
George  II.). 

Hodges  (Joe),  landlord  of  Bertram,  by 
the  lake  near  Merwyn  Hall. — Sir  W. 
bcott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Hodge'son  (Gafer),  a  puritan.— Sir 


W.   Scott>,   Feveril   of   the   Peak  (time, 
Charios  II.). 

Hoel  (2  syl.),  king  of  the  Armorican 
Britons,  and  nephew  of  king  Arthur. 
Hoel  sent  an  army  of  15,000  men  to 
assist  his  uncle  against  the  Saxons  (501). 
In  509,  being  driven  from  his  kingdom 
by  Clovis,  he  took  refuge  in  England  ; 
but  in  513  he  recovered  his  throne,  and 
died  in  545. 

[Arthur},  calling  to  his  aid 
His  kinsman  Howel,  brought  from  Brittany  the  less, 
Their  armies  they  unite  ,  .  ,  land  conquer  the  Saxons  at 
Lincoln]. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iy.  (1612). 

Ho' el,  son  of  prince  Hoel  and  Lla'ian. 
Prince  Hoel  was  slain  in  battle  by  his 
half-brother  David  king  of  North  Wales, 
and  Llaian,  with  her  son,  followed  the 
fortunes  of  prince  Madoc,  who  migrated 
to  North  America.  Young  Hoel  was 
kidnapped  by  Ocell'opan,  an  Az'tec,  and 
carried  to  Az'tlan  for  a  propitiatory 
sacrifice  to  the  Aztecan  gods.  He  was 
confined  in  a  cavern  without  food ;  but 
Co'atel,  a  young  Aztecan  wife,  took  pity 
on  him,  visited  him,  supplied  him  with 
food,  and  assisted  Madoc  to  release  him. 
—Southey,  Madoc  (1805). 

Hoernesear,  a  German  mode  of 
punishment,  which  consisted  in  carrying  a 
dog  on  the  shoulders  for  a  certain  numbei 
of  miles. 

riusieurs  comtes  accuses  de  malversation,  de  la  peine 
humiiiante  du  hoernesear,  peine  consistant  ^  faire  porter 
un  chien  pendant  plusieurs  milles  sur  les  ^paules  du 
condamn6. — P.  W.  Cocberis,  L' Empire  d'Allemagne. 

Ho'garth  (William),  called  "The 
Juvenal  of  Painters  "  (1695-1764). 

Ho'garth  (The  Scottish),  David  Allan 
(1744-1796). 

Hogarth    of   Novelists,   Henry 

Fielding  (1707-1754). 

Hog  Lane,  Whitechapel,  London; 
afterwards  called  "  Petticoat  Lane,"  and 
now  "  Middlesex  Street." 

Hohenlin'den,  in  Bavaria,  famous 
for  the  battle  fought  in  November,  1801, 
between  the  Austrians  under  Klenau,  and 
the  French  under  Moreau.  The  French 
remained  the  victors,  with  10,000  pri- 
soners. 

'Tis  mom  ;  but  scarce  yon  level  sun 
Can  pierce  the  war-clouds  rolling  dun, 
Where  furious  Frank  and  fiery  Hun 
Shout  in  their  sulphurous  ciinopy. 
Campbell,  Battle  of  JJohenlinden  (1801). 

Hold'enough  (Master  Nehemiah),  a 
presbyterian  preacher,  ejected  from  his 
pulpit  by  a  military  preacher. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 


HOLIDAY. 


448 


HOLY  MAID  OF  KENT. 


Holiday.  When  Anaxag'oras  was 
dying,  and  was  asked  what  honour 
Bhould  be  conferred  on  him,  he  replied, 
"  Give  the  boys  a  holiday  "  (b.c.  500-428). 

Holiday  (Erasmics),  schoolmaster  in 
the  Vale  of  Whitehorse.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Holiday  Phrases,  set  speeches, 
high-flown  phrases.  So  holiday  manners, 
holiday  clothes,  meaning  the  "best"  or 
those  put  on  to  make  the  best  appear- 
ance. Hotspur,  speaking  of  a  fop  sent  to 
demand  his  prisoners,  says  to  the  king : 

In  many  holiday  and  lady  terini 
He  questioned  me. 

1  Benry  IV.  act  i.  sc.  3  (1597). 

Holipher'nes  (4  syL),  called 
"  English  Henry,"  one  of  the  Christian 
knights  in  the  allied  army  of  Godfrey,  in 
the  first  crusade.  He  was  slain  by 
Dragu'tes  (3  s,y/.).  (See  Holophkrnes.) 
— Tassc,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  ix.  (1575). 

Holland.  Voltaire  took  leave  of 
this  country  of  paradoxes  in  the  allite- 
ration following  : — "  Adieu  I  canaux, 
canards,  canaille"  (Adieu!  dykes,  ducks, 
and  drunkards).     Lord  Byron  calls  it : 

The  waterland  of  Dutchmen  and  of  ditches. 

Whose  juniper  expresses  its  best  juice. 
The  poor  man's  sparkling  substitute  for  riches. 

Don  Juan,  v  &i  (1821). 

Holland,  one  of  the  three  districts  of  Lin- 
colnshire. Where  Boston  stands  used  to 
be  called  "High  Holland."  The  other  two 
districts  are,  Lindsey,  the  highest  land  ; 
and  Kesteve7i,  the  western  part,  famous 
for  its  heaths.  Holland,  the  fen-lands  in 
the  south-east. 

And  for  that  part  of  me  [Lincoltu.]  which  me  "  High 

Holland"  caU, 
Where  Boston  seated  is,  by  plenteous  Wytham's  fall  .  .  . 
No  other  tract  of  land  doth  like  abundance  yield. 

Drayton,  PolyolUon,  xxv.  (1622). 

Holies  Street  (London).  So  called 
from  John  Holies  duke  of  Newcastle, 
father  of  Henrietta  Cavendish  countess 
of  Oxford  and  Mortimer.  (See  Hen- 
rietta Street.) 

Hoi  man  {Lieutenant  James) ^  the 
blind  traveller  (1787-1857). 

Hol'opherne  (Thubal),  the  great 
sophister,  who,  in  the  course  of  five  years 
and  three  months,  taught  Gargantua  to 
say  his  A  B  C  backwards. — Rabelais, 
Gargantua,  i.  14  (1533). 

Holopher'nes  (4  syL),  a  pedantic 
schoolmaster,  who  speaks  like  a  dic- 
tionary. The  character  is  meant  for  John 
Florio,  a  teacher  of  Italian  in  London,  who 


published,  in  1598,  a  dictionary  called 
A  World  of  Words.  He  provoked  the 
retort  by  condemning  wholesale  the 
English  dramas,  which,  he  said,  were 
"  neither  right  comedies,  nor  right 
tragedies,  but  perverted  histories  without 
decorum."  The  following  sentence  is  a 
specimen  of  the  style  in  which  he  talked . 

The  deer  was  .  .  in  savffuU  (blood),  ripe  as  a  pome- 
water  who  now  hangeth  lilte  a  jewel  in  the  esir  of  cmlo 
(the  sky,  the  welkin,  the  heaven) ;  and  anon  falleth  likea 
crab  on  the  face  of  terra  (the  soil,  the  land,  the  earth).— 
Shakespeare,  Love't  Labour's  Lott,  act  iv.  sc.  2  (15W). 

*^*  Holophernes  is  an  imperfect  ana- 
gram of  "Joh'nes  Florio,"  the  first  and 
last  letters  being  omitted. 

H0I7  Bottle  {TJie  Oracle  of  the), 
the  object  of  Pantag'ruel's  search.  He 
visited  various  lands  with  his  friend 
Panurge  (2  syl.),  the  last  place  being 
the  island  of  Lantern-land,  where  the 
"  bottle  "  was  kept  in  an  alabaster  fount 
in  a  magnificent  temple.  When  the 
party  arrived  at  the  sacred  spot,  the 
priestess  threw  something  into  the  fount ; 
whereupon  the  water  began  to  bubble, 
and  the  word  "  Drink  "  issued  from  the 
"  bottle."  So  the  whole  party  set  to 
drinking  Falernian  wine,  and,  being 
inspired  with  drunkenness,  raved  with 
prophetic  madness  ;  and  so  the  romance 
ends. — Rabelais,  Pantagruel  (1545). 

Like  Pantagniel  and  his  companions  in  quest  of  th« 
"  Oracle  of  the  Bottle."— Sterne. 

Holy  Brotherhood  {The),  in 
Spain  called  Santa  Hermandad,  was  an 
association  for  the  suppression  of  high- 
way robber}'. 

The  thieves,  .  ,  .  believing  the  Holy  Brotherhood  was 
coming,  .  .  .  got  up  in  a  hurry,  and  alarmed  their  com- 
panions.— Lesage,  GU  Blot,  i.  6  (1715). 

Holy  Island,  Lindisfame,  in  the 
German  Sea,  about  eight  miles  from 
Berwick-upon-Tweed.  It  was  once  the 
see  of  the  famous  St.  Cuthbert,  but  now, 
the  bishopric  is  that  of  Durham.  Th« 
ruins  of  the  old  cathedral  are  stil" 
visible. 

Ireland  used  to  be  so  called,  on  accounf 
of  its  numerous  saints. 

Guernsey  was  so  called  in  the  tenth  ^ 
centur}',  on  account  of  the  great  number  3 
of  monks  residing  there. 

Riigen  was  so  called  by  the  Slavonic  ■ 
Varini. 

Holy  Maid  of  Kent,  Elizabeth 
Barton,  who  incited  the  Roman  Catholics 
to  resist  the  progress  of  the  Reformation, 
and  pretended  to  act  under  divine  in- 
spiration. She  was  executed  in  1534 
for  "predicting"  that  the  king  (Hen: 


1 


HOLY  MOTHER  OF  THE  RUSSIANS.  449 


HOMESPUN. 


Vni.)  would  die  a  sudden  death  if  he 
divorced  queen  Katharine  and  married 
Anne  Boleyn.  At  one  time  she  was 
thought  to  be  inspired  with  a  prophetic 
gift,  and  even  the  lord  chancellor,  sir 
Thomas  More,  was  inclined  to  think  so. 

Holy  Mother  of  the  Russians. 

Moscow  is  so  called. 

Holywell  Street,  London.  So 
called  from  a  spring  of  water  "  most 
sweet,  salubrious,  and  clear,  whose  runnels 
murmur  over  the  shining  stones." 

***  Other  similar  wells  in  the  suburbs 
of  London  were  Clerkenwell  and  St. 
Clement's  Well. 

Home,  Sweet  Home.  The  words 
of  this  popular  Kong  are  by  John  Howard 
Payne,  an  American.  It  is  introduced 
m  his  melodrama  called  Clari  or  The 
Maid  of  Milan.  The  music  is  by  sir 
Henry  liishop. 

Homer  {The  British).  Milton  is  so 
called  on  Gray's  monument  in  West- 
minster Abbey. 

No  more  the  Grecian  muse  unrivalled  relgiu ; 

To  Britain  let  tlie  nations  homage  pay  : 
She  felt  a  Homer's  tire  in  Milton's  strains, 

A  Pindar's  rapture  in  the  lyre  of  Gray. 

Homer  {The  Casket),  an  edition  of 
Homer  corrected  by  Aristotle,  which 
Alexander  the  Great  carried  about  with 
him,  and  placed  in  the  golden  casket 
richly  studded  with  gems,  found  in  the 
tent  of  Darius.  Alexander  said  there 
was  but  one  thing  in  the  world  worthy  to 
be  kept  in  so  precious  a  casket,  and  that 
was  Aristotle's  Homer. 

Homer  {The  Celtic),  Ossian,  son  of 
Fingal  king  of  Morven. 

Hom^r  {The  Oriental),  Ferdusi,  the 
Persian  poet,  who  wrote  the  Chdh  Ndmeh 
or  history  of  the  Persian  kings.  It  con- 
tains 120,000  verses,  and  was  the  work  of 
thirty  years  (940-1020). 

Homer  {The  Prose).  Henry  Fielding 
the  novelist  is  called  by  Byron  "The 
Prose  Homer  of  Human  Nature"  (1707- 
1764). 

Homer  {The  Scottish),  William  Wilkie, 
author  of  The  Epigon'iad  (1721-1772). 

Homer  of  our  Dramatic  Poets 

b'Tlie).     So   Shakespeare    is    called    by 
•rj'den  (1564-1616). 

Shakespeare  was  the  Homer  or  father  of  our  dramatic 
»Rts;  Jouson  was  the  VirgiL  1  admire  rare  Ben,  but 
love  bhaisespeare.— Drjden. 

Homer  of  Ferra'ra  {The).  Ariosto 


was  called  by  Tasso,  Om^ro  Ferraresi 
(1474-1533). 

Homer  of  the  Pranks  {The). 
Angilbert  was  so  called  by  Charlemagne 
(died  814). 

Homer  of  the  French  Drama 
{The).  Pierre  Corneille  was  so  called  by 
sir  Walter  Scott  (1G06-1684). 

Homer  of  Philosophers  {The)^ 
Plato  (B.C.  429-347). 

Homer  the  Younger,  Philiscos, 
one  of  the  seven  Pleiad  poets  of  Alex- 
andria, in  the  time  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphos. 

Homer  a  Cure   for  Ague.     It 

is  an  old  superstition  that  if  the  fourth 
book  of  the  Iliad  is  laid  under  the  head 
of  a  patient  suffering  from  quartan  ague, 
it  will  cure  him  at  once.  Serenus  Sam- 
monicus,  preceptor  of  Gordian,  a  noted 
physician,  says: 

Mseonite  Ili«dos  quartum  suppone  timenti. 

Pree.  50. 

Homeric  Characters. 

Agamemnon,  haughty  and  imperious ; 
Achilles,  brave,  impatient  of  command, 
and  relentless  ;  Diomkd,  brave  as  Achil- 
les, but  obedient  to  authority  ;  Ajax  the 
Greater,  a  giant  in  stature,'  fool-hardy, 
arrogant,  and  conceited  ;  Nestor,  a  sage 
old  man,  garrulous  on  the  glories  of  his 
youthful  days  ;  Ulysses,  wise,  crafty, 
and  arrogant ;  Patkoclos,  a  gentle 
friend  ;  Theksites,  a  scurrilous  dema- 
gogue. 

Hector,  the  protector  and  father  of 
his  country,  a  brave  soldier,  an  affection- 
ate husband,  a  wise  counsellor,  and  a 
model  prince ;  SarpEdon,  the  favourite 
of  the  gods,  gallant  and  generous ; 
Paris,  a  gallant  and  a  fop  ;  Troilus, 
"  the  prince  of  chivalry  ; "  Priam,  a 
broken-spirited  old  monarch. 

Helen,  a  heartless  beauty,  faithless, 
and  fond  of  pleasure ;  ANDROM'Acnfi,  a 
fond  young  mother  and  affectionate  wife ; 
Cassandra,  a  querulous,  croaking  pro- 
phetess ;  Hecuba,  an  old  she-bear  robbed 
of  her  whelps. 

Homespun  {Zekiel),  a  farmer  of 
Castleton.  Being  turned  out  of  his  farm, 
he  goes  to  London  to  seek  his  fortune. 
Though  quite  illiterate,  he  has  wann 
affections,  noble  principles,  and  a  most 
ingenuous  mind.  Zekiel  wins  £20,000  by 
a  lottery  ticket,  bought  by  his  deceased 
father. 

Cicely  Homespun^  sister  of  Zekiel,  b«- 
2  Q 


lOMINY. 


450 


HONEYCOMBE. 


trothed  to  Dick  Dowlas  (for  a  short 
time  the  Hon.  Dick  Dowlas).  When 
Cicely  went  to  London  with  her  brother, 
she  took  a  situation  with  Caroline  Dor- 
mer. Miss  Dormer  married  "  the  heir- 
at-law  "  of  baron  Duberly,  and  Cicely 
married  Dick  Dowlas. — G.  Colman,  The 
Beir-at-Law  (1797). 

Hominy  {Mrs.)^  pnilosopher  and 
authoress,  wife  of  major  Hominy,  and 
"  mother  of  the  modern  Gracchi,"  as  she 
called  her  daughter,  who  lived  at  New 
Thermopylas,  three  days  this  side  of 
"  Eden,"  in  America.  Mrs.  Hominy  was 
considered  by  her  countrymen  a  "very 
choice  spirit." — C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit  (1844). 

Homo,  man.  Said  to  be  a  corruption 
of  OMO ;  the  two  O's  represent  the  two 
eyes,  and  the  M  the  rest  of  the  human 
face.  Dante  says  the  gaunt  face  of  a 
Btarved  man  resembles  the  letter  "  m." 

Who  reads  the  name 
For  man  upuu  his  forehead,  there  the  M 
Had  traced  most  plainly. 

Dantfi,  Purgatory,  xxiil.  (1308). 

*^*  The  two  downstrokes  represent 
the  contour,  and  the  V  of  the  letter  re- 
presents   the    nose.    Hence    the  human 

face  is  ry°i. 

Honest  George.  General  George 
Monk,  duke  of  Albemarle,  was  so  called 
by  the  Cromwellites  (1G08-1670). 

Honest  Man.  Diogenes,  being  asked 
one  day  what  he  was  searching  for  so 
diligently  that  he  needed  the  light  of  a 
lantern  in  broad  day,  replied,  '*  An  honest 
man." 

Searched  with  lantern-light  to  find  an  honest  man. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xxi.  (1814). 
Still  will  he  hold  his  lantern  up  to  scan 
The  face  of  monarchs  for  an  honest  man. 

Byron,  Age  of  Bronze,  x.  (1821). 

Honest  Thieves  {The).  The 
"thieves"  are  Ruth  and  Arabella,  two 
heiresses,  brought  up  by  justice  Day, 
trustee  of  the  estates  of  Ruth  and  guar- 
dian of  Arabella.  The  two  girls  wish 
to  marry  colonel  Careless  and  captain 
Manly,  but  do  not  know  how  to  get 
possession  of  their  property,  which  is  in 
the  hands  of  justice  Day.  It  so  happens 
that  Day  goes  to  pay  a  visit,  and  the  two 
girls,  finding  the  key  of  his  strong  box, 
help  themselves  to  the  deeds,  etc.,  to 
which  they  are  respectively  entitled. 
Mrs.  Day,  on  her  return,  accuses  them 
of  robbery;  but  Manly  says,  "Madam, 
theji  have  taken  nothing  but  what  is 
their  own.  They  are  honest  thieves,  I 
assure  you." — T.  Knight  (a  farce). 


Committee  (1670),  by  the  Hon.  sir  R. 
Howard.  Most  of  the  names  are  identical, 
but  "  captain  Manly"  is  substituted  for 
colonel  Blunt. 

Honesty.  Timour  used  to  boast  that 
during  his  reign  a  child  might  carry  a 
purse  of  gold  from  furthest  east  to 
furthest  west  of  his  vast  empire  without 
fear  of  being  robbed  or  molested. — Gib- 
bon, Decline  and  Fall,  etc.  (1776-88). 

A  similar  state  of  things  existed  in 
Ireland,  brought  about  by  the  adminis- 
tration of  king  Brien.  A  young  lady 
of  great  beauty,  adorned  with  jewels, 
undertook  a  journey  alone  from  one  end 
of  the  kingdom  to  the  other  ;  but  no  at- 
tempt was  made  upon  her  honour,  nor 
was  she  robbed  of  her  jewels. — Warner, 
History  of  Ireland,  i.  10. 

*^*  Thomas  Moore  has  made  this 
subject  of  one  of  his  Irish  Melodies^  u 
("  Rich  and  Rare    were    the  Gems  A 
Wore,"  1814). 

Honey.    Glaucus,  son  of  Minos, 
smothered  in  a  cask  of  honey. 

Honeycomb  {Will),  a  fine  gentle 
man,  the  great  authority  on  the  fashior 
of  the  day.  He  was  one  of  the  member 
of  the  imaginary  club  from  which 
Spectator  issued. — The  Spectator  (1711 
1713). 

Sir  Roger  de  Coverley,  a  country  gentleman,  to  whom 
reference  was  made  when  nuitters  connected  with  runU 
affairs  were  in  question ;  Will  Hone>comb  g^ve  law  on 
all  things  concerning  the  gay  world ;  captftin  Sentiy 
stood  up  for  the  army ;  and  sir  Andrew  Freeport  repre- 
sented the  commercial  Intertst. — Chambers,  Englith 
literature,  L  603. 

Honey  combe  {Mr.),  the  uxorious 
husband  of  Mrs.  Honeycombe,  and  father 
of    Polly.     Self-willed,    passionate,   and 
tyrannical.     He    thinks  to   bully  Polly 
out  of  her  love-nonsense,  and  by  locki 
her  in  her  chamber  to  keep  her  saf( 
forgetting   that   "love   laughs  at  loot 
smiths,"  and  "  where  there's  a  will  there' 
a  way." 

Mrs.  Honeycombe,  the  dram-drinking, 
maudling,  foolish  wife  of  Mr.  Honey- 
combe, always  ogling  him,  calling  him 
"  lovey,"  "sweeting,"  or  "dearie,"  but 
generally  muzzy,  and  obfuscated  witk 
cordials  or  other  messes. 

Folly  Honeycombe,  the  daughter  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Honeycombe ;  educated  by 
novels,  and  as  full  of  romance  as  don 
Quixote.  Mr.  Ledger,  a  stock-broker, 
pays  his  addresses  to  her  ;  but  she  hates 
him,  and  determines  to  elope  with  Mr. 
Scribble,  au  attorney's  clerk,  and  nephew 


ler 

nd       , 
Qy 

e'l    Im 


HONEYMAN. 


451 


HOOD. 


of  her  nurse.  This  folly,  however,  is 
happily  interrupted.  —  G.  Colinaa  the 
elder,  Polly  Honeycombe  (1760). 

Honeyman  {Charles),  a  free-and- 
easy  clergyman,  of  social  habits  and 
fluent  speech. — Thackeray,  The  Newcomes 
(1855). 

Honeymoon  {The),  a  comedy  by 
J.  Tobin  (1804).  The  general  scheme 
resembles  that  of  the  Taming  of  the  Shrew, 
viz.,  breaking-in  an  unruly  colt  of  high 
mettle  to  the  harness  of  wifely  life.  The 
duke  of  Aranza  marries  the  proud,  over- 
bearing, but  beautiful  Juliana,  eldest 
daughter  of  Balthazar.  After  marriage, 
he  takes  her  to  a  mean  hut,  and  pretends 
he  is  only  a  peasant,  who  must  work  for 
his  daily  bread,  and  that  his  wife  must 
do  the  household  drudger}'.  He  acts 
with  great  gentleness  and  affection  ;  and 
by  the  end  of  the  month,  Juliana,  being 
thoroughly  reformed,  is  introduced  to 
the  castle,  where  she  finds  that  her  hus- 
band after  all  is  the  duke,  and  that  she  is 
the  duchess  of  Aranza.  It  is  an  excellent 
and  well-written  comedy. 

Honeywood,  "  the  good-natured 
man,"  whose  property  is  made  the  prey 
of  swindlers.  His  uncle,  sir  William 
Honeywood,  in  order  to  rescue  him  from 
sharpers,  causes  him  to  be  seized  for  a 
bill  to  which  he  has  lent  his  name  "to  a 
friend  who  absconded."  By  this  arrest 
the  young  man  is  taught  to  discriminate 
between  real  friends  and  designing 
knaves.  Honeywood  dotes  on  Miss  Rich- 
land, but  fancies  she  loves  Mr.  Lofty, 
and  therefore  forbears  to  avow  his  love  ; 
eventually,  however,  all  comes  right. 
Honeywood  promises  to  "  reserve  his  pity 
for  real  distress,  and  his  friendship  for 
true  merit." 

Though  inclined  to  the  right,  [he]  had  not  courage  to 
condemn  the  wrong.  [HU]  charity  was  but  injustice ; 
\hu]  benevolence  but  weakness :  and  [Am]  friendship  but 
credulity.— Act  V. 

Sir  William  Honeywood,  uncle  of  Mr. 
Honeywood  "  the  good-natured  man." 
Sir  William  sees  with  regret  the  faults 
of  his  nephew,  and  tries  to  correct  them. 
He  is  a  dignified  and  high-minded  gen- 
tleman.—Goldsmith,  The  Good-natured 
Man  (1767). 

Hono'ra,  daughter  of  general  Archas 
^'  the  loyal  subject  "  of  the  great-duke  of 
Moscovia,  and  sister  of  Viola.— Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,    The  Loyal   Subject 

Hono'ria,  a  fair  but  haughty  dame, 


greatly  loved  by  Theodore  of  Ravenna ; 
but  the  lady  "  hated  him  alone,"  and 
"the  more  he  loved  the  more  she  dis- 
dained." One  day,  she  saw  the  ghost 
of  Guido  Cavalcanti  hunting  with  two 
mastiifs  a  damsel  who  despised  his  love 
and  who  was  doomed  to  suffer  a  year  for 
every  month  she  had  tormented  him. 
Her  torture  was  to  be  hunted  by  dogs, 
torn  to  pieces,  disemboweled,  and  re- 
stored to  life  again  every  Friday.  This 
vision  so  acted  on  the  mind  of  Ilonoria, 
that  she  no  longer  resisted  the  love  of 
Theodore,  but,  "with  the  full  consent  of 
all,  she  changed  her  state." — Dryden, 
Theodore  and  Honor ia  (a  poem). 

*^*  This  tale  is  from  Boccaccio,  De- 
cameron (day  v.  8). 

Honour  {Mrs.),  the  waiting  gentle- 
woman of  Sophia  Western. — Fielding, 
Tom  Jones  (1749). 

This  is  worse  than  Sophy  Western  and  Mrs.  Honour 
about  Tom  Jones's  broken  arm.— Prof.  J.  Wilson. 

Honour   and   G-lory  GrifGlths. 

Captain  Griffiths,  in  the  reign  of  William 
IV.,  was  so  called,  because  he  used  to 
address  his  letters  to  the  Admiralty,  to 
"Their  Honours  and  Glories  at  the 
Admiralty." 

Honour  of  the  Spear,  a  touma- 
jient. 

He  came  to  Runa's  echoing  halls,  and  sought  the  honour 
of  the  spear.— Ossian,  The  War  of  Init-Thana. 

Honours  {Crushed  by  His  or  Her). 

Tarpeia  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Tarpeius 
(governor  of  the  citadel  of  Rome),  pro- 
mised to  open  the  gates  to  Tatius,  if  his 
soldiers  would  give  her  the  ornaments 
they  wore  on  their  arms.  As  the  soldiers 
entered  the  gate,  they  threw  on  her  their 
shields,  and  crushed  her  to  death,  saying, 
"  These  are  the  ornaments  we  Sabines 
wear  on  our  arms." 

Draco,  the  Athenian  legislator,  was 
crushed  to  death  in  the  theatre  of  ^Eglna 
by  the  number  of  caps  and  cloaki 
showered  on  him  by  the  audience,  as  a 
mark  of  honour. 

Elagab'alus,  the  Roman  emperor,  in- 
vited the  leading  men  of  Rome  to  a 
banquet,  and,  under  pretence  of  showing 
them  honour,  rained  roses  upon  them  till 
they  were  smothered  to  death. 

Hood  {Robin),  a  famous  English  out- 
law. Stow  places  him  in  the  reign  of 
Richard  I.,  but  others  make  him  live  at 
divers  periods  between  Coeur  de  Lion  and 
Edward  II.  His  chief  haunt  was  Sher- 
wood Forest,  in  Nottinghamsnire.  Ancient 


HOOKEM. 


452 


HOPKINS. 


ballads  abound  with  anecdotes  of  his  per- 
gonal courage,  his  skill  in  archery,  his 
generosity,  and  great  popularity.  It  is 
said  that  he  robbed  the  rich,  but  gave 
largely  to  the  poor,  and  protected  women 
and  children  with  chivalrous  magna- 
nimity. According  to  tradition,  he  was 
treacherously  bled  to  death  by  a  nun,  at 
the  command  of  his  kinsman,  the  prior 
of  Kirkless,  in  Notts. 

Stukeley  asserts  that  Robin  Hood  was 
Robert  Fitzooth,  earl  of  Huntingdon ; 
and  it  is  probable  that  his  name  hood, 
like  capet  given  to  the  French  king 
Ungues,  refers  to  the  cape  or  hood  which 
he  usually  wore. 

*+*  The  chief  incidents  of  his  life  are 
recorded  by  Stow.  Ritson  has  collected 
a  volume  of  songs,  ballads,  and  anecdotes 
called  Robin  Hood  .  .  .  that  Celebrated 
English  Outlaw  (1795).  Sir  W.  Scott  has 
introduced  him  in  his  novel  called  The 
Talisman,  which  makes  the  outlaw  con- 
temporary with  Coeur  de  Lion. 

Robin  Hood's  Men.  The  most  noted  of 
his  followers  were  Little  John,  whose 
surname  was  Nailor ;  his  chaplain  friar 
Tuck  ;  William  Scarlet,  Scathelooke  (2 
syl.),  or  Scadlock,  sometimes  called  two 
brothers  ;  Will  Stutly  or  Stukely  ;  Mutch 
the  miller's  son  ;  and  the  maid  Marian. 

Cliief,  beside  the  butts,  there  stand 

Bold  Kobin  Hood  and  all  hisi  bund  : 

Friar  Tuck  with  staff  and  cowl. 

Old  Scathelooke  (2  syl.)  with  his  surly  scowl. 

Maid  Marian  fair  as  ivory  bone, 

Scarlet,  and  Mutch,  and  Little  John. 

Sir  W.  Scott. 

Hookem  {Mr,),  partner  of  lawyer 
Clippurse  at  Waverley  Honour. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Hop  {Robin),  the  hop  plant. 

Get  into  thy  hop-j-ard,  for  now  It  is  time 

To  teach  Robin  Hop  on  his  pole  how  to  climb. 

T.  Tusser,  Pive  nutulred  Pohus  of  Good 
HvLtbandry,  xli.  17  (1557). 

Hope.  The  name  of  the  first  woman, 
according  to  Grecian  mythology,  was 
Pandora,  made  by  Hephaestos  ( Vidcan) 
out  of  earth.  She  was  called  Pandora 
( '^all-gifted")  because  all  the  deities  con- 
tributed something  to  her  charms.  She 
married  Epime'theus  (4  syl.),  in  whose 
house  was  a  box  which  no  mortal  might 
o|ien.  Curiosity  induced  Pandora  to  peep 
into  it,  when  out  flew  all  the  ills  of 
humanity,  and  she  had  just  time  to  close 
the  lid  to  prevent  the  escape  of  Hope 
also. 

When  man  and  nature  mourned  their  first  decay  .  .  . 
A'l.  all  fwrsook  the  friendless,  guilty  mind, 
Bflt  Hoi'e— the  cbarnier  lingered  still  liliind. 

Campbell,  Pleature*  of  Bope,  i.  {1799). 


Hope  (The  Bard  of),  Thomas  Camp- 
bell, who  wrote  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  in 
two  parts  (1777-1844). 

Hope  (The  Cape  of  Good),  originally 
called  "  The  Cape  of  Storms." 

Similarly,  the  Euxine  (i.e.  "  hos- 
pitable ")  Sea  was  originally  called  by 
the  Greeks  the  Axine  {i.e.  "the  in- 
hospitable") Sea. 

*^*  For  the  "Spirit  of  the  Cape,"  see 
Adamastor. 

Hope  the  Motive  Power  of 
All. 

The  ambitious  prince  doth  hope  to  conquer  all ; 

The  dukes,  earls,  lords,  and  knights  hope  to  be  kings; 
The  prelates  hope  to  push  for  popish  pall ; 

The  lawyers  hope  to  purchase  wondrous  things ; 

The  merchants  hope  for  no  less  reckonings  ; 
The  peasant  hopes  to  get  a  fernie  Ifarm]  at  least ; 
All  men  are  guests  where  Hope  doth  hold  the  feast. 
G.  Gascoigne,  The  tYuites  of  Warre,  88  (died  1577). 

Hope  Diamond  (The),  a  blu»| 
brilliant,  weighing  44^  carats. 

It  is  supposed  that  this  diamond  is  th< 
same  as  the  blue  diamond    bought  byl 
Louis   XIV.   in  16G8,    of  Tavernier.     Itj 
weighed  in  the  rough  112^  carats,  andj 
after  being  cut  67 1  carats.     In  1792  itj 
was  lost.     In  1880,  Mr.  Daniel  Eliasonj 
came  into  possession  of  a  blue  diamond| 
without    any    antecedent    history ;    thi 
was  bought  by  Mr.  Henry  Thomas  Hof 
and  is  called  "  The  Hope  Diamond." 

Hope  of  Troy  (The),  Hector. 

[He]  stood  against  them,  as  the  Hope  of  Trojr 
Against  the  Greeks. 

Shakespeare,  3  Henry  VI.  act  u.  so.  1  (159S). 

Hopeful,  a  companion  of  Christian 
after  the  death   of    Faithful  at  Vanitjr 
Fair. — Bunyan,  The  PilgrinCs  Progress,  i^K\ 
(1678).  ^1 

Hope-on-High  Bomby,  a  puri- 
tanical character,  drawn  by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher. 

"  Well,"  said  Wildrake, 
on-High  Bomby  as  well  i 
}¥oodUock,  vii. 

Hopkins  (Matthew),  of  Manningtree, 
in  Essex,  the  witch-finder.  In  one  year 
he  caused  sixty  persons  to  be  hanged  as 
reputed  witches. 

Between  three  and  four  thousand  persons  suffered  daatb 
for  witchcraft  between  1643  and  IWl.— Dr.  Z.  Grey. 

Hopkins  (Nicholas),  a  Chartreux  friar, 
who  prophesied  "that  neither  the  king 
[Henry  VJIL]  nor  his  heirs  should 
prosper,  but  that  the  duke  of  Buckingham 
should  govern  England." 

Itt  Gent.  That  devil-monk,  Hopkins,  hath  made  this  mis- 
chief. 
2nd  Gent.  That  was  he  that  fed  him  with  his  prophecies. 
Shakespeare.  Henry  VI J  J.  act  ii.  sc  1  (1601). 


'  I  think  I  can  make  a  Hope- 
thou  canst"— Sir  W.  Scott 


HOP-O'-MY-THUMB. 


453 


HORATIUS. 


Hop-o*-iny-Thumb,  a  character  in 
several  nursery  tales.  Tom  Thumb  and 
Hop-o'-my-thumb  are  not  the  same, 
although  they  are  often  confounded  with 
each  other.  Tom  Thumb  was  the  son  of 
peasants,  knighted  by  king  Arthur,  and 
was  killed  by  a  spider  ;  but  Hop-o'-my- 
thumb  was  a  nix,  the  same  as  the  German 
daumling,  the  French  le  petit  pouce,  and 
the  Scotch  Tom-a-lin  or  Tamlane.  He 
was  not  a  human  dwarf,  but  a  fay  of 
usual  fairy  proportions. 

You  Stump-o'-tlie-gutter,  you  Hop-o'-my-thumb, 
Your  husband  must  from  Lilliimt  come. 

Kane  OHara,  Midat  (1778). 

Horace,  son  of  Oronte  (2  syl.)  and 
lover  of  Agnes.  He  first  sees  Agnes  in  a 
balcony,  and  takes  off  his  hat  in  passing. 
Agnes  returns  his  salute,  "  pour  ne  point 
manquer  a  la  civilite'."  He  again  takes 
off  his  hat,  and  she  again  returns  the 
compliment.  He  boAvs  a  third  time,  and 
she  returns  his  "politeness  "  a  third  time. 
*'  II  passe,  vient,  repasse,  et  tou jours  me 
fait  a  chaque  fois  rc'vc'rence,  et  moi 
nouvelle  reVerence  aussi  je  lui  rendois." 
An  intimacy  is  soon  established,  which 
ripens  into  love.  Oronte  tells  his  son  he 
intends  him  to  marry  the  daughter  of 
Enrique  (2  syl.),  which  he  refuses  to  do; 
but  it  turns  out  that  Agnes  is  in  fact 
Enrique's  daughter,  so  that  love  and 
obedience  are  easily  reconciled. — Moliere, 
L'e'cole  des  Fcmmes  (1G62). 

Horace  {The  English).  Ben  Jonson  is 
so  called  by  Dekker  the  dramatist  (1574- 
1637). 

Cowley  was  preposterously  called  by 
George  duke  of  Buckingham"  The  Pindar, 
Horace,  and  Virgil  of  England"  (1618- 
1667). 

Horace  (The  French),  Jean  Macrinus  or 
Salmon  (1490-1657). 

Pierre  Jean  de  Beranger  is  called  "The 
Horace  of  France,"  and  "The  French 
Burns  "  (1780-1857). 

Horace  (The  Portuguese),  A.  Ferreira 
I  (1628-1569). 

i      Horace  (The  Spanish).    Both  Lupercio 
Argen'sola  and  his  brother  Bartolome  are 
I  so  called. 

I  Horace  de  Brienne  (2  syl.),  en- 
gaged to  Diana  de  Lascours ;  but  after  the 
discovery  of  Ogari'ta  [alias  Martha, 
I  Diana's  sister],  he  falls  in  love  with  her, 
I  and  marries  her  with  the  free  consent 
I  of  his  former  choice.— E.  Stirling,  The 
iOrpJian  of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 
}    Horatia,  daughter  of  Horatius  "the 


Roman  father."  She  was  engaged  to 
Caius  Curiatius,  whom  her  surviving 
brother  slew  in  the  well-known  combat 
of  the  three  Romans  and  three  Albans. 
For  the  purpose  of  being  killed,  she  in- 
sulted her  brother  Publius  in  his  triumph, 
and  spoke  disdainfully  of  his  "  patriotic 
love,"  which  he  preferred  to  filial  and 
brotherly  affection.  In  his  anger  he 
stabbed  his  sister  with  his  sword. — 
Whitehead,  The  Roman  Father  (1741). 

Hora'tio,  the  intimate  friend  of  prince 
Hamlet. — Shakespeare,  Hamlet  Prince  of 
Denmark  (1596). 

Hora'tio,  the  friend  and  brother-in-law 
of  lord  Al'tamont,  who  discovers  by 
accident  that  Calista,  lord  Altamont's 
bride,  has  been  seduced  by  Lothario,  and 
informs  lord  Altamont  of  it.  A  duel 
ensues  between  the  bridegroom  and  the 
libertine,  in  which  Lothario  is  killed ;  and 
Calista  stabs  herself. — N.  Rowe,  The  Fair 
Penitent  (1703). 

Horatius,  "the  Roman  father." 
He  is  the  father  of  the  three  Horatii 
chosen  by  the  Roman  senate  to  espouse 
the  cause  of  Rome  against  the  Albans. 
He  glories  in  the  choice,  preferring  his 
country  to  his  offspring.  His  daughter, 
Horatia,  was  espoused  to  one  of  the 
Curiatii,  and  was  slain  by  her  surviving 
brother  for  taunting  him  with  murder 
under  the  name  of  patriotism.  The  old 
man  now  renounced  his  son,  and  would 
have  given  him  up  to  justice,  but  king 
and  people  interposed  in  his  behalf. 

Publius  Horatius,  the  surviving  son 
of  "the  Roman  father."  He  pretended 
flight,  and  as  the  Curiatii  pursued,  "  but 
not  with  equal  speed,"  he  slew  them  one 
by  one  as  they  came  up. — Whitehead, 
The  Roman  Father  (1741). 

Horatius  [Codes],  captain  of  the 
bridge-gate  over  the  Tiber.  When  Por'- 
sfina  brought  his  host  to  replace  Tarquin 
on  the  throne,  the  march  on  the  city 
was  so  sudden  and  rapid,  that  the  consul 
said,  "The  foe  will  be  upon  us  before 
we  can  cut  down  the  bridge."  Horatius 
exclaimed,  "If  two  men  will  join  me,  I 
will  undertake  to  give  the  enemy  play 
till  the  bridge  is  cut  down."  Spurius 
Lartius  and  Herminius  volunteered  to  join 
him  in  this  bold  enterprise.  Three  men 
came  against  them  and  were  cut  down. 
Three  others  met  the  same  fate.  Ihen 
the  lord  of  Luna  came  with  his  brand 
"  which  none  but  ho  could  wield,"  but  the 
Tuscan  was  also  despatched.     Horatius 


HOREHOUND. 


454 


HORSE. 


then  ordered  his  two  companions  to  make 
good  their  escape,  and  they  just  crossed 
the  bridge  as  it  fell  in  with  a  crash.  The 
bridge  being  down,  Horatius  threw  him- 
self into  the  Tiber  and  swam  safe  to 
shore,  amidst  the  applauding  shouts  of 
both  armies. — Lord  Macaulay,  Lays  of 
Ancient  Rome  ("Horatius,"  1842). 

Horehound  (2  syl.)  or  Marru'hium 
vidj/dre  ("white  horehound "),  used  in 
coughs  and  pulmonary  disorders,  either  in 
the  form  of  tea  or  solid  candy.  Black 
horehound  or  Ballota  nigra  is  recom- 
mended in  hysteria. 

For  comforting  the  spleen  and  liver,  get  for  juice 
Pule  horehound. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiil.  (1613). 

Horn  {The  Cape),  So  named  by 
Schouten,  a  Dutch  mariner,  who  first 
rounded  it.  He  was  born  at  Hoorn,  in 
North  Holland,  and  named  the  cape  after 
his  own  native  town. 

Horn  (King),  hero  of  a  French  metrical 
romance,  the  original  of  our  Childe  Home 
OT^The  Geste  of  Kyng  Horn.  The  French 
romance  is  ascribed  to  Mestre  Thomas ; 
and  Dr.  Percy  thinks  the  English  romance 
is  of  the  twelfth  century,  but  this  is  pro- 
bably at  least  a  century  too  early. 

Horn  of  Chastity  and  Fidelity. 

Morgan  la  Faye  sent  king  Arthur  a 
drinking-horn,  from  which  no  lady  could 
drink  who  was  not  true  to  her  husband, 
and  no  knight  who  was  not  feal  to  his 
liege  lord.  Sir  Lamorake  sent  this  horn 
as  a  taunt  to  sir  Mark  king  of  Cornwall. — 
Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur, 
ii.  34  (1470). 

Ariosto's  enchanted  cup. 

The  cuckold's  drinking-horn,  from  which 
no  "cuckold  could  drink  without  spil- 
ling the  liquor."    (See  Caradoc,  p.  160.) 

La  coupe  enchant^e  of  Lafontaine.  (See 
Chastity.) 

Home,  in  the  proverb  Til  chance  it, 
as  old  Home  dtd  his  neck,  refers  to  Home, 
a  clergym.an  in  Nottinghamshire,  who 
committed  murder,  but  escaped  to  the 
Continent.  After  several  years,  he  de- 
termined to  return  to  England,  and  when 
told  of  the  danger  of  so  doing,  replied, 
"  I'll  chance  it."  He  did  chance  it ;  but 
being  apprehended,  was  tried,  condemned, 
and  executed. — The  Newgate  Calendar. 

Horner  {Jack),  the  little  boy  who  sat 
in  a  corner  to  eat  his  Christmas  pie,  and 
thought  himself  wondrously  clever  be- 


cause he  contrived  to  pull   out  a  plum 
with  his  thumb. 

Little  Jack  Horner  satin  a  corner, 

KatinK  his  Christmas  pie  ; 
He  put  in  his  thumb,  and  pulled  out  a  plum, 

Saying,  "  What  a  good  boy  am  1 1 " 

Nurtvry  Rhyme. 

In  Notes  and  Queries,  xvi.  156,  several 
explanations  are  oifered,  ascribing  a 
political  meaning  to  the  words  quoted — 
Jack  Horner  being  elevated  to  a  king's 
messenger  or  king's  steward,  and  the 
"  plum  "  pulled  out  so  cleverly  being  a 
valuable  deed  which  the  messenger 
abstracted. 

Horse.  The  first  to  ride  and  tame  a 
horse  for  the  use  of  man  was  Melizyus 
king  of  Thessaly.     (See  Melizyus.) 

Horse  {The  Black),  the  7th  Dragoon 
Guards  {not  the  7th  Dragoons).  They 
have  black  velvet  facings,  and  their 
plume  is  black  and  white.  At  one  time 
they  rode  black  horses. 

Horse  {The  Green),  the  5th  Dragoon 
Guards.  (These  are  called  "  The  Princess 
Charlotte  of  Wales'  .  .  .  ")  Facings  dark 
green  velvet,  but  the  plume  is  red  and 
white. 

Horse  {The  White),  the  3rd  Dragoon 
Guards.  (These  are  called  "  The  Prince 
of  Wales'  .  .  .") 

*-^*-    All    the    Dragoon    Guards   have 
velvet  facings,  except  the  6th  (or  "Cara- 
biniers"),  which  have  white  cfo^A  facings. 
By  "facings "are  meant  the  collar  ar 
cufPs. 

N.B. — "  The  white  horse  within 
Garter  "  is  not  the  heraldic  insignia  of  J 
White  Horse  Regiment  or  3rd  Dragoon 
Guards,  but  of  the  3rd  Hussars  (or  "  The 
King's  Own"),  who  have  also  a  white 
plume.  This  regiment  used  to  be  called 
"  The  3rd  Light  Dragoons." 

Horse  {Tlie  Royal),  the  Blues. 

Horse  {The  Wooden),  a  huge  horse 
constructed  by  Ulysses  and  Diomed,  for 
secreting  soldiers.  The  Trojans  were 
told  by  Sinon  it  was  an  offering  made 
by  the  Greeks  to  the  sea-god,  to  ensure 
a  safe  home-voj^age,  adding  that  the 
blessing  would  pass  from  the  Greeks  to 
the  Trojans  if  the  horse  were  placed 
within  the  city  walls.  The  credulous 
Trojans  drew  the  monster  into  the  city; 
but  at  night  Sinon  released  the  soldiers 
from  the  horse  and  opened  the  gates  to 
the  Greek  army.  The  sentinels  were 
slain,  the  city  fired  in  several  places,  and 
the  inhabitants  put  to  the  sword.    The 


HORSE. 


455 


HORTENSE. 


tale  of  the  "Wooden  Horse  "forms  no  part 
of  Homer's  Iliad,  but  is  told  by  Virgil  in 
his  JEne'id.  Vir^'il  borrowed  the  tale  from 
Arctlnos  of  Miletus,  one  of  the  Cyclic 
poets,  who  related  the  story  of  the 
"Wooden  Horse"  and  the  "burning  of 
Troy." 

*^*  A  very  similar  stratagem  was  em- 
ployed in  the  seventh  century  a.d.  by 
Abu  Obeidah  in  the  siege  of  Arrestan,  in 
Syria.  He  obtained  leave  of  the  governor 
to  deposit  in  the  citadel  some  old  lumber 
which  impeded  his  march.  Twenty  boxes 
(filled  with  soldiers)  were  accordingly 
placed  there,  and  Abu,  like  the  Greeks, 
pretended  to  march  homewards.  At  night 
the  soldiers  removed  the  sliding  bottoms 
of  the  boxes,  killed  the  sentries,  opened 
the  city  gates,  and  took  the  town. — 
Ockley,  History  of  the  Saracens,  i.  185. 

The  capture  of  Sark  was  eifected  by  a 
similar  trick.  A  gentleman  of  the  Nether- 
lands, with  one  ship,  asked  permission  of 
the  French  to  bury  one  of  his  crew  in  the 
chapel..  The  request  was  granted,  but 
the  coffin  was  full  of  arms.  The  pre- 
tended mourners,  being  well  provided 
with  arms,  fell  on  the  guards  and  took 
the  island  by  surprise. — Percy,  Anecdotes^ 
249. 

Horse  {Merlin's  Wooden),  Clavilcno. 
This  was  the  horse  on  which  don  Quixote 
effected  the  disenchantment  of  the  infanta 
Antonomusia  and  others.  (See  Clavi- 
LENO,  p  194.) 

Horse  {The  Enchanted),  a  wooden 
horse  with  two  pegs.  By  turning  one  tj;ie 
horse  rose  into  the  air,  and  by  turning 
the  other  it  descended  where  and  when 
the  rider  listed.  It  was  given  by  an 
Indian  to  the  shah  of  Persia,  as  a  New 
Year's  gift.  (See  Firouz  Schah.) — 
u4ra6«anj\ri^/i<s("  The  Enchanted  Horse"). 

Horse  {The  fifteen  points  of  a  good). 

j  A  good  horse  sholde  have  three  propyrtees  of  a  mftn, 
I  three  of  a  woman,  three  of  a  foxe,  three  of  a  baare,  and 
I  three  of  an  asse.  Of  a  mtin,  bolde,  prowile,  and  hardye.  Of 
;  atroman,  fayre-breasted,  faire  of  heere,  and  easy  to  move. 
;  Of  Afoxe,  a  fair  taylle,  short  eers,  with  a  good  trotte.  Of 
\  a  Aoars,  a  grate  eye,  a  dry  head,  and  well  rennynge.  Of 
i  an  asse.  a  bygge  chynn,  a  flat  legge,  and  a  good  hoof. — 
{  Wynkyn  de  Worde  (1496). 

Horse-hair  breeds  Animals. 
/According  to  legend,  if  the  hair  of  a  horse 
is  dropped  into  corrupted  water,  it  will 
bum  to  an  animal. 

A  horse-hair  laid  in  a  pale-ftill  of  turbid  water,  will  in  a 
hort  time  stir,  and  become  a  living  creature. — Ilolinshea, 
'ieicriptUyn  of  England,  224. 

:  Horse  Neighing.  On  the  death  of 
Hmerdis,  the  several  competitors  for  the 
l-'ersian  crown    agreed    that   he    whose 


horse  neighed  first  should  be  appointed 
king.  The  horse  of  Darius  neighed  first, 
and  Darius  was  made  king.  Lord  Brooke 
cair«  him  a  Scythian ;  he  was  son  o£ 
Hystaspes  the  satrap. 

The  brave  Scythian 
Who  found  more  sweetness  in  his  horse's  neighing 
Than  all  the  Phrygwn,  Dorian,  Lydiaii  playing. 

Lord  Brooke. 

Horse  Painted.  Apelles  of  Cos 
painted  Alexander's  horse  so  wonderfully 
well  that  a  real  horse,  seeing  it,  began  to 
neigh  at  it,  supposing  it  to  be  alive. 

Myro  the  statuary  made  a  cow  so  true 
to  life  that  several  bulls  were  deceived 
by  it. 

Velasquez  painted  a  Spanish  admiral 
so  true  to  life  that  Felipe  IV.,  mistaking 
it  for  the  man,  reproved  the  supposed 
officer  sharply  for  wasting  his  time  in  a 
painter's  studio,  when  he  ought  to  be  with 
his  fleet. 

Zeuxis  painted  some  grapes  so  admir- 
ably that  birds  flew  at  them,  thinking 
them  real  fruit. 

Parrhasios  of  Ephesus  painted  a 
curtain  so  inimitably  that  Zeuxis  thought 
it  to  be  a  real  curtain,  and  bade  the  artist 
draw  it  aside  that  he  might  see  the 
painting  behind. 

Quintin  Matsj^s  of  Antwerp  painted  a 
bee  on  the  outstretched  leg  of  a  fallen 
angel  so  naturally  that  when  old  Mandyn, 
the  artist,  returned  to  his  studio,  he  tried 
to  frighten  it  away  with  his  pocket-hand- 
kerchief. 

Horse  of  Brass  {The),  a  present 
from  the  king  of  Araby  and  Ind  to 
Cambuscan'  king  of  Tartarj\  A  person 
whispered  in  its  ear  where  he  wished  to 
go,  and  having  mounted,  turned  a  pin, 
whereupon  the  brazen  steed  rose  in  the 
air  as  high  as  the  rider  wished,  and 
within  twenty-four  hours  landed  him  at 
the  end  of  his  journey. 

This  steed  of  brass,  that  easily  and  well 
Can,  in  the  .space  of  a  day  natural,  .  .  . 
Bearen  your  body  into  every  place 
To  which  your  heartc  willeth  for  to  pace. 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tale*  ("The  Squire's  Tale,"  1388). 

Horst  {Conrade),  one  of  the  in- 
surgents at  Libge. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin 
Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Hortense'  (2  syL),  the  vinflictive 
French  maid-servant  of  lady  Dedlock. 
In  revenge  for  the  partiality  shown  by 
lady  Dedlock  to  Rosa  the  village  beauty, 
Hortense  murdered  Mr.  Tulkinghorn,  and 
tried  to  throw  the  suspicion  of  the  crime 
on  ladv  Dedlock.— C.  Dickens,  Bleak 
House  (1853). 


HORTENSIO. 


456        HOUSE  THAT  JACK  BUILT. 


^Horten'sio,  a  suitor  to  Bianca    the 

younger  sister  of  Katharina  *'  the  Shrew." 
Katharina  and  Bianca  are  the  daughters 
of  Baptista. — Shakespeare,  Taming  of  the 
Shrew  (1694). 

Jlortensio,  noted  for  his  chivalrous  love 
and  valour. — Massinger,  The  Bashful 
]Lover  (1636). 

'  Horwendillus,  the  court  at  which 
Hamlet  lived. 

This  is  tiiat  Hamlet .  .  ,  who  lived  at  the  i,onrt  of 
Horwendiflus,  500  years  before  we  were  born.— Haziitt. 

Hosier's  Ghost  {Admiral),,  a  ballad 
by  Richard  Glover  (1739).  Admiral  Hosier 
was  sent  with  twenty  sail  to  the  Spanish 
"West  Indies,  to  block  up  the  galleons  of 
that  country.  He  arrived  at  the  Basti- 
mentos,  near  Portobello,  but  had  strict 
orders  not  to  attack  the  foe.  His  men 
perished  by  disease  but  not  in  fight,  and 
the  admiral  himself  died  of  a  broken 
;heart.  After  Vernon's  victor}^.  Hosier 
and  his  3000  men  rose,  "all  in  dreary 
liammocks  shrouded,  which  for  winding- 
slieets  they  wore,"  and  lamented  the 
•cruel  orders  that  forbade  them  to  attack 
the  foe,  for  "  with  twenty  ships  he  surely 
could  have  achieved  what  Vernon  did 
with  only  six." 

Hospital  of    Compassion,    the 

house  of  correction. 

'  A  troop  of  alguazels  carried  me  to  the  hospital  of 
compassion.— Lesage,  Gil  Blag,  vii.  7  (1736). 

Hotspur.  So  Harry  Percy  was  called 
from  his  fiery  temper,  over  which  he  had 
no  control.— Shakespeare,  1  Henry  IV. 
(1597). 

William  Bensley  [1738-1817]  had  the  true  poetic  en- 
thusiii^im.  .  .  .  None  that  1  remember  possessed  even  a 
portion  of  that  fine  madness  which  he  threw  out  iu 
Hotspur's  fine  rant  about  glory.  His  voice  had  the  dis- 
sonance and  at  times  the  inspiring  effect  of  the  trumpet. 
— C.  Lamb. 

Hotspur  of  Debate  {The),  lord 
Derby,  called  bv  Macaulay  "  The  Rupert 
of  Debate"  (1799-1869). 

Houd  (1  sy^.),  a  prophet  sent  to 
preach  repentance  to  the  Adites  (2  syl.), 
and  to  reprove  their  king  Shedad  for  his 
pride.  As  the  Adites  and  their  king 
refused  to  hear  the  prophet,  God  sent  on 
the  kingdom  first  a  drought  of  three 
years'  duration,  and  then  the  Sarsar  or 
icy  wind  for  seven  days,  so  that  all  the 
people  perished.  Houd  is  written  ' '  Hud " 
iu  Sale's  Koran,  i. 

Then  stood  the  prophet  Houd  and  cried, 
"  Woe !  woe  to  Irem  !  woe  to  Ad  ; 
Death  is  ;;one  up  into  her  palaces  ! 
Woe  1  woe !  a  Jay  of  guilt  and  punishment  I 
A  day  of  desolation  I " 
Southey,  Talaba  tlie  Deitroyvr,  i.  41  (1797). 


Hough'ton  (Sergeant),  in  Waverley's 
regiment. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Hounslow,  one  of  a  gang  of  thieves 
that  conspire  to  break  into  lady  Bounti- 
ful'a  house. — Farquhar,  The  Beaux'  Strata- 
gem (1705). 

Houri,  plu.  Houris,  the  virgins  of 
paradise ;  so  called  from  their  large  black 
eyes  {hur  al  oyun).  According  to  Mo- 
hammedan faith,  an  intercourse  with  these 
lovely  women  is  to  constitute  the  chief 
delight  of  the  faithful  in  the  "world  to 
come." — Al  Koran. 

House  judged  by  a  Brick.  Hie- 
rScles,  the  compiler  of  a  book  of  jests, 
tells  us  of  a  pedant  who  carried  about  a 
brick  as  a  specimen  of  the  house  which 
he  wished  to  sell. 

He  that  tries  to  recommend  Shakespeare  by  select 
quotations,  will  succeed  like  the  pedant  in  Hierocl6s, 
who,  when  he  offered  his  house  to  sale,  carried  a  brick  in 
his  pocket  as  a  specimen.— Dr.  Johnson,  Pn^face  to 
Shaketpeare. 

House  of  Fame,  a  magnificent 
palace  erected  on  a  lofty  mountain  of  ice, 
and  supported  by  rows  of  pillars  on  which 
are  inscribed  the  names  of  illustrious 
poets.  Here  the  goddess  of  fame  sits 
on  a  throne,  and  dispenses  her  capricious 
judgments  to  the  crowd  below  who  come 
to  seek  her  favours. — Chaucer,  House  of 
Fame. 

House  that  Jack  Built  {The)f{ 
cumulative  nursery  story,  in  which  ev< 
preceding  statement  is  repeated  after 
introduction  of  a  new  one  ;  thus  ; 

1.  [ThU  U]  the  house  that  Jack  built 

2.  {rhU  mJ  the  malt  that  lay  in  .  .  . 

3.  [ThU  is]  the  rat  that  eat  .  .  . 

4.  [This  is]  the  cat  that  killed  .  .  . 
6.  \This  i*]  the  dog  that  worried  .  .  . 

6.  [Thi*   it]  the   cow   with    the  crumpled    horn, 

tossed  .  .  . 

7.  [This  is]  the  maiden  all  forlorn,  that  milked  ... 

8.  [iT^ii*  is]  the  man  all  tattered  and  torn,  that  kissed  .  j 

9.  This  is  the  priest  all  shaven  and  shorn,  that  married  . 

A  similar  accumulation  occurs 
another  nursery  tale,  with  this  difference 
— the  several  clauses  are  repeated  twice : 
once  by  entreaty  of  the  old  woman  to 
perform  some  service  to  get  her  pig  to 
cross  over  a  bridge  that  she  may  get 
home  ;  and  then  the  reverse  way,  when 
each  begins  the  task  requested  of  them. 
It  begins  with  a  statement  that  an  old 
woman  went  to  market  to  buy  a  pig; 
they  came  to  a  bridge,  which  the  pig 
would  not  go  over,  so  the  old  woman 
called  to  a  stick,  and  said  : 

L  [stick,  stick,  beat  //ig', /or]  pig  won't  go  over  the 

and  1  shan't  get  home  to-night. 
2.  [fire,  fire]  burn  stick,  stick  won't  beat  pig  .     • 


1 


HOUSSAIN. 


467 


HRIMFAXI. 


8.  [Water,  water]  quench  fire,  fire  won't  .  .  . 

4.  [Ox,  ox]  drink  water,  water  won't  .  .  . 
6.  [Butcher,  butcKer]  kill  ox,  ox  won't  .  .  . 

6.  (/tope,  rope]  hang  butcher,  butcher  won't  .  .  . 

7.  [Hat,  rat]  gnaw  rope,  roi*  won't  .  .  . 

8.  Cat,  cat,  kill  rat,  rat  won't  .  .  . 

Then  the  cat  began  to  kill  the  rat,  and  the  rat  began 
to  gnaw  the  rope,  and  the  rope  began  .  .  .  etc.,  and  the 
pig  went  over  the  bridge,  and  so  the  old  woman  got  home 
that  iiiglit. 

Dr.  Doran  gave  the  following  Hebrew 
"  parable"  in  Notes  and  Qiterics  : — 

1.  [Tliu  is)  the  kid  that  my  father  bought  for  two  zuzim 

5.  [Thi*  U]  the  cat  that  eat  .  .  . 

3.  [This  U]  the  dog  tliat  bit  .  .  . 

4.  [This  u]  the  stick  that  beat  ...  \ 

6.  [T>iU  «J  the  fire  that  burnt  ...  ' 

6.  [Thii  is]  the  water  that  quenched  .  ,  . 

7.  [ThUis  the  ox  that  drank  .  .  . 

B.  [ThU  U]  the  butcher  that  killed  .  .  . 

».  This  Is  the  angel,  the  angel  of  death,  that  dew  .  .  . 

*^*  While  correcting  these  proofs,  a 
native  of  South  Africa  informs  me  that 
he  has  often  heard  the  Kafirs  tell  their 
children  the  same  story. 

Hous'sain  (Prince),  the  elder  brother 
of  prince  Ahmed.  He  possessed  a  carpet 
of  such  wonderful  powers  that  if  any  one 
Bat  upon  it  it  would  transport  him  in  a 
moment  to  any  place  he  liked.  Prince 
Houssain  bought  this  carpet  at  Bisnagar, 
in  India. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Ahmed  and 
Paribanou"). 

The  wish  of  the  penman  Is  to  him  like  prince  Houssain's 
tapestry  in  the  Eastern  fable.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

*^*  Solomon's  carpet  {q.v.)  possessed 
the  same  locomotive  power. 

Houyhnhnms  [W/tm'.ms],  a  race 
of  horses  endowed  with  human  reason, 
and  bearing  rule  over  the  race  of  man. — 
Swift,  OuUiver's  Travels  (1726). 

"True,  true,  ay,  too  true,"  replied  the  Domine,  his 
houyhnhnm  laugh  sinking  into  an  hysterical  giggle. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  (iuy  JUannering  (1815). 

Ho'ward,  in  the  court  of  Edward  IV. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  oj  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

How'atson  {Luckie),  midwife  at 
Ellangowan. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Man- 
nering  (time,  George  II.). 

Howden    (Mrs.),   saleswoman. — Sir 
W.   Scott,    Heart  of   Midlothian   (time, 
I  George  II.). 

I      Howe  (Miss),  the  friend  of  Clarissa 

Harlowe,  to  whom  she  presents  a  strong 

'    ontrast.     She  has  tnore  worldlj'  wisdom 

^  and  less  abstract  principle.     In  questions 

I  of  doubt,  Miss  Howe  would  suggest  some 

r  practical    solution,    while    Clarissa    was 

j  mooningabouthj'pothetical contingencies. 

i  She  is  a  girl  of  high  spirit,  disinterested 

I  friendship,  and  sound  common  sense. — 

Richardson,  Clarissa  Harlowe  (1749). 

20 


Howel  or  Hoel,  king  of  the  West 
Welsh  in  the  tenth  century,  surnamed 
"the  Good."  He  is  a  very  famous  king, 
especially  for  his  code  of  laws.  This  is 
not  the  Howel  or  Hoel  of  Arthurian 
romance,  who  was  duke  of  Armorica  in 
the  sixth  century. 

What  Mulmutiaii  laws,  or  Martian,  ever  were 

More  excellent  than  those  which  our  good  Howel  hero 

Ordained  to  govern  Wales  ? 

Drayton,  Pelj/o'.bion,  ix.  (1612). 

"  "Ho'wie  (Jamie),  bailie  to  Malcolm 
Bradwardine  (3  si/l.)  of  Inchgrabbit. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George 
II.). 

Howla^lass  (Master),  a  preacher. 
Friend  of  justice  Maulstatute. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

Howle'glas  (Father),  the  abbot  of 
Unreason,  in  the  revels  held  at  Kenna- 
^uhair  Abbey.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot 
^time,  Elizabeth). 

Ho-wleg-lass  (2  syl.),  a  clever  rascal, 
so  called  from  the  hero  of  an  old  German 
jest-book,  popular  in  England  in  queen 
Elizabeth's  reign. — See  Eulensjyiegel. 

Hoyden  (Miss),  a  lively,  ignorant, 
romping,  coimtry  girl. — Vanbrugh,  Tlie 
Relapse  (1697). 

*^*  This  was  Mrs.  Jordan's  great 
character. 

Hoyden  (Miss),  daughter  of  sir  Tun- 
belly  Clumsy,  a  green,  ill-educated, 
country  girl,  living  near  Scarborough, 
She  is  promised  in  marriage  to  lord  Fop- 
pington,  but  as  his  lordship  is  not  person- 
ally known  either  by  the  knight  or  his 
daughter,  Tom  Fashion,  the  nobleman's 
younger  brother,  passes  himself  off  as 
lord  Foppington,  is  admitted  into  the 
family,  and  marries  the  heiress. — Sheri- 
dan, A  Trip  to  Scarborough  (1777). 

*^*  Sheridan's  comedy  is  The  Relapse 
of  Vanbrugh  (1697),  abridged,  recast,  and 
somewhat  modernized, 

Hrasvelg.  the  giant  who  keeps  watch, 
on  the  north  side  of  the  root  of  the  Tree 
of  the  World,  to  devour  the  dead.  His 
shape  is  that  of  an  eagle.  Winds  and 
storms  are  caused  by  the  movement  of 
his  wings. — Scandiruxvian  Mythology, 

Where  the  heaven's  remotest  bound 
With  darkne-s  is  encompassed  round, 
There  Hrasvel'ger  sits  and  swings 
The  tempest  from  its  eagle  wings. 

£dda  of  Seemurul  (by  Amos  Cottk). 

Hriml'ax'i,  the  horse  of  Night,  from 
whose  bit  fail  the  rime-drops  t^at  every 


HKOTHGAR. 


458 


HUBERT. 


morning  bedew  the  earth. — Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

Hrothgar,  king  of  Denmark,  whom 
Beowulf  delivered  from  the  monster 
Grendel.  Hrothgar  built  Heorot,  a  mag- 
nificent palace,  and  here  he  distributed 
rings  (treasure),  and  held  his  feasts  ;  but 
the  monster  Grendel,  envious  of  his  hap- 
piness, stole  into  the  hall  after  a  feast, 
and  put  thirty  of  the  thanes  to  death  in 
their  sleep.  The  same  ravages  were 
repeated  night  after  night,  till  Beowulf, 
at  the  head  of  a  mixed  band  of  soldiers, 
went  against  him  and  slew  him. — Beo~ 
wulf  (an  Anglo-Saxon  epic  poem,  sixth 
century). 

Hry'mer,  pilot  of  the  ship  Nagelfar 
(made  of  the  "nails  of  the  dead"). — Scan- 
dinavian Mythology. 

Hubba  and  IngTT^ar,  two  Danish 
chiefs,  who,  in  870,  conquered  East  Anglia 
and  wintered  at  Thetford,  in  Norfolk. 
King  Edmund  fought  against  them,  but 
was  beaten  and  taken  prisoner.  The 
Danish  chiefs  offered  him  his  life  and 
kingdom  if  he  would  renounce  Chris- 
tianity and  pay  them  tribute ;  but  as  he 
refused  to  do  so,  they  tied  him  to  a  tree, 
shot  at  him  with  arrows,  and  then  cut  off 
his  head.  Edmund  was  therefore  called 
"  St.  Edmund."  Alu'red  fought  seven 
battles  with  Hubba,  and  slew  him  at 
Abingdon,  in  Berkshire. 

Alured  .  .  . 

In  seven  brave  foughten  fields  their  champion  Hubba 

chased. 
And  slew  him  In  the  end  at  Abington  [sie\. 

Drayton,  PoJyolbion,  xiL  (1613). 

Hubbard  (JS/bMer).  Mother  Hubbard's 
Tale,  by  Edmund  Spenser,  is  a  satirical 
fable  in  the  style  of  Chaucer,  supposed 
to  be  told  by  an  old  woman  (Mother 
Hubbard)  to  relieve  the  weariness  of  the 
poet  during  a  time  of  sickness.  The  tale 
is  this  :  An  ape  and  a  fox  went  into 
partnership  to  seek  their  fortunes.  They 
resolved  to  begin  their  adventures  as 
beggars,  so  Master  Ape  dressed  himself 
as  a  broken  soldier,  and  Reynard  pre- 
tended to  be  his  dog.  After  a  time  they 
came  to  a  farmer,  who  employed  the  ape 
as  shepherd,  but  when  the  rascals  had 
go  reduced  the  flock  that  detection  was 
certain,  they  decamped.  Next  they  tried 
the  Church,  under  advice  of  a  priest ; 
Reynard  was  appointed  rector  to  a  living, 
and  the  ape  was  his  parish  clerk.  From 
this  living  they  were  obliged  also  to  re- 
move. Next  they  went  to  court  as  foreign 
potentates,  and  drove  a  splendid  business, 
but  came  to  grief  ere  long.    I^astly,  they 


saw  kinf|  Lion  asleep,  his  skin  was  lying 
beside  him,  with  his  crown  and  sceptre. 
Master  Ape  stole  the  regalia,  dressed 
himself  as  king  Lion,  usurped  the  roj'al 
palace,  made  Reynard  his  chief  minister, 
and  collected  round  him  a  band  of 
monsters,  chiefly  amphibious,  as  his 
guard  and  court.  In  time,  Jupiter  sent 
Mercury  to  rouse  king  Lion  from  his 
lethargy  ;  so  he  awoke  from  sleep,  broke 
into  his  palace,  and  bit  off  the  ape's  tail, 
with  a  part  of  its  ear. 

Since  which,  all  apes  but  half  their  ears  have  left, 
And  of  their  tails  are  utterly  bereft. 

As  for  Reynard,  he  ran  away  at  the 
first  alarm,  and  tried  to  curry  favour  with 
king  Lion  ;  but  the  king  only  exposed 
him  and  let  him  go  (1591). 

Hubbard  (Old  Mother)  went  to  her 
cupboard  to  get  a  bone  for  her  dog, 
but,  not  finding  one,  trotted  hither  and 
thither  to  fetch  sundry  articles  for  his 
behoof.  Ever}'  time  she  returned  she 
found  Master  Doggie  performing  some 
extraordinary  feat,  and  at  last,  having 
finished  all  her  errands,  she  made  a  grand 
curtsey  to  Master  Doggie.  The  dog,  not 
to  be  outdone  in  politeness,  made  his 
mistress  a  profound  bow ;  upon  which 
the  dame  said,  **  Your  servant !  "  and  the 
dog  replied,  "  Bow,  wow .'  "  —  Nursery 
Tale. 

Hubble  (Mr.),  wheelwright;  a  tougl 
high-shouldered,  stooping  old  man,  of 
sawdusty  fragrance,  with  his  legs  extr 
ordinarily  wide  apart. 

Mrs.  Hubble,  a  little  curly,  shar 
edged  person,  who  held  a  conventional! 
juvenile  position,  because  she  had  marrie 
Mr.  Hubble  when  she  was  much  youn^ 
than  he. — C.  Dickens,  Great  Expectatu 
(1860). 

Hubert,  "the  keeper"  of  young 
prince  Arthur.  King  John  conspired 
with  him  to  murder  the  young  prince, 
and  Hubert  actually  employed  two 
ruffians  to  bum  out  both  the  boy's  eyea 
with  red-hot  irons.  Arthur  pleaded  so 
lovingly  with  Hubert  to  spare  his  eyes, 
that  he  relented  ;  however,  the  lad  was 
found  dead  soon  afterwards,  either  by 
accident  or  foul  play.  —  Shakespeare, 
King  John  (1596). 

*,*  This   "Hubert"  was  Hubert  de 
Burgh,  justice  of  England  and  earl 
Kent. 

One  would  think,  had  it  been  possible,  that  Shakfr 
gpeare,  when  he  made  king  John  excuse  his  intention  " 
perpetrating  the  death  of  Arthur  by  his  comment  ' 
Hubert's  fiice,  by  which  he  saw  the  assassin  in  hJs  mn 


HUBERT. 


459 


HUGH  OF  LINCOLN. 


bad  Sandford  In  Idea,  for  he  was  rather  deformed,  and 
had  a  most  forbidding  countenance.— C.  Dibdin,  Uutory 
of  the  Stage. 

Hubert,  an  honest  lord,  in  love  with 
Jac'ulin  daughter  of  Gerrard  king  of  the 
beggars. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Hubert,  brother  of  prince  Oswald, 
severely  wounded  by  count  Hurgonel  in 
the  combat  provoked  by  Oswald  against 
Gondibert,  his  rival  for  the  love  of 
Rhodalind  the  heiress  of  Aribert  king  of 
Lombardy. — Sir  W.  Davenant,  Gondibert 
(died  1668). 

Hubert,  an  archer  in  the  service  of  sir 
Philip  de  Malvoisin.  —  Sir  W.  Scott, 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  L). 

Hubert  (St.),  patron  saint  of  huntsmen. 
He  was  son  of  Bertrand  due  d' Acquitaine, 
and  cousin  of  king  Pepin. 

Huddibras  (Sir),  a  man  "more 
huge  in  strength  than  wise  in  works," 
the  suitor  of  Perissa  (extravagance). — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  2  (1590). 

Hudibras,  the  hero  and  title  of  a 
rhyming  political  satire,  by  S.  Butler.  Sir 
Hudibras  is  a  Presbyterian  justice  in  the 
j  Commonwealth,  who  sets  out  with  his 
1  'squire  Ralph  (an  independent)  to  reform 
I  abuses,  and  enforce  the  observance  of  the 
j  laws  for  the  suppression  of  popular  sports 
I      and  amusemeuts  (1663,  1664,  1678). 

**»  The  Grub  Street  Journal  (1731) 
maintains  that  the  academy  figure  of 
Hudibras  was  colonel  RoUe  of  Devon- 
shire, with  whom  the  poet  lodged  for 
some  time,  and  adds  that  the  name  is 
derived  from  Hugh  de  Bras,  the  patron 
saint  of  the  county.  Others  say  that 
sir  Samuel  Luke  was  the  original,  and 
cite  the  following  distich  in  proof  there- 
of:— 

Tis  sung,  there's  a  valiant  Mameluke, 

In  foreign  lands  ycleped    •    •    [.Sir  Luke  f] 

Hudiadge,  a  shah  of  Persia,  suffered 
much  from  sleeplessness,  and  commanded 
Fltead,  his  porter  and  gardener,  to  tell 
him  tales  to  Avhile  away  the  weary  hours. 
Fitead  declared  himself  wholly  unable  to 
comply  with  this  request.  "Then  find 
j  some  one  who  can,"  said  Hudjadge,  "  or 
suffer  death  for  disobedience."  On  reach- 
ing home,  greatly  dejected,  he  told  his 
only  daughter,  Moradbak,  who  was 
motherless,  and  only  14  years  old,  the 
shah's  command,  and  she  undertook 
the  task.  She  told  the  shah  the  stories 
called  T/ie  Oriental  Tales,  which  not  only 
unnsed  him,    but   cured  him,   and    ho 


married  her. — Comte  de  Caylus,  Oriental 
Tales  (1743). 

Hudson  (Sir  Geoffrey),  the  famous 
dwarf,  formerly  page  to  queen  Henrietta 
Maria.  Sir  Geoflxey  tells  Julian  Peveril 
how  the  late  queen  had  him  enclosed  in  a 
pie  and  brought  to  table. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

*^*  Vandyke  has  immortalized  sir 
Geoffrey  by  his  brush ;  and  some  of  his 
clothes  are  said  to  be  preserved  in  sir 
Hans  Sloane's  museum. 

Hudson  (Tarn),  gamekeeper. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Hugh,  blacksmith  at  Ringlebum ; 
a  friend  of  Hobbie  Elliott,  the  Heugh- 
foot  farmer.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Black 
Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Hugh,  servant  at  the  Maypole  inn. 
This  giant  in  stature  and  ringleader  in 
the  "No  Popery  riots,"  was  a  natural  son 
of  sir  John  Chester  and  a  gipsy.  He 
loved  Dolly  Varden,  and  was  very  kind 
to  Barnaby  Rudge  the  half-witted  lad. 
Hugh  was  executed  for  his  participation 
in  the  "  Gordon  riots." — C.  Dickens, 
Barnaby  Pudge  (1841). 

Hugh  count  of  Verinandois,  a 
crusader. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Pobert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Hugh  de  Brass  (Mr.),  in  A  Pegular 
Fix,  by  J.  M.  Morton. 

Hu^h  of  Lincoln,  a  boy  eight  years 
old,  said  to  have  been  stolen,  tortured, 
and  crucified  by  Jews  in  1255.  Eighteen 
of  the  wealthiest  Jews  of  Lincoln  were 
hanged  for  taking  part  in  this  affair,  and 
the  boy  was  buried  in  state. 

*^*  There  are  several  documents  in 
Rymer's  Fcedera  relative  to  this  event. 
The  story  is  told  in  the  Chronicles  of 
Matthew  Paris.  It  is  the  subject  of  the 
Prioress's  Tale  in  Chaucer,  and  Words- 
worth has  a  modernized  version  of 
Chaucer's  tale. 

A  similar  story  is  told  of  William  of 
Norwich,  said  to  have  been  crucified  by 
the  Jews  in  1137. 

Percy,  in  his  Reliques,  i.  3,  has  a 
ballad  about  a  boy  named  Hew,  whose 
mother  was  "lady  Hew  of  Merry] and  " 
(?  England).  He  was  enticed  by  an  apple 
given  him  by  a  Jewish  damsel,  who 
"  stabbed  him  with  a  penknife,  rolled 
him  in  lead,  and  cast  him  into  a  well." 

Werner  is  another  boy  said  to  have 
been  crucified  by  the  Jews.  The  place 
of  this  alleged  murder  was  Bacharadi. 


HUGO. 


460 


HUMPHREY. 


Hugo,  count  of  Vermandois,  brother 
of  Philippe  I.  of  France,  and  leader  of 
the  Franks  in  the  first  crusade.  Hugo 
died  before  Godfrey  was  appointed 
general-in-chief  of  the  allied  armies  (bk. 
I.),  but  his  spirit  appeared  to  Godfrey 
when  the  army  went  against  the  Holy 
City  (bk.  xviii.). — Tasso,  Jerusalem  De- 
livered  (1676). 

Htigo,  brother  of  Arnold  ;  very  small 
of  stature,  but  brave  as  a  lion.  He  was 
slain  in  the  faction  fight  stirred  up  by 

Erince  Oswald  against  duke  Gondibert, 
is  rival  in  the  love  of  Rhodalind 
daughter  and  only  child  of  Aribert  king 
of  Lombardy. 

Of  stature  small,  but  was  all  over  heart. 
And  tlio'  unhappy,  all  that  heart  was  love. 
Sir  W.  Davenant,  Gondibert,  L  1  (died  1668). 

Hugo,  natural  son  of  Azo  chief  of  the 
house  of  Este  (2  syl.)  and  Bianca,  who 
died  of  a  broken  heart,  because,  although 
a  mother,  she  was  never  wed.  Hugo 
was  betrothed  to  Parisina,  but  his  father, 
not  knowing  it,  made  Parisina  his  own 
bride.  One  night  Azo  heard  Parisina 
in  her  sleep  confess  her  love  for  Hugo, 
and  the  angry  marquis  ordered  his  son  to 
be  beheaded.  What  became  of  Parisina 
"  none  knew,  and  none  can  ever  know." 
— Byron,  Parisina  (1816). 

Hugo  Hugonet,  minstrel  of  the 
earl  of  Douglas. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Hugon  (King),  the  great  nursery 
ogre  of  France. 

Huguenot  Pope  (The).  Philippe 
de  Mcrnay,  the  great  supporter  of  the 
French  huguenots,  is  called  Le  Pape  des 
Huguenots  (1649-1623). 

*#*  Of  course,  Philippe  de  Mornay 
WJW  not  one  of  the  "  popes  of  Rome." 

Huguenots  (Les),  an  opera  by 
Meyerbeer  (1836).  The  subject  of  this 
opera  is  the  massacre  of  the  French 
huguenots  or  protestants,  planned  by 
Catherine  de  Medicis  on  St.  Bartholo- 
mew's Day  (August  24,  1672),  during 
the  weddipg  festivities  of  her  daughter 
Margherita  (Marguerite)  and  Henri  le 
Bearnais  (afterwards  Henri  IV.  of 
France). 

Hul'sean  Lectures,  certain  ser- 
mons preached  at  Great  St.  Mary's 
Church,  Cambridge,  and  paid  for  by  a 
fund,  the  gift  of  the  Rev.  John  Hulse, 
of  Cheshire,  in  1777. 

*,*  Till  the  year   1860,  the  Hulsean 


Lecturer  was  called  '*  The  Christian  Ad> 
vocate." 

Humber  or  Humbert,  mythical 
kin^  of  the  Huns,  who  invaded  England 
dunng  the  reign  of  Locrin,  some  1000 
years  B.C.  In  his  flight,  he  was  drowned 
in  the  river  Abus,  which  has  ever  since 
been  called  the  Humber. —  Geoft'rey, 
British  History,  ii.  2 ;  Milton,  History  of 
England, 

The  ancient  Britons  yet  a  sceptred  king  obeyed 

Three  hundred  years  before  Konie's  grejit   foundation 

laid; 
And  had  a  thousand  years  an  empire  strongly  stood 
Ere  Caesar  to  her  shores  here  stemmed  the  circling  flood ; 
And  long  before  bonie  arms  against  the  barbarous  Hun, 
Here  landing  with  intent  the  isle  to  overrun  ; 
And,  following  them  in  flight,  their  general  Humberd 

drowned, 
In  that  great  arm  of  sea  by  his  great  name  renowned. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612) ;  see  also  xxviii, 

Humgud'geon  (Grace-be-here),  a 
corporal  in  Cromwell's  troop. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Humm  (Anthony),  chairman  of  the 
"  Brick  Lane  Branch  of  the  United  Grand 
Junction  Ebenezer  Temperance  Associa- 
tion."— C.  Dickens,  The  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Humma,  a  fabulous  bird,  of  which 
it  was  said  that  "the  head  over  which 
the  shadow  of  its  wings  passes  will 
assuredly  wear  a  crown." — Wilkes,  South 
of  India,  v.  423. 

Belike  he  thinks 
The  humma's  happy  wings  have  shadowed  him. 
And,  therefore,  Fate  with  royalty  must  crown 
His  chosen  head. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xxiii.  (1814).  ] 

Humorous  Lieutenant  (The), 
chief  character  and  title  of  a  comedy 
Beaumont    and    Fletcher    (1647).      Tl 
lieutenant  has  no  name. 

Humpback  (The).  Andrea  Sola'; 
the  Italian  painter,  was  called  Del  Gc 
(1470-1627). 

Geron'irao  Amelunghi  was  also  callc 
H  Gohho  di  Pisa  (sixteenth  century). 

Humphrey  (Master),  •  the  hypo- 
thetical compiler  of  the  tale  entitled 
"  Barnabv  Rudge  "  in  Master  Humphreif^ 
Clock,  by'Charles  Dickens  (1840). 

Humphrey  (Old),  pseudonym  of  George 
Mogridge. 

*^*  George  Mogridge  has  also  issued 
several  books  under  the  popular  name  of 
"  Peter  Parley,"  which  was  first  assumed 
by  S.  G.  Goodrich,  in  1828.  Several 
publishers  of  high  standing  have  con- 
descended to  palm  books  on  the  public 
under  this  noin  de  plume,  some  written  by 


1^ 


HUMPHREY. 


461 


HUNDRED-HANDED. 


William  Martin,  and  others  by  persons 
wholly  unknown 

Humphrey  {The  good  duke),  Humphrey 
Plaatagenet,  duke  of  Gloucester,  youngest 
son  of  Henry  IV.,  murdered  in  1446. 

Humphrey  {To  dine  with  duke),  to  go 
without  dinner.  To  stay  behind  in  St. 
Paul's  aisles,  under  pretence  of  finding 
out  the  monument  of  duke  Humphrey, 
while  others  more  fortunate  go  home  to 
dinner. 

*^*  It  was  really  the  monument  of  John 
Beauchamp  that  the  "  dinnerless  "  hung 
about,  and  not  that  of  duke  Humphrey. 
John  Beauchamp  died  in  1359,  and  duke 
Humphrey  in  1446. 

A  similar  phrase  is,  "To  be  the  guest 
of  the  cross-legged  knights,"  meaning 
the  stone  effigies  in  the  Round  Church 
(London).  Lawyers  at  one  time  made 
this  church  the  rendezvous  of  their 
clients,  and  here  a  host  of  dinnerless 
vagabonds  used  to  loiter  about,  in  the 
hope  of  picking  up  a  job  which  would 
furnish  them  with  the  means  of  getting  a 
dinner. 

"  To  dine  or  sup  with  sir  Thomas 
Gresham "  means  the  same  thing,  the 
Royal  Exchange  being  at  one  time  the 
great  lounge  of  idlers. 

Tho'  little  coin  tiiy  purseless  pockets  line. 
Yet  with  great  contpany  tliou  art  taken  up  ; 

For  often  with  duke  Humphrey  thou  dost  dine, 
And  often  with  sir  Thomas  Gresham  sup. 
Hayman,  QuidUbet  (epigram  on  a  loafer,  1628). 

Huncamiinca  {Princess),  daughter 
of  king  Arthur  and  queen  Dollallolla, 
beloved  by  lord  Grizzle  and  Tom  Thumb. 
The  king  promises  her  in  marriage  to  the 
"pigmy  giant-queller."  Huncamunca 
kills  Frizaletta  "for  killing  her  mamma." 
But  Frizaletta  killed  the  queen  for  killing 
her  sweetheart  Noodle,  and  the  queen 
killed  Noodle  because  he  was  the  messen- 
ger of  ill  news. —  2om  Thumb,  by  Fielding 
the  novelist  (1730),  altered  by  O'Hara, 
author  of  Midas  (1778). 

Hunchback  {The).  Master  Walter 
"  the  hunchback  "  was  the  guardian  of 
Julia,  and  brought  her  up  in  the  country, 
training  her  most  strictly  in  knowledge 
and  goodness.  When  grown  to  woman- 
hood, she  was  introduced  to  sir  Thomas 
Clifford,  and  they  plighted  their  troth  to 
each  other.  Then  came  a  change.  Clifford 
lost  his  title  and  estates,  while  Julia  went 
to  London,  became  a  votary  of  fashion 
and  pleasure,  abandoned  Clifford,  and 
piomised  marriage  to  WilEord  earl  of 
Rochdale.  The  day  of  espousals  came. 
Tho  love  of  Julia  for  Clifford  revived, 


'  and  she  implored  her  guardian  to  break 
off  the  obnoxious  marriage.  Master 
Walter  now  showed  himself  to  be  the 
earl  of  Rochdale,  and  the  father  of  Julia  ; 
the  marriage  with  Wilford  fell  through, 
and  Julia  became  the  wife  of  sir  Thomas 
Clifford.— S.  Knowles  (1831). 

*+*  Similarly,  Maria  "the  maid  of  the 
Oaks"  was  brought  up  by  Oldwodh  as 
his  ward,  but  was  in  reality  his  mother- 
less child. — J.  Burgoyne,  The  Maid  of  tha 
Oaks. 

Hunchback  {The  Little),  the  buffoon  of 
the  sultan  of  Casgar.  Supping  with  a 
tailor,  the  little  fellow  was  killed  by  a 
bone  sticking  in  his  throat.  The  tailor, 
out  of  fear,  carried  the  body  to  the  house 
of  a  physician,  and  the  physician,  stum- 
bling against  it,  knocked  it  downstairs. 
Thinking  he  had  killed  the  man,  he  let 
the  body  down  a  chimney  into  the  store- 
room of  his  neighbour,  who  was  a  pur- 
veyor. The  purveyor,  supposing  it  to  be 
a  thief,  belaboured  it  soundly  ;  and  then, 
thinking  he  had  killed  the 'little  hump- 
back, carried  the  body  into  the  street,  and 
set  it  against  a  wall.  A  Christian  mer- 
chant, reeling  home,  stumbled  against  the 
body,  and  gave  it  a  blow  with  his  fist. 
Just  then  the  patrol  came  up,  and  arrested 
the  merchant  for  murder.  He  was  con- 
demned to  death  ;  but  tho  purveyor  came 
forward  and  accu.^cd  himself  of  being  the 
real  offender.  The  merchant  was  ac- 
cordingly released,  and  the  purveyor 
condemned  to  death  ;  but  then  the  phy- 
sician appeared,  and  said  he  had  killed 
the  man  by  accident,  having  knocked 
him  downstairs.  When  the  purveyor 
was  released,  and  the  physician  led  away 
to  execution,  the  tailor  stepped  up,  and 
told  his  tale.  All  were  then  taken  before 
the  sultan,  and  acquitted  ;  and  the  sultan 
ordered  the  case  to  be  enrolled  in  the 
archives  of  his  kingdom  amongst  the 
causes  ce'lebres. — Arabian  Nights  ("The 
Little  Hunchback"). 

Hundebert,  steward  to  Cedric  of 
Rotherwood. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe. 

Hundred  Fig-hts  {Hero  of  a),  Conn, 
son  of  Cormac  king  of  Ireland.  Called 
in  Irish  "  Conn  Keadcahagh." 

Arthur  Wellesley  lord  AVellington. 

For  this  is  England's  greatest  son, 

He  who  gained  a  hundred  fights 

Nor  ever  lost  a  British  gun.—  Tennyson. 

Admiral  Horatio  lord  Nelson. 

Hundred-Handed  ( The).  Briar'eos 
(4  syl.)  or  uEgaeon,  with  his   brothers 


HIINDWOLF. 


462 


HUON  DE  BORDEAUX. 


Gyges  and  Kottos,   were   all   hundred- 
handed  giants. 

Homer  makes  Briareos  4  st/l.  ;  but 
Shakespeare  writes  it  in  the  Latin  form, 
"  Briareus,"  and  makes  it  3  syl. 

Then,  called  by  tliee.  the  monstev  Titan  came. 
Whom  gods  BriareOs,  mei»  ^Egeon  name. 

Pope,  Iliad,  1  (1715). 

He  is  a  gouty  Briareus.    Many  hands. 
And  of  no  use. 
Shakespeare,  Troilus  and  Oresslda,  act  i.  »c.  2  (1602). 

Hund'WOlf,  steward  to  the  old  lady 
of  Bald ringham.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Hungarian  (An),  one  half-starved, 
one  suffering  from  hunger. 

He  is  hide-l)ound ;  be  is  an  Hungarian.— Howell,  JEng- 
lish  Proverbi  (1660). 

Hunia'des  (4  syl.),  called  by  the 
Turks  "The  Devil."  He  was  surnamed 
*'  Corvinus,"  and  the  family  crest  was  a 
crow  (1400-1456). 

The  Turks  employed  the  name  of  Huniad^s  to  frighten 
their  perverse  children.  He  was  conruptl>-  called  "  Jancus 
Lain."— Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall,  etc.,  iii.  166  (1776-88). 

Hunsdon  (Lord),  cousin  of  queen 
Elizabeth.  — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Hunter  {Mr.  and  Mrs.  Leo),  persons 
who  court  the  society  of  any  celebrity, 
and  consequently  invite  Mr.  Pickwick 
and  his  three  friends  to  an  entertainment 
in  their  house.  Mrs.  Leo  Hunter  wrote 
an  "  Ode  to  an  Expiring  Frog,"  con- 
sidered by  her  friends  a  most  masterly 
performance. — C.  Dickens,  The  Pickwick 
Papers  (1836). 

Can  I  view  thee  panting,  lying 
On  thy  stomach,  without  sSgliing; 
Can  1  un'moved  see  thee  dying 
On  a  log,  expiring  frog ! 

Say,  have  fiends  in  shape  of  boys, 
With  wild  halloo,  and  brutal  noise. 
Hunted  thee  from  marshy  joys. 
With  a  dog,  expiring  frog ! 

Ch.  XV. 

Hunter  [The  Mighty),  Nimrod ;  so  called 
in  Gen.  x.  9. 

Proud  Nimrod  first  the  bloody  chase  [war]  began, 
A  mighty  hunter,  and  his  prey  was  man. 

Pope,  Windior  Forest  (1713). 

Huntingdon  (Pobert  earl  of),  gene- 
rally called  "Robin  Hood."  In  1601 
Anthony  Munday  and  Henry  Chettle 
produced  a  drama  entitled  The  Downfall 
of  Robert  Earl  of  Huntingdon  (attributed 
often  to  T.  Heywood).  Ben  Jonson 
began  a  beautiful  pastoral  drama  on  the 
subject  of  Robin  Hood  {The  Sad  Shepherd 
or  A  Tale  of  Robin  Hood),  but  left  only 
two  acts  of  it  when  he  died  (1637).  We 
hftve  also  R(^in  Hood  and  His  Crew  of 


Souldiers,  a  comedy  acted  at  Nottingham, 
and  printed  1661 ;  Robin  Hood,  an  opera 
(1730).  J.  Ritson  edited,  in  1795,  Robin 
Hood:  a  Collection  of  Poems,  Songs,  and 
Ballads  relative  to  that  Celebrated  [English 
Outlaw. 

Huntingdon  {The  earl  of),  in  the  court 
of  queen  Elizabeth. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenil- 
worth (time,  Elizabeth). 

Huntingdon  {David  earl  of),  prince 
royal  of  Scotland.  He  appears  first  as 
sir  Kenneth  knight  of  the  Leopard,  and 
afterwards  as  Zohauk  the  Nubian  slave. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Huntingdon  Sturgeon  and  God- 
manchester  Hogs. 

During  a  very  high  flood  in  the  meadows  between 
Huntingdon  and  Godmanchester,  sometliing  was  seen 
floating,  which  the  Go<Iinanchest«r  i>eople  thought  was  a 
black  hog,  and  the  Huntingdon  folk  declared  was  a 
sturgeon.  When  rescued  from  the  waters,  it  proved  to  be 
a  young  donkey.— Lord  Braybrooke  (Pepys,  Diary,  May 
22,  1667). 

Huntinglen  {The  earl  of),  an  old 
Scotch  nobleman. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Huntly  {The  marquis  of),  a  royalist. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time, 
Charles  I.). 

Huon,  a  serf,  secretary  and  tutor  o: 
the  countess  Catherine,  with  whom  b 
falls  in  love.  He  reads  with  music 
his  voice,  talks  enchantingly,  wri 
admirably,  translates  "  dark  languages, 
is  "  wise  in  rare  philosophy,"  is  masl 
of  the  hautboy,  lute,  and  viol,  "  proper 
trunk  and  limb  and  feature  ; "  but 
proud  countess,  though  she  loves  hi 
revolts  from  the  idea  of  marrying  a  se: 
At  length  it  comes  to  the  ears  of  the  du 
that  his  daughter  loves  Huon,  and  ' 
duke  commands  him,  on  pain  of  dea 
to  marry  Catherine,  a  freed  serf, 
refuses,  till  the  countess  interferes 
then  marries,  and  rushes  to  the  wa 
Here  he  greatly  distinguishes  himself, 
and  is  created  a  prince,  when  he  learns 
that  the  Catherine  he  has  wed  is  not 
Catherine  the  freed  serf,  but  Catherine  tho 
countess. — S.  Knowles,  Love  (1840). 

Huon  de  Bordeaux  {Sir),  who 
married  Esclairmond,  and,  when  Oberon 
went  to  paradise,  succeeded  him  as  "king 
of  all  Faery." 

In  the  second  part,  Huon  visits  the 
terrestrial  paradise,  and  encounters  Cain, 
the  first  murderer,  in  performance  of  his 
penance. — Hu^n  de  Bordeaux. 

*^*  An  abstract  of  this  romance 


HUR  AL  OYUN. 


463   HYDER  ALI  KHAN  BEHAUDER. 


Dunlop's  History  of  Fiction.  See  also 
Keightley's  Fairi/  Mythology.  It  is  also 
the  subject  of  Wieliind's  Vbcron,  which 
has  been  translated  by  Sotheby. 

Hur  al  Oyun,  the  black-eyed 
daughters  of  paradise,  created  of  pure 
musk.  They  are  free  from  all  bodily 
weakness,  and  are  ever  young.  Every 
believer  will  have  seventy-two  of  these 
girls  as  his  household  companions  in 
paradise,  and  those  who  desire  children 
will  see  them  grow  to  maturity  in  an 
hour. — Al  Koran,  Sale's  notes. 

Hurgonel  (Count),  the  betrothed  of 
Orna  sister  of  duke  Gondibert. — Sir  Wm. 
Davenant,  Gondibert,  iii.  1  (died  1668). 

Hurlo-Thrumbo,  a  burleso,ue  which 
had  an  extraordinary  run  at  the  Haymar- 
ket  Theatre. — Samuel  Johnson  (not  Dr. 
S.  Johnson),  JIurlo-Thrwubo  or  The 
Supernatural  (1730). 

Consider,  tlien,  before,  like  Hurlo-Tlirumbo, 
You  aim  your  club  at  any  cree<l  on  eart-b, 
That,  by  tlie  simple  acciUent  of  birt)i. 

You  niigljt  Lave  been  high  priest  to  Mumbo-Jumbo. 
Hood. 

Hurry,  servant  of  Oldworth  of  Old- 
worth  Oaks.  He  is  always  out  of  breath, 
wholly  unable  to  keep  quiet  or  stand 
seill,  and  proves  the  truth  of  the  proverb, 
"The  more  haste  the  worse  speed."  He 
fancies  everything  must  go  wrong  if  he  is 
not  bustling  about,  and  he  is  a  constant 
fidget. — J.  JLJurgoyne,  The  Maid  of  the 
Oaks. 

Poor  Weston  I  "  Hurry  "  was  one  of  his  last  parts,  and 
was  talten  from  real  life.  I  need  not  tell  those  who 
remember  this  genuine  reprcsenter  of  nature,  that  in 
"Hurry"  he  threw  the  audience  into  loud  fits  of  mirth 
without  discomposing  a  muscle  of  his  featurea  L1727-1776J. 
— T.  Davies. 

Hurtali,  a  giant  who  reigned  in  the 
time  of  the  Flood. 

The  Massorets  affirm  that  Hurtali,  being  too  big  to  get 
Into  the  ark,  sat  astride  upon  it,  as  children  stride  a  wooden 
hor:>e.— Habelais,  I'antagruel,  ii.  1. 

(Minage  says  that  the  rabbins  assert 
that  it  was  Og,  not  Hurtali,  who  thus 
outrode  the  Flood. — See  Le  Pelletier,  chap. 
XXV.  of  his  Noah's  Ark.) 

Hush'ai  (2  syl.),  in  Dr^den's  satire 

;      of  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  is  Hyde  earl 

of  Rochester.     As  Hushai  was   David's 

friend  and  wise  counsellor,  so  was  Hyde 

i      the  friend  and  wise  counsellor  of  Charles 

I      n.    As  the  counsel  of-  Hushai  rendered 

i      abortive  that  of  Achitophel,  and  caused 

[      the  plot  of  Absalom  to  miscarry,  so  the 

\      counsel  of  Hyde  rendered  abortive  that 

of  lord  Shaftesbury,  and  caused  the  plot 

\     of  Monmouth  to  miscarry. 


Hushai,  the  friend  of  David  in  distress  ; 
In  public  storms  of  manly  stedfastness ; 
By  foreign  treaties  he  informed  his  youth. 
And  joined  experience  to  his  native  truth. 
Dryden,  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 

Hut'cheon,  the  auld  domestic  in 
Wandering  Willie's  tale. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Redijauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Hut'cheon,  one  of  Julian  Avenel's  re- 
tainers.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Hutin  (Le),  Louis  X.  of  France ;  so 
called  from  his  expedition  against  the 
Hutins,  a  seditious  people  of  Navarre  and 
Lyons  (1289,  1314-1316). 

Hy'acinth,  son  of  Amyclas  the 
Spartan  king.  He  was  playing  quoics 
with  Apollo,  when  the  wind  drove  the 
quoit  of  the  sun-god  against  the  boy's 
head,  and  killed  him  on  the  spot.  From 
the  blood  grew  the  flower  called  hyacinth, 
which  bears  on  its  petals  the  words,  "  ai  ! 
Ai !  "  ("alas  !  alas  !  "). — Grecian  Fable. 

Hyacinthe  (3  syl.),  the  daughter  of 
seigneur  Ge'rontc  (2  syl.),  who  passed  in 
Tarentum  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Pandolphe  (2  syl.).  When  he  quitted 
Tarentum,  he  left  behind  him  his  wife  and 
daughter  Hyacinthe.  Octave  (2  syl.) 
son  of  Argante  (2  syl.)  fell  in  love  with 
Hyacinthe  (supposing  her  surname  to  be 
Pandclphe),  and  Octave's  father  wanted 
him  to  marry  the  daughter  of  his  friend 
seigneur  Ge'ronte.  The  young  man  would 
not  listen  to  his  father,  and  declared  that 
Hyacinthe,  and  Hyacinthe  alone,  should 
be  ills  wife.  It  was  then  explained  to 
him  that  Hyacinthe  Pandolphe  was  the 
same  person  as  Hyacinthe  Ge'ronte,  and 
that  the  choice  of  father  and  son  were  in 
exact  accord. — Molifere,  Les  Fourberies  de 
Soap  in  (1671). 

(In  The  Cheats  of  Scapin,  Otway's  ver- 
sion of  this  play,  Hyacinthe  is  called 
"Clara,"  her  father  Geronte  "Gripe,"  and 
Octave  is  Anglicized  into  "  Octavian.") 

Hyacinthe  [Father),  Charles  Loyson,  a 
celebrated  pulpit  orator  and  French 
theologian  (1827-        ). 

Hy  Brasail,  the  Gaelic  "Island  of 
the  Blest." 

That  bright,  peaceful  world  which,  like  Hy  Brasail,  was 
to  her  only  a  dun,  delicious  dream. — Dark  Colleen,  iii. 

Hyder  {El),  chief  of  the  Ghaut 
Mountains ;  hero  and  title  of  a  melodrama 
by  Barry  more. 

Hyder  Ali  Khan  Behauder,  the 
nawaub  of  Mysore  (2  sijl.),  disguised  as 


HYDRA. 


464 


HYRCAN  TIGER. 


t}ie  sheik  Hali.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Sur- 
geons Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Hydra  or  Dragon  of  the  Hesperian 
grove.  The  golden  apples  of  the  Hes- 
perian field  were  guarded  by  women  called 
the  Hesperides,  assisted  by  the  hydra  or 
dragon  named  Ladon. 

Her  flowery  store 
To  thee  nor  Tempfi  shall  refuse,  nor  watch 
Of  wiiigdd  hydra  guurd  Hesperian  fruits 
From  thy  free  spoil. 
Akenside,  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  i.  (1744). 

Hy'dromel  properly  means  a  mix- 
turo  of  honey  and  water ;  but  Mrs. 
Browning,  in  her  Drama  of  Exile,  speaks 
of  a  "mystic  hydromel,"  which  cor- 
responds to  the  classic  nectar  or  drink  of 
the  immortals.  This  "mystic  hydromel" 
was  given  to  Adam  and  Eve,  and  held 
them  "  immortal "  as  long  as  they  lived 
in  Eden,  but  when  they  fell  it  was 
poured  out  upon  the  earth. 

[And]  now  our  right  hand  hath  no  cup  remaining  .  .  , 
[/V>rJ  the  mystic  hydromel  is  spilt. 

K  B.  Browning,  A  lyrama  of  ExiU  (1850). 

Hydropsy,  personified  by  Thomson : 

On  limbs  enormous,  but  withal  unsQ^und, 
Soft-swoln  and  wan,  here  lay  pale  Hydropsy,— 
Unwieldy  man  ;  with  belly  monstrous  round. 
For  ever  fed  with  watery  supply. 
For  still  he  drank,  and  yet  was  ever  dry. 

Ca»Ue  of  Indolence,  i.  78  (1748). 

Hymbereourt  {Baron  cT),  one  of 
the  duke  of  Burgundy's  officers. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Hymen,  god  of  marriage ;  the  per- 
sonification of  the  bridal  song  ;  marriage. 

Till  Hymen  brought  his  love-delighted  hour. 
There  dwelt  no  joy  in  Eden's  rosy  bower  .  .  . 
The  world  was  sad,  the  garden  was  a  wild. 
And  man,  the  hermit,  sighed — till  woman  smiled. 
Campbell,  Pleaturet  of  Hope,  il  (1799). 

Hymettus,  a  mountain  in  Attica, 
noted  for  honey. 

And  the  brown  bees  of  Hymettus 
Make  their  honey  not  so  sweet. 

Mrs.  Browning,  Wine  of  Cypmt,  7. 

Hyndman  {Master),  usher  to  the 
council-chamber  at  Holyrood. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Hyperi'on,  the  sun.  His  parents 
were  Cielum  and  Teilus  {heaven  and  earth). 
Strictly  speaking,  he  was  the  father  of 
the  sun,  but  Homer  uses  the  word  for  the 
sun  itself. 

When  the  might 
Of  Hyperion  from  his  noon-tide  throne 
Unbends  their  languid  pinions  [i.e.  of  the  winds\. 

Akenside,  Hymn  to  the  SaiaiU  (1767). 

(Shakespeare  incorrectly  throws  the 
accent  on  the  second  syllable :  "  Hyper'ion 
to  a  satyr"  {Hamlet,  act  i.  sc.  2).  In  this 
almost  all  English  poets  have  erred  with 


Shakespeare  ;  but  Akenside  accents  the 
word  con-ectly,  and  in  Fuimus  Troes  we 
have  ; 

Blow,  gentle  Africus, 
Play  on  our  poops,  when  Hyperion's  son 
Shall  couch  in  west  (1633). 

Placat  equo  Persia  radiis  Hyperione  cinctum. 

Ovid,  Foiti.  i  385.) 

*,t*  Keats  has  left  the  fragment  of  a 
poem  entitled  Hyperion,  of  which  Byron 
says:  "It  seems  inspired  by  the  Titans, 
and  is  as  sublime  as  iEschylus." 

Hypnos,  god  of  sleep,  brother  of 
Oneiros  {dreams)  and  Thanatos  {death). 

In  every  creature  that  breathes,  from  the  conqueror 
resting  on  a  field  of  blood,  to  the  nest-bird  cradled  in  its 
bed  of  leaves,  Hypnos  holds  a  sovereignty  which  nothing 
mortal  can  long  resist — Ouida,  Fol-e-Farine,  iii.  11. 

Hypochondria,  personified  by 
Thomson : 

And  moping  here,  did  Hypochondria  sit. 
Mother  of  spleen,  in  robes  of  various  dye  .  .  . 
And  some  her  frantic  deemed,  and  some  her  deemed  a  wit 
Castle  of  Indolence,  1.  75  (1748). 

Hypocrisy  is  the  homage  v/hich  vice 
renders  to  virtue. 

L'hypocrlsie  est  un  bommageque  le  vice  rend  i  la  verta 
— Kocllefoucauld. 

Hjrp'ocrite  {The),  Dr.  Cantwell  in 
the  English  comedy  by  Isaac  BickerstafF, 
and  Tartuffe  in  the  French  comedy  by 
Molifere.  He  pretends  to  great  sanctity, 
but  makes  his  "religion"  a  mere  trade/ 
for  getting  money,  advancing  his  worldly  j 
prospects,  and  for  the  better  indulgence^ 
of  his  sensual  pleasures.  Dr.  Cantwell  " 
made  the  guest  of  sir  John  Lambert  (ia| 
French,  "  Orgon"),  who  looks  on  him  asj 
saint,  and  promises  him  his  daughter  mJ 
marriage ;  but  his  mercenary  views  andj 
his  love-making  to  lady  Lambert  being! 
at  length  exposed,  sir  John  forbids  himi 
to  remain  in  the  house,  and  a  tipstaff| 
arrests  him  for  a  felonious  fraud  (1768). 

Hyp'ocrites  {The).  Abdallah  ibnj 
Obba  and  his  partizans  were  so  called  by| 
Mahomet. 

Hyp'ocrites  {The  prince  of),  Tiberiut] 
CsEsar  (B.C.  42,  14  to  a.d.  37). 

Hyppolito,    (See  Hippolytus.) 
Hyrcan  Tiger.    Hyrcania  is  in  Asial 
Minor,   south-east  of  the  Caspian  Sea. 
Bouillet  says :  "  Ce  pays  c'tait  tout  entour^ 
de  montiignes  remplies  de  tigres." 


Restore  thy  fierce  and  cr^  el  mind 
To  Hircan  tigres  and  to  ruthless  bears. 

Daniel,  Sonnets  (1B94). 
Approach  thou  like  the  Russian  bear. 
The  armed  rhinoceros,  or  the  Hyrcan  tiger ;' 
Take  any  form  but  that,  and  my  firm  nervee 
Shall  never  tremble. 

Shakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  iU.  K.  5  (160€)< 


I 


lACHIMO. 


465 


IDEN. 


lachimo  ITak'.i.md],  an  Italian  liber- 
tine. When  Posthu'mus,  the  husband  of 
Inio{!:en,  was  banished  for  marrying  the 
king's  daughter,  he  went  to  Rome,  and 
in  the  house  of  Philario  the  conversation 
fell  on  the  fidelity  of  wives.  Posthumus 
bet  a  diamond  ring  that  nothing  could 
change  the  fidelity  of  Imogen,  and 
lachimo  accepted  the  wager.  The  liber- 
tine contrived  to  get  into  a  chest  in 
Imogen's  chamber,  made  himself  master 
of  certain  details,  and  took  away  with 
him  a  bracelet  belonging  to  Imogen. 
"With  these  vouchers,  lachimo  easily  per- 
juaded  Posthumus  that  he  had  won  the 
bet,  and  Posthumus  handed  over  to  him 
the  ring.  A  battle  subsequently  ensued, 
in  which  lachimo  and  other  Romans, 
with  Imogen  disguised  as  a  page,  were 
made  prisoners,  and  brought  before  king 
Cymbeline.  Imogen  was  set  free,  and 
told  to  ask  a  boon.  She  asked  that 
lachimo  might  be  compelled  to  say  how 
he  came  by  the  ring  which  he  had  on  his 
finger,  and  the  whole  villainy  was  brought 
;  to  light.  Posthumus  was  pardoned,  and 
j  all  ended  happily. — Shakespeare,  Cymbe- 
line (1605). 

}  *^*  The  tale  of  Cymbeline  is  from  the 
Decameron  of  Boccaccio  (day  ii.  9),  in 
which  lachimo  is  called  "Ambrose," 
Imogen  is  "  Zineura,"  her  husband  Ber- 
,  mrd  "Lomellin,"  and  Cymbeline  is  the 
f  '  sultan."  The  assumed  name  of  Imo- 
|;en  is " "  Fidele,"  but  in  Boccaccio  it  is 
I '  Sicurano  da  Finale." 

I   la'go  (2  or  3  syl.),  ancient  of  Othello 

I  ommander  of  the  "Venetian  army,  and 

I  usband  of  Emilia.     lago  hated  Othello, 

j  oth  because  Cassio  (a   Florentine)  was 

I  romoted  to  the  lieutenancy  over  his  head, 

[,  ttd  also  from  a  suspicion  that  the  Moor 

';  ad  tampered  with  his  wife  ;  but  he  con- 

i  ialed  his  hatred  so  artfully  that  Othello 

ilt  confident  of  his  "  love  and  honesty." 

tgo    strung    together    such  a  mass   of 

i  rcumstantial  evidence  in  proof  of  Des- 

'  ;mona's  love  for  Cassio,  that  the  Moor 

lied  her  out   of  jealousy.     One  main 

gument  was  that  Desdemona  had  given 

issio    the     very     handkerchief     which 

hello  had  given  her  as  a  love-gift ;  but 

reality  lago   had    induced    his    wife 

ailia    to    purloin     the    handkerchief. 

I  hen  this  villainy  was  brought  to  light, 

I  hello  stabbed    lago ;    but   his  actual 


death   is  no  incident   of  the  tragedy.— 
Shakespeare,  Othello  (1611). 

The  cool  malignity  of  lago.  silent  in  his  resentment, 
subtle  in  his  designs,  and  studious  at  once  of  his  intereiit 
and^his  vengeance,  .  .  .  are  such  proofs  of  Shake*peafe*g 
skill  in  human  nature  as  it  would  be  vain  to  seel(  in  anjr 
modern  writer. — Dr.  Johnson. 

*^*  Byron,  speaking  of  John  P.  Kem- 
ble,  says;  "Was  not  his  '  lago'  perfection 
— particularly  the  last  look  ?  I  was  close 
to  him,  and  I  never  saw  an  English  coun- 
tenance half  so  expressive." 

Iambic  Verse  {The  Father  of), 
Achil'ochos  of  Paros  (b.c.  714-676). 

lanthe  (3  syl),  in  T/ie  Siege  of 
Rhodes,  by  sir  William  Davenant. 

Mrs.  Betterton  was  called  "  lanthe "  by  Pspys,  In  hU 
Diary,  as  having  performed  that  character  to  his  great 
approval.  The  old  gossip  greatly  admired  her,  and  praiiied 
her  "sweet  voice  and  incomparable 
Russell,  Jiepretentative  Actors, 


laprai 


lan'the  (3  syl.),  to  whom  lord  Byron 
dedicated  his  Childe  Harold,  was  lady 
Charlotte  Harley,  who  was  only  eleven 
years  old  at  the  time  (1809). 

Ibe'ria's  Pilot,  Christopher  Co- 
lumbus. Spain  is  called  "Iberia"  and 
the  Spaniards  the  "Ibe'ri."  The  river 
Ubro  is  a  corrupt  form  of  the  Latin  word 
Ibe'rus. 

Launched  with  Iberia's  pilot  from  the  steep. 
To  worlds  unknown,  and  isles  beyond  the  deep. 
CampbeU,  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Tblis  {^^ despair''),  called  Aza'zil before 
he  was  cast  out  of  heaven.  He  refused 
to  pay  homage  to  Adam,  and  was  rejected 
by  God. — Al  Koran. 

"  We  created  you,  and  afterwards  formed  you,  and  all 
worshipped  except  Eblis."  .  ,  .  And  God  said  unto  him 
"What  hindered  you  from  worsliipping  Adam,  since  I 
commanded  it f"  He  answered,  "I  am  more  excellent 
than  he.  Thou  hast  created  me  of  fire,  but  him  of  clay." 
God  sjiid,  "Get  thee  down,  therefore,  from  paradise  .  .  , 
thou  Shalt  be  one  of  the  contemptible.  "—^  J  Kordn,  vlL 

Ib'rahim  or  L*Illustre   Bassa, 

an  heroic  romance  of  Mdlle.  de  Scuderi 
(1641). 

Ice'ni  (3  syl.),  the  people  of  Suffolk, 
Norfolk,  Cambridgeshire,  and  Hunting- 
donshire. Their  metropolis  was  "Venta 
{Caistor,  near  Norwich). — Richard  of 
Cirencester,  Chronicle,  vi.  30. 

The  Angles,  .  .  .  allured  with  .  . .  the  fittness  of  the  plao» 
Where  the  Iceni  lived,  did  set  their  kir.gdom  down  .  .  , 
And  the  £ast  Angles'  kingdom  those  English  did  iiistile. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1G13). 

Idalia,  Venus ;  so  called  from 
Iddlium,  a  town  in  Cyprus,  where  she  waa 
worshipped. 

Iden    (Alexander),   a  poor  squire  of 
Kent,  who  slew  Jack  Cade  the  rebel,  and 
brought  the  head  to  king  Henry  "VI.,  for 
which  service  the  king  said  to  him : 
2b 


IDENSTEIN. 


466 


I.  H.  S. 


Men,  kneel  down.    Rise  up  a  knight. 
We  give  thee  for  reward  a  thousand  marks  ; 
And  will  that  thou  henceforth  attend  on  us. 
Shakespeare,  2  nvnry  VI.  act  v.  so.  1  (1591). 

Idenstein  (Baron),  nephew  of  gene- 
ral Kleiner  governor  of  Prague.  He 
marries  Adolpha,  who  turns  out  to  be  the 
sister  of  Meeta  called  *'  The  Maid  of 
Mariendorpt." — S.  Knowles,  The  Maid  of 
Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Idiot  (The  Inspired),  Oliver  Gold- 
smith. So  called  by  Horace  Walpole 
(1728-1774). 

Idle  Lake,  the  lake  on  which 
Phaedria  (wantonness)  cruised  in  her 
gondola.  One  had  to  cross  this  lake  to 
get  to  Wandering  Island.  —  Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  ii.  (1590). 

Idleness  (The  lake  of).  Whoever 
drank  thereof  grew  instantly  "faint  and 
weary."  The  Red  Cross  Knight  drank  of 
it,  and  was  readily  made  captive  by 
Orgoglio.  —  Spenser,  Faeru  Queen,  i. 
(1690). 

Idom'eneus  ll.dom'.e.nuce'],  king 
of  Crete.  He  made  a  vow  when  he  left 
Troy,  if  the  gods  would  vouchsafe  him  a 
safe  voyage,  to  sacrifice  to  them  the  first 
living  being  that  he  encountered  in  his 
own  kingdom.  The  first  living  object  he 
»et  was  his  own  son,  and  when  the 
father  fulfilled  his  vow,  he  was  banished 
from  his  country  as  a  murderer. 

*^*  The  reader  will  instantly  call  to 
mind  Jephthah's  rash  vow. — Judges  xi. 

Agamemnon  vowed  to  Diana  to  offer 
up  in  sacrifice  to  her  the  most  beautiful 
thing  that  came  into  his  possession  within 
tihe  next  twelve  months.  This  was  an 
infant  daughter;  but  Agamemnon  de- 
ferred the  offering  till  Iphigeni'a  (his 
daughter)  was  full  grown.  The  fleet,  on 
its  way  to  Troy,  being  wind-bound  at 
Aulis,  the  prophet  Kalchas  told  Agamem- 
non it  was  because  the  vow  had  not  been 
fulfilled  ;  accordingly  Iphigenia  was  laid 
on  the  altar  for  sacrifice,  but  Diana  inter- 
posed, carried  the  victim  to  Tauris,  and 
substituted  a  hind  in  her  place.     Iphi- 

fenia  in    Tauris  became  a  priestess  of 
)iana. 

*^*  Abraham,  being  about  to  sacrifice 
his  son  to  Jehovah,  was  stayed  by  a 
voice  from  heaven,  and  a  ram  was  sub- 
stituted for  the  lad  Isaac. — Gen.  xxii. 

Idwal,  king  of  North  Wales,  and  son 
of  Roderick  the  Great.     (See  Ludwal.) 

Idy^a,  the  pastoral  name  of  Britannia, 
"  the  most  b^aytgou^  gt  ^11  the  darlings 


of  Oceanus."— Wm.  Browne,  Britannia's 
Pastorals  (1613). 

ler'ne  (3  syl.),  Ireland.  Pytheas 
(contemporary  with  Aristotle)  was  the 
first  to  call  the  island  by  this  name. 

The  green  lerne's  shore. 
CanipbeU,  Pleature*  of  Hope,  IL  (1799). 

Iger'na,  Igeme  (3  syl.),  or 
Igrayne  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Gorlois  duke 
of  Tintag'il,  in  Cornwall.  Igerna  married 
Uther  the  pendragon  of  the  Britonp,  and 
thus  became  the  mother  of  prince  Aj-thur. 
The  second  marriage  took  place  a  few 
hours  after  the  duke's  death,  but  was  not 
made  public  till  thirteen  days  afterwards. 
— Sir  T.  Malorj',  History  of  Prince 
Arthur  (1470). 

Igna'ro,  foster-father  of  Orgoglio. 
The  old  dotard  walked  one  way  and 
looked  another.  To  every  question  put 
to  him,  his  invariable  answer  was,  "  I 
cannot  tell." — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i. 
(1590). 

***  Lord  Flint,  chief  minister  of  state 
to  one  of  the  sultans  of  India,  used  to 
reply  to  every  disagreeable  question, 
"My  people  know,  no  doubt;  but  I 
cannot  recollect." — Mrs.  Inchbald,  Such 
Things  Are  (1786). 

Thie  Italian  witnesses  summoned  on 
the  trial  of  queen  Charlotte,  answered  to 
almost  every  question,  "  Nonmi  ricordo." 

***  The  "  Know-Nothings "  of  the 
United  States  replied  to  every  question 
about  their  secret  society,  "  I  know 
nothing  about  it." 

Igna'tius  (Brother),  Joseph  Ley- 
cester  Lyne,  monk  of  the  order  of  St. 
Benedict. 

Igna'tius  (Father),  the  Hon.  and  Rev. . 
George  Spencer,  superior  of  the  order  of 
Passionists  (1799-1864). 

Ig'noge  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Pan'- 
drasus  of  Greece,  given  as  wife  to  Brute 
mythical  king  of  Britain.  Spenser  calls 
her  "Inogene"  (3  syl.),  and  Drayton 
"Innogen." — Geoffrey,  British  History,  i,  I 
11  (1142). 

I.  H.  S.  In  Gorman,  I[esus],  H[€i-j 
land],  S[eligmacher],  i.e.  Jesus,  Saviaur,^ 
Sanctifier.  In  Greek,  'L[n<rov^'\,  *H[m«-j 
xe/jor]  2["Tnp],  i.e.  Jesus,  Our  Sariiur.^ 
In  Latin,  Ifesus],  H[ominum]  S[al 
rator],  i.e.  Jesus,  Men's  Saviour.  Thosi 
who  would  like  an  English  equivalent  ma 
adopt  J[csus],  H[eavenly]   S[aviour'' 

The  Latin  equivalent  is  attribu'^"*" 
St.  Bernardino  of  Sienna  (1347) 


Thosd 
jntmay 

t 


ILDERTON. 


467 


ILIAD. 


Ilderton  {Miss  Lucy  and  Miss  Nancy), 
cousins  to  Miss  Vere.  —  Sir  W.  Scott, 
T/ie  Black  Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Il'iad  (3  syl.),  the  tale  of  the  siege  of 
Tro}--,  an  epic  poem  in  twenty-four  books, 
by  Homer.  Menelaos,  king  of  Sparta, 
received  as  a  guest  Paris,  a  son  of  Priam 
king  of  Troy.  Paris  eloped  with  Helen, 
his  host's  wife,  and  Menelaos  induced  the 
Greeks  to  lay  siege  to  Troj',  to  avenge  the 
perfidj'.  The  siege  lasted  ten  years,  when 
Troy  was  taken  and  burnt  to  the  ground. 
Homer's  poem  is  confined  to  the  last  year 
of  the  siege. 

Book  I.  opens  with  a  pestilence  in  the 
Grecian  camp,  sent  by  the  sun-god  to 
avenge  his  priest  Chryses.  The  case  is 
this :  Chryses  wished  to  ransom  his 
daughter,  whom  Agamemnon,  the  Greek 
commander-in-chief,  kept  as  a  concu- 
bine, but  Agamemnon  refused  to  give  her 
up ;  so  the  priest  prayed  to  Apollo  for 
vengeance,  and  the  god  sent  a  pestilence. 
A  council  being  called,  Achilles  up- 
braids Agamemnon  as  the  cause  of  the 
divme  wrath,  and  Agamemnon  replies  he 
will  give  up  the  priest's  daughter,  but 
shall  take  instead  Achilles's  concubine. 
On  hearing  this,  Achilles  declares  he 
will  no  longer  fight  for  such  an  ex- 
tortionate king,  and  accordingly  retires 
to  his  tent  and  sulks  there. 

II.  Jupiter,  being  induced  to  take  the 
part  of  Achilles,  now  sends  to  Agamem- 
non a  lying  dream,  which  induces  him  to 
believe  that  he  shall  take  the  city  at  once  ; 
but  in  order  to  see  how  the  soldiers  are 
affected  by  the  retirement  of  Achilles,  the 
king  calls  them  to  a  council  of  war,  asks 
them  if  it  will  not  be  better  to  give  up 
the  siege  and  return  home.  He  thinks 
the  soldiers  will  shout  "  no "  with  one 
voice ;  but  they  rush  to  their  ships,  and 
would  set  sail  at  once  if  they  were  not 
restrained  by  those  privy  to  the  plot. 

III.  The  soldiers,  being  brought  back, 
are  then  arrayed  for  battle.  Paris  pro- 
poses to  decide  the  contest  by  single 
combat,  and  Menelaos  accepts  the  chal- 
lenge. Paris,  being  overthrown,  is  carried 
off  by  Venus,  and  Agamemnon  demands 
that  the  Trojans  should  give  up  Troy  in 
fulfilment  of  the  compact. 

IV.  While  Agamemnon  is  speaking, 
PandS,rus  draws  his  bow  at  Menelaos  and 
wounds  him,  and  the  battle  becomes 
general. 

V.  Pandarus,  who  had  violated  the 
truce,  is  killed  by  Diomed. 

VI.  Hector,  the  general  of  the  Trojan 
allied  armies,  recommendg  that  the  Tro- 


jan women  in  a  body  should  supplicate 
the  gods  to  pardon  the  sin  of  Pandarus, 
and  in  the  mean  time  he  and  Paris  make 
a  sally  from  the  city  gate. 

VII.  Hector  fights  with  Ajax  in  single 
combat,  but  the  combatants  are  parted  by 
the  heralds,  who  declare  it  a  drawn 
battle ;  so  they  exchange  gifts  and  re- 
turn to  their  respective  tents. 

VIII.  The  Grecian  host,  being  discom- 
fited, retreats ;  and  Hector  prepares  to 
assault  the  enemy's  camp. 

IX.  A  deputation  is  sent  to  Achilles, 
but  the  sulky  hero  remains  obdurate. 

X.  A  night  attack  is  made  on  the  Tro- 
jans by  Diomed  and  Ulysses  ; 

XI.  And  the  three  Grecian  chiefs 
(Agamemnon,  Diomed,  and  Ulysses)  are 
all  wounded. 

XII.  The  Trojans  force  the  gates  of 
the  Grecian  ramparts. 

XIII.  A  tremendous  battle  ensues,  in 
which  many  on  both  sides  are  slain. 

XIV.  While  Jupiter  is  asleep,  Nep- 
tune interferes  in  the  quarrel  in  behalf  of 
the  Greeks  ; 

XV.  But  Jupiter  rebukes  him,  and 
Apollo,  taking  the  side  of  the  Trojans, 
puts  the  Grecians  to  a  complete  rout. 
The  Trojans,  exulting  in  their  success, 
prepare  to  set  fire  to  the  Grecian  camp. 

XVI.  In  this  extremity,  Patroclos 
arrays  himself  in  Achilles's  annour,  and 
leads  the  Myrmidons  to  the  fight ;  but  he 
is  slain  by  Hector. 

XVII.  Achilles  is  told  of  the  death  of 
his  friend  ; 

XVIII.  Resolves  to  return  to  the 
battle  ; 

XIX.  And  is  reconciled  to  Agamemnon. 

XX.  A  general  battle  ensues,  in  which 
the  gods  are  permitted  to  take  part. 

XXI.  The  battle  rages  with  great  fury, 
the  slaughter  is  frightful ;  but  the  Tro- 
jans, being  routed,  retreat  into  their  town, 
and  close  the  gates. 

XXII.  Achilles  slays  Hector  before  he 
is  able  to  enter  the  gates,  and  the  battle 
is  at  an  end.     Nothing  now  remains  but 

XXIII.  To  burn  the  body  of  Patroclos, 
and  celebrate  the  funeral  games. 

XXIV.  Old  Priam,  going  to  the  tent  of 
Achilles,  craves  the  body  of  his  son 
Hector  ;  Achilles  gives  it  up,  and  the 
poem  concludes  with  the  funeral  rites  of 
the  Trojan  hero. 

*0*  Virgil  continues  the  tale  from  this 
point.  Shows  how  the  city  was  taken 
and  burnt,  and  then  continues  with  the 
adventures  of  ^Ene'as,  who  escapes  from 
the  burning  city,  makes  his  way  to  Italy, 


ILIAD. 


468      IMMORTAL  FOUR  OF  ITALT. 


marries  the  king's  daughter,  and  succeeds 
to  the  throne.     (See  J^^neid.) 

JRiad  {The  French)^  The  Boinance  of 
the  Rose  (q.v.). 

Iliad  {The  German),  The  Nibelungen 
Lied  {q.v.). 

Iliad  {The  Portuguese),  The  Lusiad 
{q.v.). 

Iliad  {The  Scotch),  The  Upigoniad,  hy 
William  Wilkie  {q.v.). 

Iliad  in  a  NutsheU  {The).  Pliny 
tells  lis  that  the  Iliad  was  once  copied  in 
so  small  a  hand  that  the  whole  of  the 
tAventy-four  books  were  shut  up  in  a  nut- 
shell.—i//s^,  vii.  21. 

Huet,  bishop  of  Avranches,  demonstrated 
the  possibility  of  this  being  the  case  by 
•writing  eighty  lines  of  the  Iliad  on  the 
space  occupied  by  one  line  of  this  dic- 
tionary, so  that  the  whole  Iliad  might  be 
got  into  about  two-thirds  of  a  single 
page. 

In  No.  530  of  the  Harleian  MSS.  is  an 
account  of  a  similar  performance  by  Peter 
Bales,  a  Chancery  clerk  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Elizabeth.  He  wrote  out,  in  1590, 
the  whole  Bible,  and  enclosed  his  MS.  in 
a  Avalnut-shell.  Bales's  MS.  contained 
as  many  leaves  as  an  ordinary  Bible,  but 
the  size  of  the  leaves  was  reduced,  and 
the  paper  was  as  thin  as  possible. 

I  have  myself  seen  the  Ten  Command- 
ments, the  Lord's  Prayer,  the  Apostles' 
Creed,  and  "  God  save  the  King ! "  all 
written  on  a  space  not  larger  than  a 
silver  threepence  ;  and  who  has  not  seen 
a  sheet  of  the  Times  newspaper  reduced  to 
the  size  of  a  locket  ? 

The  Iliad  in  a  nutshell  is  quite  outdone 
by  the  web  given  to  a  prince  by  the 
White  Cat.  It  was  wrapped  in  a  millet 
seed,  and  was  400  yards  long.  What  was 
more  wonderful  was  this :  there  were 
painted  on  it  all  sorts  of  birds,  beasts, 
and  fishes ;  fruits,  trees,  and  plants ; 
rocks  and  sea-shells ;  the  sun,  moon,  stars, 
and  planets  ;  the  likenesses  of  all  the 
kings  and  princes  of  the  world,  with  their 
wives,  mistresses,  and  children,  all  dressed 
in  their  proper  costume. 

The  prince  took  out  of  a  box,  covered  with  rubies,  a 
tr.aliiut,  which  he  cracked,  and  saw  inside  it  a  small  liazel 
nut,  which  he  cracked  also,  and  found  inside  a  kernel  of 
wax.  He  peeled  the  kernel,  and  discovered  a  corn  of 
wheat,  and  in  the  wheat-corn  was  a  grain  of  millet,  which 
contained  a  web  400  yards  in  length.— Comtesse  D'Aunoy, 
rairp  Tales  ("  The  White  Cat,"  1682). 

Iliad  of  Old  English  Litera- 
ture, "  The  Knight's  Tale  "  of  PalSmon 


and  Arcite  (2  syl.)  in  Chaucer's  Canier" 
bury  Tales  (1388). 

Iliad  of  "Woes  (Latin,  Hias  malo'rwn)y 
a  world  of  disasters  (Cicero,  Attic,  viii. 
11).  Homer's  Iliad  is  an  epic  of  "  woe  " 
from  beginning  to  end. 

Let  others  boast  of  blood,  and  spoils  of  foes, 
Fierce  rapines,  murders,  Iliads  of  woes. 

W.  Drunmiond,  Death  of  Jlceliades  (1612). 

Ilis'sus,  one  of  the  rivers  on  which 
Athens  was  situated.  Plato  lays  the 
scene  of  many  of  the  best  conversations 
of  Socrates  on  the  banks  of  this  river. 

.  .  .  the  thymy  vale. 
Where  oft,  enchanteil  with  Socratic  sounds, 
Ilissus  pure  devolved  his  tuneful  stream 
In  gentler  munnurs. 
Akenside,  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  i.  (1744). 

Ill  Luck  always  attended  those  who 
possessed  the  gold  of  Nibelungen,  the.] 
gold  of  Toboso,  the  sword  of  Kol  called^ 
Graysteel,  Harmonia's  necklace,  etc. 

Ill  Wind.    '  Tis  an  ill  wind  that  hlo 
nobody  any  good. 

Except  wind  stinds,  as  never  it  stoou, 
It  is  an  ill  wind  turns  none  to  goo.1. 

T.  Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Go 
Husbandry,  xiii.  (1557). 

Illuminated  Doctor  {The),  Ray-| 
mond  Lully  (1235-1315). 

John  Tauler,  the  German  mystic,  is  sd] 
called  also  (1294-1361). 

Ima'us  (3  syl.),  the  Himalaya  oi 
snow-hills. 

The  huge  incumbrance  of  horrific  woods 
From  Asian  Taurus,  from  Imaus  stretclied 
Athwart  the  roving  Tartar's  sullen  bounds. 

Thomson,  The  Seasons  {"  Autumn,"  I?*)). 

Imis,  the  daughter  and  only  child  o| 
an  island  king.  She  was  enamoured 
her  cousin  Philax.  A  fay  named  Pagai 
loved  her,  and,  seeing  she  rejected  hi 
suit,  shut  up  Imis  and  Philax  in  tl 
"Palace  of  Revenge."  This  palace  wi 
of  crystal,  and  contained  everything  thij 
heart  could  desire  except  the  power 
leaving  it.  For  a  time,  Imis  and  Philas 
were  happy  enough,  but  after  a  few  years 
they  longed  as  much  for  a  separation  as 
they  had  once  wished  to  be  united.— 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("Palace 
of  Revenge,"  1682). 

Imlac  of  Goiama,  near  the  mouth 
of  the  Nile  ;  the  son  of  a  rich  merchant. 
Imlac  was  a  great  traveller  and  a  poet, 
who  accompanied  Rasselas  in  his  rambles, 
and  returned  with  him  to  the  "happy 
valley." — Dr.  Johnson,  Hasselas  (1759). 

Immortal  Four  of  Italy  {The): 
Dante  (1265-1321),  Petrarch  (1304-1374), 


111 


IMOGEN. 


4G9 


IMPOSTORS. 


Ariosto  (1474-1533),  and  Tasso  (1544- 
1595). 

The  poets  read  he  o'er  and  o'er, 
And  njost  of  all  the  Immortal  Four 
Of  Italy. 

Longfellow,  The  Wayside  Inn  (prelude). 

Imogen,  daughter  of  Cj'tn'beline 
(3  syl.)  king  of  Britain,  married  clan- 
destinely Posthumus  Leonatus ;  and  Post- 
humus,  being  banished  for  the  offence, 
retired  to  Rome.  One  day,  in  the  house 
of  Philario,  the  conversation  turned  on 
the  merits  of  wives,  and  Posthumus  bet 
his  diamond  ring  that  nothing  could 
tempt  the  fidelity  of  Imogen.  lachimo 
accepted  the  wager,  laid  his  plans,  and 
after  due  time  induced  Posthumus  to 
believe  that_Imogen^  liad_played„laJse, 
showmg,  by  way  of  proof,  a  bracelet, 
which  he  affirmed  she  had  given  him ; 
so  Posthumus  handed  over  to  him  the 
ting  given  him  by  Imogen  at  parting. 
Posthumus  now  ordered  his  servant' 
Pisanio  to  inveigle  Imogen  to  Milford , 
Haven,  under  pretence  of  seeing  her  hus- 
band, and  to  murder  her  on  the  road  ; 
but  Pisanio  told  Imogen  his  instructions, 
advised  her  to  enter  the  service  of 
Lucius,  the  Roman  general  in  Britain, 
as  a  page,  and  promised  that  he  would 
make  Posthumus  believe  that  she  was 
dead.  This  was  done ;  and  not  long 
afterwards  a  battle  ensued,  in  which  the 
Romans  were  defeated,  and  Lucius, 
lachimo,  and  Imogen  were  taken  pri- 
soners. Posthumus  also  took  part  in 
the  battle,  and  obtained  for  his  services 
the  royal  pardon.  The  captives  being 
brought  before  Cymbeline,  Lucius  en- 
treated the  king  to  liberate  Imogen.' 
The  petition  was  not  only  granted,  but 
Imogen  was  permitted,  at  the  same  time, 
1  to  ask  a  boon  of  the  British  king.  She 
only  begged  that  lachimo  should  inform 
the  court  how  he  came  by  the  ring  he 
was  wearing  on  his  finger.  The  whole 
villainy  was  thus  revealed,  a  concilia- 
tion took  place,  and  all  ended  happily. 
(See  ZiNEUKA.)— Shakespeare,  Cymbeline 
(1605).  V       ^    u 

..  ,"i>%*'"  "  R^Und,"  "  the  lady  Constance,"  "  Portia," 
lady  MacbethT^d  the  divine  "Imogeu  "  [all  -Shake- 

tpeare]  crt)wd  upon  our  fancy ;  to  have  seen  Miss  Faucit  in 
,  .t»ese  characters  is  to  have  seen  a  whole  world  of 
I  poetry  revealed.— /hiftim  University  Magazine,  1846. 

Im'ogine  (The  Fair),  the  lady  be- 
trothed to  Alonzo  "the  Brave,"  and  who 
I  '.aid  to  him,  when  he  wont  to  the  wars ;  "If 
Jver  I  marry  another,  may  thy  ghost  be 
,  )resent  at  the  bridal  feast,  and  bear  me 
1)4  to  the  grave,"  Alonzo  fell  in  battle  ; 
iimogine   married  another;  and,   at  the 


marriage  feast,  Alonzo's  ghost,  claiming 
the  fulfilment  of  the  compact,  carried 
away  the  bride. — M.  G.  Lewis,  Alonzo 
tlie  Brave  and  the  Fair  Imo()ine  (1795). 

Im'ogine  {The  lady),  wife  of  St.  Aldo- 
brand.  Before  her  marriage,  she  was 
courted  by  count  Bertram,  but  the  at- 
tachment fell  through,  because  Bertram 
was  outlawed  and  became  the  leader  of 
a  gang  of  thieves.  It  so  happened  one 
day  that  Bertram,  being  shipwrecked  off 
the  coast  of  Sicily,  was  conveyed  to  the 
castle  of  lady  Imogine,  and  the  old  at- 
tachment revived  on  both  sides.  Bertram 
murdered  St.  Aldobrand  ;  Imogine,  going 
mad,  expired  in  the  arms  of  Bertram  ;  and 
Bertram  killed  himself. — C.  Maturin, 
Bertram  (181G). 

Imoin'da  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  a 
white  man,  who  went  to  the  court  of 
Angola,  changed  his  religion,  and  grew 
great  as  commander  of  the  forces.  His 
daughter  was  married  to  prince  Oroonoko. 
Soon  afterwards  the  young  prince  was 
trapanned  by  captain  Driver,  taken  to 
Surinam,  and  sold  for  a  slave.  Here  he 
met  his  young  wife,  whom  the  lieutenant- 
governor  wanted  to  make  his  mistress, 
and  Oroonoko  headed  a  rising  of  the  slaves. 
The  end  of  the  story  is  that  Imoinda 
slew  herself ;  and  Oroonoko,  having 
stabbed  the  lieutenant-governor,  put  an 
end  to  his  own  life. — Thomas  Southern, 
Oroonoko  (1696). 

Impertinent  {The  Curious),  an 
Italian,  who,  to  make  trial  of  his  wife's 
fidelity,  persuades  his  friend  to  try  and 
seduce  her.  The  friend  succeeds  in  win- 
ning the  lady's  love,  and  the  impertinent 
curiosity  of  the  husband  is  punished  by 
the  loss  of  his  friend  and  wife  too. — 
Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  5  (an 
episode,  1605). 

Impostors  {Literary). 

1.  Bertkam  {Dr.  Charles  Julius),  pro- 
fessor of  English  at  Copenhagen.  He  gave 
out  that  he  had  discovered,  in  1747,  in  the 
library  of  that  city,  a  book  entitled  De 
Situ  Britannice,  by  Richardus  Corinensis. 
He  published  this  with  two  other  treatises 
(one  by  Gildas  Badon'icus,  and  the  other 
by  Nennius  Banchorensis)  in  1757.  The 
forgery  was  exposed  by  J.  E.  Mayor,  in 
his  preface  to  Hicardi  de  Cirencestria 
Speculum  Historiale. 

2.  Chattp:rton  {Thomas)  puolished, 
in  1777,  a  volume  of  poems,  which  he 
professed  to  be  from  the  pen  of  Thomas 

I    Rowley,  a  monk  of  the  fifteenth  century. 


IMPOSTORS. 


470 


IMPROVISATORS. 


The  forgery  was  exposed  by  Mason  and 
Gray. 

3.  Ireland  (Samuel  William  Henry) 
published,  in  1796,  a  series  of  papers 
which  he  affirmed  to  be  by  Shakespeare, 
together  with  the  tragedy  of  Lear  and 
a  part  of  Hamlet.  Dr.  Parr,  Dr.  Valpy, 
James  Boswell,  Herbert  Croft,  and  Pye 
the  poet-laureate,  signed  a  document  cer- 
tifying their  conviction  that  the  collection 
was  genuine;  but  Ireland  subsequently 
confessed  the  forgery.  He  also  wrote  a 
play  entitled  Vortigern  and  Eowena, 
which  he  asserted  was  by  Shakespeare ; 
but  Malone  exposed  the  imposition. 

4.  Laudek  { William)  published,  in  1751 , 
false  quotations  from  Masenius  a  Jesuit 
of  Cologne,  Taubmann  a  German,  Sta- 
phorstius  a  learned  Dutchman,  and 
others,  to  "  prove  Milton  a  gross  plagi- 
arist." Dr.  Douglas  demonstrated  that 
the  citations  were  incorrect,  and  that 
often  several  lines  had  been  foisted  in  to 
make  the  parallels.  Lauder  confessed 
the  fact  afterwards  (1754). 

5.  Mentz,  who  lived  in  the  ninth  cen- 
tury, published  fifty-nine  decretals,  which 
he  ascribed  to  Isidore  of  Seville,  who 
died  in  the  sixth  century.  The  object 
of  thes*  letters  was  either  to  exalt  the 
papacy,  or  to  enforce  some  law  assuming 
such  exaltation.  Among  them  is  the 
decretal  of  St.  Fabian,  instituting  the 
rite  of  the  chrism,  with  the  decretals 
of  St,  Anacletus,  St.  Alexander,  St. 
Aihanasius,  and  so  on.  They  have  all 
been  proved  to  be  barefaced  forgeries. 

6.  Fereira  {Colonel),  a  Portuguese, 
prof^gsed  to  have  discovered  in  the  con- 
vent of  St.  Maria  de  Merinhao,  nine 
books  of  Sanchoni'athon,  which  he  pub- 
lished in  1837.  It  was  found  that  the 
paper  of  the  MS.  bore  the  water-mark  of 
the  Osuabriick  paper-mills. 

7.  PsALMANAZAR  (George),  who  pre- 
tended to  be  a  Japanese,  published,  in 
1704,  an  Historical  and  Geographical  De- 
scription of  Formosa,  an  Island  belonging 
to  the  Empire  of  Japan.  He  was  an 
Englishman,  born  in  London,  name  un- 
known (died  1763). 

8.  Smith  (Joseph)  professed  that  his 
Book  of  MormoJi,  published  in  1830,  was 
a  direct  revelation  to  him  by  the  angel 
Mormon  ;  but  it  was  really  the  work  of 
a  Rev.  Solomon  Spalding.  Smith  was 
murdered  in  Carthage  jail  in  1844. 

9.  SuRTEES  (Robert)  sent  sir  Walter 
Scott  several  ballads,  which  were  inserted 
in  good  faith  in  the  Border  Minstrelsy, 
but  were  in  fact  forgeries.    For  example, 


a  ballad  on  A  Feud  between  the  Bidle^ 
and  the  Feather  stories,  said  to  be  tak< 
down  from  the  mouth  of  an  old  womi 
on  Alston  Moor  (1806)  ;  Lord  Evn 
said  to  be  taken  down  from  the  mouth 
Rosa  Smith  of  Bishop  Middleham,  ajt.  9j 
(1807)  ;  xmABarthram's  Dirge  (1809). 
The  Ivor/in  was  said  by  Mahomet 
be  revealed  to  him  by  the  angel  Gabriel," 
but  it  was  in  reality  the  work  of  a  Persian 
Jew,  a  Jacobite  and  a  Nestorian.  Th? 
detached  parts  of  the  Kora^i  were 
lected  into  a  volume  by  Abii  Bekr  in 
Mahomet  died  in  632. 

Improvisators. 

AccoLTi  (Bernardo),  of  Aiezzo,  calli 
the  Unico  Areti'no  (1465-1535). 

Aquilano  (Serajino),  born  at  Act 
(1466-1500). 

Bandettini  (Teresa),  (1756-*).  Ma- 
rone,  Quercio,  and  Silvio  Aktoniano 
(eighteenth  century). 

Beronicius  (F.  J.),  who  could  con- 
vert extempore  into  Latin  or  Greek  verse, 
a  Dutch  newspaper  or  anything  else 
which  he  heard  (died  1676). 

Gorilla  (Maria  Magdalena),  of  Pistoia. 
Mde.  de  Stael  has  borrowed  her  Corrinne 
from  this  improvisatrix.  Crowned  at 
Rome  in  1776  (1740-1800). 

Gianni    (Francis),   an    Italian,   made 
imperial  poet  by  Napoleon,  whose  victor 
he  celebrated  in  verse  (1759-1823). 

Jehax  (Niir),  of  Bengal,  during 
sultanship  of  Jehanger.  She  was 
inventor  of  the  otto  of  roses  (died  164 

Karsch  (Anna  Louisa),  of  German] 

Mazzei    (Signora),  the  most  talent 
of  all  improvisators. 

Metastasio  (P.  A.  D.  B.),  of  Assisi, 
who  developed  at  the  age  of  ten  a 
wonderful  talent  for  extemporizing  in 
verse  (1698-1782). 

Perketti  (Bernardino),  of  Sienna,  who 
received  a  laurel  crown  in  the  capitol,  an 
honour  conferred  only  on  Petrarch  and 
Tasso  (1681-1747). 

Petrarch  (Francesco),  who  introduced 
the  amusement  of  improvisation  (1304- 
1374). 

Rossi,  beheaded  at  Naples  in  1799. 

Serafino  d'Aquila.  (See  above, 
"Aquilano.'") 

Serio,  beheaded  at  Naples  in  1799. 

Sgricci  (Tommaso),  of  Tuscany 
(1788-1832).  His  Death  of  Charles  /., 
Death  of  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  Fall^ 
Missolonqhi  are  very  celebrated. 

Taddei  (Rosa),  (1801-        ). 

Zucco  (Marc  Antonio),  of  Ve 
(*-1764). 


INCHCAPE  EOCK. 


471 


INEZ  DE  CASTRO. 


To  these  add  Cicconi,  Bindocci,  Sestini ; 
the  brothers  Clercq  of  Holland,  Wolf  of 
Altrtna,  Langenschwarz  of  Germany, 
Eugbne  de  Pradel  of  France,  and  our 
own  Thomas  Hood  (1798-1845). 

Inchcape  Rock  {The),  east  of  the 
Isle  of  May,  twelve  miles  from  all  land, 
in  the  German  Sea.  Here  a  warning  bell 
•was  floated  on  a  buoy  by  the  forethought 
of  an  abbot  of  Aberbrothok.  Southey 
says  that  Ralph  the  Rover,  in  a  mischievous 
joke,  cut  the  bell  from  the  buoy,  and  it 
fell  into  the  sea  ;  but  on  his  return  voyage 
his  boat  ran  on  the  rock,  and  Ralph  was 
drowned. 

In  old  times  upon  the  saide  rock  there  was  a  bell  fixed 
upon  a  timber,  which  rang  continually,  being  moved  by 
tlie  sea,  giving  notice  to  saylers  of  the  d.-inger.  This  bell 
Wiw  put  there  and  maintained  by  the  abbot  of  Aberbro- 
thok, but  being  taken  down  by  a  sea-pirate,  a  yeare 
thereafter  he  perished  upon  the  same  rocke,  with  ship  and 
goodes,  in  the  righteous  judgement  of  God.— Stoddart, 
liemarki  on  Scotland. 

A  similar  story  is  told  of  St  Goven's 
bell,  in  Pembrokeshire.  The  silver  bell 
was  stolen  one  night  from  the  chapel  by 
pirates  ;  but  no  sooner  had  their  boat  put 
out  to  sea  than  all  the  crew  were  wrecked. 
The  silver  bell  was  carried  by  sea-nymphs 
to  a  well,  and  whenever  the  stone  of  that 
well  is  struck  the  bell  is  heard  to  moan. 

Inconstant  {The),  a  comedy  by  G. 
Farquhar  (1702).  "The  inconstant"  is 
young  Mirabel,  who  shilly-shallies  with 
Oria'na  till  she  saves  him  from  being 
murdered  by  four  bravoes  in  the  house  of 
Lamorce  (2  syL). 

This  comedy  is  a  rechauffe  of  the  Wild- 
goose  Chase,  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher 
(1652). 

Incorruptible  {The).  Maxim ilien 
Robespierre  was  so  called  by  his  friends 
in  the  Revolution  (1756-1794). 

"William  Shippen,"  says  Horace  Wal- 
pole,  "is  the  only  man  proof  against  a 
bribe." 

*^*  Fabricius,  the  Roman  hero,  could 
not  be  corrupted  by  bribes,  nor  influenced 
by  threats.  Pyrrhus  declared  it  would  be 
as  easy  to  divert  the  sun  from  its  course 
as  Fabricius  from  the  path  of  duty. — 
Roman  Story. 

In'cubus,  a  spirit  half  human  and 
half  angelic,  living  in  mid-air  between 
the  moon  and  our  earth. — Geoffrey,  Bri- 
tish History,  vi.  18  (1142). 

Indian  File,  one  by  one.  The 
American  Indians,  when  they  go  on  an 
attack,  march  one  by  one.  The  one 
behind  carefully  steps  in  the  foot-marks 
oji  th«  one  before,  and  the  last  of  the  file 


obliterates  the  foot-prints.  By  this 
means  their  direction  and  number  are  not 
detected. 

Each  man  followed  his  leader  in  Indian  file. — Captain 
Burnaby,  On  Horseback  through  Alia  Minor  (1877). 

Indra,  god  of  the  elements.  His 
palace  is  described  by  Southey  in  The 
Curse  of  Kehama,  vii.  10  (1809). 

Inesilla  de  Cantarilla,  daughter 
of  a  Spanish  lute-maker.  She  had  the 
unusual  power  of  charming  the  male  sex 
during  the  whole  course  of  her  life,  which 
exceeded  75  years.  Idolized  by  the  noble- 
men of  the  old  court,  she  saw  herself 
adored  by  those  of  the  new.  Even  in 
her  old  age  she  had  a  noble  air,  an  en- 
chanting wit,  and  graces  peculiar  to  her- 
self suited  to  her  years. — Lesage,  Gil 
Bias,  viii.  1  (1735). 

I'nez  of  Cadiz,  addressed  in  Childe 
Harold,  i.  (after  stanza  84).  Nothing 
known  of  her. 

Tnez  {Donna),  mother  of  don  Juan. 
She  trained  her  son  according  to  pre- 
scribed rules  with  the  strictest  propriety, 
and  designed  to  make  him  a  model  of  all 
virtues.  Her  husband  was  don  Jose', 
whom  she  worried  to  death  by  her  prudery 
and  want  of  sympathy.  Donna  Inez 
was  a  "blue-stocking,"  learned  in  all 
the  sciences,  her  favourite  one  being 
"  the  mathematical."  She  knew  every 
European  language,  "a  little  Latin  and 
less  Greek."  In  a  word,  she  was  "  per- 
fect as  perfect  is,"  according  to  the 
standard  of  Miss  Edgeworth,  Mrs.  Trim- 
mer, and  Hannah  More,  but  had  "  a 
great  opinion  of  her  own  good  qualities." 
Like  Tennyson's  "Maud,"  this  paragon 
of  women  was,  to  those  who  did  not  look 
too  narrowly,  "  faultily  faultless,  icily 
regular,  splendidlv  null." — Byron,  Don 
Juan,  i.  10-30  (1819). 

Inez  de  Castro,  crowned  six  years 
after  her  death.  The  tale  is  this  :  Don 
Pedro,  son  of  Alfonso  IV.  of  Portugal, 
privately  married,  in  1345,  the  "beauty  of, 
Castile,"  and  Alfonso  was  so  indignant" 
that  he  commanded  her  to  be  put  to  deathj 
(1355).  Two  years  afterwards,  don  Pedro> 
succeeded  to  the  crown,  and  in  1361  had 
the  body  of  Inez  exhumed  and  crowned. 

Camoens,  the  Portuguese  poet,  has 
introduced  this  story  in  his  Lusiad,  A. 
Ferreira,  another  Portuguese  poet,  has  a 
tragedy  called  Inez  de  Castro  (1554) ; 
Lamotte  produced  a  tragedy  with  the 
same  title  (1723) ;  and  Guiraud  another 
in  1826.     (See  next  art.) 


INEZ  DE  CASTRO. 


472 


INFERNO. 


Inez  de  Castro,  the  bride  of  prince 
Pedro  of  Portugal,  to  whom  she  was 
clandestinely  married.  The  king  Alfonso 
and  his  minister  Gonzalez,  not  knowing 
of  this  marriage,  arranged  a  marriage  for 
the  young  prince  with  a  Spanish  princess, 
and  when  the  prince  refused  his  consent, 
Gonzalez  ferreted  out  the  cause,  and 
induced  Inez  to  drink  poison.  He  then 
put  the  young  prince  under  arrest,  but  as 
he  was  being  led  away,  the  announce- 
ment came  that  Alfonso  was  dead  and 
don  Pedro  was  his  successor.  The  tables 
were  now  turned,  for  Pedro  was  instantly 
released,  and  Gonzalez  led  to  execution. 
— Ross  Neil,  Inez  de  Castro  or  The  Bride 
of  Portugal.     (See  previous  art.) 

Infant  Endowed  with  Speech. 

The  imam  Abzenderoud  excited  the 
envy  of  his  confraternity  by  his  superior 
virtue  and  piety,  so  they  suborned  a 
woman  to  father  a  child  upon  him.  The 
imam  prayed  to  Mahomet  to  reveal  the 
truth,  whereupon  the  new-born  infant 
told  in  good  Arabic  who  his  father  was, 
and  Abzenderoud  was  acquitted  with 
honour. — T.  S.  Gueulette,  Chinese  Tales 
("  Imam  Abzenderoud,"  1723). 

Infant  of  Lubeck,  Christian  Henry 
Heinecken.  At  one  year  old  he  knew  the 
chief  events  of  the  Pentateuch  ! !  at  thir- 
teen months  he  knew  the  history  of  the 
Old  Testament ! !  at  fourteen  months  he 
knew  the  history  of  the  New  Testament ! ! 
at  two  and  a  half  years  he  could  answer 
any  ordinary  question  of  history  or  geo- 
graphy ! !  and  at  three  years  old  he 
knew  German,  French,  and  Latin  !  ! 

Inferno  (The),  in  thirty-four  cantos, 
by  Dante  [Aiighieri]  (1300).  While  Avan- 
dering  through  a  wood  {this  life),  the 
poet  comes  to  a  mountain  {fame),  and 
begins  to  climb  it,  but  first  a  panther 
{pleasure),  then  a  lion  {ambition),  and 
then  a  she-wolf  {avarice)  stand  in  his 
path  to  stay  him.  The  appearance  of 
Virgil  {human  wisdom),  however,  en- 
courages him  (canto  i.),  and  the  Mantuan 
tells  him  he  is  sent  by  three  ladies 
[Beatrice  {faith),  Lucia  {grace),  and 
Mercy]  to  conduct  him  through  the 
realms  of  hell  (canto  ii.).  On  thej'^  pro- 
ceed together  till  they  come  to  a  portal 
bearing     this     inscription :     all     hope 

ABANDON    YE    WHO    ENTER   HERE  ;     they 

pass  through,  and  come  to  that  neutral 
realm,  where  dwell  the  spirits  of  those 
not  good  enough  for  heaven  nor  bad 
enough  for  hell,  "  the  praiseless  and  the 
blameless  dead."    Passing  through  this 


border-land,   they  command  old  Charon 
to    ferry    them    across   the  AchSron   to 
Limbo  (canto  iii.),  and  here  they  behold 
the  ghosts  of  the  unbaptized,  "blameless 
of  sin  "  but  not  members  of  the  Christian 
Church.     Homer  is  here,  Horace,  Ovid, 
and  Lucan,  Avho  enroll  Dante  "  sixth  of 
the  sacred  band."    On  leaving  Limbo,  our 
adventurer  follows  his  guide  through  the 
seven  gates  which  lead  to  the  inferno,  an 
enormous  funnel-shaped  pit,  divided  into 
stages.     The  outer, ,or  first  "circle,"  is 
a  vast  meadow,  in  wMch  luuui-Electra 
(mother    of    DardSnus    the   founder    of 
Troy),  Hector,  iEne'as,  and  Julius  Caesar; 
Camilla   and  Penthesile'a ;   Latinus  and 
Junius  Brutus ;  Lucretia,  Marcia  (Cato' 
wife),    Julia  (Pompey's  wife),  and  Cor- 
nelia;  and    here    "apart  retired,"   thei 
see    Saladin,   the    rival   of   Richard 
Lion-heart.     Linos  is  here  and  Orph( 
Aristotle,   Socrates,    and   Plato ;    Demo-1 
critos   who    ascribed    creation    to   blinc 
chance,  DiogSnes  the  cynic,  Heracllto 
Emped'ocles,  Anaxag'oras,  Thal?s,  Dio 
cor'ides,  and  Zeno  ;   Cicero  and  Seneca, 
Euclid   and   Ptolemy,    Hippocrates   am 
Galen,  Avicen,  and  Averroes  the  Arabiai 
translator  and  commentator  of  Aristotl 
(canto  iv.).     From  the  first   stage   the 
descend  to  the  second,  where  Minos  si 
in  judgment  on  ttie  gnosts  brought  befo 
him.     He  indicates  what  circle  a  ghost 
to  occupy  by  twisting  his  tail  round  h 
body :  two  twists  signify  that  the  gho 
is  to  be  banished  to   the  second  circle, 
three  twists,  that  it  is  to  be  consigned 
the  third  circle,  and  so  on.     Here,  sa; 
the    poet,    "light    was    silent  all,"  b 
shrieks     and    groans    and     blasphemi 
were    terrible    to  hear.      This   circle 
the  hell  of  carnal  and  sinful  love,  whe 
Dante  recognizes  SemirSmis,  Dido,  Cle< 
patra,   and  Helen  ;  Axihilles   and   Parii 
Tristan,    the  lover    of— ^s   uncle's   wif( 
Isolde ;  Lancelot,  the  loyCT  of  queen  Guin 
ever ;  and  Francesca,  %he  lover  of 
her  brother-in-law  (canto  v.).     The 
circle  is  a  pla«^ofdeeper"woe. 
fall  in  ceaseless  shovV^l'ri,  Mil,  black  rai 
and  sleety  flaw  ;  the  air  is  cold  and  dui 
and   a  foul   stench   rises   from   the  soi 
CerbSrus  keeps  watch  here,  and  this  part 
of  the  inferno  is  set  apart  for  gluttons, 
like  Ciacco  (2  syl.).     From  this  stage  the 
two  poets  pass  on  to  the  "  fourtliito«i*' 
ledge,"  presided  over  by  PlulUS  (canto  vi.), 
a  realm  which  "  hems  in  all  the  woe  of 
all  the  universe."     Here  are  gathered  the 
souls  of  the  avaricious,  who  wasted  the" 
talents,  and  made  no  right  use  of  th^ 


1 


INFERNO. 


473 


INI. 


wealth.  Crossing  this  region,  they  come 
to  the  "  fifth  steep,"  and  see  the  Stygian 
Lake  of  inky  hue.  This  circle  is  a  huge 
bog  in  which  "  the  miry  tribe  "  flounder, 
and  "gulp  the  muddy  lee8."^tt  is  the 
abode  of  those  w^o  put  no  restraint  upon 
their  anger  (canto  vii.).  JNext  comes  the 
city  of  Dis,  where  the  souls  of  heretics 
are  ' '  interred  in  yat^ts "  (cantos  viii.,ix.). 
Here  Dante  recognizes  Farina'ta  (a  leader 
of  the  Ghibelline  faction),  and  is  in- 
formed  thatlhe  emperor  Frederick  il. 
and  carainftl-UbaWiTrt*  are  amongst  the 
number  (canto  x.).  ^Hie  city  of  Dis  con- 
tains the  next  three  ©ircija (canto  xi.), 
through  which  Messus  coyucts  them  ; 
and  here  th^  Rftft  thf*  Minotaur  jnd  the 
Centaurs,  as  Chiron  who  nursed  Achilles 
and  Pholus  'tlie^^assionatft.  Thft  %ftt 
circle  of  Dis  (the  sixth)  is  for  those  Avho 
by  force  or  fraud  have  done  vioT.ence 
to  man,  as  Alexander  the  Great,  Dio- 
nysius  of  Syracuse,  Attila,  Sextus,  and 
Pyrrhus  (canto  xii.).  The  next  (the 
seventlueircle)  is  for  those  who  have  done 
violence  to  thernsslves,  as  suicides  ;  here 
are  the  Harpies,  and  here  the  souls  are 
transformed  to  tfecs  (canto  xiii.).  The 
eighth  circls-is  for  the  souls  of  those 
who  have  done  vioierice  to  God,  as  blas- 
phemers andJaeretics  ;  it  is  a  hell  of  burn- 
ing, where  it  snows  flakes  of  fire.  Here 
is  Cap^aneus  (3  syL}_J,c^ato  xiv.),  and 
here  Dante  'held  coioverse  wTEE^Brunetto, 
his  old  8ch^Krhna:5ter  (caat6  xv.).  Hav- 
ing  reached"The  confines  of  the"  realm 
of  Dis,  Ger'yon  carries  Dante  into  the 
region  of  Malebolge  (4  syL),  a  horrible 
hell,  containing  ten  pits  or  chasms  (canto 
xvii.) :  In  the  first  is  Jason  5  the  second 
I  is  for  harlots  (canto  xviii.'J  ;  in  the  third 
ia  Simon  Magus,  "who  prostituted  the 
things  of  God  for  gold  ; "  %a  the  fourth, 
pope  Nicholas  III.  (canto  xix.)  ;  in  the 
fifth,  the  ghosts  had  their  heads  "  re- 
versed at  the  neck-bone,"  and  here  are 
Amphiaraos,  Tiresias  who  was  first  a 
;  ivoman  and  then  a  man,  Michael  Scott 
l|;he  magician,  with  all  witches  and 
tliviners  (canto  xx.)  ;  in  the  sixth,  Caia- 
lohas  and  Annas  his  father-in-law  (canto 
I  wxiii.)  ;  in  the  seventh,  robbers  of 
I  hurches,  as  Vanni  Fucci,  who  robbed  the 
[acristy  of  St.  James's,  in  Pistoia,  and 
:  barged  Vanni  della  Nona  with  the  crime, 
l)r^  which  she  suffered  death  (canto 
I- xiv.)  ;  in  the  eighth,  Ulysses  and  Dio- 
ped,  who  were  punished  for  the  strata- 
im  of  the  Wooden  Horse  (cantos  xxvi., 
-  ivii.)  ;  in  the  ninth,  Mahomet  and  Ali, 
liorribly  mangled  "  (canto  xxviii.) ;  in 


the  tenth,  alchemists  (canto  xxix.), 
coiners  and  forgers,  Potiphar's  wife, 
Sinon  the  Greek  who  deluded  the  Tro- 
jans (canto  xxx.),  Nimrod,  Ephialtes, 
and  Antaeus,  with  other  giants  (canto 
xxxi.).  Antaeus  carries  the  two  visitors 
into  the  nethermost  gulf,  where  Judas 
and  Lucifer  are  confined.  It  is  a 
region  of  thick-ribbed  ice,  and  here  they 
see  the  frozen  river  of  Cocy'tus  (canto 
XX xii.).  The  last  persons  the  poet  sees 
are  Brutus  and  Cassius,  the  murderers  of 
Julius  Caesar  (canto  xxxiv.).  Danto 
and  his  conductor  Virgil  then  make 
their  exit  on  the  "  southern  hemi- 
sphere," where  once  was  Eden,  and  where 
the  "  moon  rises  when  here  evening  sets." 
This  is  done  that  the  poet  may  visit 
Purgatory,  which  is  situate  in  mid-ocean, 
somewhere  near  the  antipodes  of  Judea. 

*^*  Canto  xvi.  opens  with  a  description 
of  Fraud,  canto  xxxiii.  contains  the  tale 
of  Ugoli'no,  and  canto  xxxiv.  the  de- 
scription of  Lucifer. 

Ingelram  (Abbot),  formerly  superior 
of  St.  Mary's  Convent.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Inglewood  (Squire),  a  magistrate 
near  Osbaldistone  Hall. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Jiob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Inglis  (Corporal),  in  the  royal  army 
under  the  leadership  of  the  duke  of  Mon- 
mouth.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II. ). 

Ingoldsby  (Thomas),  the  Rev. 
Richard  Harris  Barham,  author  of  In- 
goldsby  Legends  (1788-1845). 

Ini,  Ine,  or  Ina,  king  of  "VVessex ; 
his  wife  was  ^^thelburh  ;  both  were  of  the 
royal  line  of  Cerdic.  After  a  grand  ban- 
quet, king  Ini  set  forth  to  sojourn  in 
another  of  his  palaces,  and  his  queen 
privately  instructed  his  steward  to  "fill 
the  house  they  quitted  with  rubbish  and 
offal,  to  put  a  sow  and  litter  of  pigs  in 
the  royal  bed,  and  entirely  dismantle  the 
room."  When  the  king  and  queen  had 
gone  about  a  mile  or  so,  the  queen  en- 
treated her  husband  to  return  to  the  house 
they  had  quitted,  and  great  was  his 
astonishment*  to  behold  the  change. 
iEthelburh  then  said,  "Behold  what 
vanity  of  vanities  is  all  earthly  greatness  ! 
Where  now  are  the  good  things  you  saw 
here  but  a  few  hours  ago  ?  See  how  foul 
a  beast  occupies  the  royal  bed.  So  will 
it  be  with  you,  unless  you  leave  earthly 
things  for  heavenly."  So  the  king  aMi- 
cated  his  kingdom,  went  to  Rome,  and 


INIS-THONA. 


474 


INVULNERABILITY. 


dweJt  there  as  a  pilgrim  for  the  rest  of 
his  life. 

...  In  fame  great  Ina  might  pretend 
With  any  king  since  first  the  Saxons  came  to  shore. 
Drayton,  PolyolMon,  xi.  (1613). 

Inis-Thona,  an  island  of  Scandi- 
navia.— Ossian. 

In'istore,  the  Orkney  Islands, 

Let  no  vessel  of  the  kingdom  of  snow  [Norway],  bound 
oit  the  dark-rolling  waves  of  Inistore.— Ossian,  Fingal,  i. 

Inkle  and  Yar'ico,  hero  and 
heroine  of  a  story  by  sir  Richard  Steele, 
in  the  Spectator  (No.  11).  Inkle  is  a 
j'oung  Englishman  who  is  lost  in  the 
Spanish  main.  He  falls  in  love  with 
Yarico,  an  Indian  maiden,  with  whom  he 
consorts  ;  but  no  sooner  does  a  vessel 
arrive  to  take  him  to  Barbadoes  than  he 
sells  Yarico  as  a  slave. 

George  Colman  has  dramatized  this 
tale  (1787). 

Innisfail  or  Inisfail,  an  ancient 
name  of  Ireland  {isle  of  destiny). 

Oh,  once  the  harp  of  Innisfail 

Was  strung  full  high  to  notes  of  gladness  ; 
But  yet  it  often  told  a  tale 
Of  more  prevailing  sadness. 

Campl)ell,  O'Connor'*  Child,  L 
I  raised  my  sails,  and  rushing  into  tlie  bay  of  Croma, 
Into  Croma's  sounding  bay  in  lovely  Inisfail.  —  Ossian, 
Cru'ina. 

Innocents  {The),  the  babes  of 
Bethlehem  cut  off  by  Herod  the  Great. 

*^  John  Baptist  Marino,  an  Italian 
poet,  has  a  poem  on  Tlie  Massacre  of  the 
Innocents  (1569-1625). 

Innogen  or  Inogene  (3  syl.),  wife 
of  Brute  (1  syl.)  mythical  king  of 
Britain.  She  was  daughter  of  Pan'- 
drasos  of  Greece. 

Thus  Brute  this  realme  unto  his  rule  subdewd.    .  , 
And  left  three  sons,  his  famous  progeny. 
Born  of  fayre  Inogene  of  Italy. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  10  (1590). 
And  for  a  lasting  league  of  amity  and  peace. 
Bright  Innogen,  his  child,  for  wife  to  Brutus  gave. 
M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  i.  (1612). 

Insane  Root  {The),  hemlock.  It  is 
said  that  those  who  eat  hemlock  can  see 
objects  otherwise  invisible.  Thus  when 
Banquo  had  encountered  the  witches,  who 
vanished  as  mysteriously  as  they  ap- 
peared, he  says  to  Macbeth,  "  Were  such 
things  [rea?/?/]  here  ...  or  have  we 
eaten  [hemlock]  the  insane  root,  that 
takes  the  reason  prisoner,"  so  that  our 
eyes  see  things  that  are  not  ? — Macbeth, 
act  i.  sc.  3  (1606). 

InsuT^ri,  the  district  of  Lombardy, 
which  contained  Milan,  Como,  Pa'via, 
Lodi,  Nova'ra,  and  Vercelli. 

Interpreter    {Mr.),    in    Banyan's 


I 


Pilgrim's  Progress,  means  the  Holy 
Ghost  as  it  operates  on  the  heart  of  a 
believer.  He  is  lord  of  a  house  a  little 
beyond  the  Wicket  Gate.— Pt.  i.  (1678). 

Inveraschal'lochL,  one  of  the  High- 
landers at  the  Clachan  of  Aberfoyle. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Bob  Hoy  (time,  George  I.) 

Invin'cible  Doctor  {The),  William 
of  Occam  ;  also  called  Doctor  Singuldris 
(1270-1347). 

Invisible  Knight  {The),  sir  Gw- 
lon,  brother  of  king  Pellam  (nigh  of 
to  Joseph  of  Arimathy). 

"He  is  sir  Garlon,"  said  the  knight,  "he  with 
black  face,  he  is  the  marvellest  knight  living,  for  he 
invisible."— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Priiice  A,th 
39  (1470). 

Invisibility  is  obtained  by  amule 
dress,  herbs,  rings,  and  stones. 

Amulets :    as    the  capon-stone    called 
"Alectoria,"  which  rendered  those 
visible  who  carried  it  about  their  persi 
— Mirror  of  Stones. 

Dress :  as  Alberich's  cloak  called 
"  Tarnkappe"  (2  syl.)  which  Siegfried  got 
possession  of  ( The  Nibelungen  Lied) ; 
the  mantle  of  Hel  Keplein  (q.v.) ;  and 
Jack  the  Giant-killer  had  a  cloak  of  in- 
visibility as  well  as  a  cap  of  knowledge. 
The  helmet  of  Perseus  or  Hades  {Greek 
Fable)  and  Mambrino's  helmet  rendered 
the  wearers  invisible.  The  moros  mus- 
phonon  was  a  girdle  of  invisibility  (Mrs. 
Centlivre,  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife). 

Herbs :  as  fern  seed,  mentioned  by 
Shakespeare,  and  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Pings :  as  Gyges's  ring,  taken  from  the 
flanks  of  a  brazen  horse.  When  the 
stone  M'as  turned  inwards,  the  wearer  waf 
invisible  (Pl^o).  The  ring  of  Otait 
king  of  Lombardy,  according  to  The 
Heldenbuch,  possessed  a  similar  virtue. 
Reynard's  wonderful  ring  had  three 
colours,  one  of  which  (the  green)  caused 
the  wearer  to  be  invisible  {Reynard  the 
Fox,  1498)  ;  this  was  the  gem  called 
heliotrope. 

Stones:  as  heliotrope,  mentioned  by 
Boccaccio  in  his  Decameron  (day  viii.  3). 
It  is  of  a  green  hue.  Solinus  attri- 
butes this  power  to  the  herb  heliotrope : 
"Herba  ejusdem  nominis  .  .  .  eum,  a  j 
quocumque  gestabitur,  subtrahit  visibus  j 
obviorum." — Geog,,  xl. 

Invulnerability.       Stones     taken  { 
from   the  cassan  plant,  which  grows  in 
Panten,  will  render  the  possessor  invul- 
nerable.— Odoricus  In  Hakluyt. 

A  dip  in  the  river  Styx  rendered 
Achilles  invulnerable. 


ION. 


475 


IRELAND. 


Medea  rendered  Jason  proof  against 
wounds  and  fire  by  anointing  him  with 
the  Promethe'an  unguent. — Greek  Fable. 

Siegfried  was  rendered  invulnerable  by 
bathing  his  body  in  dragon's  blood. — 
Niebelungen  Lied, 

Ion,  the  title  and  hero  of  a  tragedy  by 
T.  N.  Talfourd  (1835).  The  oracle  of 
Delphi  had  declared  that  the  pestilence 
which  raged  in  Argos  was  sent  by  way  of 
punishment  for  the  misrule  of  the  race 
of  Argos,  and  that  the  vengeance  of  the 
gods  could  be  averted  only  by  the  extir- 
pation of  the  guilty  race.  Ion,  the  son 
of  the  king,  otfered  himself  a  willing 
sacrifice,  and  as  he  was  dying,  Irus  entered 
and  announced  that  "  the  pestilence  was 
abating." 

lo'na,  an  island  of  Scotland  south  of 
Staifa,  noted  for  its  Culdee  institutions, 
established  by  St.  Columb  in  563.  It  is 
now  called  "  Icolm-kill,"  and  in  Macbeth, 
act  ii.  sc.  4,  "Colmes-kill"  {kill  means 
"  burying-ground"). 

Unscathed  they  left  lona's  strand 

When  the  opal  morn  first  flushed  the  sky. 

Campbell,  JieuUura. 

lo'na's  Saint,  St.  Columb,  seen  on 
the  top  of  the  church  spires,  on  certain 
evenings  every  year,  counting  the  sur- 
rounding islands,  to  see  that  none  of  them 
have  been  sunk  by  the  power  of  witchcraft. 

As  lona's  saint,  a  giant  form, 
Throned  on  iiis  towers  conversing  with  the  storm  .  .  . 
Counts  every  wave-worn  isle  and  mountain  hoar 
From  Kilda  to  the  green  lerne's  shore  |/rom  the  Hebridet 
to  Ireland]. 

CampbeU,  The  Pleasures  of  Mope,  U.  (1799). 

I-pal-ne-mo'-ani  (i.e.  He  by  whom 
we  live),  an  epithet  of  God  used  by  the 
ancient  Mexicans. 

"  We  know  him,"  they  reply. 
The  great  *  Forever-One,'  the  God  of  gods, 
Ipaluemoani." 

Southey,  Madoe.  1  8  (1805). 

Iphigeni'a,  daughter  of  Agamem- 
non king  of  Argos.  Agamemnon  vowed 
to  offer  up  to  ArtSmis  the  best  possession 
that  came  into  his  hands  during  the 
ensuing  twelve  months.  This  happened 
to  be  an  infant  daughter,  to  whom  he 
gave  the  name  of  Iphigenla,  but  he  for- 
bore to  fulfil  his  vow.  When  he  went  on 
his  voyage  to  Troy,  the  fleet  was  wind- 
bound  at  Aulis,  and  Kalchas  the  priest 
said  it  was  because  Agamemnon  had  not 
carried  out  his  row  ;  so  Iphigenia,  then 
in  the  pride  of  womanhood,  was  bound 
to  the  altar.  Artemis,  being  satisfied, 
carried  the  maiden  ofl:  to  Tauris  where 
she  became  a  priestess,  and  substituted  a 
hind  in  her  place. 


For  parallel  instances,  such  as  Abra* 
ham  and  Isaac,  Jephthah  and  his  daughter, 
Idomeneus  and  his  son,   etc.,  see   Ido- 

MKNEUS. 

When,  a  new  Iphigene,  she  went  to  Tauris. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  x.  49  (1821). 

Gary,  in  his  translation  of  Vante, 
accents  the  name  incorrectly  on  the  third 
syllable. 

Whence,  on  the  altar  Iphige'nia  mourned 
Her  virgin  beauty. 

Dante.  ParadUe,  r.  (1311). 

Iphis,  the  woman  who  was  changed 
to  a  man.  The  tale  is  this :  Iphis  was 
the  daughter  of  Lygdus  and  Telethusa 
of  Crete.  Lygdus  gave  orders  that  if  the 
child  about  to  be  born  was  a  girl,  it  was 
to  be  put  to  death.  It  happened  to  be  a 
girl ;  but  the  mother,  to  save  it,  brought  it 
up  as  a  boy.  In  due  time,  the  father 
betrothed  Iphis  to  Ian  the,  and  the  mother, 
in  terror,  prayed  to  Isis  for  help.  Hei 
prayer  was  heard,  for  Isis  changed  Iphis 
into  a  man  on  the  day  of  espousals. — 
Ovid,  Metaph.,  ix.  12  ;  xiv.  699. 

*^*  Cteneus  [Se.nuce']  was  born  of  the 
female  sex,  but  Neptune  changed  her 
into  a  man.  ^Eneas  found  her  in  hades 
changed  back  again. 

Tiresias,  the  Theban  prophet,  was  con- 
verted into  a  girl  for  striking  two  ser- 
pents, and  married.  He  afterwards 
recovered  his  sex,  and  declared  that  the 
pleasures  of  a  woman  were  tenfold  greater 
than  those  of  a  man. 

I'ran,  the  empire  of  Persia. 

Iras,  a  female  attendant  on  Cleopatra. 
When  Cleopatra  had  arrayed  herself  with 
robe  and  crown,  prior  to  applying  the 
asps,  she  said  to  her  two  female  attend- 
ants, "  Come,  take  the  last  warmth  of  my 
lips.  Farewell,  kind  Charmian !  Iras,  fare- 
well !  "  And  having  kissed  them,  Iras  fell 
down  dead,  either  broken-hearted,  or  else 
because  she  had  already  applied  an  asp  to 
her  arm,  as  Charmian  did  a  little  later. 
— Shakespeare,  Antony  and  Cleopatra 
(1608). 

Ireby  (Mr.),  a  country  squire. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Two  Drovers  (time,  George  III.). 

Ireland  (-S".  W.H.),&  literary  forger. 
His  chief  forgery  is  Miscellaneous 
Papers  and  Instruments,  under  the  hand 
and  seal  of  William  Shakespeare,  in- 
cluding the  tragedy  of  King  Lear,  and  a 
small  fragment  of  Hamlet,  from  the 
original,  1796,  folio,  £4  4s.  (1795). 

His  most  impudent  forgery  was  the 
production  of  a  new  play,  which  he  tried 


IRELAND. 


476 


IROLDO. 


to  palm  off  as  Shakespeare's.  It  was 
called  Vortigern  and  Jiowena,  and  was 
actually  represented  at  Drury  Lane 
Theatre  in  1796. 

Weeps  o'er  false  Shakesperian  lore 
Which  sprang  from  Maisterre  Ireland's  store, 
Whose  impudence  deserves  the  rod 
For  having  aped  the  Muse's  god. 

Cluilcographomania. 

Ireland  (17ie  Fair  Maid  of),  the  ignis 
fatuus. 

He  had  read  ...  of  ...  the  iffnis  fatuxis,  ...  by 
some  called  "  Will-with-the-whisp,"  or  "  Jack-with-the- 
lantern,"  and  likewise.  .  .  "  The  Fair  Maid  of  Ireland." 
— K.Johnson,  The  Seven  Champions  of  Chrittvndom,  i.  7. 
(1617). 

Ireland's  Scholarships  {Dean), 
four  scholarships  of  £30  a  year,  in  the 
University  of  Oxford,  founded  by  Dr. 
Ireland,  dean  of  Westminster,  in  1825. 

Ireland's  Three  Saints.  The 
three  great  saints  of  Ireland  are  St. 
Patrick,  St.  Columb,  and  St.  Bridget. 

Ireland's  Three  Tragedies:  (1) 

The  Death    of  the  Children  of   Touran ; 

(2)  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Lir  ;  and 

(3)  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Usnach. 
— 0' Flanagan,  Transactions  of  the  Gaelic 
Society  of  Dublin,  i. 

Irem  (27ie  Garden  of),  mentioned  in 
the  Koran,  Ixxxix.  It  was  the  most 
beautiful  of  all  earthly  paradises,  laid  out 
for  Shedad'  king  of  Ad ;  but  no  sooner 
was  it  finished,  than  it  was  struck  with 
the  lightning-wand  of  the  death-angel, 
and  was  never  after  visible  to  the  eye  of 
man. 

The  paradise  of  Irem  this  .  .  . 
A  garden  more  surpassing  fair 
Than  that  before  whose  gate 
The  ligliting  of  the  cherub's  fiery  sword 
Waves  wide,  to  bar  access. 
Southey,  Talaba  the  Destroyer,  1.  22  (1797). 

Ire'na,  Ireland  personified.  Her  in- 
heritance was  withheld  by  Grantorto 
(rebellion),  and  sir  Artegal  was  sent  by 
the  queen  of  Faery-land  to  succour  her. 
Grantorto  being  slain,  Irena  was  restored, 
in  1680,  to  her  inheritance. — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  v.  (1696). 

Ire'ne  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Horush 
Barbarossa  the  Greek  renegade  and  cor- 
sair-king of  Algiers.  She  was  rescued  in 
the  siege  of  Algiers  by  Selim,  son  of  the 
Moorish  king,  who  fell  in  love  with  her. 
When  she  heard  of  the  conspiracy  to  kill 
Barbarossa,  shewarned  her  father  ;  but  it 
was  too  late :  the  insurgents  succeeded, 
Barbarossa  was  slain  _by  Othman,  and 
Selim  married  Irene. — J.  Brown,  Bar- 
barossa (1742). 

Ir^ne  (3  syl,),  wife   of  Alexius  Com- 


ne'nas  emperor  of  Greece. — Sir  W.  Soott, 

Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Ire'nus,  Peaceableness  personified. 
(Greek,  eirene,  "  peace.") — Phineas  Flet- 
cher, The  Furple  Island,  x.  (1633). 

I'ris,  a  messenger,  a  go-between.    Ii 
was  the  messenger  of  Juno. 

Wheresoe'er  thou  art  in  this  world's  globe, 
I'll  have  an  Iris  that  shall  find  tiiee  out. 

Shakespeare,  2  Henry  VI.  act  v.  sc.  2  (1591).^ 

Iris  and  the  Dying.  One  of  tli 
duties  of  Iris  was  to  cut  off  a  lock  of  ha 
(claimed  by  Proserpine)  from  the 
devoted  to  death,  and  till  this  was  donf 
Death  refused  to  accept  the  victim.  Thi 
when  Dido  mounted  the  funeral  pile, 
lingered  in  suffering  till  Iris  was  sent 
Jnno  to  cut  oft"  a  lock  of  her  hair  as 
offering  to  the  black  queen,  but  imm< 
ately  this  was  done  her  spirit  left  the 
body.  Than'atos  did  the  same  office  to 
Alcestis  when  she  gave  her  life  for  that  of 
her  husband.  In  all  sacrifices,  a  forelock 
was  first  cut  from  the  head  of  the  victim 
as  an  offering  to  Proserpine. — See  Eu- 
ripides, Alcestis;  Virgil,  ^neid,  iv. 

"  Hunc  ego  Ditl 
S.acnim  jussa  fero,  teque  isto  coriwre  solve." 
Sic  air,  et  dextra  criuem  secat  .  .  .  atque  in  ventos  vita 

Virgil,  ^neid,  iv.  702-70& 

Irish  Whiskey  Drinker  {The\ 
John   Sheehan,   a  barrister,    who,    will 
"  Everard  Clive  of  Tipperary  Hall,"  wro 
a  series  of  pasquinades  in  verse,  whi<i 
were  published  in  Bentley's  Miscellany, 
1846,  and  attracted  considerable  attcntiol 

Irish  "Wido"W  {The),  a  farce 
Garrick  (1767).  Martha  Brady,  a  blool 
ing  young  widow  of  23,  is  in  love  wit 
William  Whittle,  the  nephew  of  old 
Thomas  Whittle,  a  man  63  years  of 
age.  It  so  happens  that  William  cannot 
touch  his  property  without  his  uncle's 
consent,  so  the  lovers  scheme  together  to 
obtain  it.  The  widow  pretends  to  be  in 
love  with  the  old  man,  who  proposes  to 
her  and  is  accepted ;  but  she  now  comes 
out  in  a  new  character,  as  a  loud,  vulgar, 
rollicking,  extravagant  low  Irishwoman. 
Old  Whittle  is  thoroughly  frightened,  and 
not  only  gets  his  nephew  to  take  the  lady 
off  his  hands,  but  gives  him  £5000  for 
doing  so. 

Irol'do,  the  friend  of  Prasildo 
Babylon.  Prasildo  falls  in  love  with 
Tisbi'na,  his  friend's  wife,  and,  to  escape 
infamy,  Iroldo and Tisbina  take  "poison." 
Prasildo,  hearing    from  the    apothecary 


IROLITA. 


477 


IRREFRAGABLE  DOCTOR. 


that  the  supposed  poison  is  innocuous, 
goes  and  tells  them  so,  whereupon  Iroldo 
18  so  struck  with  his  friend's  generosity, 
that  he  quits  Babylon,  leaving  Tisbina  to 
Prasildo.  Subsequently  Iroldo's  life  is 
in  peril,  and  Prasildo  saves  his  friend  at 
the  hazard  of  his  own  life. — Bojardo, 
Orlando  Imiamorato  (1495). 

Irolit'a,  a  princess  in  love  with  prince 
Parcinus,  her  cousin.  The  fairy  Dan'amo 
wanted  Parcinus  to  marry  her  daughter 
Az'ira,  and  therefore  used  all  her  endea- 
vours to  marry  Irolita  to  Brutus  ;  but  all 
her  plans  were  thwarted,  for  Parcinus 
married  Irolita,  and  Brutus  married 
Azira. 

The  beauty  of  Irolita  was  worthy  the  world's  admira- 
tion. She  was  about  14  years  old,  her  hair  was  brown, 
her  complexion  blooming  as  the  spring,  her  mouth  deli- 
cate, her  teeth  white  and  even,  her  smile  bewit(^hing,  her 
eyes  a  hazel  colour  and  very  piercing,  and  her  looks  were 
darts  of  love. — Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  Perfect 
love."  16S2). 

Iron  Arm.  Captain  Franpoia  de 
Lanoue,  a  huguenot,  was  called  Bras  de 
Fer.  He  died  at  the  siege  of  Lamballe 
(1531-1591). 

i       Iron  Chest   (The),  a  drama  by  G. 
|;    Colman,  based  on  W.  Godwin's  novel  of 
I     Caleb^  Williams.     Sir  Edward   Mortimer 
kept  in  an  iron  chest  certain  documents 
relating  to  a  murder  for  which  he  had 
been  tried  and  honourably  acquitted.     His 
secretary  Wilford,  out  of  curiosity,  was 
;_    prying  into  this  box,  when  sir  Edward 
'   entered  and    threatened  to   shoot  him ; 
i;   but  on  reflection  he   spared  the  young 
-   man's  life,  told  him  all  about  the  murder, 
'  and    swore   him    to    secrecy.      Wilford, 
;   unable  to  endure  the  watchful  and  sus- 
.  picious  eye  of    his   master,    ran   away ; 
■  but  sir  Edward  dogged  him  like  a  blood- 
hound,   and  at    length   accused    him   of 
robbery.     The  charge  could  not  be  sub- 
stantiated,   so    Wilford   was    acquitted. 
>  Sir  Edward  confessed  himself  a  murderer, 
(  and  died  (1796). 

I ,.  Iron  Duke  (The),  the  duke  of  Wel- 
[  hngton  (1769-1852). 

;  Iron  Emperor  (The),  Nicholas  of 
,  Russia  (1796,  1826-1855). 

j  Iron  Gates  or  Bemir  Kara,  a  cele- 
[brated  pass  of  the  Teuthras,  through 
which  all  caravans  between  Smyrna  and 
I  Brusa  must  needs  pass. 

t  Iron  Hand,  Goetz  von  Berlichingen, 
I  who  replaced  his  right  hand,  which  he 
;  lost  at  the  siege  of  Landshut,  by  an  iron 
|5Qe  (sixteenth  century). 


*^*  Goethe  has  made  this  the  subject  of 
an  historical  drama. 

Iron  Mask  (The  Man  in  the).  Thia 
mysterious  man  \vent  by  the  name  of 
Lestang,  but  who  he  was  is  as  much  in 
nubibus  as  the  author  of  the  Letters  of 
Junius.  The  most  general  opinion  is  that 
he  was  count  Er'colo  Antonio  Matthioli, 
a  senator  of  Mantua  and  private  agent  of 
Ferdinand  Charles  duke  of  Mantua  ;  and 
that  his  long  imprisonment  of  twenty-four 
years  was  for  having  deceived  Louis  XIV. 
m  a  secret  treaty  for  the  purchase  of  the 
fortress  of  Casale.  M.  Loiseleur  utterly 
denies  this  solution  of  the  mystery. — See 
Temple  Bar,  182-4,  May,  1872. 

***  The  tragedies  of  Zschokke  in 
German  (1795),  and  Fournierin  French,  are 
based  on  the  supposition  that  the  man  in 
the  mask  was  marechal  Richelieu,  a  twin- 
brother  of  the  Grand  Monarque,  and  this 
is  the  solution  given  by  the  abbe  Soulavie. 

Ironside  (Sir),  called  "The  Red 
Knight  of  the  Red  Lands."  Sir  Gareth, 
after  fighting  with  him  from  dawn  to 
dewy  eve,  subdued  him.  Tennyson  calls 
him  Death,  and  says  that  Gareth  won  the 
victory  with  a  single  stroke.  Sir  Ironside 
was* the  knight  who  kept  the  lady  Liones 
(called  by  Tennyson  "  Lyonors  ")  captive  ia 
Castle  Perilous. — Sir  T.  Malorv,  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  134-137  (1470). 

***  Tennyson  seems  very  greatly  to 
have  misconceived  the  exquisite  allegory 
of  Gareth  and  Linet.  (See  Gareth,  pp. 
364-5.) 

Ironside.  Edmund  II.  king  of  the 
Anglo-Saxons  was  so  called  from  his 
iron  armour  (989,  1016-1017). 

Sir  Richard  Steele  signed  himself 
"  Nestor  Ironside "  in  the  Guardian 
(1671-1729). 

Ironsides.  So  were  the  soldiers  of 
Cromwell  called,  especially  after  the 
battle  of  Marston  Moor,  where  they  dis- 
played their  iron  resolution  (1644). 

Ironsides  (Captain),  uncle  of  Belfield 
(Brothers),  and  an  old  friend  of  sir  Ben- 
jamin Dove.  He  is  captain  of  a  privateer, 
and  a  fine  specimen  of  an  English  naval 
officer. 

He's  true  English  oak  to  the  heart  of  him,  and  a  fine 
old  searoan-like  figure  he  is. —Cumberland,  The  Brothers, 

Iron  Tooth,  Frederick  II.  elector  of 
Brandenburg  (Dent  de  Fer),  (1667,  1688- 

Irrefragablo  Doctor  (The),  Alex- 


IRTISH. 


478 


ISABELLA. 


wder  Hales,  founder  of  the  Scholastic 
theology  (*-1245). 

Irtish.  {To  cross  the  ferry  of  the),  to 
be  "  laid  on  the  shelf."  The  ferry  of  the 
Irtish  is  crossed  by  those  who  are  exiled 
to  Siberia.  It  is  regarded  in  Russia  as 
the  ferry  of  political  death. 

I'rus,  the  beggar  of  Ithaca,  •who  ran 
errands  for  Penelope's  suitors.  When 
Ulysses  returned  home  dressed  as  a 
beggar,  Irus  withstood  him,  and  Ul5^sses 
broke  his  jaw^  with  a  blow.  So  poor  was 
Irus  that  he  gave  birth  to  the  proverbs, 
"As  poor  as  Irus,"  and  "Poorer  than 
Irus  "  (in  French,  Plus  pauvre  qu'  Jrus). 

Without  respect  esteeming  equally 
King  Cresus'  pompe  and  Irus'  povertie. 

T.  Sackville,  A  Mirrour  for  Magittraytes 
(Induction,  1587). 
Irus  grows  rich,  and  Cresus  must  wax  poor. 
Lord  Brooke,  Treatie  of  Warret  (1554-1628). 

Irwin  {Mr.),  the  husband  of  lady 
Eleanor  daughter  of  lord  Norland.  His 
lordship  discarded  her  for  marrying 
against  his  will,  and  Irwdn  was  reduced 
to  the  verge  of  starvation.  In  his  des- 
neration  Irwin  robbed  his  father-in-law 
on  the  high  road,  but  relented  and  re- 
turned the  money.  At  length  the  iron 
heart  of  lord  Norland  was  softened,  and 
he  relieved  the  necessities  of  his  son-in- 
law. 

Lady  Eleanor  Irwin,  wife  of  Mr.  Irwin. 
She  retains  her  love  for  lord  Norland, 
even  through  all  his  relentlessness,  and 
when  she  hears  that  he  has  adopted  a 
son,  exclaims,  "May  the  young  man 
deserve  his  love  better  than  I  have  done  ! 
May  he  be  a  comfort  to  his  declining 
years,  and  never  disobey  him  !" — Inch- 
bald,  Every  One  has  His  Fault  (1794). 

Irwin  {Hannah),  former  confidante  of 
Clara  Mowbray.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St. 
Jionan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Isaac  [Mendoza],arich  Portuguese 
Jew,  siiort  in  stature,  with  a  snub  nose, 
swarthy  skin,  and  huge  beard  ;  very  con- 
ceited, priding  himself  upon  his  cunning, 
loving  to  dupe  others,  but  woefully  duped 
himself.  He  chuckles  to  himself,  "I'm 
cunning,  I  fancy ;  a  very  cunning  dog, 
ain't  I  ?  a  sly  little  villain,  eh  7  a  bit 
roguish ;  he  must  be  very  wide  awake 
who  can  take  Isaac  in."  This  conceited 
piece  of  goods  is  always  duped  by  every 
one  he  encounters.  He  meets  Louisa, 
whom  he  intends  to  make  his  wife,  but 
she  makes  him  believe  she  is  Clara  Guz- 
man. He  meets  his  rival  Antonio,  whom 
he   Bends   to    the   supposed   Clara,   and 


he  marries  her.  He  mistakes  Louisa'* 
duenna  for  Louisa,  and  elopes  with  her. 
So  all  his  wit  is  outwitted. — Sheridan, 
The  Duenna  (1775). 

Quick's  great  parts  were  "Isaac,"  "Tony  T/impkin" 
[She  Stoopt  to  Conquer,  Goldsmith!,  "  Spado  "  \ Castle  of 
Andalusia,  O'Kee'el  and  "  sir  Christopher  Curry,"  in 
fnkle  and  Tarico,  by  Colman  [1748-1831  J.— ffecord*  of  a 
Stage  Veteran. 

Isaac  of  York,  the  father  of  Re- 
becca. When  imprisoned  in  the  dungeoa 
of  Front  de  Bceuf 's  castle.  Front  de  Boeuf 
comes  to  extort  money  from  him,  and 
orders  two  slaves  to  chain  him  to  the 
bars  of  a  slow  fire,  but  the  party  is  dis- 
turbed by  the  sound  of  a  bugle.  Ulti- 
mately, both  the  Jew  and  his  daughter 
leave  England  and  go  to  live  abroad. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  1.). 

Isabel,  called  the  "  She-wolf  of 
France,"  the  adulterous  queen  of  EdAvard 
II.,  was  daughter  of  Philippe  IV.  {le  Bel) 
of  France.  According  to  one  tradition, 
Isabel  murdered  her  royal  husband  by 
thrusting  a  hot  iron  into  his  bowels,  and 
tearing  them  from  his  body. 

She-wolf  of  France,  with  unrelenting  fangs, 
That  tear'st  the  tKjwels  of  thy  mangled  mafe. 

Gray,  The  Bard  (1757). 

Isabell,  sister  of  lady  Hartwell,  in 
the  comedy  of  Wit  without  Money,  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1639). 

Isabella  or  Isabelle,  a  pale  brown 
colour  or  buff,  similar  to  that  of  a  hare. 
It  is  so  called  from  the  princess  Isabella 
of  Austria,  daughter  of  Philip  II.  The 
tale  is,  that  while  besieging  Ostend,  the 
princess  took  an  oath  that  she  would  not 
change  her  body-linen  before  the  town 
was  taken.  The  siege,  however,  last 
three  years,  and  her  linen  was  so  staii 
that  it  gave  name  to  the  colour  refer 
to  (1601-1604). 

The  same  story  is  related  of  Isabella| 
Castile  at  the  siege  of  Grena'da  (1483). 

The  horse  that  Brightsun  was  mounted  on  was  as 
as  jet,  that  of  Felix  was  grey,  Chery's  was  as  white] 
milk,   and  that  of  the  princess  Fairstar  an   Isabell 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,   Fairy   Talet  ("  Princess  Fa 
1682). 

Isabella,  daughter  of  the  king  of 
licia,  in  love  with  Zerbi'no,  but  Zerbino 
could  not  marry  her  because  she  was  a 
pagan.  Her  lament  at  the  death  of  Zer- 
bino is  one  of  the  best  parts  of  the  whole 
poem  (bk.  xii.).  Isabella  retires  to  a 
chapel  to  bury  her  lover,  and  is  there 
slain  by  Rodomont. — Ariosto,  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Isabella,  sister  of  Claudio,  insulted  by 
the  base  passion  of  An'gelo  deputy  of 
Vienna  in  the  absence  of  duke  Vinis*ntio. 


ISABELLA. 


479 


ISABINDA. 


Isabella  is  delivered  by  the  duke  himself, 
and  the  deputy  is  made  to  marry  Mariana, 
to  whom  he  was  already  betrothed. — 
Shakespeare,  Measure  for  Measure 
(1603). 

Isabella,  wife  of  Hieronimo,  in  Tlie 
Spanish  Tragedy,  by  Thomas  Kyd  (1588). 

Isabella,  mother  of  Ludov'ico  Sforza 
duke  of  Milan. — Massinger,  The  Duke  of 
Milan  (1622). 

Isabella,  a  nun  who  marries  Biron 
eldest  son  of  count  Baldwin,  who  disin- 
herits him  for  this  marriage.  Biron 
enters  the  army,  and  is  sent  to  the 
siege  of  Candy,  where  he  falls,  and  (it  is 
supposed)  dies.  For  seven  years  Isabella 
meums  her  loss,  and  is  then  reduced 
to  the  utmost  want.  In  her  distress  she 
begs  assistance  of  her  father-in-law,  but 
he  drives  her  from  the  house  as  a  dog. 
Villeroy  (2  syl.)  offers  her  marriage,  and 
she  accepts  him  ;  but  the  day  after  her 
espousals  Biron  returns.  Carlos,  hearing 
of  his  brother's  return,  employs  ruffians 
to  murder  him,  and  then  charges  Villeroy 
with  the  crime ;  but  one  of  the  ruffians 
impeaches,  and  Carlos  is  apprehended. 
Isabella  goes  mad,  and  murders  herself 
in  her  distraction. — Thomas  Southern, 
The  Fatal  Marriage  (1692). 

The  part  of  "Isabella"  affords  scope  for  a  tragic  actress 
scarcely  inferior  in  pathos  to  "  Belvidera."— K.  Chauilaers, 
English  UUrature,  i.  588. 

(Mrs.  E.  Barry,  says  T.  Campbell,  was 
inrivalled  in  this  part,  1682-1733.) 
\^***    Wm.     Hamilton     painted    Mrs. 
,3iddons  as  "Isabella,"  and  the  picture 
^  )elongs  to  the  nation. 

\  Isabella,  the  coadjutor  of  Zanga  in  his 
cheme  of  revenge  against  don  Alonzo. — 
foung,  The  Revenge  (1721). 

I    Isabella,   princess    of    Sicily,    in    love 

rith  Roberto  il  Diavolo,  but  promised  in 

}  aarriage  to  the  prince  of  Grana'da,  who 

(hallenges   Roberto   to    mortal    combat, 

'  rom  which  he  is  allured  by  Bertram  his 

f  epd-father.    Alice  tells  him  that  Isabella 

|i  waiting  for  him  at  the  altar,  when  a 

r>ruggle    ensues    between    Bertram    and 

|.lice,  one  trying  to  drag  him  into  hell, 

;ad  the  other  trying  to  reclaim  him  to 

le  ways  of  virtue.     Alice  at  length  pre- 

iils,  but  we  are  not  told  whether  Roberto 

.arries  the  princess. — Meyerbeer,  Roberto 

\  Diavolo  (1831). 

Isabella  {Donna),  daughter  of  don  Pedro 
Portuguese  nobleman,  who  designed  to 
arry  her  to  don  Guzman,  a  geutle- 
ai'  of  large  fortune.      To  avoid  tMa 


hateful  marriage,  she  jumps  from  a 
window,  with  a  view  of  escaping  from 
the  house,  and  is  caught  by  a  colonel 
Briton,  an  English  officer,  who  conducts 
her  to  the  house  of  her  friend  donna 
Violantd.  Here  the  colonel  calls  upon 
her,  and  don  Felix,  supposing  Violante 
to  be  the  object  of  his  visits,  becomes 
furiously  jealous.  After  a  considerable 
embroglio,  the  mystery  is  cleared  up,  and 
a  double  marriage  takes  place. — Mrs. 
Centlivre,  The  Wonder  (1714). 

Middle-sized,  a  lovely  brown,  a  fine  pouting  lip,  eyes 
that  roll  and  languish,  and  seem  to  (peak  the  exquisite 
pleasure  she  could  give. — ^Act  v.  1. 

Isabella  {The  countess),  wife  of  Roberto. 
After  a  long  series  of  crimes  of  infidelity 
to  her  husband,  and  of  murder,  she  is 
brought  to  execution. — John  Marston, 
The  Wonder  of  Women  or  Sophonisba 
(1605). 

Isabella  {The  lady),  a  beautiful  young 
girl,  who  accompanied  her  father  on  a 
chase.  Her  step-mother  requested  her 
to  return,  and  tell  the  cook  to  prepare  the 
milk-white  doe  for  dinner.  Lady  Isabella 
did  as  she  was  told,  and  the  cook  replied, 
"  Thou  art  the  doe  that  I  must  dress." 
The  scullion-boy  exclaimed,  "  Oh  save  the 
lady's  life,  and  make  thy  pies  of  me  I " 
But  the  cook  heeded  him  not.  When  the 
lord  returned  and  asked  for  his  daughter, 
the  scullion-boy  made  answer,  "If  my 
lord  would  see  his  daughter,  let  him  cut 
the  pasty  before  him."  The  father, 
horrified  at  the  whole  affair,  adjudged 
the  step-mother  to  be  burnt  alive,  and 
the  cook  to  stand  in  boiling  lead,  but  the 
scullion-boy  he  made  his  heir. — Percy, 
Reliques,  iii.  2. 

Isabelle,  sister  of  Le'onor,  an  orphan ; 
brought  up  by  Sganarelle  according  to 
his  own  notions  of  training  a  girl  to  make 
him  a  good  wife.  She  was  to  dress  in 
serge,  to  keep  to  the  house,  to  occupy 
herself  in  domestic  affairs,  to  sew,  knit, 
and  look  after  the  linen,  to  hear  no 
flattery,  attend  no  places  of  public 
amusement,  never  to  be  left  to  her  own 
devices,  but  to  run  in  harness  like  a 
mill-horse.  The  result  was  that  she 
duped  Sganarelle  and  married  Valere, 
(See  Leoxor.)  —  Moliere,  L'e'cole  des 
Maris  (1661). 

Isabinda,  daughter  of  sir  Jealous 
Traffick  a  merchant.  Her  father  is  re- 
solved she  shall  marry  don  Diego  Bar- 
binetto,  but  she  is  in  love  with  Charlei 
Gripe;  and  Charles,  in  the  dress  of  a 
Spaniard,    passing   himself   oS.   as   the 


ISENBRAS. 


480 


ISLE  OF  LANTERNS. 


Spanish  don,  marries  her. — Mrs.  Cent- 
livre,  The  Busy  Body  (1709). 

Isenbras  {Sir),  a  hero  of  mediaeval 
romance.  Sir  Isenbras  was  at  first  proud 
and  presumptuous,  but  adversity  made 
him  humble  and  penitent.  In  this  stage 
he  carried  two  children  of  a  poor  wood- 
cutter across  a  ford  on  his  horse. 

*^*  Millais  has  taken  sir  Isenbras  carry- 
ing the  children  across  the  ferry,  as  the 
subject  of  one  of  his  pictures. 

I  warne  you  first  at  the  begjnninge 

That  I  will  make  no  vain  carpinge  [prate]  .  .  . 

Of  Octoriane  and  Isembrase. 

William  of  Nassington. 

I'sengrin  {Sir)  or  Sir  Isengrim, 
the  wolf,  afterwards  created  earl  of 
Pitwood,  in  the  beast-epic  of  Reynard  the 
Fox.  Sir  Isengrin  typifies  the  barons, 
and  Reynard  the  Church.  The  gist  of 
the  tale  is  to  show  how  Reynard  over- 
reaches his  uncle  Wolf  (1498). 

Ishah.,  the  name  of  Eve  before  the 
Fall ;  so  called  because  she  was  taken  out 
of  ish,  i.e.  "man"  {Gen.  ii.  23);  but 
after  the  expulsion  from  paradise  Adam 
called  his  wife  Eve  or  Havah,  i.e.  "the 
mother  of  all  living"  {Gen.  iii.  20). 

Ishban,  meant  for  sir  Robert  Clayton. 
There  is  no  such  name  in  the  Bible  as 
Ishban  ;  but  Tate  speaks  of  "  extorting 
Ishban"  pursued  by  "bankrupt  heirs." 
He  says  he  had  occupied  himself  long  in 
cheating,  but  then  undertook  to  "reform 
the  state." 

Ishban  of  conscience  suited  to  his  trade, 

As  good  a  saint  as  usurer  e'er  made  .  .  . 

Could  David  .  .  .  scandalize  our  peerage  with  his  name  . . . 

He'd  e'en  turn  loyal  to  be  made  a  peer. 

Tate,  Absalom  and  A chitophel,  il.  (1682). 

IshTbosheth,  in  Dryden's  satire  of 
Absalom  and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for 
Richard  Cromwell,  whose  father  Oliver 
is  called  "  Saul."  As  Ishbosheth  was 
the  only  surviving  son  of  Saul,  so  Richard 
was  the  only  surviving  son  of  Cromwell. 
As  Ishbosheth  was  accepted  king  on  the 
death  of  his  father  by  all  except  the  tribe 
of  Judah,  so  Richard  was  acknowledged 
"protector"  by  all  except  the  royalists. 
As  Ishbosheth  reigned  only  a  few  months, 
so  Richard,  after  a  few  months,  retired 
into  private  life. 

They  who,  when  Saul  was  dead,  without  a  blow 
Made  foolish  Ishbosheth  the  crown  forego. 

Dryden,  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1681), 

iBh'monie  (3  syl.),  the  petrified  city 
in  Upper  Egypt,  full  of  inhabitants  all 
turned  to  stone.— Perry,  View  of  tlie  Le- 
vant. 


*^*  Captain  Marryatt  has  borrowed 
this  idea  in  his  Pacha  of  Many  Tales. 

I'sidore  (3  syl.),  a  Greek  slave,  the 
concubine  of  don  P6dre  a  Sicilian  noble- 
man. This  slave  is  beloved  by  Adraste 
(2  syl.)  a  French  gentleman,  who  plots  to 
allure  her  away.  He  first  gets  introduced 
as  a  portrait-painter,  and  reveals  his  love. 
Isidore  listens  with  pleasure,  and  promises 
to  elope  Avith  him.  He  then  sends  his 
slave  Zaide  to  complain  to  don  Pedre  of 
ill-treatment,  and  to  crave  protection. 
Don  Pedre  promises  to  stand  her  friend, 
and  at  this  moment  Adraste  appears  and 
demands  that  she  be  given  up  to  the 
punishment  she  deserves.  Pedre  inter- 
cedes ;  Adraste  seems  to  relent ;  and  the 
Sicilian  calls  to  the  young  slave  to 
appear.  Instead  of  Zaide,  Isidore  comes 
forth  in  Zaide's  veil.  "  There,"  says 
Pedre,  "  I  have  arranged  everything. 
Take  her,  and  use  her  well."  "  I  will 
do  so,"  says  the  Frenchman,  and  leada 
off  the  Greek  slave. — Molibre,  Le  SicUien 
ou  V Amour  Peindre  (1667). 

Isis,  the  moon.    The  sun  is  Osi'ris. — 

Egyptian  Mythology. 

They  [the  priests]  wore  rich  mitres  shapM  like  the  moon. 
To  show  that  Isis  doth  the  moon  porten^l, 
Like  as  Osiris  signifies  the  sun. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  Y.  7  (1596). 

l8k8indeT'Beg= Alexander  the  Great, 
George  Castriot  (1414-1467).     (See  Skan- 

DERBEG.) 

Iskander  -with  the  T-wo  Horns, 

Alexander  the  Great. 

This  Friday  is  the  18th  day  of  the  moon  of  Safar,  In  the 
year  653  [i.e.  of  the  he</ira.  or  A.D.  1265}  since  the  retreat 
of  the  great  prophet  from  Mecca  to  Medi'na;  and  in  the 
year  7320  of  the  epoch  of  the  great  Iskander  with  the  two 
horns.— ^ rabian  Nights  ("The  Tailor's  Story  "). 

Island  of  the  Seven  Cities, 
kind  of  Dixie's  land,  where  seven  bishops, 
who  quitted  Spain  during  the  dominion 
the    Moors,   founded  seven  cities.     T 
le,2;end  says  that  many  have  visited 
island,  but  no  one  has  ever  quitted  it. 

Islands  of  the  Blest,  called  by 
Greeks  "  Happy  Islands,"  and  by 
Latins  "  Fortunate  Islands  ;  "  imaginary 
islands  somewhere  in  the  West,  where  the 
favourites  of  the  gods  are  conveyed  at 
death,  and  dwell  in  everlasting  joy. 

Their  place  of  birth  alone  is  mute 
To  sounds  th.it  echo  further  west 
Than  your  sire's  Islands  of  the  Blest. 

Byron. 

Isle    of  Lanterns,  an    imaginary 
country,  inhabited  by  pretenders  to  know 
ledge,    called     "  Lanternois." — Rabe' 
Pantag'ruel,  v.  32,  33  ilo45). 


>ps, 
th^* 


ISLE  OF  MIST. 


481 


ISOND. 


*^*  Lucian  has  a  similar  conceit,  called 
Tlie  City  of  Lanterns  ;  and  dean  Swift,  in 
his  Gulliver's  Travels,  makes  his  hero  visit 
Laputa,  which  is  an  empire  of  quacks, 
false  projectors,  and  pretenders  to  science. 

Isle  of  Mist,  the  Isle  of  Sky,  whose 
high  hills  are  almost  always  shrouded  in 
mist. 

Nor  deep  thy  hand  by  thy  side,  chief  of  the  Isle  of  Mist. 
— Ossian,  HngiU,  L 

Islington  {The  "marquis  of),'  one  of 
the  companions  of  Billy  Barlow  the  noted 
archer.  Henry  VIII.  jocosely  created 
Barlow  "  duke  of  Shoreditch,"  and  his 
two  companions  "  earl  of  Pancras  "  and 
"  marquis  of  Islington." 

Ismael  "the  Infidel,"  one  of  the 
Immortal  Guard. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count 
liobert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Isme'ne  and  Isme'nias,  a  love 
story  in  Greek  by  Eustathius,  in  the  twelfth 
century.  It  is  puerile  in  its  delineation 
of  character,  and  full  of  plagiarisms  ;  but 
many  of  its  details  have  been  copied 
by  D'Urfe',  Montemayor,  and  others. 
Ismeno  is  the  "  dear  and  near  and  true  " 
lady  of  Isme'nias. 

*^*  Through  the  translation  by  God- 
frey of  Viterbo,  the  tale  of  Ismene  and 
Ismenias  forms  the  basis  of  Gower's 
Confessio  Amantis,  and  Shakespeare's 
Fericles  Prince  of  Tyre. 

Isme'no,  a  magician,  once  a  Christian, 
but  afterwards  a  renegade  to  Islam.  He 
was  killed  by  a  stone  hurled  from  an 
engine. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xviii. 
(1575). 

Isoc'rates  {The  French),  Esprit 
Flechier,  bishop  of  Nismes  (1632-1710). 

Isoline  (3  syl.),  the  high-minded  and 
heroic  daughter  of  the  French  governor  of 
Mossi'na,  and  bride  of  Fernando  (son  of 
John  of  Procida).  Isoline  was  true  to 
her  husband,  and  true  to  her  father,  who 
had  opposite  interests  in  Sicily.  Both 
fell  victims  to  the  butc'hery  called  the 
"  Sicilian  Vespers  "  (March  30, 1282),  and 
Isoline  died  of  a  broken  heart. — S. 
Knowles,  John  of  Procida  (1840). 

Isolt.  There  are  two  ladies  connected 
with  Arthurian  romance  of  this  name: 
one,  Isolt  "the  Fair,"  daughter  of  Anguish 
king  of  Ireland  ;  and  the  other  Isolt  "  of 
the  White  Hands,"  daughter  of  Howell 
king  of  Brittany.  Isolt  the  Fair  was  the 
wife  of  sir  Mark  king  of  Cornwall,  but 
Isolt  of  the  White  Hands  was  the  wife  of 
sir  Tr':tram.  Sir  Tristram  loved  Isolt 
21 


th«  Fair  ;  and  Isolt  hated  sir  Mark,  her 
husband,  with  the  sanee  measure  that  she 
loved  sir  Tristram,  her  nephew-in-law. 
Tennyson's  tale  of  tha  death  of  sir  Tris- 
tram is  so  at  variance  with  the  romance, 
that  it  must  be  given  separately.  He 
says  that  sir  Tristram  was  one  day 
dallying  with  Isolt  the  Fair,  and  put  a 
ruby  carcanct  round  her  neck.  Then, 
as  he  kissed  her  throat : 

Out  of  the  dark,  just  as  the  lips  had  touched, 
Behind  him  rose  a  shadow  and  a  shriek — 
"Mark's  way  1 "  said  Mark,  and  clove  him  thro'  the  brain. 
Tennyson,  The  last  Tournament.    (See  ISOXD.) 

Isond,  called  La  Beale  Lsond,  i.e.  La 
Belle  lsond,  daughter  of  Anguish  king  of 
Ireland.  When  sir  Tristram  vanquished 
sir  Marhaus,  he  went  to  Ireland  to  be 
cured  of  his  wounds.  La  Beale  Isond 
was  his  leech,  and  fell  in  love-  with  him  ; 
but  she  married  sir  Mark  the  dastard 
king  of  Cornwall.  This  marria";e  was 
very  unhappy,  for  Isond  hated  Mark  as 
much  as  she  loved  sir  Tristram,  with 
whom  she  eloped  and  lived  in  Joyous 
Guard  Castle,  but  was  in  time  restored  to 
her  husband,  and  Tristram  married  Isond 
the  Fair-haildcd.  In  the  process  of  time, 
Tristram,  being  severely  wounded,  sent  for 
La  Beale  Isond,  who  alone  could  cure  him, 
and  if  the  lady  consented  to  come  the 
vessel  was  to  hoist  a  white  flag.  The 
ship  hove  in  sight,  and  Tristram's  wife,  out 
of  jealousy,  told  him  it  carried  a  Wac/d  flag 
at  the  mast-head.  On  hearing  this,  sir 
Tristram  fell  back  on  his  bed,  and  died. 
When  La  Beale  Isond  landed,  and  heard 
that  sir  Tristram  was  dead,  she  flung 
herself  on  the  body,  and  died  also.  The 
two  were  buried  in  one  grave,  on  which 
a  rose  and  vine  were  planted,  which  grew 
up  and  so  intermingled  their  branches 
that  no  man  could  separate  them. — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  n. 
(1470). 

*^*  Sir  Palimedes  the  Saracen  {i.e. 
unbaptized)  also  loved  La  Beale  Isond, 
but  met  with  no  encouragement.  Sir 
Kay  Hedius  died  for  love  of  her. — History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  172. 

Isond  le  Blanch  Mains,  daughter  of 
Howell  king  of  Britain  {i.e.  Brittany). 
Sir  Tristram  fell  in  love  with  her  for  her 
name's  sake  ;  but,  though  he  married  her, 
his  love  for  La  Beale  Isond,  wife  of  his 
uncle  Mark,  grew  stronger  and  stronger. 
When  sir  Tristram  was  dying  and  seut 
for  his  uncle's  wife,  it  was  Isond  le  Blanch 
Mains  who  told  him  the  ship  was  in  sight, 
but  carried  a  black  flag  at  the  mast-head, 
on  hearing  which  sir  Tristram  bowed  his 
2  I 


ISRAEL. 


482 


[THURIEL. 


head  and  died.— Sir  T.  Malory,  History 
of  Prince  Arthur^  ii.  35,  etc.  (1470). 

Is'rael,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  means  England.  As  David 
was  king  of  Israel,  so  Charles  II.  was 
king  of  England.  Of  his  son,  the  duke 
of  Monmouth,  the  poet  says  : 

Early  in  foreign  fields  he  won  renown 

With  kings  and  states  allied  to  Israel's  crown. 

Dryden,  Abialom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 


.),  Jewish  money- 


Is'raelites  (3 
lenders. 

...  all  the  Israelites  are  fit  to  mob  its 
Ntxt  owner,  for  their  .  .  .  post-obits. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  125  (1819). 

Is'rafil,  the  angel  who  will  sound 
the  "  Resurrection  blast."  Then  Gabriel 
and  Michael  will  call  together  the  "dry 
bones  "  to  judgment.  When  Israfil  puts 
the  trumpet  to  his  mouth,  the  souls  of  the 
desid  will  be  cast  into  the  trumpet,  and 
when  he  blows,  out  will  they  fly  like  bees, 
and  fill  the  whole  space  between  earth  and 
heaven.  Then  will  they  enter  their 
respective  bodies,  Mahomet  leading  the 
way. — Sale,  Koran  (Preliminary  dis- 
course, iv.). 

***  Israfil,  the  angel  of  melody  in 
paradise.  It  is  said  that  his  ravishing 
songs,  accompanied  by  the  daughters  of 
paradise  and  the  clanging  of  bells,  will 
give  delight  to  the  faithful. 

Is'sachar,  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  is  meant  for  Thomas  Thynne 
of  Longleate  Hall,  a  friend  to  the  duke  of 
Monmouth.  There  seems  to  be  a  very 
slight  analogy  between  Thomas  Thynne 
and  Issachar  son  of  Jacob.  If  the  tribe 
(compared  to  an  ass  overburdened)  is 
alluded  to,  the  poet  could  hardly  have 
called  the  rich  commoner  "  wise  I^isachar." 

Mr.  Thynne  and  count  Koningsmark 
both  wished  to  marry  the  widow  of  Henry 
Cavendish  earl  of  Ogle.  Her  friends 
contracted  her  to  the  rich  commoner,  but 
before  the  marriage  was  consummated,  he 
was  murdered.  Three  months  afterwards, 
the  widow  married  the  duke  of  Somerset. 

Hospitable  treats  did  most  commend 
Wise  Issacliar,  his  wealthy  western  friend. 
Dryden,  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 

Isp.land,  the  kingdom  of  Brunhild.— 

The  Nibelungen  Lied, 

Istakhar,  in  Ears  (Persia),  upon  a 
rock.  (The  word  means  "the  throne  of 
Jcmshid.")  It  is  also  called  "Chil'- 
Minar',"  or  the  forty  pillars.  The  Greeks 
called  it  Persep'olis.  Istakhar  was  the 
cemetery  of  the  Persian  kings,  and  a 
royal  treasury. 


She  WAS  fired  with  impatience  to  behuld  the  superb 
tombs  ef  !staiihar,  and  the  palace  of  forty  columnn.— W. 
Beckford,  VatheJe  (1786). 

Isumbras  (Sir)  or  Ysumbras.    (See 

ISENBKAS.) 

Itadach  (Colman),  surnamed  "The 
Thirsty."  In  consequence  of  his  rigid 
observance  of  the  rule  of  St.  Patrick,  he 
refused  to  drink  one  single  drop  of  water  ; 
but  his  thirst  in  the  harvest-time  was  so 
great  that  it  caused  his  death. 

Item,  a  money-broker.  He  was  a 
thorough  villain,  who  could  *'  bully, 
cajole,  curse,  fawn,  flatter,  and  filch." 
Mr.  Item  always  advised  his  clients  not 
to  sign  away  their  money,  but  at  the 
same  time  stated  to  them  the  imperative 
necessity  of  so  doing.  "I  would  advise 
you  strongly  not  to  put  your  hand  to  that 
paper,  though  Heaven  knows  how  else 
you  can  satisfy  these  duns  and  escape 
imprisonment." — Holcroft,  The  Deserted 
Daughter  (altered  into  The  Steward). 

Ith'acan  Suitors.  During  the 
absence  of  Ulysses  king  of  Ithaca  in 
the  Trojan  war,  his  wife  Penel'ope  was 
pestered  by  numerous  suitors,  who  as- 
sumed that  Ulysses,  from  his  long  absence, 
must  be  dead.  Penelope  put  them  off 
by  saying  she  would  finish  a  certain 
robe  which  she  was  making  for  Laertes, 
her  father-in-law,  before  she  gave  her 
final  answer  to  any  of  them  ;  but  at 
night  she  undid  all  the  work  she  had 
woven  during  the  day.  At  length, 
Ulysses  returned,  and  relieved  her  of  her 
perplexity. 

All  the  ladies,  each  at  each. 
Like  the  Ithacensian  suitors  in  old  time. 
Stared  with  great  eyes  and  laughed  with  alien  lips. 
Tennyson,  The  Princea,  It. 

Ith'ocles  (3  syl.),  in  love  with 
Calantha  princess  of  Sparta.  Ithocles 
induces  his  sister  Penthea  to  break  the 
matter  to  the  princess,  and  in  time  she 
not  only  becomes  reconciled  to  his  love 
but  also  requites  it,  and  her  father  con- 
sents to  the  marriage.  During  a  court 
festival,  Calantha  is  informed  by  a  mes- 
senger that  her  father  has  suddenly  died, 
by  a  second  that  Penthea  has  starved 
herself  to  death,  and  by  a  third  that 
Ithocles  has  been  murdered.  The  mur- 
derer was  Or'gilus,  who  killed  him  out  of 
revenge. — John  Ford,  The  Broken  Heart 
(1633).  J 

Ithu'riel  (4  syl.),  a  cherub  sent  by  ^ 
Gabriel  to  find  out  Satan.     He  finds  him 
squatting  like  a  toad  beside  Eve  as  she 
lay  asleep,  and  brings  him  before  Gabriel. 


OF   THE 


ITHURIEL. 


483 


IVY 


UlTIVERSI 


I 


(The  word  means  "  God's  discovery.") — 
Milton,  Paradise  Lost^  iv.  788  (1G66). 

Ithwiei's  Spear,  the  spear  of  the  angel 
Ithuriel,  whose  slightest  touch  exposed 
deceit.  Hence,  when  Satan  squatted  like 
a  toad  "  close  to  the  ear  of  Eve," 
Ithuriel  only  touched  the  creature  with 
his  spear,  and  it  resumed  the  form  of 
Satan. 

...  for  no  falsehood  can  endure 
Touch  of  celestial  temper,  but  returns 
Of  force  to  its  own  likeness. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  (16C5). 

Ithu'riel,  the  guardian  angel  of  Judas 
Iscariot.  After  Satan  entered  into  the 
heart  of  the  traitor,  Ithuriel  was  given  to 
Simon  Peter  as  his  second  angel. — Klop- 
stock,  The  Messiah,  iii.  and  iv.  (1748, 
1771). 

Ivan  tlie  Terrible,  Ivan  IV.  of 
Russia,  a  man  of  great  energy,  but  in- 
famous for  his  cruelties.  It  was  he  who 
first  adopted  the  title  of  czar  (1529, 
1533-1584). 

I'vanhoe  (3  syL),  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (1820).  The  most  brilliant  and 
splendid  of  romances  in  any  language. 
Kebecca,  the  Jewess,  was  Scott's  favourite 
character.  The  scene  is  laid  in  England 
in  the  reign  of  Richard  I.,  and  we  are 
introduced  to  Robin  Hood  in  Sherwood 
Forest,  banquets  in  Saxon  halls,  tourna- 
ments, and  all  the  pomp  of  ancient 
chivalry.  Rowena,  the  heroine,  is  quite 
thrown  into  the  shade  by  the  gentle, 
meek,  yet  high-souled  Rebecca. 

Ivanhoe  (Sir  Wilfred  knight  of),  the 
favourite  of  Richard  I.,  and  the  disin- 
herited son  of  Cedric  of  Rotherwood. 
Disguised  as  a  palmer,  he  goes  to  Rother- 
wood, and  meets  there  Rowe'nahis  father's 
ward,  with  whom  he  falls  in  love  ;  but 
we  hear  little  more  of  him  except  as  the 
friend  of  Rebecca  and  her  father  Isaac  of 
York,  to  both  of  whom  he  shows  repeated 
acts  of  kindness,  and  completely  wins 
the  affections  of  the  beautiful  Jewess. 
In  the  grand  tournament,  Ivanhoe 
IJT.van.ho]  appears  as  the  "  Desdichado  " 
or  the  "  Disinherited  Knight,"  and  over- 
throws all  comers.  King  Richard  pleads 
for  him  to  C«dric,  reconciles  the  father  to 
his  son,  and  the  young  knight  marries 
Rowena. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Ivan'ovitch  (son  of  Ivan  or  John), 
the  popular  name  of  a  Russian.  Similar 
in  construction  to  our  "John-son,"  the 
Danish  "  Jan-sen,"  and  the  Scotch  "  Mac- 
Ina." 


rhe  popular  name  <«lfJ4e'ftfi>nBlEt'  ^ \' 


as  a  people  is  John  Bull ;  of  •the(Jeriiian8, 
Cousin  Michael ;  of  the  French,  Jmn 
Crapaud  ;  of  the  Chinese,  John  China- 
man ;  of  the  Americans,  Brother  Jon- 
athan ;  of  the  Welsh,  Taflfy ;  of  the  Scotch, 
Sandy ;  of  the  Swiss,  Colin  Tampon ;  of 
the  Russians,  Ivanovitch,  etc. 

Iverach  (Allan),  or  steward  of  Invera- 
Bchalloch  with  Gallraith,  at  the  Clachan 
of  Aberfoyle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Mob  Hoy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Ives  (St.),  originally  called  Slepe. 
Its  name  was  changed  in  honour  of  St. 
Ive,  a  Persian  missionary. 

From  Persia,  led  by  zeal,  St.  Ive  this  island  sought. 
And  near  our  eastern  fens  a  fit  place  finding,  taught 
The  faith  ;  which  place  from  him  alone  the  name  derives, 
And  of  that  sainted  man  has  since  been  ("tiled  St.  Ive.s. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1(522). 

Ivory  Gate  of  Dreams.    Dreams 

which  delude  pass  through  the  ivory  gate, 
but  those  which  come  true  through  the 
horn  gate.  This  whim  depends  upon  two 
puns  :  Ivory,  in  Greek,  is  elephas,  and  the 
verb  elephai7'o  means  "to  cheat;"  horn, 
in  Greek,  is  keras,  and  the  verb  karanoo 
to  accomplish." 


Sunt  geminse  somni  portse,  quarum  altera  fertur 
Cornea,  qua  verla  facilis  datur  exitus  unibris ; 
Altera  candenti  perfecta  nitens  elephanto, 
Sed  falsa  ad  caelum  mittunt  insomnia  Manes. 

Virgil,  .Eneid,  vi.  893-6. 

From  gate  of  horn  or  ivory,  dreams  are  sent ; 

These  to  deceive,  and  those  for  warning  meant. 

Ivory  Shoulder.  Demeter  ate  the 
shoulder  of  Pelops,  served  up  by  Tan'- 
talos  ;  so  when  the  gods  restored  the 
body  to  life,  Demeter  supplied  the  iack- 
ingshoulder  by  one  made  of  ivory. 

Pythag'oras  had  a  golden  thigh,  which 
he  showed  to  Ab'aris  the  Hyperborean 
priest. 

Not  Pelops'  shoulder  whiter  than  her  hands. 
Nor  snowy  swans  that  jet  on  Isca's  sands. 
Wm.  Browne,  Dritannia's  Ptistorals,  ii.  3  (1613). 

Ivory  Tube    of  prince  Ali,  a 

sort  of  telescope,  which  showed  the  per- 
son who  looked  through  it  whatever  he 
wished  most  to  see. — Arabian  Rights 
("  Ahmed  and  Pari-Banou"). 

Ivry,  in  France,  famous  for  the  battle 
won  by  Henry  of  Navarre  over  the 
League  (1590). 

Hurrah  1  hurrah !  a  single  field 
Hath  turned  the  chance  of  war. 

Hurraii !  hurrah  I  for  Ivry, 
Aiid  Henry  of  Navarre. 

Lord  Macaulay,  Lays  ("  Ivry."  1842). 

Ivy  Lane,  London  ;  so  called  from 
the  houses  of  the  prebendaries  of  St. 
Paul,  overgrown  with  ivy,  which  once 
stood  there. 


IWEIN. 


484 


JACK  AMEND-ALL. 


I'-wein,  a  knight  of  the  Round  Table. 
He  slays  the  possessor  of  an  enchanted 
fountain,  and  marries  the  widow,  whose 
name  is  Laudine.  Gaw'ein  or  Gawain 
urges  him  to  new  exploits,  so  he  quits 
his  wife  for  a  year  in  quest  of  adventures, 
and  as  he  does  not  return  at  the  stated 
time,  Laudine  loses  all  love  for  him.  On 
his  return,  he  goes  mad,  and  wanders  in 
the  woods,  where  he  is  cured  by  three 
sorcerers.  He  now  helps  a  lion  fighting 
against  a  dragon,  and  the  lion  becomes  his 
faithful  companion.  He  goes  to  the 
enchanted  fountain,  and  there  finds 
Lunct'  prisoner.  While  struggling  with 
the  enchanted  fountain,  Lunet  aids  him 
with  her  ring,  and  he  in  turn  saves  her 
life.  By  the  help  of  his  lion,  Iwein  kills 
several  giants,  delivers  three  hundred 
virgins,  and,  on  his  return  to  king 
Arthur's  court,  marries  Lunet. — Hartmann 
Ton  der  Aue  (thirteenth  century). 

Ixi'on,  king  of  the  Lap'ithse,  at- 
tempted to  win  the  love  of  Here  {Juno) ; 
but  Zeus  substituted  a  cloud  for  the 
goddess,  and  a  centaur  was  born. 

*^*  R.  Browning  calls  the  name  in- 
correctly Ix'ion,  as : 

Joys  prove  cloudlets ; 
Men  are  the  merest  Ixfons. 
Robert  Browning,  Dramatic  Z.yr»c«  ("The  Glove"). 


J. 


J.  (in  Punch),  the  signature  of  Douglas 
Jerrold,  who  first  contributed  to  No.  9  of 
the  serial  (1803-1858). 

Jaafer,  who  carried  the  sacred  banner 
of  the  prophet  at  the  battle  of  Muta. 
When  one  hand  was  lopped  off,  he 
clutched  the  banner  with  the  other ;  this 
hand  being  also  lost,  he  held  it  with  his 
two  stumps.  When,  at  length,  his  head 
was  cleft  from  his  body,  he  contrived  so 
to  fall  as  to  detain  the  banner  till  it  was 
seized  by  Abdallah,  and  handed  to  Kha- 
led. 

Cyn^geros,  in  the  battle  of  Mara- 
thon, seized  one  of  the  Persian  ships  with 
his  right  hand.  When  this  was  lopped  off, 
he  laid  hold  of  it  with  his  left ;  and  when 
this  was  also  cut  off,  he  seized  it  with 
his  teeth,  and  held  on  till  he  lost  hit, 
head. 


Admiraij  Bbnbow,  in  an  engagement 
with  the  French  near  St.  Martha,  in  1701, 
was  carried  on  deck  on  a  wooden  frame 
after  both  his  legs  and  thighs  were 
shivered  into  splinters  by  chain-shot. 

Almeyda,  the  Portuguese  governor  of 
India,  had  himself  propped  against  the 
mainmast  after  both  his  legs  were  shot 
off. 

Jabos  (Jock),  postilion  at  the  Golden 
Arms  inn,  Kippletringan,  of  which  Mrs. 
M'Candlish  was  landlady. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guij  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Ja'chin,  the  parish  clerk,  who  pur- 
loined the  sacramental  money,  and  died 
disgraced. — Crabbe,  Borough  (1810). 

Jacinta,  a  first-rate  cook,  "who  de- 
served to  be  housekeeper  to  the  patriarch 
of  the  Indies,"  but  was  only  cook  to  the 
licentiate  Sedillo  of  Valladolid.— Ch.ii.  1. 

The  cook,  who  was  no  less  dexterous  than  Dame 
Jacinta,  was  assisted  by  the  coachman  in  dressing  the 
victuals.— Lesage,  Gil  Bias,  iii.  10  (1715). 

Jacin'tha,  the  supposed  wife  of 
Octa'vio,  and  formerly  contracted  to  don 
Henrique  (2  syl.)  an  uxorious  Spanish 
nobleman. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Spanish  Curate  (1622). 

Jacin'tha,  the  wealthy  ward  of  Mr. 
Strickland ;  in  love  with  Bellamy.  Ja- 
cintha  is  staid  but  resolute,  and  though 
"she  elopes  down  a  ladder  of  ropes"  in 
boy's  costume,  has  plenty  of  good  sen?e 
and  female  modesty. — Dr.  Hoadly,  T/ie 
Suspicious  Husband  (1747). 

Jack  (Colonel),  the  hero  of  Defoe's 
novel  entitled  The  History  of  the  Most 
Remarkable  Life  and  Extraordinary  Ad- 
ventures of  the  truly  Hon.  Colonel  Jacque, 
vulgarly  called  Colonel  Jack.  The  colonel 
(born  a  gentleman  and  bred  a  pick- 
pocket) goes  to  Virginia,  and  passes 
through  all  the  stages  of  colonial  life, 
from  that  of  "  slavie "  to  that  of  an 
owner  of  slaves  and  plantations. 

The  transition  from  tlieir  refined  Oron'dat6«  and 
Stati'ras  to  the  society  of  captain  [sic]  Jack  and  Moll 
Flanders  ...  is  (to  use  a  phnise  of  Sterne)  like  turning 
from  Alexander  the  Great  to  Alexander  the  coppersmith. 
—£ncyc.  Brit.,  Ait  "Romance." 

Jack  Amend-all,  a  nickname  given 
to  Jack  Cade  the  rebel,  who  promised  to 
remedy  all  abuses  (*-1450).  As  a  speci- 
men of  his  reforms,  take  the  following 
examples : — 

I.  your  captain,  am  brave,  and  vow  reformation.  There 
shall  be  in  England  seven  half-penny  loaves  sold  for  a 
penny  ;  the  three-hooped  pot  shall  have  ten  hoops;  and  I 
will  make  it  felony  to  drink  small  beer.  .  .  .  When  I  am 
king,  there  shall  be  no  money  ;  alt  shall  eat  and  drink  on 
my  score ;  and  I  wiU  apparel  all  in  one  livenr.- 
speare,  2  Benrn  Yl.  act  ir.  so.  %  (IWl). 


JACK  AND  JILL. 


485 


JACK-WITH-A-LANTERN. 


I 


Jack  and  Jill,  said  to  be  the  Saxon 
and  Norman  stocks  united. 

Jack  and  Jill  went  up  the  hill. 

To  feteh  a  pail  of  water ; 
Jack  fell  down  and  cracked  his  croim, 

And  Jill  cante  tumbling  iu'ter. 

Stater)/  Ehvme. 

Or  thus : 

Twas  not  on  Alpine  ice  or  snow. 

But  homely  Kiiglish  soil ; 
"  Excelsior  ! "  their  motto  was ; 

They  .spared  nor  time  nor  toil ; 
They  did  not  go  for  fame  or  wealth. 

But  went  at  duty's  call ; 
And  tlio'  united  in  their  aim. 

Were  severed  in  their  falL 

Jack  and  the  Bean-Stalk.  Jack 
was  a  very  poor  lad,  sent  by  his  mother 
to  sell  a  cow,  which  he  parted  with  to  a 
butcher  for  a  few  beans.  His  mother,  in 
her  rage,  threw  the  beans  away  ;  but  one 
of  them  grew  during  the  night  as  high 
as  the  heaveng.  Jack  climbed  the  stalk, 
and,  by  the  direction  of  a  fairy,  came  to 
a  giant's  castle,  where  he  begged  food  and 
rest.  This  he  did  thrice,  and  in  his  three 
visits  stole  the  giant's  red  hen  which  laid 
golden  eggs,  his  money-bags,  and  his 
harp.  As  he  ran  off  with  the  last  trea- 
sure, the  harp  cried  out,  "Master! 
master !  "  which  woke  the  giant,  who 
ran  after  Jack ;  but  the  nimble  lad  cut 
the  bean-stalk  with  an  axe,  and  the  giant 
was  killed  in  his  fall. 

*^*  This  is  said  to  be  an  allegory  of 
the  Teutonic  Al-fader:  the  "red  hen" 
representing  the  all-producing  sun,  the 
"  money-bags  "  the  fertilizing  rain,  and 
the  "  harp  "  the  winds.  - 

Jack-in-the-G-reen,  one  of  the 
May-day  mummers. 

*.^*  Dr.  Owen  Pugh  says  that  Jack-in- 
the-Green  represents  Melvas  king  of 
Somersetshire,  disguised  in  green  boughs 
and  lying  in  ambush  for  queen  Guenever 
the  wife  of  king  Arthur,  as  she  was 
returning  from  a  hunting  expedition. 

Jack-o'-Lent,  a  kind  of  aunt  Sally 
set  up  during  Lent  to  be  pitched  at ;  hence 
a  puppet,  a  sheepish  booby,  a  boy-page, 
a  scarecrow.  Mrs.  Page  says  to  Kobin, 
Falstaft's  page : 

Vou  little  Jack-a-Lent.  have  you  been  true  to  ust— 
Shakespeare,   Merry  Wives  <if  Windtor,  act  iiL  ic.  3 

(1603). 

Jack  of  UNTe^evbury,  John  Winch- 
comb,  the  greatest  clothier  of  the  world 
in  *:ie  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  He  kept  a 
hundred  looms  in  his  own  house  at  New- 
bury, and  equipped  at  his  own  expense 
a  hundred  of  his  men  to  aid  the  king 
against  the  Scotch  in  Flodden  Field 
(1512). 


Jack  Robinson.  This  famoua 
comic  song  is  by  Hudson,  tobacconist, 
No.  98,  Shoe  Lane,  London,  in  the  early 
part  of  the  nineteenth  century.  The  last 
line  is,  "And  he  was  off  before  you  could 
say  'Jack  Robinson.'"  The  tune  to  which 
the  words  are  sung  is  the  Sailors'  Horn' 
pipe.  Halliwell  quotes  these  two  lines 
from  an  "old  play:  " 

A  warke  it  ys  as  ea<!ie  to  i>e  doone 
As  'tys  to  saye,  Jacke  I  robys  on. 

A  rchaic  Dictionary, 

Jack  Sprat,  of  nursery  rhymeg. 

Jack  Sprat  could  eat  no  fat. 
His  wife  could  eat  no  lean ; 

And  so  betwixt  'em  both, 
They  licked  the  platter  clean. 

Jack  the  Giant-Killer,  a  series  of 
nursery  tales  to  show  the  mastery  of  skill 
and  wit  over  brute  strength.  Jack  en- 
counters various  giants,  but  outwits  them 
all.  The  following  would  illustrate  the 
sort  of  combat :  Suppose  they  came  to  a 
thick  iron  door,  the  giant  would  belabour 
it  with  his  club  hour  after  hour  without 
effect ;  but  Jack  would  apply  a  delicate 
key,  and  the  door  would  open  at  once. 
This  is  not  one  of  the  stories,  but  will 
serve  to  illustrate  the  sundry  contests. 
Jack  was  a  "valiant  Cornishman,"  and 
his  first  exploit  whs  to  kill  the  giant 
Cormoran,  by  digging  a  deep  pit  which 
he  filmed  over  with  grass,  etc.  The  giant 
fell  into  the  pit,  and  Jack  knocked  him 
on  the  head  with  a  hatchet.  Jack  after- 
wards obtained  a  coat  of  invisibility,  a 
cap  of  knowledge,  a  resistless  sword,  and 
shoes  of  swiftness ;  and,  thus  armed,  he 
almost  rid  Wales  of  its  giants. 

Our  Jack  the  Giant-killer  is  clearly  the  last  modern 
transmutation  of  the  old  British  legend  told  by  GeuiTrey 
of  Monmouth,  of  Corineus  the  Trojan,  the  companion 
of  the  Trojan  Brutus  when  he  first  settled  in  Britain.— 
Masson. 

Jack--wlth-a-Ijantern.  This  me- 
teoric phenomenon,  when  seen  on  the 
ground  or  a  little  above  it,  is  called  by 
sundry  names,  as  Brenning-drake,  Burn- 
ing candle,  Corpse  candles.  Dank  Will, 
Death-fires,  Dick-a-Tuesday,  Elf-fire,  the 
Fair  maid  of  Ireland,  Friar's  lantern, 
Gillion-a-burnt-tail,  Gyl  Burnt-tail,  Ignis 
fatuus,  Jack-o'-lantern,  Jack-with-a-lan- 
tern,  Kit-o'-the-canstick,  Kitty-wi'-a- 
wisp.  Mad  Crisp,  Peg-a-lantern,  Puck, 
Robin  Goodfellow,  Shot  stars.  Spittle  of 
the  stars.  Star  jelly,  a  Sylham  lamp,  a 
Walking  fire,  Wandering  fires.  Wandering 
wild-fire,  Will-with-a-wisp. 

Those  led  astray  by  these  "fool-fires" 
are  said  to  be  Elf -led,  Mab-led,  or  Puck- 
led. 


JACK'S. 


486 


JAGGERS. 


"When  seen  on  the  tips  of  the  fingers,  the 
hair  of  the  head,  mast-tops,  and  so  on, 
the  phenomenon  is  called  Castor  and 
Pollux  (if  double),  Cuerpo  Santo 
(Spanish),  Corpusanse,  Dipsas,  St.  Elmo 
or  Fires  of  St.  Elmo  (Spanish),  St. 
Ermyn,  Feu  d'Helfene  (French),  Fire- 
drakes,  Fuole  or  Looke  Fuole,  Haggs, 
Helen  (if  single),  St.  Hel'ena,  St.  Helme's 
fires,  Leda's  twins,  St.  Peter  and  St. 
Nicholas  (Italian)  or  Fires  of  St.  Peter 
and  St.  Nicholas. 

The  superstitions  connected  with  these 
"fool-fires"  are:  That  they  are  souls 
broken  out  from  purgatory,  come  to  earth 
to  obtain  prayers  and  masses  for  their  de- 
liverance ;  that  they  are  the  mucus  sneezed 
from  the  nostrils  of  rheumatic  planets ; 
that  they  are  ominous  of  death ;  that 
they  indicate  hid  treasures. 

Jack's,  a  noted  coffee-house,  where 
London  and  country  millers  used  to 
assemble  to  examine  their  purchases 
after  the  market  was  closed.  It  stood 
in  the  rear  of  old  'Change,  London. 

Jacks  {The  Two  Genial),  Jack  Munden 
and  Jack  Dowton.  Planche' says :  "They 
were  never  called  anything  else."  The 
former  was  Joseph  Munden  (1768-1832), 
and  the  latter,  William  Dowton  (1764- 
1851). — Planche,  Recollections,  etc.,  i.  28. 

Jacob  the  Scourge  of  Gram- 
mar, Giles  Jacob,  master  of  Romsey,  in 
Souttamptonshire,  brought  up  for  an 
attorney.  Author  of  a  Law  Dictionary, 
Lives  and  Characters  of  English  Poets, 
etc.  (1686-1744). 

Jacob's  Ladder,  a  meteoric  appear- 
ance resembling  broad  beams  of  light 
from  heaven  to  earth.  A  somewhat 
similar  phenomenon  may  be  seen  when 
the  sun  shines  through  the  chink  or  hole 
of  a  closed  shutter.  The  allusion  is,,  of 
course,  to  the  ladder  which  Jacob  dreamt 
about  (Gen.  xxviii.  12). 

Jacob's  Staff,  a  mathematical  in- 
Btrument  for  taking  heights  and  distances. 

Keach,  then,  a  soaringqulU,  that  I  may  write 
As  with  a  Jacob's  Staff  to  take  her  height. 
Cleveland,  The  Hecatomb  to  HU  MUtress  (1641). 

Jac'om.o,  an  irascible  captain  and  a 
woman-hater.  Frank  (the  sister  of  Fre- 
derick) is  in  love  with  him. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Captain  (1613). 

Jacques  (1  syl.),  one  of  the  domestic 
men-servants  of  the  duke  of  Aranza. 
The  duke,  in  order  to  tame  down  the 
overbearing  spirit  of  his  bride,  pretends 
to  be  a  peasant,  aud  deputes  Jacques  to 


represent  the  duke  for  the  nonce. 
Juliana,  the  duke's  bride,  lays  her 
grievance  before  "  duke "  Jacques,  but 
of  course  receives  no  redress,  although 
she  learns  that  if  a  Jacques  is  "  duke," 
the  "  peasant"  Aranza  is  the  better  man. 
—J.  Tobin,  The  Honeymoon  (1804). 

Jacques  (Fauvre),  the  absent  sweet- 
heart of  a  love-lorn  maiden.  Marie 
Antoinette  sent  to  Switzerland  for  a  lasa 
to  attend  the  dairy  of  her  "  Swiss  village  " 
in  miniature,  which  she  arranged  in  the 
Little  Trianon  (Paris).  The  lass  was 
heard  sighing  for  pauvre  Jacques,  and  this 
was  made  a  capital  sentimental  amuse- 
ment for  the  court  idlers.  The  swain  was 
sent  for,  and  the  marriage  consummated. 

Pauvre  Jacques,  quand  j'etais  pr6s  de  lot 

Je  ne  sentais  pas  ma  mis6re  ; 
Mais  4  prdsent  que  tu  vis  loin  de  moi 

Je  manque  de  tout  sur  la  terre. 

Marquise  de  Travanet,  Pauvre  Ja«gu€t. 

Jacques.    (See  Jaques.) 

Jac'ulin,  daughter  of  Gerrard  king 
of  the  beggars,  beloved  by  lord  Hubert 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Beggars' ' 
Bush  (1622). 

JaflB.er,  a  young  man  befriended  by 
Priuli,  a  proud  Venetian  senator.  Jaffier 
rescued  the  senator's  daughter  Belvidera 
from  shipwreck,  and  afterwards  married 
her  clandestinely.  The  old  man  now 
discarded  both,  and  Pierre  induced  Jaffier 
to  join  a  junto  for  the  murder  of  the 
senators.  Jaffier  revealed  the  conspiracy 
to  his  wife,  and  Belvidera,  in  order  to 
save  her  father,  induced  her  husband  to 
disclose  it  to  Priuli,  under  promise  of  free 
pardon  to  the  conspirators.  The  pardon, 
however,  was  limited  to  Jaffier,  and  the 
rest  were  ordered  to  torture  and  death. 
Jaffier  now  sought  out  his  friend  Pierre, 
aud,  as  he  was  led  to  execution,  stabbed 
him  to  prevent  his  being  broken  on  the 
wheel,  and  then  killed  himself.  Belvi- 
dera went  mad  and  died. — T.  Otway, 
Venice  Preserved  (1682). 

T.  Betterton  (1635-1710),  Robert  Wilks 
(1670-1732),  Spranger  Barry  (1719-1777), 
C.  M.  Young  (1777-1856),  and  W.  C. 
Macready  (1793-1873),  are  celebrated  for 
this  character. 

Ja^a-naut,  the  seven-headed  idol  of 
the  Hindus,  described  by  Southey  in  the 
Curse  of  Kehama,  xiv.  (1809). 

Jaggers,  a  lawyer  of  Little  Britain, 
London.  He  was  a  burly  man,  of  an  ex- 
ceedingly dark  complexion,  with  a  larga 
head  and  large  hand.  He  had  bushy  black 
eyebrows  that  stood  up  bristling,  shai 


1 


JAIRUS'S  DAUGHTER. 


487 


JAQUES. 


suspicious  eyes  set  very  deep  in  his  head, 
and  strong  black  dots  where  his  beard 
and  whiskers  would  have  been  if  he  had 
let  them.  His  hands  smelt  strongly  of 
scented  soap,  he  wore  a  very  large  watch- 
chain,  was  in  the  constant  habit  of  biting 
his  fore-finger,  and  when  he  spoke  to  any 
one,  he  threw  his  fore-finger  at  him 
pointedly.  A  hard,  logical  man  was  Mr. 
Jaggers,  who  required  an  answer  to  be 
*'  yes  "  or  "  no,"  allowed  no  one  to  express 
an  opinion,  but  only  to  state  facts  in  the 
fewest  possible  words.  Magwitch  ap- 
pointed him  Pip's  guardian,  and  he  was 
Miss  Havisham's  man  of  business. — C 
Dickens,  Great  Expectations  (I860). 

Jairus's  Daughter,  restored  to 
life  by  Jesus,  is  called  by  Klopstock  Cidli. 
— Klopstock,  Tlie  Messiah,  iv.  (1771). 

Jalut,  the  Arabic  name  for  Goliath. — 
Sale,  Al  Koran,  xvii. 

James  {Prince),  youngest  son  of  king 
Robert  III.  of  Scotland,  introduced  by  sir 
W.  Scott  in  The  Fair  Maid  of  Perth 
(1828). 

James  I.  of  England,  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel 
(1822). 

Ja'm.ie  {Don),  younger  brother  of  don 
Henrique  (2  syl.),  by  whom  he  is  cruelly 
treated. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Spanish  Curate  (1622). 

Jam.ie  Duffs.  Weepers  are  so  called, 
from  a  noted  Scotchman  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  whose  craze  was  to  follow  funerals 
in  deep  mourning  costume. — Kay,  Ori- 
ginal Portraits,  i.  7  ;  ii.  9,  17,  96. 

Ja'm.ieson  (Bet),  nurse  at  Dr.  Gray's, 
surgeon  at  Middlemas. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The    Surgeon's   Daughter   (time,    George 

n.). 

Jam,s]lid.,  king  of  the  genii,  famous 
for  a  golden  cup  filled  with  the  elixir  of 
life.  The  cup  was  hidden  by  the  genii, 
but  found  when  digging  the  foundations 
of  Persep'olis, 

I  know,  too,  where  the  genii  hid 
The  jewelled  cup  of  their  king  Jamshid, 
With  life's  elixir  sparkling  high. 
T.  Moore,  Lalla  Rookh  ("Paradise  and  the  Peri,"  1817). 

Jane  Eyre,  heroine  of  a  novel  so 
called  by  Currer  Bell. 

Jan'et,  the  Scotch  laundress  of  David 
Ramsay  the  watchmaker. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Jan'et  of  Tomaliourich  (Muhme), 
auat  of  Robin  Oig  M'Combich  a  Highland 


drover.—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Two  Drovers 
(time,  George  III.). 

Jannekiii  {Little),  apprentice  of 
Henry  Smith  the  armourer. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Jannie  Duff,  with  Ler  little  sister 
and  brother,  were  sent  to  gather  broom, 
and  were  lost  in  the  bush  (Australia). 
The  parents  called  in  the  aid  of  the 
native  blacks  to  find  them,  and  on 
the  ninth  day  they  were  discovered. 
"Father,"  cried  the  little  boy,  "why 
didn't  you  come  before  ?  We  cooed  quite 
loud,  but  you  never  came."  The  sister 
only  said,  "Cold  !  "  and  sank  in  stupor. 
Jannie  had  stripped  herself  to  cover  little 
Frank,  and  had  spread  her  frock  over  her 
sister  to  keep  her  warm,  and  there  all 
three  were  found  almost  dead,  lying 
under  a  bush. 

Janot  [Zha.no'],  a  simpleton,  one  who 
exercises  silly  ingenuity  or  says  vapid 
and  silly  things. 

Without  being  a  Janot,  who  )ias  not  sometimes  in  con- 
versation coniniitted  a  Janotism  ? — Ourry,  Trans. 

January  and  May.  January  is  an 
old  Lombard  baron,  some  60  years  of  age, 
who  marries  a  girl  nam^d  May.  This 
young  wife  loves  Damyan,  a  young 
squire.  One  day,  the  old  baron  found 
them  in  close  embrace ;  but  May  persuaded 
her  husband  that  his  eyes  were  so  dim  he 
had  made  a  mistake,  and  the  old  baron, 
too  willing  to  believe,  allowed  himself  to 
give  credit  to  the  tale. — Chaucer,  Canter- 
bury Tales  {''  The  Merchant's  Tale,"  1388). 

*^*  Modernized  by  Ogle  (1741). 

Jaquemart,  the  automata  of  a  clock, 
consisting  of  a  man  and  woman  who 
strike  the  hours  on  a  bell.  So  called 
from  Jean  Jaquemart  of  Dijon,  a  clock- 
maker,  who  devised  this  piece  of  mechan- 
ism. Menage  erroneously  derives  the 
word  from  jaccomarchiardus  ("a  coat  of 
mail  "),  "  because  watchmen  watched  the 
clock  of  Dijon  fitted  with  a  jaquemart." 

Jaquenetta,  a  country  wench  courted 
by  don  Adriano  de  Armado. — Shake- 
speare, Love's  Labour's  Lost  (1594). 

Jaques  (1  syl.),  one  of  the  lords  at- 
tendant on  the  banished  duke  in  the 
forest  of  Ardcn.  A  philosophic  idler, 
cj'nical,  sullen,  contemplative,  and  mo- 
ralizing. He  could  "suck  melancholy 
out  of  a  song,  as  a  weasel  sucks  eggs." 
Jaques  resents  Orlando's  passion  for 
Rosalind,  and  quits  the  duke  as  soon  aa 


JAQUES. 


488         JASPER  PACKLEMERTON. 


he  is  restored  to  his  dukedom. — Shake- 
speare, As  You  Like  It  (1598). 

Sometimes  Shakesper.re  makes  one 
syllable  and  sometimes  two  syllables  of 
the  word.  Sir  W.  Scott  makes  one  syl- 
lable of  it,  but  Charles  Lamb  two.  For 
example : 

Whom  humorous  Jaques  with  envy  viewed  (1  syl.). 
Sir  W.  Scott 

Where  Jaques  fed  his  solitary  rein  (2  tyl.).—C.  Lamb. 

The  "Jaques"  of  [Charlet  Af.  Young.  1777-1856],  is  in- 
deed most  musical,  most  melancholy,  attuned  to  the  very 
\.'ood-waIks    among   which   he   muses.— JVew   Monthly 

Magazine  (1822). 

Jaqties  (1  syl.),  the  miser  in  a  comedy 
by  Ben  Jonson,  entitled  The  Case  is 
Altered  (1574-1637). 

Jaques  (1  syL),  servant  to  Sulpit'ia  a 
bawd.  (See  Jacques.) — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Custom  of  the  Country 
(1647). 

Jarley  (Mrs.),  a  kind-hearted  woman, 
mistress  of  a  travelling  Avax-work  ex- 
hibition, containing  "one  hundred  figures 
the  size  of  life  ;  "  the  "  only  stupendous 
collection  of  real  wax-work  in  the 
world  ;  "  "  the  delight  of  the  nobility  and 
gentry,  the  royal  family,  and  crowned 
heads  of  Europe."  Mrs.  Jarley  was  kind 
to  little  Nell,  and  employed  her  as  a 
decoy-duck  to  "  Jarley 's  unrivalled  col- 
lection." 

If  I  know'd  a  donTcey  wot  wouldn't  go 

To  see  Mrs.  Jarley's  wax-work  show  ; 

Do  you  think  Td  acknowledge  him  ?    Oh,  no,  BO  I 

Then  run  to  Jarley. 
C.  Dickens,  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xxvlL  (1840). 

Jarnae  (Coup  de),  a  cut  which  severs 
the  ham-string.  So  called  from  a  cut 
given  by  Jamac  to  La  Chateigneraie  in 
a  duel  fought  in  the  presence  of  Henri  II., 
in  1547. 

Jarn'dyce  «.  Jam'dyce  (2  syL), 
a  Chancery  suit  "  never  ending,  still  be- 
ginning," which  had  dragged  its  slow 
length  along  over  so  many  years  that  it 
had  blighted  the  prospects  and  ruined 
the  health  of  all  persons  interested  in  its 
settlement.— C.  Dickens,  Bleak  Mouse 
(1853). 

Jam'dyce  (Mr.),  client  in  the  great 
Chancery  suit  of  "  Jarndyce  v.  Jamdyce," 
and  guardian  of  Esther  Summerson.  He 
concealed  the  tenderest  heart  under  a 
flimsy  churlishness  of  demeanour,  and 
could  never  endure  to  be  thanked  for 
any  of  his  numberless  acts  of  kindness 
and  charity.  If  anything  went  wrong 
with  him,  or  his  heart  was  moved  to 
HiClting,  he  would  say,  "  I  am  sure  the 


wind  is  in  the  east." — C.  Dickens,  Bleak 
House  (1853). 

Jar  vie  (Bailie  Nicol),  a  magistrate 
at  Glasgow,  and  kinsman  of  Rob  Roy. 
He  is  petulant,  conceited,  purse-proud, 
without  tact,  and  intensely  prejudiced, 
but  kind-hearted  and  sincere.  Jarvie 
marries  his  maid.  The  novel  of  Jiob  Hoy 
has  been  dramatized  by  J.  Pocock,  and 
Charles  Mackay  was  the  first  to  appear 
in  the  character  of  "  Bailie  Nicol  Jarvie." 
Talfourd  says  (1829)  :  "  Other  actors  are 
sophisticate,  but  Mackay  is  the  thing 
itself."— Sir  W.  Scott,  Bob  Boy  (time, 
George  I.).  | 

The  character  of  Bailie  Nicol  Jarvie  is  one  of  the 
author's  happiest  conceptions,  and  the  idea  of  c-arr)  ing  i 
him  to  the  wild  rugged  mountains,  among  outlaws  and 
desperadoes — at  the  same  time  that  he  retained  a  keen 
relish  of  the  comforts  of  the  Saltmarket  of  GIa.sg*.>w,  and 
a  due  sense  of  his  dignity  as  a  magistrate — complete  the 
ludicrous  effect  of  the  picture.  —  Chaml)crs,  £nglith 
LUerature,  ii.  587. 

tTarvis,  a  faithful  old  servant,  who 
tries  to  save  his  master,  Beverley,  from 
his  fatal  passion  of  gambling. — Edward 
Moore,  The  Gamester  (1753). 

Jaspar  was  poor,  heartless,  and 
wicked  ;  he  lived  by  highway  robbery, 
and  robbery  led  to  murder.  One  day,  he 
induced  a  poor  neighbour  to  waylay  his 
landlord ;  but  the  neighbour  relented, 
and  said,  "Though  dark  the  night,  there 
is  One  above  who  sees  in  darkness." 
"  Never  fear  !  "  said  Jaspar ;  "  for  no  eye 
above  or  below  can  pierce  this  darkness." 
As  he  spoke,  an  unnatural  light  gleamed 
on  him,  and  he  became  a  confirmed 
maniac. — R.  Southey,  Jaspar  (a  ballad). 

Jasper  (Old),  a  ploughman  at  Glen- 
dearg  Tower.- Sir  W.  Scott,  2'he  Mo- 
nastery (time,  Elizabeth). 

Jasper  (Sir),  father  of  Charlotte.  He 
wants  her  to  marry  a  Mr.  Dapper ;  but 
she  loves  Leander,  and,  to  avoid  a  mar- 
riage she  dislikes,  pretends  to  be  dumb. 
A  mock  doctor  is  called  in,  who  discovers 
the  facts  of  the  case,  and  employs  Leander 
as  his  apothecary.  Leander  soon  cures 
the  lady  with  "pills  matrimoniac."  In 
Molifere's  Le  Me'decin  Malgre'  Lui  (from 
which  this  play  is  taken),  sir  Jasper  is 
called  "Geronte"  (2  syl.). — H.  Fielding, 
The  Mock  Doctor. 

Jasper  Packlemerton,  of  atro- 
cious memory,  one  of  the  chief  figures  it 
Mrs.  Jarley's  wax-work  exhibition. 

"  Jasper  courted  and  married  fourteen  wives,  and  de» 
stroyed  them  all  by  tickling  the  iioles  of  their  feet  when 
they  were  asleep.  On  being  brought  to  the  scaffold  and 
asked  if  he  was  sorry  for  what  he  had  done,  he  replied  h« 
was  only  sorry  for  having  let  them  off  so  easy.  Let  this  " 
said  Mrs.  Jarley,  "  be  a  warning  to  all  young  ladies  to  t 


I 


JAUP. 


JEDBURGH  JUSTICE. 


particular  in  the  character  of  the  gentleman  of  their 
choice.  Observe,  his  fingers  are  curled,  us  ii  in  the  act 
of  tickling,  and  there  U  a  wink  in  his  eyes." — C.  Dickens, 
The  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xxviiL  (1840). 

Jaup  {Alison)^  an  old  woraan  at 
Middlemas  village.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Jaup  (Saunders),  a  farmer  at  Old  St. 
Ronan's. — Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  JRonan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Javan  lost  his  father  on  the  day  of  his 
birth,  and  was  brought  up  in  the  "  patri- 
arch's glen  "  by  his  mother,  till  she  also 
died.  He  then  sojourned  for  ten  years 
with  the  race  of  Cain,  and  became  the 
disciple  of  Jubal  the  great  musician. 
He  then  returned  to  the  glen,  and  fell  in 
love  vrith  Zillah ;  but  the  glen  being 
invaded  by  giants,  Zillah  and  Javan, 
•with  many  others,  were  taken  captives. 
Enoch  reproved  the  giants ;  and,  as  he 
ascended  up  to  heaven,  his  mantle  fell 
on  Javan,  M'ho  released  the  captives,  and 
conducted  them  back  to  the  glen.  The 
giants  were  panic-struck  by  a  tempest, 
and  their  king  was  killed  by  some  un- 
known hand. — James  Montgomery,  The 
World  before  the  Flood  (1812). 

Ja'van's  Issue,  the  lonians  and 
Greeks  generally  (Gen.  x.  2).  .Milton 
uses  the  expression  in  Paradise  Lost,  i. 

^    508. 

^ft       *^*  In  Isaiah  Ixvi.  19,  and  in  Ezek. 

|K  xxvii.  13,  the  word  is  used  for  Greeks 

^K  collectively. 

^H.      Javert,  an  officer  of  police,  the  im- 

^■j^personation   of   inexorable  law. — Victor 

^^VHugo,  Les  Miserahles. 

^^"      Ja'zer,  a  city  of  Gad,  personified  by 
I  Isaiah.     "  Moab   shall  howl  for  Moab, 

I  every  one  -shall  howl.  ...   I  will  be- 

I  wail,  with  the  weeping  of  Jazer,  the  vine 

I  of  Sibmah ;   I  will  water  thee  with  my 

t  tears,  O  Heshbon." — Isaiah  xvi.  7-9. 

It  did  not  content  the  congregation  to  weep  all  of 
them ;  but  they  howled  with  a  loud  voice,  weeping  with 
the  weeping  of  Jazer. — Kirkton,  ISO. 

I  Jealous  TraflB.ek  {Sir),  a  rich  mer- 

I  chant,  who  fancies  everything  Spanish  is 
'  better  than  English,  and  intends  his 
daughter  Isabinda  to  marry  don  Diego 
Barbinetto,  who  is  expected  to  arrive 
forthwith.  Isabinda  is  in  love  with 
Charles  [Gripe] ,  who  dresses  in  a  Spanish 
costume,  passes  himself  oif  as  don  Diego 
Barbinetto,  and  is  married  to  Isabinda. 
Sir  Jealous  is  irritable,  headstrong,  pre- 
judiced, and  wise  in  his  own  conceit. — 
Mrs.  Centlivre.  The  Busy  Body  (1709). 
Jealous  "Wife  (The),  a  comedy  by 


George  Colman  (1761).  Harriot  Russet 
marnes  Mr.  Oakly,  and  becomes  "the 
jealous  wife;"  but  is  ultimately  cured 
by  the  interposition  of  major  Oiitly,  hei 
brother-in-law. 

*,„*  This  comedy  is  founded  on  Field- 
ing's Tom  Jones. 

Jeames  de  la  Pluche,  a  flunky. 
Jeames  means  the  same  thing. — Thacke- 
ray, Jeairu;s's  Diary  (1849). 

Jean  des  Vig-nes,  a  French  expres- 
sion for  a  drunken  blockhead,  a  good- 
for-nothing.  The  name  Jean  is  often 
used  in  France  as  synonymous  with 
clown  or  fool,  and  etre  dans  les  vignes  is 
a  popular  euphuism  meaning  "  to  be 
drunk."  A  more  fanciful  explanation  of 
the  term  refers  its  origin  to  the  battle  of 
Poictiers,  fought  by  king  John  among 
the  vines.  Un  mariage  de  Jean  dea  Vignes 
means  an  illicit  marriage,  or,  in  the  Eng- 
lish equivalent,  "  a  hedge  marriage." 

Jean  FoUe  Farine,  a  merry  An- 
drew, a  poor  fool,  a  Tom  Noodle.  So 
called  because  he  comes  on  the  stage  like 
a  great  loutish  boy,  dressed  all  in  white, 
with  his  face,  hair,  and  hands  thickly 
covered  with  flour.  Scaramouch  is  a 
sort  of  Jean  FoUe  Farine. 

Ouida  has  a  novel  called  Folk  Farine^ 
but  she  uses  the  phrase  in  quite  another 
sense. 

Jean  Jacques.  So  J.  J.  Roussean 
is  often  called  (1712-1778). 

That  is  almost  the  only  maxim  of  Jean  Jacques  to 
which  I  can  .  .  .  subscribe.— Lord  Lytton. 

Jean  Paul.  J.  P-  Friedrich  Richter 
is  generally  so  called  (1763-1825). 

Jeanne  of  Alsace,  a  giil  ruined  by 
Dubosc  the  highwayman.  She  gives  him 
up  to  justice,  in  order  to  do  a  good  turn 
to  Julie  Lesurques  (2  syl.),  who  had  be- 
friended her.— E.  Stirling,  The  Courier 
of  Lyons  (1852). 

Jedburgh,  Jeddart,  or  Jedwood 
Justice,  hang  first  and  try  afterwards. 
The  custom  rose  from  the  summary  way 
of  dealing  with  border  marauders. 

*^*  Jeddart  and  Jedwood  are  merely 
corruptions  of  Jedburgh. 

Cupar  Justice  is  the  same  thing. 

Abingdon  Law,  the  same  as  "  Jedburgh 
Justice."  In  the  Commonwealth,  major- 
general  Brown,  of  Abingdon,  first  hanged 
his  prisoners  and  then  tried  them. 

Lynch  Law,  mob  law.  So  called  from 
James  Lynch  of  Piedmont,  in  Virginia. 


JEDDLER. 


490 


JENKIN. 


It  is  a  summary  way  of  dealing  with  ma- 
rauders, etc.  Called  in  Scotland,  Burlaw 
or  Byrlaw. 

Jeddler  {Dr.),  "a  great  philosopher." 
The  heart  and  mystery  of  his  philosophy 
was  to  look  upon  the  world  as  a  gigantic 
practical  joke  ;  something  too  absurd  to 
be  considered  seriously  by  any  rational 
man.  A  kind  and  generous  man  by  nature 
was  Dr.  Jeddler,  and  though  he  had  taught 
himself  the  art  of  turning  good  to  dross 
and  sunshine  into  shade,  he  had  not 
taught  himself  to  forget  his  warm  bene- 
volence and  active  love.  He  wore  a 
pigtail,  and  had  a  streaked  face  like 
a  winter  pippin,  with  here  and  there  a 
dimple  "to  express  the  peckings  of  the 
birds  ; "  but  the  pippin  was  a  tempting 
apple,  a  rosy,  healthy  apple  after  all. 

Grace  and  Marion  Jeddler,  daughters  of 
the  doctor,  beautiful,  graceful,  and  affec- 
tionate. They  both  fell  in  love  with 
Alfred  Heathfield  ;  but  Alfred  loved  the 
younger  daughter.  Marion,  knowing 
the  love  of  Grace,  left  hur  home  clandes- 
tinely one  Christmas  Day,  and  all  sup- 
posed she  had  eloped  with  Michael 
Warden.  In  due  tin\e,  Alfred  married 
Grace,  and  then  Marion  made  it  known 
to  her  sister  that  she  had  given  up  Alfred 
out  of  love  to  her,  and  had  been  living 
in  concealment  with  her  aunt  Martha. 
Report  says  she  subsequently  married 
Michael  Warden,  and  became  the  pride 
and  honour  of  his  country  mansion. — C. 
Dickens,  The  Battle  of  Life  (1846). 

Jed'ida  and  Benjamin,  two   of 

the  children  that  Jesus  took  into  His  arms 
and  blessed. 

"  Well  I  remember,"  said  Benjamin,  "  when  we  were 
on  earth,  with  what  loving  fondness  He  folded  us  in  His 
arms;  how  tenderly  He  pressed  us  to  His  heart.  A  tear 
was  on  His  cheek,  and  I  kissed  it  away.  I  see  it  still,  and 
shall  ever  see  it"  "And  I,  too,"  answered  Jedida,  "re- 
member when  His  arms  were  clasped  around  me,  how 
He  said  to  our  mothers,  '  Unless  ye  become  as  little 
children,  ye  caimot  enter  the  kingdom  of  hoaven.'" — 
Klopstock,  The  Mesiiah.  i.  (1748). 

Jehoi'achim,  the  servant  of  Joshua 
Geddes  the  quaker.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Hcd- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  HI.). 

Je'hu,  a  coachman,  one  who  drives  at 
a  rattling  pace. 

Tlie  driving  is  like  the  driving  of  Jehu  the  son  <rf 
Nhiishi ;  for  he  driveth  furiously.— 2  Kings  ix.  CO. 

Jehu  ( Companions  of).  The  "  Chouans  " 
were  so  called,  from  a  fanciful  analogy 
between  their  self-imposed  task  and  that 
appointed  to  Jehu  on  his  being  set  over 
the  kingdom  of  Israel.  As  Jehu  was  to 
cut  off  Aliab  and  Jezebel,  with  all  their 
house ;  so  the  Chouans  were  to  cat  off 


Louis  XVI.,  Marie  Antoinette,  and  all  the 
Bourbons. 

Jellicot  (Old  Goody),  servant  at  the 
under-keeper's  hut,  Woodstock  Forest.^ 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  Common- 
wealth). 

Jel'lyby  (Mrs.),  a  sham  philan- 
thropist, who  spends  her  time,  money, 
and  energy  on  foreign  missions,  to  the 
neglect  of  her  family  and  home  difties. 
Untidy  in  dress,  living  in  a  perfect  litter, 
she  has  a  habit  of  looking  "  a  long  way 
off,"  as  if  she  could  see  nothing  nearer  to 
her  than  Africa.  Mrs.  Jellyby  is  quite 
overwhelmed  with  business  correspon- 
dence relative  to  the  affairs  of  Borrioboola 
Gha. — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  Bouse,  iv. 
(1852). 

Jemlikha,  the  favourite  Greek  slave 
of  Dakianos  of  Ephesus.  Nature  had 
endowed  him  with  every  charm,  "  his 
words  were  sweeter  than  the  honey  of 
Arabia,  and  his  wit  sparkled  like  a  dia- 
mond." One  day,  Dakianos  was  greatly 
annoyed  by  a  fly,  which  persisted  in  tor- 
menting the  king,  whereupon  Jemlikha 
said  to  himself,  "If  Dakianos  cannot  rule 
a  fly,  how  can  he  be  the  creator  of  heaven 
and  earth?"  This  doubt  he  communicated 
to  his  fellow-slaves,  and  they  all  resolved 
to  quit  Ephesus,  and  seek  some  power 
superior  to  that  of  the  arrogator  of  divine 
honours. — Comte  Caylus,  Oriental  Tales 
("Dakianos  and  the  Seven  Sleepers," 
1743). 

Jemmie  Duffs,  weepers.  (SccJamik 
Duffs.) 

Jemmies,  sheeps'  heads,  and  also  a 
house-breaker's  instrument. 

Mr.  Sikes  made  many  pleasant  witticisms  on  "  jemmies," 
a  cant  name  for  sheeps'  hearts,  and  also  for  an  ingenious 
implement  much  used  in  his  profession. — C.  Dickens, 
Oliver  TwUt  (1837). 

Jemmy.  This  name,  found  on  en- 
gravings of  the  eighteenth  century,  means 
James  Worsdale  (died  1767). 

Jemmy  T-wltcher,  a  cunning  and 
treacherous  highwayman. — Gay,  The  Beg- 
gar's Opera  (1727). 

*^*  Lord  Sandwich,  member  of  the 
Kit-Kat  Club,  was  called  "Jemmy 
Twitcher"  (1765). 

Jenkin,  the  servant  of  George-a- 
Green.  He  says  a  fellow  ordered  him  to 
hold  his  horse,  and  see  that  it  took  no 
cold.  "  No,  no,"  quoth  Jenkin,  "  I'll  lay 
my  cloak  under  him."  He  did  so,  but 
"mark  you,"  he  adds,  "I  cut  four  holes  in 
my  cloak  first,  and  made  his  horse  stand 


10 


JENKIN. 


491        JEPHTHAH'S  DAUGHTEB. 


on  the  bare  ground." — Robert  Greene, 
George-a-GreeUy  t/ie  Pinner  of  Wakefield 
(1584). 

Jenkin,  one  of  the  retainers  of  Julian 
Avenel  (2  si/l.)  of  Avenel  Castle.— Sir 
W.  Scott,  the  Monastery  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Jenkins  (Mrs.  Winifred),  Miss 
Tabitha  Bramble's  maid,  noted  for  her 
bad  spelling,  misapplication  of  words, 
and  ludicrous  misnomers.  Mrs.  Winifred 
Jenkins  is  the  original  of  Mrs.  Malaprop. 
— Smollett,  The  Expedition  of  Humphry 
Clinker  (1771). 

Jenkins,  a  vulgar  lick-spittle  of  the 
aristocracy,  who  retails  their  praises  and 
witticisms,  records  their  movements  and 
deeds,  gives  flaming  accounts  of  their 
dresses  and  parties,  either  viva  voce  or  in 
newspaper  paragraphs  :  "  Lord  and  lady 
Dash  attended  divine  service  last  Sunday, 
and  were  very  attentive  to  the  sermon" 
(wonderful !).  "  Lord  and  lady  Dash  took 
a  drive  or  walk  last  Monday  in  their 
magnificent  park  of  Snobdoodleham. 
Lady  Dash  wore  a  mantle  of  rich  silk, 
a  bonnet  with  ostrich  feathers,  and  shoes 
with  rosettes."  The  name  is  said  to 
have  been  first  given  by  Punch  to  a 
writer  in  the  Morning  Post. 

Jenkinson  (Ephraim),  a  green  old 
swindler,  whom  Dr.  Primrose  met  in  a 
public  tavern.  Imposed  on  by  his  vener- 
able appearance,  apparent  devoutness, 
learned  talk  about  "cosmogony,"  and 
still  more  so  by  his  flattery  of  the  doctor's 
work  on  the  subject  of  monogamy,  Dr. 
Primrose  sold  the  swindler  his  horse. 
Old  Blackberry,  for  a  draft  upon  Farmer 
Flamborough.  When  the  draft  was  pre- 
sented for  payment,  the  farmer  told  the 
vicar  that  Ephraim  Jenkinson  '*  was  the 
greatest  rascal  under  heaven,"  and  that 
he  was  the  very  rogue  who  had  sold 
Moses  Primrose  the  spectacles.     Subse- 

iquently  the  vicar  found  him  in  the  county 
jail,  where  he  showed  the  vicar  great  kind- 
ness, did  him  valuable  service,  became  a 
reformed  character,  and  probably  married 
one  of  the  daughters  of  Farmer  Flam- 
borough. — Goldsmith,  Vicar  of  Wakefield 
(1765). 

For  our  own  part,  we  must  admit  that  we  have  never 
been  able  to  treat  with  due  gravity  any  allusion  to  the 
learned  speculations  Df  Man'etho,  Bero'sius,  or  Sanchoni'- 
ulbon,  from  their  indissoluble  connection  in  our  mind 
with  the  finished  cosmogony  of  Jenkinson. — Encyc.  Brit., 
Art.  "Romance." 

J  ennie,  housekeeper  to  the  old  laird 
of  Dumbiedikes.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 


Jenny  [Diver].  Captain  Macheatli 
says,  "  What,  my  pretty  Jenny  !  as  prim 
and  demure  as  ever?  There's  not  a  prude, 
though  ever  so  high  bred,  hath  a  more 
sanctified  look,  with  a  more  mischievous 
heart."  She  pretends  to  love  Macheath, 
but  craftily  secures  one  of  his  pistols,  that 
his  other  "  pals  "  may  the  more  easily  be- 
tray him  into  the  hands  of  the  constables 
(act  ii.  1). — 'J.  Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opet-a 
(1727). 

Jenny  I'Ouvriere,  the  type  of  a 
hard-working  Parisian  needlewoman. 
She  is  contented  with  a  few  window- 
flowers  which  she  terms  "her  garden,"  a 
caged  bird  which  she  calls  "her  songster ; " 
and  when  she  gives  the  fragments  of  her 
food  to  some  one  poorer  than  herself,  she 
calls  it  "her  delight." 

Entendez-vous  un  oiseau  familierT 
C'est  le  chanteur  de  Jenny  rOuvriere; 

Au  cceur  content,  content  de  peu 
Elle  pourralt  fitre  riche,  et  prdffere 

Ce  qui  vieut  de  Dieu. 

Emile  Earateau  (1847). 

Jeph'thah's  Daughter.  When 
Jephthah  went  forth  against  the  Am- 
monites, he  vowed  that  if  he  returned 
victorious  he  would  sacrifice,  as  a  burnt 
offering,  whatever  first  met  him  on  his 
entrance  into  his  native  city.  He  gained 
a  splendid  victory,  and  at  the  news 
thereof  his  only  daughter  came  forth 
dancing  to  give  him  welcome.  The 
miserable  father  rent  his  clothes  in  agony, 
but  the  noble-spirited  maiden  would  not 
hear  of  his  violating  the  vow.  She 
demanded  a  short  respite,  to  bewail  upon 
the  mountains  her  blighted  hope  of  be- 
coming a  mother,  and  then  submitted  to 
her  fate. — Judges  xi. 

An  almost  identical  tale  is  told  of 
Idom'eneus  king  of  Crete.  On  his  return 
from  the  Trojan  war,  he  made  a  vow  in  a 
tempest  that,  if  he  escaped,  he  would  offer 
to  Neptune  the  first  living  creature  that 
presented  itself  to  his  eye  on  the  Cretan 
shore.  His  own  son  was  there  to  welcome 
him  home,  and  Idomeneus  offered  him  up 
a  sacrifice  to  the  sea-god,  according  to  his 
vow.  Fe'nelon  has  introduced  this  legend 
in  his  Tele'maque,  v. 

Agamemnon  vowed  to  Diana,  if  he 
might  be  blessed  with  a  child,  that  he  would 
sacrifice  to  her  the  dearest  of  all  his  pos- 
sessions. Iphigenia,  his  infant  daughter, 
was,  of  course,  his  "dearest  possession  ;' 
but  he  refused  to  sacrifice  her,  and  thus 
incurred  the  wrath  of  the  goddess,  which 
resulted  in  the  detention  of  the  Trojan 
fleet  at  Aulis.  Iphigenia  being  offered  in 
sacrifice,  the  offended  deity  was  satisfied, 


JEPSON. 


492 


JERUSALEM  DELIVERED. 


and  interposed  at  the  critical  moment,  by 
carrying  the  princess  to  Tauris  and  sub- 
stituting a  stag  in  her  stead. 

The  latter  part  of  this  tale  cannot  fail 
to  call  to  mind  the  offering  of  Abraham. 
As  he  was  about  to  take  the  life  of  Isaac, 
Jehovah  interposed,  and  a  ram  was  sub- 
■tituted  for  the  human  victim. — Gen.  xxii. 

[Be]  not  bent  as  Jephthah  once. 
Blindly  to  execute  a  rash  resolve  ; 
Whom  better  it  had  suited  to  exclaim, 
"  I  have  done  ill  1 "  than  to  redeem  his  pledge 
By  doing  worse.     Not  unlike  to  him 
In  folly  that  great  leader  of  the  Greeks— 
Whence,  on  the  altar  Iphigenia  mourned 
Her  virgin  beauty. 

Dant«,  Paradiso,  t.  (1311). 

*^*  Iphigenia,  in  Greek  I^i7ev€ta,  is 
accented  incorrectly  in  this  translation  by 
Gary. 

*^*  Jephthah's  daughter  has  often  been 
dramatized.  Thus  we  have  in  English 
Jephtha  his  Daughter,  by  Plessie  Morney  ; 
Jephtha  (1546),  by  Christopherson ; 
Jephtha,  by  Buchanan  ;  and  Jephthah  (an 
opera,  1762),  by  Handel. 

Jepson  {Old),  a  smuggler. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  liedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Jeremi'ali  (The  British),  Gildas, 
author  of  De  Exidio  Britannice,  a  book  of 
lamentations  over  the  destruction  of 
Britain.  He  is  so  called  by  Gibbon  (516- 
570). 

Jer'emy  (Master),  head  domestic  of 
lord  Saville.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the 
Beak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Jeremy  Diddler,  an  adept  at  rais- 
ing money  on  false  pretences. — Kenney, 
Raising  the  Wind. 

Jericho,  the  manor  of  Blackmore, 
near  Chelmsford.  Here  Henry  VIII.  had 
one  of  his  houses  of  pleasure,  and  when 
he  was  absent  on  some  affair  of  gallantry, 
the  expression  in  vogue  was,  "  He's  gone 
to  Jericho." 

Jemingham  {Master  Tliomas),  the 
duke  of  Buckingham's  gentleman. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Beveril  of  the  Beak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Jerome  {Bon),  father  of  don  Fer- 
dinand and  Louisa ;  pig-headed,  pas- 
sionate, and  mercenary,  but  very  fond  of 
his  daughter.  He  insists  on  her  marrying 
Isaac  Mendoza,  a  rich  Portuguese  Jew ; 
buc  Louisa,  being  in  love  with  don  An- 
tonio, positively  refuses  to  do  so.  She  is 
turned  out  of  the  house  by  mistake,  and 
her  duenna  is  locked  up,  under  the  belief 
tuat  she  is  Louisa.  Isaac,  being  intro- 
duced to  the  duenna,  elopes  with  her,  sup- 


posing her  to  be  don  Jerome's  daughter ; 
and  Louisa,  taking  refuge  in  a  convent, 
gets  married  to  don  Antonio.  Ferdinana, 
at  the  same  time,  marries  Clara  the 
daughter  of  don  Guzman.  The  old  man 
is  well  content,  and  promises  to  be  the 
friend  of  his  children,  who,  he  acknow- 
ledges, have  chosen  better  for  themselves 
than  he  had  done  for  them. — Sheridan, 
The  Duenna  (1775). 

Jerome  {Father),  abbot  at  St.  Bride's 
Convent. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle  Dangerous 
(time,  Henry  I.). 

Jeron'imio,  the  principal  character  in 
The  Spanish  Tragedy,  by  Thomas  Kyd 
(1597).  On  finding  Misapplication  to  the 
king  ill-timed,  he  says  to  himself,  "Go 
by  !  Jeronimo ; "  which  so  tickled  the 
fancy  of  the  audience  that  it  became  a 
common  street  jest. 

Jerry,  manager  of  a  troupe  of  dancing 
dogs.  He  was  a  tall,  black-whiskered 
man,  in  a  velveteen  coat. — C.  Dickens, 
The  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xviii.  (1840). 

Jerry  Sneak,  a  hen-pecked  husband, 
— Foote,  Mayor  of  Garrat  (1763). 

Jerryman'dering,  so  dividing  a 
state  or  local  district  as  to  give  one  part 
of  it  a  political  advantage  over  the  other. 
The  word  is  a  corruption  of  "  Gerryman- 
dering ;  "  so  called  from  Elbridge  Gerry, 
governor  of  Massachusetts,  member  of 
congress  from  1776  to  1784,  and  vice- 
president  of  the  United  States  in  1812. 
Elbridge  Gerry  died  in  1814. 

Jeru'salem.,  in  Dry  den's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  means  London  ;  "  David  "  is 
Charles  II.,  and  "Absalom  "  the  duke  of 
Monmouth,  etc. 

Jerusalem.  Henry  IV.  was  told  "h« 
should  not  die  but  in  Jerusalem."  Being 
in  Westminster  Abbey,  he  inquired  what 
the  chapter-house  was  called,  and  when 
he  was  told  it  was  called  the  "Jerusalem 
Chamber,"  he  felt  sure  that  he  would  die 
there  "  according  to  the  prophecy,"  and 
so  he  did. 

Pope  Sylvester  II.  was  told  the  same 
thing,  and  died  as  he  was  saying  mass  in 
a  church  so  called  at  Rome. — Brown, 
Fasciculus. 

Cambys^s,  son  of  Cyrus,  was  told  that! 
he  should  die  in  Ecbat'ana,  which  he  sup-j 
posed  meant  the  capital  of  Media  ;  but  h«| 
died  of  his  wounds  in  a  place  so  called  in] 
Syria. 

Jerusalem    Delivered,    an   epic 


JERVIS. 


493 


JEW. 


poem  in  twenty  books,  by  Torquato  Tasso 
(1675). 

The  crusaders,  having  encamped  on  the 
plains  of  Torto'sa,  choose  Godfrey  for 
their  chief.  The  overtures  of  >Argantes 
being  declined,  war  is  declared  by  him  in 
the  name  of  the  king  of  Egypt.  The 
Christian  army  reaches  Jerusalem,  but  it 
is  found  that  the  city  cannot  be  taken 
without  the  aid  of  Rinaldo,  who  had  with- 
drawn from  the  army  because  Godfrey 
had  cited  him  for  the  death  of  Girnando, 
whom  he  had  slain  in  a  duel.  Godfrey 
sends  to  the  enchanted  island  of  Armi'da 
to  invite  the  hero  back,  and  on  his  return 
Jerusalem  is  assailed  in  a  night  attack. 
The  poem  concludes  with  the  triumphant 
entry  of  the  Christians  into  the  Holy 
City,  and  their  adoration  at  the  Redeemer's 
tomb. 

The  two  chief  episodes  are  the  loves  of 
Olindo  and  SopLronia,  and  of  Tancred 
and  Corinda. 

Jervis  (Mrs.),  the  virtuous  house- 
keeper of  young  squire  B.  Mrs.  Jervis 
protects  Pam'ela  when  her  young  master 
assails  her. — Richardson,  Pamela  or 
Virtue  Rewarded  (1740). 

Jessamy,  the  son  of  colonel  Oldboy. 
He  changed  his  name  in  compliment  to 
lord  Jessamy,  who  adopted  him  and  left 
him  his  heir.  Jessamy  is  an  affected, 
conceited  prig,  who  dresses  as  a  fop, 
carries  a  muff  to  keep  his  hands  warm, 
and  likes  old  china  better  than  a  pretty 
girl.  This  popinjay  proposes  to  Clarissa 
Flowerdale  ;  but  she  despises  him,  much 
to  his  indignation  and  astonishment. — 
Bickerstaff,  Lionel  and  Clarissa  (1735- 
1790). 

He's  a  coxcomb,  a  fop,  a  dainty  milksop. 
Who  essenced  and  dizeiied  from  bottom  to  top, 
And  looked  like  a  doll  from  a  milliner's  shop  .  ,  . 
He  shrugs  and  takes  snuff,  and  carries  a  mutf, 
A  minickin,  finicking,  French  powdered  pulT. 

Act  1. 1. 

Jessamy  Bride  (The),  Mary  Hor- 
neck,  with  whom  Goldsmith  fell  in  love 
in  1769. 

Jes'sica,  daughter  of  Shylock  the 
Jew.  She  elopes  with  Lorenzo. — Shake- 
speare, Merchant  of  Venice  (1597). 

Jessica  cannot  be  called  a  sketch,  or,  if  a  sketch,  she  la 
dashed  off  in  glowing  colours  from  the  rainbow  palette  of 


Jesters.    (See  Fools.) 

Jests  (The  Father  of),  Joseph  or  Joe 
Miller,  an  English  comic  actor,  whose 
name  has  become  a  household  word  for  a 
stale   joke    (1684-1708).    The    book    of 


jests  which  goes  by  his  name  was  com- 
piled by  Mr.  Mottley  the  dramatist 
(1739).  Joe  Miller  himself  never  uttered 
a  jest  in  his  life,  and  it  is  a  lucus  a  non 
lucendo  to  father  them  on  such  a  taciturn, 
commonplace  dullard. 

Jesus  Christ  and  the  Clay 
Bird.  The  Aoran  says  :  *'0  Jesus,  son 
of  Mary,  remember  .  .  .  when  thou  didst 
create  of  clay  the  figure  of  a  bird  .  .  . 
and  did  breathe  thereon,  and  it  became  a 
bird  !  "— Ch.  v. 

The  allusion  is  to  a  legend  that  Jesus  was 
playing  with  other  children  who  amused 
themselves  with  making  clay  birds,  but 
when  the  child  Jesus  breathed  on  the  one 
He  had  made,  it  instantly  received  life 
and  flew  away. — Hone,  Apocryphal  Mew 
Testament  (1820). 

Jew  (The),  a  comedy  by  R.  Cumber- 
land (1776),  written  to  disabuse  the 
public  mind  of  unjust  prejudices  against 
a  people  who  have  been  long  "scattered 
and  peeled."  The  Jew  is  Sheva,  who 
was  rescued  at  Cadiz  from  an  auto  da  fe 
by  don  Carlos,  and  from  a  howling  Lon- 
don mob  by  the  son  of  don  Carlos,  called 
Charles  Ratcliffe.  His  whole  life  is  spent 
in  unostentatious  benevolence,  but  his 
modesty  is  equal  to  his  philanthropy. 
He  gives  £10,000  as  a  marriage  portion 
to  Ratcliffe's  sister,  who  marries  Fre- 
derick Bertram,  and  he  makes  Charles  thg 
heir  of  all  his  property. 

Jew  (The). 

This  is  the  Jew 

That  Shakespeare  drew. 

This  couplet  was  written  by  Pope,  and 
refers  to  the  "  Shylock "  of  Charles 
Macklin  (1090-1797). 

Jew  (The  Wandering). 

1.  Of  Greek  tradition.  Aris'teas,  a 
poet,  who  continued  to  appear  and  dis- 
appear alternately  for  above  400  years, 
and  who  visited  all  the  mythical  nations 
of  the  earth. 

2.  Of  Jewish  story.  Tradition  says 
that  Caktapk'ilos,  the  door-keeper  of 
the  judgment  hall  in  the  service  of  Pon- 
tius Pilate,  struck  our  Lord  as  he  led  Him 
forth,  saying,  "Get  on!  Faster,  Jesus !  " 
Whereupon  the  Man  of  Sorrows  replied, 
"  I  am  going  ;  but  tarry  thou  till  1  come 
[again'].'"  This  man  afterwards  became 
a  Christian,  and  was  baptized  by  Ananias 
under  the  name  of  Joseph.  Every  hun- 
dred years  he  falls  into  a  trance,  out  of 
which  he  rises  again  at  the  age  of  30. 

*^*  The  earliest  account  of  the  Wan- 
dering Jew  is  in  tho  Book  of  the  Chronicle* 


JEW. 


494 


JINGO. 


of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Alban's,  copied  and 
continued  by  Matthew  Paris  (1228).  In 
1242  Philip  Mouskes,  afterwards  bishop 
of  Tournay,  wrote  the  "rhymed 
chronicle." 

Another  legend  is  that  Jesus,  pressed 
down  by  the  weight  of  His  cross,  stopped 
to  rest  at  the  door  of  a  cobbler,  named 
Aiiasue'kus,  who  pushed  Him  away, 
saying,  "  Get  off !  Away  with  you ! 
awaj'^ ! "  Our  Lord  replied,  "Truly,  I 
go  away,  and  that  quickly;  but  tarry 
thou  till  i  come." 

*^*  This  is  the  legend  given  by  Paul 
von  Eitzen,  bishop  of  Schleswig,  in  1547. 
— Greve,  Memoirs  of  Paul  von  Eitzen 
(1744). 

A  third  legend  saj'S  that  it  was  the 
cobbler  Ahasue'rus  who  haled  Jesus  to 
the  judgment  seat ;  and  that  as  the  Man 
of  Sorrows  stayed  to  rest  awhile  on  a 
stone,  he  pushed  Him,  saying,  "  Get  on, 
Jesus  !  Here  you  shall  not  stay  !  "  Jesus 
replied,  "  I  truly  go  away,  and  go  to 
rest ;  but  thou  shalt  go  away  and  never 
rest  till  I  come." 

3.  In  German  legend^  the  Wandering 
Jew  is  associated  with  John  Buttad^us, 
seen  at  Antwerp  in  the  thirteenth  cen- 
tury, again  in  the  fifteenth,  and  again  in 
the  sixteenth  centuries.  His  last  ap- 
pearance was  in  1774,  at  Brussels. 

*^*  Leonard  Doldius,  of  Niirnberg,  in 
his  Praxis  Alchymiw  (1604),  says  that 
the  Jew  Ahasue'rus  is  sometimes  called 
"  Buttudffius." 

Signer  Gualdi,  who  had  been  dead  130 
years,  appeared  in  the  latter  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  and  had  his  likeness 
taken  by  Titian.  One  day  he  disap- 
peared as  mysteriously  as  he  had  come. — 
Turkish  Spy,  ii.  (1682). 

4.  The  French  legend.  The  French  call 
the  Wandering  Jew  Isaac  Lake'dion  or 
Laquedem. — Mitternacht,  Dissertatio  in 
Johan.,  xxi.  19. 

6.  Of  Dr.  Croly's  novel.  The  name 
given  to  the  Wandering  Jew  by  Dr. 
Croly  is  Salathiel  ben  Sai>i,  who  ap- 
peared and  disappeared  towards  the  close 
of  the  sixteenth  century  at  Venice,  in  so 
sudden  a  manner  as  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  all  Europe. 

***  Dr.  Croly,  in  his  novel  called 
Salathiel  (1827),  traces  the  course  of  the 
Wandering  Jew  ;  so  does  Eugene  Sue,  in 
Le  Juif  Errant  {\Mb)  ;  but  in  these  novels 
the  Jew  makes  no  figure  of  importance. 

G.  Dore',  in  1861,  illustrated  the  legend 
of  the  Wandering  Jew  in  folio  wood 
engravings. 


6.  It  is  said  in  legend  that  Gipsies  art 
doomed  to  be  everlasting  wanderers,  be- 
cause they  refused  the  Virgin  and  Child 
hospitality  in  their  flight  into  Egypt.—" 
Aventinus,  ^nna^mm  Boiorum,  libri  septem^ 
vii.  (1554). 

The  legend  of  the  Wild  Huntsman, 
called  by  Shakespeare  "  Heme  the 
Hunter,"  and  by  Father  Matthieu  "  St. 
Hubert,"  is  said  to  be  a  Jew  who  would 
not  suffer  Jesus  to  drink  from  a  horse- 
trough,  but  pointed  out  to  Him  some 
water  in  a  hoof -print,  and  bade  Him  go 
there  and  drink. — Kuhn  von  Schwarz, 
Nordd.  Sagen,  499. 

Jews  (The),  in  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  means  those  English  who 
were  loyal  to  Charles  II.  called  "David" 
in  the  satire  (1681-2). 

Jewkes  (Mrs.),  a  detestable  character 
in  Richardson's  Pamela  (1740). 

Jez'ebel  (A  Painted),  a  flaunting 
woman,  of  brazen  face  but  loose  morals. 
So  called  from  Jezebel,  the  wife  of  Ahab 
king  of  Israel. 

Jim,  the  boy  of  Reginald  Lowestoffe 
the  young  Templar. — Sir  W.  Scott,  For- 
tunes of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Jim  Crow,  the  name  of  a  popular 
comic  nigger  song,  brought  out  in  1836  at 
the  Adelphi  Theatre,  and  popularized  by 
T.  D.  Rice.     The  burden  of  the  song  is : 

Wheel  about,  and  turn  about,  and  do  just  so ; 
And  every  time  you  wheel  about,  jump  Jim  Crtw. 

Jin  Vin,  i.e.  Jenkin  Vincent,  one  of 
Ramsay's  apprentices,  in  love  with  Mar- 
garet Ramsay. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Jin'gle  (Alfred),  a  strolling  actor, 
who,  by  his  powers  of  amusing  and  sharp- 
wittedness,  imposes  for  a  time  on  the 
members  of  the  Pickwick  Club,  and  is 
admitted  to  their  intimacy  ;  but  being 
found  to  be  an  impostor,  he  is  dropped  by 
them.  The  generosity  of  Mr.  Pickwick 
in  rescuing  Jingle  from  the  Fleet,  re- 
claims him,  and  he  quits  England.  Alfred 
Jingle  talks  most  rapidly  and  flippantly, 
but  not  without  much  native  shrewdness  ; 
and  he  knows  a  "hawk  from  a  hand- 
saw."— C.  Dickens,  The  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Jingo,  a  corruption  of  Jainko,  the 
Basque  Supreme  Being.  "By  Jingo!" 
or  "  By  the  living  Jingo  !  "  is  an  appeal 
to  deity.  Edward  I.  had  Basque  moun 
taineers  conveyed  to  England   to  take 


I 


JINGOES. 


495 


JOBLING. 


I 


part  in  his  Welsh  wars,  and  the  Plan- 
tagenets  held  the  Basque  provinces  in 
possession.  This  Basque  oath  is  a  land- 
mark of  these  facts. 

Jingoes  {The),  the  anti-Russians  in 
the  war  between  Russia  and  Turkey ; 
hence  the  English  war  party.  The  term 
arose  (1878)  from  a  popular  music-hall 
Bong,  beginning  thus : 

We  don't  want  to  fight ;  but  by  Jingo  if  we  do. 
We've  got  the  ships,  we've  got  the  men,  we've  got  thfi 
money  too. 

(This  song  has  also  furnished  the 
words  jingoism  (bragging  war  spirit, 
Bobadilism)  and  the  adjective  jtn^o.) 

Jiniwin  (Mrs.),  a  widow,  the  mother 
of  Mrs.  Quilp.  A  shrewd,  ill-tempered 
old  woman,  who  lived  with  her  son-in- 
law  in  Tower  Street. — C.  Dickens,  T/ie 
Old  Curiosity  Shop  (1840). 

Jinker  (Lieutenant  Jamie),  horse- 
dealer  at  Doune. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Jinn,  plu.  of  Jinnee,  a  sort  of  fairy 
in  Arabian  mythology,  the  offspring  of 
fire.  The  jinn  propagate  their  species  like 
human  beings,  and  are  governed  by  kings 
called  suleymans.  Their  chief  abode  is 
the  mountain  Kaf,  and  they  appear  to 
men  under  the  forms  of  serpents,  dogs, 
cats,  etc.,  which  become  invisible  at 
pleasure.  Evil  jinn  are  hideously  ugly, 
but  good  jinn  are  exquisitely  beautiful. 

*jf*  Jinnistan  means  the  country  of 
the  jinn.  The  connection  of  Solomon 
with  the  jinn  is  a  mere  blunder,  arising 
from  the  similarity  of  suleyman  and 
Solomon. 

J.  J.,  in  Hogarth's  "  Gin  Line," 
written  on  a  gibbet,  is  sir  Joseph  Jekyll, 
obnoxious  for  his  bill  for  increasing  the 
duty  on  gin. 

*i^*  Jean  Jacques  [Rousseau]  was 
often  referred  to  by  these  initials  in  the 
eighteenth  century. 

Jo,  a  poor  little  outcast,  living  in  one 
of  the  back  slums  of  London,  called 
"Tom  AU-alone's."  The  little  human 
waif  is  hounded  about  from  place  to  place, 
till  he  dies  of  want. — C.  Dickens,  Bleak 
Souse  (1863). 

Joan.  Cromwell's  wife  was  always 
called  Joan  by  the  cavaliers,  although 
her  real  name  was  Elizabeth. 

Joan,  princess  of  France,  affianced  to 
the  dukji  of  Orleans.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Qucntin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 


Joan  of  Arc,  surnamed  La  Pucelle, 
bom  in  a  village  upon  the  marches  of 
Barre,  called  Domremy,nearVaucouleurs. 
Her  father  was  James  of  Arc,  and  her 
mother  Isabel,  poor  country-folk,  who 
brought  up  their  child  to  keep  their 
cattle.  Joan  professed  to  be  inspired  to 
liberate  France  from  the  English,  and 
actually  raised  the  siege  of  Orleans,  after 
which  Charles  II.  was  crowned  (1402- 
1431). 

A  young  wench  of  an  eighteene  years  old ;  of  favour  was 
she  counted  liliesome.  of  person  strongUe  made  and  manlie, 
of  courage  great,  hardie  and  stout  withall  .  .  .  slie  liad 
great  semblance  of  chastitie  both  of  body  and  behaviour. 
— Holinshed,  Chronicle*,  600  (1577). 


.  .  .  there  was  no  bloom  of  youth 
Upon  her  cheelt ;  yet  had  the  loveliest  hues 
Of  health,  with  lesser  fascination,  fixed 
The  gazer's  eye  ;  for  wan  the  maiden  was. 
Of  saintly  paleness,  and  there  seemed  to  dwell. 
In  the  strong  beauties  of  her  countenance, 
Something  that  was  not  earthly. 

Sou  they,  Joan  o/ Are  (1795). 

*^*  Schiller  has  a  tragedy  on  the  sub- 
ject, Jungfrau  von  Orleans  (1801) ;  Soumet 
another,  Jeanne  d'Arc  (1825).  Besides 
Southey's  epic,  we  have  one  by  Fran9ais 
Czaneaux  ;  another  by  Chapelain,  called 
Jm  Piicelle  (1656),  on  which  Le  laboured 
for  thirty  years.  Cassimir  Delavigne 
has  an  admirable  elegy  on  The  Maid 
(1816),  and  Voltaire  a  burlesque. 

Joanna,  the  "deserted  daughter"  of 
Mr.  Mordent.  Her  father  abandoned  her 
in  order  to  marry  lady  Anne,  and  his 
money-broker  placed  her  under  the 
charge  of  Mrs.  Enfield,  who  kept  a  house 
of  intrigue.  Cheveril  fell  in  love  with 
Joanna,  and  described  her  as  having 
"  blue  eyes,  auburn  hair,  aquiline  nose, 
ivory  teeth,  carnation  lips,  a  ravishing 
mouth,  enchanting  neck,  a  form  divine, 
and  the  face  of  an  angel." — Holcroft,  The 
Deserted  Daughter  (altered  into  The 
Steward). 

Job  and  Elspat,  father  and  mother 
of  sergeant  Houghton. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Job's  Wife.  Some  call  her  Rahmat, 
daughter  of  Ephraim  son  of  Joseph  ;  and 
others  call  her  Makhir,  daughter  of  Ma- 
nasses. — Sale,  Koran,  xxi.  note. 

Joblillies  (27ie),  the  small  gentry 
of  a  village,  the  squire  being  the  Grand 
Panjandrum. 

There  were  present  the  Picninnies,  and  the  JoblilUes, 
and  the  Garyulies,  and  the  Grand  Panjandrum  himsoif.— 
S.  Foote,  The  quarterly  Jieview,  xcv.  516-7. 

Jobling,  medical  officer  to  the  "Anglo- 
Bengalee  Company."  Mr.  Jobling  was  a 
portentous    and  most  carefully  dressed 


JOBSON. 


496 


JOHN. 


gentleman,  fond  of  a  good  dinner,  and 
said  by  all  to  be  "full  of  anecdote."  He 
was  far  too  shrewd  to  be  concernftd  with 
the  Anglo-Bengalee  bubble  company, 
except  as  a  paid  functionary.  —  C. 
Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Jobson  (Joseph),  clerk  to  squire 
Inglewood  the  magistrate.  —  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Hob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Jobson  (Zekel),  a  very  masterful  cobbler, 
who  ruled  his  wife  with  a  rod  of  iron. 

Neil  Jobson,  wife  of  Zekel,  a  patient, 
m  cek,  sweet-tern  pered  woman. — C.  Coffey , 
The  Devil  to  Fay  (died  1745). 

Jock  o*  Dawston   Cleugh,  the 

quarrelsome  neighbour  of  Dandie  Din- 
mont,  of  Charlie's  Hope. 

Jock  Jabos,  postilion  to  Mrs.  M'Cand- 
lish  the  landlady  of  the  Golden  Arms 
inn,  Kippletringan. 

Sloumjing  Jock,  one  of  the  men  of 
M'Guffog  the  jailer.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Jock  o*  Hazeldean,  the  young 
man  beloved  by  a  "ladyefair."  The  lady's 
father  wanted  her  to  marry  Frank,  "  the 
chief  of  Errington  and  laird  of  Lang- 
ley  Dale,"  rich,  brave,  and  gallant;  but 
"aye  she  let  the  tears  down  fa'  for 
Jock  of  Hazeldean."  At  length  the  wed- 
ding mom  arrived,  the  kirk  was  gaily 
decked,  the  priest  and  bridegroom,  with 
dame  and  knight  were  duly  assembled ; 
but  no  bride  could  be  seen :  she  had  crossed 
the  border  and  given  her  hand  to  Jock  of 
Hazeldean. 

This  ballad,  by  sir  W.  Scott,  is  a 
modernized  version  of  an  ancient  ballad 
entitled  Jock  o'  Hazelgreen. 

Jockey  of  Norfolk,  sir  John 
Howard,  a  firm  adherent  of  Richard  III. 
On  the  night  before  the  battle  of  Bos- 
worth  Field,  he  found  in  his  tent  this 
warning  couplet : 

Jockey  of  Norfolk,  be  not  too  bold. 

For  Dickon,  thy  master,  is  bought  and  sold. 

Jodelet,  valet  of  Du  Croisy.  In 
order  to  reform  two  silly  girls,  whose 
heads  have  been  turned  by  novels,  Du 
Croisy  and  his  friend  La  Grange  get  their 
lackeys  introduced  to  them,  as  the  "vis- 
count of  Jodelet"  and  the  "marquis  of 
Mascarille."  The  girls  are  delighted  with 
tbeir  "  aristocratic  visitors  ;  "  but  when 
the  game  has  gone  far  enough,  the 
masters  step  in  and  unmask  the  trick. 
Tiie  two  girls  are  taught  a  most  useful 
lesson,   but  are  saved  from    serious  ill 


consequences. — Molifere,    Les   Pr^cieusc* 
Ridicules  (1659). 

Joe,  "  the  fat  boy,"  page  in  the 
family  of  Mr.  Wardle.  He  has  an  un- 
limited capacity  for  eating  and  sleeping. 
— C.  Dickens,  I7ie  Fickwick  Papers  (183G). 

Joe  Gargery,  a  smith.  He  was  a  fair 
man,  with  curls  of  flaxen  hair  on  each 
side  of  his  smooth  face,  and  with  eyes  of 
"  such  very  undecided  blue,  that  thej' 
seemed  to  have  got  mixed  with  their  own 
whites.  He  was  a  mild,  good-natured, 
sweet-tempered,  easy-going^  foolish,  dear 
fellow.  A  Hercules  in  strength,  and  in 
weakness  also."  He  lived  in  terror  of  his 
wife;  but  loved  Pip,  whom  he  brought 
up.  His  great  word  was  "  meantersay." 
Thus :  "  What  I  meantersay,  if  you  come 
a-badgering  me,  come  out.  Which  I 
meantersay  as  sech,  if  you're  a  man,  come 
on.  Which  I  meantersay  that  what  I  say  I 
meantersay  and  stand  to  it"  (ch.  xviii.). 
His  first  wife  was  a  shrew  ;  but  soon 
after  her  death  he  married  Biddy,  a  young 
woman  wholly  suited  to  him. 

Mrs.  Joe  Gargery,  the  smith's  first  wife  ; 
a  "  rampageous  woman,"  ahvays  "  on 
the  ram-page."  By  no  means  good-look- 
ing was  Mts.  Joe,'  with  her  black  hair, 
and  fierce  ej^es,  and  prevailing  redness  of 
skin,  looking  as  if  "  she  scrubbed  herself 
with  a  nutmeg-grater  instead  of  soap  and 
flannel."  She  "was  tall  and  bony,  tnd 
wore  a  coarse  apron  fastened  over  her 
figure  behind  with  two  loops,  and  having 
a  square  bib  in  front,  stuck  full  of 
needles  and  pins."  She  brought  up  Pip, 
but  made  his  home  as  wretched  as  she 
could,  always  keeping  a  rod  called  "Tick- 
ler "  ready  for  immediate  use,  Mrs. 
Joe  was  a  very  clean  woman,  and  cleanli- 
ness is  next  to  godliness  ;  but  Mrs.  Joe 
had  the  art  of  making  her  cleanliness  as 
disagreeable  to  every  one  as  many  people 
do  their  godliness.  She  died  after  a  long 
illness. — C.  Dickens,  Great  Expectations 
(18G0). 

John,  a  proverbially  unhappy  name 
for  royalty. — See  Dictionary  of  Fhrase 
and  Fable,  461. 

We  shall  see,  however,  that  this  poor  king  [Robert  IIJ\ 
remained  as  unfortunate  as  if  his  name  had  still  been 
John  [He  changed  it  from  John  to  Vi*o6e»tj.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Talei  of  a  Grandfather,  i.  17. 

John,  a  Franciscan  friar. — Shakespeare, 
Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

John,  the  bastard  brother  of  don  Pedro. 
— Shakespeare  Mvx:h  Ado  about  Nothing 
(1600). 


JOHN. 


497 


JOHN. 


John,  the  driver  of  the  Queen's  Ferry 
diligence.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

John  (Don),  brother  of  Leonato  governor 
of  Messina,  whom  he  hates.  In  order 
to  torment  the  governor,  don  John  tries 
to  mar  the  happiness  of  his  daughter 
Hero,  who  is  about  to  be  married  to 
lord  Claudio.  Don  John  tells  Claudio 
that  his  fiancee  has  promised  him  a  ren- 
dezvous by  moonlight,  and  if  Claudio 
will  hide  in  the  garden  he  may  witness  it. 
The  villain  had  bribed  the  waiting-woman 
of  Hero  to  dress  up  in  her  mistress's 
clothes  and  to  give  him  this  interview. 
Claudio  believes  the  woman  to  be  Hero, 
and  when  the  bride  appears  at  the  altar 
next  morning  he  rejects  her  with  scorn. 
The  truth,  however,  comes  to  light ;  don 
John  takes  himself  to  flight ;  and  Hero 
is  married  to  lord  Claudio,  the  man  of  her 
choice. — Shakespeare,  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing  (IGOO). 

I  hare  seen  the  great  Hendergon  [1747-1785].  .  .  .  His 
"don  John"  is  a  ctmiic  "Cato,"  and  his  "Hamlet" 
a  mixture  of  tragedy,  comedy,  pastoral,  farce,  and  non- 
sense.—David  Garrick  (1775). 

John  (Friar),  a  tall,  lean,  wide-mouthed, 
long-nosed  friar  of  Seville,  who  despatched 
his  matins  and  vigils  quicker  than  any  of 
his  fraternity.  lie  swore  like  a  trooper, 
and  fought  like  a  Trojan.  When  the 
army  from  Leme  pillaged  tho  convent 
vineyard,  friar  John  seized  the  staff  of  a 
cross  and  pummelled  the  rogues  without 
mercy,  beating  out  brains,  smashing 
limbs,  cracking  ribs,  gashing  faces, 
breaking  jaws,  dislocating  joints,  in  the 
most  approved  Christian  fashion,  and 
never  was  corn  so  mauled  by  the  flail  as 
were  these  pillagers  by  "  the  baton  of  the 
cross." — Rabelais,  Gargantua,  i.  27  (1533). 

*^*  Of  course,  this  is  a  satire  of  what 
are  called  Christian  or  religious  wars. 

John  (King),  a  tragedy  by  Shakespeare 
(1508).  This  drama  is  founded  on  The 
First  and  Second  Farts  of  the  Trouble- 
some Eaigne  of  John  King  of  England,  etc. 
As  they  were  sundry  times  publickly  acted 
by  the  Queenes  Majesties  players  in  the 
Honourable  Citie  of  London  (1691). 

In  "Macbeth,"  "Hamlet,"  "  Wolsey,"  " Coriolanus," 
and  "king  John,"  he  [Kdmund  Kean,17S7-l&ii]  never 
ap.jroached  within  any  measurable  distance  of  the  learned, 
philosophical,  and  majestic  Kemhle.—Qitarterlif  Jieviev 

W.  C.  Macready  fl79:V1873],  in  the  scene  where  he 
suggests  to  "  Hubert "  the  munier  of  "  Arthur,"  was 
masterly,  and  his  representation  of  death  by  poison  was 
true,  forcible,  and  terrific— Talfourd. 

***  Kynge  Johan,  a  drama  of  the 
transition  state  between  the  moralities  and 


tragedy.  Of  the  historical  persons  intro- 
duced we  have  king  John,  pope  Innocent, 
cardinal  Pandulphus,  Stephen  Langton, 
etc. ;  and  of  allegorical  personages  we  have 
Widowed  Britannia,  Imperial  Majesty, 
Nobility,  Clergy,  Civil  Order,  Treason, 
Verity,  and  Sedition.  This  play  was 
published  in  1838  by  the  Camden  Society, 
under  the  care  of  Mr.  Collier  (about 
1550). 

John  (Little),  one  of  the  companions  of 
Robin  Hood.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talis- 
man (time,  Richard  I.). 

John  (Prestcr).  According  to  Mande- 
ville,  Prester  John  was  a  lineal  descendant 
of  Ogicr  the  Dane.  This  Ogier  penetrated 
into  the  north  of  India  with  fifteen  barons  of 
his  own  country,  among  whom  he  divided 
the  land.  John  was  made  sovereign  of 
Teneduc,  and  was  called  Prester  because 
he  converted  the  natives. 

Another  tradition  says  he  had  seventy 
kings  for  his  vassals,  and  was  seen  by  his 
subjects  only  three  times  a  year. 

Marco  Polo  says  that  Prester  John  was 
the  khan  Ung,  who  was  slain  in  battle  by 
Jenghiz  Khan,  in  1202.  He  was  converted 
by  the  Nestorians,  and  his  baptismal  name 
was  John.  Gregory  Bar-IIebraeus,  says 
that  God  forsook  him  because  he  had 
taken  to  himself  a  wife  of  the  Zinish 
nation,  called  Quarakhata. 

Otto  of  Freisingen  is  the  first  author 
who  makes  mention  of  Prester  John. 
His  chronicle  is  brought  down  to  the 
year  1156,  and  in  it  we  are  assured  that 
this  most  mysterious  personage  was  of 
the  family  of  the  Magi,  and  ruled  over  the 
country  of  these  Wise  Men.  "  He  used" 
(according  to  Otto)  "a  sceptre  made  of 
emeralds." 

Bishop  Jordanus,  in  his  description  of 
the  world,  sets  down  Abyssinia  as  the 
kingdom  of  Prester  John.  At  one  time 
Abyssinia  went  by  the  name  of  Middle 
India. 

Maimonides  mentions  Prester  John, 
and  calls  him  Preste-Cuan.  The  date  of 
Maimonides  is  1135-1204. 

***  Before  1211  a  letter  was  addressed 
by  Prester  John  to  Manuel  Comne'nus, 
emperor  of  Constantinople.  It  is  to  be 
found  in  the  Chronicle  of  Albericus  Trium 
Fontium,  who  gives  the  date  as  1165. 

In  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso,  xvii., 
Prester  John  is  called  Sena'pus  king  of 
Ethiopia.  He  was  blind.  Though  the 
richest  monarch  of  the  world,  he  pined 
"in  plenty  with  endless  famine,"  because 
harpies  carried  off  his  food  whenever  the 
2  K 


JOHN. 


JOHNNY  CRAPAUD. 


table  was  spread  ;  but  this  plague  was  to 
cease  "when  a  stranger  canrre  to  his 
kingdom  on  a  flying  horse."  Astolpho 
came  on  a  flying  griffin,  and  with  his 
magic  horn  chased  the  harpies  into 
Cocy'tus. 

John  {Prince),  son  of  Henry  II.,  intro- 
duced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Betrothed 
(1825). 

John  {Prince),  brother  of  Richard  I., 
Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Tt^e 
Talisman  (1825). 

John  and  the  abbot  of  Canter- 
bury. King  John,  being  jealous  of  the 
state  kept  by  the  abbot  of  Canterbury, 
declared  he  should  be  put  to  death  unless 
he  answered  these  three  questions :  (1) 
"  How  much  am  I  worth?  (2)  how  long 
would  it  take  me  to  ride  round  the  world  ? 
and  (3)  what  are  my  thoughts  ?  "  The 
king  gave  the  abbot  three  weeks  for  his 
answers.  A  shepherd  undertook  to  dis- 
guise himself  as  the  abbot,  and  to  answer 
the  questions.  To  the  first  he  said,  "  The 
king's  worth  is  twenty-nine  pence,  for 
the  Saviour  Himself  was  sold  for  thirty 
pence,  and  his  majesty  is  mayhap  a 
penny  worse  than  He."  To  the  second 
question  he  answered,  "  If  you  rise  with 
the  sun  and  ride  with  the  sun,  you  will 
get  round  the  world  in  twenty-four 
hours."  To  the  third  question  he  re- 
plied, "Your  majesty  thinks  me  to  be 
the  abbot,  but  1  am  only  his  servant." 
• — Percy,  Reliqws,  II.  iii.  6. 

John  Blunt,  a  person  who  prides 
himself  on  his  brusqueness,  and  in  speak- 
ing unpleasant  truths  in  the  rudest  manner 
possible.  He  not  only  calls  a  spade  a 
spade,  but  he  does  it  in  an  offensive  tone 
and  manner. 

John  Bull,  the  national  name  for 
an  Englishman.     (See  Bull.) 

John  Chinaman,  a  Chinese. 

John  Company,  the  old  East  India 
Company. 

In  old  times,  John  Company  employed  nearly  4000  men 
III  wurehouses.— 0/d  and  New  London,  ii.  185. 

John  Grueby,  the  honest,  faithful 
servant  of  lord  George  Gordon,  who 
wished  "the  blessed  old  creetur,  named 
Bloody  Mary,  had  never  been  born."  He 
had  the  habit  of  looking  "a  long  way 
off."  John  loved  his  master,  but  hated 
his  religious  craze. 

'•  Betwee*  Bloody  Miuys,  and  blue  cockades,  and  glo- 
rious queen  Besses,  and  no  i)oper}'s,  and  protestant  asso- 
ciHtions."  said  Grueby  to  hiuuelf,  "  I  believe  my  lord'g 
b*lf  off  Uis  bead."— Dickens,  Baniabjf  Rrnlge,  xxxvL 


John  of  Bruges  (1  syL),  John  van 
Eyck,  the  Flemish  painter  (1370-1441). 

John  o*  Groo-t,  a  Dutchman,  who 
settled  in  the  most  northerly  part  of 
Scotland  in  the  reign  of  James  IV.  He 
is  immortalized  by  the  way  he  settled  an 
open  dispute  among  his  nine  sons  re- 
epecting  precedency.  He  had  nine  doors 
made  to  his  cottage,  one  for  each  son, 
and  they  sat  at  a  round  table. 

From  John  o'  Groafs  house  to  tlw  Land's 
End,  from  furthest  north  to  furthest  south 
of  the  island,  i.e.  through  its  entire 
length. 

John  of  Hexham,  Johannes  Hagus- 
taldensis,  a  chronicler  (twelfth  century). 

John  of  Leyden,  John  Bockhold  or 
Boccold,  a  fanatic  (1510-1536). 

In  the  opera,  he  is  called  "  the  prophet." 
Being  about  to  marry  Bertha,  three 
anabaptists  meet  him,  and  observe  in 
him  a  strong  likeness  to  a  picture  of 
David  in  Munster  Cathedral.  Having 
induced  him  to  join  the  rebels,  they  take 
Munster,  and  crown  him  "  Ruler  of 
Westphalia."  His  motlier  meets  him 
while  he  is  going  in  procession,  but  he 
disowns  her ;  subsequently,  however,  he 
visits  her  in  prison,  and  is  forgiven. 
When  the  emperor  arrives,  the  ana- 
baptists fall  off,  and  John,  setting  fire  to 
the  banquet-room  of  the  palace,  perishes 
with  his  mother  in  the  flames. — Meyer- 
beer, Le  Prophete  (1849). 

John  with  the  Leaden  Sword. 

The  duke  of  Bedford,  who  acted  as  regent 
for  Henrj'  VI.  in  France,  was  so  called 
by  earl  Douglas  (sumamed  Tine-man). 

Johnny,  the  infant  son  of  Mrs.  Betty 
Higden's  "daughter's  daughter."  Mrs. 
Boflin  wished  to  adopt  the  child,  and  to 
call  him  John  Harmon,  but  it  died. 
During  its  illness,  Bella  Wilfer  went  to 
see  it,  and  the  cliild  murmured,  "  Who  is 
the  boofer  lady  ?  "  The  sick  child  was 
placed  in  the  Children's  Hospital,  and, 
just  at  the  moment  of  death,  gave  his 
toys  to  a  little  boy  with  a  broken  leg  in 
an  adjoining  bed,  and  sent  "a  kiss  to  the 
boofer  lady." — C.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual 
Friend  (1864). 

Johnny  Crapaud.  A  Frenchman 
was  so  called  by  English  sailors  in  the 
time  of  Napoleon  I.  The  Flemings 
called  the  French  "Crapaud  Franchos." 
The  allusion  is  to  the  toads  borne  in  th« 
ancient  arms  of  France. 


JOHNSON. 


499 


JORDAN. 


Johnson  {Dr.  Samuel),  lexico- 
grapher, essayist,  and  poet  (1709-1784). 

I  own  I  like  not  Johnson's  turgid  style, 
That  gives  an  inch  th'  importiince  of  a  mile : 
Casts  of  manure  a  waggon-loiid  around, 
To  raise  a  simple  daL^y  from  the  ground ; 
Uplifts  the  club  of  Hercules — for  what  i 
To  crush  a  butterfly  or  brain  a  gnat ; 
Cre4jtes  a  whirlwind  from  the  earth,  to  draw 
A  goose's  feather  or  exalt  a  straw  ; 
Bids  ocean  hibour  with  tremendous  roar. 
To  heave  a  cockle-shell  upon  the  shore. 
Alike  in  eveo'  theme  his  pompous  art, 
Heaven's  awful  thunder  or  a  rumbUng  cart. 

Peter  Pindar  [Dr.  John  Wolcot]  (1816). 

Johnstone  (Auld  Willie),  an  old 
fisherman,  father  to  Peggy  the  laundry- 
maid  at  Woodburne. 

Young  Johnstove^  his  son. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Johnstone's  Tippet  (-S'^.),  a  halter. 

JoltfFe  (2  syl.),  footman  to  lady  Pen- 
feather.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Joliffe  (Joceline),  under-keeper  of 
Woodstock  Forest.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 

Joliquet  (Bibo),  the  garfon  of  the 
White  Lion  inn,  held  by  Jerome  Le- 
Burques  (2  syl.). — Edward  Stirling,  The 
Courier  of  Lyons  (1852). 

Jollup  (Sir  Jacob),  father  of  Mrs. 
Jerry  Sneak  and  Mrs.  Bruin.  Jollup 
is  the  vulgar  pomposo  landlord  of  Gar- 
ratt,  who  insists  on  being  always  ad- 
dressed as  "  sir  Jacob." 

Xey.  Anan,  sir. 

.Sir  J.  "  Sir  I "  sirrah  I  and  why  not  "  sir  Jacob,"  you 
rascal?  Is  that  all  your  manners?  Has  his  majesty 
dubbed  me  knight,  for  you  to  make  me  a  ooister? — S. 
Foote,  Th*  Mayor  of  Garratt,  i.  1  (1763). 

Jolter.  In  the  agony  of  terror,  on 
hearing  the  direction  given  to  put  on  the 
head-lights  in  a  storm  off  Calais,  Smol- 
lett tells  us  that  Jolter  went  through  the 
steps  of  a  mathematical  proposition  with 
great  fervour  instead  of  a  prayer. 

Jonas,  the  name  given,  \n  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  to  sir  William  Jones,  judge 
of  the  Irish  court  of  Common  Pleas  under 
James  I.  It  is  a  pun  on  the  name. — Dry- 
den,  Absalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 

Jonathan,  a  sleek  old  widower.  He 
was  a  parish  orphan,  whom  sir  Benjamin 
Dove  apprenticed,  and  then  took  into  his 
family.  When  Jonathan  married,  the 
knight  gave  him  a  farm  rent  free  and 
well  stocked.  On  the  death  of  his  wife, 
he  gave  up  the  farm,  and  entered  the 
knight's  service  as  butler.  Under  the 
evil  influence  of  lady  Dove,  this  old 
servant  was  inclined  to  neglect  his  kind 
master ;  but  sir  Benjamin  soon  showed 
him  that,  although  the  lady  was  allowed 


to  peck  him.  the  servants  were  not. — R. 
Cumberland,'  The  Brothers  (1769). 

Jon'athan,  one  of  the  servants  of 
general  Harrison. — Sir  W,  Scott,  Wood- 
stock (time.  Commonwealth). 

Jon'athan,  an  attendant  on  lord  Saville. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Jonathan  {Brother),  a  national  nick- 
name for  an  American  of  the  United 
States.  In  the  Revolutionary  war, 
Washington  used  to  consult  his  friend 
Jonathan  Trumbull,  governor  of  Con- 
necticut, in  all  his  difficulties.  *'  We 
must  ask  brother  Jonathan,"  was  so  often 
on  his  lips,  that  the  phrase  became  sy- 
nonymous with  the  good  genius  of  the 
States,  and  was  subsequently  applied  to 
the  North  Americans  generally. 

Jonathan's,  a  noted  coffee-house  in 
'Change  Alley,  described  in  The  Tatler 
as  the  "general  mart  for  stock-jobbers." 
What  is  now  termed  "The  Royal  Stock 
Exchange "  was  at  one  time  called 
"Jonathan's." 

Yesterday  the  brokers  and  others  .  .  .  came  to  a  reso- 
lution that  [the  new  building],  instead  of  being  called 
"New  Jonathan's,"  should  be  called  "The  Stock  Ex- 
change." The  brokers  then  collected  sixpence  each,  and 
christened  the  hoaae.—Jfevtpaper  paragraph  (July  15, 
1773). 

Jones  (Tom),  the  hero  of  a  novel  by 
Fielding,  called  The  History  of  Tom  Jones, 
a  Foundling  (1749).  Tom  Jones  is  a 
model  of  generosity,  openness,  and  manly 
spirit,  mingled  with  thoughtless  dissipa- 
tion. With  all  this,  he  is  not  to  be 
admired ;  his  reputation  is  flawed,  he 
sponges  for  a  guinea,  he  cannot  pay  his 
landlady,  and  he  lets  out  his  honour  to 
hire. 

The  romance  of  Tom  Jonet,  that  exquisite  picture  of 
human  manners,  will  outlive  the  palace  of  the  Escurial 
and  the  Imperial  eagle  of  Austria.— Oibbon. 

To  Tom  Jonet  is  added  the  charm  of  a  plot  of  un- 
rivalled skill,  in  which  the  complex  threads  of  interest 
are  all  brought  to  hear  upon  the  catiistrophe  in  a  manner 
equally  unexpected  and  simple. — Encyo.  Brit.,  Art. 
"Romance." 

Jones  (Mrs.),  the  waiting-woman  of 
lady  Penfeather.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  St. 
Jionan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Jonson  (Ben),  the  poet,  introduced 
by  sir  Walter  Scott  in  his  Woodstock. 
Shakespeare  is  introduced  in  the  same 
novel. 

Jopson  (Jacob),  farmer  at  the  village 
near  Clifton. 

Cicely  Jopson,  Jacob's  daughter.  She 
marries  Ned  Williams. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Jordan  (Mrs.),  the  actress,  who  lived 


JORKINS. 


600 


JOSSE. 


with  the  duke  of  Clarence,  was  Miss 
Dorothea  Bland.  She  called  herself 
Dora,  first  appeared  in  York  as  Miss 
Francis,  and  changed  her  name  at  the 
request  of  an  aunt  who  left  her  a  little 
property.  When  the  change  of  name 
was  debated  between  her  and  the  man- 
ager, Tate  suggested  "Mrs.  Jordan," 
and  gave  this  very  pertinent  reason : 

"  You  have  crossed  the  water,"  said  Tate,  "  so  111  call 
you  'Jordan.'" 

Jorkins,  the  partner  of  Mr.  Spenlow, 
in  Doctors'  Commons.  Mr.  Jorkins  is 
really  a  retiring,  soft-hearted  man,  but 
to  clients  he  is  referred  to  by  Spenlow 
as  the  stem  martinet,  whose  consent 
will  be  most  difficult  to  obtain. — C. 
Dickens,  David  Copper  field  (1849). 

Jorworth.  -  ap  -  Jevan,  envoy  of 
Gwenwyn  prince  of  Powys-land.. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Josaphat,  a  young  Indian  prince,  of 
whom  it  had  been  predicted  that  he 
would  embrace  Christianity  and  become 
a  devotee.  His  father  tried  to  seclude 
him  from  all  knowledge  of  misery  and 
evil,  and  to  attach  him  only  to  pleasur- 
able pursuits.  At  length  the  young 
prince  took  three  drives,  in  one  of  which 
he  saw  Old  Age,  in  another  Sickness, 
and  in  the  third  Death.  This  had  such 
an  effect  upon  him  that  he  became  a 
hermit,  and  at  death  was  canonized  both 
by  the  Eastern  and  Western  Churches. — 
Johannes  Damascenus,  Balaam  and  Josa- 
phat  (eighth  century). 

Josceline  {Sir)^  an  English  knight 
and  crusader  in  the  army  of  Richard  I. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Jose  (i)o»),  father  of  don  Juan, 
and  husband  of  donna  Inez.  He  was 
hen-pecked  and  worried  to  death  by 
his  wife's  *'  proprieties."  To  the  world 
they  were  "models  of  respectability," 
but  at  home  they  were  "cat  and  dog." 
Donna  Inez  tried  to  prove  him  mad,  in 
order  to  obtain  a  divorce,  and  "  kept  a 
journal  where  all  his  faults  were  noted." 
"She  witnessed  his  agonies  with  great 
magnanimity;"  but,  while  seeking  a 
divorce,  don  Jose  died.— Byron,  Don 
Juan,  i.  26,  33  (1819). 

Joseph,  the  old  gardener  at  Shaw's 
Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Honan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Joseph,  a  Jew  of  the  noblest  type ; 
with  unbounded  benevolence  and  most 
excellent  charity.     He  sets   a  splendid 


example  of  "Christian  ethics  "to  those 
who  despised  him  for  not  believing  the 
"Christian  creed."  Joseph  the  Jew  was 
the  good  friend  of  the  Christian  minister 
of  Mariendorpt. — S.  Knowles,  The  Maid 
of  Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Joseph  {A),  a  young  man  not  to  be 
seduced  from  his  continency  by  any 
temptation.  The  reference  is  to  Joseph 
in  Potiphar's  house  {Gen.  xxxix.). 

Joseph  (St.)  of  Arimathe'a,  said  to 
have  brought  to  Glastonbury  in  a  mystic 
vessel  some  of  the  blood  which  trickled 
from  the  wounds  of  Christ  at  the  Cruci- 
fixion, and  some  of  the  wine  left  at  the 
Last  Supper.  This  vessel  plays  a  very 
prominent  part  in  the  Arthurian  legends. 

Next  holy  Joseph  came  .  .  . 

The  Saviour  of  mankind  in  sepulchre  that  laid  ; 

That  to  the  Britons  was  tli"  apostle.    In  iiis  aid 

8t.  Duvian,  and  with  him  St.  Fagau,  both  wliich  were 

His  scholars. 

Drayton,  PolyolUon,  xxiv.  (1622). 

*^  He  also  brought  with  him  the 
spear  of  Longinus,  the  Roman  soldier 
who  pierced  the  side  of  Jesus. — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Frince  Arthur,  i.  40 
(1470). 

*^*  The  "  mystic  vessel "  brought  by 
Joseph  is  sometimes  called  the  San  Graal ; 
but  by  referring  to  the  word  Graal,  it 
will  be  seen  that  the  usual  meaning  of 
the  term  in  Arthurian  romance  is  very 
different. 

Jos'ephine  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Werner, 
and  mother  of  Ulric.  Josephine  was  the 
daughter  of  a  decayed  Italian  exile  of 
noble  blood. — Byron,  Werner  (1822). 

Jos'ian,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Ar-J 
menia,  and  wife  of  sir  Bevis  of  South- 
ampton.    It  was  Josian  who  gave  th« 
hero  his  sword  "  Morglay  "  and  his  stee 
"  Arundel." — Drayton,      Folyolbion, 
(1612). 

Josse  (1  syl.),  a  jeweller.  Lucinc 
(2  syl.)y  the  daughter  of  Sganarelle,  pine 
and  fell  away,  and  the  anxious  fathc 
asked  his  neighbours  what  they  woul^ 
advise  him  to  do.     Mon.  Josse  replied : 

"  Pour  mol,  je  tiens  que  la  braverie,  que  I'ajustemeq 
est  la  chose  qui  r^jouit  le  plus  les  filles  ;  et  si  j'^toit  qii 
de  vous,  je  lui  ach^terois  dds  aujourd'  hui  une  belle  gar- 
niture de  dianiants,  ou  de  rubis,  ou  d'dmeruudes." 

Sgnarelle  made  answer: 

"  Vous  fites  orf6vre.  Monsieur  Josse ;  et  votre 
sent  son  honune  qui  a  envie  de  se  ddfaire  de  sa 
disc."— Moli6re,  L' Amour  M6dccin,  i.  1  (1665). 

Vous  etes  orfevre,  Mon.  Josse  ("  You 
are  a  jeweller,  Mon.  Josse,  and  are  not 
disinterested  in  your  advice").  (See 
above.) 


I 


JOTHAM. 


601 


JUAN. 


Jo'tham,  the  person  who  uttered  the 
parable  of  "  The  Trees  choosing  a  King," 
Trhen  the  men  of  Sheohem  made  Abime- 
lech  king.  In  Dryden's  Absalom  and 
Achttophel,  it  stands  for  George  Saville, 
marquis  of  Halifax. 

Jotham  of  piercing  wit  and  pregnant  thought, 
Endued  by  nature,  and  by  learning  taught 
To  move  assemblies .  .  .  turned  the  balance  too; 
So  much  the  weight  of  one  brave  man  can  do. 

Dryden,  Abtalom  and  A^itophel,  I.  (1681). 

Jour  des  Morts  (All  SoiUs'  Day).  A 
Dieppoise  legend  explains  the  phrase  thus : 

Le  gnettcur  de  la  jet<5e  voit  au  miliea  de  la  nult  arriver 
«n  bateau  k  le  hole,  11  s'enipiesse  de  lui  jeter  le  grelin  ; 
mals  i  ce  moment  mfime  le  bateau  di?parait ;  on  enlend 
des  crls  plaintifs  qui  font  frlssonner,  car  on  les  reconnalt 
c'est  la  viiix  des  marius  qui  out  naufragd  dans  I'annde. — 
Chapus,  Dieppe  *t  sea  Environ*  (4853). 

Jour  king   of  Mambrant,   the 

person  who  carried  off  Jos'ian  the  wife  of 
sir  Bevis  of  Southampton,  his  sword 
"Morglay,"  and  his  steed  "Ar'undel." 
.Sir  Bevis,  disguised  as  a  pilgrim,  re- 
covered all  three. — Drayton,  Folyolbion, 
ii.  (1612). 

Jourdain  (Mons.),  an  elderly  trades- 
man, who  has  suddenly  fallen  into  a  large 
fortune,  and  wish«  to  educate  himself  up 
to  his  new  position  in  society.  He  em- 
ploys masters  of  dancing,  fencing,  philo- 
logj',  and  so  on ;  and  the  fun  of  the 
drama  turns  on  the  ridiculous  remarks 
that  he  makes,  and  the  awkward  figure 
he  cuts  as  the  pupil  of  these  professors. 
One  remark  is  especially  noted  :  he  says 
he  had  been  talking  prose  all  his  life,  and 
never  knew  it  till  his  professor  told  him. 
— Moliere,  Le  Bourgeois  Gcntilhoimne 
(1G70). 

Journalists.    Napoleon  I.  said  : 

A  journalist  is  a  grumbler,  a  ccnsurer,  a  giver  of  advice, 
a  regent  of  sovereigns,  a  tutor  of  nations.  Four  hostile 
newspapers  are  more  formidable  than  a  thousand 
bayonets. 

Jovian,  emperor  of  Rome,  was  bath- 
ing one  day,  when  a  person  stole  his 
clothes  and  passed  himself  off  as  the 
emperor.  Jovian,  naked  and  ashamed, 
went  to  a  knight,  said  he  was  emperor, 
and  begged  the  loan  of  a  few  garments 
for  the  nonce  ;  but  the  knight  called  him 
an  impostor,  and  had  him  scourged  from 
the  gate.  He  next  went  to  a  duke,  Avho 
was  his  chief  minister  ;  but  the  duke  had 
him  confined,  and  fed  on  bread  and  water 
as  a  vagrant  and  a  madman.  He  then 
applied  at  the  palace,  but  no  one  recog- 
nized him  there.  Lastly,  he  went  to  his 
confessor,  and  humbled'himself,  confess- 
ing his  sins.  The  priest  took  him  to  the 
palace,  and  the  sham  emperor  proved  to 
be  an  angel  sent  to  reform  the  proud 
monarch.    The  story  saya    that  Jovian 


thenceforth  reigned  with  mercy  and  jus- 
tice, till  he  died. — Evenings  with  the  Old 
Story-tellers. 

Joyeuse  (2  syL),  Charlemagne's 
sword,  which  bore  the  inscription  :  Decern 
prcpceptorum  ciistos  Cardlus.  It  was 
buried  with  the  king,  as  Tizo'na  (the 
Cid's  sword)  was  buried  with  the  Cid. 

Joyeuse-Garde  or  Garde-Jo- 
yeuse,  the  estate  given  by  king  Arthur 
to  sir  Launcelot  du  Lac  for  defending 
the  queen's  honour  against  sir  Mador. 
Here  sir  Launcelot  was  buried. 

Joyous  Isle,  the  place  to  which  sir 
Launcelot  retired  during  his  fit  of  mad- 
ness, which  lasted  two  years. 

Juan  (Don),  a  hero  of  the  sixteenth 
century,  a  natural  son  of  Charles-quint, 
bom  at  Ratisbonne,  in  1545.  He  con- 
quered the  Moors  of  Grana'da,  won  a 
great  naval  victory  over  the  Turks  at 
Lepanto,  made  himself  master  of  Tunis, 
and  put  down  the  insurgents  of  the 
Netherlands  (1545-1578). 

This  is  the  don  Juan  of  C.  Delavigne's 
drama  entitled  Don  Jtian  d'Autriche 
(1835). 

Juan  (Doti),  son  of  don  Louis  Tenorio, 
of  Sicily,  a  heartless  rou^.  His  valet 
says  of  him : 

"  Tu  vols  en  don  Juan  le  plus  grand  scdMrat  que  la  terre 
ait  jamais  port6,  un  enrsiTd,  un  chien,  un  d£mon,  un 
Turc,  un  b^rdtique  qui  ne  t.-oit  ni  ciel,  ni  enfer,  ni  diable 
qui  pjissc  cette  vie  en  veritable  bSte  brute,  un  pourceau 
d'Epicure,  un  vrai  Sardanapale;  qui  fenne  I'oreille  a  tomes 
Jes  reniontrances  qu'  on  lul  f>eut  fabe,  et  traite  de  bille- 
vesdes  tout  ce  que  nous  croyons." — Moliere,  Don  Juan, 
i.  1  (1665). 

Juan  (Don),  a  native  of  Seville,  son  of 
don  Jose  and  donna  Inez  (a  blue-stock- 
ing). When  Juan  was  16  years  old,  he 
got  into  trouble  with  donna  Julia,  and 
was  sent  by  his  mother  (then,  a  widow) 
on  his  travels.  His  adventures  form  the 
story  of  a  poem  so  called  ;  but  the  tale  is 
left  incomplete. — Lord  Byron,  Don  Juan 
(1819-21). 

Juan  (Don),  or  don  Giovanni,  the  prince 
of  libertines.  Tne  original  of  this  cha- 
racter was  don  Juan  Tenorio,  of  Seville, 
who  attempted  the  seduction  of  the 
governor's  daughter ;  and  the  father, 
forcing  the  libertine  to  a  duel,  fell.  A 
statue  of  the  murdered  father  was  erected 
in  the  familj'  vault ;  and  one  day,  when 
don  Juan  forced  his  way  into  the  vault, 
he  invited  the  statue  to  a  banquet.  The 
statue  accordingly  placed  itself  at  the 
board,  to  the  amazement  of  the  host,  and, 
compelling  the  libertine  to  follow,  de- 


JUAN  FERNANDEZ. 


602 


JUEL. 


livered  him  over  to  devils,  who  carried 
him  off  triumphant. 

Dramatized  first  bv  Gabriel  Tellez 
(1626).  Moliere  (1665)  and  Thomas 
Corneille,  in  Le  Festin  de  Pierre,  both 
imitated  from  the  Spanish  (1673),  have 
made  it  the  subject  of  French  comedies  ; 
Goldoni  (1765),  of  an  Italian  comedy  ; 
GlUck,  of  a  musical  ballet  (1765) ;  Mozart, 
of  an  opera  called  Don  Giovanni  (1787),  a 
princely  work. 

Juan  Fernandez,  a  rocky  island  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  near  the  coast  of 
Chili.  Here  Alexander  Selkirk,  a  buc- 
caneer, resided  in  solitude  for  four  years. 
Defoe  is  supposed  to  have  based  his  tale 
of  Robinson  Crusoe  on  the  history  of 
Alexander  Selkirk. 

*^*  Defoe  places  the  island  of  his  hero 
"  on  the  east  coast  of  South  America," 
somewhere  near  Dutch  Guiana. 

Juba,  prince  of  Numidia,  warmly 
attached  to  Cato  while  he  lived  at  Utica 
(in  Africa),  and  passionately  5n  love  with 
Marcia,  Cato's  daughter.  Sempro'nius, 
having  disguised  himself  as  Juba,  was 
mistaken  for  the  Numidian  prince  by 
Marcia ;  and  being  slain,  she  gave  free 
vent  to  her  grief,  thus  betraj'ing  the  state 
of  her  affection.  Juba  overheard  her,  and 
as  it  would  have  been  mere  prudery  to 
deny  her  love  after  this  display,  she 
freely  confessed  it,  and  Juba  took  her  as 
his  betrothed  and  future  wife.— J.  Addi- 
son, Cato  (1713). 

Jubal,  son  of  Lamech  and  Adah. 
The  inventor  of  the  lyre  and  flute. — 
Gen.  iv.  19-21. 

Then  when  he  [Javari]  heard  the  voice  of  Jubal's  lyre. 
Instinctive  genius  caught  the  ethereal  fire. 
3.  Montgomery,  T^e  World  before  the  Flood,  i.  (1812). 

Judas,  in  pt.  ii,  of  Absalom  and  Achi- 
tophel,  most  of  which  was  written  by  Tate, 
is  meant  for  Mr.  Furgueson,  a  noncon- 
formist, who  joined  the  duke  of  Mon- 
mouth, and  afterwards  betrayed  him. 

Shall  that  false  Hebronite  escape  our  curse- 
Judas,  that  keeps  the  rebels'  pension-purse ; 
Judas,  that  pays  the  treason-writer's  fee  ; 
Judas,  that  well  deserves  his  namesake's  tree? 

Absalom  and  Aehitophel,  ii.  (1682). 

Judas  Colour.  In  the  old  mys- 
t-ery-plays,  Judas  had  hair  and  beard  of  a 
fiery  red  colour. 

Let  the'r  beards  be  Judas's  own  colour. 

Thomas  Kyd,  The  SpinUh  Tragedy  (1597). 

Judas  Iseariot.  Klopstock  says 
that  Judas  Iseariot  had  a  heart  formed 
for  every  virtue,  and  was  in  youth  un- 
polluted by  crime,    insomuch    that   the 


Messiah  thought  him  worthy  of  being 
one  of  the  twelve.  He,  however,  was 
jealous  of  John,  because  Jesus  loved  him 
more  than  He  loved  the  rest  of  the 
apostles ;  and  this  hatred  towards  tha 
beloved  disciple  made  him  hate  the  lover 
of  "  the  beloved."  Judas  also  feared 
(says  Klopstock)  that  John  would  have 
a  higher  post  than  himself  in  the  king- 
dom, and  perhaps  be  made  treasurer. 
The  poet  tells  us  that  Judas  betrayed 
Jesus  under  the  expectation  that  it  would 
drive  Him  to  establish  His  kingdom  at 
once,  and  rouse  Him  into  action. — Klop- 
stock, The  Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Judas  Tree,  a  gallows. 

*^*  The  garden  shrub  called  the  Judas 
tree  is  a  mere  blunder  for  kuamos  tree, 
i.e.  the  bean  tree  ;  but  the  corrupt  name 
has  given  rise  to  the  legend  that  Judag 
hanged  himself  on  one  of  these  trees. 

Judi  (Al),  the  mountain  on  which 
the  ark  rested.  The  word  is  a  corruption 
of  Al  Kurdu,  so  called  because  it  waa 
inhabited  by  the  Kurds.  The  Greeks 
corrupted  the  name  into  Gordysei,  and 
the  mountain  was  often  called  the  Gor- 
dyaean. 

The  ark  rested  on  the  mountain  Al  3vi6i.—Al  Kordn, 
xi. 

Judith,  a  beautiful  Jewess  of  Bethu'-j 
lia,  who  assassinated  Holofernes,  th« 
general  of  Nebuchadnezzar,  to  save  hel 
native  town.  When  Judith  showed  the 
head  of  the  general  to  her  countrymen,' 
they  rushed  on  the  invading  army,  anc 
put  it  to  a  complete  rout. — Judith  vii 
x.-xv. 

Judith  (Aunt),  sister  to  Master  Georf 
Heriot   the    king's  goldsmith.  —  Sir 
Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.)^ 

Judy,  the    wife  of    Punch.     Mast 
Punch,  annoyed  by  the  cries  of  the  babyj 
gives  it  a  knock,  which  kills  it,   and, 
conceal  his  crime  from  his  wife,  thro\ 
the  dead  body  out  of  the  window.     Jud| 
comes   to  inquire  about  the    child,  and 
hearing  of  its  death,  upbraids  her  lor 
stoutly,  and  tries  on  him  the  "  reproof  o| 
blows."    This  leads  to  a  quarrel,  in  which* 
Judy  is  killed.     The  officers  of  justice, 
coming  to  arrest    the  domestic  tyrant, 
meet  the  same  fate  as  his  child  and  wife ; 
but  at  last  the  devil  outwits  him,  he  is 
hanged,  and  carried  off  to  the  place  of  all, 
evil-doers.  i 

Juel  (Nils),  a  celebrated  Danish 
admiral,  who  received  his  training  under 


JULETTA. 


503 


JULIE. 


Tromp  and  De  Ruyter.     He  defeated  the 
Swedes  ia  1677  in  several  engagements. 

Nils  Juel  giive  heed  to  the  tempest's  roar  .  .  , 
"  Of  Deiiiuark's  Juel  who  can  defy 
The  power!" 

Longfellow,  King  Christian  [r.\ 

Julet'ta,  the  witty,  sprightly  attend- 
ant of  Alinda. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  PiLjrim  (1621). 

Julia,  a  lady  beloved  by  Protheus. 
Her  waiting-woman  is  Lucetta. — Shake- 
speare, Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1594). 

Julia^  the  "ward"  of  Master  Walter 
"  the  hunchback."  She  was  brought  up 
by  him  most  carefully  in  the  country, 
and  at  a  marriageable  age  was  betrothed 
to  sir  Thomas  Clifford.  Being  brought  to 
London,  she  was  carried  away  in  the 
vortex  of  fashion,  and  became  the  votary 
of  pleasure  and  dissipation,  abandoned 
Clifford,  and  promised  to  marry  the  earl 
of  Rochdale.  As  the  wedding  day  drew 
nigh,  her  love  for  Clifford  returned,  and 
she  implored  her  guardian  to  break  off 
her  promise  of  marriage  to  the  earl. 
Walter  now  showed  himself  to  be  the 
real  earl  of  Rochdale,  and  father  of  Julia. 
Her  nuptials  with  the  supposed  earl  fell 
to  the  ground,  and  she  became  the  wife  of 
sir  Thomas  Clifford. — S.  Knowles,  Tlie 
Hu-f^hback  (1831). 

Ju'lia  (Donna),  a  lady  of  Sev'ille, 
of  Moorish  origin,  a  married  woman, 
"charming,  chaste,  and  twenty-three." 
Her  eye  was  large  and  dark,  her  hair 
glossy,  her  brow  smooth,  her  cheek  "  all 
purple  with  the  beam  of  youth,"  her 
husband  60,  and  his  name  Alfonso.  Donna 
Julia  loved  a  lad  of  16,  named  don  Juan, 
"  not  wisely  but  too  well,"  for  which  she 
was  confined  in  a  convent. — Byron,  Don 
Juan,  i.  59-188  (1819). 

Tender  and  impassioned,  but  possessing  neither  infor- 
mation to  occupy  her  mind,  nor  good  principles  to 
regulate  her  conduct,  donna  Julia  is  an  illustnition  a{  the 
women  of  Seville,  "whose  minds  have  but  one  idea,  and 
whose  life  business  is  intrifjue."  The  slave  of  every 
Impulse  .  .  .  she  now  prostrates  herself  before  the  altai  of 
the  Virgin,  making  the  noblest  efforts  "  for  honour, 
pride,  religion,  virtue's  sake,"  and  then,  "  in  the  full 
security  of  innocence,"  she  seeks  temptation,  and  finds 
retreat  impossible. — Finden,  Byron  Beautlet. 

Julia  Melville,  award  of  sir  Anthony 
Absolute;  in  love  with  Faulkland,  who 
saved  her  life  when  she  was  thrown  into 
the  water  by  the  upsetting  of  a  boat. — 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals  (1775). 

Julian  (Count),  a  powerful  lord  of 
the  Spanish  Goths.  When  his  daughter 
Florinda  was  violated  by  king  Roderick, 
the  count  was  so  indignant  that  he 
invited  over  the  Moors  to  come  and  push 
Roderick   from    the    throne,    and    even 


turned  renegade  the  better  to  effect  his 
purpose.  The  Moors  succeeded,  but 
condemned  count  Julian  to  death,  "to 
punish  treachery,  and  prevent  worse  ill." 
Julian,  before  he  died,  sent  for  "  father 
Maccabee,"  and  said : 

I  would  fain 
Die  in  the  faith  wherein  my  fathers  died. 
I  feel  that  I  have  sinned,  and  from  my  soul 
Renounce  the  Impostor's  faith,  which  in  my  soul 
Mo  place  obtained. 

Southey,  KodeHek,  etc.,  xiiv.  (:814). 

Julian  (St.)^  patron  saint  of  hospit- 
ality.    An  epicure,  a  man  of  hospitality. 

An  houschalder  and  th.it  a  gret  was  he ; 
Seint  Julian  he  was  in  his  country. 
Chaucer,  Introdtiction  to  Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

Julian  St.  Pierre,  the  brother  of 
Mariana  (^-.t;.).— S.  Knowles,  The  Wife 
(1833). 

Juliana,  eldest  daughter  of  Bal- 
thaza.  A  proud,  arrogant,  overbearing 
"Katharine,"  who  marries  the  duke  of 
Aranza,  and  intends  to  be  lady  para- 
mount. The  duke  takes  her  to  a  poor 
hut,  which  he  calls  his  home,  gives  her 
the  household  duties  to  perform,  and 
pretends  to  be  a  day  labourer.  She 
chafes  for  f.  time  ;  but  his  manliness, 
affection,  and  firmness  get  the  mastery  ; 
and  when  he  sees  that  she  loves  him  for 
himself,  he  announces  the  fact  that  after 
all  he  is  the  duke  and  she  the  duchess  of 
Aranza. — J.  Tobin,  The  Honeymoon  (1804). 

Ju'liance,  a  giant.— Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  98  (1470). 

Julie  (2  syl.),  the  heroine  of  Molibre's 
comedy  entitled  Mons,  de  Fourceaugnao 
(1669). 

Ju'lie  (2  syL),  the  heroine  of  J.  J. 
Rousseau's  novel  entitled  Julie  ou  la 
Nouvelle  IMo'ise  (1760).  The  prototype 
was  the  comtesse  d'Houdetot.  Julie  had 
a  pale  complczion,  a  graceful  figure,  a 
profusion  of  light  brown  hair,  and  her 
near-sigh tedneso  gave  her  "a  charming 
mixture  of  gaucherie  and  grace."  Ros- 
seau  went  every  morning  to  meet  her, 
that  he  might  receive  from  her  that  single 
kiss  with  which  Frenchwomen  salute  a 
friend.  One  day,  when  Rousseau  told  her 
that  she  might  innocently  love  others 
besides  her  husband,  she  naively  replied, 
"Je  pourrais  done  aimer  mon  pauvrc 
St.  Lambert."  Lord  Byron  has  made  her 
familiar  to  English  readers. 

His  love  was  passion's  essence  ... 
This  breathed  itself  to  life  ii  Julie  ;  this 
Invested  her  with  all  that's  wild  and  sweet; 
This  hallowed,  too,  the  memorable  kiss 
Which  every  morn  his  fevered  lip  would  greet 
From  bet's,  who  but  with  friendship  his  would  meet. 
Byron.  ChiULe  Harold,  iU.  79  (ISKK 


JULIE  DE  MORTEMAR. 


604 


JUST. 


Julie  de  Mortemar,  an  orphan, 
ward  of  Richelieu,  and  loved  by  kinj^j  Louis 
XIII.,  count  Baradas,  and  Adrien  de 
Mauprat,  the  last  of  whom  she  married. 
After  many  hair-breadth  escapes  and 
many  a  heart-ache,  the  king  allowed  the 
union  and  blessed  the  happy  pair. — Lord 
Lytton,  Ridielieu  (1839). 

Ju'liet,  daughter  of  lady  Cap'ulet  of 
Verona,  in  love  with  Ro'meo  son  of 
Mon'tague  (3  syl.),  a  rival  house.  As 
the  parents  could  not  be  brought  to 
sanction  the  alliance,  the  whole  intercourse 
was  clandestine.  In  order  that  Juliet 
might  get  from  the  house  and  meet 
Romeo  at  the  cell  of  friar  Laurence,  she 
took  a  sleeping  draught,  and  was  carried 
to  the  family  vault.  The  intention  was 
that  on  waking  she  should  repair  to  the 
cell  and  get  married  ;  but  Romeo,  seeing 
her  in  the  vault,  killed  himself  from 
grief ;  and  when  Juliet  woke  and  found 
Romeo  dead,  she  killed  herself  also. — 
Shakespeare,  Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

C.  H.  Wilson  says  of  Mrs.  Baddeley 
(1742-1780)  that  her  "'Juliet'  was  never 
surpassed."  W.  Donaldson,  in  his  Recol- 
lections, says  that  "  Miss  O'Neill  made  her 
first  appearance  in  Covent  Garden  Theatre 
in  1815  as  '  Juliet,'  and  never  was  such 
an  impression  made  before  by  any  actress 
whati5oever."  Miss  Fanny  Kemble  and 
Miss  Helen  Faucit  were  both  excellent  in 
the  same  character.  The  youngest  Juliet 
was  Miss  Rosa  Ktnney  (under  18),  who 
made  her  (Mmt  in  this  character  at  Drury 
Lane  in  1879. 

The  doatiiig  fondness  and  silly  peevishness  of  the  nurse 
tends  [sic]  to  relieve  the  soft  and  affectionate  character  of 
"Juliet,"  and  to  place  her  before  the  audience  in  a  point 
of  view  whicli  those  who  have  seen  Miss  O'Neill  perform 
"Juliet"  know  how  to  appreciate.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Drama. 

Juliet,  the  lady  beloved  by  Claudio 
brother  of  Isabella. — Shakespeare,  Mea- 
sure for  Measure  (1603). 

Julio,  a  noble  gentleman,  in  love  with 
Lelia  a  wanton  widow. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Captain  (1613). 

Julio  of  Harancour,  "the  deaf 
and  dumb"  boy,  ward  of  Darlemont, 
who  gets  possession  of  Julio's  inherit- 
ance, and  abandons  him  in  the  streets  of 
Paris.  Julio  is  rescued  by  the  abbe  De 
I'Epe'e,  who  brings  him  up,  and  gives  him 
the  name  of  Theodore.  Julio  grows  up 
a  noble-minded  and  intelligent  young 
man,  is  recognized  by  the  Franval 
family,  and  Darlemont  confesses  that 
"the  deaf  and  dumb"  boy  is  the  count 
of  Harancour.— Th.  Holcroft,  The  Deaf 
and  Dumb  (1785). 


Julius  {St.),  a  British  martyr  oi 
Caerleon  or  the  City  of  Legions  {Newport, 
in  South  Wales).  He  was  torn  limb 
from  limb  by  Maximia'nus  Herculius, 
general  of  the  army  of  Diocle'tian  in 
Britain.  Two  churches  were  founded  in 
the  City  of  Legions,  one  in  honour  of  St. 
Julius,  and  one  in  honour  of  St.  Aaron 
his  fellow-martyr. 

.  . .  two  other  .  .  .  sealed  their  doctrine  with  their  blood  ; 
St.  Julius,  and  witii  him  St.  Aaron,  have  their  room 
At  Carleon,  suflTering  death  by  Diocletian's  doom. 

Drayton,  Polyolbiun,  xxlv.  (1622). 

Jumps  {Jemmy),  in  The  Farmer. 
One  of  the  famous  parts  of  Jos.  S.  Mun- 
dea  (1768-1832). 

June  ( T^e  Glorious  First  of)  was  June, 
1794,  when  lord  Howe  gained  a  great 
victory  over  the  French. 

Junkerthum,  German  squirearchy. 
{Yrom  junker,  "a  young  nobleman;"  our 
younker.) 

Juno's  Birds.  Juno  is  represented 
in  works  of  art  as  drawn  through  fields 
of  air  by  a  pair  of  peacocks  harnessed  to 
her  chariot. 

_  Jupe  {Signer),  clown  in  Slearj^'s 
circus,  passionately  attached  to  his  daugh- 
ter Cecilia.  Signor  Jupe  leaves  the  circus 
suddenly,  because  he  is  hissed,  and  is 
never  heard  of  more. 

Cecilia  Jupe,  daughter  of  the  clown. 
After  the  mysterious  disappearance  of 
her  father,  she  is  adopted  and  educated 
by  Thomas  Gradgrind,  Esq.,  M.P.— C. 
Dickens,  IJard  Times  (1854). 

Just  [The). 

Akisti'dSs,  the  Athenian  (died  B.C. 
468). 

Ba'iiaram,  called  Shah  endeb  ("the 
just  king").  He  was  the  fifth  of  tiie 
Sassan'ides  (276-296). 

Cassimir  II.  of  Poland  (1117,  1177- 
1194). 

Fi£KDiNAND  I.  of  Aragon  (1373,  1412- 
1416). 

Hakoun-al-Raschid  {^HhejusV^),  the 
greatest  of  the  Abbasside  caliphs  (766, 
786-808). 

James  II.  of  Aragon  (1261,  1285- 
1327). 

KhosrO  or  Choshoes  I.,  called  by  the 
Arabs  Molkal  Adel  ("the  just  king  ").  He 
was  the  twenty-first  of  the  SassanidSa^ 
(*,  531-579). 

MoRAx,    counsellor    of    Feredach   anj 
earlv  king  of  Ireland. 

PJEDRO  I.  of  Portugal  (1320,  1367-1 
1367). 


JUSTINIAN. 


505 


KALED. 


Justin'ian  {The  English)^  Edward  I. 
(1239,  1272-1307). 

Ju'venal  {The  English),  John  Old- 
ham (1653-1683). 

Ju'venal  {Tlie  Younq).  [Dr.]  Thomas 
Lodge  is  so  called  by  Robert  Green  (1555- 
1(525). — A  Groat' sworth  of  Wit,  bought 
with  a  Million  of  Repentance. 

Ju'venal  of  Painters  {The), 
William  Hogarth  (1697-1794). 

J'y  suis  et  j'y  reste  ("  Here  am 
I  placed,  and  here  I  mean  to  remain"). 
This  was  said  by  marshal  de  MacMahon, 
and  shows  the  character  of  the  marshal- 
president  of  the  French  better  than  a 
volume  (1877).    But  he  resigned  in  1879. 


I 


Kadr  {Al)^  the  night  on  which  the 
Koran  was  sent  down  to  Mahomet.  Al 
Kadr  is  supposed  to  be  the  seventh  of  the 
last  ten  nights  of  Ramadan,  or  the  night 
between  the  23rd  and  24th  days  of  the 
month. 

Verily  we  sent  down  the  Korftn  on  the  night  of  Al 
Kadr ;  and  what  can  make  thee  coniiirehend  how  ex- 
cellent tlie  night  of  Al  Kadr  is  i—Al  Kordn,  xcvii. 

Kaf  {Motcnt),  a  mountain  encircling 
the  whole  earth,  said  to  be  a  huge  table- 
land which  walls  in  the  earth  as  a  ring 
encircles  one's  finger.  It  is  the  home  of 
giants  and  fairies,  jinn,  peris,  and  deevs, 
and  rests  on  the  sacred  stone  called  Sakh- 
rat.  It  is  fully  described  in  the  romance 
of  Hatim  Ta'i,  the  hero  of  which  often 
visited  the  region.  The  romance  has 
been  translated  into  English  by  Duncan 
Forbes. — Mohammedan  Mythology. 

The  mountain  of  K4f  surrounds  the  whole  world.  It  !s 
composed  of  one  entire  emerald.  Beyond  it  there  are 
forty  other  worlds,  entirely  ditferent  to  this ;  each  of  the 
forty  worlds  has  400,000  cities,  and  each  city  400,000  gates. 
The  inhabitants  of  these  cities  are  entirely  exempt  from 
all  the  sufferings  of  the  race  of  man  ;  the  day  there  has  no 
night,  the  earth  is  gold,  and  the  inhabitants  angels,  who 
sing  without  ceasing  the  praises  of  Allah  and  his  prophet. 

The  mountain  Kaf  is  placed  between  the  horns  of  a 
white  ox,  naniwl  Kirnit.  The  head  of  this  ox  touches  the 
east,  and  his  hind  parts  the  west,  and  the  distance  between 
these  horns  could  not  be  traversed  in  100,000  years.— 
Conite  de  Caylus,  Oriental  Tales  {"  History  of  Abdal 
MotiUeb,"  1743). 

The  mountain  of  Kif  may  set  bounds  to  the  world,  but 
not  to  the  wishes  of  the  ambitious.  -  Conite  de  Caylus,  Ori- 
ental Tales  ("  Dakianoa  and  the  Seven  Sleepers,"  1743). 

From  Kaf  to  Kdf,  from  one  extremity 
of  the  earth  to  the  other.     The  sun  was 
22 


supposed  to  rise  from  one  of  its  eminences 
and  to  set  on  the  opposite. 

The  mountain  of  Kftf  nmy  tremble,  but  the  power  of 
A'lah  reniaineth  fast  for  ever  and  ever. — W.  Beckford, 
Vathei.  (1784). 

Kaf,  a  fountain,  the  waters  of  which 
confer  immortality  on  the  drinker. 

Sure  bis  lips 
Have  drunk  of  K&fs  dark  fountain,  and  he  comes 
Strong  in  his  immortality. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xxv.  (1814). 

Kail,  a  prince  of  Ad,  sent  to  Mecca  to 
pray  for  rain.  Three  clouds  appeared, 
a  white  one,  a  red  one,  and  a  black  one, 
and  Kail  was  bidden  to  make  his  choice. 
He  chose  the  last,  but  when  the  cloud 
burst,  instead  of  rain  it  cast  out  lightning, 
which  killed  him. — Sale,  Al  Kordn,  vii. 
note. 

Kail'yal  (2  syl.),  the  lovely  and  holy 
daughter  of  Ladur'lad,  persecuted  re- 
lentlessly by  Ar'valan ;  but  virtue  and 
chastity,  in  the  person  of  Kailj'al,  always 
triumphed  over  sin  and  lust.  When 
Arvalan  "in  the  flesh"  attempted  U, 
dishonour  Kailyal,  he  was  slain  by  La- 
durlad ;  but  he  then  continued  his  attacks 
*'  out  of  the  flesh."  Thus,  when  Kailyal 
was  taken  to  the  Bower  of  Bliss  by  a 
benevolent  spirit,  Arvalan  borrowed  the 
dragon-car  of  the  witch  Lor'rimite  (3 
syl.)  to  drag  him  thence ;  the  dragons, 
however,  unable  to  mount  to  paradise, 
landed  him  in  a  region  of  thick-ribbed 
ice.  Again,  Kailyal,  being  obliged  to 
quit  the  Bower,  was  made  the  bride  of 
Jaga-naut,  and  when  Arvalan  presented 
himself  before  her  again,  she  set  fire 
to  the  pagoda,  and  was  carried  from  the 
flames  by  her  father,  who  was  charmed 
from  fire  as  well  as  water.  Lastly,  while 
waiting  for  her  father's  return  from  the 
submerged  city,  whither  he  had  gone 
to  release  Ereen'ia  (3  syl.),  Arvalan  once 
more  appeared,  but  was  seized  by  Baly, 
the  governor  of  hell,  and  cast  into  the 
bottomless  pit.  Having  descended  to  hell, 
Kailyal  quaffed  the  water  of  immortality, 
and  was  taken  by  Ereenia  to  his  Bower 
of  Bliss,  to  dwell  with  him  for  ever  in 
endless  joy. — Southey,  Curse  of  Kehama 
(1809). 

Kaimes  {Lord),  one  of  the  two  judges 
in  Peter  Peebles's  lawsuit. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Kalas'rade  (3  syl.),  tho  virtuous 
wife  of  Sadak,  persecuted  by  the  sultan 
Am'urath.  (See  Sadak.) — Ridley,  Tales 
of  tlie  Genii,  xi.  (1751). 

Kaled,  Guluare  (2  syl,)  disguised  as 


KALEMBERG. 


606 


KATMIR. 


a  page,  in  the  service  of  I^ara.  After 
Lara  is  shot,  she  haunts  the  si>ot  of  his 
doatli  as  a  crazed  woman,  and  dies  at 
length  of  a  broken  heart. 

Light  was  At*  form,  and  darkly  delicate 
That  brow  wheieon  his  native  sun  had  sate  .  .  . 
And  the  wild  sparkle  of  hi*  eye  seemed  caught 
From  high,  and  lightened  with  electric  thought ; 
Tho'  its  black  orb  those  long  low  lashes'  fringe 
Had  tempered  with  a  melancholy  tinge. 

Byron,  fjara  (1814), 

Kalemberg  {The  cur^  of),  a  recueil 
of  facetiae.  The  escapades  of  a  yoiing 
student  made  a  chaplain  in  the  Austrian 
court.  lie  sets  at  defiance  and  torments 
every  one  he  encounters,  and  ends  in 
being  court  fool  to  Otho  the  Gay,  grand- 
son of  Rudolf  of  Hapsburg. — German 
Poem  (fifteenth  century). 

Kalyb,  "the  Lady  of  the  Wooils," 
who  stole  St.  George  from  his  nurse, 
brought  him  up  as  her  own  child,  and 
endowed  him  with  gifts.  St.  George 
enclosed  her  in  a  rock,  where  she  was 
torn  to  pieces  bj'  spirits. — Johnson,  Seven 
Champions  of  Christendom,  i.  (1G17). 

Xa'ma,  the  Hundu  god  of  love.  He 
rides  on  a  sparrow,  the  symbol  of  lust ; 
holds  in  his  hand  a  bow  of  sugar-cane 
strung  with  bees  ;  and  has  five  arrows, 
one  for  each  of  the  five  senses. 

Karun,  son  of  Yeshar  or  Izhar,  uncle 
of  Moses,  the  most  beautiful  and  wealthy 
of  all  the  Israelites. 

Miches  of  Karun,  an  Arabic  and  Jewish 
proverb.  The  Jews  say  that  Kan'm  had 
a  large  palace,  the  doors  of  which  were  of 
solid  gold. — Sale's  Koran,  xxviii. 

***  This  Karun  is  the  Korah  of  the 
pentateuch. 

Kashan  (Scorpions  of).  K  ash  an,  in 
Persia,  is  noted  for  its  scorpions,  which 
are  both  large  and  venomous.  A  common 
curse  in  Persia  is.  May  you  be  stung  by  a 
scorpion  of  Kashan  ! 

Kate  [Plowden],  niece  of  colonel 
HoATard  of  New  York,  in  love  with 
lieutenant  Barnstable  of  the  British 
navy,  but  promised  by  the  colonel  in 
marriage  to  captain  Boroughcliff,  a 
▼ulgar,  conceited  Yankee.  LTltimately, 
it  IS  discovered  that  Barnstable  is  the 
colonel's  son,  and  the  marriage  is 
arranged  ansicablv  between  Barnstable 
and  Kate.— E.  Fitzball,  The  Pilot. 

Kathari'na,  the  elder  daughter  of 
Baptisia  of  Padua.  She  was  of  such  an 
ungovernable  spirit  and  fiery  temper, 
that  she  was  nicknamed ' '  The  Shrew."  A  s 


it  was  very  unlikely  any  gentleman  would 
select  such  a  spitfire  for  his  wife,  Baptista 
made  a  vow  that  his  younger  daughter 
Bianca  should  not  be  allowed  to  marry 
before  her  sister.  Petruchio  married 
Katharina  and  tamed  her  into  a  most 
submissive  wife,  insomuch  that  when 
she  visited  her  father  a  bet  was  made  by 
Petruchio  and  two  other  bridegrooms  on 
their  three  brides.  First  Lucentio  sent  a 
servant  to  Bianca  to  desire  her  to  come 
into  the  room  ;  but  Bianca  sent  word  that 
she  was  busy.  Hortensio  next  sent  tho 
servant  "  to  entreat "  his  bride  to  come  to 
him  ;  but  she  replied  that  Hortensio  had 
better  come  to  her  if  he  wanted  her. 
Petruchio  said  to  the  servant,  "  Tell  your 
mistress  I  command  her  to  come  to  me 
at  once ;  "  she  came  at  once,  and  Petru- 
chio won  the  bet. — Shakespeare,  Taminj 
of  the  Shrew  (1594). 

Katharine,  a  lady  in  attendance  on 
the  princess  of  France.  Dumain,  a  young 
lord  in  the  suite  of  Ferdinand  king  of 
Navarre,  asks  her  hand  in  marriage,  and 
she  replies  : 

A  twelvemonth  and  a  day 
I'll  mark  no  words  that  smooth-faced  wooers  sajr. 
Come  then  .  .  . 
And  if  I  have  much  love,  I'll  give  you  some. 

Shakespeare,  Love't  Labour's  Loft  (1594). 

Katharine  {Qrieen),  the  divorced  wife 
of  Henry  VIII. — Shakespeare,  Ilennj 
VIII.  (1601). 

The  following  actresses  are  celebrated 
for  their  impersonations  of  this  character  : 
—Mrs.  Pritchard  (1711-1768)  ;  Margaret 
fPeg]  Woffington  (1718-1760);  Mrs. 
Siddons  (1756-1831)  ;  Mrs.  Barley  (1785- 
1850). 

Katherine  de  Medici  of  China, 

Voo-chee,  widow  of  king  Tae-tsong. 
She  was  most  imperious  and  cruel,  but 
her  energy  waa  irresistible  (684-705). 

Katin'ka,  a  Georgian,  "white  and 
red,  with  great  blue  eyes,  a  lovely  hand 
and  arm,  and  feet  so  small  they  scarce 
seemed  made  to  tread,  but  rather  skim 
the  earth."  She  was  one  of  the  three 
beauties  of  the  harem,  into  which  don 
Juan  was  admitted  in  female  disguise. 
The  other  two  were  Lolah  and  Pudii. — • 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  ri.  40,  41  (1824). 

Katmir',    the    dog    of    the    seven, 
sleepers.     It  spoke  with  a  human  voi 
and  said  to  the  young  men  who  wan 
to  drive  it  out  of  the  cave,  "  I  love  those 
who  love  God.    Go  to  sleep,  masters,  and 
I  will  keep  guard."    The  dog  kept  gxia; 
over  them  for  309   years,   and    neith* 


reo^. 
ice^^HI 


I 


KAY. 


507 


KENGE. 


slept  nor  ate.  At  death  it  was  taken  up 
into  paradise. — Sale,  Al  Kordn^  xviii. 
notes. 

*^*  Katmir,  in  the  Oriental  Tales,  is 
called  «'  Catnier." 

The  shepherd  had  a  little  dog  named  Qatnler  [iic\  that 
followed  tlieni.  They  threw  a  stone  at  htm  to  drive  him 
back  ;  the  stone  broke  his  left  leg,  but  the  dog  still  fol- 
lowed them,  limping.  They  then  threw  another  stone  at 
the  dog,  and  broke  his  right  fore  leg.  It  now  followed 
them  on  its  two  hind  legs,  and  a  third  stone  liaving 
broken  one  of  tliesc,  the  poor  creature  could  no  longer 
stand.  God  now  gave  it  the  gift  of  speech.  ...  at  winch 
they  were  so  astonislied  that  they  carried  It  with  them  by 
ttirns. — Comte  de  Gavlus,  Oriental  Tales  ("  Dakiauos  and 
the  Seven  Sleepers,"  1743). 

He  wouldn't  give  a  bone  to  Katmir,  or 
■He  wouldn't  throw  a  bone  to  the  dog  of  the 
seven  sleepers,  an  Arabic  proverb,  applied 
to  a  very  niggardly  man. 

Kay  (Sir),  son  of  sir  Ector,  and  foster- 
brother  of  prince  Arthur,  who  made  him 
his  seneschal  or  steward.  Sir  Kay  was 
ill-tempered,  mean-spirited,  boastful,  and 
overbearing.  He  had  not  strength  of 
mind  enough  to  be  a  villain  like  Ilagen, 
nor  strength  of  passion  enough  to  be  a 
traitor  like  Ganelon  and  Mordred ;  but  he 
could  detract  and  calumniate,  could  be 
envious  and  spiteful,  could  annoy  and 
irritate.  His  wit  consisted  in  giving 
nicknames  :  Thus  he  called  young  Gar«th 
*'  Big  Hands  "  (Beaumains),  "  because  his 
hands  were  the  largest  that  ever  any  one 
had  seen."  He  called  sir  Brewnor  "  The 
Shocking  Bad  Coat  "(//a  Cote  Male-taile'), 
because  his  doublet  fitted  him  so  badly, 
and  was  full  of  sword-cuts. — Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  3,  4, 
120,  etc.  (1470).     (See  Key.) 

Kayward,  the  name  of  the  hare  in 
the  beast-epic  of  licynardtJie  Fox  (1498). 

Keblah,  the  point  towards  which 
Mohammedans  turn  their  faces  in  prayer. 

Kecksey,  a  wheezy  old  wittol,  who 
pretends  to  like  a  termagant  wife  who 
can  flirt  with  other  men — ugh,  ugh  ! — he 
loves  high  spirits — ugh,  ugh  ! — and  to  see 
his  wife — ugh,  ugh ! — happy  and  scamper- 
ing about — ugh,  ugh  ! — to  theatres  and 
balls — ugh,  ugh  ! — he  likes  to  hear  her 
laugh — ugh,  ugh  ! — and  enjoy  herself — 
ugh,  ugh  !  Oh !  this  troublesome  cough  ! 
— ugh,  ugh  ! — Garrick,  The  Irish  Widow 
(1767). 

Ke'derli,  the  St.  George  of  Moham- 
medan mythology.  Like  St.  George,  he 
slew  a  monstrous  dragon  to  save  a  damsel 
exposed  to  its  fury,  and,  having  drunk  of 
the  water  of  life,  rode  through  the  world 
to  aid  those  who  were  oppressed. 


Keelavine  (Mr.),  painter  at  the  Spa 
hotel.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St»  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  IH.). 

Keene  (Abel),  a  village  schoolmaster, 
afterwards  a  merchant's  clerk.  Being  Jed 
astray,  he  lost  his  place  and  hanged 
himself. — Crabbe,  Borough,  xxi.  (1810). 

Keepers,  of  Piers  Plowman's  visions, 
the  Malvern  Hills.  Piers  Plowman  (W. 
or  R.  Langland,  13G2)  supposes  himself 
fallen  asleep  on  the  Malvern  Hills,  and 
in  his  dream  he  sees  various  visions  of 
an  allegorical  character  pass  before  him. 
These  "visions"  he  put  into  poetr}',  the 
whole  containing  15,000  veises,  divided 
into  twenty  parts,  each  part  being  called 
a  passus  or  separate  vision. 

Keepers  of  Piers  Plowman's  vision,  tliro'  the  sunshine  and 
the  snow. 

Mrs.  Browning,  The  Lost  Bower. 

Keha'ma,  the  almighty  rajah  of 
earth,  and  all-powerful  in  Swerga  or 
heaven.  After  a  long  tyranny,  he  went 
to  Pan'dalon  (hell)  to  claim  domination 
there  also.  Kehama  demanded  why  the 
throne  of  Yamen  (or  Pluto)  was  supported 
by  only  three  persons,  and  was  told  that 
he  himself  must  be  the  fourth.  He  paid 
no  heed  to  this  prophecy,  but  commanded 
the  amreeta-cup  or  draught  of  immortality 
to  be  brought  to  him,  that  he  might  quaif 
it  and  reign  for  ever.  Now  there  are  two 
immortalities  :  the  immortality  of  life  for 
the  good,  and  the  immortality  of  death 
for  the  wicked.  When  Kehama  drank 
the  amreeta,  he  drank  immortal  death, 
and  was  forced  to  bend  his  proud  neck 
beneath  the  throne  of  Yamen,  to  become 
the  fourth  supporter. — Southey,  Curse  of 
Kehama  (1809). 

*^*  Ladurlad  was  the  person  subjecled 
to  the  "curse  of  Kehama,"  and  under 
that  name  the  story  will  be  found. 

Kela,  now  called  Calabar. 

Sailing  with  a  fair  wind,  we  reached  Kela  in  six  days 
and  landed.  Here  we  found  tead-mines,  sor.ie  Indian 
canes,  and  excellent  camphor. — Arabian  Sighu  ("  Siud' 
bad,"  fourth  voyage). 

Keltie  (Old),  innkeeper  at  Kinross. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot  (time,  Elizc- 
beth). 

Kempfer-Hausen,  Robert  Pearce 
Gillies,  one  of  the  speakers  in  the  "  iS^octes 
Ambrosianae." — Blackwood's  Magazine. 

Kendah,  an  Arabian  tribe,  which 
used  to  bury  alive  their  female  children 
as  soon  as  they  were  born.  The  Koran 
refers  to  them  in  ch.  vi. 

Kenge  (1  syl.),  of  the  firm  of  Kenge 


KENELM. 


508 


KENT. 


and  Carboy,  Lincoln's  Inn,  generally 
called  *'  donvcrsation  Kenge,"  loving 
above  all  things  to  hear  "  the  dulcet 
tones  of  his  own  voice."  The  firm  is 
engaged  on  the  side  of  Mr.  Jarndyce  in 
the  great  Chancery  suit  of  "Jarndyce  v. 
Jarndyce." — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House 
(1853). 

Kenelm  (St.)  was  murdered  at 
Clente-in-Cowbage,  near  Winchelcumb, 
in  Gloucestershire  ;  but  the  murder  "  was 
miraculously  notified  at  Rome  by  a  white 
dove,"  which  alighted  on  the  altar  of  St. 
Peter's,  bearing  in  its  beak  a  scroll  with 
these  words : 

In  Clent  cow-paiture,  uceier  n  thorn, 
Of  head  bereft,  lies  Kenelm  king-born. 
Roger  de  Weudover,  ChronicUs  (died  1237). 

Kenil-worth.,  a  novel  by  sir  "W. 
Scott  (1821).  This  is  very  superior  to 
The  Abbot  and  The  Monastery.  For 
interest  it  comes  next  to  Ivanhoe,  and 
the  portrait  of  queen  Elizabeth  is  life- 
like and  correct.  That  of  queen  Mary 
is  given  in  The^  Abbot.  The  novel  is  full 
of  courtly  gaieties  and  splendour,  but 
contains  the  unhappy  tale  of  the  beautiful 
Amy  Robsart,  which  cannot  fail  to  excite 
our  sympathy  and  pity. 

Kenna,  daughter  of  king  Ob^ron, 
who  fell  in  love  with  Albion  son  of  the 
island  king.  Obgron  drove  the  prince 
from  his  empire,  and  when  Albion  made 
war  on  the  fairj'^  king,  he  was  slain. 
Kenna  then  poured  the  juice  of  moly 
over  him,  and  the  dead  body  was  con- 
verted into  a  snowdrop.  According  to 
this  fable,  "  Kensington  Gardens  "  is  a 
corruption  of  Kenna's-town-garden. — 
Tickell,  Kensington  Gat-den  (died  i740). 

Kennahtwhar  ( ' '  Iknow  not  where  ") , 
the  capital  of  Noman's-land,  91°  north 
lat.  181°  west  long. 

A  chronicler  of  Kennahtwhar  of  literary  mystery. 
The  Congiuest  of  Granada  left  in  manuscript  for  history. 
The  Queen  ("  Double  Acrostic,"  1878). 

***  This  chronicler  was  "  Frav  Antonio 
Agapida,"  the  hypothetical  author  of  The 
Conquest  of  Granada,  bv  Washington 
Irving. 

Kenna-quhair  (Scotch,  "/  don't 
know  where  "),  an  hypothetical  locality. 

Melrose  may  in  general  pass  for  Kennaquhair.— Sir  W. 

Kennedv  (Frank),  an  excise  officer, 
who  shows  Mr.  G.  Godfrey  Bertram  the 
laird  of  Ellangowan  (magistrate)  the 
emuggler's  vessel  chased  by  a  war  sloop. 
Th«  smugglers  afterwards  murder  him. 


— Sir  W.  Scott,   Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Kenneth  (S-jr),  "Knight  of  the 
Leopard,"  a  disguise  assumed  by  David 
earl  of  Huntingdon,  prince  royal  of 
Scotland. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Kenrick  (Felix),  the  old  foster- 
father  of  Caroline  Dormer.  His  wife 
Judith  was  her  nurse.  Kenrick,  an 
Irishman,  clings  to  his  mistress  in  all 
her  misfortunes,  and  proves  nimself  a 
most  attached,  disinterested,  and  faithful 
old  servant.— G.  Colman,  The  Heir-at- 
Law  (1797). 

Kensington,  according  to  Tickell's 
fable,  is  so  called  from  the  fairy  Kenna, 
daughter  of  king  ObSron.  The  tale  is 
that  prince  Albion  was  stolen  by  Milkah, 
the  fairy,  and  carried  to  Kensington. 
When  19  years  old,  he  fell  in  love  with 
Kenna ;  but  Oberon  was  so  angry  at  this 
engagement,  that  he  drove  Albion  out  of 
the  garden,  and  compelled  Kenna  to 
marry  Azuriel,  a  fairy  from  Holland 
Park.  Albion  laid  his  complaint  before 
Neptune,  who  sent  Oriel  with  a  fairy 
army  against  Oberon.  In  this  battle 
Albion  was  slain,  and  Neptune,  in 
revenge,  utterly  destroyed  the  whole 
empire.  The  fairies,  being  dispersed, 
betook  themselves  to  the  hills  and  dales, 
the  caves  and  mines.  Kenna  poured 
juice  of  the  herb  moly  over  the  dead 
body  of  Albion,  and  the  unhappy  prince 
was  changed  thus  into  a  snowdrop. — ■ 
Tickell,  Kensington  Garden  (died  1740). 

Kent.  According  to  fable,  Kent  is  so 
called  from  Can'ute,  one  of  the  com- 
panions of  Brute  the  Trojan  wanderer, 
who,  according  to  Geoffrey's  British 
History,  settled  in  England,  and  founded 
a  dynasty  of  kings.  Canute  had  that 
part  of  the  island  assigned  to  him  which 
was  called  Canutium,  contracted  into 
Can'tium,  and  again  into  Cant  or  Kent. 

But  Canute  had  his  portion  from  the  rest. 
The  which  he  calleii  Canutium,  for  his  hire. 
Now  Cantiuni,  which  Kent  we  commonly  inquire. 
Spenser,  /'oery  Queen,  II.  x".  12  (1590). 

Kent  (Earl  of),  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Caius,  attended  upon  the  old  king 
Lear,  when  his  two  elder  daughters  re- 
fused to  entertain  him  with  his  suite. 
He  afterwards  took  him  to  Dover  Castle. 
When  the  old  king  was  dying,  he  could 
not  be  made  to  understand  how  Caius  and 
Kent  coujd  be  the  same  person. — Shake- 
speare, King  Lear  (1606). 


KENT. 


509 


KEYS  OF  KNOWLEDGE. 


Kerd  (The  Fair  Maid  of),  Joan,  only 
daughter  of  Edmund  Plantagenet  earl  of 
Kent.  She  married  thrice  :  (1)  William 
de  Montacute  earl  of  Salisburj',  from 
whom  she  was  divorced  ;  (2)  sir  Thomas 
Holland ;  and  (3)  her  second  cousin, 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  by  whom  she 
became  the  mother  of  Richard  II. 

Kenwigs  (Mr.),  a  turner  in  ivory, 
and  "a  monstrous  genteel  man."  He 
toadies  Mr.  Lillyvick,  his  wife's  uncle, 
from  whom  he  has  "expectations." 

Mrs.  Ji'emcigs,  wife  of  the  above,  con- 
sidered "  quite  a  lady,"  as  she  has  an 
uncle  who  collects  the  water-rates,  and 
sends  her  daughter  Moleena  to  a  day 
school. 

The  Misses  Kenwigs,  pupils  of  Nicholas 
Nickleby,  remarkable  for  wearing  their 
hair  in  long  braided  tails  down  their 
backs,  the  ends  being  tied  with  bright 
ribbons. — C.  Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

Eera  Kliaii,  a  gallant  and  generous 
Tartar  chief  in  a  war  between  the  Poles 
and  the  Tartars. — J.  P.  Kemble,  Lodoiska 
(a  melodrame). 

Kerns,  light-armed  Irish  foot-soldiers. 
The  word  (Kujheyren)  means  "  a  hell 
shower ;"  so  called  because  they  were  hell- 
rakes  or  the  "  devil's  black-guard."  (See 
Gallowglasses.  ) — Stanihurst,  Descrip- 
tion of  Ireland,  viii.  28. 

Kesehe'tiouch,  the  shepherd  who 
joined  the  six  Greek  slaves  of  Ephesus, 
and  wa^  one  of  the  "  seven  sleepers." 

Keschetiouch's  Dog,  Catnier,  called  by 
Sale,  in  his  notes  to  the  Koran,  "  Kat- 
mir." — Comte  de  Caylus,  Oriental  Tales 
("History  of  Dakianos,"  1743), 

Kes'teven.  Lincolnshire  is  divided 
into  Lindsey,  the  highest  lands ;  Kestcven, 
the  heaths  (west)  ;  and  Holland,  the  fens. 

Quoth  Kesteven  .  ,  .  how  I  hate 
Thus  of  her  foggy  fens  to  hear  rude  Holland  prate  I 
Drayton,  PolyolHon,  xxv.  (1622). 

Kettle  of  Pish  (A  Pretty),  a  pretty 
muddle,  a  bad  job.  A  corruption  of 
Kiddle  of  fish.  A  kiddle  is  a  basket  set 
in  the  opening  of  a  wear  for  catching  fish. 
(French,  quideau.) 

Kettle-drum,  a  corruption  of  Kiddle- 
drura,  a  drum  in  the  shape  of  a  kiddle  or 
basket  employed  for  catching  fish.  (Sec 
above.) 

Kettledrummle  (Gabriel),  a  cove- 
nanter preacher.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 


Keuser,  one  of  the  rivers  of  Ma- 
homet's paradise,  the  waters  whereof  are 
sweeter  than  new  milk. 

He  who  has  seen  the  garden  of  thy  beauty,  O  adorable 
princess,  would  not  change  his  ravishment  for  a  draught 
of  Uie  water  of  Keuser.— Comte  de  Cj^Ius.  Oriental  TalM 
{•'  The  Basket,"  1743). 

Kevin  (St.),  a  young  man  who  went 
to  live  on  a  solitary  rock  at  Glendalough, 
in  Wicklow.  This  he  did  to  flee  from 
Kath'leen,  who  loved  him,  and  whose  eyes 
he  feared  his  heart  would  not  be  able  to 
resist.  Kathleen  tracked  him,  and 
while  he  slept  "bent  over  him;"  but, 
starting  from  his  sleep,  the  "  holy  man  " 
cast  the  girl  from  the  rock  into  the  sea, 
which  her  ghost  haunted  amidst  the 
sounds  of  sweet  music. — T.  Moore,  Irish 
Melodies,  iv.  ("  By  that  Lake  .  .  ."  1814). 

Key  (Sir),  son  of  sir  Ector  the 
foster-father  of  prince  Arthur.  He  was 
Arthur's  seneschal,  and  is  represented  as 
rude  and  boastful.  Sir  Gaw'ain  is  the 
type  of  courtesy,  sir  Launcelot  of  chivalry, 
sir  Mordred  of  treachery,  sir  Galahad  of 
chastity,  sir  Mark  of  cowardice.  (See 
Kay.) 

Key  and  Bible,  used  for  the  detec- 
tion of  thieves.  A  key  is  placed  over  an 
open  Bible  at  the  words,  "  Whither  thou 
goest,  I  will  go  "  (Ruth  i.  16) ;  and,  the 
fingers  of  the  person  being  held  so  as  to 
form  a  cross,  the  text  is  repeated.  The 
names  of  suspected  persons  are  then  pro- 
nounced in  succession,  and  when  the  name 
of  the  tkief  is  uttered,  the  key  jumps  and 
dances  about.  An  instance  of  this  method 
of  thief-finding  was  brought  before  the 
magistrates  at  the  borough  petty  sessions 
at  Ludlow,  in  January,  1879. 

A  married  woman,  named  Mary  Ann  Collier,  woa 
charged  with  using  abusive  and  insulting  language  to  her 
neigl)l>our,  Eliza  Oliver  ;  and  the  complaiixant,  in  her 
statement  to  the  magistrates,  said  that  on  December  27 
she  was  engaged  in  carrying  water,  when  Mrs.  Collier 
stopped  her,  and  stated  that  another  neighbour  had  had 
a  sheet  stolen,  and  had  "  turned  the  key  on  the  Bible 
near  several  houses ;  that  when  it  came  to  her  (Ohver's) 
house,  the  key  moved  of  itself,  and  that  when  com- 
plainant's name  was  mentioned  the  key  and  the  Book 
turned  completely  round,  and  fell  out  of  their  hands." 
She  also  stated  that  the  owner  of  the  sheet  then  inquired 
from  the  key  and  the  Book  whether  the  theft  was  com- 
mitted at  dark  or  daylight,  and  the  reply  was  "daylight" 

Defendant  then  called  complainant   "A  daylight 

thief,"  and  charged  her  with  stealing  the  sheet— JVtJit'l- 
paper  jxiragraph  (January,  1879). 

Key  of  Russia,  Smolensk,  on  the 
Dnieper.  Famous  for  its  resistance  to 
Napoleon  I.  in  1812. 

Key  of  the  Mediterranean,  the 

fortress  of  Gibraltar,  which   commands 
the  entrance  of  the  Mediterranean  Sea. 

Keys  of  Knowledge.    Five  things 


KEYKE. 


ilO 


KILDARE. 


are  known  to  God  alone :  (1)  The  time  of 
the  day  of  judgment;  (2)  the  time  of 
rain  ;  (3)  the  sex  of  an  animal  before 
birth ;  (4)  what  will  happen  on  the 
morrov  ;  (5)  where  any  one  will  die. 
These  the  Arabs  call  the  five  keys  of  secret 
knowledge. — Sale,  Al  Kordn^  xxxi.  note. 
*^*  the  five  senses  are  called  "  The 
five  doors  of  knowledge." 

Keyne  [A'^e-n]  or  St.  Keyna,  daughter 
of  Braga'nus  prince  of  Garthmatrin  or 
Brecon,  called  "  Keyna  the  Virgin." 
Her  sister  Melaria  was  the  mother  of  St. 
David.  Many  nobles  sought  her  in 
marriage,  but  she  refused  them  all,  being 
resolved  to  live  and  die  a  virgin.  She 
retired  to  a  spot  near  the  Severn,  which 
abounded  with  serpents,  but  at  her  prayer 
they  were  all  turned  into  Ammonites, 
and  "abide  to  this  day."  Subsequently 
she  removed  to  Mount  St.  Michael,  and 
by  her  prayer  a  spring  of  healing  waters 
burst  out  of  the  earth,  and  whoever 
drinks  first  of  this  water  after  marriage 
will  become  the  dominant  house-power. 
"Now,"  says  Southey,  "a  Cornishman 
took  his  bride  to  church,  and  the  moment 
the  ring  was  on  ran  up  the  mount  to 
drink  of  the  mystic  water.  Down  he 
came  in  full  glee  to  tell  his  bride ;  but  the 
bride  said,  '  My  good  man,  I  brought  a 
bottle  of  the  water  to  church  with  me, 
and  drank  of  it  before  you  started.' " — 
Southey,  The  Well  of  St.  Keyne  (1798). 

Khadijah,  daughter  of  Khowailed  ; 
Mahomet's  first  wife,  and  one  of  the  four 
perfect  women.  The  other  three  are 
Fatinm,  the  prophet's  daughter ;  Mary, 
daughter  of  Imran  ;  and  Asia,  wife  of 
the  Pharaoh  who  was  drowned  in  the  Red 
Sea. 

K-hawla,  one  of  the  sorceresses  in 
the  caves  of  Dom-Daniel,  "  undev  the 
roots  of  the  ocean."  She  is  called  "  the 
woman-fiend,"  "  fiercest  of  the  enchanter 
brood."  She  had  heard  that  one  of  the 
race  of  Hodei'rah  (3  syl.)  would  be  theii' 
destruction,  so  Okba  was  sent  forth  to 
cut  off  the  whole  race.  He  succeeded  ifl 
killing  eight,  but  one  named  Thal'aba 
escaped.  Abdaldar  was  chosen  to  hunt 
him  up  and  kill  him.  He  found  the  boy 
in  an  Arab's  tent,  and  raised  the  dagger, 
but  ere  the  blow  fell,  the  murderer  him- 
self was  killed  by  the  death-angel. — 
Southey,  Thalaba  the  Destroyer  (1797). 

Khid'ir  or  Ciiiddeu,  the  tutelary  god 
of  voyagers ;  his  brother  Elias  is  the  tute- 
lary god  of  travellers.     The  two  brothers 


meet  once  a  year  at  Mina,  near  Mecca, — 
Mouradgea  d'Ohsson,  History  of  the  OttO' 
man. Empire  (1821). 

Khorassan  (The  Veiled  Prophet  of), 
Mokanna,  a  prophet-chief,  who  M'ore  a 
veil  under  pretence  of  shading  the 
dazzling  light  of  his  countenance.  Iho 
truth  is,  he  had  lost  an  eye,  and  his  face 
was  otherwise  disfigured  in  battle.  Mo- 
kanna assumed  to  be  a  god,  and  main- 
tained that  he  had  been  Adam,  Nosh, 
and  other  representative  men.  When  the 
sultan  Mahadi  environed  him  so  that 
escape  was  impossible,  the  prophet  poi- 
soned all  his  followers  at  a  banquet,  and 
then  threw  himself  into  a  burning  acid, 
which  wholly  consumed  his  body. — T. 
Moore,  Lalla  Rookh  ("The  Veiled 
Prophet,  etc.,"  1817). 

Elidney.  A  man  of  another  kidney, 
a  man  of  a  different  sort  of  character. 
The  Greeks,  Romans,  Jews,  etc.,  sup- 
posed the  kidneys  to  be  the  seat  of  the 
affections,  and  therefore  to  determine  the 
character. 

Kifri,  a  giant  and  enchanter,  the 
impersonation  of  atheism  and  blasphemy. 
After  some  frightful  blasphemies,  he  hurls 
into  the  air  a  huge  rock,  which  falls  on 
himself  and  kills  him,  "for  self-murderers 
are  generally  infidels  or  atheists." — Sir 
C.  Morell  [J.  Ridley],  Tales  of  the  Genii 
("The  Enchanter's  Tale,"  vi.,  1751) 

"K-il,  in  the  names  of  places,  means  a 
"cell,  cloister,  or  chapel." 

Kilbarchan  (Scotland),  Kil-hara-cin^ 
the  kill  on  the  hill-top. 

Kilcrin  (Ireland),  the  little  kil. 

Kildare  is  Kil-dara,  the  "kil  of  the 
oak."  St.  Bridget  built  her  first  cell 
under  a  large  oak. 

Kilham  (Yorkshire),  the  chapel  close. 

Kilkenny,  the  kill  or  cloister  of  St. 
Kenny  or  Canice. 

Kilmore  (Ireland),  the  big  kil. 

Kilsyth  (Ireland),  the  great  kil 
("  sythe"  great). 

Icolmkili  (Scotland),  is  I-columb-h'l,' 
i.e.  the  "island  of  St.  Columb's  cell," 
The  Culdee  institutions  of  St.  Columb 
were  established  in  6G3,  for  the  purpose  of 
converting  the  Picts  to  Christianity. 

Kildare  (2  syl.),  famous  for  the  fire. 
of  St.  Bridget,  which  was  never  allowed 
to  go  out.  St.  Bridget  returns  every 
twentieth  vear  to  tend  to  the  fire  herself. 
Part  of  the  chapel  of  St.  Bridget  still 
remains,  and  is  called  "The  Fire-house  " 


I 


KILDERKIN. 


511 


KING. 


Like  the  bright  lamp  that  shone  In  Kildaro's  holy  fane. 
And  burned  through  long  ages  of  darkness  and  storm. 

T.  Moore,  Irish  Melodies,  UL  ("  Erin,  O  Erin  1 "  1S14). 
Apud  Kildariam  occurrit  ignis  Sanctaj   Brigidse  quern 

tnextin^iebilem  vocant. — GirsUdus  Canibrensis,  nibernia, 

U.  34  <  1187). 

Kilderkin  {Ned)^  keeper  of  an 
eating-house  at  Greenwich.  —  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nujel  (time,  James  I.). 

Kilian  (St.),  an  Irish  missionary  who 
Buffered  martyrdom  at  WUrzburg,  in  689. 
A  cathedral  was  erected  to  his  memory  in 
the  eighth  century. 

Kilian  of  Kersberg,  the  'squire  of 
sir  Archibald  von  Hagenbach. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Killed  by  Kindness.     It  is  said 

that  the  ape  not  nnfrequently  strangles 
its  young  ones  by  hugging  them  too  hard. 
The  Athenians,  wishing  to  show  honour 
to  Draco  the  law-giver,  showered  on  him 
their  caps  and  cloaks,  and  he  was 
smothered  to  death  by  the  pile  thus 
heaped  upon  him. 

Killing  no  Murder.  Carpentior 
de  Marigny,  the  enemy  of  Mazarin, 
issued,  in  1(358,  a  tract  entitled  Tuer  un 
Tyran  n'est  par  un  Crime. 

Sexby  wrote  a  tract  entitled  lulling  no 
Murder,  generally  thought  to  have  been 
the  production  of  William  Allan.  The 
object  of  the  book  was  to  show  that  it 
would  be  no  crime  to  murder  Cromwell. 

Kilmansegg  (Miss),  an  heiress  with 
great  expectations,  and  an  artificial  leg 
of  solid  gold. — Thomas  Hood,  A  Golden 
Legend  (1828). 

King,  a  title  of  sovereignty  or 
honour  At  one  time,  crown  tenants  were 
called  kings  or  dukes,  at  the  option  of  the 
sovereign;  thus,  Frederick  Barbarossj 
made  one  of  his  brothers  a  king- vassal, 
and  another  a  duke-vassal,  simply  by  the 
investiture  of  a  sword.  In  English  his- 
tory, the  lord  of  Man  was  styled  '•  king  ;  " 
so  was  the  lord  of  the  Isle  of  Wight,  and 
the  lord  of  Connaught,  as  clearly  appears 
in  the  grants  of  John  and  Henry  III. 
Several  examples  might  be  quoted  of 
earls  conferring  the  title  of "  king  "on  their 
vassals.— See  Selden's  Titles  of  Honour, 
iii.  (1614). 

'  A'ing  (Like  a).  When  Poms,  the 
•Indian  prince,  was  taken  prisoner,  Alex- 
ander asked  him  how  he  expected  to  be 
treated.  "  Like  a  king,"  he  replied  ;  and 
Alexander  made  him  hia  friend. 

Iu7ig  (T/ie  Factory),  Richard   Oastler 


of  Bradford,  the  successful  advocate  of 
the  "Ten  Hours  Bill"  (1789-1861). 

King  (The  Railway),  George  Hudson; 
so  called  by  the  Rev.  Sydney  Smith 
(1800-1871). 

King  (The  Red)  the  king  of  Persia; 
80  called  from  his  red  turban. 

Credo  ut  Persam  nunc  propter  rubca  tegnmenta  capitis 
Rubeum  Cajnit  vocant,  ita  reges  Moscovias,  propter  alba 
tegumenta  Albos  Ae</ej  appellkri. — Sigisniund. 

King  (The  Snow),  Gustavus  Adolphus 
of  Sweden,  killed  in  the  "  Thirty  'Shears' 
War  "  at  the  battle  of  LUtzen,  1682. 

At  Vienna  he  was  called  ' '  The  Snow  King  "  in  derision. 
Like  a  snow-ball,  he  was  kept  togetlier  by  tlie  cold,  but  as 
be  approached  a  warmer  soil  he  melted  away  and  disitp- 
peared.— Dr.  Crichton,  Scattdinavia,  11.  61  (1838). 

*^*  Sweden  and  Norway  are  each 
called  "  The  Snow  Kingdom." 

Let  no  vessel  of  the  kingdom  of  snowifJVoriray],  bound 
on  the  d-irk- rolling  waves  of  luistore  [the  Orknej/Sj.— 
Ossian,  tHngal,  i. 

King  (The  Wliite).  The  ancient  kings 
of  Muscovy  were  so  called  from  the  white 
robe  which  they  used  to  wear.  Solomon 
wore  a  white  robe ;  hence  our  Lord,  speak- 
ing of  the  lilies  of  the  field,  says  that 
"  Solomon  in  all  his  glory  was  not 
arrayed  like  one  of  these  "  (Luke  xii.  27). 

Principeni  Moscoviae  Alium  Regem  nuncupant  .  .  . 
Credo  ut  Persam  nunc  propter  rul)ea  tegumenta  capitis 
JiifMum  Caput  vocant,  ita  reges  Moscovise,  propter  alba 
tegumenta  Albos  lieges  appellari. — Sigisniund. 

*^*  Another  explanation  may  be  sug- 
gested :  Muscovy  was  called  "  White 
Russia,"  as  Poland  was  called  "Black 
Russia." 

King  (Tom),  "the  choice  spirit  of  the 
day  for  a  quiz,  a  hoax,  a  joke,  a  jest,  a 
song,  a  dance,  a  race,  or  a  row.  A  jolly 
dog,  a  rare  blood,  prime  buck,  rum  soul, 
and  funny  fellow."  He  drives  M.  Mor- 
bleu,  a  French  barber,  living  m  the 
Seven  Dials,  London,  almost  out  of  his 
senses  by  inquiring  over  and  over  agam 
for  Mr.  Thompson.  —  Moncrielf,  Mon. 
Tonson. 

(There  is  a  Mon.  Tonson  by  Taylor, 
1767.) 

King  (sumamed  the  Affable),  Charles 
VIII.  of  France  (1470,  1483-1498). 

King  (sumamed  the  Amorous),  Philippe 

I.  of  France  (1052,  1060-1108). 

King   (sumamed    Atujustus),   Philippe 

II.  of  France.     So  called  because  he  was 
born  in  August  (1165,  1180-1223). 

Sigismund  II.  of  Poland  ;  born  in  the 
month  of  August  (1520,  1548-1572). 

King  (sumamed  t/ie  Avenger),  Alphonso 


KING. 


612 


KING. 


XI.  of  Leon  and   Castile   (1310,   1327- 
1350). 

King  (surnamed  the  Bad),  Charles  II. 
of  Navarre  (1332,  1349-1387). 

William  I.  of  the  Two  Sicilies 
(*,  1154-1166). 

King  (surnamed  the  Bald),  Charles  I. 
le  Chauve  of  France  (823,  875-877). 

KiTig  (surnamed  Barbarossa  or  Red 
Beard),  Frederick  II.  of  Germany  (1121, 
1152-1190). 

lung  (surnamed  the  Battler),  Alphonso 

I.  of  Aragon  (*,  1104-1135). 

King  (surnamed  the  Bearded),  Baldwin 
IV.  earl  of  Flanders,  The  Handsome 
^eard  (1160-1186). 

Constantine  IV.,  Pogonatus,  emperor 
of  Rome  (648,  668-685). 

King  (surnamed  Beauclerk),  Henry  I. 
of  England  (1008,  1100-1135). 

King  (surnamed  the  Bellicose),  Henri 

II.  le  Belliqueux  (1519,  1547-1559). 

King  (surnamed  the  Black),  Heinrich 
m.  of  Germany  (1017,  1046-1050). 

King  (surnamed  the  Bold),  Boleslaus 
II.  of  Poland  (1042,  1058-1090). 

King    (surnamed    Bomba),    Ferdinand 
II.  of  the  Two  Sicilies  (1751,  1759-1825). 
Francis  II.  Bombalino  (1860). 

King  (surnamed  the  Brave),  Alphonso 
VI.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1030,  1065- 
/      1109). 

Alphonso  IV.  of  Portugal  (1290,  1324- 
1357). 

King  (surnamed  the  Catholic),  Alphonso 

I.  of  Asturias  (693,  739-757). 
Ferdinand  II.  of  Aragon  (1452,  1474- 

1516). 

Isabella  queen  of  Castile  (1450,  1474- 
lbC4). 

King  (surnamed  the  Ceremoniotis), 
Peter  IV.  of  Aragon  (1317,  1336-1387). 

King  (surnamed  the  Chaste),  Alphonso 

II.  of  Leon,  etc.  (758,  791-342). 

King  (surnamed  the  Confessor),  Ed- 
ward the  Confessor^  of  England  (1004, 
1042-1066). 

King  (surnamed  the  Conqueror),  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  Conqueror  of  the  World 
(B.C.  356,  336-323). 

Alfonso  of  Portugal  (1094, 1137-1185). 


Aurungzebe  the  Great,  Alemgir^  this 
Great  Mogul  (1618,  1659-1707). 

Francisco  Pizarro  Conquistador,  of  Peru 
(1475-1541). 

James  I.  of  Aragon  (1206,  1213-1276). 

Othman  or  Osman  I.  of  Turkey  (1259, 
1299-1326). 

William  I.  of  England  ^027,  1066- 
1087). 

King  (surnamed  the  Cruel),  Pedro  of 
Castile  (1334,  1350-1369). 
Pedro  of  Portugal  (1320,  1357-1367). 

King  (surnamed  the  Desired),  Louis 
XVIli.  of  France  (1755,  1814-1824). 

King  (surnamed  the  Fair),  Charles  IV, 
(1294, 1322-1328). 

Philippe  IV.  le  Bel,  of  France  (1268, 
1285-1314). 

King  (surnamed  the  Fat),  Alphonso  II. 
of  Portugal  (1185,  1212-1223). 

Charles  III.  of  France  (832,  884-888). 

Louis  VI.  le  Gros,  of  France  (1078, 
1108-1137). 

Glaus  II.  of  Norway  (992,  1000-1030). 

King  (surnamed  the  Father  of  Letters)^ 
Fran9bis  I.  of  France  (1494,  1515-1547). 

King  (surnamed  the  Father  of  His 
People),  Louis  XII.  of  France  (1462, 
1498-1516). 

Christian  III.  of  Denmark  (1502, 
1534-1569). 

King  (surnamed  the  Fearless),  John 
duke  of  Burgundy,  Sanspeur  (1371-1419). 

Richard  I.,  Sanspeur,  duke  of  Nor- 
mandy (932,  942-996). 

King  (surnamed  the  Fierce),  Alexander 
I.  of  Scotland  (*,  1107-1124). 

King  (surnamed  the  Gallant),  in  Italian 
Be'  Galantuomo,  Victor  Emmanuel  of 
Italy  (1820,  1849-1878). 

King  (surnamed  the  Good),  Alphonso 
VIII.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1155,  1158- 
1214). 

John  II.  of  France,  le  Bon  (1319, 
1350-1364). 

John  III.  drie  of  Brittany  (1286, 
1312-1341). 

John  V.  duke  of  Brittany  (1389,  1399- 
1442). 

Philippe  III.  le  Bon,  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy (1396,  1419,  1467). 

Ren^  titular  king  of  Naples  (1409- 
1452). 

Richard  II.  duke  of  Normandy 
(*,  996-1026). 


KING. 


613 


KING. 


William  II.  of  the  Two  Sicilies 
(*,  1166-1189). 

King  (surnamed  the  Great)y  Abbas  I. 
of  Persia  (1557,  1585-1628). 

Alexander  of  Macedoa  (b.c.  356,  340- 
323). 

Alfred  of  England  (849,  871-901). 

Alphonso  III.  of  AsturiSs,  etc.  (848, 
866-912). 

Alphonso  V.  count  of  Savoy  (1249, 
1285-1323). 

Boleslaus  I.  of  Poland  (*,  992-1025). 

Canute  of  England  (995,  1014-1035). 

Casimir  III.  of  Poland  (1309,  1333- 
1370). 

Charlemagne  (742,  768-814). 

Charles  III.  duke  of  Lorraine  (1543, 
1647-1608). 

Charles  Emmanuel  I.  duke  of  Savoy 
(1562,  1580-1030). 

Constantino  I.  emperor  of  Rome  (272, 
306-337). 

Cosmo  de'  Medici  grand-duke  of  Tus- 
cany (1519, 1537-1574). 

Ferdinand  I.  of  Castile,  etc.  (*,  1034- 
1065). 

Frederick  II.  of  Prussia  (1712,  1740- 
1786). 

Frederick  William  the  Great  Elector 
(1620,  1640-1688). 

Gregory  I.  pope  (544,  590-604). 

Henri  IV.  of  France  (1553,  1589-1610). 

Herod  I.  of  the  Jews  (b.c.  Z3,  47-4). 

Herod  Agrippa  I.  the  tetrarch 
(*,  *-44). 

Hiao-wen-tee  of  China  (b.c.  206,  179- 
167). 

John  II.  of  Portugal  (1455,  1481- 
1495).  _ 

Justinian  I.  emperor  of  the  East  (483, 
627-565). 

Khosrou  or  Chosroes  I.  of  Persia 
(*,  531-579). 

Leo  I.  pope  (390,  440-461). 

Lcmis  XIV.  of  France  (1638,  1643- 
1716). 

Ludwig  of  Hungary  (1326, 1342-1381). 

Mahomet  II.  of  Turkey  (1430,  1451- 
1481). 

Matteo  Visconti  lord  of  Milan  (1250, 
1295-1322). 

Maximilian  duke  of  Bavaria  (1673- 
1651). 

Napoleon  I.  of  France  (1769,  1804- 
1814,  died  1821). 

Nicholas  I.  pope  (*,  858-867). 

Otto  I.  of  Germany  (912,  936-973). 

Pedro  III.  of  Aragon  (1239,  1276- 
1285).  ^ 

Peter  I.  of  Russia  (1672,  1689-1726). 

Sapor  II.  of  Persia  (310,  308-380). 


Sigismund  I.  of  Poland  (1466,  1506- 
1548). 

Theoderic  of  the  Ostrogoths  (454, 
475-526). 

Theodosius  I.  emperor  (346,  37«-395). 

Vladimir  grand-duke  of  Russia 
(*,  973-1014). 

Waldemar  I.  of  Denmark  (1131,  1157- 
1181). 

King  (surnamed  the  Illustrious),  Albert 
V.  emperor  of  Austria  (1398,  1404-1439). 

Jam-sheid  of  Persia  (b.c.  840-800). 

Kien-long  of  China  (1736-1796). 

Nicomedes  II.,  Epiphanes,  of  Bithynia 
(*,  149-191). 

Ptolemy  V.,  Epiphanes,  of  Egypt 
(B.C.  210,  206-181). 

King  (surnamed  the  Infant),  Ludwig 
IV.  of  Gcrmanv  (893,  900-911). 

Otto  III.  of  Germany  (980,  983-1002). 

King  (surnamed  Ironside),  Edmund  II. 
of  England  (989,  1016-1017). 

Frederick  II.  elector  of  Brandenburg 
was  called  "  Iron  Tooth  "  (1657,  1688- 
1713). 

Nicholas  of  Russia  was  called  "  The 
Iron  Emperor"  (1796,  1826-1852). 

King  (surnamed  the  Just),  Baharam  of 
Persia  (276-296). 

Casimir  II.  of  Poland  (1117,  1177- 
1194). 

Ferdinand  I.  of  Aragon  (1373,  1412- 
1416). 

Haroun-al-Raschid  (765,  786-808). 

James  II.  of  Aragon  (1261,  1285- 
1327). 

Khosrou  or  ChosroSs  I.  of  Persia 
(*,  531-679). 

Louis  XIII.  of  France  (1601,  1610- 
1643). 

Pedro  I.  of  Portugal  (1320,  1357- 
1367). 

King  (surnamed  the  Lame),  Agesi- 
laos  of  Sparta  (b.c.  444,  398-361). 

Albert  II.  of  Austria  (1289,  1330-1358), 
duke  of  Austria. 

Charles  II.  of  Naples  (1248, 1289-1309). 

Heinrich  II.  of  Germany  (972,  1002- 
1024). 

King  (surnamed  the  Lion),  Alep  Ars- 
lan  {the  Valiant  Lion),  son  of  Togrul  Beg, 
the  Perso-Turkish  monarch  (*,  1063- 
1072). 

Arioch,  called  "The  Lion  King  of 
Assyria"  (b.c.  1927-1897). 

Damelowiez  prince  of  Ilaliez,  who 
founded  Lemberg  ("the  lion  city")  in 
1259. 

2  L 


KING. 


614 


KING. 


Gustavus  Adolplms,  called  "The  Lioa 
of  the  North  "  (1594,  1611-1632). 

Heinrich  duke  of  Bavaria  and  Saxony 
(1129-1195). 

Louis  VIII.  of  France  (1187,  1223- 
1226). 

Kichard  I.  of  England,  Cceur  de  Lion 
(1157,  1189-1199). 

William  of  Scotland  ;  so  called  be- 
cause he  chose  for  his  cognizance  a  red 
lion  rampant  (*,  1165-1214). 

King  (surnamed  the  Little),  Charles 
III.  of  Naples  (1345,  1381-1386). 

King  (surnamed  the  Long-legged),  Ed- 
ward i.,  Longshanks,  of  England  (1239, 
1272-1307). 

Philippe  V.  le  Long^  of  France  (1294, 
1317-1322). 

King  (surnamed  the  Magnanimmis), 
Alphonso  V.  of  Aragon  and  Naples  (1385, 
1416-1458). 

Khosrou  or  Chosroes  of  Persia,  Nou~ 
shirwan  (*,  631-579). 

Kin-g  (surnamed  the  Magnificent),  Soli- 
man  I.  sultan  (1493,  1520-1566). 

King  (surnamed  the  Martyr),  Charles 
I.  of  England  (1600,  1625-1649). 

Edward  t]ie  Martijr,  of  England  (961, 
975-979). 

Louis  XVI.  of  France  (1754,  1774- 
1793). 

Martin  I.  pope  (*,  649-655). 

King    (surnamed    the  Minion),    Henri 

III.  of  France  (1551,  1674-1589). 

Kimj  (surnamed  the  Noble),  Alphonso 
VIII.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1155,  1168- 
1214). 

Charles  III.  of  Navarre  (*,  1387-1425). 

Soliman,  called  Tchelibi,  Turkish  prince 
at  Adrianople  (died  1410). 

King  (surnamed  the  Pacific),  Amadeus 
VIII.  count  of  Savoy  (1383,  1391-1449). 

Frederick  III.  of  Germany  (1416, 1440- 
1493). 

Glaus  III.  of  Norway  (*,  1030-1093). 

King    (surnamed   the  Patient),  Albert 

IV.  duke  of  Austria  (1377,  1396-1404). 

King  (surnamed  the  Philosopher),  Fre- 
derick the  Great,  called  "  The  Philosopher 
of  Sans  Souci"  (1712,  1740-1786). 

Leo  VI.  emperor  of  the  East  (866,  886- 
911). 

Marcus  Aurelius  Antoninus  of  Rome 
(121,  161-180). 

King  (surnamed  the  Pious),  Edward  VI. 
©f  England  (1637,  1547-1663). 


Eric  IX.  of  Sweden  (*,  1155-1161). 

Ernst  I.  founder  of  the  house  of  Gotha 
(1601-1674). 

Robert  le  Pieux,  of  France  (971,  996- 
1031). 

King  (surnamed  the  Prodigal),  Albert 

VI.  of  Austria  (1418,  1439-1463). 

Kin^  (surnamed  the  Rash),  Charles  le 
Temeraire,  of  Burgundy  (1433, 1467-1477), 
duke. 

King  (surnamed    the  Red),    Amadeus 

VII.  count  of  Savov  (1360,  1383-1391). 
Otto  II.  of  Germany  (955,  973-983). 
William  II.,  Rufus,  of  England  (1067, 

1087-1100). 

King  (suTnamed  Red  Beard),  Frederick 
I.  kaiser  of  Germanv,  called  Barharossa 
(1121,  1162-1190). 

Horush  or  Hornc  sultan  of  Algiers 
(1474,  1616-1518). 

Khair  Eddin  sultan  of  Algiers 
(*,  1618-1546). 

King  (surnamed  the  Saint),  Boniface  I, 
pope  (*,  418^22). 

Boniface  IV.  pope  (*,  607-015). 

Celestine  I.  pope  (*,  422-432). 

Celestine  V.  pope  (1216,  1294-1296). 

Charles  the  Good,  count  of  Flanders 
(*,  1119-1127). 

David  o^Scotland  (*,  1124-1153). 

Eric  IX.  of  Sweden  (*,  1155-1160). 

Ethelred  I.  of  Wessex  (*,  866-871). 

Eugenius  I.  pope  (*,  654-667). 

Felix  I.  pope  (*,  269-274). 

Ferdinand  III.    of  Castile  and  Lee 
(1200,  1217-1262). 

Heinrich  II.  of  Germany  (972,   1002 
1024). 

Julius  I.  pope  (*,  337-352). 

Kang-he  of  China  (*,  1661-1722). 

Ladislaus  I.  of  Hungary  (1041,  lO??*^ 
1095). 

Leo  IX.  pope  (1002,  1049-1054). 

Louis  IX.  of  France  (1215,  1226-127a) 

Martin  I.  pope  (*,  649-655). 

Olaus  II.  of  Norway  (992,  1000-1030)* 

Stephen  I.  of  Hungary  (979,  997-1038)^ 

King  (surnamed  the  Salic),  Conrad 
of  Germany  (*,  1024-1039). 


King  (surnamed  the  Severe), 
of  Portugal  (1320,  1357-1367). 


Peter 


ig  (surnamea    the  Silent),  Anast 
I.  emperor  of  the  East  (430,  491- 


King   (surnamed 
sius   I. 
618). 

William   I.   Stadtholder   (1533,  1 
1584). 


KING. 


515         KING  AND  THE  LOCUSTS. 


Xiiir]  (sumamed  the  Simple),  Charles 
III.  of  France  (879,  893-929). 

King  (surnamed  tlie  Stammerer),  Louis 
II.  le  Begue,  of  France  (846,  877-879). 

Michael  II.  emperor  of  the  East 
(*,  820-829). 

King  (sumamed  the  Terrible),  Ivan  II. 
of  Russia  (1529,  1533-1584). 

King  (sumamed  the  Thunderbolt) .  Pto- 
lemy king  of  Macedon,  eldest  son  of 
Ptolemy  Soter  I.,  was  so  called  from  his 
great  impetuosity  (u.c.  *,  285-279). 

King  (sumamed  the  Thunderer), 
Stephen  II.  of  Hungary  (1100,  1114- 
1131). 

A7n*7  (sumamed  the  Unready),  Ethelred 
II.  of  England  (*,  978-lOlG).  Unready, 
in  this  case,  does  not  mean  unprepared, 
but  unwise,  lacking  rede  ("wisdom  or 
counsel"). 

King  (sumamed  the  Valiant),  John  IV. 
duke  of  Brittany  (1338,  1364-1399). 

King  (sumamed  the  Victorious), 
Charles  VII.  of  France  (1403,  1422-1461). 

King     (surnamed     the     Well-beloved), 

Charles  VI.  of  France  (1368,  1380-1422). 

Louis  XV.  of  France  (1710, 1715-1774). 

King  (sumamed  the  Wise),  Albert  II. 
duke  of  Austria  (1289,  1330-1358). 

Alphonso  X.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1203, 
1252-1284). 

Charles  V.  of  France,  le  Sage  (1337, 
1364-1380). 

Che-Tsou  of  China  (*,  1278-1295). 

Frederick  elector  of  Saxony  (1463, 
1544-1564). 

James  I.,  Solomon,  of  England  (1566, 
1603-1625). 

John  V.  duke  of  Brittany  (1389,  1399- 
1442). 

King  (sumamed  the  Wonder  of  the 
World),  Frederick  II.  of  Germany  (1194, 
1215-1250). 

Otto  III.  of  Germany  (980,  983-1002). 

King  (sumamed  the  Young),  Dagobert 
II.  of  France  (652,  656-679). 

Leo  II.  pope  (470,  474-474). 

Louis  VII.  le  Jeune,  of  France  (1120, 
1137-1180). 

Ludwig  II.  of  Germany  (822,  855-875). 

Romanus  II.  emperor  of  the  East  (939, 
»59-963). 

King  Pranco'ni,  Joachim  Mura ;  bo 
called  because  his  dress  was  so  exceedingly 


showy  that  he  reminded  one  of  the  fine 
dresses  of  Franconi  the  mountebank 
(1767-1815). 

King  Log,  &r 01  faineant,  an  allusion 
to  iEsop's  fable  of  the  Frogs  asking  for  a 
King.  Jupiter  threw  a  log  into  the  pond 
for  their  first  king,  and  a  stork  for  their 
second.  The  one  was  too  passive,  the 
other  was  a  "  dovourer  of  his  people." 

King  Maker  ( The),  Richard  Neville, 
earl  of  Warwick,  who  fell  in  the  battle  of 
Barnet  (1420-1471).  So  called  because 
when  he  espoused  the  Yorkists,  Edward 
IV.  was  set  up  king ;  and  when  ho 
espoused  the  Lancastrian  side,  Henry  VI. 
was  restored. 

Thus  fortune  to  his  end  the  mighty  Warwick  brings. 
This  puissant  setter-up  and  plucker-down  of  kings. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxii.  (1622). 

King  Petaud,  a  king  whose  subjects 
are  all  his  equals.  Tlie  court  of  king  Pe'taud 
is  a  board  where  no  one  pays  any  attention 
to  the  chairman  ;  a  meeting  of  all  talkers 
and  no  hearers.  The  king  of  the  beggars 
is  called  king  Pe'taud,  from  the  Latin,  peto, 
"I  beg." 

King  Stork,  a  tyrant  who  devours 
his  subjects  and  makes  them  submissive 
from  fear.  The  allusion  is  to  iEsop's  fable 
of  the  Frogs  asking  for  a  King.  Jupiter 
first  sent  them  a  log,  but  they  despised 
the  passive  thing ;  he  then  sent  them  a 
stork,  who  devoured  them. 

King  and  the  Locusts.  A  king 
made  a  proclamation  that,  if  any  man 
would  tell  him  a  story  which  should  last 
for  ever,  he  would  make  him  his  heir  and 
son-in-law  ;  but  if  any  one  imdertook  to 
do  so  and  failed,  he  should  lose  his  head. 
After  many  failures,  came  one,  and  said, 
"  A  certain  king  seized  all  the  corn  of 
his  kingdom,  and  stored  it  in  a  huge 
granary  ;  but  a  swarm  of  locusts  came, 
and  a  small  cranny  was  descried,  through 
which  one  locust  could  contrive  to  creep. 
So  one  locust  went  in,  and  carried  off 
one  grain  of  corn ;  and  then  another 
locust  went  in,  and  carried  off  another 
grain  of  com  ;  and  then  another  locust 
went  in,"  etc.  ;  and  so  the  man  went  on, 
day  after  day,  and  week  after  week,  "and 
so  another  locust  went  in,  and  carried  off 
another  grain  of  com."  A  month  passed; 
a  year  passed.  In  six  months  more,  the 
king  said,  "How  much  longer  will  tlie 
locusts  be?"  "  Oh,  your  majesty,"  said 
the  story-teller,  "they  have  cleared  at 
present  only  a  cubit,  and  there  are  many 


KING  AND  THE  BEGGAR.         516   KING  SHOTJLD  DIE  STANDING. 


thousand  cubits  in  the  granary."  "  Man, 
man  !  "  cried  the  king  ;  "  you  will  drive 
me  mad.  Take  my  daughter,  take  my 
kingdom,  take  everything  I  have  ;  only 
let  me  hear  no  more  of  these  intolerable 
locusts ! " — Letters  from  an  Officer  in  India 
(edited  by  the  Rev.  S.  A.  Pears). 

King  and  the  Beggar.  It  is  said 
that  king  Copethua  or  Cophetua  of  Africa 
fell  in  love  with  a  beggar-girl,  and 
married  her.  The  girl's  name  was  Penel'- 
ophon ;  called  by  Shakespeare  Zenel'- 
ophon  {Love's  Labour^s  Lost,  act  iv.  sc.  1, 
1594). 

King  and  the  Cobbler.  The 
interview  between  Henry  VIII.  and  a 
merry  London  cobbler  is  the  subject  of 
one  of  the  many  popular  tales  in  which 
Bluff  Hal  is  represented  as  visiting  an 
humble  subject  in  disguise. 

King  of  Bark,  Christopher  III.  of 
Denmark,  NorAvay,  and  Sweden.  So 
called  because,  in  a  time  of  scarcity,  he 
had  the  bark  of  birchwood  mixed  with 
meal  for  food  (died  1448). 

King  of  Bath,  Beau  Nash,  who  was 
for  fifteen  years  master  of  the  ceremonies 
of  the  bath-rooms  in  that  city,  and  con- 
ducted the  balls  with  great  splendour  and 
judgment  (1674-17G1). 

Eling  of  England.  This  title  was 
first  assumed  by  Egbert  in  828. 

King  of  Exeter  'Change,  Thomas 
Clark,  friend  of  the  famous  Abraham 
Newland  (1737-1817). 

King  of  Prance.  This  title  was 
first  assumed  by  Louis  VII.  (1171).  It 
was  changed  into  "  king  of  the  French  " 
by  the  National  Assembly  in  1789. 
Louis  XVIII.  resumed  the  title  "king  of 
France "  in  1814  ;  and  Louis  Philippe 
again  resumed  the  more  republican  title, 
"king  of  the  French"  (1830). 

King  of  France.  Edward  III.  of  Eng- 
land assumed  the  title  in  1337  ;  but  m 
1801  it  was  relinquished  by  proclamation 
(time,  George  III.). 

King  of  Ireland.  This  title  was 
fest  assumed  by  Henry  VIII.  in  1542. 
The  title  previously  assumed  by  the  kings 
of  England  was  "lord  of  Ireland." 

King  of  Painters,  a  title  assumed 
by  Parrhasios.  Plutarch  says  he  wore  a 
purple  robe  and  a  golden  crown  (fl.  b.c. 


Bang  of  Preachers,  Louis  Bour- 
daloue,  a  French  clergyman  (1632-1704). 

King  of  Rome,  a  title  conferred  by 
Napoleon  1.  on  his  son  the  very  day  ha 
was  born  ;  but  he  was  generally  called  the 
duke  of  Reichstadt. 

It  is  thought  that  this  title  was  given 
in  imitation  of  Charlemagne.  If  so,  it 
was  a  blunder ;  Charlemagne  was  never 
^^  king  of  Rome,"  but  he  was  "patrician 
of  Rome."  In  the  German  empire,  the 
heir-apparent  was  "king  of  the  Romans," 
not  "king  of  Rome."  This  latter  title 
was  expressly  conferred  on  the  German 
kings,  and  sometimes  on  their  heirs,  by 
a  coronation  at  Milan.  The  German  title 
equivalent  to  "dauphin,"  or  "prince  of 
Wales,"  was  "  king  of  the  Romans." 

King  of  Ships,  Carausius,  who 
assumed  the  purple  in  a.d.  287,  and, 
seizing  on  Britain,  defeated  the  emperor 
Maximian  Herculius  in  several  naval 
engagements  (250,  287-293). 

King  of  Yvetot  [Ev-to'],  a  king  of 
name  only  ;  a  mockery  king  ;  one  who 
assumes  mighty  honours  without  the 
wherewithal  to  support  them.  Yvetot, 
near  Rouen,  was  a  seigneurie,  on  the 
possessor  of  which  Clotaire  I.  conferred 
the  title  of  king  in  534,  and  the  title 
continued  till  the  fourteenth  century. 

II  itait  un  roi  d'Vvetot, 
Peu  connu  djvns  I'bistoire  ; 
Se  levant  tard,  se  couchant  tflt, 
Dormant  fort  bien  sansgloire. 

B^ranger. 

King  of  the  Beggars,  Bampfylde 
Moore  Carew  (1693-1770).  He  succeeded 
Clause  Patch,  who  died  1730,  and  was 
therefore  king  of  the  beggars  for  forty 
years  (1730-1770). 

King  of  the  "World,  the  Roman 
emperor. 

King  Sat  on  the  Rocky  Brow 
(A).  The  reference  is  to  Xerxes  viewing 
the  battle  of  Salamis  from  one  of  the 
declivities  of  mount  MgSl'Sos. 

A  king  sat  on  tlie  rocky  brow 

Which  looks  o'er  sea-born  Salamis ; 
And  ships,  by  thousands,  lay  below. 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  ("The  Isles  of  Greece,"  1820). 

("Ships  by  thousands"  is  a  gross 
exaggeration.  The  original  fleet  was 
only  1200  sail,  and  400  were  wrecked  off 
the  coast  of  Sepias  before  the  sea-fight  of 
Salamis  commenced,  thus  reducing  the 
number  to  800  at  most.) 


King  should  Die  Standing  (A). 
Vespasian  said  so,  and  Lcuis  XVIII 


I 


KING'S  CAVE. 


517 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 


France  repeated  the  same  conceit.    Both 
died  standing. 

King's  Cave  (The),  opposite  to 
Campbeltown  (Argyllshire) ;  so  called 
because  king  Robert  Bruce  with  his 
retinue  lodged  in  it. — Statistical  Account 
of  Scotland,  v.  167. 

King's  Chair,  the  hands  of  two 
persons  so  crossed  as  to  form  a  seat.  On 
Candlemas  Day  (February  2),  it  was  at  one 
time  customary  for  Scotch  children  to 
carry  offerings  to  their  schoolmaster,  and 
the  boy  and  girl  who  brought  the  richest 
gift  were  elected  king  and  queen  for  the 
nonce.  When  school  was  dismissed,  each 
of  these  two  children  was  carried  in  a 
king's  chair,  by  way  of  triumph. 

Kings.  Many  lines  of  kings  have 
taken  the  name  of  some  famous  forefather 
or  some  founder  of  a  dynasty  as  a  titular 
name. — See  Selden,  Titles  of  Honour,  v. 

Alban  kings,  called  Silviu^. 

Amalekite  kings.  Agog. 

Bithynian  kings,  Nicomedes. 

Constantinopolitan  kings,  Constantine, 

Egyptian  kings  (ancient),  Pharaoh. 
„  ,j      (mediaeval),  Ptolemy. 

Indian  kings,  called  Palihothri  (from  the 
city  of  Palibothra). 

Parthian  kings,  Ar'saces. 

Roman  emperors,  Ccesar. 

Servian  kings,  Lazar,  i.e.  li^leazar  Bulk 
or  Bulk-ogar,  sons  of  Bulk. 

Upsala  kings,  called  Drott. 

Royal  patronymics. — Athenian,  Cecrop'- 
idae,  from  Cecrops. 

Danish,  Skiold-ungs,  from  Skiold. 

Persian,  Achmen'-idae,  from  Achmenes. 

Thessalian,  Aleva-dae,  from  Alevas ; 
etc.,  etc. 

Kings  of  Cologne  (The  Tliree), 
the  three  Magi  who  came  from  the  East  to 
offer  gifts  to  the  infant  Jesus.  Their  names 
are  Melchior,  Caspar,  and  Balthazar. 
The  first  offered  gold,  symbolic  of  king- 
ship ;  the  second,  frankincense,  symbolic 
of  divinity ;  the  third,  myrrh,  symbolic  of 
death,  myrrh  being  used  in  embalming 
the  dead.     (See  Cologne,  p.  204.) 

Kings  of  England.  Since  the 
Conquest,  not  more  than  three  successive 
Bovereigns  have  reigned  without  a  crisis  : 

William  I.,  William  II.,  Henry  I. 

Stephen  usurper. 

Henry  II.,  Richard  I.,  John. 

The  pope  gives  the  crown  to  the  dauphin. 

Henry  III.,  Edward  I.,  Edward  II. 

Edward  IL  < 


Edward  III.,  Richard  II. 

Richard  II.  deposed. 

Henry  IV.,  V.,  VI. 

Lancaster  changed  to  York. 

Edward  IV.,  V.,  Richard  III. 

Dynasty  changed. 

Henry  VII.,  VIII.,  Edward  VI. 

Lady  Jane  Grey, 

Mary,  Elizabeth. 

Dynasty  cliaiiged. 

James  I.,  Charles  I. 

Charles  I.  beheaded. 

Charles  II.,  James  II. 

James  II.  dethroned. 

William  III,,  Anne. 

Dynasty  changed. 

George  I.,  II.,  III. 


George  IV.,  William  IV.,  Victoria 
(indirect  successions). 

Kings  of  England.  Except  in  one  in- 
stance (that  of  John),  we  have  never  had 
a  great-grandchild  sovereign  in  direct 
descent.  The  exception  is  not  creditable, 
for  in  John's  reign  the  kingdom  was 
given  away  twice  ;  his  son  Henry  III. 
was  imprisoned  by  Leicester;  and  his 
great-grandson  Edward  II.  was  mur- 
dered. In  two  other  instances  a  grarui- 
child  has  succeeded,  viz.,  Henry  VI., 
whose  reign  was  a  continued  civil  war; 
and  Edward  VI.,  the  sickly  son  of  Jane 
Seymour.  Stephen  was  a  grandchild  of 
William  I.,  but  a  usurper;  Richard  II. 
was  a  grandchild  of  Edward  III.,  and 
George  III.  was  grandson  of  George  II. ; 
but  their  fathers  did  not  succeed  to  the 
throne. 

William  I. ;  his  sons,  William  II., 
Henry  I. 

Stephen  (a  usurper). 

Henry  II. ;  his  sons,  Richard  I.,  John 
(discrowned). 

From  John,  in  regular  succession,  we 
have  Henry  III.  (imprisoned),  Edward 
I.,  Edward  II.  (murdered),  Edward  III. 

Richard  II.,  son  of  the  Black  Prince, 
and  without  offspring. 

Henry  IV.,  Henry  V.,  Henry  VI. 
(civil  wars). 

Edward  IV.,  Edward  V. 

Richard  III.  (no  offspring). 

Henry  VII.,  Henry  VIII.,  Edward  VI. 

!Mary,  Elizabeth  (daughters  of  Hennr 
VIII.). 

James  I.,  Charles  I. 

Cromwell  (called  lord  protector). 

Charles  II.,  James  II.  (two  brothera), 

WilUam  III. 


KINGS  OF  ENGLAND. 


518 


KINGS  ALE. 


Anne. 

George  I.,  George  II. 

George  III.  (great-grandson  of  George 
I.,  but  not  in  direct  descent),  George  IV. 

William  IV.  (brother  of  George  IV.). 

Victoria  (the  niece  of  William  IV.  and 
George  IV.). 

Kings  of  England.  Three  seems  to  be 
a  kind  of  ruling  number  in  our  English 
sovereigns.  Besides  the  coincidences 
mentioned  above  connected  with  the 
number,  may  be  added  the  following : — 
(1)  That  of  the  four  kings  who  married 
French  princesses,  three  of  them  suffered 
violent  deaths,  viz.,  Edward  II.,  Richard 
IL,  and  Charles  I.  (2)  The  three  longest 
reigns  have  been  three  threes,  viz.,  Henry 
III.,  Edward  III.,  and  George  III.  (3) 
We  have  no  instance,  as  in  France,  of 
three  brothers  succeeding  each  other. 

Kings  of  France.  The  French 
have  been  singularly  unfortunate  in  their 
choice  of  royal  surnames,  when  designed 
to  express  anything  except  some  personal 
quality,  as  handsome,  fat,  of  which  we 
cannot  judge  the  truth.  Thus,  Louis 
VIII.,  a  very  feeble  man  in  mind  and 
body,  was  surnamed  the  Lion  ;  Philippe 
II.,  whose  whole  conduct  was  over- 
reaching and  selfish,  was  the  Magnani- 
mous; Philippe  III.,  the  tool  of  Labrosse, 
was  the  Daring ;  Philippe  VI.,  the  most 
unfortunate  of  all  the  kings  of  France, 
was  surnamed  the  Lucky  ;  Jean,  one  of 
the  worst  of  all  the  kings,  was  called 
the  Good;  Charles  VI.  an  idiot,  and 
Louis  XV.  a  scandalous  debauchee,  were 
Burnamed  the  Well-beloved ;  Henri  II. ,  a 
man  of  pleasure,  wholly  under  the  thumb 
of  Diane  de  Poitiers,  was  called  the 
Warlike;  Louis  XIII.,  most  unjust  in 
domestic  life,  where  alone  he  had  any 
freedom  of  action,  was  called  the  Just ; 
Louis  XIV.,  a  man  of  mere  ceremony 
and  posture,  who  lost  battle  after  battle, 
and  brought  the  nation  to  absolute 
bankruptcy,  was  surnamed  the  Great 
Kiwj.  (He  was  little  in  stature,  little  in 
mind,  little  in  all  moral  and  physical 
faculties ;  and  great  only  in  such  little- 
nesses as  posturing,  dressing,  ceremony, 
and  gormandizing.)  And  Louis  XVII I. , 
forced  on  the  nation  by  conquerors  quite 
against  the  general  will,  was  called  the 
Desired. 

Kings  of  France.  The  succession  of 
three  brothers  has  been  singularly  fatal 
in  French  monarchism.  The  Capetian 
dynasty  terminated  with  three  brothers, 


sons  of  Philippe  le  Bel  (viz.,  Louis  X., 
Philippe  v.,  and  Charles  IV.).  The 
Valois  dynasty  came  to  an  end  by  the 
succession  of  the  three  brothers,  sons  of 
Henri  II.  (viz.,  Francois  II. ,  Charles  IX., 
and  Henri  III.).  The  next  or  Bourbon 
dynasty  terminated  in  the  same  manner 
(Louis  XVI.,  Louis  XVIII.,  and  Charles 
X.). 

After  Charles  IV.  (the  third  brother  of 
the  Capetian  dynasty),  came  Philippe  de 
Valois,  a  collateral  descendant  ;  after 
Henri  III.  (the  third  brother  of  the 
Valois  dynasty),  came  Henrj'  de  Bour- 
bon, a  collateral  descendant ;  and  after 
Charles  X.  (the  third  brother  of  the 
Bourbon  dynasty),  came  Louis  Philippe, 
a  collateral  descendant.  With  the  third 
of  the  third  the  monarchy  ended. 

Kings  Playing  with  their 
Children. 

The  fine  painting  of  Bonington  repre- 
sents Henri  IV.  (of  France)  carrying  his 
children  pickaback,  to  the  horror  of  the 
Spanish  ambassador. 

Plutarch  tells  us  that  Agesiljlos  was 
one  day  discovered  riding  cock-horse  on 
a  walking-stick,  to  please  and  amuse  his 
children. 

George  III.  was  on  one  occasion  dis- 
covered on  all  fours,  with  one  of  his 
children  riding  astride  his  back.  He  is 
also  well  remembered  by  the  painting  of 
"  George  III.  Playing  at  Ball  with  the 
Princess  Amelia." 

Kingdom  of  Snow,  Nor^vay. 
Sweden  also  is  so  called.  When  these 
kingdoms  had  each  a  separate  king, 
either  of  them  was  called  "The  Snow 
King."     (See  Kino,  Snow.) 

Let  no  vessel  of  the  kingdom  of  snow,  bound  on  the 
dark-rollhig  waves  of  Inlstore  [the  Oriiiey*].— Ossian, 
frugal,  L 

Kingsale  {Lord),  allowed  to  wear 
his  hat  in  the  presence  of  royalty.  In 
1203,  Hugh  de  Lacie  treacherously  seized 
sir  John  de  Courcy  lord  of  Kingsale,  and 
king  John  condemned  him  to  perpetual 
imprisonment  in  the  Tower.  When  he 
had  been  there  about  a  year,  king  John 
and  Philippe  Auguste  of  France  agreed  to 
determine  certain  claims  by  combat.  It 
was  then  that  John  applied  to  De  Courcy 
to  be  his  champion  ;  and  as  soon  as  the 
giant  knight  entered  the  lists,  the  French 
champion  ran  away  panic-struck.  John 
now  asked  his  champion  what  reward  he 
could  give  him  for  his  service.  "  Titles 
and  estates  I  have  enow,"  said  De  Courcy ; 
and  then  requested  that,  after  having  paid 


KINGSHIP. 


519 


KITE. 


obeisance,  he  and  his  heirs  might  stand 
covered  in  the  presence  of  the  king  and 
his  successors. 

Lord  Forester  had  the  same  right 
confirmed  to  him  by  Henry  VIII. 

John  Pakington,  ancestor  of  lord 
Hampton,  had  a  grant  made  him  in  the 
20th  Henry  VIII.  "of  full  liberty  during 
his  life  to  wear  his  hat  in  the  royal 
preser^ee." 

KingsMp  {Disqualifications for).  Any 
personal  blemish  disqualified  a  person 
from  being  king  during  the  semi-bar- 
barous stage  of  society  ;  thus  putting  out 
the  eyes  of  a  prince,  to  disqualify  him 
from  reigning,  was  by  no  means  uncom- 
mon. It  will  be  remembered  that  Hubert 
designed  to  put  out  the  eyes  of  prince 
Arthur,  with  this  object.  Witi'za  the 
Visigoth  put  out  the  eyes  of  Theodo- 
fred,  "inhabilitandole  para  la  monarchia," 
Bays  Ferraras.  When  Alboquerque  took 
possession  of  Ormuz,  he  deposed  fifteen 
kings  of  Portugal,  and,  instead  of  killing 
them,  put  out  their  eyes. 

Yorwerth,  son  of  Owen  Gwynedh,  was 
set  aside  from  the  Welsh  throne  because 
he  had  a  broken  nose. 

Count  Oiiba  of  Barcelona  was  set  aside 
because  he  could  not  speak  till  he  had 
stamped  thrice  with  his  foot,  like  a  goat. 

The  son  of  Henry  V.  was  to  be  received 
as  king  of  France,  only  on  condition  that 
his  body  was  without  defect,  and  was  not 
Btunted. — Monstrelet,  Chroniques,  v.  190 
(1512). 

Un  Conde  de  GalHcia  que  fuera  raliado, 
Pelayo  avie  nombre,  ome  fo  desforzado, 
Perdio  la  vision,  andaba  embargado, 
Ca  ome  que  non  vede,  non  debie  seer  nado. 
Gonzalez  de  Berceo,  S.  Dom..  388  (died  1266). 

Kinmont  Willie,  William  Arm- 
strong of  Kinmonth.  This  notorious 
freebooter,  who  lived  in  the  latter  part  of 
the  sixteenth  century,  is  the  hero  of  a 
famous  Scotch  ballad. 

Kinoce'tus,  a  precious  stone,  which 
will  enable  the  possessor  to  cast  out 
devils. — Mirror  of  Stones. 

Kirk  {Mr.  John),  foreman  of  the  jury 
on  Effie  Deans's  trial.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Kirkcaldy  (Scotland),  a  corruption 
of  Kirk-Culdee,  one  of  the  churches 
founded  in  663  by  St.  Columb  and  his 
twelve  brethren,  when  they  established 
the  Culdee  institutions.  The  doctrines, 
discipline,  and  government  of  the  Culdees 
resembled  presbyterianism. 

Kirkrapine  (3  syl.),  a  sturdy  IMef, 


**  wont  to  rob  churches  of  their  ornaments 
and  poor  men's  boxes."  All  he  could 
lay  hands  on  he  ])rought  to  the  hut  of 
Abessa,  daughter  of  Corce'ca.  While 
Una  was  in  the  hut,  Kirkrapine  knocked 
at  the  door,  and  as  it  was  not  immediately 
opened,  knocked  it  down ;  whereupon 
the  lion  sprang  on  him,  "under  his 
lordly  foot  did  him  suppress,"  and  than 
"  rent  him  in  thousand  pieces  small." 

The  meaning  is  that  popery  was  re- 
formed by  the  British  lion,  which  slew 
Kirkrapine,  or  put  a  stop  to  the  traffic  in 
spiritual  matters.  Una  represents  truth 
or  the  Reformed  Church. — Spenser,  Faery 
Qiieen,  i.  3  (1590). 

Kiss  the  Scavenger's  Daughter 

{To),  to  be  put  to  the  torture.  Strictly 
speaking,  "the  scavenger's  daughter" 
was  an  instrument  of  torture  invented 
by  William  Skevington,  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 
Skevington  became  corrupted  into  sca~ 
venger,  and  the  invention  was  termed  his 
daughter  or  offspring. 

Kit  [Nubbles],  the  lad  employed  to 
wait  on  little  Nell,  and  do  all  sorts  of 
odd  jobs  at  the  "  curiosity  shop  "  for  her 
grandfather.  He  generally  begins  his  sen- 
tences with  "Why  then."  Thus,  "'Twas 
a  long  way,  wasn't  it.  Kit?"  "Why 
then,  it  was  a  goodish  stretch,"  returned 
Kit.  "  Did  you  find  the  house  easily  ?" 
"  Why  then,  not  over  and  above,"  said 
Kit.  "  Of  course  you  have  come  back 
hungry?"  "  Why  then,  I  do  think  I  am 
rather  so."  When  the  "  curiosity  shop  " 
was  broken  up  by  Quilp,  Kit  took  service 
under  Mr.  Garland,  Abel  Cottage,  Finch- 
ley. 

Kit  was  a  shock-headed,  shamblhig,  awkward  lad,  with 
an  uncommonly  wide  mouth,  very  red  cheeks,  a  turned- 
up  nose,  and  a  most  comical  expression  of  face.  He 
stopped  short  at  the  door  on  seeing  a  stranger,  twirled  in 
his  hand  an  old  round  hat  without  a  vestige  of  brim,  rest- 
ing himself  now  on  one  leg,  and  now  on  the  other,  and 
looking  with  a  most  extraordinary  leer.  He  was  evidently 
the  comedy  of  little  NeU's  Ufe.— C.  .Dickens,  The  Old 
CurioHty  Shop,  i.  (1840). 

Kite  {Sergeant),  the  "recruiting 
officer."  He  describes  his  own  character 
thus : 

"  I  was  born  a  gipsy,  and  bred  among  that  crew  till  I 
was  10  years  old ;  there  I  learnt  canting  and  lyinff.  I 
was  bought  from  my  mother  by  a  certain  nobleman  for 
three  pistoles,  who  .  .  .  made  me  his  page ;  there  I  learnt 
impudence  and  pimping.  Being  turned  off  for  wearing 
my  lord's  linen,  and  drinking  my  lady's  ratafia,  I  turned 
baililTs  follower ;  there  I  learnt  bullying  and  twearing, 
I  at  last  got  into  the  army,  and  there  1  learnt . .  .  drinking. 
So  that .  .  .  the  whole  sum  is :  canting,  lying,  impudenoe, 
pimping,  bullying,  swearing,  drinking,  and  a  halberd," 
— G.  Farquhar,  The  Recruiting  Officer,  iu.  1  (1705). 

Sergeant  Kite  is  an  original  picture  of  low  life  and 
humour,  rarely  surpassed.— K.  Chambers,  English  Literal 
ture.  i.  599. 


KITELY. 


520 


KLAUS. 


The  original  "sergeant  Kite  "was  R. 
Eastcourt  (1668-1713). 

Kitely  (2  syL),  a  rich  City  merchant, 
extremely  jealous  of  his  Avife. — Ben  Jon- 
son,  Uverij  Man  in  His  Humour  (1598). 

Kit-Kat  Club,  held  in  Shire  Lane, 
now  called  Lower  Serle's  Place  (London). 
The  members  were  whig  "  patriots,"  who, 
at  the  end  of  William  III.'s  reign,  met  to 
secure  the  protestant  succession.  Joseph 
Addison,  Steele,  Congreve,  Garth,  Van- 
brugh,  Mainwaring,  Walpole,  Pulteney, 
etc.,  were  members. 

Kit-Kat  Pictures,  forty-two  por- 
traits, painted  by  sir  Godfrey  Kneller, 
three-quarter  size,  to  suit  the  walls  of 
Tonson's  villa  at  Bam  Elms,  where,  in 
its  latter  days,  the  Kit-Kat  Club  was 
held. 

*^*  "  Kit-Kat "  derives  its  name  from 
Christopher  Katt,  a  pastry-cook,  who 
served  the  club  with  mutton  pies. 

Kitt  Hensha-w,  boatman  of  sir 
Patrick  Charteris  of  Kinfauns,  provost 
of  Perth.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Ferth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Kittleeourt  {Sir  Thomas),  M.P., 
neighbour  of  the  laird  of  EUangowan. — 
Sir.  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Kitty,  one  of  the  servants  of  Mr. 
Peregrine  Lovel.  She  spoke  French 
like  a  native,  because  she  was  once  *'  a 
half-boarder  at  Chelsea."  Being  asked 
if  she  had  read  Shakespeare :  "  Shikspur, 
Skikspur ! "  she  replied.  "  Who  wrote  it  ? 
No,  I  never  read  that  book ;  but  I  promise 
to  read  it  over  one  afternoon  or  other." — 
Rev.  James  Townley,  High  Life  Below 
Stairs  (1759). 

Kitty,  younger  daughter  of  sir  David 
and  lady  Dunder  of  Dunder  Hall,  near 
Dover.  She  is  young,  wild,  and  of  ex- 
uberant spirits,  "her  mind  full  of  fun, 
her  eyes  full  of  fire,  her  head  full  of 
novels,  and  her  heart  full  of  love." 
Kitty  fell  in  love  with  Random  at  Calais, 
and  agreed  to  elope  with  him,  but  the 
fugitives  were  detected  by  sir  David 
during  their  preparations  for  flight,  and, 
to  prevent  scandal,  the  marriage  was 
sanctioned  by  the  parents,  and  duly 
solemnized  at  Dunder  Hall. — G.  Colman, 
Ways  and  Means  (1788). 

Kitty  Pry,  the  waiting-maid  of 
Melissa.  Very  impertinent,  very  in- 
qulBitive,  and  very  free  in  her  tongue. 


She  has  a  partiality  to  Timothy  Sharp 
"the  lying  valet." — Garrick,  Tlie  Lying 
Valet  flV41). 

Kitty  Willis,  a  "  soiled  dove,"  em- 
ployed by  Saville  to  attend  a  masquerade 
m  the  same  costume  as  lady  Francis,  in 
order  to  dupe  Courtall. — Mrs.  Cowley, 
The  Belle's  Stratagem  (1780). 

Klabot'ermann,  a  ship-kobeld  of 
the  Baltic,  sometimes  heard,  but  rarely 
seen.  Those  who  have  seen  him  say  he 
eits  on  the  bowsprit  of  a  phantom  ship 
called  Carmilhan,  dressed  in  yellow,  wear- 
ing a  night-cap,  and  smoking  a  cutty  pipe. 

Klas  (Kaiser),  a  nickname  given  to 
Napoleon  I.  (1709,  1804-1814,  1821). 

Hort  m&X  lUd.  en  bitgen  still, 
Hort  wat  ick  vertellen  will, 
Van  den  griiten  kitiser  Klas, 
Dat  war  mal  en  fixen  Biis, 
Ded  von  Korsika  her  t«n 
Wall  de  welt  mal  recht  besehn. 

•  •  •  • 

Helena  de  Jumfer  Is 
Nu  sin  Briif,  sin  Paradfs ; 
Klas  geit  mit  iir  op  de  Jagd 
DriJmt  nich  mehr  von  krieg  nn  Schlacbt, 
Un  het  he  mAl  Langewil 
Schleit  he  Rotten  d'6t  mU'n  BU. 

Kaiser  K7As. 

Klaus  (Doctor),  hero  and  title  of  a 
comedy  by  Herr  Adolph  I'Arronge  (1878;. 
Dr.  Klaus  is  a  gniff,  but  noble-minded 
and  kind-hearted  man,  whose  niece  (a 
rich  jeweller's  daughter)  has  married  a 
poor  nobleman  of  such  extravagant 
notions  that  the  wife's  property  is  soon 
dissipated ;  but  the  young  spendthrift  is 
reformed.  The  doctor  has  a  coachman, 
who  invades  his  master's  province,  and 
undertakes  to  cure  a  sick  peasant. 

Klaus  (Peter),  the  prototype  of  Rip 
van  Winkle.  Klaus  [Klows]  is  a  goat- 
herd of  Sittendorf,  who  was  one  day 
accosted  by  a  young  man,  who  beckoned 
him  to  follow.  Peter  obeyed,  and  was 
led  into  a  deep  dell,  where  he  found  twelve 
knights  playing  skittles,  no  one  of  whom 
uttered  a  word.  Gazing  around,  he 
noticed  a  can  of  wine,  and,  drinking  8omt» 
of  its  contents,  was  overpowered  with 
sleep.  When  he  awoke,  he  was  amazed 
at  the  height  of  the  grass,  and  when  he 
entered  the  village  everything  seemed 
strange  to  him.  One  or  two  companions 
encountered  him,  but  those  whom  he 
knew  as  boys  were  grown  middle-aged 
men,  and  those  whom  he  knew  as  middle- 
aged  were  grey-beards.  After  much 
perplexity,  he  discovered  he  had  been 
asleep  for  twenty  years.  (See  Sleepeks.) 

Your  Epimenides,  your  somnolent  Peter  Klaus,  aiiica 
1    named  "Rip  van  Winkle."— T.Oarlyle. 


KLEINER. 


521 


KNIGHT  OF  THE  SWAN. 


Kleiner  {General),  governor  of 
Prague,  brave  as  a  lion,  but  tender- 
hearted as  a  girl.  It  was  Kleiner  who 
rescued  the  infant  daughter  of  Mahldenau 
at  the  siege  of  Magdeburg.  A  soldier 
seized  the  infant's  nurse,  but  Kleiner 
smote  him  down,  saved  the  child,  and 
brought  it  up  as  his  own  daughter. 
Mahldenau  being  imprisoned  in  Prague 
as  a  spy,  Meeta  his  daughter  came  to 
Prague  to  beg  for  his  pardon,  and  it  then 
came  to  light  that  the  governor's  adopted 
daughter  was  Meeta's  sister. — S.  Knowles, 
The  Maid  of  Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Sjiag  (Miss),  forewoman  of  Mde. 
Mantaliiri,  milliner,  near  Cavendish 
Square,  London.  After  doting  on  Kate 
Nickleby  for  three  whole  days,  this  spite- 
ful creature  makes  up  her  mind  to  hate 
her  for  ever. — C.  Dickens,  Nicholas 
Nickleby,  xviii.  (1838). 

Kinickerbocker  {Diedrich),  nom  de 
plume  of  Washington  Irving,  in  his 
History  of  New  York  (1809). 

Knight  of  Arts  and  Industry, 

the  hero  of  Thomson's  Castle  of  Indolence 
(canto  ii.  7-13,  1748). 

Knight  of  La  Mancha,  don 
Quixote  de  la  Mancha,  the  hero  of 
Cerrantes's  novel  called  Bon  Quixote, 
etc.  (1605,  1616). 

Knight  of  the  Blade,  a  bully  ;  so 
called  because  when  swords  were  worn,  a 
bully  was  for  ever  asserting  his  opinions 
by  an  appeal  to  his  sword. 

Knight  of  the  Ebon  Spear,  Bri- 
tSmart.  In  the  great  tournament  she 
"sends  sir  Artegal  over  his  horse's  tail," 
then  disposes  of  Cambel,  Tri'amond, 
Blan'damour,  and  several  others  in  the 
same  summary  way,  for  "  no  man  could 
bide  her  enchanted  spear."  —  Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  iv.  4  (1596). 

Knight  of  the  Fatal  Sword, 
Emedorus  of  Grana'da.  Known  for  his 
love  to  the  incomparable  Alzay'da. 

"Sir," said  the  lady,  "your  name  Is  so  celebrated  in  the 
world,  that  I  am  persuaded  nothing  is  impossible  for  your 
fcrm  to  execute."— Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairjf  Tales  ("  The 
Knights-Errant,"  1682). 

Knight  of  the  Invincible  Sword. 

So  Anvadis  d«  Gaul  styled  himself. — 
"Vasco  de  Lobeira,  Amadis  de  Gaul  (four- 
teenth century). 

Knight  of  the  Leopard.  David 
earl  of  Huntingdon,  prince  royal  of  Scot- 
land, assumed  the  name  and  disguise  of 


sir  Kenneth,  "  Knight  of  the  Leopard,** 
in  the  crusade.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talis- 
man (time,  Richard  I.). 

Knight  of  the  Lions,  the  appella- 
tion assumed  by  don  Quixote  after  his 
attack  upon  the  van  containing  two  lions 
sent  by  the  general  of  Oran  as  a  present 
to  the  king  of  Spain. — Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  II.  i.  17  (1615). 

Knight  of  the  Pestle,  an  apothe- 
cary  or  druggist. 

Knight   of  the   Post,    one  who 

haunted  the  purlieus  of  the  conrts,  readt 
to  be  hired  to  swear  anything.  So  called 
because  these  mercenaries  hung  about  the 
posts  to  which  the  sheriffs  affixed  their 
announcements. 

I'll  be  no  knight  of  the  post,  to  sell  my  soul  for  a  bribe ; 
Tho'  all  my  fortunes  be  crossed,  yet  I  scorn  the  cheat«r'i 
tribe. 

Ragged  and  Tom  and  True  (a  b.illad). 

Also  a  man  in  the  pillory,  or  one  that 
has  been  publicly  tied  to  a  post  and 
whipped. 

Knight  of  the  Rainbow,  a  foot- 
man ;  so  called  from  his  gorgeous  .rai- 
ment. 

Knight  of  the  Roads,  a  foot-pad 
or  highwayman ;  so  termed  by  a  pun  on 
the  military  order  entitled  "The  Knights 
of  Rhodes." 

Knight  of  the  Rueful  Counten- 
ance. Don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha,  the 
hero  of  Cer\'antes's  novel,  is  so  called  by 
Sancho  Panza  his  'squire. 

Knight  of  the  Shears,  a  tailor. 
Shires  {counties),  pronounced  shears,  gives 
birth  to  the  pun. 

Knight  of  the  Sun,  Almanzor 
prince  of  Tunis.  So  called  because  the 
sun  was  the  device  he  bore  on  his  shield. 
— Comtesse  D'Aimoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("Prin- 
cess Zamea,"  1682). 

Knight  of  the  Swan,  Lohengrin, 
son  of  Parzival.  He  went  to  Brabant 
in  a  ship  drawn  by  a  swan.  Here  he 
liberated  the  princess  Elsen,  who  was  a 
captive,  and  then  married  her,  but  de- 
clined to  tell  his  name.  After  a  time,  he 
joined  an  expedition  against  the  Hun- 
garians, and  after  performing  miracles  of 
valour,  returned  to  Brabant  covered  with 
glory.  Some  of  Elsen's  friends  laughed 
at  her  for  not  knowing  her  husband's 
name,  so  she  implored  him  to  tell  her  of 
his  family  ;  but  no  sooner  was  the  ques- 
tion asked  than  the  white  swan  re-ap- 
pcared    and    conveyed    him     away. — 


KNIGHT  OF  THE  TOMB. 


622     KNIGHTS  OF  OUR  LADY,  ETC. 


Wolfram  von  Eschenbach  (a  minnesinger), 
Lohengrin  (thirteeenth  century).  (See 
Knights  of  the  Swan.) 

Knight  of  the  Tomb  (The),  sir 
James  Douglas,  usually  called  "  The 
Black  Douglas."— Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle 
Damjerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Knight    of  the  Whip,  a  co&ch- 


Knight  of  the  White  Moon, 
the  title  assumed  by  Samson  Carrasco, 
when  he  tilted  with  don  Quixote,  on  the 
condition  that  if  the  don  were  worsted  in 
the  encounter  he  should  quit  knight- 
errantry  and  live  peaceably  at  home  for 
twelve 'months. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote, 
II.  iv.  12-14  (1615). 

Knight  of  the  Woeful  Coun- 
tenance, don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha. 

Knight    -with    Two    Swords, 

sir  Balin  le  Savage,  brother  of  sir  Balan. 
—Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Frince 
Arthur,  i.  27,  33  (1470). 

Knights.  The  three  bravest  of 
king  Arthur's  knights  were  sir  Launcelot 
du  Lac,  sir  Tristram  de  Liones  or 
Lvones,  and  sir  Lamorake  de  Galis  {i.e. 
V/ales).— Sir  T.  Malorv,  History  of 
Frince  Arthur,  i.  132  (1470). 

*^*  The  complement  of  the  knights  of 
the  Round  Table  was  150  (ditto,  i.  120). 
But  in  Lancelot  of  the  Lake,  ii.  81,  they 
are  said  to  have  amounted  to  250. 

Knights  CFrentice),  a  secret  society 
established  to  avenge  the  wrongs  of  ap- 
prentices on  their  "  tyrant  masters."  Mr. 
Sim  Tappertit  was  captain  of  this  "  noble 
association,"  and  their  meetings  were  held 
in  a  cellar  in  Stagg's  house,  in  the  Bar- 
bican. The  name  was  afterwards  changed 
into  "The  United  Bull-dogs,"  and  the 
members  joined  the  anti-poper}'  rout  of 
lord  George  Gordon. — C.  Dickens',  Bamaby 
Fudge,  viii.  (1841). 

Knights  of  Alcan'tara,  a  mili- 
tary order  of  Spain,  which  took  its  name 
from  the  city  of  Alcantara,  in  Estrema- 
dura.  These  knights  were  previously 
called  "Knights  of  the  Pear  Tree,"  and 
subsequently  "  Knights  of  St.  Julian." 
The  order  was  founded  in  1156  for  the 
defence  of  Estremadura  against  the 
Moors.  In  1197  pope  Celestine  III. 
raised  it  to  the  rank  of  a  religious  order 
of  knighthood. 

Knights  of  Calatra'va,  a  mili- 
ti-ry  order  of  Spain,  instituted  by  Sancho 


III.  of  Castile.  When  Sancho  took  the 
strong  fort  of  Calatrava  from  the  Moorg, 
he  gave  it  to  the  Knights  Templars,  who, 
wanting  courage  to  defend  it,  returned  it 
to  the  king  again.  Then  don  ^eymond 
of  the  Cistercian  order,  with  several 
cavelleros  of  quality,  volunteered  to 
defend  the  fort,  whereupon  the  king 
constituted  them  "  Knights  of  Cala- 
trava." 

Knights  of  Christian  Charity, 
instituted  by  Henri  III.  of  France,  for 
the  benefit  of  poor  military  officers  and 
maimed  soldiers.  This  order  was  founded 
at  the  same  time  as  that  of  the  *'  Holy 
Ghost,"  which  was  meant  for  princes  and 
men  of  distinction.  The  order  was  com- 
pleted by  Henri  IV.,  and  resembled  our 
"  Poor  Knights  of  Windsor,"  now  called 
"  The  Military  Knights  of  Windsor." 

Knights  of  Malta,  otherwise  called 
"  Hospitallers  of  St.  John  of  Jetusalem," 
a  religious  military  order,  whose  residence 
was  in  the  island  of  Malta.  Some  time 
before  the  journey  of  Godfrey  of  Bouil- 
lon into  the  Holy  Land,  some  Neapolitan 
merchants  built  a  house  for  those  of  their 
countrymen  who  came  thither  on  pil- 
grimage. Afterwards  they  built  a 
church  to  St.  John,  and  an  hospital  for 
the  sick,  whence  they  took  the  name  of 
"Hospitallers."  In  1104  the  order  became 
military,  and  changed  the  term  "  Hos- 
pitallers "  into  that  of  "  Knights  Hos- 
pitallers." In  1310  they  took  Rhodes,  and 
the  order  was  then  called  "The  Knights 
of  Rhodes."  In  1523  they  were  expelled 
from  Rhodes  by  the  Turks,  and  took  up 
their  residence  in  Malta. 

Knights  of  Montesa,  a  Spanish 
order  of  knighthood,  instituted  by  James 
II.  of  Aragon  in  1317. 

Knights  of  Nova  Scotia,  in  the 
West  Indies,  created  by  James  I.  of 
Great  Britain.  These  knights  wore  a 
ribbon  of  an  orange  tawny  colour. 

Knights  of  Our  Ladv  of 
Mount  Carmel  {Chevaliers  de  TOrdre 
de  Notre  Lame  du  Mont  Carmel),  insti- 
tuted by  Henri  IV.  of  France  in  1607, 
and  consisting  of  a  hundred  F'rench 
gentlemen. 

N.B. — These  knights  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  the  Carmelites  or  L'Ordre 
des  Carmes,  founded  by  Bertholde  couni; 
of  Limoges  in  1166 ;  said  by  legend  to  have 
been  founded  bj'  the  prophet  Elijah,  and 
to  have  been  revived  by  tixe  Virgin  Mary, 


II 


KNIGHTS  OF  RHODES. 


623    KNIGHTS  OF  THE  BROOM,  ETC. 


The  religious  house  of  Carmel  was  founded 
in  400  by  John  patriarch  of  Jerusalem, 
in  honour  of  Elijah,  and  this  gave  rise  to 
the  legend. 

Knights  of  Rhodes.  The  "Knights 
of  Malta"  were  so  called  between  1310 
and  1523.    (See  Knights  ok  Malta.) 

Knights  of  St.  Andre-w,  insti- 
tuted by  Peter  the  Great  of  Moscovy,  in 
1698.  Their  badge  is  a  gold  medal, 
haying  St.  Andrew's  cross  on  one  side, 
with  these  words,  Cazar  Pierre  monarque 
de  tout  le  Russie. 

Knights  of  St.  Genette  {Cheva- 
liers det'Ordre  de  St.  Genetic),  the  most 
ancient  order  of  knighthood  in  France, 
instituted  by  Charles  Martel,  after  his 
victory  over  the  Saracens  in  782,  where  a 
vast  number  of  qennets,  like  Spanish  cats 
{civet  cats),  were  found  in  the  enemy's 
camp. 

Knights  of  St.  George.  There 
are  several  orders  so  called  : 

1.  St.  George  of  Alfama,  founded  by 
the  kings  of  Aragon. 

2.  St.  George  of  Austria  and  Corinthia, 
instituted  by  the  emperor  Frederick  III. 
iirst  archduke  of  Austria. 

3.  Another  founded  by  the  same  em- 
peror in  1470,  to  guard  the  frontiers  of 
Bohemia  and  Hungary  against  the 
Turks. 

4.  St.  George,  generally  called  "Knights 
of  the  Garter  "  {q.v.). 

5.  An  ordor  in  the  old  republic  of 
Genoa. 

6.  The  Teutonic  knights  were  originally 
called  "  Knights  of  St.  George." 

Knights  of  St.  Jago,  a  Spanish 
order,  instituted  under  pope  Alexander 
III.,  the  grand-master  of  which  is  next 
in  rank  to  the  sovereign.  St.  Jago  or 
James  (the  Greater)  is  the  patron  saint 
of  Spain. 

Knights  of  St.  John  at  Jeru- 
salem, instituted  in  1120.  This  order 
took  its  name  from  John  patriarch  of 
Alexandria,  and  from  the  place  of  their 
abode  {Jerusalem).  These  knights  sub- 
sequently resided  at  Rhodes  (between 
13io  and  1523).  Being  driven  out  by  the 
Turks  in  1523,  they  took  up  their  abode 
in  Malta,  and  were  called  "Knights  of 
Malta." 

Knights  of  St.  Lazare  (2  sxjL), 
a  religious  and  military  order  of  Knights 
Hospitallers,  established  in  the  twelfth 
century,  and  confirmed  by  the  pope  in 


1255.  Their  special  mission  was  to  take 
care  of  lepers.  The  name  is  derived 
from  Lazarus  the  beggar  who  lay  at  the 
gate  of  Dives.  The  order  was  intro- 
duced into  France  under  Louis  VIL,  and 
was  abolished  in  the  first  Revolution. 

Knights  of  St.  Magdalene  (3 

syl.),  a  French  order,  instituted  by  St. 
Louis  (IX.),  to  suppress  duels. 

Knights  of  St.  Maria  de  Mer- 
cede  (3  syL),  a  Spanish  order,  for  the 
redemption  of  captives. 

Knights  of  St.  Michael  the 
Archangel  {Chevaliers  de  VOrdre  de  St. 
Michel),  a  French  order,  instituted  by 
Louis  XI.  in  1469.  The  king  was  at  the 
head  of  the  order.  M.  Bouillet  says : 
"  St.  Michel  est  regarde'  comme  le  pro- 
tecteur  et  I'ange  tute'laire  de  la  France." 

Knights  of  St.  Patrick,  instituted 
in  1783.  The  ruling  sovereign  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  and  the  lord-lieu- 
tenant of  Ireland,  are  ex-officio  members 
of  this  order.  The  order  is  named  after 
St.  Patrick,  the  patron  saint  of  Ireland. 

Knights  of  St.  Salvador,  in 
Aragon,  instituted  by  Alphonso  I.  in 
1118. 

Knights  of  Windsor,  formerly 
called  "Poor  Knights  of  Windsor,"  but 
now  entitled  "  The  Military  Knights  of 
Windsor,"  a  body  of  military  pensioners, 
who  have  their  residence  within  the  pre- 
cincts of  Windsor  Castle. 

Knights  of  the  Sath,  an  order  of 
knighthood  derived  from  the  ancient 
Franks,  and  so  termed  because  the  mem- 
bers originally  "bathed"  before  they 
performed  their  vigils.  The  last  knights 
created  in  this  ancient  form  were  at  the 
coronation  of  Charles  II.  in  1661. 

G.C.B.  stands  for  Grand  Cross  of  the 
Bath  (the  first  class)  ;  K.C.B.  for  Anight 
Commander  of  the  Bath  (the  second 
class)  ;  and  C.B.  for  Companion  of  tlie 
Bath  (the  third  class). 

Knights  of  the  Blood  of  Our 
Saviour,  an  order  of  knighthood  in 
Mantua,  instituted  by  duke  Vincent 
Gon9aga  in  1608,  on  his  marriage.  It 
consisted  of  twenty  Mantuan  dukes.  The 
name  originated  in  the  belief  chat  in  St. 
Andrew's  Church,  Mantua,  certain  drops 
of  our  Saviour's  blood  are  preserved  as  a 
relic. 

Knights  of  the  Broom  Flower 

{Chevaliers  de  VOrdre  de  la  Geneste)^  insti- 


KNIGHTS  OF  THE  CARPET.        624    KNIGHTS  OF  THE  PORCUPINE. 


tuted  by  St.  Louis  (IX.)  of  France  on 
his  marriage.  The  collar  was  decorated 
with  broom  flowers,  intermixed  with 
Jleurs  de  lys  in  gold.  The  motto  was 
Exaltat  humlles. 

Knights  of  the  Carpet  or  Carpet 
Knights,  i.e.  non-military  or  civil 
knights,  such  as  mayors,  lawyers,  authors, 
artists,  physicians,  and  so  on,  who  receive 
their  knighthood  kneeling  on  a  carpet, 
and  not  in  the  tented  field. 

Knights  of  the  Chamber  or 
Chamkek  Knights,  knights  bachelors 
made  in  times  of  peace  in  the  presence 
chamber,  and  not  in  the  camp.  These  are 
always  military  men,  and  therefore  differ 
from  "Carpet  Knights,"  who  are  always 
civilians. 

Knights  of  the  Cock  and  Dog, 

founded  by  Philippe  I.,  Auguste,  of 
France. 

Knights  of  the  Crescent,  a  mili- 
tary order,  instituted  by  Renatus  of  Anjou, 
king  of  Sicily,  etc.,  in  1448.  So  called 
from  the  badge,  which  is  a  crescent  of 
gold  enamelled.  \VTiat  gave  rise  to  this 
institution  was  that  Renatus  took  for  his 
device  a  crescent,  with  the  word  loz 
("  praise"),  which,  in  the  style  of  rebus, 
makes  loz  in  crescent,  i.e.  "  by  advancing 
in  virtue  one  merits  praise." 

Knights  of  the  Dove,  a  Spanish 
order,  instituted  in  1379  by  John  I.  of 
Castile. 

Knights  of  the  Dragon,  created 
by  the  emperor  Sigismond  m  1417,  upon 
the  condemnation  of  Huss  and  Jerome  of 
Prague  "  the  heretics." 

Knights  of  the  Ermine  {Cheva- 
liers de  f  Ordre  de  VEpic),  instituted  in  1460 
by  Fran9ois  I.  due  de  Bretagne.  The 
collar  was  of  gold,  composed  of  ears  of 
corn  in  saltier,  at  the  end  of  which  hung 
an  ermine,  with  the  legend  a  ma  vie.  The 
order  expired  when  the  dukedom  was 
annexed  to  the  crown  of  France. 

Knights  of  the  Garter,  insti- 
tuted by  Edward  III.  of  England  in  1344. 
According  to  Selden,  "it  exceeds  in 
majesty,  honour,  and  fame,  all  chivalrous 
orders  in  the  world."  The  story  is  that 
Joan  countess  of  Salisbury,  while  danc- 
ing with  the  king,  let  fall  her  garter,  and 
the  gallant  Edward,  perceiving  a  smile 
on  the  face  of  the  courtiers,  picked  it  up, 
bound  it  round  his  own  knee,  and  ex- 
claimed, "Houi  Boit  qui  mid  y  pense." 


The  blue  garter  and  the  motto  of  the  order 
are  thus  accounted  for. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Fleece, 

a  military  order  of  knighthood,  insti- 
tuted by  Philippe  le  Bon  of  Burgundy 
in  1429.  It  took  its  name  from  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  golden  fleece  on  the 
collar  of  the  order.  The  king  of  Spain 
is  grand-master,  and  the  motto  is  Ante 
feret  quam  flamma  micet. 

Knights  of  the  Golden  Shield, 

an  order  instituted  by  Louis  II.  of  France, 
for  the  defence  of  the  country.  The 
motto  is  Allons  (i.e.  "  Let  us  go  in  defence 
of  our  country"). 

Knights  of  the  Hare,  an  order  of 
twelve  knights,  instituted  by  Edward  III. 
while  he  was  in  France.  The  French 
raised  a  tremendous  shout,  and  EdAvard 
thought  it  was  the  cry  of  battle,  but  it 
was  occasioned  by  a  hare  running  be- 
tween the  two  armies.  From  this  in- 
cident the  knights  created  on  the  field 
after  this  battle  were  termed  "Knights  of 
the  Order  of  the  Hare." 

Knights   of   the   Holy   Ghost 

(Chevaliers  de  r Ordre  du  Saint  Esprit),  in- 
stituted by  Henri  III.  of  France  on  his 
return  from  Poland.  Henri  IK.  was  both 
born  and  crowned  on  Whit-Sunday,  and 
hence  the  origin  of  the  order. 

Knights  of  the  Holy  Sepulchre, 

an  order  of  knighthood  founded  by  St. 
Hcl'ena,  when  she  visited  Jerusalem  at 
the  age  of  80,  and  found  (as  it  is  said) 
the  cross  on  which  Christ  was  crucified  in 
a  cavern  under  the  temple  of  Venus,  a.d. 
328.  This  order  was  confirmed  by  pope 
Pascal  II.  in  1114. 

Knights  of  the  Lily,  an  order  of 
knighthood  in  Navarre,  founded  by; 
Garcia  in  1048. 

Knights  of  the  Order  of  Fools, 

established  November,  1381,  and  con- 
tinued to  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  The  insignia  was  a  jester  or 
fool  embroidered  on  the  left  side  of  their 
mantles,  cap  and  bells,  j'ellow  stockings, 
a  cup  of  fruit  in  the  right  hand,  and  a 
gold  key  in  the  left.  It  resembled  the 
"  Oddfellows  "  of  more  modem  times. 

Knights     of    the     Porcupine 

(Chevaliers  de  V Ordre  du  Porcc'pic),  a 
French  order  of  knighthood.  The  ori- 
ginal motto  was  Cominus  et  eminus, 
changed  by  Louis  XII.  into  Ultus  avos 
TrojcB, 


I 


KNIGHTS  OF  THE  RED  STAFF.    525 


KOH-I-NOOR. 


Knights  of  the  Red  Staff,  an 
order  instituted  by  Alfonso  XI.  of  Cas- 
tile and  Leon  in  1330. 

Knights  of  the  Round  Table. 

King  Arthur's  knights  were  so  called, 
because  they  sat  with  him  at  a  round 
table  made  by  Merlin  for  king  Leode- 
graunce.  This  king  gave  it  to  Arthur  on 
his  marriage  with  Guinever,  his  daughter. 
It  contained  seats  for  150  knights,  100  of 
which  king  Leodegraunce  furnished  when 
he  sent  the  table. 

Knights  of  the  Shell.  The  argo- 
nauts of  St.  Nicholas  were  so  called  from 
the  shells  worked  on  the  collar  of  the 
order. 

Knights  of  the  Ship,  an  order  of 
knighthood  founded  by  St.  Louis  (IX.) 
of  France  in  his  expedition  to  Egypt. 

Knights  of  the  Star  (Chevaliers 
de  VOrdre  de  VEtoile)^  an  ancient  order  of 
knighthood  in  France.  The  motto  of  the 
order  was  Monstrant  regihus  astra  viam. 

Knights  of  the  Swan  {Chevaliers 
de  VOrdre  du  Cygne),  an  order  of  knight- 
hood founded  in  1443  by  the  elector 
Frederick  II.  of  Brandenburg,  and  re- 
stored in  1843  by  Frederick  William  IV. 
of  Prussia.  Its  object  is  the  relief  of  dis- 
tress generally.  The  king  of  Prussia  is 
grand-master.  Tlie  motto  is  Gott  mit 
uns  ("  God  be  with  you  ")  ;  and  the  collar 
is  of  gold.  The  white  swan  is  the  badge 
of  the  house  of  Cleves  (Westphalia). 

Lord  Berners  has  a  novel  called  The 
Knight  of  the  Swan  (sixteenth  century). 

Knights  of  the  Thistle,  said  to 
be  founded  by  Archaicus  king  of  the  Scots 
in  809  ;  revived  in  1540  by  James  V.  of 
Scotland  5  again  in  1687  by  James  II.  of 
Great  Britain  ;  and  again  by  queen  Anne, 
who  placed  the  order  on  a  permanent 
footing.  The  decoration  consists  of  a 
collar  of  enamelled  gold,  composed  of 
sixteen  thistles  interlaced  with  sprigs  of 
rue,  and  a  small  golden  image  of  St. 
Andrew  within  a  circle.  The  motto  is 
Kemo  me  impune  lacessit.  The  members 
are  sometimes  called  "Knights  of  St. 
Andrew." 

The  rm  mixed  with  the  thistles  is 
a  pun  on  the  word  "Andrew,"  thistles 
And-rue. 

*jf*  There  was  at  one  time  a  French 
"  Order  of  the  Thistle  "  in  the  house  of 
Bourbon,  with  the  same  decoration  and 
motto. 

Knights  of  the  Virgin's  Look- 


ing-glass, an  order  instituted  in  1410 
by  Ferdinand  of  Castile. 

Knights  Teutonic,  originally  called 
"  Knights  of  St.  George,"  then  "  Knights 
of  the  Virgin  Mary,"  and  lastly  "Teutonic 
Knights  of  the  Hospital  of  St.  Mary  the 
Virgin."  This  order  was  instituted  by 
Henry  king  of  Jerusalem,  in  compliment 
to  the  German  volunteers  who  accom- 
panied Frederick  Barbarossa  on  his  cru- 
sade. The  knights  were  soon  afterwards 
placed  under  the  tutelage  of  the  Virgin, 
to  whom  a  hospital  had  been  dedicated 
for  the  relief  of  German  pilgrims  ;  and 
in  1191  pope  Celestine  III.  confirmed  the 
privileges,  and  changed  the  name  of  the 
order  into  the  "Teutonic  Knights,"  etc. 
Abolished  by  Napoleon  in  1809. 

Knighton,  groom  of  the  duke  of 
Buckingham. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Knockwinnoek  (Sybil),  wife  of  sir 
Richard  of  the  Kedhand,  and  mother  of 
Malcolm  Misbegot.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Know.  Not  to  know  me  argues  your^ 
selves  unknown.  The  words  of  Satan  to 
Zephon  and  Ithu'riel,  when  they  dis- 
<-.overed  him  lurking  in  the  garden  of 
Eden. — Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  830 
(1665). 

Kochla'ni,  a  race  of  Arabian  horses, 
whose  genealogy  for  2000  years  has  been 
most  strictly  preserved.  They  are  derived 
from  Solomon's  studs.  This  race  of  horses 
can  bear  the  greatest  fatigue,  can  pass  days 
without  food,  show  undaunted  courage 
in  battle,  and  when  their  riders  are  slain 
will  carry  them  from  the  field  to  a  place 
of  safety. — Niebuhr. 

(The  Kadischi  is  another  celebrated  race 
of  horses,  but  not  equal  to  the  Kochlani.) 

Koh-i-noor  ('' mountain  of  light"),  a 
diamond  once  called  "  The  Great  Mogul." 
Held  in  the  fourteenth  century  by  the 
rajah  of  Malwa.  Later  it  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  sultans  of  Delhi,  after  their 
conquest  of  Malwa.  It  belonged  in  the 
seventeenth  century  to  Aurungzebe  the 
Great.  The  schah  Jihan  sent  it  to 
Hortensio  Borgio  to  be  cut,  but  the 
Venetian  lapidary  reduced  it  from  793| 
carats  to  186,  and  left  it  dull  and  lustre- 
less. It  next  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Aurungzebe's  great-grandson,  who  hid  it 
in  his  turban.  Nadir  Schah  invited  the 
possessor  to  a  feast,  and  insisted  on 
changing  turbans,  "  to  cement  their  love,'' 


KOHLHAAS. 


626 


KUDRUN. 


and  thus  it  fell  into  Nadir's  hands,  who 
gave itthe name  of  "  Koh-i-noor."  Itnext 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Ahmed  Shah, 
founder  of  the  Cabul  dynasty  ;  was  ex- 
torted from  shah  Shuja  by  Run  jet  Singh, 
who  wore  it  set  in  a  bracelet.  After  the 
murder  of  Shu  Singh,  it  was  deposited  in 
the  Lahore  treasury,  and  after  the  annex- 
ation of  the  Punjaub  was  presented  to 
queen  Victoria  in  1 850.  It  has  been  re- 
cut,  and,  though  reduced  to  lOG  carats,  is 
supposed  to  be  worth  £140,000. 

*^*  There  is  another  diamond  of  the 
Bame  name  belonging  to  the  shah  of 
Persia. 

Kohlhaas  (Michael),  an  excellent 
historical  novel  of  the  Lutheran  period, 
by  Henry  Kleist,  a  German  (1776-1811). 

Kolao,  the  wild  man  of  Misamichis. 
He  had  a  son  who  died  in  early  youth,  and 
he  went  to  Pat-Koot-Parout  to  crave  his 
son's  restoration  to  life.  Pat-Koot-Parout 
put  the  soul  of  the  dead  body  in  a  leather 
bag,  which  he  fastened  with  packthread, 
and  hung  round  the  neck  of  Kolao,  telling 
him  to  lay  the  body  in  a  new  hut,  put  the 
bag  near  the  mouth,  and  so  let  the  soul 
return  to  it,  but  on  no  account  to  open 
the  bag  before  everything  Avas  ready. 
Kolao  placed  the  bag  in  his  wife's  hands 
while  he  built  the  hut,  strictly  enjoining 
her  not  to  open  it ;  but  curiosity  led  her 
to  open  the  bag,  and  out  flew  the  soul  to 
the  country  of  Pat-Koot-Parout  again. — 
T.  S.  Gueulette,  Chinese  Tales  ("  Kolao, 
the  Wild  Man,"  1723). 

♦^*  Orpheus,  having  lost  his  wife 
Eurydice  by  the  bite  of  a  serpent, 
obtained  permission  of  Pluto  for  her 
restoration,  provided  he  looked  not  back 
till  he  reached  the  upper  world.  He  had 
got  to  the  end  of  his  journey  when  he 
turned  round  to  see  if  Pluto  had  kept 
his  word.  As  he  turned  he  just  caught 
sight  of  Eurydice,  who  was  instantly 
caught  back  again  to  the  infernal  regions. 

Koppenberg,  the  mountain  of  West- 
phalia to  which  the  pied  piper  (Bunting) 
led  the  children,  when  the  people  of 
H&melin  refused  to  pay  him  for  killing 
their  rats. 

*^*  The  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain  led 
the  children  of  Lorch  into  the  Tannenberg, 
for  a  similar  offence. 

Korigans  or  Kyrrigans,  nine  fays  of 
Brittany,  who  can  predict  future  events, 
assume  any  shape,  and  move  from  place 
to  place  as  quick  as  thought.  They  do 
not  exceed  two  feet  in  height,  sing  like 


syrens,  and  comb  their  long  hair  like 
mermaids.  ITiey  haunt  fountains,  flee 
at  the  sound  of  bells,  and  their  breath  is 
deadly. — Breton  Mythology. 

Kosciusko  (ThaddcBiis),  the  Polish 
general,  who  contended  against  the  allied 
army  of  Russia  under  the  command  of 
Suwarrow,  in  1794.  He  was  taken 
prisoner  and  sent  to  Russia,  but  in  1796 
was  sot  at  liberty  by  the  czar. 

Hope  for  a  season  bade  the  world  farewell. 
And  Freedom  shrieked — as  Koschiiisko  fell. 

Campbell,  Pleasures  of  Bope,  L  (1799). 

Krakamal,  the  Danish  death-song. 

Kriemhild  [A>eem.A«7c?],  daughter  of 
Dancrat,  and  sister  of  Giinther  king  of 
Burgundy.  She  first  married  Siegfried 
king  of  the  Netherlanders,  who  was  mur- 
dered by  Hagan.  Thirteen  years  after- 
wards, she  married  Etzel  {Attila)  king  of 
the  Huns.  Some  time  after  her  marriage, 
she  invited  Gunther,  Hagan,  and  others  to 
visit  her,  and  Hagan  slew  Etzcl's  young 
son.  Kriemhild  now  became  a  perfect 
fury,  and  cutoff  the  head  of  both  Giinther 
and  Hagan  with  her  own  hand,  but  was 
herself  slain  by  Hildebrand.  Till  the 
death  of  Siegfried,  Kriemhild  was  gentle, 
modest,  and  lovable,  but  afterwards  she 
became  vindictive,  bold,  and  hateful. — 
The  Nibelungen  Lied  (by  the  German 
minnesingers,  1210). 

Krook,  proprietor  of  a  rag  and  bone 
warehouse,  where  everything  seems  to  be 
bought  and  nothing  sold.  He  is  a 
grasping  drunkard,  who  eventually  dies 
of  spontaneous  combustion.  Krook  is 
always  attended  by  a  large  cat,  which  he 
calls  "  Lady  Jane,"  as  uncanny  as  her 
master. — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House  (1852). 

Kruitz'ner,  or  the  "  German's  Tale," 
in  Miss  H.  Lee's  Canterbury  Tales.  Lord 
Byron  founded  his  tragedy  of  Werner  on 
this  tale. 

The  drama  ["/  Werner}  is  taken  entirely  from  the 
"  German's  Tale  "  [Kruitzner],  published  in  Lee's  Confer- 
bury  7'alcg,  written  by  two  sisters  ...  I  have  adoptedj 
the  characters,  plan,  and  even  the  language  of  many  ; 
of  the  story. — Lord  IJyron,  Preface  to  Werner  (1822) 

Kubla  Khan.  Coleridge  says  thai 
he  composed  the  poem  in  a  dream  im 
mediately  after  reading  in  Purchas'i 
Pifgn'mage  a  description  of  the  Khan 
Kubla's  palace,  and  he  wrote  it  down  on 
awaking  in  its  present  fragmentary  state. 

Kudrun,  called  the  German  Gdyssey 
(thirteenth  century)  ;  divided  into  three 
parts  called  Hagen,  Hilde  (2  syl.),  and 
Kudriin — same  as  Gudrun  {q.  v.). 


i 


KWASIND. 


627 


LACKITT. 


Hagen  is  the  son  of  Siegebrand  king  of 
Irland,  and  is  carried  off  by  a  griliiu  to 
a  distant  island,  where  three  princesses 
take  charge  of  him.  In  due  time  a  ship 
touches  on  the  island,  takes  all  the  four 
to  Irland,  and  Hagen  marries  Hilda,  the 
youngest  of  the  three  sisters. 

Hilda.  In  due  time  Hilda  has  a 
daughter,  who  is  called  by  the  same  name, 
and  at  a  marriageable  age  she  becomes 
the  wife  of  Hedel  king  of  Friesland. 

Kudrun.  Hilda  has  two  children, 
Otweia  [Ot.vbie]  a  son,  and  Kudrun  a 
daughter.  Kudrun  is  affianced  to  Her- 
wig,  but,  while  preparing  the  wedding 
dresses,  is  carried  off  by  Hartmut,  son  of 
Ludwig  king  of  Normandy.  Her  father 
goes  in  pursuit,  but  is  slain  by  Ludwig. 
On  reaching  Normandy,  Gerlinde  (3  syl.), 
the  queen-mother,  treats  Kudrun  with  the 
greatest  cruelty,  aiui.j)ats  1*t  to  the  most 
menial  work,  becau&e^iji|t  refuses  to  marry 
her  son.  At  length,  succour  is  at  hand. 
Her  lover  and  brother  arrive  and  slay 
Ludwig.  Gerlinde  is  just  about  to  put 
Kudrun  to  death,  when  Watt  Long-beard 
rushes  in,  slays  the  queen,  and  rescues 
Kudnm,  who  is  forthwith  married  to 
Herwig  her  affianced  lo\'er. — Author 
unknown  (some  of  the  minnesingers). 

Kwa'sind,  the  strongest  man  that 
ever  lived,  the  Hercules  of  the  North 
American  Indians.  He  could  pull  up 
cedars  and  pines  by  the  roots,  and  toss 
huge  rocks  about  like  playthings.  His 
wondrous  strength  was  "seated  in  his 
crown,"  and  there  of  course  lay  his  point 
of  weakness,  but  the  only  weapon  which 
could  injure  him  was  the  "blue  cone  of 
the  fir  tree,"  a  secret  known  only  to  the 
pygmies  or  Little-folk.  This  mischievous 
race,  out  of  jealousy,  determined  to  kill 
the  strong  man,  and  one  day,  finding  him 
asleep  in  a  boat,  pelted  him  with  fir 
cones  till  he  died  ;  and  now,  wlienever  the 
tempest  rages  through  the  forests,  and  the 
branches  of  the  trees  creak  and  groan  and 
split,  they  say  "  Kwasind  is  gathering  in 
his  fire-wood." 

Dear,  too,  unto  Hiawatha 

Was  the  very  strong  man  Kwasind  ; 

He  the  strongest  of  all  moruUs. 

Longfellow,  Hiaxoatha,  vi.  and  xylil. 

Kyrie    Elyson  de   Montalban 

{Don)  or  "don  Quirieleyson  de  Mon- 
taivan,"  brother  of  Thomas  de  Montalban, 
in  the  romanc(,:».  called  Tirante  le  Blanc, 
author  unknown. 

***  Dr.  Warburton,  in  his  essay  on  the 
old  romances,  falls  into  the  strange  error 
of    calling    this    character    an     "  ei>.rly 


romance  of  chivalry."  As  well  might  he 
call  Claudius  king  of  Denmark  a  play  of 
Shakespeare's,  instead  of  a  character  in 
the  tragedy  of  llanUet. 


A  large  quarto  dropped  at  the  barber's  feet 


J>pei 
was  the  history  of  thiit  famous  knight  Tirante  Ic  Blanc. 
"Pray  let  me  look  at  that  book,"  said  the  priest;  "we 
shall  find  in  it  a  fund  of  amusement,  ilere  shall  we  find 
tlie  famous  knight  don  Kyrie  Elyson  of  Montalban,  and 
his  brother  Tliomas.  .  .  .  This  is  one  of  the  most 
amusing  l)ooks  ever  written." — Cervantes,  Don  Qwtxote. 
I.  i.  6  (1005). 


L. 


Lab'arum,  the  imperial  standard 
carried  before  the  Roman  emperors  in 
war.  Constantine,  having  seen  a  luminous 
cross  in  the  sky  the  night  before  the 
battle  of  Saxa  Rubra,  added  the  sacred 
monogram  XP{Christos). — Gibbon,  i^ec/me 
and  Fall,  etc.,  xx.  note  (1788). 

K.  Browning  erroneously  calls  the  word 
labd'rum. 

.  .  .  stars  would  write  his  will  in  heaven. 
As  once  wlien  a  labaruni  was  not  deemed 
Too  much  for  the  old  founder  of  these  walls  [ConttantU 
nople]. 

B.  Browning,  Paracelntf,  ii. 

Labe  (2  syL),  the  sorceress-queen  of 
the  Island  of  Enchantments.  She  tried 
to  change  Beder,  the  young  king  of  Per- 
sia, into  a  halting,  one-eyed  hack  ;  but 
Beder  was  forewarned,  and"  changed  Labd 
herself  into  a  mare. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Beder  and  Giauhare  "). 

Labe'rius,  a  Roman  writer  of  panto- 
mimes, contemporary  with  Julius  Ctesar. 

Laberius  would  be  always  sure  of  more  followers  than 
Sophoclfis.^.  Macpherson,  Ditsertation  on  Ossixn. 

La  Creevy  (Miss),  a  little  talka- 
tive, bustling,  cheery  miniature-painter. 
Simple-minded,  kind-hearted,  and  bright 
as  a  lark.  She  marries  Tim  Linkinwater, 
the  old  clerk  of  the  brothers  Cheeryble. — 
C.  Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Lackitt  (Widow),  the  widow  of  an 
Indian  planter.  This  rich  vulgar  widow 
falls  in  love  with  Charlotte  Weldon,  who 
assumes  the  dress  of  a  young  man  and 
calls  herself  Mr.  Weldon.  Charlotte 
even  marries  the  widow,  but  then  informs 
her  that  she  is  a  girl  in  male  apparel, 
engaged  to  Mr.  Stanmore.  The  widow 
consoles  herself  by  marrying  Jack  Stan- 
more. — Thomas  Southern,  Oroonoko 
(1696). 


LACY. 


628 


LADY  OF  LYONS. 


Lacy  {Sir  Hwjo  de),  constable  of 
Chester,  a  crusader. 

Sir  Damian  de  Lacy,  nephew  of  sir 
Hugo.     He  marries  lady  Eveline. 

Randal  de  Lacy,  sir  Hugo's  cousin, 
'ntroduced  in  several  disguises,  as  a 
merchant,  a  hawk-seller,  and  a  robber- 
captain.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  IL). 

La'das,  Alexander's  messenger,  noted 
for  his  swiftness  of  foot. 

Xjadislaus,  a  cynic,  whose  humour  is 
healthy  and  amusing. — Massinger,  The 
Picture  (1629). 

Xiadon,  the  dragon  or  hydra  that 
asssisted  the  Hesperides  in  keeping 
watch  over  the  golden  apples  of  the 
Hesperian  grove. 

So  oft  th'  unamiable  draeon  hath  slept, 

That  the  garden's  imperfectly  watched  after  all. 

T.  Moore,  IrUh  Melodiet  (1814). 

Iiadrone  Islands,  i.e.  "thieves' 
islands  ;  "  so  called  by  Magellan  in  1519, 
from  the  thievish  disposition  of  the 
natives. 

Ijadur'lad,  the  father  of  Kairyal  (2 
syL).  He  killed  Ar'valan  for  attempting 
to  dishonour  his  daughter,  and  thereby  in- 
curred the  "curse  of  Keha'ma  "(Arvalan's 
father).  The  curse  was  that  water  should 
not  wet  him  nor  fire  consume  him,  that 
sleep  should  not  visit  him  nor  death 
release  him,  etc.  After  enduring  a  time 
of  agony,  these  curses  turned  to  blessings. 
Thus,  when  his  daughter  was  exposed  to 
the  fire  of  the  burning  pagoda,  he  was 
enabled  to  rescue  her,  because  he  was 
"  charmed  from  fire."  When  her  lover 
was  carried  by  the  witch  Lorrimite  (3 
syl.)  to  the  city  of  Baly  under  the 
ocean,  he  was  able  to  deliver  the  captive, 
because  he  was  "charmed  from  water, 
the  serpent's  tooth,  and  all  beasts  of 
blood."  He  could  even  descend  to  the 
infernal  regions  to  crave  vengeance 
against  Kehama,  because  "he  was 
charmed  against  death."  When  Kehama 
drank  the  cup  of  "immortal  death," 
Ladurlad  was  taken  to  paradise. — 
Southey,  The  Curse  of  Kehama  (1809). 

Lady  (A),  authoress  of  A  New  Sys- 
tem of  Lomeetic  Cookery  (1808),  is  Mrs. 
Rundell. 

Jjady  {A),  authoress  of  The  Diary  of 
an  Eimuye'e  (1826),  is  Mrs.  Anna  Jame- 
son. 

Several  other  authoresses  have  adopted 
the  same  signature,  as  Miss  Gunn  of 
Christchurch,    Conversations    on    Church 


Polity  (1833)  ;  Mrs.  Palmer,  A  Dialogue 
in  the  Devonshire  Dialect  (1837)  ;  Miss  S. 
Fenimore  Cooper,  Rural  Hours  (1854)  ; 
Julia  Ward,  Passion-flowers,  etc.  (1854) ; 
Miss  E.  M.  Sewell,  Arny  Herbert  (1865)  ; 
etc. 

Lady  Bountiful  (A).  The  benevo- 
lent ladj'  of  a  village  is  so  called,  from 
' '  lady  Bountiful "  in  the  Beaux'  Stratayem, 
by  Farquhar.     (See  Bountiful,  p.  125.) 

Lady  Freemason,  the  Hon.  Miss 
Elizabeth  St.  Leger,  daughter  of  lord 
Doneraile.  The  tale  is  that,  in  order  to 
witness  the  proceedings  of  a  Freemason's 
lodge,  she  hid  herself  in  an  empty  clock- 
case  when  the  lodge  was  held  in  her 
father's  house  ;  but,  being  discovered,  she 
was  compelled  to  submit  to  initiation  as 
a  member  o:^he  craft 


Lady  Ma^!Btrate,  lady  Berkley, 
made  justice  of  the  peace  for  Gloucester- 
shire by  queen  Mary.  She  sat  on  the 
bench  at  assizes  and^^oji^  girfc  with  a 
sword.  ^^^r^ 

Lady  Margaret,  mother  of  Henry 
VIL  She  founded  a  professorship  of 
divinity  in  the  University  of  Cambridge, 
1502 ;  and  a  preachership  in  both  uni- 
versities. 

Lady  in  the  Sacque.  The  appa- 
rition of  this  hag  forms  the  story  of  the 
Tapestried  Chainber,  by  sir  W.  Scott. 

Lady*bf  England,  Maud,  daughter 
of  Henry  I.  The  title  of  Domina  Anylo- 
rum  was  conferred  upon  her  by  the 
council  of  Winchester,  held  April  7, 
1141.— See  Rymer's  Faidera,  i.  (1703). 

Lady  of  Lyons  (The),  Pauline 
Deschappelles,  daughter  of  a  Lyonese 
merchant.  She  rejected  the  suits  of 
Beauseant,  Glavis,  and  Claude  Melnotte, 
who  therefore  combined  on  vengeance. 
To  this  end,  Claude,  who  was  a  gar- 
dener's son,  aided  by  the  other  two, 
passed  himself  off  as  prince  Como, 
married  Pauline,  and  brought  her  home 
to  his  mother's  cottage.  The  proud 
beauty  was  very  indignant,  and  Claude 
left  her  to  join  the  French  army.  In 
two  years  and  a  half  he  became  a  colonel, 
and  returned  to  Lyons.  He  found  his 
father-in-law  on  the  eve  of  bankruptcy, 
and  that  Beauseant  had  promised  to 
satisfy  the  creditors  if  Pauline  would  con- 
sent to  marry  him.  Pauline  was  heart- 
broken ;  Claude  revealed  himself,  paid 
the  money  required,  and  carried  hoo^ 


LADY  OF  MERCY 


529 


LADIES'  ROCK 


Pauline  as  his  loving  and  true-hearted 
wife. — Lord  L.  B.  Lytton,  Lady  of  Lyons 
(1838). 

Lady  of  Mercy  {Our),  an  order  of 
knighthood  in  Spain,  instituted  in  1218 
by  James  I.  of  Aragon,  for  the  deliver- 
ance of  Christian  captives  amongst  the 
Moors.  As  many  as  400  captives  were 
rescued  in  six  years  by  these  knights. 

Lady  of  Shalott,  a  maiden  who 
died  for  love  of  sir  Lancelot  of  the  Lake. 
Tennyson  has  a  poem  so  entitled. 

***  The  story  of  Elaine,  "the  lily 
maid  of  Astolat,"  in  Tennyson's  Idylls 
of  the  King,  is  substantially  the  same. 

Lady  of  the  Bleeding  Heart, 
Ellen  Douglas.  The  cognizance  of  the 
Douglas  family  is  a  "bleeding  heart." — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  LaffM^iteH^ake  (1810). 


Lady  of  the  Laffe  {A),  &  harlot. 
(Anglo-Saxon,  lac,  "a  present.")  A 
"guinea-fowl"  or  "guinea-hen"  is  a 
similar  ter 


But  for  tBwIlrerence  marriage  makes 
Twixt  wives  and  "  ladies  of  the  lake." 

S.  Butler.  UudHn-as,  iU.  1  (1678). 

Lady  of  the  Lake  {The),  Nimue  \_sic], 
one  of  the  damsels  of  the  lake,  that  king 
Pcllinore  took  to  his  court.  Merlin,  in 
his  dotage,  fell  in  love  with  her,  when 
she  wheedled  him  out  of  all  his  secrets, 
and  enclosed  him  in  a  rock,  where  he 
died  (pt.  i.  60).  Subsequently,  Nimue 
married  sir  Pelleas  (pt.  i.  81^2).  (See 
next  art.) 

So  upon  a  time  it  happened  that  Merlin  shewed 
Nimue  in  a  rock  whereas  was  a  great  wonder,  and 
wrought  by  enchantment,  which  went  under  a  stone. 
So,  hf  her  subtle  craft  and  working,  she  made  Merlin 
go  under  that  stone  .  .  .  and  so  wrought  that  he  never 
came  out  again.  So  she  departed,  and  left  Merlin. — Sir 
T.  Malory,  Bistory  of  Prince  Arthur,  L  60  (1470). 

*if*  Tennyson,  in  his  Idylls  of  the  King 
("Merlin  and  Vivien"),  makes  Vivien 
the  enchantress  who  wheedled  old  Merlin 
out  of  his  secrets ;  and  then,  "in  a  hollow 
oak,"  she  shut  him  fast,  and  there  "he 
lay  as  dead,  and  lost  to  life,  and  use,  and 
name,  and  fame." 

This  seems  to  be  an  error.  At  any  rate, 
it  is  not  in  accordance  with  the  Mart 
d" Arthur  of  Caxton  renown. 

Lady  of  the  Lake  {The),  Nineve.  It  is 
not  evident  from  the  narrative  whether 
Nineve  is  not  the  same  person  as  Nimue, 
and  that  one  of  the  two  (probably  the 
latter)  is  not  a  typographical  error. 

Then  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  that  was  always  friendly 
unto  king  Arlliur,  understood  by  her  subtle  crafts  that 
king  Arthur  was  like  to  have  been  destroyed  ;  and  there- 
fore this  Lady  of  the  Lake,  that  hlght  Nineve,  came  into 

23 


the  forest  to  seek  sir  Launeelot  du  Lake.— Sir  T.  Malory, 
Biitory  of  Prince  Arthur,  it  57  (1470). 


And  there  how  he  enjoyed  the  Lady  of  the  Lake. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Lady  of  the  Lake  {The).  Vivienne  (3 
syl.)  is  called  La  Dame  du  Lac,  and 
dwelt  en  la  marche  de  la  petite  Bretaigne. 
She  stole  Lancelot  in  his  infancy,  and 
plunged  with  him  into  her  home  lake ; 
hence  was  Lancelot  called  du  Lac.  When 
her  prote'g€  was  grown  to  manhood,  she 
presented  him  to  king  Arthur. 

Lady  of  the  Lake  {The),  Ellen  Douglas, 
once  a  favourite  of  king  James ;  but 
when  her  father  fell  into  disgrace,  she 
retired  witii  him  into  the  vicinity  of 
Loch  Katrine. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Lady  of 
tJie  Lake  (1810). 

Lady  of  the  Lake  and  Arthur's 
Sword.  The  Lady  of  the  Lake  gave  to 
king  Arthur  the  sword  "  Excalibur." 
"  Well,"  said  she,  "  go  into  yonder  barge 
and  row  yonrBelf  to  the  sword,  and  take 
it."  So  Arthur  and  Merlin  came  to  the 
sword  that  a  hand  held  up,  and  took  it 
by  the  handles,  and  the  arm  and  hand 
went  under  the  lake  again  (pt.  i.  23). 

This  Lady  of  the  Lake  asked  in  re- 
compense the  head  of  sir  Balin,  because 
he  had  slain  her  brother ;  but  the  king 
refused  the  request.  Then  said  Balin, 
"  Evil  be  ye  found  !  Ye  would  have  my 
head  ;  therefore  ye  shall  lose  thine  own." 
So  saying,  with  his  sword  he  smote  off 
her  head  in  the  presence  of  king  Arthur. 
— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  28  (1470). 

Lady  of  the  Mercians,  iEthelflaed 
or  El'nida,  daughter  of  king  Alfred. 
She  married  ^Ethelred  chief  of  that  por- 
tion of  Mercia  not  claimed  by  the  Danes. 

Lady  of  the  Sun,  Alice  Perrers 
(or  Pierce),  a  mistress  of  Edward  III.  of 
England.  She  was  a  married  woman, 
and  had  been  lady  of  the  bed-chamber 
to  queen  Philippa.  Edward  lavished  on 
her  both  riches  and  honours  ;  but  when 
the  king  was  dying,  she  stole  his  jewels, 
and  even  the  rings  from  his  fingers. 

Lady  -with  a  Lamp,  Florence 
Nightingale  (1820-        ). 

On  England's  annals  .  .  . 

A  Lady  with  a  Lamp  shall  stand  .  .  . 

A  noble  type  of  good, 

Heroic  womanhood. 

Longfellow,  Santa  Filomeia 

Ladies'  Rock,  Stirling  (Scotland) 

In  the  castle  hill  is  a  hollow  called  "The  Valley,"  com- 
prehending about  an  acre,  ...  for  justings  and  tounu^ 
ments.  .  ,  ,  Closely  adjoining  ...  Is  a  small  rocky  .  .  , 
2   M 


LAERTES. 


530 


LAKE  POETS. 


moant  called  "The  Ladies'  Hill,"  where  the  fair  ones  of 
the  court  took  tlicir  station  to  beliold  these  feats.— 
Nimmo,  History  of  Stirlingshire,  282. 

Laer'tes  (3  syL),  son  of  Polonius 
lord  chamberlain  of  Denmark,  and 
brother  of  Ophelia.  He  is  induced  by 
the  king  to  challenge  Hamlet  to  a 
"friendly"  duel,  but  poisons  his  own 
rapier.  He  wounds  Hamlet ;  and  in  the 
scuffle  which  ensues,  the  combatants 
change  swords,  and  Hamlet  wounds 
Laertes,  so  that  both  die. — Shakespeare, 
Hamlet  (1596). 

Laer'tes  (3  syl.)^  a  Dane,  whose  life 
Gustavus  Vasa  had  spared  in  battle.  He 
becomes  the  trusty  attendant  of  Chris- 
ti'na,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Sweden, 
and  never  proves  ungrateful  to  the  noble 
Swede.  —  H.  Brooke,  Gustavus  Vasa 
(1730). 

Laer'tes's  Son,  Ulysses. 

But  when  his  strings  with  mournful  magic  tell 
What  dire  distress  Laertfis'  son  befell. 
The  streams,  meandering  thro'  the  maze  of  woe. 
Bid  sacred  sympathy  the  heart  o'erflow. 

Pftlconer,  The  Shipwreck,  uL  1  (1756). 

Lafeu,  an  old  French  lord,  sent  to 
conduct  Bertram  count  of  Rousillon  to 
the  king  of  France,  by  whom  he  was 
invited  to  the  royal  court. — Shakespeare, 
Airs  Well  that  Ends  Well  (1698). 

Lafontaine  {The  Danish),  Hans 
Christian  Andersen  (1805-1875). 

Lalbntaine  of  the  Vaudeville. 
So  C.  F.  Panard  is  called  (1691-1765). 

Lag'ado,  capital  of  Balnibarbi,  cele- 
brated for  its  grand  school  of  projectors, 
"Where  the  scholars  have  a  technical  edu- 
cation, being  taught  to  make  pincushions 
from  softened  granite,  to  extract  from 
cucumbers  the  sunbeams  which  ripened 
them,  and  to  convert  ice  into  gunpowder. 
— Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels  ("  Voyage  to 
Lapu'ta,"  1726). 

La  Grange  and  his  friend  Du 
Croisy  pay  their  addresses  to  two  young 
ladies  whose  heads  have  been  turned 
by  novels.  The  girls  think  their  man- 
ners too  natural  to  be  aristocratic,  so  the 
gentlemen  send  to  them  their  lackeys,  as 
"the  marquis  of  Mascarille"  and  "the 
viscount  of  Jodelet."  The  girls  are  de- 
lighted with  their  "aristocratic  visitors;" 
but  when  the  game  has  been  played  far 
enough,  the  masters  enter  and  unmask 
the  whole  trick.  By  this  means  the  girls 
are  taught  a  most  useful  lesson,  without 
Buffering  any  serious  ill  consequences. — 
Molibre,  Les  Fr^cieuses  Ridicules  (1659). 


Laider  (Donald),  one  of  the  prisoners 
at  Portanferry. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Man- 
nering  (time,  George  XL). 

Laila  (2  syL),  a  Moorish  maiden,  of 
great  beauty  and  purity,  who  loved 
Manuel,  a  youth  worthy  of  her.  The 
father  disapproved  of  the  match  ;  and 
they  eloped,  were  pursued,  and  overtaken 
near  a  precipice  on  the  Guadalhorce  (4 
syL).  They  climbed  to  the  top  of  the 
precipice,  and  the  father  bade  his  fol- 
lowers discharge  their  arrows  at  them. 
Laila  and  Manuel,  seeing  death  to  be 
inevitable,  threw  themselves  from  the 
precipice,  and  perished  in  the  fall.  It  is 
from  this  incident  that  the  rock  was 
called  "The  Lovers'  Leap." 

And  every  Moorish  maid  can  tell 
Where^Mlila  U^^rl^oved  so  well ; 
And  evSry  y|AHpK)asse$  there. 
Says  for  Ma^^^loul  a  prayer. 
Southey,  The  LoveriRock  (a  ballad,  1798,  taken  from 
Mariana,  De  la  PeJia  de  los  Jinamoradot. 

Laila,  daughter  of  Okba  the  sorcerer.  It 
was  decreed  that  eitli^  Laila  or  Talaba 
must  die.  Talaba  refused  to  redeem 
his  own  life  by  killing  Laila ;  and  Okba 
exultingly  cried,  "As  thou  hast  disobej^ed 
the  voice  of  Allah,  God  hath  abandoned 
thee,  and  this  hour  is  mine."  So  saying, 
he  rushed  on  the  youth  ;  but  Laila,  inter- 
vening to  protect  him,  received  the  blow, 
and  was  killed.  Talaba  lived  on,  and 
the  spirit  of  Laila,  in  the  form  of  a  green 
bird,  conducted  him  to  the  simorg  {q.v.), 
which  he  sought,  that  he  might  be  directed 
to  Dom-Daniel,  the  cavern  "under  the 
roots  of  the  ocean."-  Southey,  Thalaba  the 
Destroyer,  x.  (1797). 

La'is  (2  syl.),  a  generic  name  for  a 
courtezan.  Lais  was  a  Greek  hetagra, 
who  sold  her  favours  for  £200  English 
money.  When  Demosthenes  was  told 
the  amount  of  the  fee,  he  said  he  had 
"no  mind  to  buy  repentance  at  such  a 
price."  One  of  her  great  admirers  was 
Diog'enes  the  cynic. 

This  is  the  cause 

That  Lais  leads  a  lady's  life  aloft. 
G.  Gascoigne,  The  Steele  Glas  (died  1577). 

Lake  Poets  (T/ie),  Wordsworth, 
Southey,  and  Coleridge,  who  lived  about 
the  lakes  of  Cumberland.  According  to 
Mr.  Jeffrey,  the  conductor  of  the  Edin- 
burgh Review,  they  combined  the  senti- 
mentality of  Rousseau  with  the  simplicity 
of  Kotzebue  and  the  homeliness  of  Cow- 
per.  Of  the  same  school  were  Lamb, 
Lloyd,  and  Wilson.  Also  called  "Lakers" 
and  "  Lakists." 


LAKEDJON. 


631 


LAMIRA. 


Laked'ion  (Isaac),  the  name  given 
in  France  to  the  Wandering  Jew  (q.v.). 

Iialla  Rookli,  the  supposed  daughter 
of  Aurungzebe  emperor  of  Delhi.  She 
was  betrothed  to  Aliris  sultan  of  Lesser 
Bucharia.  On  her  journey  from  Delhi 
to  Cashmere,  she  was  entertained  by 
Fer'amorz,  a  young  Persian  poet,  with 
whom  she  fell  in  love,  and  unbounded 
was  her  delight  when  she  discovered  that 
the  young  poet  was  the  sultan  to  whom 
she  was  betrothed. — T.  Moore,  Lalla 
Eookh  (1817). 

Lambert  {General),  parliamentary 
leader. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time, 
Commonwealth) . 

Lambert  (Sir  John),  the  dupe  of  Dr. 
Cantwell  "the  hypocrite."  He  entertains 
him  as  his  guest,  settles':  on  him  £400  a 
year,  and  tries  to  ■  make  his  daughter 
Charlotte  marry  him,  although  he  is  69 
and  she  is  under  20.  His  eyes  are  opened 
at  length  by  the  mercenary  and  licentious 
conduct  of  the  doctor.  Lady  Lambert 
assists  in  exposing  him,  but  old  lady 
Lambert  remains  to  the  last  a  believer 
in  the  '*  saint."  In  Moliere's  comedy, 
"Orgon"  takes  the  place  of  Lambert, 
"Mde.  Parnelle"  of  the  old  ladv,  and 
"  Tartuffe  "  of  Dr.  Cantwell. 

Lady  Lambert,  the  gentle,  loving  wife 
of  sir  John.  By  a  stratagem,  she  convinces 
her  husband  of  Dr.  Cantwell's  true  cha- 
racter. 

Colonel  Lambert,  son  of  sir  John  and 
lady  Lambert.  He  assists  in  unmasking 
"  the  hypocrite." 

Charlotte  Lambert,  daughter  of  sir  John 
and  lady  Lambert.  A  pretty,  bright  girl, 
somewhat  giddy  and  fond  of  teasing  her 
sweetheart  Darnley  (see  act  i.  1). — I. 
Bickerstaff,  The  Hi/pocrite  (1769). 

Lambourne  (Michael),  a  retainer  of 
the  earl  of  Leicester. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Lambro,  a  Greek  pirate,  father  of 
Haidee  (q.v.). — Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  26, 
etc.  (1820). 

We  confess  that  our  sympathy  Is  most  excited  by  the 
silent,  wolf-like  suffering  of  Lambro,  when  he  experiences 
"  the  solitude  of  passing  his  own  door  without  a  welcome," 
and  finds  "the  innocence  of  that  sweet  child  "  polluted. — 
Findeu,  Byron  Beauties. 

***  The  original  of  this  character  was 
major  Lambro,  who  was  captain  (1791) 
of  a  Russian  piratical  squadron,  which 
plundered  the  islands  of  the  Greek 
Archipelago,  and  did  great  damage.  When 
his  squadron  was  attacked  by  seven 
Algerine    corsairs,    major    Lambro    was 


wounded,   but  escaped.      The  incidents 
referred  to  in  canto  vi.,  etc.,  are  historical. 

Lamderg  and  Qelchossa.  Gel- 
chossa  was  beloved  by  Lamderg  and 
Ullin  son  of  Cairbar.  The  rivals  fought, 
and  Ullin  fell.  Lamderg,  all  bleeding 
with  wounds,  just  reached  Gelchossa  to 
announce  the  death  of  his  rival,  and  ex- 
pired also.  "  Three  days  Gelchossa 
mourned,  and  then  the  hunters  found  her 
cold,"  and  all  three  were  buried  in  one 
grave. — Ossian,  Fingal,  ii. 

Jjs^m.e  (The). 

Jehan  de  Meung,  called  "Clopinel," 
because  he  was  lame  and  hobbled. 

Tyrtaeus,  the  Greek  poet,  was  called  the 
lame  or  hobbling  poet,  because  he  intro- 
duced the  pentameter  verse  alternately 
with  the  hexameter.  Thus  his  distich 
consisted  of  one  line  with  six  feet  and 
one  line  with  only  five. 

Tlie  Lam£  Kim;,  Charles  II.  of  Naples, 
Boiteux  (1248,  1289-1309). 

Lamech's  Song.  "Ye  wives  of 
Lamech,  hearken  unto  my  speech :  for  I 
have  slain  a  man  to  my  wounding,  and  a 
young  man  to  my  hurt !  If  Cain  shall  be 
avenged  sevenfold,  truly  Lamech  seventy 
and  sevenfold." — Oen.  iv.  23,  24. 

As  Lemech  prew  old,  his  eyes  became  dim,  and  finally 
all  sight  was  taken  from  them,  and  Tubal-cain,  his  son, 
led  him  by  the  hand  wlien  he  walked  abroad.  And  it 
came  to  pass  .  .  ,  that  he  led  his  father  into  the  fields  to 
hunt,  and  said  to  his  father :  "  Lo !  yonder  is  a  beast  of 
prey ;  shoot  thine  arrow  in  that  direction."  Lemech  did 
as  his  son  had  spoken,  and  the  arrow  struck  Cain,  who 
was  walking  afar  off,  and  killed  him.  .  .  .  Now  wheu 
Lemech  .  .  .  saw  [tic]  that  he  had  killed  Cain,  he 
trembled  exceedingly,  .  .  .  and  being  blind,  he  saw  not 
his  son,  but  struck  the  lad's  head  between  his  hands,  and 
killed  him.  .  .  .  And  he  cried  to  his  wives,  Ada  and 
Zillah,  "  Listen  to  my  voice,  ye  wives  of  Lemech.  ...  I 
have  ^ain  a  man  to  my  hurt,  and  a  child  to  my  wound- 
ing 1  "—The  Talmud,  L 

Lamin'ak,  Basque  fairies,  little 
folk,  who  live  under  ground,  and  some- 
times come  into  houses  down  the  chimney, 
in  order  to  change  a  fairy  child  for  a 
human  one.  They  bring  good  luck  with 
them,  but  insist  on  great  cleanliness,  and 
always  give  their  orders  in  words  the 
very  opposite  of  their  intention.  They 
hate  church  bells.  Every  Basque  Lamiiiak 
is  named  Guillen  (William).  (See  Say 
AND  Mean.) 

Lamington,  a  follower  of  sir  Geoffrey 
Peveril. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Feverit  of  tJie  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Lami'ra,  wife  of  Champemel,  and 
daughter  of  Vertaignd  (2  syl.)  a  noble- 
man and  a  judge  — Beaumont  and  Flet- 
char.  The  Little  French  Lwxsyer  (1647). 


LAMKIN. 


532 


LANCELOT. 


Xjamkln  (Mni.  Alice),  companion  to 
Mrs.  Bethune  BalioL— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Highland  Widow  (time,  George  II.). 

Xjammas.  At  latter  Lammas,  never ; 
equivalent  to  Suetonius's  "  Greek  kalends." 

Iiaminikiii,  a  blood-thirsty  builder, 
who  built  and  baptized  his  castle  with 
blood.  He  was  long  a  nursery  ogre,  like 
Lunsford. — Scotch  Ballad. 

Lamnile  {Alfred),  a  "mature  young 
gentleman,  with  too  much  nose  on  his 
face,  too  much  ginger  in  his  whiskers, 
too  much  torso  in  his  waistcoat,  too  much 
sparkle  in  his  studs,  his  eyes,  his  buttons, 
his  talk,  his  teeth."  He  married  Miss 
Akershem,  thinking  she  had  money,  and 
she  married  him  under  the  same  de- 
lusion ;  and  the  two  kept  up  a  fine 
appearance  on  nothing  at  all.  Alfred 
Lammle  had  many  schemes  for  making 
money :  one  was  to  oust  Kokesmith  from 
his  post  of  secretary  to  Mr.  Boffin,  and 
get  his  wife  adopted  by  Mrs.  Boffin  in  the 
place  of  Bella  Wilfer;  but  Mr.  Boffin 
saw  through  the  scheme,  and  Lammle, 
with  his  wife,  retired  to  live  on  the  Con- 
tinent. In  public  they  appeared  very 
loving  and  amiable  to  each  other,  but  led 
at  home  a  cat-and-dog  life. 

Sophronia  Lammle,  wife  of  Alfred 
Lammle.  "A  mature  young  lady,  with 
raven  locks,  and  complexion  that  lit  up 
well  when  well  powdered." — C.  Dickens, 
Our  Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

Lamoracke  (Sir),  Lamekocke,  La- 
MORAKE,  Lamorock,  or  Lamarecke, 
one  of  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table,  and 
one  of  the  three  most  noted  for  deeds  of 
prowess.  The  other  two  were  sir  Launcelot 
and  sir  Tristram.  Sir  Lamoracke's  father 
"Was  king  Pellinore  of  Wales,  who  slew  king 
Lot.  His  brothers  were  sir  Aglavale  and 
Bir  Percival ;  sir  Tor,  whose  mother  was 
the  wife  of  Aries  the  cowherd,  was  his 
half-brother  (pt.  ii.  108).  Sir  Lamoracke 
was  detected  by  the  sons  of  king  Lot  in 
adultery  with  their  mother,  and  they 
conspired  his  death. 

Sir  Gawain  and  his  three  brethren,  sir  Agrawain.  sir 
Gaheris,  and  sir  Modred,  met  him  [tir  Lamoracke]  in  a 
privy  place,  and  there  tliey  slew  his  horse;  then  they 
fought  with  him  on  foot  for  more  than  three  hours,  both 
before  hint  and  behind  his  back,  and  ail-to  hewed  tiim  in 
pieces.— Sir  T.  Malory,  UiUory  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii  144 
(1470). 

Roger  Ascham  says :  "  The  whole  pleasure  of  La  Morte 
d' Arthur  standetli  in  two  special  poyntes  :  in  open  man- 
daughter  and  bold  bawdye,  in  which  boolce  they  are 
euuiited  the  noblest  Icnighte  that  doe  l(ill  most  men  with- 
out any  quarrcll,  and  commit  foulest  adulteries  by  sutiest 
iiifteg :  as  sir  Launcelote  with  the  wife  of  Icing  Arthur  his 
master,  sir  Tristram  with  the  wife  of  king  Marke  bis 


uncle,  and  sir  Lamerocke  with  the  wife  of    king  Lota 
that  was  his  aunt." — Works,  254  (fourth  edit.). 

Lamorce'  (2  syl.),  a  woman  of  bad 
reputation,  who  inveigles  young  Mirabel 
into  her  house,  where  he  would  have  been 
murdered  by  four  bravoes,  if  Oriana, 
dressed  as  a  page,  had  not  been  by.— 
G.  Farquhar,  The  Inconstant  (1702). 

Lamourette's  Kiss  (^),  a  kiss  of 
peace  when  there  is  no  peace  ;  a  kiss  of 
apparent  reconciliation,  but  with  secret 
hostility.  On  July  7,  1792,  the  abbe 
Lamourette  induced  the  different  factions 
of  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  France  to 
lay  aside  their  differences ;  so  the  deputies 
of  the  Royalists,  Constitutionalists, 
Girondists,  Jacobins,  and  Orleanists, 
rushed  into  each  others'  arms,  and  the 
king  was  sent  for,  that  he  might  see 
"how  these  Christians  loved  one  another ;" 
but  the  reconciliation  was  hardly  made 
when  the  old  animosities  burst  forth  more 
furiously  than  ever. 

Lampad'ion,  a  lively,  petulant 
courtezan.  A  name  common  in  the  later 
Greek  comedy 

Lam'pedo,  of  Lacedcemon.  She  was 
daughter,  wife,  sister,  and  mother  of  a 
king.  Agrippina  was  granddaughter, 
wife,  sister,  and  mother  of  a  king. — 
Tacitus,  Annates,  xii.  22,  37. 

***  The  wife  of  Raymond  Ber'eager 
(count  of  Provence)  was  grandmother  of 
four  kings,  for  her  four  daughters 
married  four  kings:  Margaret  married 
Louis  IX.  king  of  France ;  Eleanor 
married  Henry  III.  king  of  England ; 
Sancha  married  Richard  king  of  the 
Romans ;  and  Beatrice  married  Charles  I. 
king  of  Naples  and     cily. 

Lam'pedo,  a  country  apothecary-sur- 
geon, without  practice  ;  so  poor  and  ill- 
fed  that  he  was  but  "the  sketch  and 
outline  of  a  man."    He  says  of  himself : 

Altho'  to  cure  men  be  beyond  my  skill, 
"Tis  haid,  indeed,  if  I  can't  keep  them  ill. 

J.  Tobin,  The  Uoneymoon,  iii.  3  (1804). 

Lamplugh  {Will),  a  smuggler. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Medgauntlet  (time,  George 
III.). 

Lance  (1  syl.),  falconer  and  ancient 
servant  to  the  father  of  Valentine  the 
gallant  who  would  not  be  persuaded  to 
keep  his  estate. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
Wit  without  Money  (1G22). 

Lancelot  or  Launcelot  Gobbo, 
servant  of  Shylock,  famous  for  his  soli- 
loquy whether  or  not  he  should  run  away 


LANCELOT  DU  LAC. 


533 


LANGUAGE. 


from  his  master. — Shakespeare,  Mercliant 
of  Venice  (1598). 

Tarleton  [1530-1588]  was  lniinlt»ble  In  such  parts  as 
"Launcelot,"  and  "Touchstone"  in  ^«  you  Like  It.  In 
clowns'  parts  lie  never  had  his  equal,  and  never  will. — 
Baker,  Chronicle*. 

Lancelot  du  Lac,  by  Ulrich  of 
Zazikoven,  the  most  ancient  poem  of  the 
Arthurian  series.  It  is  the  adventures 
of  a  young  knight,  gay  and  joyous  with 
animal  spirits  and  light-heartedness. 
(See  Launcelot.) — One  of  the  minne- 
songs  of  Germany  (twelfth  century). 

Lancelot  du  Lac  and  Tarquin. 

Sir  Lancelot,  seeking  adventures,  met 
with  a  lady  who  prayed  him  to  deliver 
certain  knights  of  the  Round  Table  from 
the  power  of  Tarquin.  Coming  to  a 
river,  he  saw  a  copper  basin  hung  on  a 
tree  for  gong,  and  he  struck  it  so  hard  that 
it  broke.  This  brought  out  Tarquin,  and 
a  furious  combat  ensued,  in  which  Tarquin 
was  slain.  Sir  Lancelot  then  liberated 
three  score  and  four  knights,  who  had 
been  made  captives  by  Tarquin.  (See 
Launcelot.) — Percy,  Heliques,  I.  ii.  9. 

Lancelot  of  the  Laik,  a  Scotch 
metrical  romance,  taken  from  the  French 
Launcelot  du  Lac,  Galiot,  a  neighbour- 
ing king,  invaded  Arthur's  territories,  and 
captured  the  castle  of  lady  Melyhalt 
among  others.  When  sir  Lancelot  went 
to  chastise  Galiot,  he  saw  queen  Guine- 
vere, and  fell  in  love  with  her.  The 
French  romance  makes  Galiot  submit  to 
king  Arthur ;  but  the  Scotch  tale  termi- 
nates with  his  capture.  (See  Launce- 
lot.) 

Land  of  Beulah,  land  of  rest,  re- 
presenting that  peace  of  mind  which  some 
true  Christians  experience  prior  to  death 
(Isaiah  Ixii.  4). — Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Pro- 
gress, i.  (1678). 

Land  of  Joy.  Worms,  in  Germany, 
was  so  called  by  the  minnesingers,  from 
its  excellent  wine. 

Landey'da  ("^A<?  desolation  of  the 
eountry  "),  the  miraculous  banner  of  the 
ancient  Danes,  on  which  was  wrought  a 
raven  by  the  daughters  of  Regner  Lod- 
brok.  It  was  under  this  banner  that 
Hardrada  and  Tostig  attacked  Harold  at 
the  battle  of  Stamford  Bridge,  a  little 
before  the  battle  of  Senlac  (Bastings). 

Landi  (The  Fete  of  the)  Charle- 
magne showed  to  pilgrims  once  a  year 
the  relics  of  tjie  chapel  in  Aix-la-Chapelle. 
Charles  le  Chauve  removed  the  relics  to 
Paris,  and  exhibited  them  once  a  year  in 


a  large  field  near  the  boulevard  St.  Denis 
[L'nee'] .  A  procession  was  subsequently 
formed,  and  a  fair  held  the  first  Monday 
after  St.  Bamabas's  Day. 

Le  mot  Latin  indicium  sicnifle  un  jour  et  un  lieu 
indiguSs  pour  quelque  assemblde  du  peuple.  L'i,  changi 
d'ahord  en  e,  le  fut  d6finitivement  en  a.  On  dU  done 
successivement,  au  lieu  d' indicium;  Vindict',  I'endi't, 
I'andit,  et  enfln  landi. — A.  Butnas,  L'JIoroscupe,  L, 

Landois  (Peter),  the  favourite  minis- 
ter of  the  due  de  Bretagne.  —  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Landscape  Gardening  (Father 
of),  Lenotre  (1613-1700). 

Lane  (Jane),  daughter  of  Thomas, 
and  sister  of  colonel  John  Lane.  To  save 
king  Charles  II.  after  the  battle  of 
AVorcester,  she  rode  behind  him  from 
Bentley,  in  Staffordshire,  to  the  house 
of  her  cousin  Mrs.  Norton,  near  Bristol. 
For  this  act  of  loyalty,  the  king  granted 
the  family  the  following  armorial  device : 
A  strawberry  horse  saliant  (couped  at  the 
flank),  bridled,  bitted,  and  garnished, 
supporting  between  its  feet  a  royal  crown 
proper.    Motto :  Garde  le  roy. 

Lane  (The),  Drury  Lane. 

There  were  married  actresses  in  his  company  when  ha 
managed  the  Garden  and  afterwards  the  l&ae.— Temple 
Bar  (W.  C.  Macready),  76  (1875). 

Laneham  (Master  Robert),  clerk  of 
the  council-chamber  door. 

Sybil  Laneham,  his  wife,  one  of  the 
revellers  at  Kenilworth  Castle. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Langcale  (The  laird  of),  a  leader  in 
the  covenanters'  army. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Langley  (Sir  Frederick),  a  suitor  to 
Miss  Vere,  and  one  of  the  Jacobite  con- 
spirators with  the  laird  of  Ellieslaw. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Black  Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Langosta  (Luke  of),  the  Spanish 
nickname  of  Aosta  the  elected  king  of 
Spain.  The  word  means  "a  locust"  or 
*'  plunderer." 

Language  (The  Primeval). 

Psametichus,  an  Egyptian  king,  wish- 
ing to  ascertain  what  language  Natme 
gave  to  man,  shut  up  two  infants  where 
no  word  was  ever  uttered  in  their  hear- 
ing. When  brought  before  the  king,  they 
said,  bekos  ("toast"). — Herodotos,  ii.  2. 

Frederick  II.  of  Sweden  tried  the  same 
experiment. 

James  IV.  of  Scotland,  in  the  fifteenth 
century,  shut  up  two  infants  in  the  Isle 
of  Inchkeith,  with  only  a  dumb  attendflnt 


LANGUAGE  CHARACTERISTICS.    534 


LAPUTA. 


to  wait  on  them,  with  the  same  object  in 
view. 

Language  Characteristics. 

Charles  Quint  used  to  say,  *'  I  speak 
Gennan  to  my  horses,  Spanish  to  my 
household,  French  to  my  friends,  and 
Italian  to  my  mistress." 

The  Persians  say,  the  serpent  in  paradise 
spoke  Arabic  (the  most  suasive  of  all 
languages) ;  Adam  and  Eve  spoke  Per- 
sian (the  most  poetic  of  all  languages)  ; 
and  the  angel  Gabriel  spoke  Turkish  (the 
most  menacing  of  all  languages). — Char- 
din,  Travels  (1686). 

Language  given  to  Man  to 
Conceal  His  Thoughts.  Said  by 
Montrond,  but  generally  ascribed  to 
Talleyrand.     (See  Talleyrand.) 

Languish  (Lydia),  a  romantic  young 
lady,  who  is  for  ever  reading  sensational 
novels,  and  moulding  her  behaviour  on 
the  characters  which  she  reads  of  in  these 
books  of  fiction.  Hence  she  is  a  very 
female  Quixote  in  romantic  notions  of  a 
Bentimental  type  (see  act  i.  2). — Sheri- 
dan, The  Rivals  (1775). 

Miss  Mellon  [1775-1837]  called  on  Sheridan,  and  vr&s 
requested  to  rend  the  scenes  of  Lydia  Languish  and 
Mrs.  ftfcilaprop  from  The  Rivals.  She  felt  frightened, 
and  answered,  with  the  naive,  unaffected  manner  wliich 
Bhe  retained  through  life,  "  I  dare  not,  sir ;  I  would  rather 
read  to  all  England.  But  suppose,  sir,  you  do  me  the 
honour  of  reading  tliem  to  me  ? "  There  was  something 
so  unassunring  and  childlike  in  the  request,  that  the 
manager  entered  into  the  oddity  of  it,  and  read  to  her 
nearly  the  whole  play. — Boaden. 

Lan'o,  a  Scandinavian  lake,  which 
emitted  in  autumn  noxious  vapours. 

He  dwells  by  the  waters  of  Lano,  which  sends  forth  the 
vapour  of  death.— Ossian,  The  War  oj  Init-T/wna. 

Lanternize  {To)  is  to  spend  one's 
time  in  literary  trifles,  to  write  books, 
to  waste  time  in  "brown  studies,"  etc. — 
Rabelais,  Fantagruel,  v.  33  (1545). 

Lantern-Land,  the  land  of  authors, 
whose  works  are  their  lanterns.  The  in- 
habitants, called  "Lanterners"  (Lanter- 
iiois),  are  bachelors  and  masters  of  arts, 
doctors,  and  professors,  prelates  and 
divines  of  the  council  of  Trent,  and  all 
other  wise  ones  of  the  earth.  Here  are  the 
lanterns  of  Aristotle,  Epicuros,  and  Aris- 
tophS,nes ;  the  dark  earthen  lantern  of 
Epictetos,  the  duplex  lantern  of  Martial, 
and  many  others.  The  sovereign  was  a 
queen  when  Pantag'ruel  visited  the  realm 
to  make  inquiry  about  the  "  Oracle  of 
the  Holy  Bottle." — Rabelais,  Fantagruel. 
V.  32,  33  (1545). 

Lanternois,  pretenders  to  science, 
(piacks  of  all  sorts,  and  authors  generally. 


They  are  the  inhabitants  of  Lantern- 
land,  and  their  literary  productions  are 
"lanterns." — Rabelais,  Fantagruel,  v.  32, 
33  (1545). 

Laocoon  [La.ok'.o.on],  a  Trojan 
priest,  who,  with  his  two  sons,  was 
crushed  to  death  by  serpents.  Thomson, 
in  his  Liberty,  iv.,  has  described  the 
group,  which  represents  these  three  in 
their  death  agony.  It  was  discovered  in 
1506,  in  the  baths  of  Titus,  and  is  now 
in  the  Vatican.  This  exquisite  group 
was  sculptured  at  the  command  of  Titus 
by  Agesander,  Polydorus,  and  Atheno- 
dorus,  in  the  fifth  century  B.C. — ^Virgil, 
^neid,  ii.  201-227. 

Laodami'a,  wife  of  Protesila'os  who 
was  slain  at  the  siege  of  Troy.  She 
prayed  that  she  might  be  allowed  to 
converse  with  her  dead  husband  for  three 
hours,  and  her  request  was  granted  ;  but 
when  her  husband  returned  to  hades,  sho 
accompanied  him  thither. 

*^*  Wordsworth  has  a  poem  on  this 
subject,  entitled  Laodamia. 

Laodice'a,  now  Lataki'a,  noted  for 
its  tobacco  and  sponge.  —  See  Rev.  iii. 
14-18. 

Lapet  {Mons.),  a  model  of  pol- 
troonery, the  very  "  Ercles'  Vein"  of 
fanatical  cowardice.  M.  Lapet  would 
fancy  the  world  out  of  joint  if  no  one 
gave  him  a  tweak  of  the  nose  or  lug  of 
the  ear.  He  was  the  author  of  a  book  on 
the  "punctilios  of  duelling." — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  Nice  Valour  or  The  Fas- 
sionate  Madman  (1647). 

Lappet,  the  "glory  of  all  chamber- 
maids."— H.  Fielding,  The  Miser. 

Lapraick  (Laurie),  friend  of  Steenie 
Steenson,  in  Wandering  Willie's  tale. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
III.). 

Laprel,  the  rabbit,  in  the  beast-epic 

entitled  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498): 

Lapu'ta,  the  flying  island,  inhabited 
by  scientific  quacks.     This  is  the  "  Lan- 
tern-land "  of  Rabelais,  where  wise  ones 
lanternized,    and    were   so   absorbed    in 
thought,  that  certain   attendants,  called 
"  Flappers,"  were  appointed  to  flap  them  3 
on    the    mouth    and    ears    with    blown! 
bladders,  when  their  attention  to  mun--» 
dane     matters     was     required, — Swift, 
Gulliver's  Travels  ("  Voyage  to  Laputa,'" 
1726). 


I 


LARA. 


535 


LAST  MAN. 


Uara,  the  name  assumed  by  Conrad 
the  corsair  after  the  death  of  Medo'ra. 
On  his  return  to  his  native  country,  he 
was  recognized  by  sir  Ezzelin  at  the 
table  of  lord  Otho,  and  charged  home  by 
him.  Lara  arranged  a  duel  for  the  day 
following,  but  sir  Ezzelin  disappeared 
mysteriously.  Subsequently,  Lara  headed 
a  rebellion,  and  was  shot  by  Otho. — 
Byron,  Lara  (1814). 

Lara  {The  Seven  Sons  of),  sons  of 
Gonzalez  Gustios  de  Lara,  a  Castilian 
hero,  brother  of  Ferdinand  Gonzalez 
count  of  Castile.  A  quarrel  having  arisen 
between  Gustios  and  Rodrigo  Velasquez 
his  brother-in-law,  Rodrigo  caused  him 
to  be  imprisoned  in  Cor'dova,  and  then 
allured  his  seven  nephews  into  a  ravine, 
where  they  were  all  slain  by  an  ambus- 
cade, after  performing  prodigies  of  valour. 
While  in  prison,  Zaida,  daughter  of 
Almanzor  the  Moorish  prince,  fell  in  love 
with  Gustios,  and  became  the  mother  of 
Mudarra,  who  avenged  the  death  of  his 
seven  brothers  (a.d.  993). 

*^*  Lope  de  Vega  has  made  this  the 
subject  of  a  Spanish  drama,  which  has 
several  imitations,  one  by  Mallefille,  in 
1836. — See  Ferd.  Denis,  Chroniques  Cheva- 
leresques  d'Espagne  (1839). 

Larder  {The  Douglas),  the  flour, 
meal,  wheat,  and  malt  of  Douglas  Castle, 
emptied  on  the  floor  by  good  lord  James 
Douglas,  in  1307,  when  he  took  the 
castle  from  the  English  garrison.  Hav- 
ing staved  in  all  the  barrels  of  food,  he 
next  emptied  all  the  wine  and  ale,  and 
then,  having  slain  the  garrison,  threw  the 
dead  bodies  into  this  disgusting  mess, 
"to  eat,  drink,  and  be  merry." — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  ix. 

Wallace's  Larder  is  a  similar  mess. 
It  consisted  of  the  dead  bodies  of  the 
garrison  of  Ardrossan,  in  Ayrshire,  cast 
into  the  dungeon  keep.  The  castle  was 
surprised  by  him  in  the  reign  of  Edward  I. 

Lardoon  {Lady  Bab),  a  caricature  of 
fine  life,  the  "  princess  of  dissipation," 
and  the  "  greatest  gamester  of  the  times." 
She  becomes  engaged  to  sir  Charles 
Dupely,  and  says,  "  to  follow  fashion 
where  we  feel  shame,  is  the  strongest  of 
all  hypocrisy,  and  from  this  moment  I 
renounce  it."--J.  Burgoyne,  TJie  Maid  of 
tfte  Oaks. 

Iia  Roche,  a  Swiss  pastor,  travelling 
through  France  with  his  daughter 
Margaret,  was  taken  ill,  and  like  to  die. 
There  was   only  a  ',/ayside  inn  in  the 


place,  but  Hume  the  philosopher  heard 
of  the  circumstance,  and  removed  tke 
sick  man  to  his  own  house.  Here,  with 
good  nursing.  La  Roche  recovered,  and  a 
strong  friendship  sprang  up  between  the 
two.  Hume  even  accompanied  La  Roche 
to  his  manse  in  Berne.  After  the  lapse  of 
three  years,  Hume  was  informed  that 
Mademoiselle  was  about  to  be  married 
to  a  young  Swiss  officer,  and  hastened  to 
Berne  to  be  present  at  the  wedding.  On 
reaching  the  neighbourhood,  he  observed 
some  men  filling  up  a  grave,  and  found 
on  inquiry  that  Mademoiselle  had  just 
died  of  a  broken  heart.  In  fact,  her 
lover  had  been  shot  in  a  duel,  and  the 
shock  was  too  much  for  her.  The  old 
pastor  bore  up  heroically,  and  Hume 
admired  the  faith  which  could  sustain  a 
man  in  such  an  affliction. — H.  Mackenzie, 
•'  Story  of  La  Roche  "  (in  The  Mirror). 

Lars,  the  emperor  or  over-king  of  the 
ancient  Etruscans.  A  khedive,  satrap, 
or  under-king,  was  called  lucumo.  Thus 
the  king  of  Prussia,  as  emperor  of 
Germany,  is  lars,  but  the  king  of  Bavaria 
is  a  lucumo. 

There  be  thirty  chosen  prophets. 

The  wisest  of  the  land, 
Who  alway  by  Lars  Por'sena, 
Both  morn  and  evening  sta'vJ. 

'Lord  Macaulay,  Lays  of  Ancient  Rom* 
<'  Horatius,"  Ix..  1842). 

Larthmor,  petty  icing  of  Ber'rathon, 
one  of  the  Scandinavian  islands.  He 
was  dethroned  by  his  son  Uthal,  but 
Fingal  sent  Ossian  and  Toscar  to  his  aid. 
Uthal  was  slain  in  single  combat,  and 
Larthmor  was  restored  to  his  throne. — 
Ossian,  Berrathon. 

Larthon,  the  leader  of  the  Fir-bolg 
or  Belgae  of  Britain  who  settled  in  the 
southern  parts  of  Ireland. 

Larthon.  the  first  of  Bolga's  race  wiio  travelled  in  the 
winds.  White-bosomed  spread  the  sails  of  the  king 
towards  streamy  Inisfail  {Ireland].  Dun  nigiit  was 
rolled  before  him,  with  its  sliirts  of  mist.  Unconstant 
blew  the  winds  and  rolled  hiin  from  wave  to  wave.— 
Ossian,  Temora,  viL 

Lascaris,  a  citizen. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Las-Ca'sas,  a  noble  old  Spaniard, 
who  vainly  attempted  to  put  a  stop  to 
the  barbarities  of  his  countrj^men,  and 
even  denounced  them  (act  i.  1). — Sheri- 
dan, Pizarro  (1799,  altered  from  Kotze- 
bue). 

Lascelles  {Lady  Caroline),  supposed 
to  be  Miss  M.  E.  Braddon. — At/ienceum. 
2073,  p.  82  (C.  R.  Jackson). 

Last    Man   {The),  Charles   I.;   so 


LAST  OF  THE  FATHERS. 


636 


LATONA. 


called  by  the  parliamentarians,  meaning 
the  last  man  who  would  wear  a  crown  in 
Great  Britain.  Charles  II.  was  called 
*'  The  Son  of  the  Last  Man." 

Last  of  the  Fathers,  St.  Bernard 
abbot  of  Clairvaux  (1091-1153). 

Last  of  the  G-oths,  Roderick,  the 
thirty-fourth  and  last  of  the  Visigothic 
line  of  kings  in  Spain  (414-711).  He  was 
dethroned  by  the  African  Moors. 

*^5*  Southey  has  an  historical  tale  in 
blank  verse,  entitled  Hoderick,  the  Last  of 
the  Goths. 

Last  of  the  Greeks  (The),  Philo- 
poemen  of  Arcadia  (b.c.  253-183). 

Last  of  the  Knights,  Maximilian 
I.  the  Penniless^  emperor  of  Germany 
(1459,  1493-1519). 

Last  of  the  Mo'hicans.  Uncas 
the  Indian  chief  is  so  called  by  F. 
Cooper  in  his  novel  of  that  title. 

*^*  The  word  ought  to  be  pronounced 
Mo.hec'.kanz^  but  custom  has  ruled  it 
otherwise. 

Last  of  the  Romans,  Marcus 
Junius  Brutus,  one  of  the  assassins  of 
CaBsar  (b.c.  85^2). 

Caius  Cassius  Longinus  is  so  called  by 
Brutus  (B.C.  *-42). 

Aetius,  a  general  who  defended  the 
Gauls  against  the  Franks,  and  defeated 
Attila  in  451,  is  so  called  by  Proco'pius. 

Congreve  is  called  by  Pope,  Ultimus 
Jtomanus   (1670-1729). 

Horace  Walpole  is  called  Ultimus 
Momanorum  (1717-1797). 

Fran9ois  Joseph  Terrasse  Desbillons 
was  called  Ultimus  Romanus,  from  his 
elegant  and  pure  Latinity  (1761-1789). 

Last  of  the  Tribunes,  Cola  di 
Eienzi  (1313-1364). 
*+*   Lord    Lytton    has    a    novel    so 

entitled  (1835). 

Last     of    the     Troubadours, 

Jacques  Jasmin  of  Gascony  (1798-1864). 

Last  who  Spoke  Cornish  (The). 
Doll  Pentreath  (1686-1777). 

Last    "Words.    (See   Dying  Say- 

IKGS.) 

Lath'eruin,  the  barber  at  the  Black 
Bear  inn,  at  Darlington. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Eoh  Boy  (time,  George  I.). 

Latbmon,  son  of  Nuath  a  British 
prince.  He  invades  Morv'^en  while  Fingal 
IS  in  Ireland  with  his  army  ;  but  Fingal 


returns  unexpectedly.  At  dead  of  night, 
Ossian  (Fingal's  son)  and  his  friend  Gaul 
the  son  of  Morni  go  to  the  enemy's  camp, 
and  "strike  the  shield"  to  arouse  the 
sleepers ;  then  rush  on,  and  a  great 
slaughter  ensues  in  the  panic.  Lathmon 
sees  the  two  opponents  moving  off,  and 
sends  a  challenge  to  Ossian ;  so  Ossian 
returns,  and  the  duel  begins.  Lathmon 
flings  down  his  sword,  and  submits  ;  and 
Fingal,  coming  up,  conducts  Lathmon  to 
his  "  feast  of  shells."  After  passing  the 
night  in  banquet  and  song,  Fingal  dis- 
misses his  guest  next  morning,  saying, 
"  Lathmon,  retire  to  thy  place  ;  turn  thy 
battles  to  '^ther  lands.  The  race  of  Mor  - 
ven  are  ren  ,wned,  and  their  foes  are  the 
sons  of  the  unhappy." — Ossian,  Lathmon. 
*^*  In  Oithona  he  is  again  introduced, 
and  Oithona  is  called  Lathmon's  brother. 

[Dunrommath]  feared  the  returning  Lathmon,  tha 
brother  of  unhappy  Oithona.— Ossian,  Oithona. 

Lat'imer  {Mr.  Ralph).,  the  supposed 
father  of  Darsie  Latimer,  alias  sir  Arthur 
Darsie  Redgauntlet. 

Darsie  Latimer,  alias  sir  Arthur  Darsie 
Redgauntlet,  supposed  to  be  the  son  of 
Ralph  Latimer,  but  really  the  son  of  sir 
Henry  Darsie  Redgauntlet,  and  grandson 
of  sir  Redwald  Redgauntlet.  —  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Latin  Church  {Fathers  of  the): 
Lactantius,  Hilary,  Ambrose  of  Milan, 
Jer'ome,  Augustin  of  Hippo,  and  St. 
Bernard  '*  Last  of  the  Fathers." 

Lati'nus,  king  of  the  Laurentians, 
who  first  opposed  iEne'as,  but  after- 
wards formed  an  alliance  with  him,  and 
gave  him  his  daughter  Lavinia  in  mar- 
riage.— Virgil,  ^neid. 

Lati'nus^  an   Italian,  who  went  with 
his  five  sons  to  the  siege  of  Jerusalem. 
His  eldest  son  was  slain  by  Solyman  ; 
the  second  son,  Aramantes,  running  to 
his  brother's  aid,  was  next  slain  ;   then  ] 
the  third  "son,  Sabi'nus  ;  and  lastly  Picus, 
and    Laurentes,   who    were  twins.     Th« 
father,  having  lost  his  five  sons,  rusht 
madly  on  the  soldan,  and  was  slain  also^ 
In  one  hour  fell  the  father  and  his  fiva 
sons. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575), 

Latmian  S'wain  (r/j<;),  Endym'ion^ 
So  called  because  it  was  on  mount  Lat 
mos,  in  Caria,-  that  Cinthia  {the  moon) 
descended  to  hold  converse  with  him. 

Thou  didst  not,  Cinthia,  scorn  the  Latmian  swain. 

Ovid,  Art  of  Love,  ilL 

Lato'na,  mother  of  Apollo  {the  sun) 
and    Diana    {the  moon).     Some  Lyci 


LATORCH. 


537 


LAUNCELOT. 


hinds  jeered  at  her  as  she  knelt  by  a 
fountain  in  Delos  to  drink,  and  were 
changed  into  frogs. 

As  wlien  those  hinds  that  were  transformed  to  frogs, 


Milton,  Sonnets. 

Latorch,  duke  Rollo's  "  earwig,"  in 
the  tragedy  called  The  Bloody  Brotlier, 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1639). 

Latro  {Marcus  Porcius),  a  Roman 
rhetorician  ui  the  reign  of  Augustus ;  a 
Spi^niard  by  birth. 

I  became  as  mad  as  the  disciples  of  Porcius  latro, 
who,  when  they  had  made  themselves  as  pale  as  their 
master  by  drinking  decoctions  of  cumin,  imagined  them- 
selves as  learned.— Lesage,  Gil  Bias,  vii.  S  (1735). 

Xiaud  (Archbishop).  One  day,  when 
the  archbishop  was  pbout  to  say  grace 
before  dinner,  Archie  Armstrong,  the 
royal  jester,  begged  permission  of  Charles 
I.  to  perform  the  office  instead.  The  re- 
quest being  granted,  the  wise  fool  said, 
"  All  praise  to  God,  and  little  Laud  to 
the  devil !  "  the  point  of  which  is  much 
increased  by  the  fact  that  the  archbishop 
was  a  very  small  man. 

Lauderdale  (The  duke  of),  president 
of  the  privy  council. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Jjaugh.  (Jupiter's).  Jupiter,  we  are 
told,  laughed  incessantly  for  seven  days 
after  he  was  bom. — Ptol.  Hephaestion, 
2fov.  Hist.^  vii. 

Laugh  where  you  Must,  be 
Candid  -where  you  Can.— J.  Bur- 

goyne.  The  Maid  of  the  Oaks,  i.  2. 

Laughing  Philosopher  (The), 
Dem.oc'ritos  of  A.bde'ra  (b.c.  460-357). 

*#*  He  laughed  or  jeered  at  the  feeble 
powers  of  man  so  wholly  in  the  hands 
of  fate,  that  nothing  he  did  or  said  was 
uncontrolled.  The  "Crying  Philosopher" 
was  Heraclitos. 

Dr.  Jeddler,  the  philosopher,  who 
locked  upon  the  world  as  a  "  great  prac- 
tical joke,  something  too  absurd  to  be 
considered  seriously  by  any  rational 
mar."— C.  Dickens,  The  Battle  of  Life 
(1846). 

Laughter  is  situated  in  the  midriff. 

Here  sportful  laughter  dwells,  here,  ever  sitting. 
Defies  all  lumpish  griefs  and  wrinltled  care. 

Ph.  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Island  (1633). 

Laughter  (Death  from).  A  fellow  in 
rags  told  Chalchas  the  soothsayer  that  he 
would  never  drink  the  wine  of  the  grapes 
growing  in  his  vineyard  ;  and  added, 
"  If  these  words  do  not  come  true,  you 
jnay  claim  me  for  your  slave."    When 


the  wine  was  made,  Chalchas  made  a  feast, 
and  sent  for  the  fellow  to  see  how  his 
prediction  had  failed  ;  and  when  he  ap- 
peared, the  soothsayer  laughed  so  im- 
moderately at  the  would-be  prophet  that 
he  died. — Lord  Lytton,  Tales  of  Miletus, 
iv. 

Somewhat  similar  is  the  tale  of  An- 
caeos.  This  king  of  the  LelSges,  in 
Samos,  planted  a  vineyard,  but  was 
warned  by  one  of  his  slaves  that  he 
would  never  live  to  taste  the  wine  there- 
of. Wine  was  made  from  the  grapes, 
and  the  king  sent  for  his  slave,  and  said, 
"  What  do  you  think  of  your  prophecy 
now  ? "  The  slave  made  answer, 
"There's  many  a  slip  'twixt  the  cup  and 
the  lip;"  and  the  words  were  scarcely 
uttered,  when  the  king  rushed  from  table 
to  drive  out  of  his  vineyard  a  boar 
which  was  laying  waste  the  vines,  but 
was  killed  in  the  encounter. — Pausanias. 

Crassus  died  from  laughter  on  seeing 
an  ass  eat  thistles.  Margutte  the  giant 
died  of  laughter  on  seeing  an  ape  trying 
to  pull  on  his  boots.  Philemon  or  Phi- 
lomenes  died  of  laughter  on  seeing  an 
ass  eat  the  figs  provided  for  his  ow; 
dinner  (Lu/:ian,  i.  2).  Zeuxis  died  o: 
laughter  at  sight  of  a  hag  which  he  had 
just  depicted. 

Launay  (Vicomte  de),  pseudonym  of 
Mde.  Emile  de  Girardin  (ne'e  Delphine 
Gay). 

Launce,  the  clownish  servant  of 
Protheus  one  of  the  two  "  gentlemen 
of  Verona."  He  is  in  love  with  Julia. 
Launce  is  especially  famous  for  solilo- 
quies to  his  dog  Crab,  "the  sourest- 
natured  dog  that  lives."  Speed  is  the 
serving-man  of  Valentine  the  other 
"gentleman."  —  Shakespeare,  The  Twc 
Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1594). 

Launcelot,  bard  to  the  countess 
Brenhilda's  father. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count 
Eobert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Launcelot  (Sir),  originally  called  Gala- 
had, was  the  son  of  Ban  king  of  Bcn- 
wick  (Brittany)  and  his  wife  Elein  (pt.  i. 
60).  He  was  stolen  in  infancy  by 
Vivienne  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  who 
brought  him  up  till  he  was  presented  to 
king  Arthur  and  knighted.  In  conse- 
quence, he  is  usually  called  sir  Launcelot 
du  Lac.  He  was  in  "  the  eighth  degree 
[or  generation']  of  our  Saviour "  (pt.  iii. 
35) ;  was  uncle  to  sir  Bors  de  Gania 
(pt.  iii.  4)  ;  bis  brother  was  sir  Ector  da 
Maris   (pt.   ii.   127)  ;    and   his    son,  by 


LAUNCELOT. 


538 


LAUNCELOT. 


Elaine  daughter  of  king  Pelles,  was  sir 
Galahad,  the  chastest  of  the  160  knights 
of  the  Round  Table,  and  therefore  al- 
lotted to  the  "  Siege  Perilous  "  and  the 
quest  of  the  holy  graal,  which  he 
achieved.  Sir  Launcelot  had  from  time 
to  time  a  glimpse  of  the  holy  graal ;  but 
in  consequence  of  his  amours  with  queen 
Guenever,  was  never  allowed  more  than 
a  distant  and  fleeting  glance  of  it  (pt.  iii. 
18,  22,  45). 

Sir  Launcelot  was  the  strongest  and 
bravest  of  the  150  knights  of  the  Round 
Table ;  the  two  next  were  sir  Tristram 
and  sir  Lamoracke.  His  adultery  with 
queen  Guenever  was  directly  or  indirectly 
the  cause  of  the  death  of  king  Arthur, 
the  breaking  up  of  the  Round  Table,  and 
the  death  of  most  of  the  knights.  The 
tale  runs  thus ;  Mordred  and  Agravain 
hated  sir  Launcelot,  told  the  king  he  was 
too  familiar  with  the  queen,  and,  in  order 
to  make  good  their  charge,  persuaded 
Arthur  to  go  a-hunting.  While  absent  in 
the  chase,  the  queen  sent  for  sir  Launce- 
lot to  her  private  chamber,  when  Mor- 
dred, Agravain,  and  twelve  other  knights 
beset  the  door,  and  commanded  him  to 
come  forth.  In  coming  forth  he  slew 
sir  Agravain  and  the  twelve  knights ; 
but  Mordred  escaped,  and  told  the  king, 
who  condemned  Guenever  to  be  burnt  to 
death.  She  was  brought,  to  the  stake, 
but  rescued  by  sir  Launcelot,  who  carried 
her  off  to  Joyous  Guard,  near  Carlisle. 
The  king  besieged  the  castle,  but  received 
a  bull  from  the  pope,  commanding  him  to 
take  back  the  queen.  This  he  did,  but 
refused  to  be  reconciled  to  sir  Launcelot, 
who  accordingly  left  the  realm  and  went 
to  Benwick.  Arthur  crossed  over  with  an 
army  to  besiege  Benwick,  leaving  Mor- 
dred regent.  The  traitor  Mordred  usurped 
the  crown,  and  tried  to  make  the  queen 
marry  him ;  but  she  rejected  his  pro- 
posal with  contempt.  When  Arthur 
heard  thereof,  he  returned,  and  fought 
three  battles  with  his  nephew,  in  the 
last  of  which  Mordred  was  slain,  and 
the  king  received  from  his  nephew  his 
death-wound.  The  queen  now  retired  to 
tJie  convent  of  Almesbury,  where  she 
was  visited  by  sir  Launcelot ;  but  as  she 
refused  to  leave  the  convent,  sir  Launce- 
lot turned  monk,  died  "in  the  odour  of 
sanctity,"  andv  was  buried  in  Joyous 
Guard  (pt.  iii.  143-175). 

"Ah!  sir  Launcelot,"  said  sir  Ector;  "thou  were  [tic] 
head  of  all  Christian  knights,"  "  I  dare  say, "said  sir  Bors, 
••  that  gir  Launcelot  there  thou  liest,  thou  were  never 
matched  of  none  earthly  knight's  hand ;  and  thou  were 
the  courteonst  kuight  thftt  ever  bftre  shield ;  and  thou  were 


the  truest  friend  to  thy  lover  that  ever  bestrode  horae ; 
and  thou  were  tlie  truest  lover  of  sinfull  man  that  ev«r 
loved  woman  ;  and  thou  were  the  kindest  man  that  ever 
struck  with  sword ;  and  thou  were  the  goodliest  person 
that  ever  came  among  press  of  knights ;  and  thou  were 
the  meekest  man  and  the  gentlest  that  ever  eat  In  hall 
among  ladies  ;  and  thou  were  the  sternest  knight  to  thy 
mortal  foe  that  ever  put  spear  in  rest. "—Sir  T,  Malory, 
HUtory  of  PHnce  Arthur,  iii.  176  (1470). 

N.B.— The  Elaine  above  referred  to  is 
not  the  Elaine  of  Astolat,  the  heroine  of 
Tennyson's  Idyll.  Sir  Ector  de  Maris  is 
not  sir  Ector  the  foster-father  of  king 
Arthur;  and  sir  Bors  de  Ganis  must  be 
kept  distinct  from  sir  Bors  of  Gaul,  and 
also  from  sir  Borre  or  sir  Bors  a  natural 
son  of  king  Arthur  by  Lyonors  daughter 
of  the  earl  Sanam  (pt.  i.  15). 

Sir  Launcelot  and  Elaine.  The  Elaine 
of  Tennyson's  Idyll,  called  the  "fair 
rnaid  of  Astolat,"  was  the  daughter  of 
sir  Bernard  lord  of  Astolat,  and  her  two 
brothers  were  sir  Tirre  (not  sir  Torre,  as 
Tennyson  writes  the  word)  and  Lavaine 
(pt.  iii.  122).  The  whole  tale,  and  tho 
beautiful  picture  of  Elaine  propelled  by 
the  old  dumb  servitor  down  the  river  to 
the  king's  palace,  is  all  borrowed  from 
sir  T.  Malory's  compilation.  "  The  fair 
maid  of  Astolat "  asked  sir  Launcelot  to 
marry  her,  but  the  knight  replied,  "  Fair 
damsel,  I  thank  you,  but  certainly  cast 
me  never  to  be  married  ;  "  and  when  the 
maid  asked  if  she  might  be  ever  with 
him  without  being  wed,  he  made  answer, 
"  Mercy  defend  me,  no  !  "  "  Then," 
said  Elaine,  "  I  needs  must  die  for  love  of 
you ; "  and  when  sir  Launcelot  quitted 
Astolat,  she  drooped  and  died.  But  before 
she  died  she  called  her  brother,  sir  Tirre 
(not  sir  Lavaine,  as  Tennyson  says,  be- 
cause sir  Lavaine  went  with  sir  Launcelot 
as  his  'squire),  and  dictated  the  letter 
that  her  brother  was  to  write,  and  spake 
thus  : 

"  While  my  body  is  whole,  let  this  letter  be  put  Into  my 
right  hand,  and  my  hand  bound  fast  with  the  letter  until 
that  I  be  cold,  and  let  me  be  put  in  a  fair  bed,  with  all 
my  richest  clothes  .  .  .  and  be  laid  in  &  chariot  to  the 
next  place,  whereas  the  Thames  is,  and  there  let  me  be 
put  in  a  barge,  and  but  one  man  with  me  ...  to  steer 
me  thither,  and  that  my  barge  be  covered  with  black 
samite."  ...  So  her  father  granted  .  .  .  that  all  this 
should  be  done,  .  .  .  and  she  died.  And  so,  when  she 
was  dead,  the  corpse  and  the  bed  .  .  .  were  put  in  a 
barge,  .  .  and  the  man  steered  the  barge  to  Westmin- 
ster.—Pt.  iiL  123. 

The  narrative  then  goes  on  to  say  that 
king  Arthur  had  the  letter  read",  and 
commanded  the  corpse  to  be  buried  right 
roj-aliy,  and  all  the  knights  then  present 
made  offerings  over  her  grave.  Not  only 
the  tale,  but  much  of  the  verbiage  has 
been  appropriated  by  the  laureate. — Sir 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
(1470). 


LAUNCELOT. 


639 


LAURA. 


Zaiincelot  and  Guenever.  Sir  Launce- 
lot  was  chosen  by  king  Arthur  to  conduct 
Guenever  (his  bride)  to  court ;  and  then 
began  that  disloyalty  between  them 
which  lasted  to  the  end.  Gottfried,  the 
German  minnesinger  (twelfth  century), 
who  wrote  the  tale  of  sir  Tristan  [our 
Tristram],  makes  king  Mark  send  Iris- 
tau  to  Ireland,  to  conduct  Yseult  to 
Cornwall,  and  then  commenced  that  dis- 
loyalty between  sir  Tristram  and  his 
uncle's  wife,  which  also  lasted  to  the  end, 
and  was  the  death  of  both. 

Launcelot  Mad.  Sir  Launcelot,  having 
offended  the  queen,  was  so  vexed,  that  he 
went  mad  for  two  years,  half  raving  and 
half  melancholy.  Being  partly  cured  by 
a  vision  of  the  holy  graal,  he  settled 
for  a  time  in  Joyous  Isle,  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Le  Chevalier  Mal-Fet. 
His  deeds  of  prowess  soon  got  blazed 
abroad,  and  brought  about  him  certain 
knights  of  the  Round  Table,  who  pre- 
vailed on  him  to  return  to  court.  Then 
followed  the  famous  quest  of  the  holy 
graal.  The  quest  of  the  graal  is  the 
subject  of  a  minnesong  by  Wolfram 
(thirteenth  century),  entitled  Farzival. 
(In  the  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  com- 
piled by  sir  T.  Malory,  it  is  Galahad  son 
of  sir  Launcelot,  not  Percival,  who  ac- 
complished the  quest.) 

*^*  The  madness  of  Orlando,  by 
Ariosto,  resembles  that  of  sir  Launcelot. 

Launcelot  a  Monk.  When  sir  Launcelot 
discovered  that  Guenever  was  resolved  to 
remain  a  nun,  he  himself  retired  to  a 
monastery,  and  was  consecrated  a  hermit 
by  the  bishop  of  Canterbury.  After 
twelve  months,  he  was  miraculously 
summoned  to  Almesbury,  to  remove  to 
Glastonbury  the  queen,  who  was  at  the 
point  of  death.  Guenever  died  half  an 
hour  before  sir  Launcelot  arrived,  and 
he  himself  died  soon  afterwards  (pt.  iii. 
174).  The  bishop  in  attendance  on  the 
dying  knight  affirmed  that  "he  saw 
angels  heave  sir  Launcelot  up  to  heaven, 
and  the  gates  of  paradise  open  to  receive 
him  "  (pt.  iii.  175).  Sir  Bors,  his  nephew, 
discovered  the  dead  body  in  the  cell,  and 
had  it  buried  with  all  honours  at  Joyous 
Guard  (pt.  iii.  175). — Sir.  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  (1470),  and  also 
Walter  Mapes. 

When  sir  Bors  and  his  fellows  came  to  his  (sir  Launce- 
lot's)  bed,  they  found  him  stark  dead,  and  he  lay  as  he 
had  smiled,  and  the  sweetest  savour  about  him  that  ever 
they  sinelled.— feir  T,  Malory,  liUtory  of  Prince  Arthur, 
tti  175  (147&). 

N.B. — Sir  Launcelot  intended,  when 
he  quitted  the  court  of  Arthur  and  re- 


tired to  Benwick,  to  found  religious 
houses  every  ten  miles  between  Sand- 
wich and  C9.rli3le,  and  to  visit  every  one 
of  them  barefoot ;  but  king  Arthur  'made 
war  upon  him,  and  put  an  end  to  this 
intention. 

*^*  Other  particulars  of  sir  Launcelot. 
The  tale  of  sir  Launcelot  was  first  com- 

f>osed  in  monkish  Latin,  and  was  trans- 
ated  by  Walter  Mapes  (about  1180). 
Robert  de  Borron  wrote  a  French  version, 
and  sir  T.  Malory  took  his  History  of 
Prince  Arthur  from  the  French,  the  third 
part  being  chiefly  confined  to  the  adven- 
tures and  death  of  this  favourite  knight. 
There  is  a  metrical  romance  called  La 
Cliarretie,  begun  by  Chrestiens  de  Troyeg 
(twelfth  century),  and  finished  by  Geof- 
frey de  Ligny. 

Laun'celot,  the  man  of  Mons.  Thomas. 
(See  Lancelot. )—Beaumontand  Fletcher, 
Mons.  Thomas  (1619). 

Launfal  {Sir),  steward  of  king 
Arthur.  Detesting  queen  Gwennere,  he 
retired  to  Carlyoun,  and  fell  in  love  with 
a  lady  named  Tryamour.  She  gave  him 
an  unfailing  purse,  and  told  him  if  he 
ever  wished  to  see  her,  all  he  had  to  do 
was  to  retire  into  a  private  room,  and  she 
would  be  instantly  with  him.  Sir  Launfal 
now  returned  to  court,  and  excited  much 
attention  by  his  great  wealth.  Gwen- 
nere made  advances  to  him,  but  he  told 
her  she  was  not  worthy  to  kiss  the  feet 
of  the  lady  to  whom  he  was  devoted. 
At  this  repulse,  the  angry  queen  com- 
plained to  the  king,  and  declared  to  him 
that  she  had  been  most  grossly  insulted 
by  his  steward.  Arthur  bade  sir  Launfal 
produce  this  paragon  of  women.  On 
her  arrival,  sir  Launfal  was  allowed  to 
accompany  her  to  the  isle  of  Ole'ron ; 
and  no  one  ever  saw  him  afterwards. — 
Thomas  Chestre,  Sir  Launfal  (a  metrical 
romance,  time,  Henry  VI.). 

*#*  James  Russell  Lowell  has  a  poem 
entitled  The  Vision  of  Sir  Launfal. 

Laura,  niece  of  duke  Gondibert, 
loved  by  two  brothers,  Arnold  and  Hugo, 
the  latter  dwarfed  in  stature.  Laura 
herself  loved  Arnold ;  but  both  brothers 
were  slain  in  the  faction  fight  stirred  up 
by  prince  Oswald  against  duke  Gondi- 
bert, his  rival  in  the  love  of  Rhodalind 
only  child  of  Aribert  king  of  Lombardy. 
On  the  death  of  Arnold  and  Hugo,  Laura 
became  attached  to  Tybalt.  As  the  talo 
was  never  finished,  we  have  no  key  to 
the  poet's  intention  respecting  Laura  an4 


LAURA. 


540 


LAVINIA. 


Tvbalt.— Sir  Wm.  Davenant,    Gondibert 
(died  1668). 

Laura,  a  Venetian  •  lady,  who  married 
Beppo.  Beppo,  being  taken  captive, 
turned  Turk,  joined  a  band  of  pirates, 
and  grew  rich.  He  then  returned  to  his 
wife,  made  himself  known  to  her,  and 
"  had  his  claim  allowed."  Laura  is 
represented  ae  a  frivolous  mixture  of 
millinery  and  religion.  She  admires  her 
husband's  turban,  and  dreads  his  new 
religion.  "  Are  you  reallv,  truly  now  a 
Turk?"  she  says.  "Well,  that's  the 
prettiest  shawl !  Will  you  give  it  me  ? 
They  say  you  eat  no  pork.  Bless  me ! 
Did  I  ever?  No,  I  never  saw  a  man 
grown  so  yellow  !  How's  your  liver  ?  " 
and  so  she  rattles  on. — Byron,  Beppo 
(1820). 

We  never  read  of  Laura  without  being  reminded  of 
Addison's  Dissection  of  a  Coquette'$  Heart,  in  the  endless 
intricacies  of  which  nothing  could  be  distinctly  made  out 
but  the  image  of  a  flame-coloured  hood.— Finden,  Byron 
Beautiet. 

Laura  and  Petrarch.  Some  say 
Za  belle  Laure  was  only  an  hypothetical 
name  used  by  the  poet  to  hang  the  inci- 
dents of  his  life  and  love  on.  If  a  real 
person,  it  was  Laura  de  Nuves,  the  wife 
of  Hugues  de  Sade  of  Avignon,  and  she 
died  of  the  plague  in  1348. 

Think  you,  if  Laura  had  been  Petrarch's  wife, 
He  would  have  written  sonnets  all  his  life  T 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  8  (1820). 

Laurana,  the  lady-love  of  prince 
Parismus  of  Bohemia. — Emanuel  Foord, 
The  History  of  Parismus  (1598). 

Laureate  of  the  Gentle  Craft, 

Hans  Sachs,  the  cobbler-poet  of  Nurem- 
berg.   (See  Twelve  Wise  Masters.) 

Laurence  {Friar),  the  good  friar 
who  promises  to  marry  Romeo  and 
Juliet.  He  supplies  Juliet  with  the 
Bleeping  draught,  to  enable  her  to  quit 
her  home  without  arousing  scandal  or 
suspicion.  (See  Lawrence.) — Shake- 
speare, Romeo  and  Juliet  (1597). 

Layirringtons  {The),  a  novel  by 
Mrs.  Trollope,  a  satire  on  "  superior 
people,"  the  bustling  Bothebys  of  so- 
ciety (1843). 

Lauzun  {The  duke  de),  a  courtier  in 
the  court  of  Louis  XIV.  Licentious, 
light-hearted,  unprincipled,  and  extrava- 
gant. In  order  to  make  a  market,  he 
supplanted  La  Vallibre  by  Mde.  de 
Montespan  in  the  king's  favour.  Montes- 
pan  thought  he  loved  her ;  but  when  he 
proposed  to  La  Valliere  the  discarded 
favonrite,  Moatespan  kicked  him  over. 


The  duke,  in  revenge,  persuaded  the 
king  to  banish  the  lady,  and  when  La 
Vallibre  took  the  veil,  the  king  sent  Mde. 
de  Montespan  this  cutting  epistle : 

We  do  not  blame  you ;  blame  belongs  to  love. 
And  love  had  nought  with  you. 
The  dulie  de  Lauzun,  of  tliese  lines  the  bearer. 
Confirms  their  purport.    From  our  royal  court 
We  do  excuse  your  presence. 

Lord  E.  L.  B.  Lytton,  The  Ducheu  de  la 
ralliire,  v.  5  (1836). 

Lavaine  {Sir),  brother  of  Elaine,  and 
son  of  the  lord  of  As'tolat.  Young,  brave, 
and  knightly.  He  accompanied  sir 
Lancelot  when  he  went  to  tilt  for  the 
ninth  diamond. — Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the 
King  ("Elaine"). 

Lavalette  (3  syL),  condemned  to 
death  for  sending  to  Napoleon  secret 
intelligence  of  Government  despatches. 
He  was  set  at  liberty  by  his  wife,  who 
took  his  place  in  prison,  but  became  a 
confirmed  lunatic. 

Lord  Nithsdale  escaped  in  a  similar 
manner  from  the  Tower  of  London.  His 
wife  disguised  him  as  her  maid,  and  he 
passed  the  sentries  without  being  de- 
tected. 

La  Valliere  {Louise  duchess  de), 
betrothed  to  the  marquis  de  BragelonS 
(4  syL),  but  in  love  with  Louis  XIV., 
whose  mistress  she  became.  Conscience 
accused  her,  and  she  fled  to  a  convent ; 
but  the  king  took  her  out,  and  brought 
her  to  Versailles.  He  soon  forsook  her 
for  Mde.  de  Montespan,  and  advised 
her  to  marry.  This  message  almost 
broke  her  heart,  and  she  said,  "  I  will 
choose  a  bridegroom  without  delay." 
Accordingly  she  took  the  veil  of  a  Car- 
melite nun,  and  discovered  that  Brage- 
lone  was  a  monk.  Mde.  de  Montespan 
was  banished  from  the  court  by  the 
capricious  monarch.  —  Lord  E.  L.  B. 
Lytton,  The  Duchess  de  la  Valliere  (1836). 

Lavender's  Blue- 

"Lavender's  blue,  little  finger,  rosemary's  green. 
Wlien  I  am  king,  little  finger,  you  shall  be  queen." 
*'  Who  told  you  so,  thumby?   Thumby,  who  told  you  so?" 
"  'Twas  my  own  heart,  little  finger,  that  told  me  so.' 

"  When  you  are  dead,  little  finger,  as  it  m.iy  hap, 
You  shall  be  buried,  little  finger,  under  the  tap." 
"For  why?  for  why,  thumby?    Thumby,  for  why?" 
"  That  you  may  drink,  little  finger,  when  you  are  dry." 
An  Old  Purser]/  DiUjfi 

Lavin'ia,  daughter  of  Latlnus,  be- 
trothed to  Tumus  king  of  the  Rutuli.  When 
.^ne'as  landed  in  Italy,  Latinus  made  an 
alliance  with  him,  and  promised  to  give 
him  Lavinia  to  wife.  This  brought  on  a 
war  between  Turuus  and  -^neas,  that  waa 
decided  by  single  combat,  in  which  .^neas 
was  the  victor. — Virgil,  jEneid, 


I 


LAVINIA. 


541 


LAW'S  TALE. 


Lavir'ia,  daughter  of  Titus  Andron'- 
icus  a  Roman  general  employed  against 
the  Goths.  She  was  betrothed  to  Bassia'- 
nus,  brother  of  Saturnius  emperor  of 
Rome.  Being  defiled  by  the  sons  of 
Tam'ora  queen  of  the  Goths,  her  hands 
were  cut  off  and  her  tongue  plucked  out. 
At  length  her  father  Titus  killed  her, 
saying,  "I  am  as  woeful  as  Virginius  was, 
and  have  a  thousand  times  more  cause 
than  he  to  do  this  outrage." — (?)  Shake- 
speare, Titus  Andron'icus  (1593). 

In  the  play,  Andronicus  is  always 
called  An.dron'.i.kiis,  but  in  classic 
authors  it  is  An.dro.ni'.kus. 

Lavin'ia,  sister  of  lord  Al'tamont,  and 
wife  of  Horatio. — N.  Rowe,  The  Fair 
Penitent  (1703). 

Lavinia  and  Pale'inon.  Lavinia 
was  the  daughter  of  Acasto  patron  of 
Palemon,  from  whom  his  "liberal  fortune 
took  its  rise."  Acasto  lost  his  property, 
and  dyin^,  left  a  widow  and  daughter  in 
very  indigent  circumstances.  Palemon 
often  sought  them  out,  but  could  never 
find  them.  One  day,  a  lovely  modest 
maiden  came  to  glean  in  Palemon's 
fields.  The  young  squire  was  greatly 
struck  with  her  exceeding  beauty  and 
modesty,  but  did  not  dare  ally  himself 
with  a  pauper.  Upon  inquiry,  he  found 
that  the  beautiful  gleaner  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Acasto ;  he  proposed  marriage,  and 
Lavinia  "blushed  assent." — Thomson, 
Seasons  ("Autumn,"  1730). 

*^*  The  resemblance  between  this  tale 
and  the  Bible  story  of  Ruth  and  Boaz 
must  be  obvious  to  every  one. 

Lavinian  Shore  {The),  Italy.  La- 
vinium  was  a  town  of  Latium,  founded 
by  iEne'as  in  honour  of  his  wife  Lavinia. 

From  the  rich  Lavinian  shore, 
I  your  market  come  to  store. 

Shakespeare. 

Law  of  Athens  {The).  By  Athe- 
nian law,  a  father  could  dispose  of  his 
daughter  in  marriage  as  he  liked.  Egeus 
pleaded  this  law,  and  demanded  that  his 
daughter  Hermia  should  marry  Demetrius 
or  suffer  the  penalty  of  the  law ;  if  she 
will  not 

Consent  to  marry  with  Demetrius, 
I  beg  the  ancient  privilege  of  Athens  ; 
As  she  is  mine,  I  may  dispose  of  her : 
Which  shall  be  either  to  tliis  gentleman, 
Or  to  her  death  ;  according  to  our  law. 

Shakespeare,  Afldgummer  Night's  Dream, 
act  i.  so.  1  (1592). 

Law  of  Flanders  {The).  Charles 
*'  the  Good,"  earl  of  Flanders  made  a  law 
that  a  serf,  unless  legally  emancipated,  was 


always  a  serf,  and  that  whoever  married 
a  serf  became  a  serf.  S.  Knowles  has 
founded  his  tragedy  called  The' Provost  of 
Bruges  on  this  law  (1836). 

Law  of  Lombardy  {Tlie). 

We  have  a  law  peculiar  to  tliis  realm. 

That  subjects  to  a  mortal  penalty 

All  women  nobly  born  .  .  .  wl»o,  to  the  shanM 

Of  chastity,  o'erleap  its  tliorny  iiuunds, 

To  wanton  in  the  flowery  path  of  pleasure. 

Act  11.  2. 

On  this  law  Robert  Jephson  has  founded 
the  following  tragedy :  The  duke  Bire'no, 
heir  to  the  crown,  falsely  charges  the 
princess  Sophia  of  incontinence.  The 
villainy  of  the  duke  being  discovered,  he 
is  slain  in  combat  by  a  Briton  named 
Paladore,  and  the  victor  marries  the 
princess  (1779). 

Law's  Bubble,  the  famous  Missis- 
sippi scheme,  devised  by  John  Law 
(1716-1720). 

Law's  Tale  {The  Man  of),  the  tale 
about  Custance,  daughter  of  the  emperor 
of  Rome,  affianced  to  the  sultan  of  Syria. 
On  the  wedding  night  the  sultan's  mother 
murdered  all  the  bridal  party  for  apos- 
tacy,  except  Custance,  whom  she  turned 
adrift  in  a  ship.  The  ship  stranded  on 
the  shores  of  Britain,  where  Custance  was 
rescued  by  the  lord-constable  of  North- 
umberland, whose  wife,  Hermegild,  be- 
came much  attached  to  her.  A  young 
knight  wished  to  marry  Custance,  but 
she  declined  his  suit ;  whereupon  he 
murdered  Hermegild,  and  then  laid  the 
knife  beside  Custance,  to  make  it  appear 
that  she  had  committed  the  deed.  King 
Alia,  who  tried  the  case,  soon  discovered 
the  truth,  executed  the  knight,  and 
married  Custance.  Now  was  repeated 
the  same  infamy  as  occurred  to  her  in 
Syria :  the  queen-mother  Donegild  dis- 
approved of  the  match,  and,  during  the 
absence  of  her  son  in  Scotland,  embarked 
Custance  and  her  infant  son  in  the  same 
ship,  which  she  turned  adrift.  After 
floating  about  for  five  years,  it  was  taken 
in  tow  by  the  Roman  fleet  on  its  return 
from  Syria,  and  Custance  was  put  under 
the  charge  of  a  Roman  senator.  It  so 
happened  that  Alia  was  at  Rome  at  the 
very  time  on  a  pilgrimage,  met  his  wife, 
and  they  returned  to  Northumberland 
together. 

This  story  is  found  in  Gower,  who 
probably  took  it  from  the  French  chro- 
nicle of  Nicholas  Trivet. 

A  similar  story  forms  the  outline  of 
Enwire  (3  syl.),  a  romance  in  Ritson's 
collection. 


LAWFORD. 


542 


LEA. 


The  knight  murdering  Hermegild,  etc., 
resembles  an  incident  in  the  French  Ro- 
man de  la  Violette,  the  English  metrical 
romance  of  Le  Bone  Florence  of  Borne  (in 
Ritson),  and  also  a  tale  in  the  Gesta 
Jiomanorum,  69. 

Lawibrd  (Mr.),  the  town  clerk  of 
Middlemas. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

La^wrence  (Friar),  a  Franciscan  who 
undertakes  to  marry  Romeo  and  Juliet. 
(See  Laurence.) 

Lawrence  (Tom),  alias  "  Tyburn  Tom  " 
or  Tuck,  a  highwayman.  (See  Lau- 
REXCE.)— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

La  Writ,  a  little  wrangling  French 
advocate. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Little  French  Lawyer  (1647). 

Lawson  (Sandie),  landlord  of  the 
Spa  hotel. — Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Eonan's 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

La^wyers*  Bags.  In  the  Common 
Law  bar,  barristers'  bags  are  either  red  or 
dark  blue.  "Red  bags"  are  reserved  for 
queen's  counsel  and  Serjeants,  but  a  stuff- 
gownsman  may  carry  one  "if  presented 
with  it  by  a  '  silk.'  "  Only  red  bags  may 
be  taken  into  Common  Law  courts,  blue 
ones  must  be  carried  no  further  than  the 
robing-room.  In  Chancery  courts  the 
etiquette  is  not  so  strict. 

Lay  of  the  Last  MinstreL 
Ladye  Margaret  [Scott]  of  Branksome 
Hall,  the  "flower  of  Teviot,"  was  beloved 
by  baron  Henry  of  Cranstown,  but  a 
deadly  feud  existed  between  the  two 
families.  One  day,  an  elfin  page  allured 
ladye  Margaret's  brother  (the  heir  of 
Branksome  Hall)  into  a  wood,  where  he 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Southerners. 
At  the  same  time  an  army  of  3000 
English  marched  to  Branksome  Hall  to 
take  it,  but  hearing  that  Douglas,  with 
10,000  men,  was  on  the  march  against 
them,  the  two  chiefs  agreed  to  decide  the 
contest  by  single  combat.  The  English 
champion  was  sir  Richard  Musgrave,  the 
Scotch  champion  called  himself  sir 
William  Deloraine.  Victory  fell  to  the 
Scotch,  when  it  was  discovered  that  "sir 
William  Deloraine'  was  in  reality  lord 
Cranstown,  who  then  claimed  and  re- 
ceived the  hand  of  ladye  Margaret  as  his 
reward.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Lay  of  tlie  Last 
Minstrel  (1806). 

Layers-over      for     Meddlers, 


nothing  that  concerns  you.  Said  to 
children  when  they  want  to  know  some- 
thing which  the  person  asked  does  not 
think  proper  to  explain  to  them.  A 
layer-over  means  "a  whip,"  and  a  layer- 
over  for  meddlers  means  a  "rod  for  the 
meddlesome." 

Lazarillo,  a  humoursome  varlet,  who 
serves  two  masters,  "  don  Felix "  and 
Octavio.  Lazarillo  makes  the  usual 
quota  of  mistakes,  such  as  giving  letters 
and  money  to  the  wrong  raarfter ;  but  it 
turns  out  that  don  Felix  is  donna  Clara, 
ihQ  fiancee  of  Octavio,  and  bo  all  comes 
right. — Jephson,  Two  Strinqs  to  your  Bow 
(1792). 

Joseph  Munden  [1758-1832]  was  the  original  "  Lazarillo  •* 
—Memoir  of  J.  S.  Munden  (1832). 

Lazarillo  de  Tormes,  the  hero  of  a 
romance  of  roguery  by  don  Diego  de 
Mendo'za  (1553).  Lazarillo  is  a  compound 
of  poverty  and  pride,  full  of  stratagems 
and  devices.  The  "  hidalgo  "  walks  the 
streets  (as  he  says)  "  like  the  duke  of 
Arcos,"  but  is  occupied  at  home  "to  pro- 
cure a  crust  of  dry  bread,  and,  having 
munched  it,  he  is  equally  puzzled  how  to 
appear  in  public  with  due  decorum.  He 
fits  out  a  ruffle  so  as  to  suggest  the  idea 
of  a  shirt,  and  so  adjusts  a  cloak  as  to 
look  as  if  there  were  clothes  under  it." 
We  find  him  begging  bread,  "  not  for 
food,"  but  simply  for  experiments.  He 
eats  it  to  see  "if  it  is  digestible  and 
wholesome  ; "  yet  is  he  gay  withal  and 
always  rakish. 

Lazarus  and  Dives.  Lazarus  was 
a  blotched  beggar,  who  implored  the  aid  of 
Dives.  At  death,  Lazarus  went  to  heaven, 
and  Dives  to  hell,  where  he  implored  that  j 
the  beggar  might  be  suffered  to  bring] 
him  a  drop  of  water  to  cool  his  lips  withal  J 
—Luke  xvi.  19-31. 

*j*  Lazarus  is  the  only  proper  name! 
given  in  any  of  the  New  Testament] 
parables. 

Lazy  Lawrence  of  Lubber-j 
Land,  the  hero  of  a  popular  tale.  HoJ 
ser\'ed  the  schoolmaster,  the  squire's  cook, 
the  farmer,  and  his  own  wife,  all  whicl 
was  accounted  treason  in  Lubber-land. 

Lea,  one  of  the  "  daughters  of  men," 
beloved  by  one  of  the  "sons  of  God." 
The  angel  who  loved  her  ranked  with  the 
least  of  the  spirits  of  light,  whose  post 
around  the  throne  was  in  the  outermost 
circle.  Sent  to  earth  on  a  message,  he 
saw  Lea  bathing,  and  fell  in  love  with 
her  ;   but  Lea  was  so  heavenly  minded 


LEAD  APES  IN  HELL. 


that  her  only  wish  was  to  "dwell  in 
furity  and- serve  God  in  singleness  of 
be.irt."  Her  angel  lover,  in  the  madness 
of  his  passion,  told  Loa  the  spell-word 
that  gave  him  admittance  into  heaven. 
The  moment  Lea  uttered  it,  her  body 
became  spiritual,  rose  through  the  air, 
and  vanished  from  sight.  On  the  other 
hand,  the  angel  lost  his  ethereal  nature, 
find  became  altogether  earthly,  like  a 
child  of  clay.— T.  Moore,  Zow^s  of  the 
Angels,  i.  (1822).  "^ 

Lead  Apes  in  Hell,  i.e.  die  an  old 
maid. 

And  now  Tatlanthe.  thou  art  all  my  care  .  .  . 
Pity  that  you.  whoVe  served  so  long  and  weU, 
bhould  die  a  virgin,  and  lead  apes  in  hell. 
Choose  for  yourself,  dear  girl,  our  empire  round  ; 
Your  portion  is  twelve  hundred  thousand  pound. 

Carey,  Chrononhotouthologos. 

League  {Tlie),  a  league  formed  at 
Pdronne  in  1676,  to  prevent  the  accession 
of  Henri  IV.  to  the  throne  of  France, 
because  he  was  of  the  reformed  religion. 
This  league  was  mainly  due  to  the  Guises. 
It  is  occasionally  called  "The  Holy 
League;"  but  the  "Holy  League" 
strictly  so  called  is  quite  another  thing, 
and  it  is  better  not  to  confound  different 
events  by  giving  them  the  same  name. 
(See  League,  Holy.) 

League  {The  Achcean),  b.c.  281-146. 
The  old  league  consisted  of  the  twelve 
Achaean  cities  confederated  for  self- 
defence  from  the  remotest  times.  The 
league  properly  so  called  was  formed 
against  the  Macedonians. 

League  {The  Italian),  formed  some 
three  centuries  B.C.,  when  it  became  a 
formidable  rival  to  the  Macedonian  mon- 
archs  and  the  Achaean  League. 

League  {The  Grey),  1424,  called  Lia 
Gnscha  or  Graubiind,  from  the  grey 
homespun  dress  of  the  confederate 
peasants,  the  Grisons,  in  Switzerland. 
This  league  combined  with  the  League 
Caddee  (1401)  and  the  League  of  the  Ten 
Jurisdictions  (1436),  in  a  perpetual 
alliance  in  1471.  The  object  of  these 
leagues  was  to  resist  domestic  tyranny. 

League  {The Ilanse  ox Hanseatic),  1241- 
1630,  a  great  commercial  confederation  of 
German  towns,  to  protect  their  merchan- 
dise against  the  Baltic  pirates,  and  defend 
their  rights  against  the  German  barons 
and  princes.  It  began  with  Hamburg 
and  Lubeck,  and  was  joined  by  Bremen, 
J^ruges,  Bergon,  Novogorod,  London, 
t-ologne,  Brunswick,  Danzig;  and,  after- 
wards  by   Dunkerque,   Anrers,  Ostend 


543        LEAGUE  OF  PUBLIC  WEAL. 


Dordrecht,  Rotterdam,  Amsterdam,  etc. ; 
still  later  by  Calais,  Rouen,  St.  Male, 
Bordeaux,  Bayonne,  Marseilles,  Barce- 
lona, Seville,  Cadiz,  and  Lisbon ;  and 
lastly  by  Messina,  Naples,  etc. :  in  all 
eignty  cities. 

League  {The  Holy).  Several  leagues 
are  so  denominated,  but  that  emphatically 
BO  called  is  the  league  of  1611  against 
Louis  XII.,  formed  by  pope  Julius  II., 
lerdinand  "the  Catholic,"  Henry  VIII.!' 
the  Venetians,  and  the  Swiss.  Gaston  de 
P  oix  obtained  a  victorv  over  the  league 
at  Ravenna  in  1512,  but  died  in  the  midst 
of  his  triumph. 

League  {The  Solemn),  1638,  formed  in 
Scotland  against  the  episcopal  govern- 
ment of  the  Church.        -^       ^     6 

League  Caddee  {The)  or  Ligue  dg 
laMaison  de  Dieu  (1401),  a  confederation 
of  the  Grisons  for  the  purpose  of  resisting 
domestic  tyranny.    (See  League,  Gkey.) 

League  of  Augsburg  (1686),  a 
confederation  of  the  house  of  Austria 
with  Sweden,  Saxony,  Bavaria,  the 
circles  of  Swabia  and  Franconia,  etc., 
against  Louis  XIV.  This  league  was 
the  beginning  of  that  war  which  termi- 
nated in  the  peace  of  Ryswick  (1698). 

League  ofCambray  (1508),  formed 
by  the  emperor  Maximilian  I.,  Louis  XII. 
of  France,  Ferdinand  "  the  Catholic  "  and 
pope  Julius  II.,  against  the  republic  of 
Venice. 

League  of  Ratisbonne  (1524),  by 
the  catholic  powers  of  Germany  against 
the  progress  of  the  Reformation. 

League  of  Smalkalde  (December 
31,  1530),  the  protestant  states  of  Ger- 
many leagued  against  Charles  Quint.  It 
was  almost  broken  up  by  the  victory 
obtained  over  it  at  Muhlberg  in  1547. 

League  of  Wurtzburg  (1610), 
formed  by  the  catholic  states  of  Germany 
against  the  "  Protestant  Union"  of  Hail. 
Maximilian  I.  of  Bavaria  was  at  its  head. 

League  of  the  Beggars  (1560),  a 
combination  formed  against  the  Inquisi- 
tion in  Flanders. 

League  of  the  Cities  of  Lom- 
bardy  (1167),  under  the  patronage  of 
pope  Alexander  III.,  against  Frederick 
Barbarossa  emperor  of  Germany.  In 
1225,  the  cities  combined  against  Fre- 
derick II.  of  Germany. 

League   of  the   Public  "Weal 


LEANDER. 


544 


LEAR. 


(Ligue  du  Bien  Public),  1464,  a  league 
between  the  dukes  of  Burgundy,  Brit- 
tany, Bourbon,  and  other  princes,  against 
Louis  XI.  of  France. 

Lean'der  (3  syL),  a  young  man  of 
Aby'dos,  who  swam  nightly  across  the 
Hellespont  to  visit  his  lady-love.  Hero 
a  priestess  of  Sestos.  One  night  he  was 
drowned  in  his  attempt,  and  Hero  leaped 
into  the  Hellespont  and  died  also. 

The  story  is  told  bj'  Musaeus  in  his 
poem  called  Hero  and  Leander.  Schiller 
has  made  it  the  subject  of  a  ballad. 

*0*  Lord  Byron  and  lieutenant  Eken- 
head  repeated  the  feat  of  Leander,  and 
accomplished  it  in  1  hr.  10  min. ;  the 
distance  (allowing  for  drifting)  would  be 
about  four  miles. 

A  young  native  of  St.  Croix,  in  1817, 
swam  across  the  Sound  in  2  hr.  40  min., 
the  distance  being  six  miles. 

Captain  Webb,  August  24,  1875,  swam 
from  Dover  to  Calais  in  22  hr.  40  min., 
the  distance  being  thirty  miles,  including 
drifting. 

Lean'der,  a  young  Spanish  scholar, 
smitten  with  Leonora,  a  maiden  under 
the  charge  of  don  Diego,  and  whom  the 
don  wished  to  make  his  wife.  The 
young  scholar  disguised  himself  as  a 
minstrel  to  amuse  Mungo  the  slave,  and 
with  a  little  flattery  and  a  few  gold  pieces 
lulled  the  vigilance  of  Ursula  the  duenna, 
and  gained  admittance  to  the  lady.  As 
the  lovers  were  about  to  elope,  don  Diego 
unexpectedly  returned  ;  but  being  a  man 
of  GO,  and,  what  is  more,  a  man  of 
sense,  he  at  once  perceived  that  Leander 
was  a  more  suitable  husband  for  Leonora 
than  himself,  and  accordingly  sanctioned 
their  iinion  and  gave  the  bride  a  hand- 
Bome  dowry.— L  Bickerstaff,  The  Pad- 
lock. 

Leatidra,  daughter  of  an  opulent 
Spanish  farmer,  who  eloped  with  Vincent 
de  la  Rosa,  a  heartless  adventurer,  who 
robbed  her  of  all  her  money,  jewels,  and 
ot'ie»";'aluables,  and  then  left  her  to  make 
he'  >fty  home  as  best  she  could.  Leandra 
was  placed  in  a  convent  till  the  scandal 
had  blown  over. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote, 
I.  iv.  20  ("The  Goat-herd's  Story,"  1605). 

Leandre  (2  syl),  son  of  Gdronte 
(2  syl.).  During  the  absence  of  his  father, 
he  fell  in  love  with  Zerbinette,  whom  he 
supposed  to  be  a  young  gipsy,  but  who 
was  in  reality  the  daughter  of  Argante 
(2  syL)  his  father's  friend.  Some  gipsies 
had  utolen  the   child    when   only  four 


years  old,  and  required  £1500  for  \!<s 
ransom — a  sum  of  money  which  Scapin 
contrived  to  obtam  from  Le'andre's  father 
under  false  pretences.  "When  Ge'ronte 
discovered  that  his  son's  bride  was  the 
daughter  of  his  friend  Argante,  he  was 
quite  willing  to  excuse  Scapin  for  the 
deceit  practised  on  him. — Molifere,  Lea 
Fourberics  de  Scapin  (1671). 

(In  Otway's  version  of  this  comedy, 
called  The  Cheats  of  Scapin,  Le'andre  is 
Anglicized  into  "Leander;"  Goronte  is 
called  "  Gripe  ;  "  Zerbinette  is  "  Lucia ;  " 
Argante  is  "  Thrifty ; "  and  the  sum  of 
money  is  £200.) 

Ldandre,  the  lover  of  Lucinde  daugh- 
ter of  Ge'ronte  (2  syl.).  Being  forbidden 
the  house,  Lucinde  pretended  to  be  dumb, 
and  Le'andre,  being  introduced  in  the  guise 
of  an  apothecary,  effects  a  cure  by  "  pills 
matrimoniac."  —  Molifere,  Le  M€decin 
Malgr^ Lui  (IGGQ). 

Lean'dro,  a  gentleman  who  wantonly 
loves  Amaranta  (the  wife  of  Bar'tolus 
a  covetous  lawyer). — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Spanish  Curate  (1622). 

Lean'dro  the  Fair  (The  Exploits 
and  Adventures  of),  part  of  the  series 
called  Le  Roman  des  Romans,  pertaining 
to  "Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Pedro  de  Lujan. 

Lear,  mythical  king  of  Britain,  son 
of  Bladud.  He  had  three  daughters,  and 
when  four  score  years  old,  wishing  to  re- 
tire from  the  active  duties  of  sovereignty, 
resolved  to  divide  his  kingdom  between 
them  in  proportion  to  their  love.  The 
two  elder  said  they  loved  him  more  than^ 
their  tongue  could  express,  but  Cordeli 
the  youngest  said  she  loved  him  as  '\\ 
became  a  daughter  to  love  her  father,' 
The  old  king,  displeased  with  her  answer,| 
disinherited  Cordelia,  and  divided  his 
kingdom  between  the  other  two,  with  th« 
condition  that  each  alternately,  month  bj 
month,  should  give  him  a  home,  with 
suite  of  a  hundred  knights.  He  spent  th^ 
first  month  with  his  eldest  daughter,  whc 
showed  him  scant  hospitality.  Then  goir 
to  the  second,  she  refused  to  entertain 
large  a  suite;  whereupon  the  old  man 
would  not  enter  her  house,  but  spent  the 
night  abroad  in  a  storm.  When  Ccrdelia, 
who  had  married  the  king  of  France, 
heard  of  this,  she  brought  an  army  over  to 
dethrone  her  sisters,  but  was  taken  prisoner 
and  died  in  jail.  In  the  mean  time,  the 
elder  sister  (Goneril)  first  poisoned  her 
younger  sister  from  jealousy,  and  after- 


LEAR. 


645 


LEGEND. 


wards  put  an  end  to  her  own  life.  Lear 
also  died.  —  Shakespeare,  King  Lear 
(1605). 

fThe  best  performers  of  "king  Lear" 
were  David  Garrick  (1716-1779)  and  W. 
C.  Macready  (1793-1873).  The  stage  Lear 
is  a  corrupt  version  by  Nahum  Tate  (Tate 
and  Brady) ;  as  the  stage  Richard  II L 
is  Colley  Gibber's  travesty.) 

♦**  Percy,  in  his  Eeliques  of  Ancient 
English  Poetry,  has  a  ballad  about  "  King 
Leir  and  His  Three  Daughters  "  (series  I. 
ii.). 

The  story  is  given  by  Geoffrey  of  Mon- 
mouth, in  his  British  History.  Spenser 
has  introduced  the  tale  in  his  Faery 
Qxieen  (ii.  10). 

Camden  tells  a  similar  story  of  Ina 
the  king  of  the  West  Saxons  (Remains, 
806). 

Lear  (King),  Shakespeare's  drama, 
first  printed  in  quarto  (1608),  is  founded 
on  The  True  Chronicle  History  of  King 
Leir  and  His  Three  Laughters,  Gonorill, 
Ragan,  and  Cordelia  (1605). 

Learned  (27te),  Coloman  king  of 
Hungary  (*,  1095-1114). 

Learned  Blacksmith  {The),  Elihu 
Burritt,  the  linguist  (1811-1879). 

Learned  Painter  {Tlie),  Charles 
Lebrun,  noted  for  the  accuracy  of  his 
costumes  (1619-1690). 

Learned  Tailor  {The),  Henry 
Wild  of  Norwich,  who  mastered,  while 
he  worked  at  his  trade,  Greek,  Latin, 
Hebrew,  Chaldaic,  Syriac,  Persian,  and 
Arabic  (1684-1734). 

Learned  Theban  {A),  a  guesser  of 
riddles  or  dark  sayings  ;  in  allusion  to 
(Edipos  king  of  Thebes,  who  solved  the 
riddle  of  the  Sphinx. 

I'll  talk  a  word  with  this  same  learned  Theban. 
Shakespeare,  King  Lear,  act  iU.  sc.  4  (1605). 

Leather-stockings,  the  nickname 
of  Natty  Bumppo,  a  half-savage  and 
half-Christian  chevalier  of  American 
wild-life.  He  appears  in  five  of  J.  F. 
Cooper's  novels,  hence  called  the  Leath- 
er-stocking Tales. — See  Bximppo. 

Leather-stockings  stands  half-way  between  savage  and 
•ivilized  life.  He  has  the  freshness  of  nature  and  the 
first-fruits  of  Christiauity ;  tlie  seed  dropped  into  vigorous 
soiL  Tliese  are  the  elements  of  one  of  the  most  original 
characters  in  fiction.— Duyckinck. 

Le  Castre,  the  indulgent  father  of 
Mirabel  "the  wild  goose." — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Wild-goose  Chase 
(1652). 


L'Eclair  {Philippe),  orderly  of  cap- 
tain Florian.  L'Eclair  is  a  great  boaster, 
who  masks  his  brag  under  the  guise  of 
modesty.  He  paj-^s  his  court  to  Rosa- 
belle,  the  lady's-maid  of  lady  Geraldine. 
— W.  Dimond,  The  Foundliiig  of  the 
Forest. 

Led  Captain  {A),  an  obsequious 
person,  who  styles  himself  "Captain;" 
and,  out  of  cupboard  love,  dances  attend- 
ance on  the  master  and  mistress  of  a 
house. 

Mr.  Wagg,  the  celebrated  wit,  and  a  led  captain  and 
trencherman  of  my  lord  Steyne,  was  caused  by  the  ladies 
to  make  the  assault.— Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair,  Ii.  (1848). 

Lee  {Sir  Henry),  an  officer  in  attend- 
ance at  Greenwich  Palace. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Lee  {Sir  Henry),  an  old  royalist,  and 
head-ranger  of  Woodstock  Forest. 

Alice  Lee,  daughter  of  the  old  knight. 
She  marries  Markham  Evcrard. 

Colonel  Albert  Lee,  her  brother,  the 
friend  of  Charles  XL— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Woodstock  (time.  Commonwealth). 

Leek,  worn  on  St.  David's  Day.  The 
general  tale  is  that  king  Cadwallader,  in 
640,  gained  a  complete  victory  over  the 
Saxons  bj'  the  special  interposition  of 
St.  David,  who  ordered  the  Britons  to 
wear  leeks  in  their  caps,  that  they  might 
recognize  each  other.  The  Saxons,  for 
want  of  some  common  cognizance,  often 
mistook  friends  for  foes.  Drayton  gives 
another  version  :  He  says  the  saint  lived 
in  the  valley  Ewias  (2  syL),  situate  be- 
tween the  Hatterill  Hills,  in  Monmouth- 
shire. It  was  here  "  that  reverend  British 
saint  to  contemplation  lived," 

.  .  .  and  did  so  truly  fast. 
As  he  did  only  drink  what  crystal  Hodney  yields, 
And  fed  upon  the  leeks  he  gathered  in  the  fields. 
In  memory  of  whom,  in  each  revolving  year. 
The  Welshmen,  on  his  day  {March  1],  that  sacred  herb  do 

PolyolbUm.  U.  (1612). 

Lefevre  {Lieutenant),  a  poor  officer 
dying  from  want  and  sickness.  His 
pathetic  story  is  told  by  Sterne,  in  a  novel 
called  The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram 
Shandy  (1759). 

"  Mr.  Fulmer,  I  have  borrowed  a  book  from  your  shop. 
'Tis  the  sixth  volume  of  my  deceased  friend,  Tristram  .  .  . 
The  divine  story  of  Lefevre,  which  makes  part  of  this  book, 
.  .  .  does  honour,  not  to  its  author  only,  but  to  human 
nature."— Cumberland,  The  Wett  Indian,  IL  L 

Legend  {Sir  Sampson),  a  foolish, 
testy,  prejudiced,  and  obstinate  old  man, 
between  60  and  60.  His  favourite  oath 
is  "  Odd ! "  He  tries  to  disinherit  hia 
elder  son  Valentine,  for  his  favourite  son 
Ben,  a  sailor;  and  he  fancies  Angelica 
2  N 


LEGEND. 


546 


LELIE. 


is  in  love  with  him,  when  she  only  intends 
to  fool  him. 

He  says :  "  t  know  the  length  of  the  emperor  of  China's 
foot,  have  kissed  the  Great  Mogul's  slipper,  and  have  rid 
a-hunting  upon  an  elephant  with  the  cham  of  Tartary."— 
W.  Congreve,  Love  for  Love,  ii.  (1695). 

"Sir  Sampson  Legend"  is  such  another  lying,  over- 
bearing character,  but  he  does  not  come  up  to  "sir 
Kpicure  Mammon"  [Ben  Jonsou,  The  AlchemUi].—C. 
l.ainb. 

Legend  {TJie  Golden),  a  semi-dramatic 
poem  by  Longfellow,  taken  from  an  old 
(ierman  tale  bv  Hartmann  von  der  Aue 
[Our],  called  Poor  Henry  (1851).  Hart- 
mann was  one  of  the  minnesingers,  and 
lived  in  the  twelfth  century.  (See 
Uenry,  Poor.) 

Legend  of  Montrose,  a  novel  by 
sir  W.  Scott  (1819).  This  brief,  im- 
perfect story  contains  one  of  Scott's  best 
characters,  the  redoubted  Rittmaster, 
Dugald  Dalgett}--,  a  combination  of  sol- 
dado  and  pedantic  student  of  Mareschal 
College,  Aberdeen. 

Legends  (Golden),  a  collection  of 
monkish  legends,  in  Latin,  by  Jacob  de 
Voragine  or  Varagine,  born  at  Varaggio, 
in  Genoa.  He  wrote  Legenda  Sancta, 
which  was  so  popular  that  it  was  called 
"  Legenda  Aurea  "  (1230-1298). 

Legion  of  Honour,  an  order  of 
merit,  instituted  by  Napoleon  I.  when 
"first  consul,"  in  1802.  The  undress 
badges  are,  for : 

Chevaliers,  a  bow  of  red  ribbon  in  the 
button-hole  of  their  coat,  to  which  a 
medal  is  attached. 

Officers,  a  rosette  of  red  ribbon,  etc., 
with  medal. 

Commanders,  a  collar-ribbon. 

Grand-officers,  a  broad  ribbon  under 
the  waistcoat. 

Grand-cross,  a  broad  ribbon,  with  a 
star  on  the  breast,  and  a  jewel-cross 
pendent. 

***  Napoleon  III.  instituted  a  lower 
degree  than  Chevalier,  called  Me'daille 
Mihtaire,  distinguished  by  a  yelloio  rib- 
bon. 

Legree,  a  slave-dealer  and  hideous 
villain,  brutalized  by  slave-dealing  and 

^/rr^^^V^^-r^^^^-    Beecher    Stowe, 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin  (1853). 

Leicester  (The  earl  of),  in  the  court 
of  queen  Elizabeth. 

T/ie  countess  of  Leicester  (bom  Amy 
Robsart),  but  previously  betrothed  to 
Edmund  Tressihan.— Sir  W.  Scott. 
'.Cenihcorth  (time,  Elizabeth).     . 

Leigh  (Aurora),  the  heroine  and  title 


of  a  poem  by  Mrs.  Browning.  The 
design  of  this  poem  is  to  show  the  noble 
aim  of  true  art. 

Leila,  the  young  Turkish  child  rescued 
bjr  don  Juan  at  the  siege  of  Ismail  (canto 
viii.  93-102).  She  went  with  him  to  St. 
Petei-cburg,  and  then  he  brought  her  to 
England.  As  Don  Juan  was  never  com- 
pleted, the  future  history  of  Leila  has  no 
sequel. 

.  .  .  at  his  side 
Sat  little  Leila,  who  survived  the  parries 
He  made  'gainst  Cossack  sabres,  in  the  wide 
Slaughter  of  Ismail. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  x.  61  (1824). 

Lei' la  (2  syl.),  the  beautiful  slave  of 
the  caliph  Hassan.  She  falls  in  love 
with  "the  Giaour"  [djow'.erl,  flees  from 
the  seraglio,  is  overtaken,  and  cast  into 
the  sea. 

Her  eyes'  dark  charm  'twere  rain  to  tell ; 
But  gjize  on  that  of  the  gazelle — 
It  will  assist  thy  fancy  well. 

B>Ton,  The  Giaour  (1813). 

Leilah,  the  Oriental  type  of  female 
loveliness,  chastity,  and  impassioned 
affection.  Her  love  for  Mejnoun,  in  Mo- 
hammedan romance,  is  held  in  much  the 
same  light  as  that  of  the  bride  for  the 
bridegroom  in  Solomon's  song,  or  Cupid 
and  Psyche  among  the  Greeks. 

When  he  sang  the  loves  of  Megn6un  and  Leileh  [«ic] 
.  .  .  tears  insensibly  overflowed  the  cheeks  of  his  auditors. 
— W.  Beckford,  Vathek  (1786). 

Leipsic.  So-and-so  was  my  Leipsic,  my 
fall,  my  irrevocable  disaster,  my  ruin  ;  re- 
ferring to  the  battle  of  Leipsic  (October, 
1813),  in  which  Napoleon  I.  was  defeated 
and  compelled  to  retreat.  This  was  the 
"  beginning  of  his  end." 

Juan  was  my  Moscow  [turning-point^  and  Faliero  (3  «yl.) 
My  Leipsic. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xi.  56  (1824). 

L.  E.  L.,  initialism  of  Letitia  Elizj 
beth  Landon  (afterwards  Mrs.  Maclean)g 
poetess  (1802-1838). 

Lela  Marien,  the  Virgin  Mary. 

In  my  childhood,  my  father  kept  a  slave,  who.  In 
own    tongue  {Arabic],  instructed  me  in    the  Christ 
worship,  and  informed    me    of    many    things    of 
Marien.  —Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv.  10  (1605). 

Lelia,    a    cunning,   wanton    widow, 
with  whom  Julio  is  in  love. — Beaumoi 
and  Fletcher,  The  Captain  (1613). 

Lelie  (2  syl.),  a  young  man  engaged 
to  Celie  daughter  of  Gorgibus  ;  but 
Gorgibus  insists  that  his  daughter  shall 
give  up  Le'lie  for  Valere,  a  much  richer 
man.  Celie  faints  on  hearing  this,  and 
drops  the  miniature  of  Lelie,  whiph  is 
picked  up  by  Sgangrelle's  wife.  Sgana- 
relle  finds  it,  and,  supposing  it  to  be 


1 


LELIE. 


647 


LEON. 


lover  of  his  wife,  takes  possession  of  it, 
and  recognizes  Le'Iie  as  the  living  ori- 
ginal. Le'lie  asks  how  he  came  by  it, 
is  told  he  took  it  from  his  wife,  and  con- 
cludes that  he  means  Ce'lie.  lie  accuses 
her  of  infidelity  in  the  presence  of  Sgana- 
relle,  and  the  whole  mystery  is  cleared 
up.— Molifere,  Sganarelle  (1660). 

Le'lie,  an  inconsequential,  light-headed, 
but  gentlemanly  coxcomb.  —  Moliere, 
L'Etourdi  (1663). 

Le'man  (Lake),  the  lake  of  Geneva ; 
called  in  Latin  Lemannus. 


Lake  Leman  woos  me  with  its  crystal  face. 
The  mirror  where  the  stars  and  mountains  view 
The  stillness  of  their  aspect  in  each  trace 
Ite  clear  depth  yields  of  their  far  height  and  hue. 
Byron,  Childo  Harold,  Ul.  68  (1816). 


SK'  paralleled  cruelty  and  barbarity.  This 
Greek  phrase  owes  its  origin  to  the 
legend  that  the  Lemnian  women  rose 
one  night,  and  put  to  death  every  man 
and  male  child  in  the  island. 

On  another  occasion  they  slew  all  the 
men  and  all  the  children  born  of  Athenian 
parents. 

Lenore,  a  name  which  Edgar  Poe 
has  introduced  in  two  of  his  poems  ;  one 
called  The  Haven,  and  the  other  called 
Lenore  (1811-1849). 

Lenore,  the  heroine  of  Biirger's  ballad 
of  that  name,  in  which  a  spectral  lover 
appears  to  his  mistress  after  death, 
and  carries  her  on  horseback  behind  him 
to  the  graveyard,  where  their  marriage  is 
celebrated  amid  a  crew  of  howling  gob- 
lins. 

*V''"  ^''«  Suffolk  Miracle  is  an  old 
English  ballad  of  like  character. 

Lenorraand  (Mdlle. ) ,  a  famous  tireuse 
de  cartes.  She  was  a  squat,  fussy,  little 
told  woman,  with  a  gnarled  and  knotted 
ivisage,  and  an  imperturbable  eye.  She 
wore  her  hair  cut  short  and  parted  on  one 
Iside,  like  that  of  a  man ;  dressed  in  an 
odd-looking  casaquin,  embroidered  and 
frogged  like  the  jacket  of  an  hussar ; 
and  snuffed  continually.  This  was  the 
little  old  woman  whom  Napoleon  I. 
regularly  consulted  before  setting  out  on 
a  campaign.  Mdlle.  Lenormand  foretold 
to  Josephine  her  divorce ;  and  when 
Murat  king  of  Naples  visited  her  in 
disguise,  she  gave  him  the  cards  to  cut, 
and  he  cut  four  times  in  succession  le 
grand  pendu  (king  of  diamonds)  ;  where- 
upon Mdlle.  rose  and  said,  "  La  seance 
est  terrainee ;  c'est  dix  louis   pour    les 


rois ; "   pocketed  the  fee,   and  left  the 
room  taking  snuff. 

(In  cartomancy,  le  grand  pendu  signifies 
that  the  person  to  which  it  is  dealt,  or 
who  cuts  it,  will  die  by  the  hands  of  the 
executioner.     See  Grand  Pendu.) 

Lent  (Galeazzo's),  a  form  of  torture 
devised  by  Galeazzo  Visconti,  calculated 
to  prolong  the  victim's  life  for  forty 
days. 

Len'ville  (2  syl.),  first  tragedian  at 
the  Portsmouth  Theatre.  When  Nicholas 
Nickleby  joined  the  company,  Mr.  Len- 
ville  was  jealous,  and  attempted  to  pull 
his  nose  ;  but  Nicholas  pulled  the  nose 
of  Mr.  Lenville  instead. — C.  Dickens, 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Leodegraunce  or  Leodogran,  king 
of  Camelyard,  father  of  Guenever  (king 
Arthur's  wife).  Uther  the  pendragon 
gave  him  the  famous  Round  Table,  which 
would  seat  150  knights  (pt.  i.  46)  ;  and 
when  Arthur  married  Guenever,  Leode- 
graunce gave  him  the  table  and  100 
knights  as  a  wedding  gift  (pt.  i.  46). 
The  table  was  made  by  Merlin,  and  each 
seat  had  on  it  the  name  of  the  knight  to 
whom  it  belonged.  One  of  the  seats  was 
called  the  "Siege  Perilous,"  because  no 
one  could  sit  on  it  without  "  peril  of  his 
life  "  except  sir  Galahad  the  virtuous 
and  chaste,  who  accomplished  the  quest 
of  the  holy  graal.  —  Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  (1470). 

leodogran,  the  king  of  Cameliard  [sic], 
Had  one  fair  daughter  and  none  other  child; 
And  she  was  fairest  of  all  flesh  on  earth, 
Guinevere,  and  in  her  his  one  delight. 

Tennyson,  Coming  of  Arthur, 

Le'oline  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  male 
attendants  of  Dionys'ia  wife  of  Cleon 
governor  of  Tarsus,  and  employed  by  his 
mistress  to  murder  Mari'na,  the  orphan 
daughter  of  prince  Pericles,  who  had 
been  committed  to  her  charge  to  bring 
up.  Leoline  took  Marina  to  the  shore 
with  this  view,  when  some  pirates  seized 
h£r,  and  sold  her  at  Metali'ne  for  a  slave. 
Leoline  told  his  mistress  that  the  orphan 
was  dead,  and  Dionysia  raised  a  splendid 
sepulchre  to  her  memory. — Shakespeare, 
Fericles  Prince  of  I'yre  (1608). 

Leon,  son  of  Constantine  the  Greek 
emperor.  Amon  and  Beatrice,  the  parents 
of  Bradamant,  promise  to  him  their 
daughter  Bradamant  in  marriage ;  but 
the  lady  is  in  love  with  Roge'ro.  When 
Leon  discovers  this  attachment,  he 
withdraws  his  suit,  and  Bradamant  mar- 


LEON. 


648 


LEONORA. 


ries    Rogero. — ArioBto,    Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Lec/n^  the  hero  who  rules  Margaritta 
his  wife  wisely,  and  wins  her  esteem  and 
wifely  obedience.  Margaritta  is  a  wealthy 
Spanish  heiress,  who  married  in  order  to 
indulge  in  wanton  intrigues  more  freely. 
She  selected  Leon  because  he  was  sup- 
posed to  be  a  milksop  whom  she  could 
bend  to  her  will;  but  no  sooner  is  she 
married  than  Leon  acts  with  manly  firm- 
ness and  determination,  but  with  great 
affection  also.  He  wins  the  esteem  of  every 
one,  and  Margaritta  becomes  a  loving, 
devoted,  virtuous,  and  obedient  wife. — • 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife 
and  Have  a  Wife  (1640). 

Edward  Kynaston  [1619-1687]  executed  the  part  of 
"  Leon  "  with  a  determined  manliness,  well  worth  the  best 
actor's  imitation.  He  had  a  piercing  eye,  and  a  quick. 
Imperious  vivacity  of  voice.— Colley  Cibber. 

Leonard,  a  real  scholar,  forced  for 
daily  bread  to  keep  a  common  school. — 
Crabbe,  Borough,  xxiv.  (1810). 

Leonardo  [Gonzaga],  duke  of 
Mantua.  Travelling  in  Switzerland,  an 
avalanche  fell  on  him,  and  he  was  nursed 
through  a  severe  illness  by  Mariana  the 
daughter  of  a  Swiss  burgher,  and  they 
fell  in  love  with  each  other.  On  his  re- 
turn home,  he  was  entrapped  by  brigands, 
and  kept  prisoner  for  two  years.  Mariana, 
seeking  him,  went  to  Mantua,  where 
count  Florio  fell  in  love  with  her,  and 
obtained  her  guardian's  consent  to  their 
union ;  but  Mariana  refused  to  comply. 
The  case  was  referred  to  the  duke  (Fer- 
rardo),  who  gave  judgment  in  favour  of 
the  count.  Leonardo  happened  to  be 
present,  and,  throwing  off  his  disguise, 
assumed  his  rank  as  duke,  and  married 
Mariana ;  but,  being  called  away  to  the 
camp,  left  Ferrardo  regent.  Ferrardo 
laid  a  most  villainous  scheme  to  prove 
Mariana  guilty  of  adultery  with  Julian 
St.  Pierre  ;  but  Leonardo  refused  to 
credit  her  guilt.  Julian  turned  out  to 
be  her  brother,  exposed  the  whole  plot, 
and  amply  vindicated  Mariana  of  the 
slightest  indiscretion. — S.  Knowles,  The 
Wife  (1833). 

Leona'to,  governor  of  Messina, 
father  of  Hero,  and  uncle  of  Beatrice. — 
Shakespeare,  Much  Ado  about  Nothina 
(1600).  ^ 

Leonesse  (3  syl.),  Leonnesse, 
Leonnais,  Leones,  Leonnoys,  Lyon- 
NOY8,  etc.,  a  mj  thical  country  belonging 
to  Cornwall,  supposed  to  have  been  sunk 


under  the  sea  since  the  time  of  king 
Arthur.  It  is  very  frequently  mentioned 
in  the  Arthurian  romances. 

Leonidas   of  Modern   Greece, 

Marco  Bozzaris,  a  Greek  patriot,  who, 
with  1200  men,  put  to  rout  4000  Turco- 
Albanians,  at  Kerpenisi,  but  was  killed 
in  the  attack  (1823).  He  was  buried  at 
Mesolonghi. 

Le'onine  (3  syl.),  servant  to  Dio- 
nyza. — Shakespeare,  Pericles  Prince  of 
Tyre  (1608). 

Leonine  Verse.  So  called  from 
Leonius,  a  canon  of  the  church  of  St. 
Victor,  in  Paris,  in  the  twelfth  century, 
who  first  composed  them.  It  is  a  verse 
with  a  rhyme  in  the  middle,  as  : 

Pepper  is  black,  though  it  hath  a  good  smack. 
Est  avis  in  dextra  nielior  quam  quatuor  extra. 

Leonnoys  or  Leonesse  (q.v.),  a 
country  once  joining  Cornwall,  but  now 
sunk  in  the  sea  full  forty  fathoms  deep. 
Sir  Tristram  was  born  in  Leones  or  Leon- 
noys, and  is  always  called  a  Cornish 
knight. 

*^*  Tennyson  calls  the  word  "  Lyon- 
nesse,"  but  sir  T.  Malory  "Leones." 

lieo'no's  Head  (or  Liono's  Head), 
Porto   Leono,   the    ancient    Piraeus.    So 
called  from  a  huge  lion  of  white  marble,j 
removed    by    the    Venetians    to    thei 
arsenal. 

The  wandering  stranger  near  the  port  descries 
A  milk-white  lion  of  stupendous  size, 
Of  antique  marble, — hence  the  haven's  name, 
Unknown  to  modern  natives  whence  it  came. 

Falconer,  The  Hhipvn-eck,  iii.  3  (175«). 

Leonor,  sister  of  Isabelle,  an  orphan 
brought  up  by  Ariste  (2  syl.)  according 
to  his  notions  of  training  a  girl  to  maki 
him  a  good  wife.  He  put  her  on  h( 
honour,  tried  to  win  her  confidence  am 
love,  gave  her  all  the  liberty  consiste 
with  propriety  and  social  etiquette,  an 
found  that  she  loved  him,  and  made  hi 
a  fond  and  faithful  wife.  (See  IsA 
BELLE.)  —  Moliere,  L'ecole  des  Ma, 
(1661). 

Leono'ra,  the  usurping  queen  o; 
Aragon,  betrothed  to  Bertran  a  prince 
of  the  blood-royal,  but  in  love  with 
Torrismond  general  of  the  forces.  It 
turns  out  that  Torrismond  is  son  and 
heir  of  Sancho  the  deposed  king.  San- 
cho  is  restored,  and  Torrismond  marries 
Leonora. — Dryden,  The  Spanish  Fryar 
(1680). 

Leono'ra,  betrothed  to  don  Carlos,  bu' 
don  Carlos  resigned  her  to  don  AlonzOj 


LEONORA. 


549 


LEONTES, 


to  whom  she  proved  a  very  tender  and 
loving  wife.  Zanga  the  Moor,  out  of 
revenge,  poisoned  the  mind  of  Alonzo 
against  his  wife,  by  insinuating  her 
criminal  love  for  don  Carlos.  Out  of 
jealousy,  Alonzo  had  his  friend  put  to 
death,  and  Leonora,  knowing  herself  sus- 
pected, put  an  end  to  her  life. — Edward 
Young,  Tlie  Revenge  (1721). 

Leono'ra,  the  daughter  of  poor  parents, 
who  struck  the  fancy  of  don  Diego.  The 
don  made  a  compact  with  her  parents  to 
take  her  home  with  him  and  place  her 
under  a  duenna  for  three  months,  to  ascer- 
tain if  her  temper  was  as  sweet  as  her 
face  was  pretty,  and  at  the  expiration  of 
that  time,  either  to  return  her  spotless  or 
to  make  her  his  wife.  At  the  end  of 
three  months,  don  Diego  (a  man  of  60) 
goes  to  arrange  for  the  marriage,  lock- 
ing his  house  and  garden,  as  he  sup- 
poses, securely ;  but  Leander,  a  young 
student,  smitten  with  Leonora,  makes  his 
way  into  the  house,  and  is  about  to  elope 
with  her  when  the  don  returns.  Like  a  man 
of  sense,  don  Diego  at  once  sees  the  suit- 
ability of  the  match,  consents  to  the  union 
of  the  young  people,  and  even  settles  a 
marriage  portion  on  Leonora,  his  ward 
if  not  his  wife.— I.  Bickerstaff,  The 
Padlock, 

Leonora,  betrothed  to  Ferdinand  a 
fiery  young  Spaniard  (jealous  of  donna 
Clara,  who  has  assumed  boy's  clothes  for 
a  time).  Ferdinand  despises  the  "am- 
phibious coxcomb,"  and  calls  his  rival 
*'a  vile  compound  of  fringe,  lace,  and 
powder." — Jephson,  Two  Strings  to  your 
Mow  (1792). 

Leono'ra,  the  heroine  of  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  novel  of  the  same  name.  The 
object  of  the  tale  is  to  make  the  reader 
feel  what  is  good,  and  desirous  of  being 
Bo  (1806). 

Leonora,  wife   of  Fernando   Florestan 
a  State  prisoner  in  Seville.     In  order  to 
effect  her  husband's  release,  she  assumed 
j     the    attire    of    a   man,    and    the   name 
of  Fidelio.     In  this  disguise  she  entered 
the    service    of    Rocco    the    jailer,    and 
Marcellina  the  jailer's  daughter  fell  in 
love  with  her.     Pizarro,  the  governor  of 
the  prison,  resolving  to  assassinate  Fer- 
nando Florestan,  sent  Rocco  and  Fidelio 
to  dig  his  grave  in  the  prison-cell.   When 
I    Pizarro  descended  to  perpetrate  the  deed 
■     of  blood,  Fidelio  drew  a  pistol  on  him  ; 
and  the  minister  of  state,  arriving  at  this 
cnsis,  ordered  the  prisoner  to  be  released. 


Leonora  (Fidelio)  was  allowed  to  un- 
lock her  husband's  chains,  and  Pizarro's 
revenge  came  to  naught. — Beethoven, 
Fidelio  (an  opera,  1791). 

Leono'ra,  a  princess,  who  falls  in  love 
with  Manri'co,  the  supposed  son  of 
Azuce'na  a  gipsy,  but  in  reality  the  son 
of  Garzia  (brother  of  the  conte  di  Luna). 
The  conte  di  Luna  entertains  a  base 
passion  for  the  princess,  and,  getting 
Manrico  into  his  power,  is  about  to  kill 
him,  when  Leonora  intercedes,  and  pro- 
mises to  give  herself  to  the  count  if  he 
will  spare  his  nephew's  life.  The  count 
consents ;  but  while  he  goes  to  release 
Manrico,  Leonora  kills  herself  by  suck- 
ing poison  from  a  ring,  and  Slanrico 
dies  also. — Verdi,  //  Trovato're  (an  opera, 
1853). 

Leonora  {The  History  of),  an  episode 
in  the  novel  of  Joseph  Andrews,  by 
Fielding  (1742). 

Leono'ra  [d'Este]  (2  syl.),  sister  of 
Alfonso  II.  reigning  duke  of  Ferrara. 
The  poet  Tasso  conceived  a  violent 
passion  for  this  princess,  but  "  she  knew 
it  not  or  viewed  it  with  disdain." 
Leonora  never  married,  but  lived  with 
her  eldest  sister,  Lauretta  duchess  of 
Urbino,  who  was  separated  from  her 
husband.  The  episode  of  Sophronia  and 
Olindo  (Jerusalem  Delivered,  ii.)  is  based 
on  this  love  incident.  The  description  of 
Sophronia  is  that  of  Leonora,  and  her 
ignorance  of  Olindo's  love  points  to  the 
poet's  unregarded  devotion. 

But  thou  .  .  .  Shalt  have 

One-half  the  laurei  which  o'ershades  my  grave  .  .  . 

Ye3,  Leonora,  it  shall  be  our  fate 

To  be  entwined  for  ever, — but  too  late. 

Byron,  Tke  Lament  of  Tatso  (1817). 

Leonora  de  Guzman,  the 
"favourite"  of  Alfonzo  XI.  of  Castile. 
Ferdinando,  not  knowing  that  she  was  the 
king's  mistress,  fell  in  love  with  her; 
and  Alfonzo,  to  reward  Ferdinando's  ser- 
vices, gave  her  to  him  in  marriage.  No 
sooner  was  this  done,  than  the  bride- 
groom learned  the  character  of  his  bride, 
rejected  her  with  scorn,  and  became  a 
monk.  Leonora  became  a  noviciate  in 
the  same  convent,  obtained  her  husband's 
forgiveness,  and  died. — Donizetti,  La 
Favorita  (an  opera,  1842). 

Leon'tes  (3  syi.),  king  of  Sicily. 
He  invited  his  old  friend  Polixengs 
king  of  Bohemia  to  come  and  stay  with 
him,  but  became  so  jealous  of  him  that 
he  commanded  Camillo  to  poison  him. 
Instead    of    doing   so,   Camillo    warned 


LEONTIUS. 


650 


LETHE. 


Polixenes  of  his  clanger,  and  fled  with 
him  to  Bohemia.  The  rage  of  Leontes 
was  now  unbounded,  and  he  cast  his  wife 
Hermione  into  prison,  where  she  gave 
birth  to  a  daughter.  The  king  ordered 
the  infant  to  be  cast  out  on  a  desert 
shore,  and  then  brought  his  wife  to  a 
public  trial.  Ilermioue  fainted  in  court, 
the  king  had  her  removed,  and  Paulina 
soon  came  to  announce  that  the  queen 
was  dead.  Ultimately,  the  infant  daugh- 
ter was  discovered  under  the  name  of 
Perdita,  and  was  married  to  Florizel  the 
son  of  Polixenes.  HermionS  was  also 
discovered  to  the  king  in  a  tableau  vivant, 
and  the  joy  of  Leontes  was  complete. — 
Shakespeare,  The   Winter's  Tale  (1604). 

Leon'tius,  a  brave  but  merry  old 
soldier. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Humorous  Lieutenant  (1647). 

Le'opold,  a  sea-captain,  enamoured 
of  Hippol'yta,  a  rich  lady  wantonly  in 
love  with  Arnoldo.  Arnoldo,  however,  is 
contracted  to  the  chaste  Zeno'cia,  who  is 
basely  pursued  by  the  governor  count 
Clodio. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  I'he 
Custom  of  the  Country  (1647). 

Leopold,  archduke  of  Austria,  a 
crusader  who  arrested  Richard  L  on  his 
way  home  from  the  Holy  Land.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Leopold,  nicknamed  Feu-a-peu  by 
George  IV.  Stein,  speaking  of  Leopold's 
vaciilating  conduct  in  reference  to  the 
Greek  throne,  says  of  him  :  "  He  has  no 
colour,"  i.e.  no  fixed  plan  of  his  own,  but 
only  reflects  the  colour  of  those  around 
him  ;  in  other  words,  he  is  "  blown  about 
by  every  wind." 

Leporemo  (The  Exploits  and  Ad- 
ventures of),  part  of  the  series  called  Le 
licnnan  des  liomans,  pertaining  to ' '  Amadis 
of  Gaul."  This  part  was  added  by  Pedro 
de  Lujan. 

Leporello,  in  The  Libertine,  by 
Shadwell  (1676). 

The  following  advertisement  from 
Listen  appeared  in  June,  1817  : — 

"  My  benefit  takes  place  this  erening  at  Covent  Garden 
Tlieafre.and  I  doubt  not  will  be  splendidly  attended.  .  .  . 
I  J?L  perform  •  Fognm  •  in  The  Slave,  &n(\  'Leporello' 
in  The  Lvbertme.  In  the  delineation  of  these  arduous 
Chaiacters  I  shall  display  niucli  feeling  and  discrimination, 
together  with  great  taste  in  my  dresses  and  elegance  of 
manner.  The  audiences  will  be  delighted,  and  will  testify 
their  approbation  by  rapturous  applause.  When,  in 
adilltion  to  my  professional  merits,  regard  is  had  to  the 
loveliness  of  my  person  and  the  fascination  of  my  face, 
.  .  .  tliere  can  be  no  doubt  that  this  announcement  will 
receive  the  attention  it  deserves.'— J.  Liston. 

Leporello,  the  valet  of  don  Giovanni. 
•-Mozart,  Don  Giovanni  (an  opera,  1787), 


Lermites    and    Martafax,   two 

rats  that  conspired  against  the  White 
Cat. — Comtesse  U' Annoy,  Fairy  Tales 
("  The  White  Cat,"  1682).' 

Lesbia,  the  poetic  name  given  by  the 
poet  Catullus  to  his  favourite  lady  Clodia. 

Lesbian  Kiss  (A),  an  immodest 
kiss.  The  ancient  Lesbians  were  noted 
for  their  licentiousness,  and  hence  to 
"  Lesbianize  "  became  synonymous  with 
licentious  sexual  indulgence,  and  "  Les- 
bia "  meant  a  hailot. 

Lesbian  Poets  (The),  Terpander, 
Alcaeus,  Ari'on,  and  the  poetess  Sappho. 

Lesbian  Rule,  squaring  the  rule 
from  the  act,  and  not  the  act  from  the 
rule ;  like  correcting  a  sun-dial  by  a  clock, 
and  not  the  clock  by  the  sun-dial.  A 
Jesuit  excuse  for  doing  or  not  doing  as 
inclination  dictates. 

Lesley  (Captain),  a  friend  of  captain 
M'Intyre. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  HI.). 

Leslie  (General),  a  parliamentary 
leader. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I.). 

Lesly   (Ludovic),    sumamed  Le  Ba- 
lafre',  an  old  archer  in  the  Scotch  guar " 
of  Louis  XI.  of  France.     Uncle  of  Quel 
tin    Durward. — Sir   W.    Scott,     Quenti{ 
Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Lesurques  (Jerome),  a  solicitor,  whc 
being  in  greatly  reduced  circumstances 
holds  the  White  Lion  inn,  unknown 
his  son  (act  i.  2). 

Joseph  Lesurques  (2  syl.),  son  of 
solicitor,  and  father  of  Julie.     He  is 
like  Dubosc  the  highwayman,  that  he 
accused  of  robbing  the  night-mail  froi 
Lyons,  and  murdering  the  courier. 

Julie    Lesurques,    daughter   of  Josej 
Lesurques,  in  love  with  Didier.     Wh< 
her  father   is  imprisoned,  she   offers  to 
release  Didier  from  his  engagement ;  but 
he    remains  loyal  throughout. — Edward 
Stirling,  The  Courier  of  Lyons  (1852). 

Le'tbe  (2  syl.),  one  of  the  five  rivers 
of  hell.  The  word  means  "  f  orgetf  ulness." 
The  other  rivers  are  Styx,  Ach'eron, 
Cocy'tus,  and  Phleg'ethon.  Dante  makes 
Lethe  the  boundary  between  purgatory 
and  paradise. 

Far  off  from  these  [four]  a  slow  and  silent  stream,    a 
LethS,  the  river  of  oblivion,  rolls  S 

Her  watery  labyrinth,  whereof  who  drinks  ^ 

Forthwith  his  former  state  and  being  forgets— 
Forgets  both  joy  aud^rief,  ple^l-sjire  and  paia 

MUton,  I'arOcLUe  Lost,  U.  583,  stc.  (1666). 


LETHEAN  DEWS. 


551 


LEWIS. 


Lethe'an  Dews,  that  which  pro- 
duces a  dreamy  langour  and  obliviousness 
of  the  troubles  of  life.  LGthe  personified 
oblivion  in  Grecian  mythology,  and  the 
Boul,  at  the  death  of  the  body,  drank  of 
the  river  Leth6  that  it  miglit  carry  into 
the  world  of  shadows  no  remembrance  of 
earth  and  its  concerns. 

The  soul  with  tender  luxury  you  [the  Mttset]  fill, 
Aiid  o'er  tlie  sense  Lethean  dews  distill. 

Falconer,  T?k)  Shipwreck,  iii.  4  (1756). 

Letters  {Greek).  Cadmus,  the  Phoeni- 
cian, introduced  sixteen  ;  Simonides  and 
Epicharmos  (the  poets)  introduced  six  or 
eight  others ;  but  there  is  the  greatest 
diversity  upon  what  letters,  or  how  many, 
are  to  be  attributed  to  them.  Aristotle 
says  Epicharmos  introduced  0,  x  ;  others 
ascribe  to  him  f,  n,  ^,  <».  Dr.  Smith,  in 
his  Classical  Dictionary,  tells  us  Simoni- 
des introduced  "the  long  vowels  and 
double  letters"  (n,  w,  <^>  x.  <p,  ^).  Lempriere, 
under  "Cadmus,"  ascribes  to  him  0,  j;,  <p, 
x;  and  under  "  Simonides,"  n.  w.  ^  '''• 
Others  maintain  that  the  Simonides' 
letters  are  i.  w,  t,  \l/. 

Letters  (Father  of),  Francois  I.  of 
France,  Fere  des  Lettres  (1494,  1516- 
1547).  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  "the  Mag- 
aificent"  (1448-1492). 

Letters  of  the  Sepulchre,  the 

laws  made  by  Godfrey  and  the  patriarchs 
of  the  court  of  Jerusalem.  There  were 
two  codes,  one  respecting  the  privileges 
of  the  nobles,  and  the  other  respecting 
the  rights  and  duties  of  burghers.  These 
codes  were  laid  up  in  a  coffer  with  the 
treasures  of  the  Church  of  the  Holy 
Sepulchre. 

Leuca'dia's  Rock,  a  promontory, 
the  south  extremity  of  the  island  Leucas 
or  Leucadia,  in  the  Ionian  Sea.  Sappho 
leapt  from  this  rock  when  she  found 
her  love  for  Pha'on  unrequited.  At  the 
annual  festival  of  Apollo,  a  criminal  was 
hurled  from  Leucadia's  Rock  into  the  sea  ; 
but  birds  of  various  sorts  were  attached  to 
him,  in  ord«r  to  break  his  fall,  and  if  he 
was  not  killed  he  was  set  free.  The  leap 
from  this  rock  is  called  "  The  Lovers' 
Leap." 

All  those  may  leap  who  rather  would  be  neuter 
(Leucadia's  llock  still  overlooks  the  wave). 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  it  205  (1819) 

Leucip'pe  (3  syL),  wife  of  Menippus ; 
a  bawd  who  caters  for  king  Antig'onus, 
who,  although  an  old  man,  indulges  in 
the  amorous  follies  of  a  youth. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Humorous  Lieu- 
tenant (1647). 


Leucoth'ea,  once  called  "Ino."  Ath'*- 
amas  son  of  iESlus  had  by  her  two  sons, 
one  of  whom  was  named  Melicer'tes. 
Athamas  being  driven  mad,  Ino  and 
Melicertes  threw  themselves  into  the  sea  ; 
Ino  became  Leucothea,  and  Melicertes 
became  Palsemon  or  Portumnus  the  god 
of  ports  or  strands.  Leucothea  means 
the  "white  goddess,"  and  is  used  for 
"Matuta"or  the  dawn,  which  precedes 
sunrise,  i.e.  Aurora. 

By  Leucothea'a  lovely  hands, 

And  her  son  that  rules  the  strands. 

MUton.  Comu$,  873  (1634). 
To  resalute  the  world  with  sacred  light, 
Leucothea  waked,  and  with  fresh  dew«  embalmed 
The  earth. 

MUton,  Paradim  lost,  xl.  135  (1665). 

Lev'ant  Wind  (The),  the  east  wind, 
from  levant  {^^ the  sunrise").  Ponent  is 
the  west  wind,  or  wind  from  the  sunset. 

Forth  rush  the  Levant  and  the  Ponent  winds. 

Milton,  ParaiiUe  Lost,  x.  704  (1665). 

Leven  {The  earl  of),  a  parliamentary 
leader. — SirW.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose 
(time,  Charles  I.). 

Leviathan  of  Literature  {Thc)^ 
Dr.  Samuel  Johnson  (1709-1784). 

Levites  {Tlie),  in  Dryden's  Absalom 
and  Achituphel,  means  the  nonconformist 
ministers  expelled  by  the  Act  of  Con- 
formity (1G81-2). 

Levitt  {Frank),  a  highwayman. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.). 

Le"Wis  {Don),  brother  of  Antonio,  and 
uncle  of  Carlos  the  bookworm,  of  whom 
he  is  dotingly  fond.  Don  Lewis  is  no 
scholar  himself,  but  he  adores  scholar- 
ship. He  is  headstrong  and  testy,  simple- 
hearted  and  kind. 

John  Quick's  great  parts  were  "don  Lewis,"  "Tony 
Lumpkin,"  and  "Bob  Acres"  [1748-1831  J.— Records  o/ 
a  Stage  Veteran, 

*^*  "  Tony  Lumpkin  "  in  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer  (Goldsmith) ;  "  Bob  Acres  "  ia 
The  Rivals  (Sheridan). 

Lew'is  {Lord),  father  of  Angeli'na. — • 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Ine  Elder 
Brother  (1637). 

Lewis  {Matthew  Gregory)^  generally 
called  "Monk  Lewis,"  from  his  romance 
I'he  Monk  (1794).  His  best-known  verses 
are  the  ballads  of  Alonzo  the  Brave  and 
Bill  Jones.  He  also  wrote  a  drama  en- 
titled Timour  the  Tartar  (1775-1818). 

Oh  I  wonder-working  Lewis  1  Monk  or  "lard, 
Who  fain  would  make  Parnassus  a  chuiohyaixi  1 
Lo  I  wreaths  of  yew,  not  laurel,  bind  thy  brow ; 
Thy  Muse  a  sprite,  Apollo's  sexton  thou. 
Byron,  Engliih  Bard*  and  Scotch  RenmMn  (1809). 


LEWIS  BABOON. 


562 


LIBERTY  HALL. 


I/ewls  Baboon.  Louis  XIV.  of 
France  is  so  called  by  Dr.  Arbuthnot  in 
his  History  of  John  Bull.  Baboon  is  a 
pun  on  the  word  Bourbon^  specially  appro- 
priate to  this  royal  "posture-master" 
(1712). 

Lewkner's  Lane  (London),  now- 
called  Charles  Street,  Drury  Lane;  always 
noted  for  its  *'  soiled  doves." 

The  nymphg  of  chaste  Diana's  train. 
The  same  with  those  in  Lewkner's  Lane. 

S.  BuUer,  Uudibras,  iU.  1  (1678). 

Lew'some  (2  syl.),  a  young  surgeon 
and  general  practitioner.  He  forms  the 
acquaintance  of  Jonas  Chuzzlewit,  and 
supplies  him  with  the  poison  which  he 
employs. — C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit 
(1844). 

Lewson,  a  noble,  honest  character. 
He  is  in  love  with  Charlotte  Beverley, 
and  marries  her,  although  her  brother  has 
gambled  away  all  her  fortune. — Edward 
Moore,  The  Gamester  (1753). 

Leycippes  and  Clitophonta,  a 
romance  in  Greek,  by  Achilles  Tatius,  in 
the  fifth  century  ;  borrowed  largely  from 
the  Theag'enes  and  Chariclea  of  Heliu- 
dorus  bishop  of  Trikka. 

Liar  {The),  a  farce  by  Samuel  Foote 
(17G1).  John  Wilding,  a  young  gentle- 
man fresh  from  Oxford,  has  an  extra- 
ordinary propensity  for  romancing.  He 
invents  the  most  marvellous  tales,  utterly 
regardless  of  truth,  and  thereby  involves 
both  himself  and  others  in  endless  per- 
plexities. He  pretends  to  fall  in  love 
with  a  Miss  Grantam,  whom  he  acci- 
dentally meets,  and,  wishing  to  know 
her  name,  is  told  it  is  Godfrey,  and  that 
she  is  an  heiress.  Now  it  so  happens 
that  his  father  wants  him  to  marry  the 
real  Miss  Grantam,  and,  in  order  to 
avoid  so  doing,  he  says  he  is  already 
married  to  a  Miss  Sibthorpe.  He  after- 
wards tells  his  father  he  invented  this 
tale  because  he  really  wished  to  marry 
Miss  Godfrey.  When  Miss  Godfrey  is 
introduced,  he  does  not  know  her,  and 
while  in  this  perplexity  a  woman  enters, 
who  declares  she  is  his  wife,  and  that  her 
maiden  name  was  Sibthorpe.  Again  he 
is  dumfounded,  declares  he  never  saw  her 
in  his  life,  and  rushes  out,  exclaiming, 
*'A11  the  world  is  gone  mad,  and  is  in 
league  against  me  !  " 

♦**  The  plot  of  this  farce  is  from  the 
Spanish.  It  had  been  already  taken  by 
Comeille  in  Le  Menteur  (1642),  and  by 
Steele  in  his  Lying  Lover  (1704). 


Liar  {The),  Al  Aswad ;  also  called 
"The  Impostor,"  and  "The  Weather- 
cock." He  set  himself  up  as  a  prophet 
against  Mahomet ;  but  frequently  changed 
his  creed. 

Moseilma  was  also  called  "  The  Liar." 
He  wrote  a  letter  to  Mahomet,  which 
began  thus  :  "  From  Moseilma  prophet  of 
Allah,  to  Mahomet  prophet  of  Allah  ; " 
and  received  an  answer  beginning  thus : 
"  From  Mahomet  the  prophet  of  Allah,  to 
Moseilma  the  Liar." 

Liars  {The  Prince  of),  Ferdinand  Men- 
dez  Pinto,  a  Portuguese  traveller,  whose 
narratives  deal  so  much  in  the  marvellous 
that  Cervantes  dubbed  him  "The  Prince 
of  Liars."  He  is  alluded  to  in  the  Tatler 
as  a  man  "  of  infinite  adventure  and  un- 
bounded imagination." 

Sir  John  Mandeville  is  called  "The 
Lying  Traveller"  (1300-1372). 

Liban'iel  (4  syl.),  the  guardian  angel 
of  Philip  the  apostle. — Klopstock,  The 
Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Libec'chio,  the  ventus  Lyh'icus  or 
BOuth-west  wind  ;  called  in  Latin  A'fer. 
The  word  occurs  in  Paradise  Lost,  x.  706 
(1665). 

Liberator  {The).  Daniel  O'Conne 
was  so  called  because  he  was  the  leade 
of  the  Irish  partj^,  which  sought  to  seve 
Ireland  from  England.  Also  called  "Th 
Irish  Agitator"  (1776-1847). 

Simon  Bolivar,  who  established  th 
independence  of  Peru,  is  so  called  by  th( 
Peruvians  (1785-1831). 

Liberator  of  the  New  Worl 

{The),  Dr.  Franklin  (1706-1790). 

JAhevty  {Goddess  of).  OnDecem 
20,  1793,  the  French  installed  the  wor- 
ship of  reason  for  the  worship  of  Goi 
and  M.  Chaumette  induced  Mdlle.  Mai- 
liard,  an  actress,  to  personify  the  "god- 
dess of  Liberty."  She  was  borne  in 
palanquin,  dressed  with  buskins,  a  Phry 
gian  cap,  and  a  blue  chlamys  over  a 
white  tunic.  Being  brought  to  Notre 
Dame,  she  was  placed  on  the  high  altar, 
and  a  huge  candle  was  placed  behind  her. 
Mdlle.  Malliard  lighted  the  candle,  to 
signify  that  liberty  frees  the  mind  from 
darkness,  and  is  the  "  light  of  the  world 
then  M.  Chaumette  fell  on  his  knees 
her  and  offered  incense  as  to  a  god. 

Liberty  {The goddess  of).  The  statue  so 
called,  placed  over  the  entrance  of  the 
Palais  Royal,  represented  Mde.  Tallien, 

Liberty  Hall.    Squire    Hardcagtla 


LIBITINA. 


553 


LIGHT  OF  THE  AGE. 


says  to  young  Marlow  and  Hastings,  when 
they  mistake  his  house  for  an  "inn," 
and  give  themselves  airs,  "  This  is 
Liberty  Hall,  gentlemen  ;  you  may  do 
just  as  you  please  here." — Goldsmith,  She 
Stoops  to  Conquer,  i.  2  (1773). 

Ijibiti'na,  the  goddess  who  presides 
over  funerals,  and  hence  in  Latin  an  un- 
dertaker is  called  libitina'rius. 

He  brought  two  physicians  to  visit  me,  who,  by  their 
appsaranre,  seemed  zealous  miiiisters  of  the  goddess  Libi- 
tina.— Lesage,  GU  Bias,  ix.  8  (1735). 

Library  {St.  Victor's),  in  Paris. 
Joseph  Scaliger  says  "it  had  absolutely 
nothing  in  it  but  trash  and  rubbish." 
Rabelais  gives  a  long  list  of  its  books, 
amongst  which  may  be  mentioned  the 
Tumbril  of  Salvation,  the  Pomegranate  of 
Vice,  the  Henbane  of  Bishops,  the  Mus- 
tard-pot of  Penance,  the  Crucible  of  Con- 
templation, the  Goad  of  Wine,  the  Spur 
of  Cheese,  the  Cobbled- Shoe  of  Humility, 
the  Trivet  of  Thought,  the  Cure'^s  Map  on 
the  Knuckles,  the  Pilgrims'  Spectacles,  the 
Prelates'  Bagpipes,  the  Lawyers'  Furred 
Cat,  the  Cardinals'  Rasp,  etc. — Rabelais, 
Pantagruel,  ii.  7  (1633). 

Ijichas,  servant  of  Hercules,  who 
brought  to  him  from  Dejani'ra  the 
poisoned  shirt  of  Nessus.  He  was  thrown 
by  Hercules  from  the  top  of  mount  Etna 
into  the  sea.  Seneca  says  {Hercules)  that 
Lichas  was  tossed  aloft  into  the  air,  and 
sprinkled  the  clouds  with  his  blood. 
Ovid  says:  "  He  congealed,  like  hail,  in 
mid-air,  and  turned  to  stone ;  then,  falling 
into  the  Euboic  Sea,  became  a  rock,  which 
still  bears  his  name  and  retains  the 
Human  form  "  {Met.,  ix.). 

Let  me  lodge  Liclias  on  the  horns  of  the  moon. 
Shakespeare,  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  iv.  sc.  10  (1608). 

Licked  into  Shape.  According  to 
legend,  the  5'oung  bear  is  born  a  shapeless 
mass,  and  the  dam  licks  her  cub  into  its 
proper  shape. 

The  she-bear  licks  hear  cubs  into  a  sort 
Of  shape. 
Byron,  The  Deformed  Transformed,  L  1  (1821). 

Lickitup  {The  laird  of),  friend  of 
Neil  Blanc  the  town  piper. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  IL). 

Lie.  The  four  P's  disputed  as  to 
Irnich  could  tell  the  greatest  lie.  The 
Palmer  asserted  that  he  had  never  seen  a 
woman  out  of  patience  ;  the  other  three 
P's  (a  Pardoner,  a  Poticary,  and  a  Pedlar) 
were  so  taken  aback  by  this  assertion  that 
they  instantly  gave  up  the  contest,  saying 
that  it  was  certainly  the  greatest  false- 


hood they  had  ever  heard. — Joha  Hey- 
wood,  The  Four  P's  (1620). 

Lie.    Tennyson  says : 

A  lie  which  is  half  a  truth  is  ever  the  blackest  of  lies. 
A  lie  wliich  is  all  a  He  may  be  met  and  fought  with  out- 
right ; 
But  a  lie  which  is  part  a  truth  Is  a  harder  matter  to  flglit. 
I'he  Grandmother. 

Liebenstein  and  Sternfels,  two 

ruined  castles  on  the  Rhine.  Leoline  the 
orphan  was  the  sole  surviving  child  oi 
the  lord  of  Liebenstein,  and  two  brothers 
(Warbeck  and  Otto)  were  the  only  sur- 
viving children  of  the  lord  of  Sternfels. 
Both  these  brothers  fell  in  love  with  Leo- 
line,  but  as  the  lady  gave  Otto  the  pre- 
ference, Warbeck  joined  the  crusades. 
Otto  followed  his  brother  to  Palestine, 
but  the  war  was  over,  and  Otto  brought 
back  with  him  a  Greek  girl,  whom  he 
had  made  his  bride.  Warbeck  now  sent 
a  challenge  to  his  brother  for  this  insult 
to  Leoline,  but  Leoline  interposed  to  stop 
the  fight.  Soon  after  this  the  Greek  wife 
eloped,  and  Otto  died  childless.  Leoline 
retired  to  the  adjacent  convent  of  Born- 
hofen,  which  was  attacked  by  robbers, 
and  Warbeck,  in  repelling  them,  received 
his  death-wound,  and  died  in  the  lap  of 
Leoline. — Traditions  of  tlie  Rhine. 

Life  {The  Battle  of),  a  Christmas 
story,  by  C.  Dickens  (1«4G).  It  is  the 
story  of  Grace  and  Marion,  the  two 
daughters  of  Dr.  Jeddler,  both  of  whom 
loved  Alfred  Heath lield,  their  father's 
ward.  Alfred  loved  the  younger  daugh- 
ter ;  but  Marion,  knowing  of  her  sister's 
love,  left  her  home  clandestinely,  and  all 
thought  she  had  eloped  with  Michae*' 
Warden.  Alfred  then  married  Grace, 
and  in  due  time  Marion  made  it  known 
to  her  sister  that  she  had  given  up  Alfred 
to  her,  and  had  gone  to  live  with  her  aunt 
Martha  till  they  were  married.  It  is 
said  that  Marion  subsequently  married 
Michael  Warden,  and  found  with  him  a 
happy  home. 

Lige'a,  one  of  the  three  syrens.  Mil- 
ton gives  the  classic  syrens  combs;  but 
this  is  mixing  Greek  syrens  with  Scandi- 
navian mermaids.  (Ligea  or  Largeia 
means  "shrill,"  or  "sweet-voiced.") 

[By]  fair  Ligea's  golden  comb. 
Wherewith  she  sits  on  diamond  rocks. 
Sleeking  her  soft  alluring  lueiis. 

Milton,  Comus,  880  (1634). 

(The  three  syrens  were  Parthen'ope, 
Ligea,  and  Leucos'ia,  not  Ijcucothcu,  q.v.) 

Light  of  the  Age,  Maimon'ides  or 
Rabbi  Moses  ben  Maimon  of  Cor'dova 
(1135-1204). 


LIGHT  OF  THE  HARAM. 


654 


LILIS. 


Light  of  the  Haram  [sic'],  the 
sultana  Nour'raahal',  afterwards  called 
Nourjeham  ("  light  of  the  world  ").  She 
was  the  bride  of  Selim  son  of  Acbar. — T. 
Moore,  Lalla  Rookh  (1817). 

Ijight  o'  Heel  {Janet),  mother  of 
Godfrey  Bertram  Hewit.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Lightbody  {Ltickie),  alias  "  Marian 
Loup-the-Dyke,"  mother  of  Jean  Girder 
the  cooper's  wife. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride 
of  Lammermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

Lightborn,  the  murderer  who  assas- 
sinated Edward  II. — C.  Marlowe,  Ed- 
ward II.  (1592). 

Lightfoot,  one  of  the  seven  attend- 
ants of  Fortunio.  So  swift  was  he  of 
foot,  that  he  was  obliged  to  tie  his  legs 
when  he  went  hunting,  or  else  he  always 
outran  the  game,  and  so  lost  it. — Com- 
tesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ('*  Fortunio," 
1682). 

Lightning.  Benjamin  Franklin  in- 
vented lightning  conductors ;  hence 
Campbell  says  it  is  allotted  to  man,  with 
Newton  to  mark  the  speed  of  light,  with 
Herschel  to  discover  planets,  and 

With  Franklin  grasp  the  lightning's  fiery  wing. 

Pleoiurei  of  Hope,  1.  (1799). 

Lightning  (Lovers  killed  by).  (See  under 
Lovers.) 

Lightning  Protectors.  Jupiter 
chose  the  eagle  as  the  most  approved 
preservative  against  lightning,  Augustus 
Caesar  the  sea-calf,  and  Tiberius  the 
laurel. — Collumella,  x.  ;  Suetonius,  In 
Vit.  Aug.,  xc. ;  Suetonius,  In  Vita  Tib., 
Ixix. 

Houseleek,  called  "Jupiter's  Beard,"  is 
a  defence  against  lightning  and  evil  spirits ; 
hence  Charlemagne's  edict : 

Et  habeat  quisque  supra  domum  suum  Joyis  barbam. 

Lightwood  {Mortimer),  a  solicitor, 
who  conducts  the  "Harmon  murder" 
case.  He  is  the  great  friend  of  Eugene 
Wraybum,  barrister-at-law,  and  it  is  the 
great  ambition  of  his  heart  to  imitate  the 
nonchalance  of  his  friend.  At  one  time 
Mortimer  Lightwood  admired  Bella 
Wilfer.— C.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend 
(1864). 

Ligurian  Republic  {The),  V«- 
netia,  Genoa,  and  part  of  Sardinia, 
formed  by  Napoleon  I.  in  1797. 

Ligurian  Sage  {The),  Aulus  Per- 
Bius  Flaccus,  the  satirist  (.34-62). 


Likeness.  Strabo  (father  of  Pom- 
pey)  and  his  cook  were  exactly  alike. 

Sura  (pro-consul  of  Sicily)  and  a  fisher- 
man were  so  much  alike  that  Sura  asked 
the  fisherman  if  his  mother  had  ever 
been  in  Rome.  "No,"  said  the  man, 
"  but  my  father  has." 

Walter  de  Hempsham  abbot  of  Canter- 
bury and  his  shepherd  were  so  alike  that 
when  the  shepherd  was  dressed  in  the 
abbot's  gown,  even  king  John  was  deluded 
by  the  resemblance.  —  Percy,  Eeliques 
("  King  John  and  the  Abbot  of  Canter- 
bury"). 

***  The  brothers  Antipholus,  the 
brothers  Dromio,  the  brothers  Menaech- 
mus  (called  by  Plautus,  Sosicles  and 
Menaechmus),  etc. 

Lik'strond,  the  abode,  after  death, 
of  perjurers,  assassins,  and  seducers. 
The  word  means  "  strand  of  corpses." 
Nestrond  is  the  strand  or  shore  of  the 
dead. — Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Lilburn  {John),  a  contentious  leveller 
in  the  Commonwealth,  of  whom  it  was 
said.  If  no  one  else  were  alive,  John  would 
quarrel  with  Lilburn.  The  epigrammatic 
epitaph  of  John  Lilburn  is  as  follows  : — 

Is  John  departed,  and  is  Lilburn  gone  f 
Farewell  to  both,  to  Lilburn  and  to  John  I 
Yet  being  gone,  take  tliis  adyice  from  me : 
Let  them  not  both  in  one  grave  buried  be. 
Here  lay  ye  John  ;  lay  Lilburn  thereabout ; 
For  if  they  both  should  meet,  they  would  fall  out 

Lili,    immortalized    by   Goethe,  wa*| 
Anna   Elizabeth   Schonemann,    daughteR| 
of  a  Frankfort  banker.     She  was  16  whe 
Goethe  first  knew  her. 

Lilies  {City  of),  Florence. 

Lil'inau,  a  woman  wooed  l»y  a  phan«i 
torn  that  lived  in  her  father's  pines.  A^ 
night-fall  the  phantom  whispered  lov« 
and  won  the  fair  Lilinau,  who  followed 
his  green  waving  plume  through  the 
forest,  but  never  more  was  seen. — Ameri^ 
can-Indian  Legend. 

Told  she  the  tale  of  the  fair  Lilinau,  who  wm  wooed  by  ( 

phantom 
That  through  the  pines  o'er  her  father's  lodge,  In  the  husbJ 

of  the  twilight,  ' 

Breathed  like  the  evening  wind,  and  whispered  lOTe  to  the 

maiden  ; 
Till  she  followed  his  green  and  waring  plum*  thro'  the 

forest. 
And  never  more  returned,  nor  was  seen  agjin  by  her 

people.  /  i 

Longfellow,  JCwangeline,  U.  4  (IStt).  I 

LiUs  or  Lilith,  Adam's  wife  before 
Eve  was  created.    Lilis  refused  to  submit 
to  Adam,  and  was  turned  out  of  paradise  ;      j 
but    she    still    haunts    the    air,    and    is 
especially  hostile  to  new-born  children. 

*jf*  Goethe  has  introduced  her  in  hi» 
Faust  (1790). 


LILLIA-BIANCA. 


555 


LIMBO. 


Iiil'lia-Bianca,  the  bright  airy- 
daughter  of  Nantolet,  beloved  by  Pinac 
the  fellow-traveller  of  Mirabel  "  the 
wild  goose." — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Wild-goose  Chase  (1662). 

Lilliput,  the  country  of  the  Lilli- 
putians, a  race  of  pygmies  of  very  di- 
minutive size,  to  whom  Gulliver  appeared 
a  monstrous  giant. — Swift,  Gulliver's 
Travels  ("Voyage  to  Lilliput,"  1726). 

*:^*  The  voyage  to  Lilliput  is  a  satire 
on  the  manners  and  habits  of  George  1. 

Lilly,  the  wife  of  Andrew.  Andrew  is 
the  servant  of  Charles  Brisac  a  scholar. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Elder  Brother 
(1637). 

Lilly  {William),  an  English  astrologer, 
who  was  employed  during  the  Civil  Wars 
by  both  parties ;  and  even  Charles  I. 
consulted  him  about  his  projected  escape 
from  Carisbrooke  Castle  (1602-1681). 

He  talks  of  Raymond  Lully  [?.».]  and  the  ghost  of  Lilly. 
— W.  Coiigreve,  Love  for  Love,  lU.  (1695). 

Lilljrvick,  the  collector  of  water- 
rates,  and  uncle  to  Mrs.  Kenwigs.  He 
considered  himself  far  superior  in  a  social 
point  of  view  to  Mr.  Kenwigs,  who  was 
only  an  ivory  turner ;  but  he  deigned  to 
acknowledge  the  relative,  and  confessed 
him  to  be  "an  honest,  well-behaved, 
respectable  sort  of  a  man."  Mr.  Lilly- 
vick  looked  on  himself  as  one  of  the 
elite  of  society.  *'  If  ever  an  old  gentle- 
man made  a  point  of  appearing  in  public 
shaved  close  and  clean,  that  old  gentle- 
man was  Mr.  Lillyvick.  If  ever  a  col- 
lector had  borne  himself  like  a  collector, 
and  assumed  a  solemn  and  portentous 
dignity,  as  if  he  had  the  whole  world  on 
his  books,  that  collector  was  Mr.  Lilly- 
vick." Mr.  Kenwigs  thought  the  collec- 
tor, who  was  a  bachelor,  would  leave 
each  of  the  KenwigsesdGlOO;  but  he  "had 
the  baseness  "  to  marry  Miss  Petowker 
of  the  Theatre  Royal,  and  "  swindle  the 
Kenwigses  of  their  golden  expecta- 
tions."— C.  Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

Lily  (The),  the  French  king  for  the 
time  being.  So  called  from  the  lilies, 
which,  from  the  time  of  Clovis,  formed 
the  royal  device  of  France.  Tasso 
(Jerusalem  Delivered)  calls  them  gigli 
d'ore  ("golden  lilies  ") ;  but  lord  Ly'tton 
calls  them  "  silver  lilies  :  " 

Lord  of  the  silver  lilies,  canst  thou  tell 
If  the  same  fate  await  not  thy  descendant? 
lord  B,  L.  B.  Lytton,  rA«  IMches*  d*  la  VaUiire  {X836). 


Lily  Maid  of  Astolat,  Elaine  (?.«.)• 
(See  also  Launcelot  and  Elaine.) 

Lily  of  Medicine  (The),  a  treatiw 
written  by  Bernard  Gordon,  called  Lilium 
Medicinw  (1480).     (See  Gordonius.) 

Limberham,  a  tame,  foolish  keeper. 
Supposed  to  be  meant  for  the  duke  of 
Lauderdale. — Dryden,  Limberham  or  The 
Kind  Keeper, 

Limbo  (Latin,  limbus,  "an  edge"), 
a  sort  of  neutral  land  on  the  confines  of 
paradise,  for  those  who  are  not  good 
enough  for  heaven  and  not  bad  enough 
for  hell,  or  rather  for  those  who  cannot 
(according  to  the  Church  "system")  be 
admitted  into  paradise,  either  because 
they  have  never  heard  the  gospel  or  else 
have  never  been  baptized. 

These  of  sin 
Were  blameless ;  and  if  aught  they  merited. 
It  proflts  not,  since  baptism  was  not  theirs. 
...  If  they  before 

The  gospel  lived,  they  served  not  Ood  aright. 
.  .  .  For  these  defects 
And  for  no  other  evil,  we  are  lost 

Dante,  Inferno,  iv.  (1300). 

Limbo  of  the  Moon.  Ariosto,  in  his  Or- 
laudo  Furioso,  xxxiv.  70,  says,  in  the  moon 
are  treasured  up  the  precious  time  misspent 
in  play,  all  vain  eiforts,  all  vows  never 
paid,  all  counsel  thrown  away,  all  desires 
that  lead  to  nothing,  the  vanity  of  titles, 
flattery,  great  men's  promises,  court 
services,  and  death-bed  alms.  Pope 
says: 

There  heroes'  wits  are  kept  in  ponderous  vases. 
And  beans'  in  snuff-boxes  and  tweezer-cases ; 
There  broken  vows  and  death-bed  alms  are  found. 
And  lovers'  hearts  with  ends  of  ribbon  bound ; 
The  courtier's  promises,  and  sick  man's  prayers. 
The  smiles  of  harlots,  and  the  tears  of  heirs; 
Cages  for  gnats,  and  chains  to  yoke  a  flea. 
Dried  batterflies,  and  tomes  of  casuistry. 

Uttpe  of  the  Lock,  v.  (1712). 

Limbo  Fatuorum  or  the  "  Fools'  Para- 
dise,' for  idiots,  madmen,  and  others 
who  are  not  responsible  for  their  sins, 
but  yet  have  done  nothing  worthy  of 
salvation.  Milton  says,  from  the  earth 
fly  to  the  Paradise  of  Fools 

All  things  transitory  and  vain  .  .  .  the  fruits 

Of  painful  superstition  and  blind  zeal  .  .  . 

Ail  the  unaccomplished  works  of  Nature's  hand. 

Abortive,  monstrous,  or  unkindly  mixed  .  .  . 

The  builders  here  of  Babel  .  .  . 

Others  come  single.     He  who  to  be  deemed 

A  god,  leaped  fondly  into  Etna's  flames, 

Empedoclfes ;  and  he  who  to  enjoy 

Plato's  elysium,  leaped  into  the  sea  .  .  . 

Embryos  and  idiots,  eremites  and  friars. 

Paradite  Lost,  iu.  448  (1665). 

Limbo  Fatrum,  that  half-way  house 
between  purgatory  and  paradise,  where 
patriarchs  and  prophets,  saints,  mar- 
tyrs, and  confessors,  await  the  "  second 
coming."    This,  according  to  some,  is  th« 


LIMISSO. 


556 


LI  NET. 


Iwides  or  "hell"  into  which  Christ  de- 
Bcended  when  "  He  preached  to  the 
spirits  in  prison."  Dante  places  Limbo 
on  the  confines  of  hell,  but  tells  us  those 
doomed  to  dwell  there  are  "only  so  far 
afflicted  as  that  they  live  without  hope  " 
{Inferno,  iv.). 

I  liave  gome  of  them  in  Limbo  Patnim,  and  there  they 
are  like  to  dance  these  three  days.— Shakenpeare,  Monry 
Yin.  act  V.  sc.  3  (1601). 

Linibo  Puerorum  or  "Child's  Paradise," 
for  unbaptized  infants  too  young  to  com- 
mit actual  sin  but  not  eligible  for  heaven 
because  they  have  not  been  baptized. 

*^*  According  to  Dante,  Limbo  is 
between  hell  and  that  border-land  where 
dwell  "  the  praiseless  and  the  blameless 
dead."    (See  Inferno,  p.  472.) 

Ijimisso,  the  city  of  Cyprus  called 
Caria  by  Ptolemy. — ^Ariosto,  Orlando 
J<urioso  (1516). 

Lincius.    (See  Lynceus.) 

Lincoln  {The  bishop  of),  in  the  court 
of  queen  Elizabeth.  He  was  Thomas  Cow- 
per. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Lincoln  Green.  Lincoln  at  one 
time  dyed  the  best  green  of  all  England, 
and  Coventry  the  best  blue. 

.  .  .  and  girls  in  Lincoln  green. 

Drayton,  PolyolHon,  xxv.  (1622). 

*^*  Kendal  was  also  at  one  time  noted 
for  its  green.  Hence  Falstaff  speaks  of 
"three  misbegotten  knaves  in  Kendal 
green." — Shakespeare,  1  Henry  IV,  act 
u.  sc.  4  (1597). 

Here  be  a  sort  of  ragged  knares  come  in, 
Clotlied  all  in  Kendale  greene. 

I'laye  of  Rohyn  Bood. 

Lincolnshire  Grazier  {A).  The 
Rev.  Thomas  Hartwell  Home  published 
The  Complete  Grazier  under  this  pseu- 
donym (1805). 

Linco'ya  (3  syL),  husband  of  Co'atel, 
and  a  captive  of  the  Az'tecas.  "Once, 
when  a  chief  was  feasting  Madoc,  a 
captive  served  the  food."  Madoc  says, 
"  I  marked  the  youth,  for  he  had  features 
of  a  gentler  race  ;  and  oftentimes  his  eye 
was  fixed  on  me  with  looks  of  more  than 
wonder."  This  young  man,  "  the  flower 
of  all  his  nation,"  was  to  be  immolated 
to  the  god  Tezcalipo'ca;  but  on  the  eve  of 
sacrifice  he  made  his  escape,  and  flew  to 
Madoc  for  protection.  The  fugitive 
proved  both  useful  and  faithful,  but 
when  he  heard  of  the  death  of  Coatel,  he 
was  quite  heart-broken.     Ayaya'ca,  to 


divert  him,  told  him  about  the  spirit- 
land ;  and  Lincoya  asked,  "Is  the  way 
thither  long  ?  " 

The  old  man  replied,  "  A  way  of  many  moons. 
"  1  know  a  shorter  path,"  exuljiimed  the  youtii ; 
And  up  he  sprang,  and  from  the  precipice 
Darted.     A  moment ;  and  Ayaya'ca  heard 
His  body  fall  upon  the  rocks  below. 

Southey,  Madoc,  ii.  22  (1805). 

Lindab'rides  (4  syL),  a  euphemism 
for  a  female  of  no  repute,  a  courtezan. 
Lindabrides  is  the  heroine  of  the  romance 
entitled  The  Mirror  of  Knighthood,  one  of 
the  books  in  don  Quixote's  library  (pt.  I. 
i.  6),  and  the  name  became  a  household 
word  for  a  mistress.  It  occurs  in  two  of 
sir  W.  Scott's  novels,  Kenilworth  and 
Woodstock. 

Lindesay,  an  archer  in  the  Scotch 
guard  of  Louis  XI.  of  France. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Lindesay  {Lord),  one  of  the  embassy  to 
queen  Mary  of  Scotland. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Lindor,  a  poetic  swain  or  lover  en 

hergere. 

Do  not,  for  Heaven's  s.ake,  bring  down  Corydon  and 
Lindor  upon  us.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

Lindsay  {Margaret),  the  heroine  of  a 
novel  by  professor  John  Wilson,  entitled 
Trials  of  Margaret  Lindsay,  a  very 
pathetic  story  (1785-1854). 

Linet',  daughter  of  sir  Persaunt,  and 
sister  of  Liones  of  Castle  Perilous 
(ch.  131).  Her  sister  was  held  captive 
by  sir  Ironside,  the  Red  Knight  of  the 
Red  Lands.  Linet  went  to  king  Arthur  to 
entreat  that  one  of  his  knights  might  be 
sent  to  liberate  her ;  but  as  she  refused  to 
give  up  the  name  of  her  sister,  the  king 
said  no  knight  of  the  Round  Table  could 
undertake  the  adventure.  At  this,  a  young 
man  nicknamed  "  Beaumains  "  {Gareth), 
who  had  been  serving  in  the  kitchen  for 
twelve  months,  entreated  that  he  might  be 
allowed  the  quest,  which  the  king  granted. 
Linet,  however,  treated  him  with  the  ut- 
most contumely,  calling  him  dish-washer, 
kitchen  knave,  and  lout;  but  he  over- 
threw all  the  knights  opposed  to  him, 
delivered  the  lady  Liones,  and  married 
her.  (Sec  Lynette.) — Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Frince  Arthur,  i.  120-153 
(1470). 

*^*  Some  men  nicknamed  her  "The 
Savage"  (ch.  151).  Tennyson,  in  hia 
Gareth  and  Lynette,  makes  Gareth  marry 
Lynette,  which  spoils  the  allegory. 
(See  p.  366.) 


LINGO. 


557       LION  ATTENDING  ON  MAN, 


Ijingo,  in  O'Keefe's  comedy  Agreeable 
SurpriSB  (1798). 

Linkinwater  {Tim),  confidential 
clerk  to  the  brothers  Cheeryble.  A  kind- 
hearted  old  bachelor,  fossilized  in  ideas, 
but  most  kind-hearted,  and  devoted  to 
his  masters  almost  to  idolatry.  He  is 
much  attached  to  a  blind  blackbird  called 
*'  Dick,"  which  he  keeps  in  a  large  cage. 
The  bird  has  lost  its  voice  from  old  age  ; 
but,  in  Tim's  opinion,  there  is  no  equal 
to  it  in  the  whole  world.  The  old  clerk 
marries  Miss  La  Creevy,  a  miniature- 
painter. 

Punctual  as  the  counting-house  dial,  ...  he  performed 
the  minutest  actions,  and  arranged  the  minutest  articles 
of  hia  little  room  in  a  precise  and  regular  order.  Paper, 
pens,  ink,  ruler,  sealing-wax,  wafers,  .  .  .  Tim's  hat,  Tim's 
scrupulou-sly  folded  gloves,  Tim's  other  coat,  ...  all  had 
their  accustomed  inches  of  space.  .  .  .  There  was  not  a 
more  accurate  instrument  in  existence  than  Tim  Linkin- 
water.—C.  Dickens,  Nicholat  Nickleby,  xxxvli.  (1838). 

Linklater  (Laune),  yeoman  of  the 
king's  kitchen.  A  friend  to  Ritchie 
Moniplies. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

liinne  {Tlie  Heir  of),  a  great  spend- 
thrift, who  sold  his  estates  to  John-o'-the- 
Scales,  his  steward,  reser\'^ing  for  himself 
onlj'  a  "  poor  and  lonesome  lodge  in  a 
lonely  glen."  Here  he  found  a  rope,  with 
a  running  noose,  and  put  it  round  his 
neck,  with  the  intention  of  hanging  him- 
self. The  weight  of  his  body  broke 
the  rope,  and  he  fell  to  the  ground.  He 
now  found  two  chests  of  gold  and  one  of 
silver,  with  this  inscription  :  "  Once 
more,  my  son,  I  set  thee  clear.  Amend 
thy  life,  or  a  rope  must  end  it."  The  heir 
of  Linne  now  went  to  the  steward  for  the 
loan  of  forty  pence,  which  was  denied 
him.  One  of  the  guests  said,  "  Why, 
John,  you  ought  to  lend  it,  for  you  had 
the  estates  cheap  enough."  "  Cheap  ! 
say  you.  Why,  he  shall  have  them  back 
for  a  hundred  marks  less  than  the  money 
I  gave  for  them."  "  Done  !  "  said  the 
heir  of  Linne ;  and  counted  out  the 
money.  Thus  he  recovered  his  estates, 
and  made  the  kind  guest  his  forester. — 
Percy,  Reliques,  II.  ii.  5. 

Jjion  {A),  emblem  of  the  tribe  of 
Judah.  In  the  old  church  at  Totnes  is  a 
stone  pulpit  divided  into  compartments 
containing  shields,  decorated  with  the 
several  emblems  of  the  Jewish  tribes,  of 
which  this  is  one. 

Judah  Is  a  lion's  whelp  •  .  .  .  he  couched  as  a  lion, 
•nd  as  au  old  lion;  who  shall  rouse  him  up?— (/en. 
xlix.  9. 

Lion  ( The),  symbol  of  ambition.  When 
Dante  began  the  ascent  of  fame,  he  was 


met  first  by  a  panther  (pleasure),  and  then 
by  a  lion  (ambition),  which  tried  to  stop 
his  further  progress. 

A  lion  came 
With  head  erect,  and  hunger  mad. 

Dante,  J/ell,  i.  (1300). 

Lion  (The)y  Henry  duke  of  Bavaria 
and  Saxony,  son  of  Henry  "the  Proud" 
(1129-1195), 

Louis  VIII.  of  France,  bom  under  tho 
sign  Leo  (1187,  1223-1226). 

William  of  Scotland,  who  chose  a 
red  lion  rampant  for  his  cognizance 
(*,  1165-1214). 

Zton  (The  Golden),  emblem  of  ancient 
Assyria.  The  bear  was  that  of  ancient 
Persia. 

Where  is  th'  Assyrian  lion's  golden  bide. 
That  all  the  £a:>t  once  grasped  in  lordly  paw? 

Where  that  great  Persian  bear,  whose  swelling  pride 
The  lion's  sell'  tore  out  with  rav'nous  juw  ? 

Phin.  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Itland,  vU.  (1633). 

Lion  (The  Valiant),  Alep  Arslan,  son 
of  Togrul  Beg  the  Perso-Turkish  mon- 
arch (*,  1063-1072). 

Xiion  Attending  on  Man. 

Una  was  attended  by  a  lion.  Spenser 
says  that  Una  was  seeking  St.  George, 
and  as  she  sat  to  rest  herself,  a  lion 
rushed  suddenly  out  of  a  thicket,  with 
gaping  mouth  and  lashing  tail ;  but  as  it 
drew  near,  it  was  awe-struck,  licked  her 
feet  and  hands,  and  followed  her  like  a 
dog.  Sansloy  slew  the  faithful  beast. — 
F<Mry  Queen,  I.  iii.  42  (1590). 

*^*  This  is  an  allegory  of  the  Refor- 
mation. The  "lion"  means  England, 
and  "  Una  "  means  truth  or  the  refornied 
religion.  England  (the  lion)  waited  ou 
truth  or  the  Reformation.  "Sansloy" 
means  queen  Mary  or  false  faith,  which 
killed  the  lion,  or  separated  England 
from  truth  (or  the  true  faith).  It  might 
seem  to  some  that  Sansfoy  should  have 
been  substituted  for  Sansloy ;  but  this 
could  not  be,  because  Sansfoy  had  been 
slain  already. 

Sir  Ewain  de  Gallis  or  Twain  de  Galles 
was  attended  by  a  lion,  which,  in  grati- 
tude to  the  knight,  who  had  delivered  it 
from  a  serpent,  ever  after  became  his 
faithful  servant,  approaching  the  knight 
with  tears,  and  rising  on  its  hind  feet. 

Sir  Geoffrey  de  Latotir  was  aided  by 
a  lion  against  the  Saracens ;  but  the 
faithful  brute  was  drowned  in  attempting 
to  follow  the  vessel  in  which  the  knight 
had  embarked  on  his  departure  from  the 
Holy  Land. 

St.  Jerome  is  represented  as  attended 
by  a  lion.     (See  Androclus,  p.  37.) 


LION  OF  GOD. 


558 


LIR. 


Lion  of  God  (T/ie),  Ali,  son-in-law 
of  Mahomet.  He  was  called  at  birth 
"The  Rugged  Lion"  (al  Baidara)  (602, 
655-661). 

Hamza,  called  "The  Lion  of  God  and 
of  His  Prophet."  So  Gabriel  told  Ma- 
homet his  uncle  was  registered  in  heaven. 

Lion  of  Janina,  Ali  Pasha,  over- 
thrown in  1822  by  Ibrahim  Pasha  (1741, 

1788-1822). 

Lion  of  the  North  (Tfw),  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus  (1594,  1611-1632). 

Lion-Heart.  Richard  I.  was  called 
Coeur  de  Lion  because  he  plucked  out  a 
lion's  heart,  to  which  beast  he  had  been 
exposed  by  the  duke  of  Austria,  for 
having  slain  his  son. 

It  is  sayd  that  a  Xyoa  was  put  to  k.ioige  Richarde,  beying 
In  prison,  ...  to  devour  him ;  and  when  the  lyon  was 
gapjnge,  he  put  his  arnie  in  his  mouth,  and  pulled  the 
lyon  liy  the  harte  so  hard  that  he  slewe  the  lyon  ;  and 
therefore  ...  ho  is  called  Bicharde  Cure  de  Lyon.— 
Kastal,  Chronicle  (1532). 

Lion  King  of  Assyria,  Arioch  al 

Asser  (e.c.  1927-1897). 

Lion  Rouge  {Le),  marshal  Ney, 
who  had  red  hair  and  red  whiskers 
(1769-1815). 

Lion-Tamer.  One  of  the  most  re- 
markable was  Ellen  Bright,  who  ex- 
hibited in  Womb  well's  menagerie.  She 
was  killed  by  a  tiger  in  1850,  aged  J  7 
years. 

Lions  {White  and  Red).  Prester 
John,  in  his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus 
emperor  of  Constantinople,  says  his  land 
is  the  "home  of  white  and  red  lions" 
(1165). 

Lion's  Provider  (The),  the  jackal, 
which  often  starts  prey  that  the  lion 
appropriates. 

...  the  poor  jackals  are  less  foul 
(As  bein«  the  brave  lion's  keen  providers) 
Than  human  insects  catering  for  spiders. 

Byron,  Do^n  Juan,  ix.  27  (1824). 

Lionel  and  Clarissa,  an  opera  by 
Bickerstaif.  Sir  John  Flowerdale  has  a 
daughter  named  Clarissa,  whose  tutor  is 
Lionel,  an  Oxford  graduate.  Colonel 
Oldboy,  his  neighbour,  has  a  son  named 
Jessamy,  a  noodle  and  a  fop  ;  and  a 
daughter,  Diana.  A  proposal  is  made 
for  Clarissa  Flowerdale  to  marry  Jessamy ; 
but  she  despises  the  prig,  and  loves  Lionel. 
After  a  little  embroglio,  sir  John  gives  his 
consent  to  this  match.  Now  for  Diana : 
Harman,  a  guest  of  Oldboy's,  tells  him 
he  is  in  love,  but  that  the  father  of  the 
lady  will  not  consent  to  his  marriage. 
Oldboy  advises  him  to  elope,  lends  his 


carriage  and  horses,  and  writes  a  letter 
for  Harman,  which  he  is  to  send  to  the 
girl's  father.  Harman  follows  this  advice, 
and  elopes  with  Diana ;  but  Diana  repents, 
returns  home  unmarried,  and  craves  her 
father's  forgiveness.  The  old  colonel 
yields,  the  lovers  are  united,  and  Oldboy 
says  he  likes  Harman  the  better  for  his 
pluck  and  manliness. 

Lionell  {Sir),  brother  of  sir  Launce- 
lot,    son    of    Ban    king    of    Benwick 

{Brittany). 

Liones  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  sir  Per- 
saunt  of  Castle  Perilous,  where  she  was 
held  captive  by  sir  Ironside,  the  Red 
Knight  of  the  Red  I^ands.  Her  sister 
Linet'  went  to  the  court  of  king  Arthur 
to  request  that  some  knight  would  under- 
take to  deliver  her  from  her  oppressor; 
but  as  she  refused  to  give  up  the  name  of 
the  lady,  the  king  said  no  knight  of  the 
Round  Table  could  undertake  the  quest. 
On  this,  a  stranger,  nicknamed  "  Beau- 
mains  "  from  the  unusual  size  of  his  hands, 
and  who  had  served  in  the  kitchen  for 
twelve  months,  begged  to  be  sent,  and 
his  request  was  granted.  He  was  verj* 
scornfully  treated  by  Linet ;  but  suc- 
ceeded in  overthrowing  every  knight  who 
opposed  him,  and,  after  combating  from 
dawn  to  sunset  with  sir  Ironside,  made 
him  also  do  homage.  The  lady,  being 
now  free,  married  the  "kitchen  knight," 
who  was,  in  fact,  sir  Gareth,  son  of  Lot 
king  of  Orkney,  and  Linet  married  his 
brother  Ga'heris.  (See  Lyonors  of 
Castle  Perilous.) — Sir  T.  Malory,  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  120-153  (1470). 

Li'onesse  (3  syl.),  Lyonesse,  or 
Liones,  a  tract  of  land  between  Land's 
End  and  the  Scilly  Isles,  now  submerged 
"full  forty  fathoms  under  water."  It 
formed  a  part  of  Cornwall.  Thus  sir 
Tristram  de  Liones  is  always  called 
Cornish  knight.  When  asked  his  name, 
he  tells  sir  Kay  that  he  is  sir  Tristrata 
de  Liones ;  to  which  the  seneschal  answers^ 
"  Yet  heard  I  never  in  no  place  that  any, 
good  knight  came  out  of  Cornwall." — Si 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii 
56  (1470).     (See  Leonesse,  p.  648.) 

*#*  Respecting  the  knights  of  Corn- 
wall, sir  Mark  the  king  of  Cornwall  had 
thrown  the  whole  district  into  bad  odour. 
He  was  false,  cowardly,  mean,  and  most 
unknightly. 

Lir.  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Lir, ' 
This  is  one  of  the  three  tragic  stories  of 
the  ancient  Irish.    The  other  two  are  The 


a 

I 


LIRIS. 


LITTLE  CORPORAL. 


Death  of  the  Children  of  Touran  and  The 
Death  of  the  Children  of  Usnach.  (See 
FioNNUALA.) — O' Flanagan,  Transactions 
of  the  Gaelic  Society,  i. 

*^f*  Lir  {King)  father  of  Fionnuala. 
On  the  death  of  Fingula  (the  mother  of 
his  daughter),  he  married  the  wicked 
Aoife,  who,  through  spite,  transformed 
the  children  of  Lir  into  SAvans,  doomed 
to  float  on  the  water  for  centuries,  till 
they  hear  the  first  mass-bell  ring.  Tom 
Moore  has  versified  this  legend. 

Silent,  O  Moyle,  be  the  roar  of  thy  water ; 

Break  not,  ye  breezes,  your  chain  of  repose — 
While  murmuring  mournfully  Lir's  lonely  daughter 

TeUs  to  the  night-star  her  tale  of  woes. 
Moore,  IrUh  Melodic*  ("Song  of  Fionnua.'ii,"  1814). 

Ijiris,  a  proud  but  lovely  daughter  of 
the  race  of  man,  beloved  by  Rubi,  first 
of  the  angel  host.  Her  passion  was  the 
love  of  knowledge,  and  she  was  capti- 
vated by  all  her  angel  lover  told  her  of 
heaven  and  the  works  of  God.  At  last 
she  requested  Rubi  to  appear  before  her 
in  all  his  glory,  and,  as  she  fell  into  his 
embrace,  was  burnt  to  ashes  by  the  rays 
which  issued  from  him. — T.  Moore,  Loves 
of  the  Angels,  ii.  (1822). 

Xjisa,  an  innkeeper's  daughter,  who 
wishes  to  marry  Elvi'no  a  wealthy  far- 
mer ;  but  Elvino  is  in  love  with  Ami'na. 
Suspicious  circumstances  make  Elvino 
renounce  his  true  love  and  promise 
marriage  to  Lisa ;  but  the  suspicion  is 
shown  to  be  causeless,  and  Lisa  is  dis- 
covered to  be  the  paramour  of  another. 
So  Elvino  returns  to  his  first  love,  and  Lisa 
is  left  to  Alessio,  with  whom  she  had  been 
living  previously. — Bellini's  opera,  La 
Sonnambula  (1831). 

IiisHboa  or  Lisbo'a,  Lisbon. 

Ijisette.  Les  Infidelite's  de  Lisette  and 
La  Gueux  are  the  two  songs  which,  in 
1813,  gained  for  Beranger  admission  to 
the  *'Caveau,"  a  club  of  Paris,  established 
in  1729  and  broken  up  in  1749,  but  re- 
established in  1806  and  finally  closed  in 
1817. 

Les  Infiddit^s  supposes  that  Be'ranger 
loved  Lisette,  who  bestowed  her  favours 
on  sundry  admirers ;  and  Beranger,  at 
each  new  proof  of  infidelity,  "  drowned 
his  sorrow  in  the  bowl." 

lisette,  ma  Lisette, 
Tu  ni'as  tronipc  toujours ; 
Mais  vive  la  grisette  I 
Je  veux,  Lisette, 
Boire  k  nos  amours. 

Les  InfldSlUii  de  LUette. 

Lismaha'go  {Captain),  a  super- 
annutted  officer  on  half-pay,  who  marries 
X'lm  Tabitha  Bramble  for  the  sake  of 


her  £4000.  He  is  a  hard-featured,  for- 
bidding Scotchman,  singular  in  dress, 
eccentric  in  manners,  self-conceited, 
pedantic,  disputatious,  and  rude.  Though 
most  tenacious  in  argument,  he  can  yield 
to  Miss  Tabitha,  whom  he  wishes  to  con- 
ciliate. Lismahago  reminds  one  of  don 
Quixote,  but  is  sufficiently  unlike  to  be 
original. — T.  Smollett,  The  Expedition  of 
Humphry  Clinker  (1771). 

Iiissardo,  valet  to  don  Felix.  He 
is  a  conceited  high-life-below-stuirs  fop, 
who  makes  love  to  Inis  and  Flora. — Mrs. 
Centlivre,  The  Wonder  (1713). 

Lee  Lewes  [1740-1803]  played  "  Lissardo  "  In  the  style  of 
his  great  master  [Woodward],  and  most  divertingly. — 
Boaden,  Life  of  Mrt.  Hiddon^. 

Xiis'uarte  {T^ie  Exploits  and  Adven- 
tures of),  part  of  the  series  of  Le  Roman 
des  liomans,  or  that  pertaining  to 
"  Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Juan  Diaz. 

Literary  Forgers.  (See  Forgers.) 

Literature  {Father  of  Modern  French), 
Claude  de  Seyssel  (1450-1520). 

Literature  {Father  of  German),  Gott- 
hold  Ephraim  Lessing  (1729-1781). 

Littimer,  the  painfully  irreproach- 
able valet  of  Steerforth ;  in  whose 
presence  David  Copperfield  feels  always 
most  uncomfortably  small.  Though  us 
a  valet  he  is  propriety  in  Sunday  best,  he 
is  nevertheless  cunning  and  deceitful. 
Steerforth,  tired  of  "Little  Em'ly," 
wishes  to  marry  her  to  Littimer ;  but 
from  this  lot  she  is  rescued,  and  migrates 
to  Australia. — C.  Dickens,  David  Copper- 
field  (1849). 

Little  ( Thomas) .  Thomas  Moore  pub- 
lished, in  1808,  a  volume  of  amatory 
poems  under  this  nom  de  plume.  The 
preface  is  signed  J.  H.  H.  H. 

'Tis  Little  1— young  Catullus  of  his  day. 
As  sweet  but  as  immoral  as  his  lay. 
Byron,  EnglUh  Bardt  and  Scotch  lleviewert  (1809). 

Little  Britain,  Brittany ;  also  called 
Armor'ica,  and  in  Arthurian  romance 
Benwicke  or  Benwick. 

%*  There  is  a  part  of  London  called 
"Little  Britain."  It  lies  between  Christ's 
Hospital  (the  Blue-coat  School)  and 
Aldersgate  Street.  It  was  here  that  Mr. 
Jaggers  had  his  chambers.  (See  Jag- 
GEKS,  p.  486.) 

Little  Corporal  {The).  General 
Bonaparte  was  so  called  after  the  battle 
of  Lodi  in  1796,  from  his  youthful  ag« 
and  low  stature. 


LITTLE  DORRIT. 


660      LITTLE  RED  RIDING-HOOD. 


Iiittle  Dorrit,  the  heroine  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  C.  Dickens  (1867).  Little 
Dorrit  Avas  born  and  brought  up  in  the 
Marshalsea  prison,  Kermondsey,  where 
her  father  was  confined  for  debt ;  and 
when  about  14  years  of  age  she  used  to 
do  needlework,  to  earn  a  subsistence  for 
herself  and  her  father.  The  child  had  a 
pale,  transparent  face ;  quick  in  expres- 
sion, though  not  beautiful  in  feature.  Her 
eyes  were  a  soft  hazel,  and  her  figure 
slight.  The  little  dove  of  the  prison  was 
idolized  by  the  prisoners,  and  when  she 
walked  out,  every  man  in  Bermondsey 
who  passed  her,  touched  or  took  off  his 
hat  out  of  respect  to  her  good  works  and 
active  benevolence*  Her  father,  coming 
into  a  property,  was  set  free  at  length, 
and  Little  Dorrit  married  Arthur  Clen- 
nam,  the  marriage  service  being  celebrated 
in  the  Marshalsea,  by  the  prison  chaplain. 

Little-Endians  and  Big-En- 
dians,  two  religious  factions,  which 
waged  incessant  war  with  each  other  on 
the  right  interpretation  of  the  fifty-fourth 
chapter  of  the  Blun' decral :  "All  true 
believers  break  their  eggs  at  the  con- 
venient end."  The  godfather  of  Calin 
Deffar  Plune,  the  reigning  emperor  of 
Lilliput,  happened  to  cut  his  finger  while 
breaking  his  egg  at  the  bi(j  end,  and 
therefore  commanded  all  faithful  Lilli- 
putians to  break  their  eggs  in  future  at 
the  small  end.  The  Blefuscudians  called 
this  decree  rank  heresy,  and  determined 
to  exterminate  the  believers  of  such  an 
aboniinable  practice  from  the  face  of  the 
earth.  Hundreds  of  treatises  were  pub- 
lished on  both  sides,  but  each  empire 
put  all  those  books  opposed  to  its  own 
Tiews  into  the  Index  Expurgatorius,  and 
not  a  few  of  the  more  zealous  sort  died 
as  martyrs  for  daring  to  follow  their 
private  judgment  in  the  matter. — Swift, 
Gulliver's  Travels  ("Voyage  to  Lilliput," 
1726). 

Little  French  Lawyer  {The),  a 
comedy  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1647). 
The  person  so  called  is  La  Writ,  a 
wrangling  French  advocate. 

Little  Gentleman  in  Velvet 
{To  the),  a  favourite  Jacobite  toast  in  the 
reign  of  queen  Anne.  The  reference  is  to 
the  mole  that  raised  the  hill  against  which 
the  horse  of  William  III.  stumbled  while 
riding  in  the  park  of  Hampton  Court.  By 
this  accident  the  king  broke  his  collar- 
bone, a  severe  illness  ensued,  and  he  died 
early  in  1702. 

Little  Jolm  (whose  surname    was 


Nailor),  the  fidus  Achates  of  Robin  Hood. 
He  could  shoot  an  arrow  a  measured 
mile  and  somewhat  more.  So  could 
Robin  Hood ;  but  no  other  man  ever 
lived  who  could  perform  the  same  feat. 
In  one  of  the  Robin  Hood  ballads  we  are 
told  that  the  name  of  this  free-shooter 
was  John  Little,  and  that  William  Stutely, 
iu  merry  mood,  reversed  the  names. 

"0,  here  is  my  hand,"  the  stranger  replyed; 

"  111  serve  you  with  all  my  whole  heart. 
My  name  is  John  Little,  a  man  of  good  mettle ; 

Ne'er  doubt  me,  for  III  play  my  part, " 
He  was,  I  must  tell  you,  full  seven  foot  lilgh. 

And  maybe  an  ell  in  the  waste  .  .  . 
Brave  Stutely  said  then  .  .  . 
•'  This  infant  was  called  John  Little,"  quoth  he ; 

*■  Which  name  shall  be  changed  anon  ; 
The  words  we'll  transix)se,  so  wherever  he  goes 

His  name  sliall  be  called  Little  John." 
Ritson,  Jlobin  Hood  Balladi,  ii.  21  (before  1689). 

*^*  A  bow  (says  Ritson)  which  be- 
longed to  Little  John,  with  the  name 
Naylor  on  it,  is  now  in  the  possession  of 
a  gentleman  in  the  west  riding  of  York- 
shire. Scott  has  introduced  Little  John 
in  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.) 

Little  John  {Hugh).  John  Hugh  Lock- 
hart,  grandson  of  sir  W.  Scott,  is  so  called 
by  sir  Walter  in  his  Tales  of  a  Grand- 
father, written  for  his  grandson. 

Little  Marlborough,  count  von 
Schwerin,  a  Prussian  field-marshal  and 
a  companion  of  the  duke  of  Marlborough 
(1G84-1757). 

Little  Nell,  a  child  distinguished 
for  her  purity  of  character,  though  living 
in  the  midst  of  selfishness,  impurity,  and 
crime.  She  was  brought  up  by  her 
grandfather,  who  was  in  his  dotage,  and 
having  lost  his  property,  tried  to  eke  out 
a  narrow  living  by  selling  lumber  or 
curiosities.  At  length,  through  terror  of 
Quilp,  the  old  man  and  his  grandchild] 
stole  away,  and  led  a  vagrant  life,  the] 
one  idea  of  both  being  to  get  as  far 
possible  from  the  reach  of  Quilp.  The] 
finally  settled  down  in  a  cottage  overlook- 
ing a  coimtry  churchyard,  where  Nelll 
died. — C.  Dickens,  The  Old  Curiosity] 
Shop  (1840). 

Little  Peddlington,  an  imaginaryl 
place,  the  village  of  quackery  and  cant, 
egotism    and    humbug,    affectation    and 
flattery. — John  Poole,  Little  Teddlington. 

Little  Queen,  Isabella  of  Valois, 
who  was  married  at  the  age  of  eight  years 
to  Richard  II.  of  England,  and  was  a 
widow  at  13  years  of  age  (1387-1410). 

Little  Red    Riding-Hood     {Le 

Petit  Chaperon  Eouge),  from  Les  Contesoi 


LITTLEJOHN. 


561       LOCAL  DESIGNATIONS,  ETC. 


Charles  Perrault  (1697).  Ludwig  Tieck 
reproduced  the  same  tale  in  his  Volks- 
tndrchen  {Popular  Stories),  in  1795,  under 
the  German  title  Lehen  und  2'od  dcs 
Kleinen  Rbthkappchen.  A  little  girl 
takes  a  present  to  her  grandmother  ;  but 
1  a  wolf  has  assumed  the  place  of  the  old 
i  woman,  and,  when  the  child  gets  into  bed. 
I  devours  her.  The  brothers  Grimm  have 
i  reproduced  this  tale  in  German.  In  the 
Swedish  version,  Red  Riding-Hood  is  a 
'  young  woman,  who  takes  refuge  in  a 
tree,  the  wolf  gnaws  the  tree,  and  the 
lover  arrives  just  in  time  to  see  his 
mistress  devoured  by  the  monster. 

Littlejohn  (Bailie),  a  magistrate  at 
Fairport. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Live  to  Please  .  .  .  Dr.  Johnson,  in 
the  prologue  spoken  by  Garrick  at  the 
opening  of  Drury  Lane  in  1747,  says  : 

The  drama's  laws  tlie  drama's  patrons  give. 
For  we  ttat  live  to  please,  must  please  to  live. 

Livy  (The  JRussian),  Nicholas  Mi- 
chaelovitch  Karamzin  (1765-1826). 

Livy  of  Prance,  Juan  de  Mariana 
(1537-1624). 

Livy  of  Portugal,  Joao  de  Barros 
(1496-1570). 

Lizard  Islands,  fabulous  islands, 
where  damsels,  outcast  from  the  rest  of 
the  world,  find  a  home  and  welcome. — 
Torquemada,  Garden  of  Flowers. 

Lizard  Point  (Cornwall),  a  corrup- 
tion of  Lazar's  Point,  being  a  place  of 
retirement  for  lazars  or  lepers. 

Lla'ian,  the  unwed  mother  of  prince 
Hoel.  His  father  was  prince  Hoel,  the 
illegitimate  son  of  king  Owen  of  North 
Wales.  Hoel  the  father  was  slain  in  battle 
by  his  half-brother  David,  successor  to 
the  throne  ;  and  Llaian,  with  her  young 
Bon,  also  called  Hoel,  accompanied  prince 
Madoc  to  America. — Southey,  Madoc 
(1805). 

Llewel'lyn,  son  of   Yorwerth,  and 
grandson  of  Owen  king  of  North  Wales. 
Yorwerth  was   the  eldest  son,  but  was 
I        set  aside  because  he  had  a  blemish  in  the 
I       face,   and  his    half-brother    David  was 
i       king.     David  began  his  reign  by  killing 
or  banishing  all  the  family  of  his  father 
;       who      might      disturb     his     succession. 
Amongst  those  he  killed  was  Yorwerth, 
m  consequence   of  which  Llewellyn  re- 
solved to  avenge  his  father's  death ;  and 
bis  hatred    against    his   uncle  was  un- 
bounded.—Southey,  Madoc  (1806). 


Lloyd  with  an  "  L." 

One  morning,  a  Welsh  coach-maker  came  with  his  hill 
to  my  lord  [the  earl  of  Brentford\  "You  called,  I 
think,  Mr.  Lloyd?"  "At  your  lordship's  service,  my 
lord."  "  What :  Lloyd  with  an  '  L '  ?  "  It  was  with  an  "L." 
"  In  your  part  of  the  world  I  have  heard  Uiat  Lloyd  and 
Flloyd  are  synonymous;  is  it  so  f "  inquired  his  lordship. 
"  Very  often,  indeed,  my  lord,"  was  the  >xeply.  "  You 
say  that  you  spell  your  name  with  an  '  L '  f  "  "  Always,  my 
lord."  "  That,  my  Lloyd,  is  a  little  unlucky ;  for  I  am 
paying  my  debts  alphabetically,  and  in  four  or  five  years 
you  might  have  come  in  with  the  '  F's' ;  but  I  am  afraid 
I  can  give  you  no  hopes  for  your  '  I»'  Good  morning.*'— 
S.  Foote,  the  Lame  Lover, 

Lloyd's  Books,  two  enormous 
ledger-looking  volumes,  raised  on  desks 
at  right  and  left  of  the  entrance  to  Lloyd's 
Rooms,  These  books  give  the  principal 
arrivals,  and  all  losses  by  wreck,  fire,  or 
other  accident  at  sea.  The  entries  are 
written  in  a  fine,  bold,  Roman  hand, 
legible  to  all  readers. 

*^*  Lloyd's  List  is  a  London  periodical, 
in  which  the  shipping  news  received  at 
Lloyd's  Rooms  is  regularly  published. 

L.  ]N".  R.,  initialism  of  Mrs.  Ranyard, 
authoress  of  The  Book  and  Its  Story,  Th4 
Missing  Link,  etc.  Died  1879. 

Loathly  Lady  (^7*^),  a  hideous 
creature,  whom  sir  Gaw'ain  marries,  and 
who  immediately  becomes  a  most  beau- 
tiful woman. — The  Marriage  of  Sir 
Gawain  (a  ballad). 

The  walls  .  .  .  were  clothed  with  grim  old  tapestry, 
representing  the  memorable  story  of  sir  Ga wain's  wedding 
.  .  .  with  the  Loathly  Lady.— Sir  W.  Scott 

LobaTDa,  one  of  the  sorcerers  in 
the  caverns  of  Dom-Daniel,  "  under  the 
roots  of  the  ocean."  These  spirits  were 
destined  to  be  destroyed  by  one  of  the  race 
of  Hodeirah,  and,  therefore,  they  perse- 
cuted the  whole  of  that  race  even  to  death. 
Tal'aba,  however,  escaped  their  malice, 
and  became  their  destroyer,  Okba  tried 
to  kill  him,  but  failed.  Abdaldar  was 
next  sent  against  him,  and  would  have 
struck  the  lad  in  prayer,  but  was  himself 
killed  by  a  simoom.  Lobaba  was  the 
third  envoy  sent  to  compass  his  death. 
He  assumed  the  guise  of  an  old  merchant, 
and  beguiled  the  young  man  into  the 
wilderness,  where  he  roused  up  a  furious 
whirlwind  ;  but  Talaba  was  saved,  and 
Lobaba  himself  fell  a  victim  to  the  storm 
which  he  had  raised.-Southey,  Thalaba 
the  Destroyer  (1797). 

Local  Designations  and  Lau* 
casMre  Manufactures,  etc. 

ASH'N  [Ashton-under-Lyne],  feUowt. 

BOWTON  fBolton],  mily  or  trottcrt. 

BowDEN  [Boltoni  dovmt  (i.e.  potatoei). 

Bury,  muffer$. 

BUKY,  cyitMins. 

Q^^AOi-i,  twingers  la  pecuJUr  cost). 

2o 


LOCHAW. 


562 


LODBROG. 


CONGLBTON.  JX>inU. 
ECCL£8,  cakM. 
EVEKTON,  toffepg. 

Glasgow,  cai'ont. 
Gorton,  huU-dog». 
Liverpool,  gentlemen. 
liONDON,  gentt. 
Manchester,  men. 
MANCHESXiiR.  cottont. 
MiDDLETON,  moones. 
Ormskirk,  gingerbread. 
OWDA.N  [Oldham J,  chap*. 
Paisley,  bodies. 
Kadclifpe.  napert. 
Rochdale,  gnwbies. 
Stretford,  black-puddings. 
Warrington,  oU«. 

Manchester  Guardian. 

Lochaw.  Ifs  a  far  cry  to  Lochaw, 
i.e.  his  lands  are  very  extensive.  Lochaw 
was  the  original  seat  of  the  Campbells  ; 
and  so  extensive  were  their  possessions, 
that  no  cry  or  challenge  could  reach  from 
one  end  of  them  to  the  other. 

liOChiel'  (2  syL).  Sir  Evan  Cameron, 
lord  of  Lochiel,  sumamed  "The  Black" 
and  *'  The  Ulysses  of  the  Highlands," 
died  1719.  His  son,  called  "The 
Gentle  Lochiel,"  is  the  one  referred  to 
by  Thomas  Campbell  in  LochieVs  Warn- 
iruj.  He  fought  in  the  battle  of  Cullo'den 
for  prince  Charles,  the  Young  Pretender 
(1746). 

Lochiel,  Lochiel,  beware  of  the  day 
When  the  Lowlands  shall  meet  thee  in  battle  arrajr  t 
For  a  field  of  the  dead  rushes  red  on  my  sight. 
And  the  clans  of  Cullo'den  are  scattered  in  fight. 

Campbell,  LochieVi  Warning. 
And  Cameron,  in  the  shock  of  steel. 
Die  like  the  offspring  of  LochieL 

Sir  W.  Scott,  i'Uld  of  Waterloo. 

Loehinvar',  a  young  Highlander, 
in  love  with  a  lady'  at  Netherby  Hall 
(condemned  to  marry  a  "  laggard  in 
love  and  a  dastard  in  w^ar").  Her 
young  chevalier  induced  the  too-willing 
lassie  to  be  his  partner  in  a  dance ;  and 
while  the  guests  were  intent  on  their 
amusements,  swung  her  into  his  saddle 
and  made  off  with  her  before  the  bride- 
groom could  recover  from  his  amaze- 
ment—Sir W.  Scott,  Marmion  (1808). 

Iiochleven  (The  lady  of),  mother  of 
the  regent  Murray.— Sir  \V.  Scott,  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Loehlin,  the  Gaelic  name  for  Scan- 
dinavia. It  generally  means  Denmark. 
— Ossian,  Fingal. 

liOckit,  the  jailer  in  Gay's  Beggar's 
Opera.  He  was  an  inhuman  brute,  who 
refused  to  allow  captain  Macheath  any 
more  candles  in  his  cell,  and  threatened  to 
clap  on  e::tra  fetters,  unless  he  supplied 
him  with  more  "  eramish "  (Jail  fees). 
Lockit  loaded  hjs  prisoners  with  fetters 


in  inverse  proportion  to  the  fees  which 
they  paid,  ranging  "from  one  guinea  to 
ten."  (See  Lucy.) — J,  Gay,  The  Beggar's 
Opera  (1727). 

The  quarrel  between  Peachum  und  Lockit  wa«  an 
allusion  to  a  personal  collision  between  Walpole  and  his 
colleague  lord  Townsend.— R.  Chambers,  Englith  Litera- 
ture, i.  57L 

Locksley,  in  Nottinghamshire,  the 
birthplace  of  Robin  Hood. 

In  Locksly  town,  in  merry  Nottinghamshire, 

In  merry,  sweet  Locksly  town, 
There  bold  Robin  Hood  was  born  and  was  bred. 

Bold  Robin  of  famous  renown. 

Ritson,  Itobin  Hood,  il.  1  (1795). 

Locksley,  alias  "Robin  Hood,"  an 
archer  at  the  tournament  (ch.  xiii.). 
Said  to  have  been  the  name  of  the  village 
where  the  outlaw  was  born. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Locksley  Hall,  a  poem  by  Tenny- 
son, in  which  the  hero,  the  lord  of 
Locksley  Hall,  having  been  jilted  by  his 
cousin  Amy  for  a  rich  boor,  pours  forth 
his  feelings  in  a  flood  of  vehement  scorn 
and  indignation.  The  poem  is  under- 
stood to  have  been  occasioned  by  a  sim- 
ilar incident  in  the  poet's  own  life. 

Xiocrine  (2  syl.),  father  of  Sabri'na, 
and  eldest  son  of  the  mythical  Brutus 
king  of  ancient  Britain.  On  the  death 
of  his  father,  Locrine  became  king  of 
Loe'gria  (^England). 

Xiocusta,  a  by-word  of  infamy.  She 
lived  in  the  early  part  of  the  Roman 
empire.  Locusta  poisoned  Claudius  and 
Britannicus,  and  attempted  to  destroy 
Nero,  but,  being  found  out,  was  put  to 
death. 

liOda  or  Cruth-Loda,  a  Scandi- 
navian god,  which  dwelt  "  on  the  misty 
top  of  U-thorno  .  .  .  the  house  of  the 
spirits  of  men."  Fingal  did  not  worship 
at  the  "  stone  of  this  power,"  but  looked 
on  it  as  hostile  to  himself  and  friendly 
to  his  foes.  Hence,  when  Loda  appeared 
to  him  on  one  occasion,  Fingal  knew  it 
was  with  no  friendly  intent,  and  with  his 
sword  he  cleft  the  intrenchant  spirit  in 
twain.  Whereupon  it  uttered  a  terrible 
shriek,  which  made  the  island  tremble  ; 
and,  "  rolling  itself  up,  rose  upon  the 
wings  of  the  wind,"  and  departed.  (See 
Ma  Its  Wounded.)  —  Ossian,  Carric- 
TJiura. 

(In  Oina-Morul,  "  Loda  "  seems  to  be  a 
place :  .^ 

They  stretca  their  handt,  to  the  shells  in  Loda.)  ^^| 

Lodbrog,  king  of  Denmark  (cighff 


LODGING. 


663 


LOHENGRIN. 


centuTy),  famous  for  his  wars  and  vic- 
tories. He  was  also  an  excellent  scald 
or  bard,  like  Ossian.  Falling  into  the 
hands  of  his  enemies,  he  was  cast  into 
jail,  and  devoured  by  serpents. 

Lodging.  "My  lodging  is  on  the 
cold  ground." — W.  B.  Rhodes,  Bombastes 
Furioso  (1790). 

Lodois'ka  (4  syL),  a  beautiful  Polish 
princess,  in  love  with  count  Floreski. 
She  is  the  daughter  of  prince  Lupauski, 
who  places  her  under  the  protection  of  a 
friend  (baron  Lovinski)  during  a  war  be- 
tween the  Poles  and  Tartars.  Here  her 
lover  finds  her  a  prisoner  at  large ;  but 
the  baron  seeks  to  poison  him.  At  this 
crisis,  the  Tartars  arrive  and  invade  the 
castle.  The  baron  is  killed,  the  lady- 
released,  and  all  ends  happily. — J.  P. 
Kemble,  Lodoiska  (a  melodrame). 

Lodc'na,  a  nymph,  fond  of  the 
chase.  One  day,  Pan  saw  her,  and  tried 
to  catch  her ;  but  she  fled,  and  implored 
Cynthia  to  save  her.  Her  prayer  was 
heard,  and  she  was  instantly  converted 
into  "a  silver  stream,  which  ever  keeps 
its  'rlrgin  coolness."  Lodona  is  an  af- 
fluent of  the  Thames. — Pope,  Windsor 
Forest  (1713). 

Xiodore  (2  syl.),  a  cataract  of  the 
Tarn,  in  France,  rendered  famous  for 
Soutbej^'s  piece  of  word-painting  called 
The  Cataract  of  Lodore  (1820).  This 
and  Edgar  Poe's  Bells  are  the  best  pieces 
of  word-painting  in  the  language,  at  least 
of  a  similar  length. 

Iiodovi'co,  kinsman  to  Brabantio 
the  father  of  Desdemona.— Shakespeare, 
Othello  (1611). 

Iiodovieo  and  Piso,  two  cowardly 
pulls.— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Captain  (1613). 

liOdowick,  the  name  assumed  by  the 
duke  of  Vienna,  when  he  retired  for  a 
while  from  State  affairs,  and  dressed  as 
a  friar,  to  watch  the  carrying  out  of  a 
law  recently  enforced  against  prostitu- 
tion.— Shakespeare,  Measure  for  Measure 
ri603). 

Loe'gria  (4  syl.),  England,  the  king- 
dom of  Logris  or  Locrine,  eldest  son  of 
Brute  the  mythical  king  of  Britain. 

Thus  Cambria  [Walet]  to  her  right  that  would  herself 

restore, 
kcA  rather  than  to  lose  Lofigria,  looks  for  more. 

M.  Drayton,  PolyolHon,  iv.  (1612). 


II  eat  ictit  qu'il  est  une  heure 
Oii  touc  le  royaiHne  de  Logres, 
Qui  jadis  fut  la  terra  6s  ogrea 

Sera  d»itruit  par  cette  lance. 

Chretien  de  Troyes,  Parzival  (1170). 

Lofty,  a  detestable  prig,  always 
boasting  of  his  intimacy  with  people  of 
quality. — Goldsmith,  the  Good-natured 
Man  (1767). 

Lofty  (Sir  T?iomas),  a  caricature  of  lord 
Melcombe.  Sir  Thomas  is  a  man  utterly 
destitute  of  all  capacity,  yet  sets  himself 
up  for  a  Mecaenas,  and  is  well  sponged 
by  needy  scribblers,  who  ply  him  with 
fulsome  dedications. — Samuel  Foote,  I'he 
Patron. 

IiOg  {King),  a  roifain€ant.  The  frogs 
prayed  to  Jove  to  send  them  a  king,  and 
the  god  thrcAV  a  log  into  the  pool,  the 
splash  of  which  terribly  alarmed  them 
for  a  time  ;  but  they  soon  learnt  to  de- 
spise a  monarch  who  allowed  them  to 
jump  upon  its  back,  and  never  resented 
their  familiarities.  The  croakers  com- 
plained to  Jove  for  sending  them  so 
worthless  a  king,  and  prayed  him  to 
send  one  more  active  and  imperious  ;  so 
he  sent  them  a  stork,  which  devoured 
them. — Msops  Fables. 

Logistil'la,  a  good  fairy,  sister  of 
Aici'na  the  sorceress.  She  taught  Kug- 
gie'ro  (3  syl.)  to  manage  the  hippogriff, 
and  gave  Astolpho  a  magic  book  and  horn. 
Logistilla  is  human  reason  personified. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Logothete  {The),  or  chancellor  of 
the  Grecian  empire. — SirW.  Scott,  Count 
Eobert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Logres  (2  syl.).  England  is  so  called 
from  Logris  or  Locrine,  eldest  bon  of  the 
mythical  king  Brute. 

.  .  .  le  royaume  de  Logreg, 
Qui  jadis  fut  la  terre  6s  ogres. 

Chretien  de  Troyes,  Partlval  (1170). 

Logria,  England.     (See  Logres.) 

Logris  or  Locris,  same  as  Locrin  or 
Locrine,  eldest  son  of  Brute  the  mythical 
king  of  Britain. 

Logris,  England. 

1  am  banished  out  of  the  country  of  Logris  for  ever ; 
that  is  to  say,  out  of  the  country  of  England.— Sir  T. 
Malory,  JUstory  o/  Prince  Arthur,  Hi.  IS  (1470). 

Lohengrin,  "  Knight  of  the  Swan," 
son  of  Parzival.  He  came  to  Brabante 
in  a  ship  drawn  by  a  swan,  and  having 
liberated  the  duchess  Elsen,  who  was  a 
captive,  he  married  her,  but  declined  to 
reveal  his  name.  Not  long  after  hia 
marriage,    he   went    against    the    Hum* 


L'OISELEUR. 


564 


LONGEYITY. 


and  Saracens,  performed  marvels  of 
hra\er}',  and  returned  to  Germany  covered 
■with  glory.  Elsen,  being  laughed  at  by 
her  friends  for  not  knowing  the  name  of 
her  husband,  resolved  to  ask  him  of  his 
family ;  but  no  sooner  had  she  done  so 
than  the  white  swan  re-appeared  and 
carried  him  away. — Wolfram  von  Eschen- 
bach  (a  minnesinger,  thirteenth  century). 
L'Oiseleur  ("  the  bird-catcher  "),  the 
person  who  plavs  the  magic  flute. — Mo- 
zart, Die  Zaubefjiote  (1791). 

liOki,  the  god  of  strife  and  spirit  of 
all  evil.  His  wife  is  Angerbode  (4  s.y/.), 
i.e.  "  messenger  of  wrath,"  and  his  three 
sons  are  Fenris,  Midgard,  and  Ilela. 
Loki  gave  the  blind  god  Hoder  an  arrow 
of  mistletoe,  and  told  him  to  try  it ;  so  the 
blind  Hoder  discharged  the  arrow  and 
slew  Baldr  (the  Scandinavian  Apollo). 
This  calamity  was  so  grievous  to  the 
gods,  that  they  unanimously  agreed  to 
restore  him  to  life  again. — Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

Iiolah,  one  of  the  three  beauties  of 
the  harem,  into  which  don  Juan  in  female 
disguise  was  admitted.  She  "was  dusk  as 
India  and  as  warm."  The  other  two  were 
Katin'ka  and  Dudii. — Byron,  Bon  Juan, 
vi.  40,  41  (1824). 

Lol'lius,  an  author  often  referred  to 
by  writers  of  the  Middle  Ages,  but  pro- 
bably a  "Mrs.  Harris"  of  Kennotwhere. 

Lollius,  if  a  writer  of  that  name  existed  at  all,  yraa  a 
«omewliat  somewliere.— Coleridge. 

London  Antiquary  (A).  John 
Camden  Hotten  published  his  dictionary 
of  Modern  Slang,  etc.,  under  this  pseu- 
donym. 

London  Bridge  is  Built  on 
"Woolpacks.  In  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.,  Pious  Peter,  a  chaplain  of  St.  Mary 
Colechurch,  in  the  Poultry,  built  a  stone 
bridge  in  lieu  of  the  wooden  one  which 
had  been  destroyed  by  fire.  The  king 
helped  him  by  a  tax  on  wool,  and  hence 
the  saying  referred  to  above. 

Long  (Tom),  the  hero  of  an  old 
popular  tale  entitled  The  Merry  Conceits 
of  loin  Long  the  Carrier,  etc. 

Long  Peter,  Peter  Aartsen,  the 
Flemish  painter.  He  was  so  called  from 
his  extraordinary  height  (1507-1673). 

Long-S^word  {Richard),  son  of  the 
"fair  Rosamond"  and  Henry  II.  His 
brother  was  Geoffroy  archbishop  of  York. 

long-sword,  the  brave  son  of  beauteous  Rosamond. 
Drayton.  Pofyolbion,  xviii.  (1613). 

Long-Swordt  William  I.  of  Normandy, 


son  of  Rollo,  assassinated  by  tie  count  of 
Flanders  (920-943). 

Long  Tom  Cofifin,  a  sailor  of 
heroic  character  and  most  amiable  dis- 
position, introduced  by  Fenimore  Cooper 
of  New  York  in  his  novel  called  T/ie  Pilot. 
Fitzball  has  dramatized  the  story. 

Longaville  (3  syl.),_  a  young  lord 
attending  on  Ferdinand  king  of  Navarre. 
He  promises  to  spend  three  years  in  study 
with  the  king,  during  which  time  no 
woman  is  to  approach  the  court ;  but 
no  sooner  has  he  signed  the  compact  than 
he  falls  in  love  with  Maria.  When  he 
proposes  to  her,  she  defers  his  suit  for 
twelve  months,  and  she  promises  to 
change  her  "black  gown  for  a  faithful 
friend  "  if  he  then  r6mains  of  the  same 
mind. 

A  man  of  sovereign  parts  he  is  esteemed  ; 
Well  fitted  in  arts,  glorious  in  arms  : 
Nothing  becomes  him  ill,  that  he  would  well. 
The  only  soil  of  his  fair  virtue's  gloss  .  .  . 
Is  a  sharp  wit  matched  with  too  blunt  a  will ; 
Whose  edge  .  .  .  none  spares  that  come  within  his  power. 
Shakespeare,  Love'*  Labour's  Lott,  act  ii.  sc.  1  {15M). 

Longchamp,  bishop  of  Ely,  high 
justiciary  of  England  during  the  absence 
of  king  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Longevity.  The  following  have 
exceeded  a  hundred  j'ears  :— 

Thomas  Cam  (207 ! !),  according  to 
the  parish  register  of  St.  Leonard's 
Church,  Shoreditch,  died  January  22, 
1688,  aged  207  years.  If  so,  he  was  bora 
1381,  in  4th  Richard  II.,  and  died  13th 
Elizabeth. 

Thomas  Parr  (152),  bom  1483,  died 
1635. 

Henry  Jkkkixs  (169),  born  1591, 
died  1760. 

Catharine  countess  of  Desmond 
(140),  fifteenth  century. 

Henry  Hastings   (102),  forester 
Charles  I.  (1537-1639). 

Henry  Evans  (129),  a  Welshmaril 
(1642-1771). 

Jane  Scrimshaw  (127)  lived  in 
reigns  of  eight  sovereigns  (1584-1711). 

Alice    of    Philadelphia    (116),    bor 
1686,  died  1802. 

Thomas  Laugher  of  Markley,  Wot 
cestershire  (107),  born  1700,  died  1807." 
His  mother  died  at  the  age  of  108. 

Margaret  Patten  or  Batten  of 
Glasgow  (136).  She  was  born  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth  (1603),  and  died 
1739.'  She  was  buried  at  Margaret's^ 
Westminster,  and  a  portrait  of  her  is  inl 
St.  Margaret's  workhouse. 


LONGIUS. 


665 


LOREDANO. 


In  ShiflFnal  (Saloo)  St.  Andrew's 
Church  are  these  tablets  : 

William  Wakley  (124),  baptized  at 
Tdsall,  otherwise  Shiffnal,  May  1,  1590  ; 
and  was  buried  at  Adbaston,  November  28, 
1714.  He  lived  in  the  reign  of  eight 
sovereigns. 

Mauy  Yates  (127).  wife  of  Joseph 
Yates  of  Lizard  Common,  Shiffnal,  was 
born  1649,  and  buried  August  7,  1776. 
She  walked  to  London  just  after  the  fire 
in  1666,  was  hearty  and  strong  at  120 
years,  and  married,  at  92  years  of  age, 
her  third  husband. 

Longius,  the  name  of  the  Roman 
soldier  who  pierced  the  crucified  Saviour 
with  a  spear.  The  spear  came  into  the 
possession  of  Joseph  of  Arimathea. — Sir 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  41 
(1470). 

Longomonta'nus  (Christian),  of 
Jutland,  a  Danish  astronomer  (1562- 
1647). 

What  did  your  Cardan  [an  Italian  astronomer'],  and 
your  Ptolemy,  your  Messalialab,  and  your  Longomontanus, 
your  harnwny  of  chiromancy  with  astrology  J— W.  Con- 
greve,  Lot>e  /or  Love,  iv.  (1695). 

IiOnna,  that  is,  Colonna,  the  most 
southern  point  of  Attica,  called  "  Su- 
nium's  marbled  steep."  Here  once  stood 
a  temple  to  Minerva,  called  by  Falconer, 
in  The  Shipwreck,  "  Tritonia's  sacred 
fane."  The  ship  Britannia  stnick 
against  *'  the  cape's  projecting  verge," 
and  was  wrecked. 

Yes,  at  the  dead  of  night,  by  Lonna's  steep, 
The  seaman's  cry  was  heard  along  the  deep. 

Campbell,  The  Pleasures  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Loose-Coat  Field.  The  battle  of 
Stamford  (1470)  was  so  called,  because  the 
men  led  by  lord  Wells,  being  attacked  by 
the  Yorkists,  threw  off  their  coats,  that 
they  might  flee  the  faster. 

Cast  oflF  their  country's  coats,  to  haste  their  speed  away. 
Which  "Loose-Coat  Field"  is  called  e'en  to  this  diiy. 

Drayton,  PolyolMon,  xxii.  (1622). 

Lo'pe  de  Vega  {Felix),  a  Spanish 
poet,  born  at  Madrid.  He  was  one  of 
those  who  came  in  the  famous  '*  Armada  " 
to  invade  England.  Lope  (2  sijl.)  wrote 
altogether  1800  tragedies,  comedies, 
dramas,  or  religious  pieces  called  autos 
sacramentales  (1562-1635). 

Her  memory  was  a  mine.    She  knew  by  heart 
All  Colderon  and  greater  part  of  Lop*. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  11  (1819), 

Lopez,  the  "  Spanish  curate." — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Spanish 
Curate  (1622). 

Lopez  (Don),  a  Portuguese  nobleman, 
the   father    of    doa    Felix    and    donna 


Isabella. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  The  Wonder 
(1714). 

Lorbrul'grud,  the  capital  of  Brob- 
dingnag.  The  word  is  humorously  said 
to  mean  "  Pride  of  the  Universe." — 
Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels  ("  Voyage  to 
Brobdingnag,"  1726). 

Lord,  a  hunchback.  (Greek,  lordos, 
"  crooked.") 

Lord  Peter.  The  pope  is  so  called  in 
Br.  Arbuthnot's  History  of  John  Bull. 
Swift,  in  his  Tale  of  a  Trtb,  introduces  the 
three  brothers  Peter,  John,  and  Martin, 
meaning  the  pope,  Calvin,  and  Luther. 

Lord  Strutt.  Charles  II.  of  Spain 
is  so  called  by  Dr.  Arbuthnot,  in  his 
History  of  John  Bull  (1712). 

Every  one  must  remember  the  paroxysm  of  rage  into 
which  poor  lord  Strutt  foil,  on  hearing  that  his  runaway 
servant  Nic.  Frog,  his  clothier  John  Bull,  and  his  old 
enemy  Lewis  Baboon,  had  come  with  quadrants,  poles, 
and  ink-horns,  to  survey  his  estate,  and  to  draw  liis  will 
for  him. — Macaulay. 

Lord  Thomas  and  Annet  had 

a  lovers'  quarrel ;  whereupon,  lord 
Thomas,  in  his  temper,  went  and  offered 
marriage  to  the  nut-brown  maid  who  had 
houses  and  lands.  On  the  wedding  day, 
Annet  went  to  the  church,  and  lord 
Thomas  gave  her  a  rose,  but  the  nut- 
brown  maid  killed  her  with  a  "bodkin 
from  her  head-gear."  Lord  Thomas,  see- 
ing Annet  fall,  plunged  his  dagger  into 
the  heart  of  the  murderess,  and  then 
stabbed  himself.  Over  the  graves  of  lord 
Thomas  and  the  fair  Annet  grew  "  a 
bonny  briar,  and  by  this  ye  may  ken  that 
they  were  lovers  dear."  In  some  ver- 
sions of  this  story  Annet  is  called 
"Elinor." — Percy,  Reliqvas,  etc.,  III.  iii. 

Lord  of  Crazy  Castle,  John  Hall 
Stevenson,  author  of  Crazy  Tales  (in 
verse).  J.  H.  Stevenson  lived  at  Skelton 
Castle,  which  was  nicknamed  "  Crazy 
Castle"  (1718-17S3). 

Lord  of  the  Isles,  Donald  of  Islay, 
who  in  1346  reduced  the  Hebrides  under 
his  sway.  The  title  of  "lord  of  the 
Isles"  had  been  borne  by  others  for 
centuries  before,  was  borne  by  Steven- 
son's successors,  and  is  now  one  of  tlie 
titles  of  the  prince  of  Wales. 

Sir  W.  Scott  has  a  metrical  romance 
entitled  The  Lord  of  the  Isles  (1815). 

Loredani  (Giacomo),  interpreter  of 
king  Richard  I. — Sir  W.  Scott,  IVie 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Loreda'no  (James),  a  Venetian 
patrician,    and  one    of  the   Council  of 


LORENZO. 


56G 


LOT. 


Ten.  Loredano  was  the  personal  enemy 
of  the  Fos'cari. — BjTon,  The  Two  Foscari 
(1820). 

Ijoren'zo,  a  young  man  with  whom 
Jes'sica,  the  daughter  of  the  Jew  Shy- 
lock,  elopes, — Shakespeare,  The  Merchant 
of  Venice  (1698). 

Lorenzo,  an  atheist  and  reprobate, 
whose  remorse  ends  in  despair. — Dr. 
Young,  Night  Tfioughts  (1742-6).^ 

*^*  Some  affirm  that  Lorenzo  is  meant 
for  the  poet's  own  son. 

Lorenzo  {Colonel),  a  young  libertine  in 
Dryden's  drama,  The  Spanish  Fryar 
(1680). 

lioretto  {The  House  of).  The  Santa 
Casa  is  the  reputed  house  of  the  virgin 
Mary  at  Nazareth.  It  was  miraculously 
translated  to  Fiume,  in  Dalmatia,  in 
1291,  thence  to  Recana'ti  in  1294,  and 
finally  to  Macera'ta,  in  Italy,  to  a  plot  of 
land  belonging  to  the  lady  Loretto. 

Our  house  may  have  travelled  through  the  air,  like  the 
house  of  Loretto,  for  aught  I  care.— Goldsmith,  The  Good- 
natured  Man,  iv.  1  (1768). 

Loretto  of  Austria,  Mariazel 
("Mary  in  the  cell "),  in  Styria.  So  called 
from  the  miracle-working  image  of  the 
Virgin.  The  image  is  old  and  very  ugly. 
Two  pilgrimages  are  made  to  it  yearly. 

Loretto  of  Switzerland.  Ein- 
sicdlen,  a  village  containing  a  shrine  of 
the  "  Black  Lady  of  Switzerland,"  The 
church  is  of  black  marble,  and  the  image 
of  ebony. 

Lorimer,  one  of  the  guard  at  Arden- 
vohr  Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of 
Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Loriot,  "the  confidante  and  ser- 
vante"  of  Louis  XV.  Loriot  was  the 
inventor  of  lifts,  by  which  tables  de- 
scended, and  rose  again  covered  with 
viands  and  wines. 

The  shifting  sideboard  plays  its  humble  part, 
Beyond  the  triumphs  of  a  Loriot's  art 

S.  Rogers,  EpUtle  to  a  Friend  (1798). 

Lorma,  wife  of  Erragon  king  of 
Sora,  in  Scandinavia.  She  fell  in  love 
with  Aldo,  a  Caledonian  officer  in  the 
king  s  army.  The  guilty  pair  escaped  to 
Morven,  which  Erragon  forthwith  in- 
vaded. Erragon  encountered  Aldo  in 
single  combat,  and  slew  him  ;  was  him- 
self slain  in  battle  by  Gaul  son  of 
Momi ;  and  Lorma  died  of  grief  .—Ossian. 
J  he  Battle  of  Lora. 

.Jt?^J^'^'^''ij'f^^    "^    Highland 
Chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose.— Sir  W. 


Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles 

Lorrequer  {Harry),  the  hero  and 
title  of  a  military  novel  by  Charles 
Lever. 

Lor'rimite  (3  syl.),  a  malignant 
witch,  who  abetted  and  aided  Ar'valaa 
in  his  persecutions  of  Kail'yal  the  beau- 
tiful and  holy  daughter  of  Ladur'lad. — 
Southey,  Curse  of  Kehama,  xi.  (1809). 

Lorry  {Jarvis),  one  of  the  firm  in 
Tellson's  bank,  Temple  Bar,  and  a 
friend  of  Dr.  Manette.  Jarvis  Lorry  was 
orderly,  precise,  and  methodical,  but 
tender-hearted  and  affectionate. 

He  had  a  good  leg,  and  was  a  little  vain  of  it .  .  .  and 
his  little  sleek,  crisp,  flaxen  wig  looked  as  if  it  was  spun  silk. 
.  .  .  His  face,  habitually  suppressed  and  quiet,  was  lighted 
up  by  a  pair  of  moist  bright  eyes.— C.  Dickens,  A  Tale  of 
Two  Cities,  i.  4  (1859). 

Losberne  (2  syl.),  the  medical  man 
called  in  by  Mrs.  Maylie  to  attend  Oliver 
Twist,  after  the  attempted  burglary  by 
Bill  Sikes  and  his  associates. — C.  Dickens, 
Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Lost  Island.  Cephalo'nia  is  so 
called,  because  "it  was  only  by  chance 
that  those  who  visited  it  could  find  it 
again."  It  is  sometimes  called  "The 
Hidden  Island." 

Lot,  consul  of  Londonesia,  and  after- 
wards king  of  Norway.  He  was  brother 
of  Urian  and  Augusel,  and  married  Anne 
(own  sister  of  king  Arthur),  by  whom  he 
had  two  sons,  Walgan  and  Modred. — 
Geoffrey,  British  History,  viii.  21 ;  ix.  9, 
10  (1142). 

*^^*  This    account    differs    so   widely 
from  that  of  Arthurian  romance,  that  it 
is  not  possible  to  reconcile  them.     In  the ; 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,   Lot  king  oil 
Orkney  marries  Margawse  the  "  sister  of,] 
king  Arthur"  (pt.  i.  2).      Tennyson,  in,: 
his  Gareth  and  Lynette,  says  that  Lot's: 
wife  was  Bellicent.   Again,  the  sons  of  Lot 
are  called,  in  the  History,  Gaw'ain,  Agra-  \ 
vain,   Ga'heris,  and  Gareth ;  Mordred  is ; 
their  half-brother,  being  the  son  of  kingcj 
Arthur  and  the  same    mother. — Sir  T.i 
Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  2,  35, 
36  (1470). 

Lot,  king  of  Orkney.  According  to  the 
Morte  d' Arthur,  king  Lot's  wife  was 
Margawse  or  Morgawse,  sister  of  king 
Arthur,  and  their  sons  were  sir  Gaw'ain, 
sir  Ag'ravain,  sir  Ga'heris,  and  sir 
Gareth. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  36  (1470), 

Once  or  twice  Elain  is  called  the  wife 


I 


LOT. 


567 


LOUIS  IX. 


of  Lot,  but  this  is  a  mistake.  Elain  was 
Arthur's  sister  by  the  same  mother,  and 
was  the  wife  of  sir  Nentres  of  Carlot. 
Mordred  was  the  sou  of  Morgawse  by 
her  brother  Arthur,  and  consequently 
GaAvain,  Agravain,  Gaheris,  and  Gareth 
were  his  half-brothers. 

Lot,  king  of  Orkney.  According  to 
Tennyson,  king  Lot's  wife  was  Bellicent, 
daughter  of  Gorlois  lord  of  Tintag'il 
Castle,  in  Cornwall,  and  Lot  was  the  father 
of  Gaw'ain  (2  syl.)  and  Modred.  This 
account  differs  entirely  from  the  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  by  sir  T.  Malory. 
There  the  wife  of  Lot  is  called  Margawse 
or  Morgawse  (Arthur's  sister).  Geoffrey 
of  Monmouth,  on  the  other  hand,  calls 
her  Anne  (Arthur's  sister).  The  sons  of 
Lot,  according  to  the  History,  were 
Gawain,  Agravain,  Gaheris,  and  Gareth  ; 
Modred  or  Mordred  being  the  offspring  of 
Morgawse  and  Arthur.  This  ignoble 
birth  the  Histo7'y  assigns  as  the  reason  of 
Mordred's  hatred  to  king  Arthur,  his  adul- 
terous father  and  uncle.  Lot  was  sub- 
dued by  king  Arthur,  fighting  on  behalf 
of  Leodogran  or  Leodogrance  king  of 
Cam'eliard. — See  Tennyson,  Coming  of 
Arthur, 

Lot's  Wife,  Wahela,  who  was  con- 
federate with  the  men  of  Sodom,  and 
gave  them  notice  when  any  stranger  came 
to  lodge  in  the  house.  Her  sign  was 
smoke  by  day  and  fire  by  night.  Lot's 
wife  was  turned  into  a  pillar  of  salt. — 
Jallalo'ddin,  Al  Zamakh. 

Lotha'rio,  a  noble  cavalier  of  Flo- 
rence, the  friend  of  Anselmo.  Anselmo 
induced  him  to  put  the  fidelity  of  his 
wife  Camilla  to  the  test,  that  he  might 
rejoice  in  her  incorruptible  virtue;  but 
Camilla  was  not  trial-proof,  and  eloped 
with  Lothario.      Anselmo  then    died  of 

grief,  Lothario  was  slain  in  battle,  and 
amilla  died  in  a  convent. — Cervantes, 
Don  Quixote^ I. iv. 5, 6  ("Fatal Curiosity," 
1605). 

Lothario,  a  young  Genoese  nobleman, 
"haughty,  gallant,  gay,  and  perfidious." 
He  seduced  Calista,  daughter  of  Sciol'to 
(3  syl.)  a  Genoese  nobleman,  and  was 
killed  in  a  duel  by  Altamont  the  husband. 
This  is  the  "gay  Lothario,"  which  has 
become  a  household  word  for  a  libertine 
and  male  coquette. — N.  Rowe,  The  Fair 
Penitent  (1703). 

b  this  the  haughty,  gallant,  gay  Lothario  ? 

Rowe,  The  Fair  Penitent. 

***   The  Fair  Penitent  is  taken  from 


Massinger's  Fatal  Dowry,  in  which  Lo- 
thario is  called  "Novall,  Junior." 

Lothian  (Scotland).  So  named  from 
Llew,  second  son  of  Arthur  ;  also  called 
Lotus  and  Lothus.  Arthur's  eldest  son 
was  Urian,  and  his  youngest  Arawn. 

*^*  In  some  legends,  Lothian  is  made 
the  father  of  Modred  or  Medraut,  leader 
of  the  rebellious  army  which  fought  at 
Camlan,  a.d.  537,  in  which  Arthur  re- 
ceived his  death-wound  ;  but  in  Malory's 
collection,  called  The  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  Modred  is  called  the  son  of 
Arthur  by  his  own  sister  the  wife  of  king 
Lot. 

Lotte  (2  syl.),  a  young  woman  of 
strong  affection  and  domestic  winning 
ways,  the  wife  of  Albert  a  young  German 
farmer.  Werther  loved  Lotte  when  she 
was  only  betrothed  to  Albert,  and  con- 
tinued to  love  her  after  she  became  a 
young  wife.  His  mewling  and  puling 
after  this  "forbidden  fruit,"  which  ter- 
minates in  suicide,  make  up  the  sum  and 
substance  of  the  tale,  which  is  told  in 
the  form  of  letters  addressed  to  divers 
persons. — Goethe,  Sorrows  of  Werther 
{YllA). 

"Lotte"  was  Charlotte  Buff,  who 
married  Kestner,  Goethe's  friend,  the 
"Albert"  of  the  novel.  Goethe  was  in 
love  with  Charlotte  Buff,  and  her  mar- 
riage with  Kestner  soured  the  temper  of 
his  over-sensitive  mind. 

Lotus-Eaters  or  ZofopA'a^i,  a  people 
who  ate  of  the  lotus  tree,  the  effect  of 
which  was  to  make  them  forget  *;heir 
friends  and  homes,  and  to  lose  all  desire 
of  returning  to  their  native  land.  The 
lotus-eater  only  cares  to  live  in  ease, 
luxury,  and  idleness. — Homer,  Odyssey, 
xi. 

*^*  Tennyson  has  a  poem  called  The 
Lotos-Eaters,  a  set  of  islanders  who  live 
in  a  dreamy  idleness,  weary  of  life,  and 
regardless  of  all  its  stirring  events. 

Louis,  due  d'Orle'ans. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Louis  de  Bourbon,  the  prince- 
bishop  of  Liege  \^Le.age'\. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Louis  IX.  The  sum  of  the  figures 
which  designate  the  birth-date  of  this 
king  will  give  his  titular  nmnber.  Thus, 
he  was  bom  in  1215,  the  sum  of  which 
figures  is  9.  This  is  true  of  several  other 
kings.  The  discovery  might  form  an 
occasional  diversion  on  a  dull  evening. 
(See  Louis  XIV.  and  XVIII.) 


LOUIS  XI. 


568 


LOUISE. 


XiOUis  XI.  of  France,  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  two  novels,  Quentin  Dur- 
ward  and  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Ed- 
ward IV.). 

*^*  In  Quentin  Durv:ard  he  appears 
first  disguised  as  Maitre  Pierre,  a  merchant. 

JLouis  XIII.  of  France,  *' infirm  in 
health,  in  mind  more  feeble,  and  Riche- 
lieu's plaything." — Lord  Lytton,  Richelieu 
(1839). 

XiOtiis  XIV.  It  is  rather  remarkable 
that  the  number  14  is  obtained  by  adding 
together  the  figures  of  his  age  at  death, 
the  figures  which  make  the  date  of  his 
coronation,  and  the  figures  of  the  date 
of  his  death.    For  example  : 

Age  77,  which  aHded  together=14. 

Crowned  IMS,  which  added  together  =  14. 

Died  1715,  which  added  togcther=14 

Louis  XIV.  and  La  Valliere.  Louis 
XIV.  fell  in  love  with  La  Valliere,  a 
young  lady  in  the  queen's  train.  He 
overheard  the  ladies  chatting.  One 
said,  "  How  handsome  looks  the  duke 
de  Guiche  to-night!"  Another  said, 
"  Well,  to  my  taste,  the  graceful  Gram- 
mont  bears  the  bell  from  all."  A  third 
remarked,  "  But,  then,  that  charming 
Lauzun  has  so  much  wit."  But  La 
Valliere  said,  "  I  scarcely  marked  them. 
When  the  king  is  by,  who  can  have  eyes, 
or  ears,  or  thought  for  others  ?  "  and  when 
the  others  chaffed  her,  she  replied : 

Who  spoke  of  love? 
The  sunflower,  gazing  on  the  lord  of  heaven. 
Asks  but  its  sun  to  shine.    Who  spoke  of  love  t 
And  who  would  wish  the  bright  and  lofty  Louis 
To  stoop  from  glory? 

Act  i.  5. 

Louis  degraded  this  ethereal  spirit  into  a 
"soiled  dove,"  and  when  she  fled  to  a  con- 
vent to  quiet  remorse,  he  fetched  her  out 
and  took  her  to  Versailles.  Wholly  un- 
able to  appreciate  such  love  as  that  of  La 
Vallifere,  he  discarded  her  for  Mde.  de 
Montespan,  and  bade  La  Valliere  marry 
some  one.  She  obeyed  the  selfish  mon- 
arch in  word,  by  taking  the  veil  of  a  Car- 
melite nun.— Lord  Lytton,  The  Duchess  de 
la  Valliere  (1836). 

Louis  XIV.  and  his  Coach.  It  was 
lord  Stair  and  not  the  duke  of  Chester- 
field whom  the  Grand  Monarque  com- 
mended for  his  tact  in  entering  the  royal 
carriage  before  his  majesty,  when  politely 
bidden  by  him  so  to  do. 

Louis  XVIII.,  nicknamed  Des-hui- 
*';f>  because  he  was  a  great  feeder,  like 
all  the  Bourbons,  and  especially  fond  of 
oysters.  Of  course  the  pun  is  on  dixhuit 
(18), 


As  in  the  case  of  Louis  IX.  (q.v.),  the 
sum  of  the  figures  which  designate  the 
birth-date  of  Louis  XVIII.  give  his 
titular  number.  Thus,  he  was  born  1755, 
which  added  together  equal  18. 

Louis  Philippe  of  France.  It  is 
somewhat  curious  that  the  year  of  his 
birth,  or  the  year  of  the  queen's  birth,  or 
the  year  of  his  flight,  added  to  the  year  of 
his  coronation,  will  give  the  year  1848, 
the  date  of  his  abdication.  He  was  born 
1773,  his  queen  was  born  1782,  his  flight 
was  in  1809  ;  whence  we  get : 

1830  1&30    year  of  coronation. 


?}»'i'th.  ^jsix'^   Ij 


flight 


1848  1848  1848    year  of  abdication. 

(See  Napoleon  III.  for  a  somewhat 
similar  coincidence.) 

Louisa,  daughter  of  don  Jerome  of 
Seville,  in  love  with  don  Antonio.  Her 
father  insists  on  her  marrying  Isaac 
Mendoza,  a  Portuguese  Jew,  and,  as  she 
refuses  to  obey  him,  he  determines  to 
lock  her  up  in  her  chamber.  In  his  blind 
rage,  he  makes  a  great  mistake,  for  he 
locks  up  the  duenna,  and  turns  his 
daughter  out  of  doors.  Isaac  arrives,  is 
introduced  to  the  locked-up  lady,  elopes 
with  her,  and  marries  her.  Louisa  takes 
refuge  in  St  Catherine's  Convent,  and 
writes  to  her  father  for  his  consent  to  her 
marriage  with  the  man  of  her  choice.  As 
don  Jerome  takes  it  for  granted  she 
means  Isaac  the  Jew,  he  gives  his  consent 
freely.  At  breakfast-time  it  is  dis- 
covered by  the  old  man  that  Isaac  hag 
marriedl  the  duenna,  and  Louisa  don 
Antonio  ;  but  don  Jerome  is  well  pleased 
and  fully  satisfied. — Sheridan,  The  Duenna 
(1775). 

Mrs.  Mattocks  (1745-1826)  was  the 
first  "Louisa."  ' 

Louisa,  daughter  of  Russet  bailiff  toj 
the  duchess.  She  was  engaged  to  Henry, 
a  private  in  the  king's  army.  Hearing  a 
rumour  of  gallantry  to  the  disadvantage 
of  her  lover,  she  consented  to  put  hia 
love  to  the  test  by  pretending  that  she 
was  about  to  marry  Simkin.  When 
Henry  heard  thereof,  he  gave  himself  up 
as  a  deserter,  and  was  condemned  to 
death.  Louisa  then  went  to  the  king  to 
explain  the  whole  matter,  and  returned 
with  the  young  man's  pardon  just  as  the 
mufiiled  drums  began  the  death  march.—  , 
Dibdin,  The  Deserter  (1770). 

Louise  (2  syl.),  the  glee-maideo.— 1 


LOUISE. 


LOVE-CHASE. 


Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

Iioiiise  [de  Ijascours],  wife  of 
Ralph  captain  of  the  Uran'ia,  and  mo- 
ther of  Martha  (afterwards  called  Or- 
gari'ta).  Louise  de  Lascours  sailed  with 
her  infant  daughter  and  her  husband  in 
the  Urania.  Louise  and  the  captain 
were  drowned  by  the  breaking  up  of  an 
iceberg  ;  but  Martha  was  rescued  by  some 
wild  Indians,  who  brought  her  up,  and 
called  her  name  Orgarita  ("withered 
wheat"). — E.  Stirling,  Orphan  of  the 
Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

liOUpgarou,  leader  of  the  army  of 
giants  in  alliance  with  the  Dipsodes 
(2  syl.).  As  he  threatened  to  make 
mincemeat  of  Pantag'ruel,  the  prince 
gave  him  a  kick  which  overthrew  him, 
then,  lifting  him  up  by  his  ankles,  he 
used  him  as  a  quarter-staff.  Having 
killed  all  the  giants  in  the  hostile  army, 
Pantagruel  flung  the  body  of  Loupgarou 
on  the  ground,  and,  by  so  doing,  crashed 
a  tom-cat,  a  tabby,  a  duck,  and  a 
brindled  goose. — Kabelais,  FantaqrueL  ii. 

Louponheight  {The  young  laird  of )^ 
at  the  1)k11  at  Middlemas.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Surgeon's    Daughter    (time,  George 

Lourdis,  an  idiotic  scholar  of  Sor- 
bonne. 

De  la  Soil)onne  un  Docteur  amoureux 

Disoit  ung  jour  k  sa  dame  rebelle  : 

"  Je  ne  puis  rien  meriter  de  vous,  belle"  ,  . 

Arguo  sic :  "  Si  magister  Lourdis 

De  sa  I'atin  meriter  ne  peut  rien ; 

Ergo  ne  peut  meriter  paradis. 

Car,  pour  le  nioiiis,  paradis  la  vaut  bien." 

Marot,  JEpigram. 
When  Doctor  Lourdis  cried,  In  humble  spirit. 
The  hand  ef  Katb'rine  he  could  never  merit, 
"Tlien  heaven  to  thee."  said  Kate,  "can  ne'er  be  given. 
For  less  my  worth,  you  must  allow,  than  heaven." 

Iiourie  (Tam),  the  innkeeper  at 
Marchthoru. — Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Eonan's 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Louvre  {TJie),  a  corruption  of  lupara, 
as  it  is  called  in  old  title-deeds.  Pa- 
gobert  built  here  a  hunting-box,  the 
nucleus  of  the  present  pile  of  buildings. 

Louvre  of  St.  Petersburg  (The), 
the  Hermitage,  an  imperial  museum. 

I  Love,  a  drama  by  S.  Knowles  (1840). 

The  countess  Catherine  is  taught  by  a 
serf  named  Huon  who  is  her  secretary, 
and  falls  in  love  with  him  ;  but  her  pride 
struggles  against  such  an  unequal  match. 
The  duke,  her  father,  hearing  of  his 
daughter's  love,  commands  Huon,  on  pain 


of  death,  to  marry  Catherine  a  freed  serf. 
He  refuses  ;  but  the  countess  herself  bids 
him  obey.  He  plights  his  troth  to  Ca- 
therine, supposing  it  to  be  (j  ^therine  the 
quondam  serf,  rushes  to  the  wars,  obtains 
great  honours,  becomes  a  prince,  and  then 
learns  that  the  Catherine  he  has  wed  is  the 
duke's  daughter. 

Love,  or  rather  affection,  according  to 
Plato,  is  disposed  in  the  liver. 

Within,  some  say,  Love  hath  his  habitation  ; 

Not  Cupid's  self,  but  Cupid's  better  brother; 
For  Cupid's  self  dwells  with  a  lower  nation. 

But  this,  more  sure,  much  chaster  ttiari  the  other. 
Ph.  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Idand  (1633). 

Love.  "  Man's  love  is  of  man's  life 
a  thing  apart ;  'tis  woman's  whole  exist- 
ence."— Byron,  Don  Juan,  i.  194  (1819). 

Love.  ■■H  i^<f-'  '^''  "''^"^  "" 

It  is  better  to  have  love^Vnd  lost, 
Tlian  never  to  have  lovea  it  alL 

Tennyson,  In  MemoHam,  xxvU. 

Thomas  Moore,  in  his  Irish  Melodies^ 
expresses  an  opposite  opinion: 

Better  far  to  be 

In  endless  darkness  lying. 
Than  be  in  liglit  and  see 

That  Ught  lor  ever  flying. 

All  that's  Bright  mutt  Fad 

Love.  All  for  Love  or  the  World  Well 
Lost,  a  tragedy  by  Dryden,  on  the  same 
subject  as  Shakespeare's  Antony  and 
Cleopatra  (1679). 

Love  a-la-Mode,  by  C.  Macklin 
(1779).  The  "  love  a-la-mode"  is  that  of 
fortune-hunters.  Charlotte  Goodchild  is 
courted  by  a  Scotchman  "of  ponderous 
descent,"  an  Italian  Jew  broker  of  great 
fortune,  and  an  Irishman  in  the  Prussian 
army.  It  is  given  out  that  Charlotte  has 
lost  her  money  through  the  bankruptcy 
of  sir  Theodore  Goodchild,  her  guardian. 
Upon  this,  the  a-la-mode  suitors  with- 
draw, and  leave  sir  Callaghan  O'Bral- 
laghan,  the  true  lover,  master  of  the 
situation.  The  tale  about  the  bankruptcy 
is  of  course  a  mere  myth. 

Love  cannot  Die. 

They  sin  who  tell  us  Love  can  die. 
With  life  all  otlier  passions  fly  .  .  . 
They  perish  where  they  have  their  birth; 

But  Love  is  indestructible. 
Its  holy  flame  for  ever  buriieth ; 
From  heaven  it  came,  to  heaven  returneth  .  .  : 

It  soweth  here  in  toil  and  care; 
But  the  harvest-time  of  Love  is  there. 

Southey,  Ourse  of  Kehama,  x.  10  (180U). 

Love-Chase  (The),  a  drama  by  S. 
Knowles  (1837).  Three  lovers  chased 
three  beloved  ones  with  a  view  to  mar- 
riage. (1)  Waller  loves  Lydia,  lady's- 
maid  to  Widow  Green,  but  in  reality  the 
sister  of  Trueworth.     She  quitted  home 


LOVE  DOCTOR. 


570 


LOVE-PRODUCERS. 


U>  avoid  a  hateful  marriage,  and  took 
lervice  for  the  nonce  with  Widow  Green. 
(2)  Wildrake  loves  Constance,  daughter 
of  sir  William  Fondlove.  (3)  Sir  Wil- 
liam Fondlove,  aged  60,  loves  Widow 
Green,  aged  40.  The  difficulties  to  be 
overcome  were  these :  The  social  position 
of  Lydia  galled  the  aristocratic  pride  of 
Waller,  but  love  won  the  day.  Wild- 
rake and  Constance  sparred  with  each 
other,  and  hardly  knew  they  loved  till 
it  dawned  upon  them  that  each  might 
prefer  some  other,  and  then  they  felt 
that  the  loss  would  be  irreparable. 
W^idow  Green  set  her  heart  on  marrying 
W^aller ;  but  as  Waller  preferred  Lydia, 
she  accepted  sir  William  for  better  or 
worse. 

Love  Doctor  (The),  L' Amour  M^~ 
deem,  a  comedy  by  Molifere  (1665). 
Lucinde,  the  daughter  of  Sganarelle,  is 
in  love,  and  the  father  calls  in  four 
doctors  to  consult  upon  the  nature  of 
licr  malady.  They  see  the  patient,  and 
retire  to  consult  together,  but  talk  about 
Paris,  about  their  visits,  about  the  topics 
of  the  day ;  and  when  the  father  enters 
to  know  what  opinion  they  have  formed, 
they  all  prescribe  different  remedies,  and 
pronounce  different  opinions.  Lisette 
then  calls  in  a  "  quack "  doctor  (Cii- 
tandre,  the  lover),  who  says  that  he  must 
act  on  the  imagination,  and  proposes  a 
seeming  marriage,  to  which  Sganarelle 
assents,  saying,  "  Voila  un  grand  mede- 
cin."  The  assistant  being  a  notary, 
Clitandre  and  Lucinde  are  formally  mar- 
ried. 

*^*  This  comedy  is  the  basis  of  the 
Quack  Doctor,  by  Foote  and  Bickerstaff, 
oidy  in  the  English  version  Mr.  Ailwood 
is  the  patient. 

Love  in  a  Village,  an  opera  by 
Isaac  Bickerstaff.  It  contains  two  plots  : 
the  loves  of  Rosetta  and  young  Meadows, 
and  the  loves  of  Lucinda  and  Jack 
•Ewstace.  The  entanglement  is  this: 
Rosetta's  father  wanted  her  to  marry 
young  Meadows,  and  sir  William  Meadows 
wanted  his  son  to  marry  Rosetta ;  but  as 
the  young  people  had  never  seen  each 
other,  they  turned  restive  and  ran  away. 
It  so  happened  that  both  took  service 
with  justice  Woodcock— Rosetta  as 
chamber-maid,  and  Meadows  as  gardener. 
Here  they  fell  in  love  with  each  other, 
and  ultimately  married,  to  the  delight  of 
all  concerned.  The  other  part  of  the 
plot  is  this : 

Lucinda  was  the  daughter  of  justice 


Woodcock,  and  fell  in  love  with  Jack 
Eustace  while  nursing  her  sick  mother, 
who  died.  The  justice  had  never  seen 
the  young  man,  but  resolutely  forbade 
the  connection  ;  whereupon  Jack  Eustace 
entered  the  house  as  a  music-master, 
and,  by  the  kind  offices  of  friends,  all 
came  right  at  last. 

Love  Makes  a  Man,  a  comedy 
concocted  by  Colley  Cibber  by  welding 
together  two  of  the  comedies  of  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  viz.,  the  Elder  Brother  and 
the  Custom  of  the  Country.  Carlos,  a 
young  student  (son  of  Antonio),  sees 
Angelina,  the  daughter  of  Charino,  and 
falls  in  love  with  her.  His  character 
instantly  changes,  and  the  modest,  diffi- 
dent bookworm  becomes  energetic,  manly, 
and  resolute.  Angelina  is  promised  by 
her  father  to  Clodio  a  coxcomb,  the 
younger  brother  of  Carlos ;  but  the 
student  elopes  with  her.  They  are  taken 
captives,  but  meet  after  several  adven- 
tures, and  become  duly  engaged.  Clodio, 
who  goes  in  search  of  the  fugitives,  meets 
with  Elvira,  to  whom  he  engages  himself, 
and  thus  leaves  the  field  open  to  his 
brother  Carlos. 

Love-Produeers. 

It  is  a  Basque  superstition  that  yellow 
hair  in  a  man  is  irresistible  with  women  ; 
hence  every  woman  who  set  eyes  on 
Ezkabi  Fidel,  the  golden-haired,  fell  in 
love  with  him. 

It  is  a  West  Highland  superstition  that 
a  beauty  spot  cannot  be  resisted  ;  hence 
Diarmaid  inspired  masterless  love  by  a 
beauty  spot. 

In  Greek  fable,  a  cestus  worn  by 
woman  inspired  love ;  hence  Aphrodi 
was  irresistible  on  account  of  her  cestus.* 

In  the  Middle  Ages, love-powders  wei 
advertised  for  sale ;  and  a  wise  senatolj 
of  Venice  was  not  ashamed  to  urge  oi 
his  reverend  brethren,  as  a  fact,  th«' 
Othello  had  won  the  love  of  Desdemot 
"by  foul  charms,"  drugs,  mineral 
spells,  potions  of  mountebanks,  or  soi 
dram  "powerful  o er  the  blood" 
awaken  love. 

Theocritos  and  Virgil  have  both  inti 
duced  in  their  pastorals  women  using 
charms  and  incantations  to  inspire  or 
recover  the  affection  of  the  opposite  sex. 

Gay,  in  the  Shepherd's  Week,  makes 
the  mistress  of  Lubberkin  spend  all  her 
money  in  buying  a  love-powder.  Frois- 
sart  says  that  Gaston,  son  of  the  count 
de  Foix,  received  a  bag  of  powder  froi  " 
his  uncle  (Charles  the  Bad)  for  rcstorii 


LOVE'S   LABOUR'S  LOST. 


671 


LOVEL. 


the  love  of  hia  father  to  his  mother. 
The  love  of  Tristram  and  Ysold  is  at- 
tributed to  their  drinking  on  their 
journey  a  love-potion  designed  for  king 
Mark,  the  intended  husband  of  the  fair 
princess. 

An  Irish  superstition  is  that  if  a  lover 
will  run  a  hair  of  the  object  beloved 
through  the  fleshy  part  of  a  dead  man's 
leg,  the  person  from  whom  the  hair  was 
taken  will  go  mad  with  love. 

We  are  told  that  Charlemagne  was  be- 
witched by  a  ring,  and  that  he  followed 
any  one  who  possessed  this  ring  as  a 
needle  follows  a  loadstone  (see  p.  177). 

*^*  To  do  justice  to  this  subject  would 
require  several  pages,  and  all  that  can  be 
done  here  is  to  give  a  few  brief  hints  and 
examples. 

Love's  Labour's  Lost.  Ferdinand 
king  of  Navarre,  with  three  lords  named 
Biron,  Dumain,  and  Longaville,  agreed  to 
spend  three  years  in  study,  during  which 
time  no  woman  was  to  approach  the 
court.  Scarcely  had  they  signed  the 
compact,  when  the  princess  of  France, 
attended  by  Rosaline,  Maria,  and  Katha- 
rine, besought  an  interview  respecting 
certain  debts  said  to  be  due  from  the 
king  of  France  to  the  king  of  Navarro. 
The  four  gentlemen  fell  in  love  with  the 
four  ladies  :  the  king  with  the  princess, 
Biron  with  Rosaline,  Longaville  with 
Maria,  and  Dumain  with  Katharine.  In 
order  to  carry  their  suits,  the  four  gentle- 
men, disguised  as  Muscovites,  presented 
themselves  before  the  ladies ;  but  the 
ladies,  being  warned  of  the  masquerade, 
disguised  themselves  also,  so  that  the 
gentlemen  in  every  case  addressed  the 
wrong  lady.  However,  it  was  at  length 
arranged  that  the  suits  should  be  de- 
ferred for  twelve  months  and  a  day  ;  and 
if,  at  the  expiration  of  that  time,  they 
retrained  of  the  same  mind,  the  matter 
should  be  taken  into  serious  considera- 
tion.— Shakespeare,  Love's  Labour's  Lost 
(1594). 

Loves  of  the  Angels,  the  stories 
of  three  angels,  in  verse,  by  T.  Moore 
(1822).  The  stories  are  founded  on  the 
Eastern  tale  of  Harut  and  Marut,  and  the 
rabbinical  fictions  of  the  loves  of  Uzziel 
and  Shamchazai. 

1.  The  first  angel  fell  in  love  with  Lea, 
whom  he  saw  bathing.  She  returned  love 
for  love,  but  hia  love  was  carnal,  hers 
heavenly.  He  loved  the  woman,  she 
loved  the  angel.  One  day,  the  angel  told 
her  the  spell-word  which  opens  the  gates 


of  heaven.  She  pronounced  it,  and  rose 
through  the  air  into  paradise,  while  the 
angel  became  imbruted,  being  no  longer 
an  angel  of  light,  but  "of  the  earth, 
earthy." 

2.  The  second  angel  was  Rubi,  one  of 
the  seraphs.  He  fell  in  love  with  Liris, 
who  asked  him  to  come  in  all  his  celestial 
glory.  He  did  so  ;  and  she,  rushing  into 
his  arms,  was  burnt  to  death ;  but  the 
kiss  she  gave  him  became  a  brand  on  his 
face  for  ever. 

3.  The  third  angel  was  Zaraph,  who 
loved  Nama.  It  was  Nama's  desire  to 
love  without  control,  and  to  love  holily  ; 
but  as  she  fixed  her  love  on  a  creature, 
and  not  on  the  Creator,  both  she  and 
Zaraph  were  doomed  to  live  among  the 
things  that  perish,  till  this  mortal  is 
swallowed  up  of  immortality,  when  Nama 
and  Zaraph  will  be  admitted  into  the 
realms  of  everlasting  love. 

Love's   White    Star,   the    planet 

Venus,  which  is  silvery  white. 

Till  every  daisy  slept,  and  Love's  white  star 
Beamed  thro'  the  thickened  cedar  in  the  dusk. 

Tennyson,  The  Gardener's  Daughter. 

liOVed.  Who  ever  loved  that  loved 
not  at  first  sight? — Marlowe,  Hero  and 
Leander  (1^37). 

Lovegold,  the  miser,  an  old  man  of 
60,  who  wants  to  marry  Mariana,  his 
son's  sweetheart.  In  order  to  divert  him 
from  this  folly,  Mariana  pretends  to  be 
very  extravagant,  and  orders  a  necklace 
and  ear-rings  for  £3000,  a  petticoat  and 
gown  from  a  fabric  £12  a  yard,  and  besets 
the  house  with  duns.  Lovegold  gives 
£2000  to  be  let  off  the  bargain,  and 
Mariana  marries  the  son. — A.  Fielding, 
The  Miser  (a  rechauffe  of  L'Avare,  by 
Moliere). 

John  Emery  [1777-1822]  made  his  first  appearance  at 
Covent  Garden  Theatre  in  the  year  17i»8,  in  very  opposite 
characters,  "Frank  Oakland"  in  A  Cure /or  the  Heart- 
ache [by  Morton],  and  in  "Lovegold."  In  both  which 
parts  he  obtained  great  applause.— Jfewioir  (1822). 

Love'good  (2  syl.),  uncle  to  Valen- 
tine the  gallant  who  will  not  be  per- 
suaded to  keep  his  estate. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  Wit  vnthout  Money  (1639). 

Lovel,  once  the  page  of  lord  Beau- 
fort, in  love  with  lady  Frances  ;  but  he 
concealed  his  love  because  young  Beau- 
fort "cast  his  affections  first  upon  the 
lady."— Murphy,  The  Citizen  (1757). 

Lovel  (Lord),  the  bridegroom  who  lost 
his  bride  on  the  wedding  day  from  play- 
ing hide-and-seek.  The  lady  hid  in  an 
old  oak  chest,  the  lid  of  which  fell  on 
her  and  closed  with  a  spring-lock.    Many 


LOVEL. 


672 


LOVELY  OBSCURE. 


years  afterwards  the  chest  was  sold,  and 
the  skeleton  of  the  maiden  revealed  the 
mystery  of  her  disappearance. — T.  H. 
Bayley,  The  Mistletoe  Bough. 

Samuel  Rogers  has  introduced  this 
stor}'  in  his  Italy  (pt.  i.  18,  1822).  He 
Bays  the  bride  was  Ginevra,  only  child  of 
Orsini  *' an  indulgent  father;"  and  that 
the  bridegroom  was  Francesco  Doria,  "her 
playmate  from  birth,  and  her  first  love." 
The  chest,  he  says,  was  an  heirloom, 
*'  richly  carved  by  Antony  of  Trent,  with 
Scripture  stories  from  the  life  of  Christ." 
It  came  from  Venice,  and  had  "held  the 
ducal  robes  of  some  old  ancestor."  After 
the  accident,  Francesco,  weary  of  life, 
flew  to  Venice,  and  "flung  his  life  away 
in  battle  with  the  Turk ; "  Orsini  went 
deranged,  and  spent  the  life-long  day 
"wandering  in  quest  of  something  he 
could  not  find."  It  was  fifty  years  after- 
wards that  the  skeleton  was  discovered  in 
the  chest. 

Collet,  in  his  Relics  of  Literature,  gives 
a  similai  story. 

In  the  Causes  Ce^ehres  is  another  ex- 
ample. 

A  similar  story  is  attached  to  Harwell 
Old  Hall,  once  the  residence  of  the  Sey- 
mours, and  subsequently  of  the  Dacre 
family,  and  "the  very  chest  is  now  the 
property  of  the  Rev.  J.  Haygarth,  rector 
of  Upham." — Post-Office  Directory. 

The  same  tale  is  told  of  a  chest  in 
Bramshall,  Hampshire ;  and  also  of  a 
chest  in  the  great  house  at  Malsanger, 
near  Basingstoke. 

Lovel  (Lord),  in  Clara  Reeve's  tale 
called  The  Old  English  Baron,  appears  as 
a  ghost  in  the  obscurity  of  a  dim  religious 
light  (1777). 

Lovel  {Peregrine),  a  wealthy  commoner, 
who  suspects  his  servants  of  wasting  his 
substance  in  riotous  living  ;  so,  giving  out 
that  he  is  going  down  to  his  country  seat 
in  Devonshire,  he  returns  in  the  disguise 
of  an  Essex  bumpkin,  and  places  himself 
under  the  care  of  Philip,  the  butler,  to  be 
taught  the  duties  of  a  gentleman's  ser- 
vant. Lovel  finds  that  Philip  has  invited 
a  large  party  to  supper,  that  the  servants 
assembled  assume  the  titles  and  airs  of 
their  masters  and  mistresses,  and  that  the 
best  wines  of  the  cellar  are  set  before 
them.  In  the  midst  of  the  banquet,  he 
appears  before  the  party  in  his  real  cha- 
ractei,  breaks  up  the  revel,  and  dismisses 
oU  the  household  except  Tom,  whom  he 
^laccB  in  charge  of  the  cellar  and  plate. — 


Rev.  J.  Townley,  High  Life  Below  Stain 
(1759). 

Lovel  {William),  the  hero  of  a  German 
novel  so  called,  by  Ludwig  Tieck  (1773- 
1858).     (See  Lovell.) 

Lovelace  (2  syl.),  the  chief  male  cha- 
racter in  Richardson's  novel  of  Clarissa 
Harlowe.  He  is  rich,  proud,  and  crafty; 
handsome,  brave,  and  gay  ;  the  most  un- 
scrupulous but  finished  libertine  ;  always 
self-possessed,  insinuating,  and  polished 
(1749). 

"  Lovelace  "  is  as  great  an  improvement  on  "  Lothario," 
from  which  it  was  drawn,  as  Kowe's  hero  fin  the  Fair 
Peniteru]  had  been  on  the  vulgar  rake  of  Massinger.— 
Mncyc.Brit.,  Art. '"  Romance." 

Lovelace  (2  syl.),  a  young  aristocrat, 
who  angles  with  flattery  for  the  daughter 
of  Mr.  Drugget,  a  rich  London  trades- 
man. He  fools  the  vulgar  tradesman  to 
the  top  of  his  bent,  and  stands  well  with 
him ;  but,  being  too  confident  of  his  in- 
fluence, demurs  to  the  suggestion  of  the 
old  man  to  cut  two  fine  yew  trees  at  the 
head  of  the  carriage  drive  into  a  Gog  and 
Magog.  Drugget  is  intensely  angry, 
throv/s  off  the  young  man,  and  gives  his 
daughter  to  a  Mr.  Woodley. — ^A.  Murphy, 
Three  Weeks  after  Marriage. 

Love'less  {Tlie  Elder),  suitor  to  "The 
Scornful  Lady  "  (no  name  given). 

The  Younger  Loveless,  a  prodigai. — • 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Scornful 
Lady  (1616). 

Loveless  {Edward),  husband  of  Amanda. 
He  pays  undue  attention  to  Berinthia, 
a  handsome    young  widow,    his   wife'j 
cousin  ;  but,  seeing  the  folly  of  hia  coj| 
duct,  he  resolves  in  future  to  devote  hit 
self  to    his  wife  with  more  fidelity. 
Sheridan,  A  Trip  to  Scarborough  (1777), 

Lovell  {Benjamin),  a  banker,  prou 
of  his  ancestry,  but  with  a  weakness  tk 
gambling.  _ 

Elsie  Lovell,  his  daughter,  in  love  with 
Victor     Orme    the    poor    gentleman.- 
Wybert  Reeve,  Parted. 

Lovell  {Lord).  Sir  Giles  Overreach 
fully  expected  that  his  lordship  would 
marry  his  daughter  Margaret ;  but  he 
married  lady  Allworth,  and  assisted  Mar- 
garet in  marrying  Tom  Allworth,  the  man 
of  her  choice.  (See  Lovel.) — Massinger, 
A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts  (1628). 

Lovely  Obscure  {The),  Am'adis  of 
Gaul.     Same  as  Belten'ebros. 

The  great  Am&dis,  when  he  assumed  the  name  of  "  Phe 
Lovely  Obscure,"  dwelt  either  eight  vears  or  eight  moitths, 
I  forget  which,  upon  a  naked  rock,  doing  penaua  fo' 


LOVEMORE. 


573 


LOVERS,  ETC. 


(ome  unklndness  shown  him  by  the  lady  Oria'na.  [The 
rock  is  called  "  The  Pocr  Aoc*."]— Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  I.  UL  1  (1606). 

Love 'more  (2  syl.),  a  man  fond  of 
gaiety  and  pleasure,  who  sincerely  loves 
his  wife  ;  but,  finding  his  home  dull,  and 
that  his  wife  makes  no  effort  to  relieve 
its  monotony,  seeks  pleasure  abroad,  and 
treats  his  wife  with  cold  civility  and 
formal  politeness.  He  is  driven  to  in- 
trigue, but,  being  brought  to  see  its  folly, 
acknowledges  his  faults,  and  his  wife  re- 
solves "to  try  to  keep  him"  by  making 
his  home  more  lively  and  agreeable. 

Mrs.  Lovemore  (2  st/l.),  wife  of  Mr. 
Lovemore,  who  finds  if  "she  would  keep 
her  husband  "  to  herself,  it  is  not  enough 
to  "  be  a  prudent  manager,  careless  of  her 
own  comforts,  not  much  given  to  plea- 
sure ;  grave,  retired,  and  domestic  ;  to 
govern  her  household,  pay  the  trades- 
men's bills,  and  love  her  husband  ;  "  but 
to  these  must  be  added  some  effort  to 
please  and  amuse  him,  and  to  make  his 
home  bright  and  agreeable  to  him. — A. 
Murphy,  The  Way  to  Keep  Him  (1760). 

Lovers  (liomantic).  The  favourites 
of  distinguished  men  : 

AuiSTOTLE  and  Hepyllis, 

Boccaccio  and  Fiauunetta  [^Maria 
daughter  of  Robert  of  Naples], 

BuKNS  and  Hi'^hland  Mary  [either 
Mary  Campbell  or  Mary  Robinson] . 

Byron  and  Teresa  [Guiccioli], 

Catullus  and  the  lady  Clodia  called 
"Lesbia." 

Charles  II.  of  England  and  Barbara 

Villiers  [duchess  of  Cleveland]  ;   Louise 

Rene'e  de  Kerouaille  [duchess  of  Ports- 

i       mouth] ;  and  Nell  Gwynne. 

!  Charles  VII.   of  France  and  Agnes 

t       Sorel. 

\  CiD  (The)  and  the  fair  Ximena,  after- 

wards his  wife. 

DantS  and  Beatrice  [Portinari]. 

Epicurus  and  Leontium. 

Fran90is  I.  and  la  duchesse  d'Etampes 
C      [Mdlle.  d'Jfeilly]. 

George  I.  and  the  duchess  of  Kendal 
[Erangard  Melrose  de  Schidembery] . 

George  II.  and  Mary  Howard  duchess 
of  Suffolk. 

George   III.    and  the  fair  Quakeress 
!      {Hannah  Liglitfoot] . 

George    IV.  and  Mrs.   Mary   Darby 
Robinson  called  "Perdita"  (1758-1800)  ; 
1^     Mrs.    Fitzherberfc,    to  whom  he  was  pri- 
vately married  in  1785  ;  and  the  countess 
of  Jersey. 

GoETWE  and  the  frau  von  Stein. 

Habingtox,    the    poet,    and    CaBtara 


[^Lucy  Herbert,  daughter  of  lord  PowisJ, 
afterwards  his  wife. 

Hazlitt  and  Sarah  Walker. 

Henri  II.  and  Diane  de  Poitiers. 

Henri  IV.  and  La  Belle  Gabrielle 
[d'Estre'es]. 

Henry  II.  and  the  fair  Rosamond 
[Jane  Clifford]. 

Horace  and  Lesbia. 

JoHNsox  {Dr.)  and  Mrs.  Thrale. 

Lamartine  and  Elvire  the  Creole  girl. 

Louis  XIV.  and  Mdlle.  de  la  Vallifere ; 
Mde.  de  Montespan  ;  Mdlle.  de  Fontage. 

Lovelace  and  the  divine  Althea,  also 
called  Lucasta  [Lucy  SachevereW]. 

MiRAHEAU  and  Mde.  Nehra. 

Nelson  and  lady  Hamilton. 

Pericles  and  Aspasia. 

Petrarch  and  Laura  [wife  of  Hugues 
de  Sade]. 

Plato  and  Archianassa. 

Prior  and  Chloe  or  Cloe  the  cobbler's 
wife  of  Linden  Grove. 

Raphael,  and  La  Fornarina  the  ba- 
ker's daughter. 

Rousseau  and  Julie  [la  comtesse 
d' Houdetof] . 

Scarron  and  Mde.  Maintenon,  after- 
wards his  wife, 

Sidney  and  Stella  [Penelope Devereux]. 

Spenser  and  Rosalind  [Rose  Lynd^, 
of  Kent]. 

Sterne  (in  his  old  age)  and  Eliza  [Mrs, 
Draper] . 

Stesechoros  and  HimSra. 

Surrey  {Henry  Howard,  earl  of)  and 
Geraldine,  who  married  the  earl  of  Lin- 
coln.     (SeeGERALDINB.) 

Swift  and  (1)  Stella  [Hester  Johnson]\ 
(2)  Vanessa  [Esther  Vanhomrigh], 

Tasso  and  Leonora  or  Eleanora 
[d'Este]. 

Theocritos  and  Myrto. 

Waller  and  Sacharissa  [lady  Dorothea 
Sidney] . 

William  IV.  as  duke  of  Clarence 
and  Mrs.  Jordan  [Dora  Bland]. 

WoLSEY  and  Mistress  Winter. 

Wyat  and  Anna  [Anne  Boleyn],  purely 
platonic. 

Lovers  Struck  by  Lightning, 
John  He  wit  and  Sarah  Drew  of  Stanton 
Harcourt,  near  Oxford  (July  31,  1718). 
Gay  ^ives  a  full  description  of  the  inci- 
dent in  one  of  his  letters.  On  the  morn- 
ing that  they  obtained  the  consent  of 
their  parents  to  the  match,  they  went 
together  into  a  field  to  ^gather  wild 
flowers,  when  a  thunderstoVm  overtoak 
them  and  both  were  killed.  Pope  wrote 
their  epitaph. 


LOVERS'  LEAP. 


674 


LUBAR. 


*^*  Probably  Thomson  had  this  in- 
cident in  view  iu  his  tale  of  Celadon  and 
Amelia. — See  Seasons  ("Summer,"  1727). 

liovers*  Leap.  The  leap  from  the 
Leuca'dian  promontory  into  the  sea.    This 

Eromontory  is  in  the  island  of  Leucas  or 
eucadia,  in  the  Ionian  Sea.  Sappho 
threw  herself  therefrom  when  she  found 
her  love  for  Phaon  was  not  requited. 

A  precipice  on  th-s  Guadalhorce  (4  syL), 
from  which  Manuel  and  Laila  cast  them- 
selves, is  also  called  "  The  Lovers'  Leap." 
(See  Laila.) 

Lovers'  Vows,  altered  from  Kotze- 
bue's  drama  by  Mrs.  Inchbald  (1800). 
Baron  Wildenhaim,  in  his  youth,  seduced 
Agatha  Friburg,  and  then  forsook  her. 
She  had  a  son  Frederick,  who  in  due 
time  became  a  soldier.  While  on  fur- 
lough, he  came  to  spend  his  time  with 
his  mother,  and  found  her  reduced  to 
abject  poverty  and  almost  starved  to 
death.  A  poor  cottager  took  her  in, 
while  Frederick,  who  had  no  money, 
went  to  beg  charity.  Count  Wildenhaim 
was  out  with  his  gun,  and  Frederick 
asked  alms  of  him.  The  count  gave  him 
a  shilling ;  Frederick  demanded  more, 
and,  being  refused,  seized  the  baron  by 
the  throat.  The  keepers  soon  came  up, 
collared  him,  and  put  him  in  the  castle 
dungeon.  Here  he  was  visited  by  the 
chaplain,  and  it  came  out  that  the  count 
was  his  father.  The  chaplain  being  ap- 
pealed to,  told  the  count  the  only  repara- 
tion he  could  make  would  be  to  marry 
Agatha  and  acknowledge  the  young  soldieV 
to  be  his  son.  This  advice  he  followed, 
and  Agatha  Friburg,  the  beggar,  became 
the  baroness  Wildenhaim  of  Wildenhaim 
Castle. 

Love'nile  (Sir  John),  a  very  pleasant 
gentleman,  but  wholly  incapable  of  ruling 
his  wife,  who  led  him  a  miserable  dance. 

Lady  Loverule,  a  violent  termagant, 
■who  beat  her  servants,  scolded  her  hus- 
band, and  kept  her  house  in  constant  hot 
■water,  but  was  reformed  by  Zakel  Jobson 
the  cobbler.  (See  Devil  to  Pay.)— C. 
Coffey,  The  Devil  to  Fay  (died  1746). 

Love'well,  the  husband  of  Fanny 
Sterling,  to  whom  he  has  been  clandes- 
tinely married  for  four  months.— Colman 
and  Garrick,  The  Clandestine  Marriaae 
(1766).  ^ 

Loving-Land,  a  place  where  Neptune 
held  his  "  nymphall "  or  feast  given  to 


the  sea-nymphs. 


[He]  his  Tritons  made  proclaim,  a  nvmphnll  to  be  hdd 
In  honour  of  himself  In  Loving-land,  where  he 
The  most  selected  nymphs  appointed  had  to  be. 

Drayton,  I'olyolHon,  xx.  (1622), 

Lovinski  {Baron),  the  friend  of 
prince  Lupauski,  under  whose  charge  the 
princess  Lodois'ka  (4  syl.)  is  placed  during 
a  war  between  the  Poles  and  the  Tartars. 
Lovinski  betrays  his  trust  by  keeping 
the  princess  a  virtual  prisoner  because 
she  will  not  accept  him  as  a  lover.  The 
count  Floreski  makes  his  way  into  the 
castle,  and  the  baron  seeks  to  poison  him, 
but  at  this  crisis  the  Tartars  invade  the 
castle,  the  baron  is  slain,  and  Floreski 
marries  the  princess. — J.  P.  Kemble, 
Lodoiska  (a  melodrame). 

Lo-w-Heels  and  High-Heels, 
two  factions  in  Lilliput.  The  High-heels 
were  opposed  to  the  emperor,  -who  wora 
low  heels  and  employed  Low-heels  in 
his  cabinet.  Of  course  the  Low-heels 
are  the  whigs  and  low-church  party,  and 
the  High-heels  the  tories  and  high-church 
party.  (See  Big-endians.)  —  Swift, 
Gulliver's  Travels  ("Voj'age  to  Lilliput," 
1727). 

Lowestoffb  {Reginald),  a  young 
Templar. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (time,  James  L). 

Lo"Wther  {Jack),  a  smuggler.— Sir 
W.     Scott,    Eedgauntlet    (time,     George 

Loyal      Subject     {'The),     Archas 
general  of  the  Muscovites,  and  the  fatht 
of    colonel    Theodore.  —  Beaumont 
Fletcher,  The  Loyal  Subject  (1618). 

Loyale  Epee  {La),  *'  the  hone 
soldier,"  marshal  de  MacMahon  (180? 
president  of  France  from  1873  to  187" 
died  ). 

Loys  de  Drenx,  a  young  Bretoi| 
nobleman,  who  joined  the  Druses,  ai 
was  appointed  their  prefect. 

Loys  (2  tyl.)  the  boy  stood  on  the  leading  prow. 
Conspicuous  in  his  gay  attire. 
Robert  Browning,  TAe  Rettim  of  the  Dnuet,  1, 

Luath  (2  syl.),  Cuthullin's   "sw: 
footed  hound." — Ossian,  Fingal,  ii. 

Fingal  had  a  dog  called  "  Luath  "an< 
another  called  "Bran." 

In  Robert  Burns's  poem,  called  The  Twa 
Dogs,  the  poor  man's  dog  which  repre- 
sents the  peasantry  is  called  "  Luath," 
and  the  gentleman's  dog  is  "  Caesar." 

Lubar,  a  river  of  Ulster,  which  flo- 
between  the  two  mountains   CromleacH' 
and  Crommal. — Ossian. 


re- 

II 


LUBBER-LAND. 


575 


LUCINDA. 


liUbber-Land  or  Cockagne  (2  syl.), 
London. 

The  golden  age  was  represented  in  the  same  ndicuious 
.  ,  mode  of  description  as  (lie  /'nyi  de  la  Cocagne  of  tlie 
Frencli  minstrels,  or  tiie  popular  ideas  of  "  Lubtwr-land  " 
in  England.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Drama. 

Lucan  (Sir),  sometimes  called  "  sir 
Lucas,"  butler  of  king  Arthur,  and  a 
knight  of  the  Round  Table.— Sir  T. 
Malory,  Hisiorri  of  Prince  Arthur  ("  Lu- 
can," ii.  160  ;  ''Lucas,"  ii.  78  ;  1470). 

Xiucasta,  whom  Richard  Lovelace 
celebrates,  was  Lucy  Sacheverell.  {Lucy- 
casta  or  Lux  casta,  "  chaste  light.") 

liUCentio,  son  of  Vicentio  of  Pisa. 
He  marries  Bianca  sister  of  Katharina 
"  the  Shrew  "  of  Padua. — Shakespeare, 
Taming  of  the  Shi-ew  (1594). 

Lucetta,  waiting-woman  of  Julia  the 
lady-love  of  Protheus  (one  of  the  heroes 
of  the  play). — Shakespeare,  The  Two 
Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1594). 

Lu'cia,  daughter  of  Lucius  (one  of 
the  friends  of  Cato  at  UtTca,  and  a  mem- 
ber of  the  mimic  senate).  Lucia  was 
loved  by  both  the  sons  of  Cato,  but  she 
preferred  the  more  temperate  Porcius  to 
the  vehement  Marcus.  Marcus  being  slain, 
left  the  field  open  to  the  elder  brother. — 
Addison,  Cato  (1713). 

Lu'cia,  in  The  Cheats  of  Scapin,  Otway's 
version  of  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin,  by 
Moliere.  Lucia,  in  Moliere's  comedy,  is 
called  "  Zerbinette  ; "  her  father  Thrifty 
is  called  "Argante;"  her  brother  Octa- 
vian  is  "  Octave ; "  and  her  sweetheart 
Leander  son  of  Gripe  is  called  by 
Moliere  "  Le'andre  son  of  Ge'ronte  "  (2 
syl). 

Lucia  (St.).  Struck  on  St.  Lucia's 
thorn,  on  the  rack,  in  torment,  much 
perplexed  and  annoyed.  St.  Lucia  Avas 
a  virgin  martyr,  put  to  death  at  Syracuse 
in  304.  Her  fete-day  is  December  13. 
The  "thorn"  referred  to  is  in  reality  the 
point  of  a  sword,  shown  in  all  paintings 
of  the  saint,  protruding  through  the  neck. 

If  I  don't  recruit  ...  I  siiall  be  strucli  upon  St.  Lucia's 
thorn.— Cervante.s,  Don  Quixote,  11.  1.  3  (161.5). 

Lucia  di  Lamraermoor,  called 
by  sir  W.  Scott  "  Lucy  Ashton,"  sister  of 
lord  Henry  Ashton  of  Lammermoor.  In 
order  to  retrieve  the  broken  fortune  of 
the  family,  lord  Henry  arranged  a  mar- 
riage between  his  sister  and  lord  Arthur 
Bucklaw,  alias  Frank  Hayston  laird  of 
Bucklaw.  Unknown  to  the  brother, 
Edgardo  (Edgar)  master  of  Ravenswood 
(whose  family  had  long  had  a  feud  with 


the  Lammermoors)  was  betrothed  to 
Lucy.  While  Edgardo  was  absent  in 
France,  Lucia  (Lucy)  is  made  to  believe 
that  he  is  uniaithful  to  her,  and  in  her 
temper  she  consents  to  marr^y  the  laird  of 
Bucklaw,  but  on  the  wedding  night  she 
stabs  him,  goes  mad,  and  dies. — Donizetti, 
Lucia  di  Lammermxior  (an  opera,  1835) ; 
sir  W.  Scott,  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(time,  William  IIL). 

Lucia'na,  sister  of  Adrian'a.  She 
marries  Antipholus  of  Syracuse. — Shake- 
speare, Comedy  of  Errors  (1593). 

liU'cida,  the  lady-love  of  sir  Ferra- 
mont. — Spenser,  FaJiry  Queen,  iv.  5 
(1596). 

Lucifer  is  described  by  Dante  as  a 
huge  giant,  with  three  faces :  one  red, 
indicative  of  anger;  one  yellow,  indicative 
of  envy ;  and  one  black,  indicative  of 
melancholy.  Between  his  shoulders,  the 
poet  says,  there  shot  forth  two  enormous 
wings,  without  plumage,  "  in  texture 
like  a  bat's."  With  these  "he  flapped 
i'  the  air,"  and  "Cocy'tus  to  its  depth 
was  frozen."  "At  six  eyes  he  wept," 
and  at  every  mouth  he  champed  a  sinner.' 
—Dante,  Hell,  xxxiv.  (1301). 

Lucifera  (Pride),  daughter  of  Pluto 
and  Proser'pina.  Her  usher  was  Vanity. 
Her  chariot  was  drawn  by  six  different 
beasts,  on  each  of  which  was  seated 
one  of  the  queen's  counsellors.  The 
foremost  beast  was  an  ass,  ridden  by 
Idleness  who  resembled  a  monk ;  paired 
with  the  ass  was  a  swine,  on  which  rode 
Gluttony  clad  in  vine  leaves.  Next 
came  a  goat,  ridden  by  Lechery  arrayed 
in  green  ;  paired  with  the  goat  was  a 
camel,  on  which  rode  Avarice  in  thread- 
bare coat  and  cobbled  shoes.  The  next 
beast  was  a  wolf,  bestrid  by  Envy 
arrayed  in  a  kirtle  full  of  eyes  ;  and 
paired  with  the  wolf  was  a  lion,  bestrid 
by  Wrath  in  a  robe  all  blood-stained. 
The  coachman  of  the  team  was  Satan. 

Lo  1  underneath  her  scornful  feet  was  lain 
A  dreadful  dragon,  with  a  liideous  train  ; 
And  in  her  band  she  held  a  mirror  bright. 
Wherein  her  face  she  often  viewed  fain. 

Spenser,  Faery  queen,  i.  4  {1590). 

Lucinda,  the  daughter  of  opulent 
parents,  engaged  in  marriage  to  Car- 
denio,  a  young  gentleman  of  similar  rank 
and  equal  opulence.  Lucinda  was,  how- 
ever, promised  by  her  father  in  marriage 
to  don  Fernando,  youngest  son  of  the 
duke  Ricardo.  When  the  wedding  day 
arrived,  the  young  lady  fell  into  a  swoon, 
and  a  letter  informed  don  Fernando  that 


LUCINDA. 


676 


LUCIUS  TIBERIUS. 


the  bride  was  married  already  to  Car- 
denio.  Next  day,  she  left  the  house 
privately,  and  took  refuge  in  a  convent, 
whence  she  was  forcibly  abducted  by  don 
Fernando.  Stopping  at  an  inn,  the  party 
found  there  Dorothea  the  wife  of  don 
Fernando,  and  Cardenio  the  husband  of 
Lucinda,  and  all  things  arranged  them- 
selves satisfactorily  to  the  parties  con- 
cerned.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  iv, 
(1605). 

Lucin'da,  the  bosom  friend  of  Rosetta ; 
merry,  coquettish,  and  fit  for  any  fun. 
She  is  the  daughter  of  justice  Woodcock, 
and  falls  in  love  with  Jack  Eustace, 
against  her  father's  desire.  Jack,  who  is 
unknown  to  the  justice,  introduces  him- 
self into  the  house  as  a  music-master ; 
and  sir  William  Meadows  induces  the 
old  man  to  consent  to  the  marriage  of 
the  young  people. — I.  Bickerstaff,  Love 
in  a  'Village. 

Lucinda,  referred  to  by  the  poet  Thom- 
son in  his  Spring,  was  Lucy  Fortescue, 
daughter  of  Hugh  Fortescue  of  Devon- 
shire, and  wife  of  lord  George  Lyttelton. 

O  Lyttelton  .  .  . 

Courting  the  Muse,  thro'  Hagley  Park  thou  strayst .  ,  . 

Perhaps  thy  loved  Lucinda  shares  thy  walk, 

With  soul  to  thine  attuned. 

Thomson,  The  Seasom  ("  Spring,"  1728). 

Lucinde  (2  syl.),  daughter  of  Sgana- 
relle.  As  she  has  lost  her  spirit  and 
appetite,  her  father  sends  for  four  physi- 
cians, who  all  differ  as  to  the  nature  of 
the  malady  and  the  remedy  to  be  applied. 
Lisette  (her  waiting-woman)  sends  in  the 
mean  time  for  Clitandre,  the  lover  of 
Lucinde,  who  comes  under  the  guise  of  a 
mock  doctor.  He  tells  Sganarelle  the 
disease  of  the  young  lady  must  be  reached 
through  the  imagination,  and  prescribes 
the  semblance  of  a  marriage.  As  his 
assistant  is  in  reality  a  notary,  the  mock 
marriage  turns  out  to  be  a  real  one. — 
Moliere,  L Amour  Me'desin  (1666). 

Lucinde  (2  suL),  daughter  of  Ge'ronte 
(2  6///.).  Her  father  wanted  her  to  marry 
Horace ;  bat  &3  she  was  in  love  with 
Leandrc,  she  pretended  to  have  lost 
the  power  of  articulate  speech,  to  avoid  a 
marriage  which  she  abhorred.  Sgana- 
relle, the  faggot-maker,  was  introduced 
as  a  famous  dumb  doctor,  and  soon  saw 
the  state  of  affairs  ;  so  he  took  with  him 
Lean  d  re  as  an  apothecary,  and  the  young 
lady  received  a  perfect  cure  from  '*  pills 
matrimoniac."  —  Molibre,  Le  M€decin 
Malyr^Lui  (1666). 

^  IiU'cio,  a   fantastic,   not   absolutely 


bad,  but  vicious  and  dissolute.  He  is 
unstable,  "  like  a  wave  of  the  sea,  driven 
by  the  wind  and  tossed,"  and  has-  no 
restraining  principle. — Shakespeare,  Mea- 
sure for  Measure  {160S). 

Lucip'pe  (3  syl.),  a  woman  attached 
to  the  suite  of  the  princess  Calls  (sister  of 
Astorax  king  of  Paphos). — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Mad  Lover  (1618). 

Lu'cius,  son  of  Coillus  ;  a  mythical 
king  of  Britain.  Geoffrey  says  he  sent  a 
letter  to  pope  Eleutherius  (177-193)  de- 
siring to  be  instructed  in  the  Christian 
religion,  whereupon  the  pope  sent  over 
Dr.  Faganus  and  Dr.  Duvanus  for  the 
purpose.  Lucius  was  baptized,  and 
"people  from  all  countries"  with  him. 
The  pagan  temples  in  Britain  were  con- 
verted into  churches,  the  archflamens  into 
archbishops,  and  the  flamens  into  bishops. 
So  there  were  twenty-eight  bishops  and 
three  archbishops. — British  History,  iv. 
19  (1470). 

He  oui  flamens'  seats  who  turned  to  bishops'  sees. 
Great  Lucius,  that  good  king  to  whom  we  chiefly  owe 
This  happiness  we  have — Clirist  crucified  to  know. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viiL  (1612). 

Nennius  says  that  king  Lucius  was 
baptized  in  167  by  Evaristus ;  but  this  is 
a  blunder,  as  Evaristus  lived  a  century 
before  the  date  mentioned. 

The  archflamens  were  those  of  London, 
York,  and  Newport  (the  City  of  Legions 
or  Caerleon-on-Usk). 

Drayton  calls  the  two  legates  "  Fugatiua 
and  St.  Damian." 

Those  goodly  Romans  .  .  .  who  .  ,  . 

Won  good  king  Lucius  first  to  embrace  the  Cliristiiui ' 

faith : 
Fugatius  and  his  friend  St.  Damian  ,  .  . 
.  .  .  have  their  remembrance  liere. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

After  baptism,  St.  Lucius  abdicated, 
and  became  a  missionary  in  Switzerland, 
where  he  died  a  martyr's  death. 

Lucius  (Caius),  general  of  the  Roman 
forces  in  Britain  in  the  reign  of  king 
Cvm'beline  (3  syl.). — Shakespeare,  Cym' 
heline  (1605). 

Lucius  Tiberius,  general  of  the 
Roman  army,  who  wrote  to  king  Arthur, 
commanding  him  to  appear  at  Rome  to 
make  satisfaction  for  the  conquests  he 
had  made,  and  to  -eceive  such  punish- 
ment as  the  senate  might  think  proper  to 
pas3  on  him.  This  letter  induced  Arthur 
to  declare  war  with  Rome.  So,  com- 
mitting the  care  of  government  to  his 
nephew  Modred,  he  marched  to  Lyonaise 
(in  Gaul),  where  he  won  a  complet 
victory,  and  left  Lucius  dead  on  the  field. 


ik 


LUCRETIA. 


677 


LUCY. 


He  now  started  for  Rome ;  but  being  told 
that  Modred  had  usurped  the  crown,  he 
hastened  back  to  Britain,  and  fought  the 
great  battle  of  the  West,  where  he  re- 
ceived his  death-wound  from  the  hand  of 
Modred. — Geoffrey,  British  History,  ix. 
15-20;  X.  (1142). 

Great  Arthur  did  advance 
To  meet,  with  his  allies,  that  puissant  fon;e  in  France 
By  Lucius  thither  led.  r 

Drayton.  Potyolhion,  iv.X1612). 

liUCre'tia,  daughter  of  Spurius  Lu- 
cretius prefect  of  Rome,  and  wife  of 
Tarquinius  Collati'nus.  She  was  dis- 
honoured by  Sextus,  the  son  of  Tar- 
quinius Superbus.  Having  avowed  her 
dishonour  in  the  presence  of  her  father, 
her  husband,  Junius  Brutus,  and  some 
others,  she  stabbed  herself. 

This  subject  has  been  dramatized  in 
French  by  Ant.  Vincent  Arnault,  in  a 
tragedy  called  Lucrece  (1792) ;  and  by 
Francois  Ponsard  in  1843.  In  English, 
by  Thomas  Heywood,  in  a  traged)'  en- 
titled The  Rape  of  Lucrece  (16o0) ;  by 
Nathaniel  Lee,  entitled  Lucius  Junius 
Brutus  (seventeenth  century)  \  and  by 
John  H.  Payne,  entitled  Brutus  or  The 
Fall  of  Tarquin  (1820).  Shakespeare 
selected  the  same  subject  for  his  poem 
entitled  The  Bape  of  Lucrece  (1594). 

Lucrezia  di  Borgia,  daughter  of 
pope  Alexander  VL  She  was  thrice 
married,  her  last  husband  being  Alfonso 
duke  of  Ferra'ra.  Before  this  marriage, 
she  had  a  natural  son  named  Genna'ro, 
who  was  brought  up  by  a  Neapolitan 
fisherman.  When  grown  to  manhood, 
Gennaro  had  a  commission  given  him  in 
the  army,  and  in  the  battle  of  Rim'ini  he 
saved  the  life  of  Orsini.  In  Venice  he 
declaimed  freely  against  the  vices  of 
Lucrezia  di  Borgia,  and  on  one  occa- 
sion he  mutilated  the  escutcheon  of  the 
duke  by  knocking  oif  the  B,  thus  con- 
verting Borgia  into  Orgia.  Lucrezia 
inbisted  that  the  perpetrator  of  this  insult 
should  suffer  death  by  poison  ;  but  when 
she  discovered  that  the  offender  was  her 
own  son,  she  gave  him  an  antidote,  and 
released  him  from  jail.  Scarcely,  how- 
ever, was  he  liberated,  than  be  was 
poisoned  at  a  banquet  given  by  the 
princess  Neg'roni.  Lucrezia  now  told 
Gennaro  that  he  was  her  own  son,  and 
died  as  her  son  expired.  —  Donizetti, 
Lucrezia  di  Borgia  (an  opera,  1834). 

***  Victor  Hugo  has  a  drama  -entitled 
Lucrece  Borgia. 

LucuUus,  a  wealthy  Roman,  notcJ 
for  his  banquets  and  self-indulgence.   On 
25 


one  occasion,  when  a  superb  supper  had 
been  prepared,  being  asked  who  were  to 
be  his  guests,  he  replied,  "  Lucullus  will 
sup  to-night  with  Lucullus"  (b.c. 
110-57). 

Ne'er  Falemian  threw  a  richer 
Lij^ht  upon  Lucullus'  t^iblea. 

Longfellow,  Drinking  Som^^ 

Lue'umo,  a  satrap,  chieftain,  or 
khedive  among  the  ancient  Etruscans. 
The  over-king  was  called  lars.  Servius 
the  grammarian  says :  "  Liicumo  rex 
sonat  lingua  Etrusca  ;  "  but  it  was  such  a 
king  as  that  of  Bavaria  in  the  empire  of 
Germany,  where  the  king  of  Prussia  is 
the  lars. 

And  plainly  and  more  plainly 

Now  might  the  Iwrgliers  know. 
By  port  and  vest,  by  horse  and  erect, 
Each  warlilie  lucunio. 

Lord  Jilacaitleiy,  Lat/s  of  Ancient  Rome 
("Horatius,"xxiii.,  1842). 

Lucy,  a  dowerless  girl  betrothed  to 
Amidas.  Being  forsaken  by  him  for 
the  Avealthy  Philtra,  she  threw  herself 
into  the  sea,  but  was  saved  by  clinging  to 
a  chest.  Both  being  drifted  ashore,  it 
was  foimd  that  the  chest  contained  great 
treasures,  which  Lucy  gave  to  Bracidas, 
the  brother  of  Amidas,  who  married  her. 
In  this  marriage,  Bracidas  found  "two 
goodly  portions,  and  the  better  she." — 
Spenser,  FaHrij  Queen,  v.  4  (1596). 

X?<c.v,  daughter  of  Mr.  Richard 
Wealthy,  a  rich  London  merchant.  Her 
father  wanted  her  to  marry  a  wealthy 
tradesman,  and  as  she  refused  to  do  so, 
he  turned  her  out  of  doors.  Being  intro- 
duced as  a  file  de  joie  to  sir  George 
Wealthy  "  the  minor,"  he  soon  perceived 
her  to  be  a  modest  girl  who  had  been 
entrapped,  and  he  proposed  marriage. 
When  the  facts  of  the  case  were  known, 
Mr.  Wealthy  and  the  sir  William  (the 
father  of  the  young  man)  were  delighted 
at  the  happy  termination  of  what  might 
have  proved  a  most  untoward  affair. — 
S.  Foote,  The  Minor  (1760). 

Lucy  [Goodwill],  a  girl  of  16, 
and  a  child  of  nature,  reared  by  her 
father  who  was  a  widower.  "She  has 
seen  nothing,"  he  says ;  "  she  knows 
nothing,  and,  therefore,  has  no  will  of 
her  own."  Old  Goodwill  wished  her  to 
marry  one  of  her  relations,  that  his  money 
might  be  kept  in  the  family  ;  but  Lucy 
had  "  will"  enough  of  her  own  to  see 
that  her  relations  were  boobies,  and 
selected  for  her  husband  a  big,  burly 
footman  named  Thomas. — Fielding,  Tlia 
Virgin  Unmasked. 

Lucy  [Lockit],  daughter  of  Lockit  the 

2   F 


LUCY  AND  COLIN. 


578 


LUKE. 


jailer.  A  foolish  young  woman,  who, 
decoyed  by  captain  Macheath  under  the 
specious  promise  of  marriage,  effected  his 
escape  from  jail.  The  captain,  however, 
was  recaptured,  and  condemned  to  death ; 
but  being  reprieved,  confessed  himself 
married  to  Polly  Peachum,  and  Lucy 
was  left  to  seek  another  mate. 

^      How  happy  could  I  be  with  either  lluc!/  or  PoUy\, 
Were  t'otiier  dear  charmer  away  1 

J.  Gay,  The  Beggars  Opera,  ii.  2  (1727). 

Miss  Fenton  (duchess  of  Bolton)  was 
the  original  "Lucy  Lockit"  (1708-1760). 

Lucy  and  Colin.  Colin  was  be- 
trothed to  Lucy,  but  forsook  her  for  a 
bride  "thrice  as  rich  as  she."  Lucy 
drooped,  but  was  present  at  the  wedding  ; 
and  when  Colin  saw  her,  "the  damps  of 
death  bedewed  his  brow,  and  he  died." 
Both  were  buried  in  one  tomb,  and  many 
a  hind  and  plighted  maid  resorted  thither, 
"to  deck  it  with  garlands  and  true-love 
knots." — T.  Tickell,  Lncy  and  Colin. 

*^*  Vincent  Bourne  has  translated 
this  ballad  into  Latin  verse. 

Through  all  Tickell's  works  there  is  a  strain  of  ballad- 
thinking.  ...  In  this  ballad  [Lucy  and  Colin]  he  seems 
to  have  surpassed  himself.  It  is,  perhaps,  the  best  in  our 
language.— Goldsmith,  Beauties  of  English  Poetry  (1767). 

Lucyl'ius  (B.C.  148-103),  the  father 
of  Roman  satire. 

I  have  presumed,  my  lord  for  to  present 

With  this  poore  Glasse,  which  is  of  trustie  Steele  [*artr»l 

And  came  to  me  by  wil  and  testament 

01  line  tliat  was  a  Glassmaker  [satiriH^  indeede  : 

lucyiiua  this  worthy  man  was  namde. 

G.  Gascoigne,  The  ateelc  Glas  (died  1577). 

Lud,  son  of  Heli,  who  succeeded  his 
father  as  king  of  Britain.  "  Lud  rebuilt 
the  walls  of  Trinovantum,  and  surrounded 
the  city  with  innumerable  towers  .  .  . 
for  which  reason  it  was  called  Kaer-lud, 
Anglicized  into  Lud-ton,  and  softened 
into  London.  .  .  .  When  dead,  his  body 
■was  buried  by  the  gate  .  .  .  Parth- 
lud,  called  in  Saxon  Ludes-gate."— 
Geoffrey,  British  History,  iii.  20  (1142). 

...  that  miglity  Lud,  in  whose  eternal  name 
Great  London  still  shall  live  (by  him  rehuilded). 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1618). 

("Parth-lud,"  in  Latin  Forta-Lud.) 

Lijd  {General),  the  leader  of  distressed 
and  riotous  artisans  in  the  manufacturing 
districts  of  England,  who,  in  1811,  en- 
deavoured to  prevent  the  use  of  power- 
looms. 

Luddites  (2  syL),  the  riotous  artisans 
who  followed  the  leader  called  general 
Lud. 

Above  thirty  years  before  this  time,  an  imbecile  named 
Ned  Lud  living  in  a  village  in  Leicestershire,  being 
tormented  by  some  boys,  .  .  .  pursued  one  of  them  into 
•  house,  and  .  .  .  broke  two  stocking-frames.    HU  name 


was  taken  by  those  who  brok*  power-looms.— H.  Mar- 
tin eau. 

Lud's  TovTn,  London,  as  if  a  c(tr- 
ruption  of  Lud-ton.  Similarly,  Ludgate 
is  said  to  be  Lud's-gate ;  and  Ludgate 
prison  is  called  "Lud's  Bulwark."  Of 
course,  the  etymologies  are  only  suitable 
for  fable. 

King  Lud,  repairing  the  city,  called  it  after  his  name, 
Luds  town;"  the  strong  gate  which  he  built  In  the 
west  part  he  named  "Ludgate."  In  1260,  the  gate  was 
beautified  with  images  of  Lud  and  other  kings.  Those 
miages,  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI.,  liad  their  heads 
smitten  off.  .  .  .  Queen  Mary  did  set  new  heads  upon 
their  old  bodies  again.  The  'iSth  of  queen  Elizabeth,  the 
gate  was  newly  beautified  with  images  of  Lud  and  others, 
as  before.— Stow,  Survey  of  London  (1598). 

Ludov'ico,  chief  minister  of  Naples. 
He  heads  a  conspiracy  to  murder  the 
king  and  seize  the  crown.  Ludovico  is 
the  craftiest  of  villains,  but,  being  caught 
in  his  own  guile,  he  is  killed.— Shell, 
Evadne  or  The  Statue  (1820). 

Ludwal  or  Id"wal,  son  of  Roderick 
the  Great,  of  North  Wales.  He  refused 
to  pay  Edgar  king  of  England  the  tribute 
which  had  been  levied  ever  since  the 
time  of  ^thelstan.  William  of  Malmes- 
bury  tells  us  that  Edgar  commuted  the 
tribute  for  300  wolves'  heads  yearly ; 
the  wolf-tribute  was  paid  for  three 
years,  and  then  discontinued,  because 
there  were  no  more  wolves  to  be  found. 

O  Edgar !  who  compelledst  our  Ludwal  hence  to  pay 
Three  hundred  wolves  a  year  for  tribute  unto  tiee. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

Lufra,  Douglas's  dog,  "the  fleetest 
hound  in  all  the  North."— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Lady  of  the  Lake  (1810). 

Ellen,  the  while,  with  bursting  heart, 
Kemained  in  lordly  bower  apart  .  .  . 
While  Lufra,  crouching  at  her  side. 
Her  station  claimed  with  jealous  pride. 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Lady  of  the  Lake,  vL  23  (1810). 

Luggnagg,  an  island  where  the  in- 
habitants never  die.  Swift  shows  some 
of  the  evils  which  would  result  from 
such  a  destiny,  unless  accompanied  with 
eternal  youth  and  freshness.  —  Swift, 
Gulliver's  Travels  (1726). 

Lu'gier,  the  rough,  confident  tutor  of 
Oriana,  etc.,  and  chief  engine  whereby 
"the  wild  goose"  Mirabel  is  entrapped 
into  marriage  with  her. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Wild-goose  Chase  (1652). 

Luke,  brother-in-law  of  "the  City 
madam."  He  was  raised  from  a  state 
of  indigence  into  enormous  wealth  by 
a  deed  of  gift  of  the  estates  of  his 
brother,  sir  John  Frugal,  a  retired  mer- 
chant. While  dependent  on  his  brother, 
lady  Frugal  ("the  City  lady")  treated 
Luke  with  great  scorn  and  rudeness ;  but 


LUKE. 


579 


LUMPKIN. 


when  she  and  her  daughter  became  de- 
pendent on  him,  he  cut  down  the  super- 
fluities of  the  fine  lady  to  the  measure  of 
her  original  state — as  daughter  of  Good- 
man Humble,  farmer. — Massinger,  Tfie 
City  Madam  (1639). 

Massinger's  best  characters  are  the  hypocritical  "Luka" 
and  the  heroic  "  Miirullo."— W.  Spalding. 

Luke,  patriarch's  nuncio,  and  bishop  of 
the  Druses.     He  terms  the  Druses 

.  .  .  the  docile  crew 
My  bezants  went  to  make  me  bishop  of. 
Robert  Browning,  The  Return  of  the  JOruiet,  T. 

Luke  (Sir)  or  Sir  Luke  Limp,  a  tuft- 
hunter,  a  devotee  to  the  bottle,  and  a 
hanger-on  of  great  men  for  no  other 
reason  than  mere  snobbism.  Sir  Luke 
will  "cling  to  sir  John  till  the  baronet 
is  superseded  by  my  lord  ;  quitting  the 
puny  peer  for  an  earl,  and  sacrilicing  all 
three  to  a  duke." — S.  Foote,  The  Lame 
Lover. 

Luke's  Bird  (St),  the  ox. 

Luke's  Iron  Crown.  George  and 
Luke  Dosa  headed  an  unsuccessful  revolt 
against  the  Hungarian  nobles  in  the  six- 
teenth century.  Luke  was  put  to  death 
by  a  red-hot  iron  crown,  in  mockery  of 
his  having  been  proclaimed  king. 

This  was  not  an  unusual  punishment 
for  those  who  sought  regal  honours  in 
the  Middle  Ages.  Thus,  when  Tancred 
usurped  the  crown  of  Sicily,  kaiser 
Heinrich  VI.  of  Germany  set  him  on  a 
red-hot  iron  throne,  and  crowned  him 
with  a  red-hot  iron  crown  (twelfth  cen- 
tury). 

***  The  "iron  crown  of  Lombardy" 
must  not  be  mistaken  for  an  iron  crown 
of  punishment.  The  former  is  one  of 
the  nails  used  in  the  Crucifixion,  beaten 
out  into  a  thin  rim  of  iron,  magnificently 
set  in  gold,  and  adorned  with  jewels. 
Charlemagne  and  Napoleon  I.  were  both 
crowned  with  it. 

Luke's  Summer  (St.),  or  L'dt^  de 
S.  Martin,  a  few  weeks  of  fine  summerly 
weather,  which  occur  between  St.  Luke's 
Day  (October  18)  and  St.  Martin's  Day 
(November  11). 

In  such  St  Lulie's  short  summer  lived  these  men, 
Neariiig  the  goal  of  three  score  years  and  ten. 

W.  Morris,  The  A'arthly  Paradise  ("  March"). 

Lully  (Raymond),  an  alchemist  who 
searched  for  the  philosopher's  stone  by 
distillation,  and  made  some  useful  chemi- 
cal discoveries.  LuUj'-  was  also  a  magi- 
cian and  a  philosophic  dreamer.  He  is 
generally  called  Z>octor  LUumindtus  (1235- 
1315). 


He  talks  of  Raymond  LuIIy  and  the  ghost  of  Lilly  [q.v.\ 
W.  Congreve,  Love  for  Love,  iii.  (1695). 

Lumbercourt  (Lord),  a  voluptuary, 
greatly  in  debt,  who  consented,  for  a  good 
money  consideration,  to  give  his  daughter 
to  Egerton  McSycophant.  Egerton, 
however,  had  no  fancy  for  the  lady,  but 
married  Constantia,  the  girl  of  his  choice. 
His  lordship  was  in  alarm  lest  this  con- 
tretemps should  be  his  ruin ;  but  sir 
Pertinax  told  him  the  bargain  should 
still  remain  good  if  Egerton's  younger 
brother,  Sandy,  were  accepted  by  his 
lordship  instead.  To  this  his  lordship 
readily  agreed. 

Lady  Itodolpha  Lumbercourt,  daughter 
of  lord  Lumbercourt,  who,  for  a  con- 
sideration, consented  to  marry  Egerton 
McSj'cophant ;  but  as  Egerton  had  no 
fancy  for  the  lady,  she  agreed  to  marry 
Egerton's  brother  Sandy  on  the  same 
terms. 

"  As  I  ha'  nae  reason  to  hiive  the  least  affection  till  mjr 
cousin  Egerton,  and  as  my  intended  marriage  witli  him 
was  entirely  an  act  of  obedience  till  my  grandmother, 
provided  my  cousin  Sandy  will  be  as  agreeable  till  her 
ladysl\ii)  as  my  cousin  Charles  here  would  have  been,  I 
have  nae  the  least  objection  till  the  change.  Ay,  ay,  ona 
brother  is  as  good  to  Kodolpha  as  another." — C.  Macklin, 
2'Ae  Man  of  the  World,  v.  (1764). 

Lum.bey  (Dr.),  a  stout,  bluff-looking 
gentleman,  with  no  shirt-collar,  and  a 
beard  that  had  been  growing  since  yester- 
day morning ;  for  the  doctor  was  very 
popular,  and  the  neighbourhood  prolific. 
— G.  Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Lum.ley  (Captain),  in  the  royal  army 
under  the  duke  of  Montrose. — Sir  W, 
Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Lum.on,  a  hill  in  Inis-IIuna,  near  the 
residence  of  Sulmalla.  Sulmalla  was  the 
daughter  of  Conmor  (king  of  Inis-Huna) 
and  his  wife  Clun'-galo. — Ossian,  Temora. 

Where  art  thou,  beam  of  light?  Hunters  from  the 
mossy  TocV,  saw  you  the  blue-eyed  fair?  Are  her  steps  on 
grassy  Lumon,  neiir  the  bed  of  roses?  Ah  nie  !  I  beheld 
her  bow  in  the  hall.    Where  art  thou,  beam  of  liyht? 

Bishop  has  selected  these  words  from 
Temxtra  for  a  glee  of  four  voices. 

Lumpkin  (Tony),  the  rough,  good- 
natured  booby  son  of  Mrs.  Hardcastle 
by  her  first  husband.  Tony  dearly  loved 
a  practical  joke,  and  was  fond  of  low 
society,  where  he  could  air  his  conceit 
and  self-importance.  He  is  described  as 
"an  awkward  booby,  reared  up  and 
spoiled  at  his  mother's  apron-string"  (act 
i.  2)  ;  and  "  if  burning  the  footman's 
shoes,  frighting  [sic']  the  maids,  and  worry- 
ing the  kittens,  be  humorous,"  then  Tony 
was  humorous  to  a  degree  (act  i.  1).— 


LUN. 


680 


LUTHER. 


0.  Goldsmith,   She   Stoops   to    Conquer 
(1773). 

I  feel  as  Tony  Lumpkin  felt,  who  never  had  the  least 
difficulty  in  reading  tlie  outside  of  his  letters,  but  who 
found  it  very  hard  work  to  decipher  the  inside.— A.  K.  H. 
Boyd. 

Quick's  great  parts  were  "  Isaac,"  "Tony  Lumpkin," 
"Spado,"  and  "sir  Christopher  Curry."— ^ccy?d«  of  a 
Stage  Veteran, 

Quick  ri748-1831]  was  the  original  "Tony  Lumpkin," 
"  Acres,"  and  "  Isaac  Mendoza."— iTcmoir  of  John  (^uick 


*^*  "  Isaac  "  in  TJie  Duenna,  by  Sheri- 
dan ;  "Spado"  in  IVie  Castle  of  Andalusia, 
by  O'Keefe ;  '*  sir  C.  Curry  "  in  Inkle  and 
Yarico,  by  Colman. 

Lun.  So  John  Rich  called  himself 
•when  he  performed  "  harlequin."  It  was 
John  Rich  who  introduced  pantomime 
(1681-1761). 

On  one  side  Folly  sits,  by  some  called  Fun  ; 
And  on  the  other  his  archpatron  Lun. 

Clmrchill. 

Luna  {H  conte  di),  uncle  of  Manri'co. 
He  entertains  a  base  passion  for  the  prin- 
cess Leonora,  who  is  in  love  with  Man- 
rico  ;  and,  in  order  to  rid  himself  of  his 
rival,  is  about  to  put  him  to  death,  when 
Leonora  promises  to  give  herself  to  him  if 
he  will  spare  her  lover.  The  count  con- 
sents ;  but  while  he  goes  to  release  his 
captive,  Leonora  poisons  herself. — ^Verdi, 
II  IVovato're  (an  opera,  1853). 

IjTindin  (Dr.  Luke),  the  chamberlain 
at  Kinross.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Lundin  {The  Rev.  sir  Louis),  town 
clerk  of  Perth.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Lunsford  (Sir  Thomas),  governor  of 
the  Tower.  A  man  of  such  vindictive 
temper  that  the  name  was  used  as  a  terror 
to  children. 

Made  children  with  your  tones  to  run  for't, 
As  bad  as  Bloody-bones  or  Lunsford. 

S.  Butler,  Uxidibrcu,  iii.  2,  line  1112  (1678). 
From  Fielding  and  from  Vavasour, 

Both  ill-affected  men ; 
From  Lunsford  eke  deliver  VM, 
That  eatetb  child<!ren. 

Iiupauski  (Prince),  father  of  prin- 
cess Lodois'ka  (4  syl.).—J.  P.  Kemble, 
Lodoiska  (a  melodrame). 

Lu'pin  (Mrs.),  hostess  of  the  Blue 
Dragon.  A  buxom,  kind-hearted  woman, 
ever  ready  to  help  any  one  over  a  diffi- 
culty.—C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit 
(1844). 

Lu'ria,  a  noble  Moor,  single-minded, 
warm-hearted,  faithful,  and  most  gene- 
rous ;  eni ployed  by  the  Florentines  to 
lead  their  army  against  the  Pisans 
(fifteenth  century).     Luria  was  entirely 


successful ;  but  the  Florentines,  to  lessen 
their  obligation  to  the  conqueror,  hunted 
up  every  item  of  scandal  they  could  (ind 
against  him  ;  and,  while  he  was  winning 
their  battles,  he  was  informed  that  he 
was  to  be  brought  to  trial  to  answer  tliese 
floating  censures.  Luria  was  so  disgusted 
at  this,  that  he  took  poison,  to  relieve  the 
state  by  his  death  of  a  debt  of  gratitude 
which  the  republic  felt  too  heavy  to  be 
borne. — Robert  Browning,  Luria. 

Lu'siad,  the  adventures  of  the  Lu- 
sians  (Portuguese),  under  Vasquez  da 
Gama,  in  their  discovery  of  India. 
Bacchus  was  the  guardian  power  of  the 
Mohammedans,  and  Venus  or  Divine 
Love  of  the  Lusians.  The  fleet  first  sailed 
to  Mozambique,  then  to  Quil'oa,  then  to 
Melinda  (in  Africa),  where  the  adven- 
turers were  hospitably  received  and 
provided  with  a  pilot  to  conduct  them  to 
India.  In  the  Indian  Ocean,  Bacchus 
tried  to  destroy  the  fleet ;  but  the  "  silver 
star  of  Divine  Love  "  calmed  the  sea,  and 
Gama  arrived  at  India  in  safety.  Having 
accomplished  his  object,  he  returned  to 
Lisbon. — Camoens,  The  Lusiad,  in  ten 
books  (1572). 

*^*  Vasquez  da  Gama  sailed  thrice  to 
India  :  (1)_  In  1497,  with  four  vessels. 
This  expedition  lasted  two  j'ears  and  two 
months.  (2)  In  1502,  with  twenty  ships. 
In  this  expedition  he  was  attacked  by 
Zamorin  king  of  Calicut,  whom  he  de- 
feated, and  returned  to  Lisbon  the  j^ear 
following.  (3)  When  John  III.  appointed 
him  viceroy  of  India.  He  established 
his  government  at  Cochin,  where  he  diec 
in  1525.  The  story  of  The  Lusiad  is 
first  of  these  expeditions. 

liusignan  [d'Outremer],  king 
Jerusalem,  taken  captive  by  the  Saracena 
and  confined  in  a  dungeon  for  twent 
years.  When  80  years  old,  he  was 
free  by  Osman  the  sultan  of  the  East 
but  died  within  a  few  days. — A.  Hil 
Zara  (adapted  from  Voltaire's  tragedy). 

Liisita'iiia,  the  ancient  name 
Portugal ;  so  called  from  Lusus, 
companion  of  Bacchus  in  his  travel 
This  Lusus  colonized  the  country,  anj 
called  it  "  Lusitania,"  and  the  colonist 
"  Lusians." — Pliny,  Ilistoria  Naturali& 
iii.  1. 

Lute'tia  (4  syl.),  ancient  Latin  nam 
of  Paris  (Lutetia  Parisiorum,  "the  mud 
town  of  the  Parisii"). 

Luther  (The  Danish),  Hans  Tausen. 
There  is  a  stone  in  Viborg  called  "Tau- 


il 


LUTIN. 


681 


LYDIA  LANGUISH. 


sensminde,"  with  this  inscription:  "Upon 
this  stone,  in  1528,  Hans  Taiisen  Mrst 
preached  Luther's  doctrine  in  Viborg." 

Lutin,  the  gipsy  page  of  lord  Dal- 
garno. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Niyel 
(time,  James  I.). 

Lux  Mundi,  Johann  Wessel ;  also 

called  Magister  Contradictionum,  for  his 
opposition  to  the  Scholastic  philosophy, 
lie  was  the  predecessor  of  Luther  (1419- 
1489). 

IjUZ,  a  bone  which  the  Jews  affirm 
remains  uncorrupted  till  the  last  day, 
when  it  will  form  the  nucleus  of  the  new 
body.  This  bone  Mahomet  called  Al 
Ajb  or  the  rump-bone. 

Eben  Ezra  and  Manasseh  ben  Israil 
say  this  bone  is  in  the  rump. 

The  learned  rabbins  of  the  Jews 

Write,  there's  a  bone,  which  they  call  luez  (1  syl.) 

V  the  rump  of  man. 

S.  Butler,  Nudibras,  ill.  2  (1678). 

Lyaeus  (^^  spleen-melter")^  one  of  the 
names  of  Bacchus. 

He  perchance  the  gifts 
Of  young  Lyaus,  and  the  dread  exploit*. 
Uay  sing. 

Akenside,  Bymn  to  the  Naiad*  (1767). 

Lyb'ius  (-S'/r),  a  very  young  knight, 
who  undertook  to  rescue  the  lady  of 
Sinadone.  After  overcoming  sundry 
knights,  giants,  and  enchanters,  he  en- 
tered the  palace,  when  the  whole  edifice 
fell  to  pieces,  and  a  horrible  serpent 
coiled  about  his  neck  and  kissed  him. 
The  spell  being  broken,  the  serpent  turned 
into  the  lady  of  Sinadone,  who  became 
sir  Lybius's  bride. — Libeaux  (a  romance). 

Lyca'on,  king  of  Arcadia,  instituted 
human  sacrifices,  and  was  metamorphosed 
into  a  wolf.  Some  say  all  his  sons  were 
also  changed  into  wolves,  except  one 
named  JS'ictimus.     Oh  that 

Of  Arcady  the  beares 
Might  plucl^e  awaye  thine  ears  ; 
Tiie  wilde  wolfe,  Licilon', 
Bite  asondre  thy  backe-bone  I 
J.  Skelton,  Philip  Sparow  (time,  Henry  VIII.). 
For  proof,  when  with  Lyca'on's  tyrann/ 
Man  durst  not  deal,  then  did  Jove  .  .  . 
Him  fitly  to  the  greedy  wolf  transform. 
Lord  Brooke,  LecHiiation  of  Monarchy  (1633). 

Lyce'um,  a  gymnasium  on  the  banks 
of  the  llissus,  in  Attica,  where  Aristotle 
taught  philosophy  as  he  paced  the  walks. 

Guide  my  way 
Through  fair  Lyceum's  walks. 
[Akenside,  Pluamreg  of  Jmayiiuition,  i.  715  (1744). 

Lychor'ida,  nurse  of  Mari'na  who 
was  born  at  sea.  Marina  was  the  daugh- 
ter of  Pericles  prince  of  Tyre  and  his 
wife  Thais'a.  —  Shakespeare,  Ferkles 
Frince  of  Tyre  (1608). 


Lyc'idas,  the  name  under  which 
Milton  celebrates  the  untimely  death  of 
Edward  King,  Fellow  of  Christ's  College, 
Cambridge.  Edward  King  was  drowned 
in  the  passage  from  Chester  to  Ireland, 
August  10,  1G37.  He  was  the  son  of  sir 
John  King,  secretary  for  Ireland. 

*#♦  Lycidas  is  the  name  of  a  shepherd 
in  Virgil's  Eclogue^  iii. 

Lycome'des  (4  syl.),  king  of  Scyros, 
to  whose  court  Achilles  was  sent,  dis- 
guised as  a  maiden,  by  his  mother  Thetis, 
who  was  anxious  to  prevent  his  going  to 
the  Trojan  war. 

Lyeore'a  {He  has  slept  on  Lycorea), 
one  of  the  two  chief  summits  of  mount 
Parnassus.  Whoever  slept  there  became 
either  inspired  or  mad. 

Lydford  Law.  "First  hang  and 
draw,  then  hear  the  cause  by  Lj-dford 
law."    Lydford,  in  the  county  of  Devon, 

I  oft  have  heard  of  Lydford  law. 
How  in  the  morn  they  hang  and  draw. 
And  sit  in  judgment  afier. 

A  Devonshire  poet  (anon.). 

Jedburgh  Justice,  Cupar  Justice,  and 
Abingdon  Law,  mean  the  same  thing. 

Lynch  Law,  Burlaw,  Mob  Law,  and 
Club  Law,  mean  summary  justice  dealt  to 
an  offender  by  a  self -constituted  judge. 

Lydia,  daughter  of  the  king  of  Lydia, 
was  sought  in  marriage  by  Alcestes  a 
Thracian  knight.  His  suit  being  rejected, 
he  repaired  to  the  king  of  Armenia,  who 
gave  him  an  army,  with  which  he  be- 
sieged Lydia.  He  was  persuaded  to 
raise  the  siege,  and  the  lady  tested  the 
sincerity  of  his  love  by  a  series  of  tasks, 
all  of  which  he  accomplished.  Lastly, 
she  set  him  to  put  to  death  his  allies, 
and,  being  powerless,  mocked  him.  Al- 
cestes pined  and  died,  and  Lydia  was 
doomed  to  endless  torment  in  hell. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso,  xvii.  (1516). 

Lydia,  lady's-maid  to  Widow  Green, 
She  was  the  sister  of  Trueworth,  ran 
away  from  home  to  avoid  a  hateful 
marriage,  took  service  for  the  nonce,  and 
ultimately  married  Waller.  She  was  "a 
miracle  of  virtue,  as  well  as  beautj^," 
warm-hearted,  and  wholly  without  arti- 
fice.— S.  Knowles,  The  Love-Chase  (1837). 

Lydia  Languish,  niece  and  ward 
of  Mrs.  Mala{)rop.  She  had  a  fortune  of 
£30,000,  but,  if  she  married  without  her 
aunt's  consent,  forfeited  the  larger  part 
thereof.  She  was  a  great  novel  reader, 
and  was  courted  by  two  rival  lovers — • 
Bob  Acres,  and  captain  Absolute  whom 


LYDIAN  POET. 


582 


LYONORS. 


she  knew  onh'^  as  ensign  Beverley.  Her 
aunt  insisted  that  she  should  throw  over 
the  ensign  and  marry  the  son  of  sir 
Anthony  Absolute,  and  great  was  her  joy 
to  find  that  the  man  of  her  own  choice 
was  that  of  her  aunt's  nomine  mutato. 
Bob  Acres  resigned  all  claim  on  the  lady 
to  his  rival. — Sheridan,  The  Rivals  {111 b). 

Lydian  Poet  {The),  Alcman  of 
Lydia  (fl.  B.C.  670).  • 

Lygo'nes,  father  of  Spaco'nia. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  A  King  or  No 
King  (1611). 

Lying  Traveller  (The),  sir  John 
Mandeville  (1300-1372). 

Lying  Valet  (The),  Timothy  Sharp, 
the  lying  valet  of  Charles  Gay  less.  He 
is  the  Mercury  between  his  master  and 
Melissa,  to  whom  Gayless  is  about  to  be 
married.  The  object"  of  his  lying  is  to 
make  his  master,  who  has  not  a  sixpence 
in  the  world,  pass  for  a  man  of  fortune. 
— D.  Garrick,  The  Lying  Valet  (1741). 

Lyle  (Annot),  daughter  of  sir  Duncan 
Campbell  the  knight  of  Ardenvohr. 
She  was  brought  up  by  the  M'Aulays, 
and  was  beloved  by  Allan  M'Aulay  ;  but 
she  married  the  earl  of  Menteith.— Sir 
W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time, 
Charles  I.). 

Lyn'eeus,  one  of  the  Argonauts  ;  so 
sharp-sighted  that  he  could  discern  ob- 
jects at  a  distance  of  130  miles.  Varro 
says  he  could  "  see  through  rocks  and 
trees;"  and  Pliny,  that  he  could  see 
"  the  infernal  regions  through  the  earth." 

Strange  tale  to  tel :  all  officers  be  blynde, 
And  yet  their  one  eye,  sliarpe  as  Lin'ceus  sijrht. 
G.  Gascoigne,  The  Steele  Glut  (died  1577). 

Lynch  (Governor)  was  a  great  name 
in  Gal  way  (Ireland).  It  is  said  that  he 
hanged  his  only  son  out  of  the  window 
Of  his  own  house  (1526).  The  very 
wmdow  from  which  the  boy  was  hung  is 
carefully  preserved,  and  still  pointed  out 
to  travellers.— ^wna/s  of  Galway. 

Lynch  Law,  law  administered  by 
a  self-constituted  judge.  Webster  says 
James  Lynch,  a  farmer  of  Piedmont,  an 
Yirgmia,  was  selected  by  his  neighbours 
(m  1688)  to  try  offences  on  the  frontier 
summarily,  because  there  were  no  law 
courts  within  seven  miles  of  them. 

^  LynchnoTbians,  lantern-sellers,  that 
IB,  booksellers  and  publishers.  Rabelais 
says  they  inhabit  a  little  hamlet  near 


Lantern-land. — Rabelais,  Pantag'ruel,  y, 
33  (1545). 

Lyndon  (Barry),  an  Irish  sharper, 
whose  adventures  are  told  by  Thackeray. 
The  story  is  full  of  spirit,  variety,  and 
humour,  reminding  one  of  Gil  Bias,  It 
first  came  out  in  Fraser's  Magazine. 

Lynette,  sister  of  lady  Lyonors  of 
Castle  Perilous.  She  goes  to  king  Arthur, 
and  prays  him  to  send  sir  Lancelot  to 
deliver  her  sister  from  certain  knights. 
The  king  assigns  the  quest  to  Beaumains 
(the  nickname  given  by  sir  Kay  to 
Gareth),  who  had  served  for  twelve 
months  in  Arthur's  kitchen.  Lynette  is 
exceedingly  indignant,  and  treats  her 
champion  with  the  utmost  contumely  ; 
but,  after  each  victory,  softens  towards 
him,  and  at  length  marries  him. — Tenny- 
son, Idylls  of  the  King  ("Gareth  and 
Lynette  "). 

*^*  This  version  of  the  tale  differs 
from  that  of  the  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
(sir  T.  Malory,  1470)  in  many  respects. 
(See  LiNET,  p.  556.) 

Lyonnesse  (3  syL),  west  of  Camelot. 
The  battle  of  Lyonnesse  was  the  "  last 
great  battle  of  the  West,"  and  the  scene 
of  the  final  conflict  between  Arthur  and 
sir  Modred.  The  land  of  Lyonnesse  is 
where  Arthur  came  from,  and  it  is  now 
submerged  full  "forty  fathoms  under 
water." 

Until  king  Artliur's  table  [Tcnlghts],  man  by  man,     . 
Had  fallen  in  Lyonnesse  al)oiit  their  lord. 

Tennyson,  Morte  d' Arthur, 

Lyonors,  daughter  of  earl  Sanam. 
She  came  to  pay  homage  to  king  Arthur, 
and  by  him   became  the  mother  of 
Borre  (1  sijL),  one  of  the  knights  of 
Round  Table.— Sir   T.  Malory,  HisU 
of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  15  (1470). 

*^*  Liones,  daughter  of  sir  Persauni 
and  sister  of  Linet  of  Castle  Perilous^ 
married  sir  Gareth.  Tennyson  calls  this 
lady  "  L5^onors,"  and  makes  Gareth  marry 
her  sister,  who,  we  are  told  in  the  History, 
was  married  to  sir  Gaheris  (Gareth's 
brother). 

Lyonors,  the  lady  of  Castle  PerilouB, 
where  she  was  held  captive  by  several 
knights  called  Mormng  Star  or  Phos- 
phorus, Noonday  Sun  or  Merid'ies,  P^ven- 
ing  Star  or  Hesperus,  and  Night  or  Nox. 
Her  sister  Lynette  went  to  king  Arthur, 
to  crave  that  sir  Lancelot  might  be  sent 
to  deliver  Lyonors  from  her  oppressor.  The 
king  gave  the  quest  to  Gareth,  who  was 
knighted,  and  accompanied  Lynette,  who 


lur, 

I 

>ntHI 
his 


LYRISTS. 


583 


M. 


used  him  very  scornfully  at  first ;  but  at 
every  victory  which  he  gained  she  abated 
somewhat  of  her  contempt ;  and  married 
him  aftei  he  had  succeeded  in  delivering 
Lyonors.  The  lot  of  Lyonors  is  not  told. 
(See  LiONES.) — Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the 
King  ("Gareth  and  Lynette"). 

*^*  According  to  the  collection  of 
tales  edited  by  sir  T.  Malory,  the  lady 
Lj'onors  was  quite  another  person.  She 
was  daughter  of  earl  Sanam,  and  mother 
of  sir  Borre  by  king  Arthur  (pt.  i.  15). 
It  was  Liones  who  was  the  sister  of  Linet, 
and  whose  father  was  sir  Persaunt  of  Castle 
Perilous  (pt.  i.  153).  The  History  sajs 
that  Liones  married  Gareth,  and  Linet 
married  his  brother,  sir  Gaheris.  (See 
Gareth,  p.  364.) 

Lyrists  {Prince  of),  Franz  Schubert 
(1797-1828). 

Lysander,  a  young  Athenian,  in  love 
with  Hermia  daughter  of  Egeus  (3  syl.). 
Egeus  had  promised  her  in  marriage  to 
Demetrius,  and  insisted  that  she  should 
either  marry  him  or  suffer  death  "ac- 
cording to  the  Athenian  law."  In  tins 
dilemma,  Hermia  fled  from  Athens  with 
Lysander.  Demetrius  went  in  pursuit, 
and  was  followed  by  Helena,  who  doted 
on  him.  All  four  fell  asleep,  and 
'*  dreamed  a  dream "  about  the  fairies. 
When  Demetrius  awoke,  he  became  more 
reasonable,  for,  seeing  that  Hermia  dis- 
liked him  and  Helena  loved  him  sin- 
cerely, he  consented  to  forego  the  former 
and  wed  the  latter.  Egeus,  being  in- 
formed thereof,  now  readily  agreed  to 
give  his  daughter  to  Lysander,  and  all 
went  merry  as  a  marriage  bell. — Shake- 
speare, Midsummer  Night's  Dream  (1592). 

Lysim'achus,  governor  of  Metali'ne, 
who  marries  Mari'na  the  daughter  of 
Per'icles  prince  of  Tyre  and  his  wife 
Thais'a. — Shakespeare,  Fericles  Frince  of 
Tyre  (1608). 

Lysimachus,  the  artist,  a  citizen. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time, 
Rufus).  J  K        , 

Lyttelton,  addressed  by  Thomson  in 
"  Spring,"  was  lord  George  Lyttelton  of 
Hagley  Park,  Worcestershire,  who  pro- 
cured for  the  poet  a  pension  of  £100  a 
year.  He  was  a  poet  and  historian 
(1709-1773). 

O  Lyttelton  .  .  .  from  these,  distracted,  oft 
You  wander  thro'  the  philosophic  world ;  .  .  . 
And  oft,  conducted  by  historic  truth. 
You  tread  the  long  extent  of  backward  time ;  .  .  . 
Or,  turning  thence  thy  view,  these  graver  thoughts 
The  Muses  charm. 

Thomson,  TM Becuont  ("Spring,"  1728). 


M. 

M,  said  to  represent  the  human  face 
without  the  two  eyes.  By  adding  these, 
we  get  O  m  0,  the  Latin  hoiTio,  "man." 
Dante,  speaking  of  faces  gaunt  with  star- 
vation, says : 

Who  rend^he  name 
For  man  upon  his  forehead,  there  the  M 
Had  traced  most  plainly. 

Dantd,  Purgatory,  xxiii.  (1308). 

*#*  The  two  downstrokes  stand  for 
the  contour,  and  the  V  of  the  letter  for 
the  nose.     Thus:  l°)L°\ 

M.     This     letter    is    very    curiously 
coupled  with  Napoleon  I.  and  III. 
1.  Napoleon  I. : 

(a)   Mack  (Generate  capitulated  at  Ulm  (October   19, 
1805). 

Maitland  (Captain),  of  the  BeUerophon,  was  the 
person  to  whom  he  surrendered  (18U). 

Mai,et  conspired  against  him  (1812). 

Mallieu  was  one  of  his  ministers,  with  Marct  and 
Montalivet. 

Marbhuf  was  the  first  to  recognize  his  genius  at  the 
military  college  (1779). 

Maruhaxd  was  his  valet;  accompanied  him  to  St. 
Helena ;  and  assisted  Montholon  in  his  ilimoires. 

Mabet  duke  of  Bassano  was  his  most  trusty  coun- 
sellor (1804-1814). 

Makie  Louise  was  his  wife,  the  mother  of  his  son, 
ahd  shared  his  highest  fortunes.  His  son  was  born 
in  March  ;  so  was  the  son  of  Napoleon  III. 

Marmo.nt  was  the  second  to  desert  him ;  Hurat  the 
fii-st  (both  in  1814). 
6  Marslials  and  26  generab-of-division  bad  M  for  their 
initial  letter. 

Masskna  was  the  general  who  gained  the  victory  of 
Itivoli  (1797),  and  Napoleon  gave  him  the  sobri- 
quet of  V Enfant  Cheri  de  la  Victuire. 

Melas  was  the  Austrian  t;eneral  conquered  at  Maren- 
go, and  forced  back  to  the  Mincio  (June  14,  1800). 

MiCNOU  lost  him  £g.vpt  (1801). 

Metternich  vanquished  him  in  diplomacy. 

MiOLLis  was  employed  by  him  to  take  Pius  VII. 
prisoner  (1809). 

Montalivet  was  one  of  his  ministers,  with  Maret 
and  Mallieu. 

Montbel  wrote  the  life  of  bis  son,  "  the  king  of 
Rome"  (18:M). 

Montesquieu  was  his  first  chamberlain. 

Montholon  was  his  companion  at  St.  Helena,  and, 
in  conjunction  with  Marchand,  wrote  hisAteinoireii. 

Moreau  betrayed  him  (1813). 

MORTIER  was  one  of  bis  best  generals. 

MOURAD  Bev  was  tlje  general  he  vanquished  In  thb 
battle  of  the  Pyramids  (July  23,  1798). 

MURAT  was  his  brother-in-law.     He  was  the  first 
martyr  in  bis  cause,  and  was  the  first  to  desert 
him ;  then  Marmont. 
Murat  was  made  by  him  king  of  Naples  (1808). 
(6)    Madrid  capitulated  to  him  (December  4,  1808). 

Maoliani  was  one  of  his  famous  victories  (April  15, 
1796). 

Malmaison  was  his  last  halting-place  in  France. 
Here  the  empress  Josephine  lived  after  her  divorce, 
and  here  she  died  (1814). 

Malta  taken  (June  11,  1797),  and  while  there  be 
abolished  the  order  called  "  I'he  Knights  of  Malta  " 
(1798). 

Mantua  was  surrendered  to  him  by  Wurmser,  in 
1797. 

Marengo  was  his  first  great  victory  (June  14,  1800). 

Marseilles  is  the  place  he  retired  to  when  pro- 
scribed by  Paoli  (1792).  Here,  too,  was  his  first 
exploit,  when  captain,  m  reducing  the  "Federal- 
ists" (1793). 


M. 


684 


MACABEK. 


M  Irt  wm  a  battle  gained  by  him   (Februanr  22, 

1814). 
Milan  was  tlie  first   enemy's   capital   (1802),  and 

Moscow  the  last,  into  which  he  wallied  victorious 

(1812). 
It  was  at  Milan  he  was  crowned  "king  of  Italy" 

(May  26,  1805). 
MIU.ESIMO,  a  battle  won  by  him  (April  14,  1796). 
Mo.NDOvi,  a  battle  won  by  him  (April  22,  17a6). 
MONTENOTTE  was  his  first  battle  (1796),  and  Mont  St. 

Jean  his  last  (1815). 
MoNTKRKAU,  a  battle  won  by  him  (February  18, 1814). 
MoNTJlABTRE  was  Stormed  by  him  (March  29,  1814). 
Mo.NTMlRAlL,  a  battle  won  by  him  (February  11, 1814). 
Mont  St.  Jkan  (Waterloo),  bU  last  battle  (June  18, 

1815). 
Mo.VT  ThABOR  was    where    he  vanquished  20,000 

Turks  with  an  army  not  exceeding  2000  men  (July 

25,  1799). 
Moravia  was  the  site  of  a  victory  (July  11, 1809). 
Moscow  was  his  pitfall.     (See  "  Milan.") 
Mav.    In  this  month  he  quitted  Corsica,  married 

Josdphine,   took   command  of  the  army  of  Italy, 

crossed  the  Alps,  assumed  the  title  of  emperor,  and 

was  crowned  at  Milan.    In  tlie  same  month  he  was 

defeated  at  Aspern,  he  arrived  at  Elba,  and  died  at 

St.  Helena. 
March.    In  this  month  he  was  proclaimed  king  of 

Italy,  made  his  brother  Joseph  king  of  the  Two 

Sicilies,  married  Marie  Louise  by  proxy,  his  son 

was  born,  and  he  arrived  at  Paris  after  quitting 

Elba. 
May  2, 1813,  battle  of  LUtzen. 

3,  179.J,  he  quits  Corsica. 

4,  1814,  he  arrives  at  Elba. 

6, 1821,  he  dies  at  St.  Helena. 

6,  1800,  he  takes  command  of  the  anuj  of  Italj. 

9,  1796,  he  marries  Josephine. 
10,  1796,  battle  of  Lodi. 
13, 1809,  he  enters  Vienna. 
15.  1796,  he  enters  Milan. 

16. 1797,  he  defeats  the  arch-duke  Charles. 
17,  1800,  he  begins  his  passage  across  the  Alps. 
17, 1809,  he  annexes  the  States  of  the  Church. 

18. 1804,  he  assumes  the  title  of  emperor. 

19. 1798,  he  starts  for  Egypt 
19, 1809,  he  crosses  the  Danube. 

20,  1800,  he  finishes  his  passage  across  the  Alps.' 

21,  1813,  battle  of  Bautzen. 

22,  1803,  he  declares  war  against  England. 
82,  1809,  he  w.is  defeated  at  Aspern. 

26. 1805,  he  was  crowned  at  Milan. 

30.  1805.  he  annexes  Lisbon. 

31,  1803.  he  seizes  Hanover. 

March  l,  1815.  he  lands  on  French  soil  after  quitting 
Elba. 
3,  1806,  he  makes  his  brother  Joseph  kine  of 

the  Two  Sicilies. 
4. 1799,  he  invests  Jaffa. 
6,  1799,  he  takes  Jaffa. 
11,  1810,  he  marries  by  proxy  Marie  Louise. 
13,  1805,  he  is  proclaimed  king  of  Italy 
16, 1799,  he  invests  Acre. 
90.  1812,  birth  of  his  son. 
20, 1815,  he  reaches  Paris  after  quitting  Elba. 
21,  1804,  he  shoots  the  due  d'Enghien. 
25,  1802,  peace  of  Amiens. 
31, 1814,  Paris  entered  by  the  alliei. 

Napoleon  III. : 

MacMahon  duke  of  Magenta,  his  most  distinguished 

marshal,  and,  after  a  few  months,  succeeded  him  as 

ruler  of  France  (1873-1879). 
Mai.akoff  (/)<,A:e  of),  next  to  MacMahon  his  most 

distinguishe<l  marshal. 
Maria  of  Portugal  was  the  lady  his  friends  wanted 

him  to  marry,  but  he  refused  to  do  so  **"»eu 

MAXIMILIAN  and  Mexico,  his  evil  stars  (1864-1867) 
MKN8CHIK0FF  was  the  Russian  general  defeat' at 

the  battle  of  the  Alma  (September  20.  1854) 
MICHAUD.      MlGNKT,      MlCHELET,     and     Meuimfr 

*«;f, distinguished  historians  in  the  reign  of  N^J! 
MoLKi  wiis  his  destiny. 
MoxTiioLoN  W.XS  one  of  his  companions  in  the  esca- 

pade  at  Boulogne,  and  was   condemned    to   im- 

prisonment  for  twenty  years. 
M0.NX1J  o  {Coutuett  o/).  his  wife.    Her  name  is  Marie 


Eugenie,  and  his  son  was  bom  in  March ;  so  was 

the  son  of  Napoleon  1. 
MoBNV,  his  greatest  friend. 
(6)   MAGENTA,  a  victory  won  by  him  (June  4,  1859). 

Malakoff.    Taking  the    Malakoflf   tower  and  the 

Mamelon-vert    were    the   great    exploits    of    the 

Crimean  war  (September  8,  1855). 
Mameix)N-VERT.     (See  above.) 
Mantua.      He   turned    back    before   the  walk   of 

Mantua  after  the  battle  of  the  Mincio. 
Marengo.    Here  he  planned  his  first  battle  of  the 

Italian  campaign,  but  it  was  not  fought  till  after 

those  of  Montebello  and  Magenta. 
Marionano.     He  drove  the  Au^^trians  out  of  tbia 

place. 
Metz,  the  "maiden  fortress,"  was  one  of  the  most 

important  sieges  and  losses  to  him  in  the  Franco- 

Prus-sian  war. 
Mexico  and  Maximilian,  his  evil  stars. 
Milan.    He  made  his  entrance  into  Milan,  and  drove 

the  Austrians  out  of  Marignano. 
Mixcio  {The  battle  of  the),  called  also  Solferino,  a 

great  victory.    Having  won  this,  he  turned  back  at 

the  walls  of  Mantua  (June  24,  1859). 
Montebello,  a  viciory  won  by  him  (June,  1859). 
*«»  Tbe  mitrailleuse  was  to  win  him  Prussia,  but 

it  lost  liini  France, 
(c)  March.    In  this  month  his  son  was  bom,  he  was 

deposed  by  the  National  Assembly,  and  was  set  at 

liberty  by  the  Prussians.     The  treaty  of  Paris  was 

March  30,  1856.     Savoy  and  Nice  were  annexed  in 

March,  1860. 
Mav.     In  this  month  be  made  his  escape  from  Ham. 

The  great  French  Exhibition  was  opened  in  May, 

185.'5. 
By  far  his  best  publication  is  his  Manual  of  Artillery. 

Mab,  queen  of  the  fairies,  according 
to  the  mythology  of  the  English  poets  of 
the  fifteenth  century.  Shakespeare's 
description  is  in  liomeo  and  Juliet,  act  i. 
sc.  4  (1598). 

Queen  Mob's  Maids  of  Honour.  They 
were  Hop  and  Mop,  Drap,  Pip,  Trip,  and 
Skip.  Her  train  of  waiting-maids  were 
Fib  and  Tib,  Pinck  and  Pin,  Tick  and 
Quick,  Jill  and  Jin,  Tit  and  Nit,  Wap 
and  Win.  —  M.  Drayton,  Nmnphidia 
(15G3-1631). 

Queen  Mab,  the  Fairies'  Midwife,  that  is, 
the  midwife  of  men's  dreams,  employed 
by  the  fairies.  Thus,  the  queen's  or 
king's  judges  do  not  ju^.ge  the  sovereign^ 
but  are  employed  by  the  sovereign  to 
judge  others. 

Mabinogion.  A  series  of  Wels] 
tales,  chiefly  relating  to  Arthur  and  tb 
Round  Table.  A  MS.  volume  of  som 
700  pages  is  preserved  in  the  library  of 
Jesus  College,  Oxford,  and  is  known 
as  the  Jied  Book  of  Hergest,  from  the 
place  where-  it  was  discovered.  Lady 
Charlotte  Guest  published  an  edition  in 
Welsh  and  English,  with  notes,  three 
vols.  (1838-49).  The  word  is  the  Welsh 
mabi  nogt,  ''juvenile  instruction"  (mabin, 
"juvenile;"  mab,  "a  boy;"  and  o^/, 
"  to  use  the  harrow  "). 

Does  he  [Tennyfon]  make  no  use  of  the  ifabinofrion  in 
his  Arthurian  series  »—A'o<ei  and  Queriei,  November  23, 
1878.  ^ 

Maea'ber  {The  Dance)  or  the 
"Dance  of  Death"  (Arabic,  makabir,  "a 


1 

1 


4 


MACAIRE. 


685 


MACBETH. 


churchyard").  The  dance  of  death  was 
a  favourite  subject  in  the  Middle  Ages 
for  wall-paintinji^a  in  cemeteries  and 
churches,  especially  in  Germany.  Death 
is  represented  as  presiding  over  a  round 
of  dancers,  consisting  of  rich  and  poor, 
old  and  young,  male  and  female.  A 
work  descriptive  of  this  dance,  originally 
in  German,  has  been  translated  into  most 
European  languages,  and  the  painting  of 
Holbein,  in  the  Dominican  convent  at 
Basle,  has  a  world-wide  reputation. 
Others  are  at  Minden,  Lucerne,  Lubeck, 
Dresden,  and  the  north  side  of  old  St. 
Paul's. 

Elsie.  What  are  these  paintings  on  the  walls  around  us? 
Prince,  "The  Dance  Macaber"  .  .  .   "The  Dauce  of 
Death." 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Macaire  (Le  Chevalier  Richard),  a 

French  knight,  who,  aided  by  lieutenant 

Landry,  murdered  Aubry  de  Montdidier 

in  the  forest  of  Bondy,  in  1371.     Mont- 

didier's  dog,  named  Dragon,  showed  such 

an  aversion  to  Macaire,  that  suspicion  was 

aroused,  and  the  man  and  dog  were  pitted 

I     to  single  combat.     The  result  was  fatal 

j     to  the  man,   who    died   confessing   his 

I     guilt. 

|i        There  are  two  French    plays  on  the 
I     subject,  one  entitled  Le  Chien  de  Mont- 
I     argis,  and  the   other  Le  Chien  d" Aubry. 
The  former  of  these  has  been  adapted  to 
the  English  stage.     Dragon  was  called 
Chien  de  MontargiSy  because  the  assassi- 
nation took  place  near  this  castle,  and  was 
I    depicted    in    the    great    hall    over    the 
j;  chimney-piece. 

I  In  the  English  drama,  the  sash  of  the 
j  murdered  man  is  found  in  the  possession 
I  of  lieutenant  Macaire,  and  is  recognized 
I  by  Ursula,  who  worked  the  sword-knot, 
i  and  gave  it  to  captain  Aubri,  who  was 
j  her  sweetheart.  Macaire  then  confessed 
the  crime.  His  accomplice,  lieutenant 
Landry,  trying  to  escape,  was  seized  by 
.  the  dog  Dragon,  and  bitten  to  death. 

I     Macaire  (Hobert),  a  cant  name  for  a 
j  Frenchman. 

,  Mac  Alpine  (Jeanie)^  landlady  of  the 
Clachan  of  Aberfoyle.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
i  Ko6  Hoy  (time,  George  I.). 

Macamut,  a  sultan  of  Cambaya,  who 
ived  80  much  upon  poison  that  his  very 
!  )reath  and  touch  were  fatal.— Purchas, 
Pilgrimage  (1613). 

MacAnaleister  (Eachin),  a  foUower 
f  Kob  lioy.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Hob  Boy 
time,  George  I.). 


Macare  (2  syl.),  the  impersonation 
of  good  temper. — Voltaire,  Theleme  and 
Macare  (an  allegory). 

Macaulay  (Angus),  a  Highland  chief, 
in  the  army  of  the  earl  of  Montrose. 

Allan  Alacaulay  or  "'Allan  of  the  Red 
Hand,"  brother  of  Angus.  Allan  is  "a 
seer,"  and  is  in  love  with  Annot  Lyle. 
He  stabs  the  earl  of  Menteith  on  the  eve 
of  his  marriage,  out  of  jealousy,  but  the 
earl  recovers  and  marries  Annot  Lyle. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time, 
Charles  I.). 

Macbeth',  son  of  Sinel  thane  of 
Glamis,  and  grandson  of  Malcolm  II. 
by  his  second  daughter ;  the  elder 
daughter  married  Crynin,  father  of  Dun- 
can who  succeeded  his  grandfather  on 
the  throne.  Hence  king  Duncan  and 
Macbeth  were  cousins.  Duncan,  staying 
as  a  guest  with  Macbeth  at  the  castle  of 
Inverness  (1040),  was  murdered  by  his 
host,  who  then  usurped  the  crown.  The 
battle  which  Macbeth  had  just  won  was 
this  : — Sueno  king  of  Norway  had  landed 
with  an  army  in  Fife,  for  the  purpose  of 
invading  Scotland  ;  Macbeth  and  Banquo 
were  sent  against  him,  and  defeated  him 
with  such  loss,  that  only  ten  men  of  all 
his  army  escaped  alive.  Macbeth  was 
promised  by  the  witches  (1)  that  none  of 
woman  born  should  kill  him,  and  (2) 
that  he  should  not  die  till  Burham  Wood 
removed  to  Dunsinane.  He  was  slain  in 
battle  by  Macduff,  who  was  "from  his 
mother's  womb  untimely  ripped ;"  and  as 
for  the  moving  wood,  the  soldiers  of 
Macduff,  in  their  march  to  Dunsinane, 
were  commanded  to  carry  boughs  of  the 
forest  before  them,  to  conceal  their 
numbers. 

Lady  Macbeth,  wife  of  Macbeth,  a 
woman  of  great  ambition  and  inexorable 
will.  When  her  husband  told  her  that 
the  witches  prophesied  he  should  be  king, 
she  induced  him  to  murder  Duncan,  who 
was  at  the  time  their  guest.  She  would 
herself  have  done  it,  but  "he  looked  in 
sleep  so  like  her  father  that  she  could 
not."  However,  when  Macbeth  had  mur- 
dered the  king,  she  felt  no  scruple  in 
murdering  the  two  grooms  that  slept  with 
him,  and  throwing  the  guilt  on  them.  After 
her  husband  was  crowned,  she  was  greatly 
troubled  by  dreams,  and  used  to  walk  in 
her  sleep,  trying  to  rub  from  her  hands 
imaginary  stains  of  blood.  She  died, 
probably,  by  her  own  hand. — Shake- 
speare, Macbeth  (1606). 

She  is  a  terrible  impersonation  of  evil  passions  and 
mighty  powers,  never  so  far  removed  from  our  own'natur* 


MACBRIAR. 


586 


MACFIN. 


as  to  be  cast  beyond  the  pale  of  our  sympathy ;  for  she 
remains  a  woman  to  the  last,  and  is  always  linked  with 
her  Bex  and  witli  humanity.— Mrs.  Jameson. 

"It  is  related  of  Mrs.  Betterton,"  says 
C.  Dibdin,  "that  though  'lady  Macbeth' 
had  been  frequently  well  performed,  no 
actress,  not  everi  Mrs.  Barry,  could  in 
the  smallest  degree  be  compared  to  her." 
Mrs.  Siddons  calls  Mrs.  Pritchard  "the 
greatest  of  all  the  'lady  Macbeths;'" 
but  Mrs.  Siddons  herself  was  so  great  in 
this  character,  that  in  the  sleep-walking 
scene,  in  her  farewell  performance,  the 
whole  audience  stood  on  the  benches,  and 
demanded  that  the  performance  should 
end  with  that  scene.  Since  then,  Helen 
Faucit  has  been  the  best  "  lady  iMac- 
beth."  Mrs.  Betterton  (died  1712) ;  Mrs. 
Barry  (1682-1733) ;  Mrs.  Pritchard  (1711- 
1768) ;  Mrs.  Siddons  (1765-1831) ;  Helen 
Faucit  (born  1820). 

*^(*  Dr.  Lardner  says  that  the  name  of 
lady  Macbeth  was  Graoch,  and  that  she 
was  the  daughter  of  Kenneth  IV. 

MacBriar  (Ephraim),  an  enthusiast 
and  a  preacher. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mor- 
tality (time,  Charles  II.). 

Mae'cabee  (Father),  the  name  as- 
sumed by  king  Roderick  after  his  de- 
thronement.— Southey,  Hoderick,  the  Last 
of  the  Goths  (18U). 

MacCallum  [Dougal),  the  auld  butler 
of  sir  Robert  Redgauntlet,  introduced  in 
Wandering  Willie's  story. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

MacCandlish.  {Mrs.),  landlady  of 
the  Gordon  Arms  inn  at  Kippletringan. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

MacCasquil  {Mr.),  of  Drum  quag,  a 
relation  of  Mrs.  IMargaret  Bertram, — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George 

MacClioak'uincj-hild,  schoolmaster 
at  Coketown.  A  man  crammed  with 
facts.  "  He  and  some  140  other  school- 
masters had  been  lately  turned  at  the 
same  time,  in  the  same  factory,  on  the 
same  principles,  like  so  many  pianoforte 
legs."— C.  Dickens,  Hard  Times  (1854). 

MacCombich  {Evan  Dhu),  foster- 
brother  of  Fergus  M'lvor,  both  of  whom 
were  sentenced  to  death  at  Carlisle.— 
?i\  ^*   ^*^^*'*'    Waverley   (time,  George 

MacCombich  {Robin  Oig)  or  M'Gre"-or 
a  Highland  drover,  who  stabs  Harry 
« akeOeld,  and  is  found  guilty  at  Car- 


lisle.—Sir  W.  Scott,   The  Two  Drovers 
(time,  George  III.). 

MacCrosskie  {Deacon),  of  Creoch- 
stone,  a  neighbour  of  the  laird  of  Ellan- 
gowan. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  II.). 

MacDonald's  Breed  {Lord),  ver- 
min or  human  parasites.  Lord  Mac- 
Donald,  son  of  the  "  Lord  of  the  Isles" 
once  made  a  raid  on  the  mainland.  He 
and  his  followers  dressed  themselves  in 
the  clothes  of  the  plundered  party,  but 
their  own  rags  were  so  full  of  vermin 
that  no  one  was  poor  enough  to  covet 
them. 

MacDougal  of  Lorn,  a  Highland 
chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles 

MacdufiF,  thane  of  Fife  in  the  time 
of  Edward  the  Con'fessor.  One  of  the 
witches  told  Macbeth  to  "beware  of  the 
thane  of  Fife,"  but  another  added  that 
"  none  of  woman  bom  should  have  power 
to  harm  him."  Macduff  was  at  this 
moment  in  England,  raising  an  army  to 
dethrone  Macbeth,  and  place  Malcolm  (son 
of  Duncan)  on  the  throne.  Macbeth  did 
not  know  of  his  absence,  but  with  a  view 
of  cutting  him  off,  attacked  his  castle, 
and  slew  lady  Macduff  with  all  her 
children.  Having  raised  an  army,  Mac- 
duff led  it  to  Dunsinane,  where  a  furious 
battle  ensued.  Macduff  encountered 
Macbeth,  and  being  told  by  the  king 
that  "none  of  woman  born  could  prevau 
against  him,"  replied  that  he  (Macduff) 
was  not  born  of  a  woman,  but  was  taken 
from  his  mother's  womb  by  the  Caesarian 
operation.  Whereupon  they  fought,  and 
Macbeth  fell.— Shakespeare,  Macbeth 
(1606). 

MacEagh  {Ranald),  one  of  the 
"  Children  of  the  Mist,"  and  an  outlaw. 
Ranald  is  the  foe  of  Allan  Macaulay. 

Kenneth  M^Eagh,  grandson  of  Ranald 
M'Eagh.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I.). 

Macedonicus,  ^Emilius  Paulas, 
conqueror  of  Perseus  (b.c.  230-160). 

Macfie,  the  laird  of  Gudgeonford,  a 
neighbour  of  the  laird  of  Ellangowan.— 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Marmering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Maciin  {Miles),  the  cadie  in  the 
Canongate,  Edinburgh.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 


MACFITTOCH. 


587 


MACILDUY. 


MacFittoch  {Mr.),  the  dancing- 
master  at  Middlemas. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George  1 1 . )  • 

MacFleck'noe,  in  Dryden's  satire  so 
called,  is  meant  for  Thomas  Shadwell, 
who  was  promoted  to  the  office  of  poet- 
laureate.  The  design  of  Dryden's  poem 
is  to  represent  the  inauguration  of  one 
dullard  as  successor  of  another  in  the 
monarchy  of  nonsense.  R.  Flecknoe  was 
an  Irish  priest  and  hackney  poet  of  no 
reputation,  and  Mac  in  Celtic  being  son, 
"  Mac  Flecknoe "  means  the  son  of  the 
poetaster  so  named.  Flecknoe,  seeking 
for  a  successor  to  his  own  dulness,  selects 
Shadwell  to  bear  his  mantle. 

Shadwell  alone  my  perfect  image  bears. 
Mature  in  dulness  from  liis  tender  year*;  .  .  . 
The  rest  to  some  faint  meaning  make  j—:^c\-.r*. 
But  Shadwell  never  deviates  into  sense. 

Dryden,  MacFlecknoe  (a  satire,  1682). 
An  ordinary  reader  would  scarcely  suppose  that  Shad- 
well, who  is  here  meant  by  MacFlecknoe,  was  worth 
being  chastised  ;  and  that  Dr)den,  descending  to  such 
game,  w-as  like  an  eagle  stooping  to  catch  Hies.  But  the 
truth  is,  that  Shadwell  «t  one  time  held  divided  reputa- 
tion with  this  great  poet.  Every  age  produces  its  fashion- 
able dunces,  who  .  .  .  sui)ply  talkative  ignorance  with 
materials  for  conversation.— Goldsmith,  Beaviiet  of 
Engliih  Poett  (1767). 

MacGrainer  {Master),  a  dissenting 
minister  at  Kippletringan. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guy  Manner ing  (time,  George  II.). 

MacGregor  {Hob  Hoy)  or  Robert 
Campbell,  the  outlaw.  He  was  a 
Hi":hland  freebooter. 

Jfelen  M'^Gregor,  Rob  Roy's  wife. 

Hamish  and  Robert  Oi(/,  the  sons  of 
Rob  Roy.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Mob  Hoy  (time, 
George  I.). 

MacGregor,  or  Robin  Oig  M'Combich, 
a  Highland  drover,  who  stabbed  Harry 
Wakefield  at  an  ale-house.  Being  tried 
at  Carlisle  for  the  murder,  he  was  found 
guilty  and  condemned. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George  III.). 

MacGruther  {Sa^idie),  a  beggar 
imprisoned  by  Mr.  Godfrey  Bertram 
laird  of  Ellangowan.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

MacGufibg  {David),  keeper  of  Por- 
tanferry  prison. 

Mrs.  M'Guffog,  David's  wife.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Macham  {Robert),  the  discoverer  of 
Madeira  Island,  to  which  he  was  driven 
while  eloping  with  his  lady-love  (a.d. 
1344).  The  lady  soon  died,  and  the 
mariners  made  off  with  the  ship.  Mac- 
ham,  after  his  mourning  was  over,  made 
»  rude  boat  out  of  a  tree,  and,  with  two  or 


three  men,  putting  forth  to  sea,  landed  on 
the  shores  of  Africa.  The  Rev.  \V.  L. 
Bowles  has  made  the  marvellous  adven- 
tures of  Robert  Macham  the  subject  of 
a  poem  ;  and  Drayton,  in  his  Polyolbion, 
xix.,  has  devoted  twenty-two  lines  to  the 
same  subject. 

Macheath.  {Captain),  captain  of  a 
gang  of  highwaymen  ;  a  fine,  bold-faced 
ruffian,  "  game  "  to  the  very  last.  He  is 
married  to  Polly  Peachum,  but  finds 
himself  dreadfully  embarrassed  between 
Polly  his  wife,  and  Lucy  to  whom  he  has 
promised  marriage.  Being  betrayed  by 
eight  women  at  a  drinking  bout,  the 
ca[)tain  is  lodged  in  Newgate,  but  Lucy 
effects  his  escape.  He  is  recaptured, 
tried,  and  condemned  to  death ;  but 
being  reprieved,  acknowledges  Polly  to 
be  his  wife,  and  promises  to  remain 
constant  to  her  for  the  future. — J.  Gay, 
Tlie  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

Men  will  not  become  highwaymen  because  Macheath  ia 
acquitted  on  the  stage. — Dr.  Johnson. 

T.  Walker  was  the  original  "Mac- 
heath," but  Charles  Hulet  (1701-173G) 
was  allowed  to  excel  him.  O'Keefe 
says  West  Digges  (1720-1786)  was  the 
best  "  Macheath  "  he  ever  saw  in  person, 
song,  and  manners.  Incledon  (1764- 
1826)  performed  the  part  well,  and  in 
1821  Miss  Blake  delighted  play-goers  by 
her  pretty  imitation  of  the  highwayman. 

Machiavelli  {Niccolo  del),  of  Flo- 
rence, author  of  a  book  called  The 
Prince^  the  object  of  which  is  to  show 
that  all  is  fair  in  diplomacy,  as  well  as  in 
"  love  and  war  "  (1469-1527). 

*^*  Machiavellism,  political  cunning 
and  duplicity,  the  art  of  tricking  and 
overreaching  by  diplomacy. 

Tiberius,  the  Roman  emperor,  is  called 
"The  Imperial  Machiavelli"  (a.c.  42 
to  A.D.  37). 

Maclan  {Gilchrist),  father  of  Ian 
Eachin  M'lan. 

Ian  Eachin  (or  Hector)  Mian,  called 
Conachar,  chief  of  the  clan  Quhele,  son  of 
Gilchrist  M'lan.  Hector  is  old  Glover's 
Highland  apprentice,  and  casts  himself 
down  a  precipice,  because  Catharine 
Glover  loves  Henry  Smith  better  than 
himself.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Maellduy,  or  IVIhich  Connel  Dhu,  a 
Highland  chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose 
(time,  Charles  I.j. 


MACINTYRE. 


588 


MACROBII. 


Maclntyre  {Maria),  niece  of  Mr. 
Jonathan  Oldbuck  "the  antiquary." 

Captain  Hector  M^Intyre,  nephew  of 
Mr.  Jonatlian  Oldbuck,  and  brother  of 
Maria  M'lntyre.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Maclvor  {Fergus),  or  "  Vich  Ian 
Vohr,"  chief  of  Glennaquoich.  He  is 
executed. 

Flora  M'lvor,  sister  of  Fergus,  and  the 
heroine  of  Waverley. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Mackitchinson,  landlord  at  the 
Queen's  Ferry  inn. — Sir  W.  Scott,  I'he 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Macklin.  The  real  name  of  this  great 
actor  was  Charles  MacLaughlin  ;  but  he 
dropped  the  middle  syllable  when  he 
came  to  England  (1G90-1797). 

Macklin  {Sir),  a  priest  who  preached 
to  Tom  and  Bob  and  Billy,  on  the 
sinfulness  of  walking  on  Sundays.  At 
his  "sixthly"  he  said,  "Ha,  ha,  I  see 
you  raise  your  hands  in  agony  !  "  They 
certainly  had  raised  their  hands,  for  they 
were  yawning.  At  his  "  twent3'-firstly  " 
he  cried,  "  Ho,  ho,  I  see  you  bow  your 
heads  in  heartfelt  sorrow  f"  Truly  they 
bowed  their  heads,  for  they  were  sleeping. 
Still  on  he  preached  and  thumped  his  hat, 
when  the  bishop  passing  by,cried,  "  Bosh ! " 
and  walked  him  off.— W.  S.  Gilbert,  The 
Bah  Ballads  ("Sir  Macklin"). 

Maclean  {Sir  Hector),  a  Highland 
chief  in  the  army  of  Montrose. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles 

Macleary  ( Widow),  landlady  of  the 
Tully  Veolau  village  ale-house.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

MacLeish  {Donald),  postilion  to  Mrs. 
Bcthune  Baliol.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Highland 
VVidow  (time,  George  II.). 

Maeleod  {Colin  or  Cawdie),  a  Scotch- 
man, one  of  the  house-servants  of  lord 
Abberville,  entrusted  with  the  financial 
department  of  his  lordship's  household. 
Most  strictly  honest  and  economical, 
Colin  Maeleod  is  hated  by  his  fellow- 
servants,  and,  having  been  in  the  service 
of  the  family  for  many  years,  tries  to 
check  his  young  master  in  his  road  to 
ruin. 

♦*♦  The  object  of  the  author  in  this 
character  is  "to  weed  out  the  unmanly 
prejudice  of  Englishmen  against  the 
bcotch,      as   the    object    of    The    Jew 


(another  drama)  was  to  weed  out  th« 
prejudice  of  Christians  against  that  much- 
maligned  people.  —  Cumberland,  I'Ae 
Fashionable  Lover  (1780). 

Macleuchar  {Mrs.),  book-keeper  at 
the  coach-office  in  Edinburgh. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

MacLouis,  captain  of  the  king's 
guard.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Berth 
(time,  Henry  IV.). 

Maclure  {Elizabeth),  an  old  widow 
and  a  covenanter. — Sir  \V.  Scott,  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

MacMorlan  {Mr.),  deputy-sheriff, 
and  guardian  to  Lucy  Bertram. 

Mrs.  M^Morlan,  'his  wife.  —  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

MacMurrough,  "  Nan  Fonn,"  the 
family  bard  at  Glennaquoich  to  Fergus 
M 'Ivor.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Ma'coma',  a  good  and  wise  genius, 
who  protects  the  prudent  and  pious 
against  the  wiles  of  all  evil  genii. — Sir 
C.  Morell  [J.  Kidley],  Tales  of  the  Genii 
("The  Enchanter's  Tale,"  vi.,  1761). 

Macon,  same  as  Mahoun,  that  is, 
Mahomet.  Mecca,  the  birthplace  of  Ma- 
homet, is  sometimes  called  Macon  in 
poetry. 

"  PraisSd,"  quoth  he,  "  be  Macon,  whom  we  serve." 
Fairtjfc. 

MacPhadraick  {Miles),  a  Highland 
officer  under  Barcaldine  or  captain  Camp- 
bell.—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Highland  Widow 
(time,  George  II.). 

Macraw  {Francie),  an  old  domestic 
at  the  earl  of  Glenallan's. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Macready  {Pate),  a  pedlar,  the  friend 
of  Andrew  Fairservice  gardener  at  Osbal< 
distone   Hall. — Sir  W.   Scott,   Bob 
(time,  George  I.). 

Mac'reons,  the  British.  G 
Britain  is  the  "Island  of  the  Macreons 
The  word  is  a  Greek  compound,  meaning 
"long-lived,"  "because  no  one  is  put  to 
death  there  for  his  religious  opinions." 
Rabelais  says  the  island  "is  full  of, 
antique  ruins  and  relics  of  popery  and 
ancient  superstitions." — Rabelais,  Ban- 
tag'ruel  (1545). 

*^*  Rabelais  describes  the  persecutions 
which  the  Reformers  met  with  as  a  storm 
at  sea,  in  which  Pantagruel  and  his  fleet 
were  tempest-tossed. 

Macro'bii    C^the    long-lived") t 


iend 
bal^_ 

nsi^H 
ling"'    ! 


i 


MACROTHUMUS. 


689 


MAD. 


Ethiopian  race,  said  to  live  to  120  years 
and  upwards.  They  are  the  handsomest 
and  tallest  of  all  men,  as  well  as  the 
longest-lived. 

Macroth'umus,  Lonf^-sufPering  per- 
sonified. Fully  described  in  canto  x. 
(Greek,  makrothiunia,  "long-suffering.") 
— Phineas  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Island 
(1(333). 

MacSarcasm  {Sir  Archy),  in  Love  a~ 
la-mode,  by  C.  Macklin  (1771)).  Boaden 
says:  "To  Covcut  Garden,  G.  F.  Cooke 
[1746-1812]  was  a  great  acquisition,  as  he 
was  a  'Shylock,'  an  *  lago,'  a  '  Kitelv,' 
a  '  sir  Archy,'  and  a  '  sir  Pertinax '  [Mc&i/- 
cophant]."  Leigh  Hunt  says  that  G.  F. 
Cooke  was  a  new  kind  of  Macklin,  and, 
like  him,  excelled  in  "Shylock"  and 
*'  sir  Arcliy  M'Sarcasm." 

*^*  "Shylock"  in  the  Merchant  of 
Venice  (Shakespeare)  ;  "  lago  "  in  Othello 
(Shakespeare)  ;  "  Kitely"  in  Every  Man 
in  His  Humour  (B.  Jonson)  ;  "sir  Archy  " 
that  is,  "M'Sarcasm";  "sir  Pertinax 
McSycophant "  in  The  Man  of  the  World 
(Macklin). 

MacSillergrip,  a  Scotch  pawn- 
broker, in  search  of  Robin  Scrawkey,  his 
runaway  apj)rentice,  whom  he  pursues 
upstairs  and  assails  with  blows. 

Mrs.  M^  Silleryrip,  the  pawnbroker's 
wife,  always  in  terror  lest  the  manager 
should  pay  her  indecorous  attentions. — 
Charles  Mathews  (At  home,  in  Multiple). 

The  skill  with  which  Mathews  [17r5-18:J5]  carried  on  a 
conversation  between  tliese  tliree  persons  produced  a 
most  astonishing  effect. — Contemporary  Paper. 

t  MacStin'ger  (Mrs.),  a  widow  who 
kept  lodgings  at  No.  9,  Brig  Place,  on 

I    the  brink  of  a  canal  near  the  India  Docks. 

I  Captain  Cuttle  lodged  there.  Mrs.  Mac- 
Stinger  was  a  termagant,  and  rendered 
the  captain's  life    miserable.      He  was 

I  afraid  of  her,  and,  although  her  lodger, 

il  was  her  slave.  When  her  son  Alexander 
was  refractory,  Mrs.  MacStinger  used  to 
seat  him  on  a  cold  paving-stone.  She 
contrived  to  make  captain  Bunsby  her 
second  husband. — C.  Dickens,  Dombcy 
and  Son  (1846). 

MacSyc'ophant  (Sir  Pertinax),  the 
hot-headed,  ambitious  father  of  Charles 
Egerton.  His  love  for  Scotland  is  very 
great,  and  he  is  continually  quarrelling 
I  with  his  family  because  they  do  not  hold 
[  liis  country  in  sufficient  reverence. 

^1  raised  It  [my  fortitne]  by  booing  ...  I  never  could 
straight  in  the  presence  of  a  great  mon,  but  always 


Charles  Egerton  McSycophant,  son  of 
sir  Pertinax.  Egerton  was  the  mother's 
name.  Charles  Egerton  marries  Con- 
stantia. — C.  Macklin,  The  Man  of  the 
World  (1764). 

Mactab  (The  Hon.  Miss  Lucretia), 
sister  of  lord  Lofty,  and  sister-in-law  of 
lieutenant  Worthington  "  the  poor  gentle- 
man." Miss  Lucretia  was  an  old  maid, 
"  stiff  as  a  ramrod."  Being  very  poor, 
she  allowed  the  lieutenant  "the  honour 
of  maintaining  ler,"  for  which  "  slie 
handsomely  gave  1  im  her  countenance  ;  " 
but  when  the  lieutenant  was  obliged  to 
discontinue  his  hospitality,  she  resolved 
to  "  countenance  a  tobacconist  of  Glas- 
gow, who  was  her  sixteenth  cousin." — G. 
Colman,  T'he  Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 

MacTavish  Mhor  or  Hamish 
M'Tavish,  a  Highland  outlaw. 

Elspat  AP lavish,  or  "The  Woman  of 
the  Tree,"  widow  of  M'Tavish  Mhor; 
"the  Highland  widow."  She  prevents 
her  son  from  joining  his  regiment,  in 
consequence  of  which  he  is  shot  as  a 
deserter,  and  Elspat  goes  mad. 

Hamish  Bean  M'-Tavish,  son  of  Elspat 
M'Tavish.  He  joins  a  Highland  regi- 
ment, and  goes  to  visit  his  mother,  who 
gives'  him  a  sleeping  draught  to  detain 
him.  As  he  does  not  join  his  regiment  in 
time,  he  is  arrested  for  desertion,  tried, 
and  shot  at  Dunbarton  Castle. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Highland  Widow  (time,  George 
IL). 

MacTurk  (Captain  Mungo  or  Hector), 
"the  man  of  peace,"  in  the  managing 
committee  of  the  Spa  hotel. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  St.  Eonan's  Well  (time,  George 
III.). 

MacVittie  (Ephraim),  a  Glasgow 
merchant,  one  of  Osbaldistone's  creditors. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Eob  Roy  (time,  George 
I.). 

MaeWlieeble  (Duncan),  bailie  at 
Tully  Veolan  to  the  baron  of  Bradwar- 
dine. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Mad.  The  Bedlam  of  Belgium  is 
Gheel,  where  madmen  reside  in  the  houses 
of  the  inhabitants,  generally  one  in  each 
famil)^ 

Dymphna  was  a  woman  of  rank,  mur- 
dered by  her  father  for  resisting  his 
incestuous  passion,  and  became  the 
tutelar  saint  of  those  stricken  in  spirit. 
A  shrine  in  time  rose  in  her  honour,  which 
for  ten  centuries  has  been  consecrated  to 


MAD  CAVALIER. 


690 


MADOC. 


the  relief  of  mental  diseases.  This  was 
the  origin  of  the  insane  colonj'  of  Gheel. 

Mad  Cavalier  (The),  prince  Rupert 
of  Bavaria,  nephew  of  Charles  I.  He 
was  noted  for  his  rash  courage  and  im- 
petuosity (1G19-1682). 

Mad  Lover  (The),  a  drama  by- 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (before  1618). 
The  name  of  the  "mad  lover"  is  Mem- 
non,  who  is  general  of  Astorax  king  of 
Paphos. 

Mad  Poet  (The),  Nathaniel  Lee 
(1657-1690). 

Madasi'ma  (Queen),  an  important 
character  in  the  old  romance  called  Ain'- 
adis  de  Gaul ;  her  constant  attendant  was 
Elis'abat,  a  famous  surgeon,  with  whom 
she  roamed  in  solitary  retreats. 

Mad'elon,  cousin  of  Cathos,  and 
daughter  of  Gor'gibus  a  plain  citizen  of 
the  middle  rank  of  life.  These  two  silly 
girls  have  had  their  heads  turned  by 
novels,  and,  thinking  their  names  com- 
monplace, Madelon  calls  herself  Po- 
lixena,  and  Cathos  calls  herself  Aminta. 
Two  gentlemen  wish  to  marry  them,  but 
the  girls  fancy  their  manners  are  too 
easy  to  be  "  stylish  ; "  so  the  gentlemen 
send  their  valets  to  them,  as  the  "  marquis 
of  Mascarille"  and  the  "viscount  of 
Jodelet."  The  girls  are  delighted  with 
these  "  real  gentlemen ; "  but  when  the 
farce  has  been  carried  far  enough,  the 
masters  enter  and  unmask  the  trick. 
The  girls  are  thus  taught  a  useful  lesson, 
but  are  not  subjected  to  any  serious  ill 
consequences. — Moliere,  Les  Pre'cieuses 
Ridicules  (1659). 

Mademoiselle.  What  is  understood 
by  this  word  when  it  stands  alone  is 
Mdlle.  de  Montpensier,  daughter  of  Gas- 
ton due  d'Orleans,  and  cousin  of  Louis 
XIV. 

Anne  Marie  Ionise  d'Orleans,  duchesse  de  Montpensier, 
coniiiie  sous  le  noni  de  MadcmoUeUe,  nie  k  Paris,  1627  • 
m.  1693 ;  dtoit  fille  de  Gastou  d'Orleans  fr6re  de  Louis 
XIII.— Bouillet. 

Mademoiselle,  the  French  lady's-maid 
waiting  on  lady  Fanciful;  full  of  the 
grossest  flattery,  and  advising  her  lady- 
ship to  the  most  unwarrantable  intrigues. 
Lady  Fanciful  says,  "The  French  are 
certainly  the  prettiest  and  most  obliging 
people.  They  say  the  most  acceptable, 
well-mannered  things,  and  never  flatter." 
When  induced  to  do  what  her  conscience 
and  education  revolted  at,  she  would 
playfully  rebuke  Mdlle.  with,  "Ah  !  la 
me'chante  Franjoise!"  to  which  Mdlle. 


would  respond,  "Ah!  la  belle  Anglaise!" 
— Vanbrugh,  The  Provoked  Wife  (1697). 

Madge  "Wildfire,  the  insane  daugh- 
ter of  old  Meg  Murdochson  the  gipsy 
thief.  Madge  was  a  beautiful  but  giddj- 
girl,  whose  brain  was  crazed  by  seduction 
and  the  murder  of  her  infant. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 

Madman  (Macedonia's)^  Alexander 
the  Great  (b.c.  356,  336-323). 

Heroes  are  much  the  same,  the  point's  agreed. 
From  Macedonia's  Madman  to  the  Swede  [Charles  XII.\ 
Pope,  Estay  on  Man,  iv.  219  (1733). 
How  vain,  how  worse  than  vain,  at  length  appear 
Tlie  madman's  wisli,  the  Macedonian  tear ! 
He  wept  for  worlds  to  conquer  ;  half  the  earth 
Knows  not  his  name,  or  but  his  death  and  birth. 

Byron,  Age  of  Bronze  (lal9). 

Madman  (The  Brilliant),  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden  (1682,  1697-1718). 

Madman  of  the  North,  Charles 
Xll.  of  Sweden  (1682,  1697-1718). 

Madmen  (The  Worst  of). 

For  Virtue's  self  may  too  much  zeal  be  had ; 
The  worst  of  madmen  is  a  saint  run  mad. 

Pope,  Imitations  of  Horace,  vi.  (1730). 

Ma'doc,  youngest  son  of  Owain 
Gwynedd  king  of  North  Wales  (Avho 
died  1169).  He  is  called  "The  Perfect 
Prince,"  "  The  Lord  of  Ocean,"  and  is  the 
very  beau-ideal  of  a  hero.  Invincible, 
courageous,  strong,  and  daring,  but 
amiable,  merciful,  and  tender-hearted ; 
most  pious,  but  without  bigotry  ;  most 
wise,  but  without  dogmatism  ;  most 
provident  and  far-seeing.  He  left  his 
native  country  in  1170,  and  ventured 
on  the  ocean  to  discover  a  new  worl 
his  vessels  reached  America,  and 
founded  a  settlement  near  the  Missoi 
Having  made  an  alliance  with 
Az'tecas,  he  returned  to  Wales  for  a  f r  _ 
supply  of  colonists,  and  conducted  six 
ships  in  safety  to  the  new  settlement, 
called  Caer-Madoc.  War  soon  broke  out 
between  the  natives  and  the  strangers ; 
but  the  white  men  proving  the  con- 
querors, the  Az'tecas  migrated  to  Mexico. 
On  one  occasion,  being  set  upon  from 
ambush,  Madoc  was  chained  b}^  one  foot 
to  "  the  stone  of  sacrifice,"  and  consigned 
to  fight  with  six  volunteers.  His  first 
opponent  was  Ocell'opan,  whom  he  slew  ; 
his  next  was  TlalSla  "the  tiger,"  but 
during  this  contest  Cadwallon  came  ta 
the  rescue. — Southey,  Madoc  (1805) 

.  .  .  Madoc 
Put  forth  his  well-risged  fleet  to  seek  him  foreign 
And  sail6d  west  so  long  until  tliat  world  he  found 
Long  ere  Columbus  lived. 

Drayton,  PoiyoJWon.  ix.  (1612). 


ired 

1 


ime  ta    n 

ground"  Pl 
(1612).        \  , 

11 


MADOR. 


691 


MAGIC  GARTERS. 


Mador  (Sir),  a  Scotch  knight,  who 
accused  queen  Guinever  of  having  poisoned 
his  brother.  Sir  Launcelot  du  Lac  chal- 
lenged him  to  single  combat,  and  over- 
threw hira  ;  for  which  service  king  Arthur 
gave  the  queen's  champion  La  Joyeuse 
Garde  as  a  residence. 

MsBCe'nas  (Caius  Cilnnis),  a  wealthy- 
Roman  nobleman,  a  friend  of  Augustus, 
and  liberal  patron  of  Virgil,  Horace, 
Propertius,  and  other  men  of  genius. 
His  name  has  become  proverbial  for  a 
"munificent  friend  of  literature"  (died 
B.C.  8). 

Are  you  not  called  a  theatrical  quidnunc  and  a  mock 
Maecenas  to  secoud-haud  authors  i— Sheridan,  'The  Critic, 
i.  1  (1779). 

Mae'nad,  a  Bacchant,  plu.  Maenads 
or  MaD'nades  (3  syl.).  So  called  from 
the  Greek,  ma moma t  ("  to  be  furious"), 
because  they  acted  like  mad  women  in 
their  *'  religious  "  festivals. 

Among  the  boughs  did  swelling  Bacchus  ride, 
Whom  wild-trrowii  Maenads  bore. 
Phln.  Fletcher,  The  Purple  liland,  vii.  (1633). 

Maeon'ides  (4  syl.).  Homer  is  so 
called,  either  because  he  was  son  of 
Ma!on,  or  because  he  was  a  native  of 
Mseon'ia  (Lydia).  He  is  also  called 
McEonius  Senex,  and  his  poems  Mceonian 
Lays. 

When  great  Mseonides,  In  rapid  song, 
Tiie  thundering  tide  of  battle  rolls  along, 
Each  ravished  bosom  feels  the  liigh  alarms. 
And  all  the  burning  pulses  beat  to  anns. 

Falconer,  The  Shipwreck,  iii.  1  (1756). 

Mseviad,  a  satire  by  Gifford,  on  the 
Delia  Cruscan  school  of  poetry  (pub- 
lished 179G).     The  word  is  from'Virgil's 

Eclogue. 

Qui  Bavium  non  odit,  amet  tua  carmina,  MaevI, 
Atque  idem  juugat  vulpes,  et  mulgeat  hircog. 

VirgU.  £cl.,  Ui.  J>0,  9L 

Who  hates  not  Bavius,  or  on  Msevius  dotes, 
Should  plough  with  foxes,  or  should  milk  he-goats. 

Meevius,  any  vile  poet.  (See  Ba- 
vius.) 

But  if  fond  Bavius  vent  his  clouted  song, 
Or  Maevius  chant  his  thoughts  in  brothel  charm, 

The  witless  vulgar,  in  a  numerous  throng. 
Like  summer  flies  about  the  dunghill  swarm  .  .  . 

Who  hates  not  one  may  he  the  other  love. 

Phineas  Fletcher.  The  Purple  Island,  i.  (1633). 

Magalo'na  {The  Fair),  daughter  of 
the  king  of  Naples.  She  is  the  heroine  of 
an  old  romance  of  chivalry,  originally 
written  in  French,  but  translated  into 
Spanish  in  the  fifteenth  century.  Cer- 
vantes alludes  to  this  romance  in  Don 
Quixote.  The  main  incident  of  the  story 
turns  on  a  flying  horse  made  by  Merlin, 
which  came  into  the  possession  of  Peter 
of  Provence.— TAe  History  of  the  Fair 


Ilagalona  and  Feter  Son  of  the  Count  of 
Provence. 

♦#*  Tieck  has  reproduced  the  history 
of  Magalona  in  German  (1773-1853). 

Mage  Negro  King,  Caspar  king  of 
Tarshish,  a  black  Ethiop,  and  tallest 
of  tlie  three  Magi.  His  offering  was 
myrrh,  indicative  of  death. 

As  the  Mage  negro  king  to  Christ  the  babe. 

Kobert  Browning,  Luria,  i. 

Maggots  of  the  Brains.  Swift 
says  it  was  the  opinion  of  certain  virtuosi 
that  the  brain  is  filled  with  little  mag- 
gots, and  that  thought  is  produced  by 
their  biting  the  nerves. 

To  tickle  the  maggot  born  in  an  empty  head. 

Tennyson,  A/aud,  11.  v.  3. 

Maggy,  the  half-witted  grand- 
daughter of  Little  Dorrit's  nurse.  She 
had  had  a  fever  at  the  age  of  ten,  from 
ill-treatment,  and  her  mind  and  intellect 
never  Avent  beyond  that  period.  Thus,  if 
asked  her  age,  she  always  replied,  * '  Ten ; " 
and  she  always  repeated  the  last  two  or 
three  words  of  what  was  said  to  her. 
She  called  Amy  Dorrit  "  Little  Mother." 

She  vrns  about  eight  and  twenty,  with  large  bones, 
large  features,  large  feet  and  hands,  large  eyes,  and  no 
hair.  Her  large  eyes  were  limpid  and  almost  colourless ; 
they  seemed  to  be  very  little  affected  by  light,  and  to 
stand  uimaturally  still.  There  was  also  that  attentive 
listening  expression  in  her  face,  which  is  seen  in  the  faces 
of  the  blind ;  but  she  was  not  blind,  having  one  tolerably 
serviceable  eye.  Her  face  was  not  exceedingly  ugly,  being 
redeemed  by  a  smile.  .  .  .  A  great  white  cap,  with  a  quan- 
tity of  opaque  frilling  .  .  .  apologized  for  Maggy's  bald- 
ness, and  made  it  so  difficult  for  her  old  black  bonnet  to 
retain  its  place  upon  her  head,  that  it  held  on  round  her 
neck  like  a  gipsy's  baby.  .  .  »  The  rest  of  her  dress 
resembled  sea-weed,  with  here  and  there  a  gigantic  tea- 
leaf.  Her  shawl  looked  like  a  huge  tea-leaf  after  long 
infusion.— C.  Dickens,  tittle  Dorrit,  ix.  (1857). 

Magi  or  Three  kings  of  Cologne,  the 
"wise  men  from  the  East,"  who  followed 
the  guiding-star  to  the  manger  in  Beth- 
lehem with  offerings.  Melchior  king  of 
Nubia,  the  shortest  of  the  three,  offered 
gold,  indicative  of  royalty ;  Balthazar 
king  of  Chaldea  offered  frankincense,  in- 
dicative of  divinity  ;  and  Caspar  king 
of  Tarshish,  a  black  Ethiop,  the  tallest 
of  the  three,  offered  myrrh,  symbolic  of 
death. 

Melchior  means  "  king  of  light ; "  Bal- 
thazar, "  lord  of  treasures  ; "  and  Caspar 
or  Caspar,  "the  white  one." 

*^*  Klopstock,  in  his  Messiah,  makes 
the  Magi  six  in  number,  and  gives  the 
names  as  Hadad,  Selima,  Zimri,  Mirja, 
Beled,  and  Sunith.— Bk.  v.  (1771). 

Magic  Garters.  No  horse  can  keep 
up  with  a  man  furnished  with  these  gar- 
ters. They  are  made  thus  :  Strips  of  tha 
skin  of  a  young  hare  are  cut  two  inches 


MAGIC  RINGS. 


592 


MAGOG. 


wide,  and  some  motherwort,  gathered  in 
the  first  degree  of  the  sign  Capricorn  and 
partially  dried,  is  sewn  into  these  strips, 
which  are  then  folded  in  two.  The 
garters  are  to  be  worn  as  other  garters. — 
Les  Secrets  Merveilleux  dn  Petit  Albert. 

Were  it  not  for  my  magic  garters,  .  .  . 

I  should  not  continne  the  business  lona:. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Magic  Rings,  like  that  which  Gyges, 
minister  to  king  Candaules  of  Lydia, 
found  in  the  flanks  of  a  brazen  horse. 
By  means  of  this  ring,  which  made  its 
wearer  invisible,  Gyges  first  dishonored 
the  queen,  and  then,  with  her  assistance, 
assassinated  the  king  and  usurped  his 
throne.  Plato's  Republic;  Cicero's  Offices. 

Magic  Staff  (:77j<?).  This  staff  would 
guarantee  the  bearer  from  all  the  perils 
and  mishaps  incidental  to  travellers.  No 
robber  nor  wild  beast,  no  mad  dog, 
venomous  animal,  nor  accident,  could 
hurt  its  possessor.  The  staff  consisted 
of  a  willow  branch,  gathered  on  the  eve  of 
All  Saints'  Day  ;  the  pith  being  removed, 
two  eyes  of  a  young  wolf,  the  tongue 
and  heart  of  a  dog,  three  green  lizards, 
the  hearts  of  three  swallows,  seven  leaves 
of  vervain  gathered  on  the  eve  of  John 
the  Baptist's  Day,  and  a  stone  taken 
from  a  lapwing's  nest,  were  inserted  in 
the  place  of  the  pith.  The  toe  of  the 
staff  was  furnished  with  an  iron  ferrule ; 
and  the  handle  was  of  box,  or  any  other 
material,  according  to  fancy. — Les  Secrets 
Merveilleux  de  Petit  Albert,  130. 

Were  it  not  for  my  magic  .  .  .  staff, 
I  should  not  continue  the  business  long. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Lege)id  (1851). 

Magic  Wands.  The  hermit  gave 
Charles  the  Dane  and  Ubaldo  a  wand, 
which,  being  shaken,  infused  terror  into 
all  who  saw  it. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  De- 
livered (1575). 

The  palmer  who  accompanied  sir 
Guyon  had  a  wand  of  like  virtue.  It 
was  made  of  the  same  wood  as  Mercury's 
caduceus.  —  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii. 
(1590).  ' 

.  Magician  of  the  North  {The), 
Bir  Walter  Scott  (1771-1832). 

J}^  "  T?"[!!",''^  ^T.S^^  Magician  of  the  North  de- 
Sw  J.':,c.:f  1ft  ^^*^^lo"'"-I^rd  W  P.  Lennox. 

**!  ^?^a""  Georg  Hamann  of  Prussia 
called  himself  "The  Magician  of  the 
North  "  (1730-1788). 

Magliabechi,  the  greatest  book- 
worm that  ever  lived.  He  devoured 
books,  and  never  forgot  anything  he  had 
read.    He  had  also  so  exact  a  memory, 


that  he  could  tell  the  precise  place  and 
shelf  of  a  book,  as  well  as  the  volume  and 
page  of  any  passage  required.  He  was 
the  librarian  of  the  great-duke  Cosmo 
III.  His  usual  dinner  was  three  hard- 
boiled  eggs  and  a  draught  of  water  (1633- 
1714). 

Magmu,  the  coquette  of  Astracan. 

Though  naturally  handsome,  she  used  every  art  to  set 
off  her  beauty.  Not  a  word  proceeded  from  her  mouth 
that  was  not  studied.  To  counterfeit  a  violent  passion,  to 
sigh  d  propog,  to  make  an  attractive  gesture,  to  trifle 
agreeably,  and  collect  Uie  various  graces  of  dumb  eloquenco 
into  a  smile,  were  the  arts  in  which  she  excelled.  Sha 
spent  hours  before  her  glass  in  deciding  how  a  curl  might 
be  m.ade  to  hang  loose  upon  iier  neclt  to  the  greatest 
advantage ;  liow  to  open  and  shut  lier  lips  so  as  best  to 
show  her  teeth  without  affectation — to  turn  her  face  full 
or  otherwise,  as  occasion  might  require.  She  loolsed  on 
herself  witti  ceaseless  admiration,  and  always  admired 
most  the  works  of  her  own  liand  in  improving  on  tlie 
beauty  which  nature  had  bestowed  on  her.— T.  S.  Gueu- 
lette,  Chinete  Tale*  {"  Magmu,"  1723). 

Magnanimous  (The),  Alfonso  of 
Aragon  (1385,  1416-1458). 

Khosru  or  Chosroes,  the  twenty-first  of 
the  Sassanides,  was  sumamed  Noushir- 
wan  ("Magnanimous")  (*,  531-579). 

Magnano,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
rabble  that  attacked  Iludibras  at  a  bear- 
baiting.  The  character  is  designed  for 
Simeon  Wait,  a  tinker,  as  famous  an 
independent  preacher  as  Burroughs.  He 
used  to  style  Cromwell  "the  archangel 
who  did  battle  with  the  devil." — S.  But- 
ler, Iludibras,  i.  2  (1663). 

Magnetic  Mountain  (The).  This 
mountain  drew  out  all  the  nails  and  iron 
bolts  of  any  ship  which  approached  it, 
thus  causing  it  to  fall  to  pieces. 

This  mountain  is  very  steep,  and  on  the  .summit  is  a 
large  dome  made  of  fine  bronze,  which  is  supported  upon 
columns  of  the  same  metal.  On  the  top  of  tlie  dome 
there  is  a  bronze  horse  with  the  figure  of  a  man  upon  it 
.  .  .  There  is  a  tradition  that  tliis  statue  is  the  principal 
cause  of  the  loss  of  so  many  vessels  and  men,  and  tliat  it 
will  never  cease  from  being  destructive  .  .  .  till  it  be  over- 
thrown.—^raftian  mghti  ("  The  Third  Calender  "). 

Magnificent  (The),  Khosru  or  Chos- 
roes I.  of  Persia  (*,  531-579). 

Lorenzo  de  Medici  (1448-1492). 

liobert  due  de  Normandie ;  called  La 
Diable  also  (*,  1028-1035). 

Soliman  I.,  greatest  of  the  Turkish 
sultans  (1493,  1520-1566). 

Magog,  according  to  Ezek.  xxxviii., 
xxxix.,  Avas  a  country  or  people  over 
whom  Gog  was  prince.  Some  say  the 
Goths  are  meant,  others  the  Persians, 
others  the  Scythians  or  the  northern 
nations  of  Europe  generally. 

Sale  says  that  Magog  is  "the  tribe  called 
by  Ptolemy  "  Gilan,"  and  by  Strabo 
"Geli"  or  "  Gelae." — Al  Koran,  xxviii. 
note.    (See  Gog.)  _ 


MAGOG. 


693 


MAHOMET. 


Ma'gog,  one  of  the  princes  of  Satan, 
■whose  ambition  is  to  destroy  hell. 

MagOUnce,(2  syl.),  Arundel  Castle. 

She  drew  southward  unto  the  sea-side,  till,  by  fortune, 
she  came  to  a  oistle  called  Magounce,  and  now  is  called 
Arundell,  in  Southsex. — Sir  T.  Malory,  Itutory  of  Prince 
Arthur,  ii.  118  (1470). 

Magricio,  the  champion  of  Isabella 
of  Portugal,  who  refused  to  pay  truage  to 
France.  He  vanquished  the  French 
champion,  and  thus  liberated  his  country 
from  tribute. 

Magwitch  {Ahcl),  a  convict  for  life, 
the  unknown  father  of  Estella,  who  was 
adopted  from  infancy  bj^  Miss  Havisham, 
the  daughter  of  a  rich  banker.  The 
convict,  having  made  his  escape  to  Aus- 
tralia, became  a  successful  sheep  farmer, 
and  sent  money  secretly  to  Mr.  Jaggers, 
a  London  lawyer,  to  educate  Pip  ."s  a 
gentleman.  When  Pip  was  23  years  old, 
Magwitch  returned  to  England,  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Provis,  and  made  him- 
self known  to  Pip.  He  was  tracked  by 
Orlick  and  Compeyson,  arrested,  con- 
demned to  death,  and  died  in  jail.  All 
his  money  was  confiscated. — C.  Dickens, 
Great  Expectations  (18G0). 

Mahmut,  the  "  Turkish  Spy,"  who 
remained  undiscovered  in  Paris  for  forty- 
five  years,  revealing  to  his  Government 
all  the  intrigues  of  the  Christian  courts 
(1637-1682). 

Mahomet  or  Mohammed,  the  titular 
name  taken  by  Halabi,  founder  of  Islam 
(570-632). 

Adopfed  Son  :  Usma,  son  of  Zaid  his  freedman.  (Se« 
below,  "  Zainab.") 

Angel  who  revealed  the  Kordn  to  Mahomet :  Gabriel. 

Banner:  Sanjak-skerif,  kept  in  the  £yab  mosque  at 
Constantinople. 

Birthplace  :  Mecca,  A.d.  570. 

Bow:  Al  Catdm  ("the  strong"),  confiscated  from  the 
Jews.  In  his  first  battle  he  drew  it  with  such  force  that 
it  snapped  in  two. 

Camel  :  Al  Adha  ("  the  slit-eared  "),  the  swiftest  of  his 
camels.  One  of  the  ten  dumb  animals  admitted  into 
paradise. 

Concubines:  Marlyeh,  mother  of  Ibrahim  liis  son, 
was  his  favourite  ;  but  he  had  fourteen  otliers. 

Cousins:  AU,  his  best  friend;  Abft  SofiAn  ebn  al 
Hareth. 

Cuirass  :  Al  Fndha.  It  was  of  silver,  and  was  co&fis> 
cated  from  the  Jews. 

Daughters  by  Kadijah  :  Zainab,  Rukaijah,  Umm 
Kulthdu),  and  F&tima  his  favourite  (called  one  of  the 
"  three  perfect  women  "). 

Defeat  :  At  Ohud,  where  it  was  reported  that  he  was 
slain  (A.D.  623). 

Died  at  Medina,  on  the  lap  of  Ayishah,  his  favourite 
wife,  11  Hedjrah  (June  8,  632). 

Father:  AbdiUlih,  of  the  family  of  Hashim  and  trib« 
of  Koreish.  Abdallah  was  a  small  merchant,  «vho  died 
when  his  sou  was  five  years  old.  At  the  death  of  his 
father,  his  grandfather  took  charge  of  him ;  but  he  also 
died  within  two  years.  He  tlien  lived  with  his  uncle  Abft 
I'aleb  (from  the  age  of  seven  to  14).     (See  Zesbkt.  ) 

Father-in-law:  Aba  Bekr,  father  of  hU  favourite 
»ife  Ayishah. 
.  FHOHX :  Hedjrah  or  Heg'ira,  July  16,  622. 


Followers  :  called  Moslem  or  Mussulmans. 

Grandson  :  Abd-el-Motalleb. 

Horse:  Al  Borak  ("the  lightning"),  brought  to  him 
by  Gabriel  to  carry  him  to  the  seventh  heaven.  It  had 
the  wings  of  an  eagle,  the  face  of  a  man,  with  the  cheeks 
of  a  horse,  and  spoke  Arabic. 

Journey  to  Heaven  {The),  on  Al  Borak,  is  called  Isra. 

Mother:  Amina  or  Aminta,  of  the  family  of  Zuhra 
and  tribe  of  Koreish.    (See  Z  esbet.  ) 

Nickname  in  Boyhood:  El  Amin  ("the safe  man"). 

Personal  Appearance  :  Middle  height,  rather  lean, 
broad  shoulders,  strongly  built,  abundance  of  black  curly 
hair,  coal-black  eyes  with  thick  lashes,  nose  large  and 
slightly  bent,  beard  long.  He  had  between  his  sliouldors 
a  black  mole,  "  the  seal  of  prophecy." 

Poisoned  by  Zainab,  a  Jewess,  who  placetl  l)efore  him 
poisoned  meat,  in  624.  He  tasted  it,  and  ever  after 
suffered  from  its  effects,  but  survived  eight  years. 

Scripture  :  Al  Kordn  ("  the  reading").  It  is  divided 
into  114  chapters. 

Sons  by  Kadijah:  Al  KAsim  and  Abd  Manftf;  both 
died  in  childhood.  By  Mariyeh  (M.iry)  his  concul>ine : 
Ibrahim,  who  died  when  1.5  nionths  old.  Adopted  son ; 
Usma,  the  child  of  his  freedman  Zaid.    (See  "  Zainab.") 

Standard:  Bajura. 

Successor:  Aba  Bekr,  his  father-in-law  (father  of 
Ayishah). 

Swords:  DhuT  Fakir  ("the  trenchant");  Al  Batter 
("the  striker");  Hatel  ("the  deadly");  Meilham  ("the 
keen  "). 

Tribe  :  that  of  the  Koraichites  or  Koraich  or  Koreish, 
on  both  sides. 

U.NCLEs:  Abft  Taleb,  a  prince  of  Mecca,  but  poor;  he 
took  charge  of  the  boy  between  the  ages  of  seven  and  14, 
and  was  always  his  friend.  Aba  Laheb,  who  called  him 
"a  fool,"  and  was  always  his  bitter  enemy;  in  the 
Kordn,  cxi.,  "  to4  prophet "  denounces  him.  Hamza,  a 
tliird  head  of  Islam. 

Victories  :  Cedr  (624) ;  Muta  (629);  Taif  (630) ;  Honein 
(630  or  8  Hedjrah). 

White  Mule  :  Fadda. 

Wives:  Ten,  and  fifteen  concubines. 

(1)  Kadijah,  a  rich  widow  of  his  own  tribe.  She  had 
been  twice  married,  and  was  40  years  of  age  (Mahon)et 
being  15).  Kadijah  was  his  sole  wife  for  twenty-five  years, 
and  brought  him  two  sons  and  four  daughters.  (F4tima 
was  her  youngest  child.) 

(2)  Souda,  widow  of  Sokran,  nurse  of  his  daughter 
Fatinia.  He  married  her  in  621,  soon  after  the  death  of 
his  first  wife.  The  following  were  simultaneous  with 
Souda. 

(3)  Ayishah,  daughter  of  Aba  Bekr.  She  was  only  nine 
yeiirs  old  on  her  wedding  day.  This  was  his  favourite 
wife,  on  whose  lap  he  died.  He  called  her  one  of  the 
"  three  perfect  women." 

(4)  Hend,  a  widow,  28  yeiirs  old.  She  had  a  son  when 
she  married.    Her  father  was  Omeya. 

(5)  Zainab,  divorced  wife  of  Zaid  his  freed  slave. 
Married  627  (5  Hedjrah). 

(6)  Barra,  a  captive,  widow  of  a  young  Arab  chief  slain 
in  battle. 

(7)  Rehana,  a  Jewish  captive.    Her  father  was  Simeon. 

(8)  Safiya,  the  espoused  wife  of  Kenana.  This  wife 
outlived  the  prophet  for  forty  years.  Mahomet  put 
Kenana  to  death  in  order  to  marry  her. 

(9)  Umm  Habiba  (mother  of  Habiba),  widow  of  Abft 
Sofian. 

(10)  Maimuna,  who  was  91  when  he  married  her,  and  a 
widow.    She  survived  all  hia  ten  wives. 

%*  it  will  be  observed  that  most  of  Mahomet's  wives 
were  widows. 

Mahomet.  Voltaire-  wrote  a  drama 
so  entitled  in  1738  ;  and  James  Miller,  in 
1740,  produced  an  English  version  of  the 
same,  called  Mahomet  the  Impostor.  The 
scheme  of  the  play  is  this :  Mahomet  is 
laying  siege  to  Mecca,  and  has  in  his 
camp  Zaphna  and  Palmira,  taken  captives 
in  childhood  and  brought  up  by  him. 
They  are  really  the  children  of  Alcanor 
the  chief  of  Mecca,  but  know  it  not,  and 
love  each  other.  Mahomet  is  in  love 
with  Palmira,  and  sets  Zaphna  to  murder 
2  Q 


MAHOMET'S  COFFIN. 


694 


MAID  OF  BATH. 


Alcanor,  pretending  that  it  is  God's  will. 
Zaphna  obeys  the  behest,  is  told  that 
Alcanor  is  his  father,  and  is  poisoned. 
Mahomet  asks  Palmira  in  marriage,  and 
she  stabs  herself. 

J.  Bannister  [1760-1836]  began  his  stage  Jcareer  fn 
tragedy,  and  played  "  Mahomet."  Garrick  .  .  .  asked  him 
wliat  character  he  wished  to  play  next.  "Why,"  said 
Bannister,  "  '  Oroonoko. ' "  "  Eh,  eh  ! "  said  David,  staring 
At  Bannister,  who  was  very  thin  ;  "  Eh,  eh  !  you  will  look  as 
mucii  like  '  Oroonoko '  as  a  chimney-sweeper  in  consump- 
tion."—!. Caiapbell. 

Mahomet's  Coffin  is  said  to  be 
suspended  in  mid-air.  The  wise  ones 
affirm  that  the  coffin  is  of  iron,  and  is 
suspended  by  the  means  of  loadstones. 
The  faithful  assert  it  is  held  up  by  four 
angels.  Burckhardt  says  it  is  not  sus- 
pended at  all.     A  marabout  told  Labat : 

Que  le  tombeau  de  Mahomet  <5toit  port6  en  I'air  par  le 
moyen  de  certains  Anges  qui  se  relayent  d'heure  en  heures 
pour  soutenir  ce  fardeau.— Labat,  A/riquo  Occidentale, 
li.  143  (1728). 

The  balance  always  would  hang  even, 

Like  Mah'met's  tomb  'twlxt  eartli  and  heaven. 

Prior.  ^2>na.  ii.  199(1717). 

Mahomet's  Dove,  a  dove  which 
Mahomet  taught  to  pick  seed  placed  in 
his  ear.  The  bird  would  perch  on  the 
prophet's  shoulder  and  thrust  its  bill  into 
his  ear  to  find  its  food ;  but  Mahomet 
gave  out  that  it  was  the  Holy  Ghost,  in 
the  form  of  a  dove,  sent  to  impart  to  him 
the  counsels  of  God.— Dr.  Prideaux,  Life 
of  Mahomet  (1697) ;  sir  W,  Raleigh,  His- 
tory of  the  World,  I.  i.  6  (1614). 

Instance  proud  Mahomet  ,  .  . 
The  sacred  dove  wliispering  into  his  ear. 
That  what  his  will  imposed,  the  world  must  fear, 
lord  Brooke,  Declination  of  Monarchie,  etc.  (1554-1628). 
Was  Mahomet  inspired  With  a  dove? 
Thou  with  an  eagle  art  inspired  {Joan  of  Arc]. 

Shakespeare,  1  Henry  VJ.  act  i.  sc.  3  (1589). 

Mahomet's  Knowledge  of 
Events.  Mahomet  in  his  coffin  is  in- 
formed by  an  angel  of  every  event  which 
occurs  respecting  the  faithful. 

II  est  vlvant  dans  son  tombeau.  II  fait  la  pri6re  dans 
te  tombeau  k  chaque  fois  que  le  crieur  en  fait  la  proclama- 
tion, et  au  mdnie  terns  qu'on  la  recite.  II  y  a  un  ange 
post6  sur  son  tombejvu  qui  a  le  soin  de  lui  donner  avis  des 
pndres  que  les  fiddles  font  pour  lui.— Gagnier.  Vie  de  Ma- 
homet, vu.  18  (1723). 

Mahomet  of  the  Worth,  Odin, 
both  legislator  and  supreme  deity. 

Mahoud,  son  of  a  rich  jeweller  of 
Delhi,  who  ran  through  a  large  fortune 
m  riotous  living,  and  then  bound  himself 
m  service  to  Bennaskar,  who  proved  to 
be  a  magician.  Mahoud  impeached  Ben- 
naskar to  the  cadi,  who  sent  officers  to 
seize  him;  but,  lo  !  Mahoud  had  been 
metamorphosed  into  the  likeness  of  Ben- 
oaskar,  and  was  condemned  to  be  burnt 
alive.  When  the  pile  was  set  on  fire, 
Mahoud  became  a  toad,  and  in  this  form 


met  the  sultan  Misnar,  his  vizier  Ho/am, 
and  the  princess  Hemju'nah  of  Cassimir, 
who  had  been  changed  into  toads  also. — 
Sir  C.  Morell  [J.  Ridlevl,  Tales  of  the 
Genii  ("  The  Enchanter's  Tale,"  vi.,  1751). 

Mahound  or  Mahoun,  a  name  of 
contempt  for  Mahomet  or  any  pagan  god. 
Hence  Ariosto  makes  Ferrau  "blaspheme 
his  Mahoun  and  Termagant"  {Orlando 
Furioso,  xii.  69). 

Fitter  for  a  turban  for  Mahound  or  Termagant,  tlian  a 
head-gear  of  a  reasonable  creature.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

Mahu,  the  fiend-prince  that  urges  to 
theft. 

Five  fiends  have  been  in  poor  Tom  at  once :  of  lust,  aa 
Ol'idicut;  Hobididance,  prince  of  dumbness;  M.ihu,  of 
stealing  ;  Modo,  of  murder  ;  and  Flibbertigibbet,  of  mop- 
rJns:  and  mowing.— Shakespe"are,  King  Lear,  act  iv.  sc.  1 
(1605). 

Maid  Ma'rian,  a  name  assumed  by 
Matilda,  daughter  of  Robert  lord  Fitz- 
walter,  while  Robin  Hood  remained  in  a 
state  of  outlawry.  She  was  poisoned 
with  a  poached  cg^  at  Dunmow  Priory, 
by  a  messenger  of  king  John  sent  for  the 
purpose.  This  was  because  Marian  was 
loved  by  the  king,  but  rejected  him. 
Drayton  has  written  her  legend. 

He  to  his  mistress  dear,  his  lovJSd  Marian, 

Was  ever  constant  known  ;  which  wheresoe'er  she  came^ 

Was  sovereign  of  the  woods,  chief  lady  of  the  game. 

Her  clotlies  tucked  to  the  knee,  and  dainty  braided  hairj 

Witb  bow  and  quiver  armed,  she  wandered  here  and  the 

Amongst  the  forest  wild.    Diana  never  knew 

Such  pleasures,  nor  such  harts  as  Mariana  slew. 

Polyolbion,  xxvi.  (1622). 

Maid  Marian,  introduced  into  the  May«| 
day  morris-dance,  was  a  boy  dressed  ii 
girl's  clothes.  She  was  queen  of  the  Ma^ 
and  used  to  wear  a  tinsel  crown,  an^ 
carry  in  her  left  hand  a  flower.  Her  coi 
was  purple,  her  surcoat  blue,  her  ci 
white,  the  skirts  of  her  robe  yellow,  th^ 
sleeves  carnation,  and  the  stomacher  re 
with  yellow  cross  bars.  (See  Mokris 
Dance.) 

Maid  of  Athens,  There'sa  Macri, 
rendered  famous  by  Byron's  song,  "Maid 
of  Athens,  fare  thee  well ! "  Twenty-four 
years  after  this  song  was  written,  an 
Englishman  sought  out  "the  Athenian 
maid,"  and  found  a  beggar  without  a 
single  vestige  of  beauty.  She  was  mar- 
ried and  had  a  large  family ;  but  the 
struggle  of  her  life  was  to  find  bread 
to  keep  herself  and  family  from  positive 
starvation. 


Maid  of  Bath  {The),  Miss  Linley, 
who  married  R.  B.  Sheridan.  Samuel 
Foote  wrote  a  farce  entitled  The  Maid  of 
Bath,  in  which  he  gibbets  Mr.  Walter 
Long  under  the  name  of  "Flint." 


% 


MAID  OF  HONOUR. 


695 


MAIDEN. 


Maid  of  Honour  {The),  by  P.  Mas- 
singer  (1637).  Cami'ola,  a  very  wealthy, 
high-minded  lady,  was  in  love  with  prince 
Bertoldo,  brother  of  Roberto  king  of  the 
Two  Sicilies ;  but  Bertoldo,  being  a  knight 
of  Malta,  could  not  marry  without  a 
dispensation  from  the  pope.  While 
matters  were  in  this  state,  Bertoldo  led 
an  army  against  Aurelia  duchess  of 
Sienna,  and  was  taken  prisoner.  CamiOla 
paid  his  ransom,  and  Aurelia  commanded 
the  prisoner  to  be  brought  before  her. 
Bertoldo  came ;  the  duchess  fell  in  love 
with  him  and  offered  marriage,  and  Ber- 
toldo, forgetful  of  Camiola,  accepted  the 
offer.  The  betrothed  then  presented 
themselves  to  the  king,  when  Camiola 
exposed  the  conduct  of  Bertoldo.  The 
king  was  indignant  at  the  baseness, 
Aurelia  rejected  Bertoldo  with  scorn,  and 
Camiola  took  the  veil. 

Maid  of  Mariendorpt  {The),  a 
drama  by  S.  Knowles,  based  on  Miss 
Porter's  novel  of  The  Village  of  Marien- 
dorpt (1838).  The  "maid"  is  Meeta, 
daughter  of  Mahldenau  minister  of 
Mariendorpt,  and  betrothed  to  major 
Rupert  Roselheim.  The  plot  is  this : 
Mahldenau  starts  for  Prague  in  search  of 
Meeta's  sister,  who  fell  into  some  soldiers' 
hands  in  infancy  during  the  siege  of  Mag- 
deburg. On  entering  Prague,  he  is  seized 
as  a  spy,  and  condemned  to  death.  Meeta, 
hearing  of  his  capture,  walks  to  Prague 
to  plead  for  his  life,  and  finds  that  the 
governor's  "daughter"  is  her  lost  sister. 
Rupert  storms  the  prison  and  releases 
Mahldenau. 

Maid  of  Norway,  Margaret,  daugh- 
ter of  Eric  II.  and  Margaret  of  Norway. 
She  was  betrothed  to  Edward,  son  of 
Edward  I.  of  England,  but  died  on  her 
passage  (1290). 

Maid   of  Orleans,  Jeanne  d'Arc, 

famous  for  having  raised  the  siege  of 

Orleans,  held  by  the  English.   The  general 

tradition  is  that  she  was  burnt  alive  as  a 

,     witch,  but  this  is  doubted  (1412-1431). 

'         Maid   of  Perth   {Fair),   Catharine 

'  Glover,  daughter  of  Simon  Glover,  the 
old  glover  of  Perth.  She  kisses  Henry 
Smith  while  asleep  on  St.  Valentine's 
morning,  and  ultimately  marries  him. — 

1    Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Ferth  (time, 

I    Henry  IV.). 

'  Maid  of  Saragoza,  Augustina, 
noted  for  her  heroism  at  the  siege  of 
Baragoza,  1808-9.— See  Southey's  His- 
tory of  the  Feninsular  War. 


Her  lover  sinks — she  sheds  no  ill-tlmed  tear ; 

Her  chief  is  slain — she  fills  his  fatal  post ; 
Her  fellows  flee — she  checks  their  base  career ; 

The  foe  retires— she  heads  the  sallying  host. 
.  .  .  the  flying  Gaul, 
Foiled  by  a  woman's  hand  before  a  battered  walL 

Byron,  Childe  J/arold,  i.  56  {l&'X). 

Maid  of  the  Mill  {The),  an  opera 
by  Isaac  Bickerstaff.  Patty,  the  daugh- 
ter of  Fairfield  the  miller,  was  brought 
up  by  lord  Aimworth's  mother.  At  the 
death  of  lady  Aimworth,  Patty  returned 
to  the  mill,  and  her  father  promised  her 
in  marriage  to  Farmer  Giles ;  but  Patty 
refused  to  marry  him.  Lord  Aimworth 
about  the  same  time  betrothed  himself  to 
Theodosia,  the  daughter  of  sir  Harry 
Sycamore  ;  but  the  young  lady  loved  Mr. 
Mervin.  When  lord  Aimworth  knew  of 
this  attachment,  he  readily  yielded  up  his 
betrothed  to  the  man  of  her  choice,  and 
selected  for  his  bride  Patty  "  the  maid  of 
the  mill"  (17G5). 

Maid  of  the  Oaks  {The),  a  two-act 
drama  by  J.  Burgoyne.  Maria  "  the 
maid  of  the  Oaks"  is  brought  up  by  Old- 
worth  of  Oldworth  Oaks  as  his  ward,  but 
is  informed  on  the  eve  of  her  marriage 
with  sir  Harry  Groveby  that  she  is  Old- 
worth's  daughter.  The  under-plot  is 
between  sir  Charles  Dupely  and  lady  Bab 
Lardoon.  Dupely  professed  to  despise 
all  women,  and  lady  Lardoon  was  "the 
princess  of  dissipation;"  but  after  they 
fell  in  with  each  other,  Dupely  confessed 
that  he  would  abjure  his  creed,  and  lady 
Lardoon  avowed  that  henceforth  she 
renounced  the  world  of  fashion  and  its 
follies. 

Maid's  Tragedy  ( The) .  The  "  maid  " 
is  Aspa'tia  the  troth-plight  wife  of  Amin- 
tor,  who,  at  the  king's  command,  is  made 
to  marry  Evad'ne  (3  syl.).  Her  death 
forms  the  tragical  event  which  gives  name 
to  the  drama. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher 
(1610). 

(The  scene  between  Antony  and  Ven- 
tidius,  in  Dryden's  tragedy  of  All  for 
Love,  is  copied  from  The  Maid's  Tragedy, 
where  "Melantius"  answers  to  Venti- 
dius.) 

Maiden  {The),  a  kind  of  guillotine, 
introduced  into  Scotland  by  the  regent 
Morton,  who  was  afterwards'beheaded  by 
it.  The  "maiden"  resembled  in  form 
a  painter's  easel  about  ten  feet  high. 
The  victim  placed  his  head  on  a  cross- 
bar some  four  feet  from  the  bottom,  kept 
in  its  place  by  another  bar.  In  the  inner 
edges  of  the  frame  were  grooves,  in  which 
slid  a  sharp  axe  weighted  with  lead  and 


MAIDEN  KING. 


MALADE  IMAGINAIRE. 


Bapported  by  a  long  cord.  When  all  was 
ready,  the  cord  was  cut  and  down  fell  the 
axe  with  a  thud. — Pennant,  Tour  in  Scot- 
land, iii.  365  (1771). 

The  unfortunate  earl  [ArgylJ]  was  appointed  to  be 
beheaded  by  the  "  maiden."— Sir  W.  Scott,  Tale*  uf  a 
Orandfather,  ii.  53. 

The  Italian  Instrument  of  execution  was  called  the 
nuinnaia.  The  apparatus  was  erected  on  a  scaffold;  the 
Rxe  Wiis  placed  between  two  perpendiculars.  ...  In  Scot- 
land the  instrument  of  execution  was  an  inferior  variety 
of  the  inannaui.—Momoirt  of  the  Samons,  L  267. 

It  seems  pretty  clear  that  the  "  maiden"  ...  is  merely 
a  corruption  of  the  Italian  tnannaia. — A.  G.  Reid. 

Maiden  King  (The),  Malcolm  IV. 
of  Scotland  (1141,  1153-1165). 

Malcolm,  .  .  .  son  of  the  brave  and  generous  prince 
Henry,  .  .  .  was  so  kind  and  gentle  in  his  disposition, 
that  lie  was  usually  called  Malcolm  "  the  Maiden."— Sir  W. 
Scott,  I'alet  of  a  Grandfather,  iv. 

Maiden  Queen  (The),  Elizabeth  of 
England  (1533,  1558-1603). 

Maiden  of  the  Mist  (T/ie),  Anne 
of  Geierstein,  daughter  of  count  Albert 
of  Geierstein.  She  is  the  baroness  of 
Amheim. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Maidens'  Castle  (The),  on  the 
Severn.  It  was  taken  from  a  duke  by 
seven  knights,  and  held  by  them  till  sir 
Galahad  expelled  them.  It  was  called 
"  The  Maidens'  Castle  "  because  these 
knights  made  a  vow  that  every  maiden 
who  passed  it  should  be  made  a  captive. 
This  is  an  allegory. 

The  Castle  of  Maidens  betokens  the  good  souls  that  were 
in  prison  afore  the  incarnation  of  Christ.  And  the  seven 
knights  betoken  the  seven  deadly  sins  which  reigned  in 
the  world.  .  .  .  And  the  good  knight  sir  Galahad  may 
be  likened  to  the  Son  of  the  High  Father,  that  Light 
within  a  maiden  wljich  brought  all  souls  out  of  thraldom. 
—Sir  T.  Malory,  llutory  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  44  (1470). 

Mailsetter  (Mrs.),  keeper  of  the 
Fairport  post-office. 

Davie  Mailsetter,  her  son. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Maimou'ne  (3  syl.),  a  fairy,  daughter 
of  Damriat  "king  of  a  legion  of  genii." 
When  the  princess  Badoura,  in  her  sleep, 
was  carried  to  the  bed  of  prince  Camaral'- 
zaman  to  be  shown  to  him,  Maimoune 
changed  herself  into  a  flea,  and  bit  the 

Erince's  neck  to  wake  him.  Whereupon 
e  sees  the  sleeping  princess  by  his  side, 
falls  in  love  with  her,  and  afterwards 
marries  h^r.— Arabian  Nights  ("Cama- 
ralzaman  and  Badoura"). 

Mai'nmna  or  Maimu'na,  one  of 
the  sorceresses  of  Dom-Daniel,  who  re- 
pents and  turns  to  Allah.  Thal'aba  first 
encounters  her,  disguised  as  an  old 
woman  spinning  the  finest  thread.  He 
greatly  marvels  at  its  extreme  fineness, 
but  she  tells   him   he  cannot   snap  it; 


whereupon  he  winds  it  round  his  two 
wrists,  and  becomes  powerless.  Maimuna, 
with  her  sister-sorceress  Khwala,  then 
carry  him  to  the  island  of  Moha'reb, 
where  he  is  held  in  durance  ;  but  Mai- 
muna releases  him,  repents,  and  dies. — 
Southey,  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  ix. 
(1797). 

Mainote  (2  syl.),  a  pirate  who  infests 
the  coast  of  Attica. 

.  .  .  boat 
Of  island-pirate  or  Mainote. 

Byron,  The  Giaour  (1813). 

Mainy  (Richard),  out  of  whom  tht 
Jesuits  cast  the  seven  deadly  sins,  eacl 
in  the  form  of  some  representative  ani-| 
mal.  As  each  devil  came  forth,  Mainj 
indicated  the  special  sin  by  some  trick  o| 
gesture.  Thus,  for  pride  he  pretended 
curl  his  hair,  for  gluttony  to  vomit,  fc 
sloth  to  gape,  and  so  on. — Bishop  Hai 
nett.  Declaration  of  Popish  Jmposturei 
279,  280. 

Maitland  (Thomas),  the  pseudonyi 
of  Kobert  Buchanan  in  The  Contemporat 
Review,  when  he  attacked  the  "Fleshli 
school." 

Malaehi,  the  canting,  preachii 
assistant  of  Thomas  Turnbull  a  smuj 
gler  and  schoolmaster. — Sir  W.  Scot 
Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Malacoda,  the  fiend  sent  as  an  envo] 
to  Virgil,  when  he  conducted  Dant 
through  hell.— Dante,  i^(?//,  xxi.  (1300). 

Malade  Imaginaire  (Xe),  Mom 
Argan,   who   took   seven    mixtures  am 
twelve  lavements  in  one  month  inste 
of   twelve  mixtures  with  twenty  lav( 
ments,  as  he  had  hitherto  done, 
wonder,"  he  says,  "he  is  not  so  well. 
He  fancies  his  wife  loves  him  dearly, 
and  that  his  daughter  is  undutiful,  be- 
cause   she    declines   to  marry  a  young 
medical  prig  instead  of  Cleante  (2  s<//.) 
whom  she  loves.     His  brother  persuades 
"the  malade"  to  counterfeit  death,   in 
order  to  test  the  Bincerity  of  his  wife  and 
daughter.     The  wife  rejoices  greatly  at 
his  death,  and  proceeds  to  filch  his  pro- 
pertj',  when  Argan  starts  up  and  j)uts  an 
end  to  her  pillage.      Next    comes    the 
daughter's  turn.     When  she  hears  of  her 
father's  death,  she  bewails  him  with  great 
grief,  says  she  has  lost  her  best  friend, 
and  that  she  will  devote  her  whole  life 
in   prayer  for  the  repose  of    his    soul. 
Argan  is  delighted,  starts  up  in  a  frenzy 
of   joy,   declares  she  is  a  darling,  and 
shall  marry  the  man  of  her  choice  f  reely^ 


fe 
d. 

m 


MALAGIGI. 


697 


MALBROUGH. 


und  receive  a  father's  blessing. — Molifere, 
Le  Malade  Imaginaire  (1673). 

Malagi'gi,  son  of  Buovo,  brother  of 
Aldiger  and  Vivian  (of  Clarmont's  race) , 
one  of  Charlemagne's  paladins,  and  cousin 
of  Rinaldo.  Being  brought  up  by  the 
fairy  Orianda,  he  became  a  great  en- 
chanter.— Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

MaJagri'da  {Gabriel),  an  Italian 
Jesuit  and  missionary  to  Brazil,  who 
was  accused  of  conspiring  against  the 
king  of  Portugal  (1689-1761). 

Lord  Shelburne  was  nicknamed  "Mala- 
grida."  He  was  a  zealous  oppositionist 
during  lord  North's  administration  (1737- 
1805). 

"  Do  you  know,"  said  Goldsmith  to  his  lordship,  "that 
I  never  could  conceive  why  they  call  you  '  Mala^'rida. '  for 
Malagridawas  a  very  good  sort  of  a  man."  .  .  He  niiaut 
to  fcay,  as  Malagriila  Wiis  a  "  good  sort  of  a  man,"  he  c  uVi 
not  conceive  how  it  became  a  word  of  reproach. — W. 
Irving. 

Malagrowrtlier  {Sir  Mungo),  a 
crabbed  old  courtier,  soured  by  misfor- 
tune, and  peevish  from  infirmities.  He 
tries  to  make  every  one  as  sour  and  dis- 
contented as  himself. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Malagrowther  {Malachi),  sir  Walter 
Scott,  "On  the  proposed  change  of 
currency,  etc.  "  (1826). 

Lockhart  says  that  these  *'  diatribes  pro- 
duced in  Scotland  a  sensation  not  inferior 
to  that  of  the  Drapier's  letters  in  Ire- 
land." They  came  out  in  the  Edinburgh 
Weekly  Journal. 

I  Malambru'no,  a  giant,  first  cousin 

to  queen  Maguncia  of  Candaya.     *'  Ex- 
I        elusive  of  his  natural  barbarity,  Malam- 
i       bruno  was  also  a  Avizard,"  who  enchanted 
1       don  Clavijo  and    the  princess  Antono- 
\       masia — the  former  into   a  crocodile   of 
some  unknown  metal,  and  the  latter  into 
a  monkey  of  brass.     The  giant  sent  don 
Quixote  the  wooden  horse,  and  was  ap- 
peased "  by  the  simple  attempt  of  the 
j      knight  to  disenchant  the  victims  of  his 
,      displeasure." — Cervantes,  Don     Quixote^ 
I      II.  iii.  4,  5  (1615). 

Malaprop  {Mrs.),  aunt  and  guardian 
to  Lydia  Languish  the  heiress.  Mrs. 
Malaprop  sets  her  cap  at  sir  Lucius 
O'Trigger,  "a  tall  Irish  baronet,"  and 
corresponds  with  him  under  the  name  of 
I  Delia.  Sir  Lucius  fancies  it  is  the  niece, 
1  and,  when  he  discovers  his  mistake,  de- 
1  clines  the  honour  of  marriage  with  the 
'  aunt.  Mrs.  Malaprop  is  a  synonym  for 
those  who  misapply  words  without  mis- 
proncuncing  them.     Thus  Mrs.  Malaprop 


talks  of  a  Derbyshire  putrefaction,  at 
allegory  of  the  Nile,  a  barbarous  Vandyke, 
she  requests  that  no  delusions  to  the  past 
be  made,  talks  of  flying  with  the  utmost 
felicity,  and  would  say  precipitate  one 
down  the  prejudice  instead  of  "  precipice." 
—Sheridan,  The  Eivals  (1775). 

Mrs.  Malaprop's  mistaltes  in  what  she  calls  "ortho- 
doxy," have  oft«n  been  objected  to  as  improbable  from  a 
woman  of  her  rank  of  life,  but  .  .  tlie  luckiness  of  lier 
simile,  "as  headstrong  as  an  allegory  on  the  banks  of  the 
Nile,"  will  be  acknowledged  as  [intmitaft/cj.— T.  Moore. 

Malbecco,  "a  cankered,  crabbed 
carl,"  very  wealthy  and  very  miserly, 
husband  of  a  young  wife  named  Hel'i- 
nore  (3  syl.),  of  whom  he  is  very  jealous, 
and  not  without  cause.  Helinore,  falling 
in  love  with  sir  Paridel  her  guest,  sets 
fire  to  the  closet  where  her  husband  keeps 
his  treasures,  and  elopes  with  Paridel, 
while  Malbecco  stops  to  put  out  the 
flames.  This  done,  Malbecco  starts  in 
pursuit,  and  finds  that  Paridel  has  tired 
of  the  dame,  who  has  become  the  satyrs' 
dairy-maid.  He  soon  finds  her  out,  but 
she  declines  to  return  with  him  ;  and  he, 
in  desperation,  throws  himself  from  a 
rock,  but  receives  no  injury.  Malbecco 
then  creeps  into  a  cave,  feeds  on  toads 
and  frogs,  and  lives  in  terror  lest  the 
rock  should  crush  him  or  the  sea  over- 
whelm him.  "  Dying,  he  lives  on,  and 
can  never  die,"  for  he  is  no  longer  Mal- 
becco, "but  Jealousy  is  hight." — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  9,  10  (1590). 

Malbrough',  corrupted  in  English 
into  Marlbrook,  the  hero  of  a  popular 
French  song.  Generally  thought  to  refer 
to  John  Churchill  duke  of  Marlborough, 
so  famous  for  his  victories  over  the  French 
in  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.  ;  but  no  inci- 
dent of  the  one  corresponds  with  the  life 
of  the  other.  The  Malbrough  of  the 
song  was  evidently  a  crusader  or  ancient 
baron,  who  died  in  battle  ;  and  his  lady, 
climbing  the  castle  tower  and  looking 
out  for  her  lord,  reminds  one  of  the 
mother  of  Sisera,  who  *'  looked  out  at  a 
window,  and  cried  through  the  lattice. 
Why  is  his  chariot  so  long  in  coming? 
Why  tarry  the  wheels  of  his  chariots? 
.  .  .  Have  they  not  sped  ?  Have  they  not 
divided  the  spoil?"  {Judg€s\.2%-m).  The 
following  are  the  words  of  the  song : — 

"  Malbrough  is  gone  to  the  wars.  Ah  !  when  will  he 
return?"  "He  will  come  liack  l)y  Easter,  lady,  or  at 
latest  by  Trinity."  "No,  no!  Easter  is  past,  and 
Trinity  is  past ;  but  Malbrough  has  not  returned."  Then 
did  she  climb  the  castle  tower,  to  look  out  for  his  coming. 
She  saw  his  page,  but  he  was  clad  in  black.     "My  page. 


you— what  tidings  of  my  lord?"  "The  news  1  bring."  saii 
the  page,  "is  very  sad,  and  will  make  you  weep, 
aside  your  gay  attire,  lady,  your  ornaments  of  gold 


MALBROUK. 


698 


MALFORT. 


aOver,  for  my  lord  Is  dead.  He  is  dead,  lady,  and  laid  in 
earth.  I  saw  him  borne  to  his  l.ist  liome  by  four  officers  : 
one  carried  his  cuirass,  one  his  shield,  one  his  sword,  and 
tlie  fourth  wallted  beside  the  bier  but  bore  nothing. 
They  laid  him  in  earth.  I  saw  his  spirit  rise  through  the 
laurels.  They  planted  his  gnive  with  rosemary.  Tl)e 
nightingale  sang  his  dirge.  The  mourners  fell  to  the 
earth  ;  and  when  they  rose  u|>  again,  they  chanted  his 
victories.    Then  retired  they  all  to  rest" 

This  song  used  to  be  sung  as  a  lullaby 
to  the  infant  son  of  Louis  XVI.  ;  and 
Napoleon  I.  never  mounted  his  charger 
for  battle  without  humming  the  air  of 
Malbrough  s'en  va-t-en  giicrre.  Mon.  de 
Las  Casas  says  he  heard  him  hum  the 
same  air  a  little  before  his  death. 

Malbrouk,  of  Basque  legend,  is  a 
child  brought  up  by  his  godfather  of  the 
same  name.  At  the  age  of  seven  he  is 
a  tall,  full-grown  man,  and,  like  Proteus, 
can  assume  any  form  by  simply  naming 
the  form  he  wishes  to  assume.  Thus,  by 
saying  "Jesus,  ant,"  he  becomes  an  ant ; 
and  "Jesus,  pigeon,"  he  becomes  a 
pigeon.  After  performing  most  wonder- 
ful prodigies,  and  releasing  the  king's 
three  daughters  who  had  been  stolen 
by  his  godfather,  he  marries  the  youngest 
of  the  princesses,  and  succeeds  the  king 
on  his  throne. 

*:^*  The  name  Malbrouk  occurs  in  the 
Chanson  de  Gestes,  and  in  the  Basque 
I'astorales.     (See  above,  Malbrougii.) 

Malcolm,  sumamed  "Can  More" 
("great  head"),  eldest  son  of  Duncan  "the 
Meek "  king  of  Scotland.  He,  with  his 
father  and  younger  brother,  was  a  guest 
of  Macbeth  at  Inverness  Castle,  when 
Duncan  was  murdered.  The  two  young 
princes  fled  — Malcolm  to  the  English 
court,  and  his  brother  Donalbain  to  Ire- 
land. When  Macduff  slew  Macbeth  in 
the  battle  of  Dunsln'ane,  the  son  of  Dun- 
can was  set  on  the  throne  of  Scotland, 
imder  the  name  and  title  of  Malcolm  III. 
— Shakespeare,  Macbeth  (1606). 

Malebolge  (4  syL),  the  eighth  circle 
of  Dante's  inferno.  It  was  divided  into 
ten  bolgi  or  pits. 

There  Is  a  place  within  the  depths  of  hell, 
Called  Mal6bolg6. 

Dante,  Hell,  xviii.  (1300). 

Mal'ecasta,  the  mistress  of  Castle 
Joyous,  and  the  impersonation  of  lust. 
Bntomart  (the  heroine  of  chastity)  en- 
tered her  bower,  after  overthrowing  four 
of  the  SIX  knights  who  guarded  it :  and 
Malecasta  sought  to  win  the  stranger  to 
wantonness,  not  knowing  her  sex.  Of 
course,  Britomart  resisted  all  her  wiles 
and  left  the  castle  next  morninff.-I 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  1  (1590). 


Maledisaunt,  a  damsel  who  threw 
discredit  on  her  knightly  lover  to  pre- 
vent his  encountering  the  danger  of  the 
battle-field.  Sir  Launcelot  condoned  her 
ofl'ence,  and  gave  her  the  name  of  Bien- 
pensaunt. 

The  Cape  of  Good  Hope  was  called  the 
"Cape  of  Storms"  {Cabo  Turme7itoso) 
by  Bartholomew  Diaz,  M^hen  discovered 
in  1493 ;  but  the  king  of  Portugal  (John 
II.)  changed  the  name  to  "  Good  Hope." 

So  the  Euxine  (that  is,  "the  hospit- 
able") Sea  was  originally  called  "The 
Axine"  (or  "  the  inhospitable  ")  Sea. 

MalefEbrt,  seneschal  of  lady  Bria'na ; 
a  man  of  "  mickle  might,"  slain  by  sir 
Calidore. — Spenser,  Fa£ry  Qiceen,  vi.  1 
(1596). 

Male'ger  (3  syl),  captain  of  the  host 
which  besieged  Body  Castle,  of  Avhicli 
Alma  was  queen.  Prince  Arthur  found 
that  his  sword  was  powerless  to  wound 
him,  so  he  took  him  up  in  his  arms  and 
tried  to  crush  him,  but  without  effect. 
At  length  the  prince  remembered  that 
the  earth  was  the  carl's  mother,  and  sup- 
plied him  with  new  strength  and  vigour 
as  often  as  he  went  to  her  for  it ;  so  he 
carried  the  body,  and  flung  it  into  a  lake. 
(See  Ant^^os.) — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
ii.  11  (1590). 

Malen'gin,  Guile  personified.  Wh 
attacked  by  Talus,  he  changed  hims 
into  a  fox,  a  bush,  a  bird,  a  hedgehoj 
and  a  snake;  but  Talus,  with  his  in 
flail,  beat  him  to  powder,  and  so  "dec 
did  the  deceiver  fail."  On  his  bi 
Malengin  carried  a  net  "  to  catch  fools 
with. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  9  (1596^ 

Malepardus,  the  castle  of  Mas 
Reynard  the  fox,   in  the  beast-epic  of 
Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Males  and  Females.  The  pro- 
portion in  England  is  104'5  males  to  100 
females ;  in  Russia  it  is  108*9 ;  and  the 
Jews  in  Livonia  give  the  ratio  of  120 
males  bom  to  everj'  100  females.  The 
mortality  of  males  in  infancj'  exceeds  that 
of  females,  and  war  greatly  disturbs  the 
balance. 

Mal-Fet  {The  chevalier),  the  name 
assumed  by  sir  Launcelot  in  Joj^ous  Isle, 
during  his  fit  of  madness,  which  lasted 
two  years. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Prince  Arthur ^  iii.  (1470). 

Malfort  {Mr,),  a  young  man  who  has 
ruined  himself  by  speculation. 

Mrs.  Malfort,  the  wife  of  the  specula- 


MALFY. 


699 


MALVOLIO. 


tor,  "houseless,  friendless,  defenceless, 
and  forlorn."  The  wants  of  Malfort  are 
temporarily  relieved  by  the  bounty  of 
Frank  Heartall  and  the  kindness  of  Mrs. 
Cheerly  "the  soldier's  daughter."  The 
return  of  Malfort,  senior,  from  India, 
restores  his  son  to  case  and  affluence. — 
Cherry,  The  Soldier's  Daughter  (1804). 

Malfy  {Duchess  of),  twin-sister  of 
Ferdinand  duke  of  Calabria.  She  fell 
in  love  with  Antonio,  her  steward,  and 
gave  thereby  mortal  offence  to  her  twin- 
brother  Ferdinand,  and  to  her  brother 
the  cardinal,  who  employed  Bosola  to 
strangle  her. — John  Webster,  Duchess  of 
Malfy  (1618). 

Malgo,  a  mj'thical  king  of  Britain, 
noted  for  nis  beauty  and  his  vices,  his 
munificence  and  his  strength.  Malgo 
added  Ireland,  Iceland,  Gothland,  the 
Orkneys,  Norway,  and  Dacia  to  his 
dominions. — Geoffrey,  British  History, 
xi.  7  (1142). 

Next  JIalgo  .  .  .  first  Orkney  overran, 
Proud  Denmark  then  subdued,  and  spacious  Norway  wan. 
Seized  Iceland  for  his  own,  and  Gothland  to  each  shore. 
Drayton,  PolyoMon,  xix.  (1622). 

Malherbe  (2  syl.).  If  any  one  asked 
Malherbe  his  opinion  about  any  French 
words,  he  always  sent  him  to  the  street 
porters  at  the  Port  au  Foin,  saying  that 
they  were  his  "masters  in  language." — 
Racan,  Vie  de  Malherbe  (1630). 

It  is  said  that  Shakespeare  read  his 
plays  to  an  oyster-woman  when  he  wished 
to  know  if  they  would  suit  the  popular 
taste. 

Mal'inal,  brother    of   Yuhid'thiton. 

[i      When  the  Az'tecas  declared  war  against 

\      Madoc   and  his  colony,  Malinal  cast  in 

his  lot  with  the  White  strangers.     He 

was  a  noble  youth,  who   received   two 

arrow-wounds  in  his  leg  while  defending 

i     the  white  women  ;  and  being  unable  to 

stand,   fought  in    their  defence   on    his 

knees.      When    Malinal    was    disabled, 

Amal'ahta  caught  up  the  princess,  and 

ran  off  with  her ;  but  Mervyn  the  ' '  young 

',     page  "  (in  fact,  a  girl)  struck  him  on  the 

hamstrings  with  a  bill-hook,  and  Malinal, 

crawling  to  the  spot,  thrust  his  sword  in 

j    the   villain's    groin    and    killed    him. — 

Southey,  Madoc,  ii.  16  (1805). 

Mal'iom.  Mahomet  is  so  called  in 
some  of  the  old  romances. 

"  Send  five,  send  six  against  me  1  By  Mallom  I  I  swear 
I U  Uke  them  all."—  t'ierabrat. 

Malkin.     The  Maid  Marian  of  the 


morris-dance  is  so  called  oj  Bcaamont 
and  Fletcher : 

Tut  on  the  shape  of  order  and  liunianity. 
Or  you  must  marry  Malkin  the  May- Lady. 

Momieur  Thonuu  {1619).      ' 

Mall  Cutpurse,  Mary  Frith,  a 
thief  and  receiver  of  stolen  goods.  John 
Day,  in  1610,  wrote  "a  booke  called  The 
Madde  Francks  of  Merry  Mall  of  the 
JSankside,  with  her  Walks  in  Man's 
Apparel,  and  to  what  Purpose"  It  is 
said  that  she  was  an  androgyne  (1684- 
1659). 

Last  Sunday,  Mall  Cutpurse,  a  notorious  baggage,  that 
used  to  go  about  in  man's  apparel,  and  challenged  the  field 
of  diverse  gallants,  w.os  brought  to  [St.  PaiU't  Cro«sJ, 
where  she  wept  bitterly,  and  seemed  very  penitent ;  but 
it  is  since  doubted  she  was  maudlin  drunk,  being  dis- 
covered to  have  tippeled  of  three  quarts  of  sjick  before 
she  came  to  her  penance.— John  Chamberlain  (1611). 

Mal-Orchol,  king  of  Fuar'fed  (an 
island  of  Scandinavia).  Being  asked  by 
Ton-Thormod  to  give  him  his  daughter  in 
marriage,  he  refused,  and  the  rejected 
suitor  made  war  on  him.  Fingal  sent  his 
son  Ossian  to  assist  Mal-Orchol,  and  on 
the  very  day  of  his  arrival  he  took  Ton- 
Thormod  prisoner.  Mal-Orchol,  in  grati- 
tude, now  offered  Ossian  his  daughter  in 
marriage  ;  but  Ossian  pleaded  for  Ton- 
Thormod,  and  the  marriage  of  the  lady 
with  her  original  suitor  was  duly  solem- 
nized. (The  daughter's  name  was  Oina- 
Morul.) — Ossian,  Oina-Morul. 

]ytalt"Worin,  a  tippler.  Similarly, 
bookworm  means  a  student. 

Vadihill.  I  am  joined  with  no  foot-land-rak«rs  \/oot- 
padi],  no  long-staff'  sixpenny  strikers  [common  pri'jgers, 
who  strike  small  coins  from  the  hands  of  children] ;  none 
of  these  .  .  .  purple-hueil  maltworms ;  but  with  nobility. 
—Shakespeare,  1  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  1  (1597). 

Mal'venu,  Lucif'Sra's  porter. — Spen- 
ser, Fdery  Queen,  i.  4  (1590). 

Malvi'na,  daughter  of  Toscar.  She 
was  betrothed  to  Oscar  son  of  Ossian  ; 
but  he  was  slain  in  Ulster  by  Cairbar 
before  the  day  of  marriage  arrived. — 
Temora,  i. 

was  a  lovely  tree  in  thy  presence,  Oscar,  with  all  ray 
branches  round  me ;  but  tliy  death  came  like  a  blast  from 
tlie  desert,  and  laid  my  green  head  low.  The  spring 
returned  with  its  showers ;  no  leaf  of  mine  arose.  .  .  . 
The  tear  was  in  the  cheek  of  Malvina.— Ossian,  Crorna. 

Malvoisin  (Sir  Albert  de),  a  pre- 
ceptor of  the  Knights  Templars. 

Sir  Fhilip  de  Malvoisin,  one  of  the 
knights  challengers  at  the  tournament. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Malvo'lio,  Olivia's  steward.  When 
he  reproves  sir  Toby  Belch  for  riotous 
living,  the  knight  says  to  him,  "Dost 
thou  think,  because  thou  art  virtuous, 
there  shall  b*  no  more  cakes  and  ale?" 


MAMAMOUCHI. 


600 


MAMMOUN. 


Sir  Toby  and  sir  Andrew  Ague-cheek 
join  Maria  in  a  trick  against  the  steward. 
Maria  forges  a  letter  in  the  handwriting 
of  Olivia,  leading  Malvolio  to  suppose 
that  his  mistress  is  in  love  with  him, 
telling  him  to  dress  in  yellow  stockings, 
and  to  smile  on  the  lady.  Malvolio  falls 
into  the  trap  ;  and  when  Olivia  shows 
astonishment  at  his  absurd  conduct,  he 
keeps  quoting  parts  of  the  letter  he  has 
received,  and  is  shut  up  in  a  dark  room 
as  a  lunatic— Shakespeare,  Twelfth  Night 
(1614). 

Clearing  his  voice  with  a  preliminary  "  Hem  ! "  he 
addressed  his  kinsman,  checking,  as  Malvolio  proposed 
to  do  wiien  seated  in  his  state,  his  familiar  smile  with  an 
austere  regard  of  control. — Sir  W.  Scott. 

Bensley's  "Malvolio"  was  simply  perfection.  His  legs 
in  yellow  stockings  most  villainously  cross-gartered,  witli 
a  horrible  laugh  of  ugly  conceit  to  top  the  whole,  ren- 
dered him  Shakespeiu-e's  "Malvolio  "at  all  points  [1738- 
ISirj. — Coaden,  L{fe  of  Jordan. 

Mamamouchi,  an  imaginary  order 
of  knighthood.  M.  Jourdain,  the  par- 
venu, is  persuaded  that  the  grand  seignior 
of  the  order  has  made  him  a  member, 
and  he  submits  to  the  ceremony  of  a 
mock  installation. — Molifere,  Le  Bourgeois 
Gentilhomrne  (1670). 

All  the  women  most  devoutly  swear, 
Each  would  be  ratlier  a  poor  actress  here 
Thau  to  be  made  a  Mamamouchi  there. 

Dryden. 

Mambrino's  Helmet,  a  helmet  of 
pure  gold,  which  rendered  the  wearer 
invisible.  It  was  taken  possession  of  by 
Kinaldo,  and  stolen  by  Scaripante. 

Cervantes  tells  us  of  a  barber  who  was 
caught  in  a  shower  of  rain,  and  who,  to 
protect  his  hat,  clapped  his  brazen  basin 
on  his  head.  Don  Quixote  insisted  that 
this  basin  was  the  helmet  of  the  Moorish 
king  ;  and,  taking  possession  of  it,  wore 
it  as  such. 

*#*  When  the  knight  set  the  galley- 
slaves  free,  the  rascals  "  snatched  the 
basin  from  his  head,  and  broke  it  to  pieces''^ 
(pt.  I.  iii.  8) ;  but  we  find  it  sound  and 
complete  in  the  next  book  (ch.  15),  when 
the  gentlemen  at  the  inn  sit  in  judgment 
on  it,  to  decide  whether  it  is  really  a 
"helmet  or  a  basin."  The  judges,  of 
course,  humour  the  don,  and  declare  the 
basin  to  be  an  imdoubted  helmet. — 
Cervantes,  Don  Quixote  (1605). 

•*  I  will  lead  the  life  I  have  mentioneil,  till,  bv  the  force 
and  terror  of  my  arm,  I  take  a  helrnet  from  the  head  of 
•ome  other  knight."  .  ,  .  Tlie  same  thing  haj.pened  about 
Manibrino  s  helmet,  which  cost  Scaripante  so  dear.— Cer- 
l-antes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  ii.  2  (1605). 

Mamillius,  a  voung  prince  of  Sicilia. 
—Shakespeare,  \Vi)ite>''s  Tale  (1604). 

Mammon,  the  personification  of 
earthly  ambition,  be  it  wealth,  honours, 


sensualit}',  or  what  not.  "  Ye  cannot* 
serve  God  and  mammon"  (Matt.  vi.  24). 
Milton  makes  Mammon  one  of  the  re- 
bellious angels  : 

Mammon,  the  le.ist-erected  spirit  that  fell 

From  heaven  ;  for  e'en  in  heaven  his  looks  and  thoughts 

Were  always  downward  bent,  admiring  more 

The  riches  of  heaven's  pavement,  trodden  gold. 

Than  aught,  divine  or  holy,  else  enjoyed. 

ParadUe  Lost,  i.  679,  etc.  (1665). 

Mammon  tells  sir  Guyon  if  he  will  serve 
him,  he  shall  be  the  richest  man  in  the 
world  ;  but  the  knight  replies  that  money 
has  no  charm  in  his  sight.  The  god  then 
takes  him  into  his  smithj'^,  and  tells  him 
to  give  any  order  he  likes ;  but  sir  Guyon 
declines  the  invitation.  Mammon  next 
offers  to  give  the  knight  Philotine  to 
wife  ;  but  sir  Guyon  still  declines. 
Lastly,  the  knight  is  led  to  Proserpine's^ 
bower,  and  told  to  pluck  some  of  th« 
golden  fruit,  and  to  rest  him  awhile  oi 
the  silver  stool ;  but  sir  Guyon  resists  th« 
temptation.  After  three  days'  sojourul 
in  the  infernal  regions,  the  knight  is  le^ 
back  to  earth,  and  swoons. — Spenserg 
FaHry  Queen,  ii.  7  (1590). 

Mammon  (Sir  Epicure),  the  rich  duj 
who  supplies  Subtle  "the  alchemist' 
with  money  to  carry  on  his  artifices 
under  pretence  of  transmuting  base  metala 
into  gold.  Sir  Epicure  believes  in  th^ 
possibility,  and  glories  in  the  mightj 
things  he  will  do  when  the  secret 
discovered. — Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchemii 
(1610). 

[Sir]  Epicure  Mammon  has  the  whole  "matter  an 
copy  of  the  father — eye,  nose,  lip,  the  trick  of  his  frowr 
It  is  just  such  a  swaggerer  as  contemporaries  have  describ 
Ben  to  be.  ...  He  is  arrogance  prsonified.  .  .  .  Wh 
a  "  towering  bravery "  there  is  in  his  sensuality  1 
affects  no  pleasure  under  a  sultan.— C.  Lamb. 

Mam.inoth  (The)  or  big  buffalo  il 
an  emblem  of  terror  and  destructiof 
among  the  American  Indians.  Hence 
when  Brandt,  at  the  head  of  a  party 
Mohawks  and  other  savages,  was  laying 
waste  Pennsylvania,  and  approached 
Wyo'ming,  Outalissi  exclaims  : 

The  mammoth  comes— the  foe— the  monster  Brandt, 
'  ■      With  all  his  howling,  desolating  band  .  .  . 
Bed  is  the  cup  they  drink,  but  not  of  wine  I 

Campbell,  Oertrude  of  Wyoming,  iii.  16  (1809). 

Mam.moth.  Cave  {The),  in  Edmond- 
son  County,  Kentucky.  It  is  the  largest 
in  the  world. 

Mammoth  Grove  {The),  in  Cali- 
fornia. Some  of  the  trees  grow  to  the 
height  of  from  200  to  300  feet,  and  have 
a  girth  of  from  100  to  200  feet. 

Mammoun,  eldest  of  the  four  sons 
of  Corcud.  One  day,  he  showed  kind- 
ness to  a  mutilated  serpent,  which  proved 


MAN. 


601 


MAN  OF  BRASS. 


to  be  the  fairy  Gialout,  who  gave  him  for 
his  humanity  the  power  of  joining  and 
mending  whatever  waa  broken.  He 
mended  a  pie's  egg  which  was  smashed 
into  twenty  pieces,  and  so  perfectly  that 
the  egg  was  hatched.  He  also  mended 
in  a  moment  a  ship  which  had  been 
wrecked  and  broken  in  a  violent  storm. — 
T.  S.  Gueulette,  Ckinese  Tales  ("Corcud 
and  His  Four  Sons,"  1723). 

Man.  His  descent  according  to  the 
Darwinian  theory :  (1)  The  larvae  of 
ascidians,  a  marine  mollusc ;  (2)  fish 
lowly  organized,  as  the  lancelet ;  (3) 
ganoids,  lepidosiren,  and  other  fish ;  (4) 
amphibians  ;  (5)  birds  and  reptiles ;  (6) 
from  reptiles  we  get  the  monotremata, 
which  connects  reptiles  with  the  mam- 
malia ;  (7)  the  marsupials  ;  (8)  placental 
mammals  ;  ('J)  lemuridae  ;  (10)  simifidaj ; 
(11)  the  New  World  monkeys  called 
platyrhines,  and  the  Old  World  monkeys 
called  catarrhines ;  (12)  between  the  catarr- 
hines  and  the  race  of  man  the  "missing 
link "  is  placed  by  some ;  but  others 
think  between  the  highest  organized  ape 
and  the  lowest  organized  man  the  grada- 
tion is  simple  and  easy. 

Man  {Isle  of),  a  corruption  of  main-au 
("  little  island")  ;  Latinized  into  Menav- 
ia.  Caesar  calls  it  "Mon-a,"  the  Scotch 
pronunciation  of  mai7i-au ;  and  hence 
comes  "  Monabia"  for  Menavia. 
j;  Man    {Races  of).     According    to    the 

!       Bible,    the  whole    human    race    sprang 
i       from     one    individual,    Adam.       Virey 
affirms  there  were   two    original    pairs. 
Jacquinot  and   Latham   divide  the   race 
;      into  three  primordial  stocks  ;  Kant  into 
I'      four  ;  Blnmenbach  into  five  ;  Buffon  into 
i      six;    Hunter  into   seven;    Agassiz   into 
i     eight ;  Pickering  into  eleven  ;   Bory  St. 
]     Vincent  into  fourteen  ;    Desmoulins  into 
sixteen  ;  Morton  into  twenty-two  ;  Craw- 
furd  into  sixty  ;   and  Burke  into  sixty- 
three. 

1       Man  in  Black  {The),  said  to  be 

I,    meant  for  Goldsmith's  father.     A  true 

j     oddity,  with  the  tongue  of  a  Timon  and 

I    the  heart  of  an  uncle  Toby.    He  declaims 

I    against   beggars,  but  relieves  every  one 

he  meets  ;   he  ridicules  generosity,    but 

would    share    his    last    cloak    with   the 

needy.— Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World 

,    (1759).  ■ 

'       ♦**  Washington  Inring  has  a  tale  called 

The  Man  m  Black. 

Man  in  the  Moon  {The).    Some 
•ay  it  is  the  man  who  picked  up  a  bundle 
26 


of  sticks  on  the  sabbath  day  {Numb.  xv. 
32-36).  Dante  says  it  is  Cain,  and  that 
the  "bush  of  thorns"  is  an  emblem  of 
the  curse  pronounced  on  the  earth : 
"  Thorns  also  and  thistles  shall  it  bring 
forth  to  thee"  {Gen.  iii.  18).  Some  say 
it  is  Endymion,  taken  there  by  Diana. 

The  curse  pronounced  on  the  "man" 
was  this :  "As  you  regarded  not  '  Sun- 
day '  on  earth,  you  shall  keep  a  perpetual 
'  Moon-day  '  in  heaven."  This,  of  course, 
is  a  Teutonic  tradition. 

The  btish  of  thorns,  in  the  Schaumburg- 
lippe  version,  is  to  indicate  that  the  man 
strewed  thorns  in  the  church  path,  to 
hinder  people  from  attending  mass  oa 
Sundays. 

Now  doth  Cain  with  fork  of  thorns  confine 
On  either  heniispliere,  touching  the  wave 
Beneath  the  towers  of  Seville.     Yesternight 
The  moon  was  round. 

Dantd,  Inferno,  xx.  (1300). 
Her  gite  way  gray  and  full  of  spottis  black. 
And  on  her  brest  a  chorle  painted  ful  even, 
Bering  a  hush  of  thornis  on  his  back. 
Which  for  his  theft  might  clime  so  ner  the  heven. 
Chaucer. 

A  North  Frisian  version  gives  cabbages 
instead  of  a  faggot  of  wood. 

*^*  There  are  other  traditions,  among 
which  may  be  mentioned  "  Ihe  Story  of 
the  Hare  and  the  Eleph.ant."  In  this 
story  "the  man  in  the  moon"  is  a  hare. 
— Pantschatantra  (a  collection  of  San- 
skrit fables). 

Man  in  the  Moon,  a  man  who  visits  the 
"  inland  parts  of  Africa." — W.  Thomson, 
3[ammuth  or  Human  Nature  Displayed  on 
a  Grand  Scale  (1789). 

3fan  in  the  Moon,  the  man  who,  by  the 
aid  of  a  magical  glass,  shows  Charles 
Fox  (the  man  of  the  people)  various 
eminent  contemporaries. — W.  Thomson, 
The  Man  in  the  Moon  or  Travels  into  the 
Lunar  Regions  (1783). 

Man  of  Blood.  Charles  I.  was  so 
called  by  the  puritans,  because  he  made 
war  on  his  parliament.  The  allusion  is 
to  2  Sam.  xvi.  7. 

Man  of  Brass,  Talos,  the  work  of 
Hephrestos  (  Vulcan).  He  traversed  the 
Isle  of  Crete  thrice  a  year.  Apollo'niiis 
{Argonautica,  iv.)  says  he  threw  rocks  at 
the  Argonauts,  to  prevent  their  landing. 
It  is  also  said  that  when  a  stranger  was 
discovered  on  the  island,  Talos  made  him- 
self red  hot,  and  embraced  the  intruder  to 
death. 

That  portentous  Man  of  Brass 
Hephaestus  made  in  days  of  yore. 
Who  stalked  about  the  Cretan  shore, 
And  saw  the  ships  appear  and  pass. 
And  threw  stones  at  the  Argonauts. 

Longfellow,  'I'h<s  Wayside  Inn  (1863). 


MAN  OF  DECEMBER. 


602 


MANCHESTER  POET. 


Man  of  December,  Napoleon  III. 
So  called  because  he  was  made  president 
December  11,  1848;  made  the  coup 
d'etat,  December  2,  1851 ;  and  was  made 
emperor,  December  2,  1852. 

(Born  in  the  Rue  Lafitte,  Paris  (not  in 
the  Tuilcries),  April  20,  1808;  reigned 
1852-1870;  died  at  Chiselhurst,  Kent, 
January  9,  1873.) 

Man  of  Destiny,  Napoleon  L,  who 
always  looked  on  himself  as  an  instru- 
ment in  the  hands  of  destiny,  and  that 
all  his  acts  were  predestined. 

The  Man  of  Destiny  .  .  .  had  power  for  a  time  "to 
bind  Icings  witli  chains,  and  nobles  with  fetters  of  iron." 
-Sir  W.  Scott 

Man  of  Feeling  (The),  Harley,  a 
sensitive,  bashful,  kind-hearted,  senti- 
mental sort  of  a  hero. — H.  Mackenzie, 
The  Man  of  Feeling  (1771). 

*^t*  Sometimes  Henry  Mackenzie  is 
himself  called  "  The  Man  of  Feeling." 

Man  of  Ross,  John  Kyrle,  of  Ross, 
in  Herefordshire,  distinguished  for  his 
benevolence  and  public  spirit.  "  Richer 
than  miser,  nobler  than  king  or  king- 
polluted  lord." — Pope,  Epistle,  iii.  ("  On 
the  Use  of  Riches,"  1709). 

Man  of  Salt  (A),  a  man  like  iEne'as, 
always  melting  into  tears  called  "drops 
of  salt." 

This  would  make  a  man,  a  man  of  salt. 
To  use  his  eyes  for  garden  water-pots. 
Shakespeare,  King  Lear,  act  iv.  sc.  6  (1605). 

Man  of  Sedan,  Napoleon  III.  So 
called  because  he  surrendered  his  sword 
to  William  king  of  Prussia  after  the 
battle  of  Sedan  in  September,  1870. 

(Born  in  the  Rue  Lafitte,  1808  ;  reigned 
1852-1870  ;  died  at  Chiselhurst,  1873.) 

Man  of  Sin  (The),  mentioned  in 
2  Thess.  ii.  3. 

Whitby  says  the  "Man  of  sin"  means 
the  Jews  as  a  people. 

Grotius  says  it  means  Caius  Caesar  or 
else  Caligula. 

Wetstcin  says  it  is  Titus. 

Olshausen  thinks  it  is  typical  of  some 
one  yet  to  come. 

Roman  Catholics  say  it  means  Anti- 
christ. 

Protestants  think  it  refers  to  the  pope. 

The  Fifth-Monarchy  men  applied  it  to 
Cromwell. 

Man  of  the  Hill,  a  tedious  "her- 
mit of  the  vale,"  introduced  by  Fielding 
into  his  novel  of  Tom  Jones  (1749). 

Man  of  the  Mountain  (Old). 
(See  KoppENBERG,  p.  626.) 


Man  of  the  People,  Charles  James 
Fox  (1749-1806). 

Man  of  the  Sea  (The  Old),  the  man 
who  got  upon  the  shoulders  of  Sindbad 
the  sailor,  and  would  not  get  off  again, 
but  clung  there  with  obstinate  pertinacity 
till  Sindbad  made  him  drunk,  when  he 
was  easily  shaken  off.  Sindbad  then 
crushed  him  to  death  with  a  large  stone. 

"You  bad  fallen,"  said  they,  "into  the  hands  of  th« 
Old  Man  of  the  Sea,  and  you  are  the  first  whom  lie  lias  not 
strangled."— ^raWflwt  NighU  ("  Sindbad,"  fifth  voyage). 

Man  of  the  "World  (The),  sir  Per, 
tinax  McSycophant,  who  acquires  a  for- 
tune by  "booing"  and  fawning  on  the 
great  and  rich.  He  wants  his  son  Eger- 
ton  to  marrj'  the  daughter  of  lord  Lum- 
bercourt,  but  Egerton,  to  the  disgust  of 
his  father,  marries  Constantia  the  pro~ 
te'ge'e  of  lady  McSycophant.  Sir  Pertinax 
had  promised  his  lordship  a  good  round 
sum  of  money  if  the  marriage  was 
effected ;  and  when  this  contretemps 
occurs,  his  lordship  laments  the  loss  of 
money,  "which  will  prove  his  ruin." 
Sir  Pertinax  tells  lord  Lumbercourt  that 
his  younger  son  Sandy  will  prove  more 
pliable ;  and  it  is  agreed  that  the  bar- 
gain shall  stand  good  if  Sandy  will 
marrj^  the  young  lady. — C.  Macklin,  T^^J^ 
Man  of  the  World  (1764). 

*^*-  This  comedy  is  based  on  Voltairel 
Nanine  (1749). 

Man  "without  a  Skin.     Richs 
Cumberland  the  dramatist  was  so  calk 
by  Garrick,  because  he  was  so  extremel 
sensitive  that  he  could  not  bear  "to 
touched "    by    the    finger    of    criticisi 
(1732-1811). 

Managarm,  the  most  gigantic  ai 
formidable  of  the  race  of  hags, 
dwells  in  the  Iron-wood,  Jamvid.  -ManaT 
garm  will  first  fill  himself  with  the  blood 
of  man,  and  then  will  he  swallow  up  the 
moon.  This  gigantic  hag  symbolizes 
War,  and  the  "  Iron-wood  "  in  which  he 
dwells  is  the  wood  of  spears. — Prose 
Edda. 

Manchester  (American),  Lowell,  in 
Massachusetts.  So  called  from  its  cotton- 
mills. 

Manchester  of  Belgium,  Ghent. 

Manchester  of  Prussia,  Elber- 
feld.  The  speciality  of  Prussian  Man- 
chester is  its  "  Turkey  red."  Krupp  is 
the  chief  manufacturer  there  cf  steel. 

Manchester  Poet 

Swain,  bom  1803. 


(The),  CharW 


I 


MANCIPLE'S  TALE. 


603 


MANETTE. 


Manciple's  Tale.  Phaebus  had  a 
crow  which  he  taught  to  speak  ;  it  was 
white  as  down,  and  as  big  as  a  SAvan. 
He  had  also  a  wife,  whom  he  dearly- 
loved.  One  day  when  he  came  home, 
the  crow  cried,  "Cuckoo,  cuckoo, 
cuckoo  ! "  and  Ph«ebus  asked  the  bird 
what  it  meant ;  whereupon  it  told  the 
god  that  his  wife  was  unfaithful  to  him. 
Phsebus,  in  his  wrath,  seized  his  bow, 
and  shot  his  wife  through  the  heart ;  but 
to  the  bird  he  said,  "Curse  on  thy  tell- 
tale tongue !  never  more  shall  it  brew 
mischief."  So  he  deprived  it  of  the 
power  of  speech,  and  changed  its  plum- 
age from  white  to  black.  Sloral — Be  no 
tale-bearer,  but  keep  well  thy  tongue,  and 
think  upon  the  crow. 

My  sone,  bewar,  and  be  noon  auctour  newe, 
Of  tydyngs,  whether  they  ben  fals  or  tiewe ; 
Wherso  thou  coniest,  amongst  liigh  or  lowe, 
Kep  wel  thy  tonge,  and  think  upon  the  crowe. 

Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales,  17,291-i  (1388). 

*^*  This  is  Ovid's  tale  of  "Coronis" 
in  the  Metamorphoses,  ii.  543,  etc. 

Manda'ne  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Zamti  the 
Chinese  mandarin,  and  mother  of  Hamet. 
Hamet  was  sent  to  Corea  to  be  brought 
up  by  Morat,  while  Mandane  brought  up 
Zaphimri  (under  the  name  of  Etan),  the 
orphan  prince  and  only  surviving  repre- 
sentative of  the  royal  race  of  China. 
Hamet  led  a  party  of  insurgents  against 
Ti'murkan',  was  seized,  and  ordered  to 
be  put  to  death  as  the  supposed  prince. 
Mandane  tried  to  save  him,  confessed  he 
was  not  the  prince  ;  and  Etan  came  for- 
ward as  the  real  "orphan  of  China." 
Timurkan,  unable  to  solve  the  mystery, 
ordered  both  to  death,  and  Mandane 
with  her  husband  to  the  torture  ;  but 
Mandane  stabbed  herself. — Murphy,  The 
Orphan  of  China  (1759). 

Mandane  {2syl.),  the  heroine  of  Mdlle. 
Scud'eri's  romance  called  Cyrus  the  Great 
(1650). 

Manda'ne  and  Stati'ra,  stock 
names  of  melodramatic  romance.  When 
a  romance  writer  hangs  the  world  on  the 
caprice  of  a  woman,  he  chooses  a  Mandane 
or  Statira  for  his  heroine.  Mandane  of 
classic  story  was  the  daughter  of  king 
AstySges,  wife  of  Cambyses,  and  mother 
of  Cyrus  the  Great.  Statira  was  daugh- 
ter of  Darius  the  Persian,  and  wife  of 
Alexander  the  Great. 

Man'dans,  an  Indian  tribe  of  Dacota, 
in  the  United  States,  noted  for  their  skill 
in  horsemanship. 

Marks  not  the  buffalo's  track,  nor  the  Mandans"  dexterous 
horse-race. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline  (1849). 


Mandeville,  any  one  who  draws 
the  long-bow  ;  a  flam.  Sir  John  Man- 
deville  [Man'.de.vil],  an  English  travel- 
ler, published  a  narrative  of  his  voyages, 
which  abounds  in  the  most  extravagant 
fictions  (1300-1372). 

Oh  1  he  is  a  modem  Mandeville.  At  Oxford  he  was 
always  distinguished  by  the  facetious  appellation  of  "Tue 
Bouncer."— Samuel  Foote,  The  liar,  ii.  1  (1761). 

Mandeville  (Bernard  de),  a  licentious, 
deistical  writer,  author  of  I'he  Vir(/tn 
Unmasked  (1709),  Free  Thoughts  on  Ee- 
ligion  (1712),  Fable  of  the  Bees  (1714),  etc. 
(1670-1733). 

Man'drabul's  Oflfering,  one  that 
decreases  at  every  repetition.  Mandrabul 
of  Samos,  having  discovered  a  gold-mine, 
offered  a  golden  ram  to  Juno  for  the  dis- 
covery. Next  year  he  offered  a  silver 
one,  the  third  year  a  brazen  one,  and  the 
fourth  year  nothing. 

Mandrag'ora,  a  nai^jotic  and  love- 
philter. 

Nor  poppy,  nor  mandragora, 
Nor  all  the  drowsy  syrups  of  the  world, 
Can  ever  med'cine  thee  to  tliat  sweet  sleep 
Which  thou  owed?t  yesterday. 

Shakespeare,  Othello,  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1611). 
Have  the  pygmies  made  you  drunken. 
Bathing  in  mandragora? 

Mrs.  Browning,  Dead  Pan,  11. 

Mandricardo,  king  of  Tartary,  son 
of  Agrican.  Mandricardo  wore  Hector's 
cuirass,  married  Doraiis,  and  was  slain 
by  Roge'ro  in  single  combat. — Bojardo, 
Orlando  Tnnamorato  (1495)  ;  Ariosto,  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

Mandriccardo,  a  knight  whose 
adventures  are  recorded  by  Barahona 
{Mandriccardo,  etc.,  i.  70,  71). 

Manduce  (2  syl.),  the  idol  Gluttony, 
venerated  by  the  Gastrol'aters,  a  people 
whose  god  was  their  belly. 

It  is  a  monstrous  figure;  ...  its  eyes  are  bigger  than 
Its  belly,  and  its  head  larger  than  all  the  rest  of  its  body, 
.  .  .  having  a  goodly  pair  of  wide  jaws  lined  with  two 
rows  of  teeth,  which,  by  the  magic  of  twine,  are  made  to 
clash,  chatter,  and  rattle  one  .ngainst  the  other,  as  the 
jaws  of  St.  Clement's  dragon  on  St.  M.irk's  procession  at 
Metz.— Rabelais,  Pantagrtiel,  iv.  59  (1545). 

Manette  {Dr.),  of  Beauvais.  He 
had  been  imprisoned  eighteen  years,  and 
had  gradually  lost  his  memory.  After 
his  release  he  somewhat  recovered  it, 
but  any  train  of  thought  connected  with 
his  prison  life  produced  a  relapse.  While 
in  prison,  the  doctor  made  shoes,  and, 
whenever  the  relapse  occurred,  his  desire 
for  cobbling  returned. 

Lucie  Manette,  the  loving,  golden- 
haired,  blue-eyed  daughter  of  Dr.  Ma- 
nette.    She  marries  Charles  Darnay. 

Lucie  Manette  had  a  forehead  with  the  singular  capacity 


MANEY. 


604 


MANLY. 


of  lifting  and  knitting  itself  into  an  expression  that  wm 
not  quite  one  of  perplexity,  or  wonder,  or  aL'inn,  or 
merely  of  bright  fixed  attention,  though  it  included  all 
the  four  expressions.— C.  Diclicns,  A  I'ale  of  Two  Oitiet, 
i  4  aS5i>). 

Maney  or  Manny  {Sir  Walter),  a 
native  of  Btilfjium,  who  came  to  Entrland 
as  page  to  Philippa  queen  of  Edward  III. 
WTien  he  first  began  his  career  of  arms, 
he  and  some  young  companions  of  his 
own  age  put  a  black  patch  over  their  left 
eye,  and  vowed  never  to  remove  it  till 
they  had  performed  some  memorable  act 
in  the  French  wars  (died  1372). 

With  whom  our  Maney  here  deservedly  doth  stand. 
Which  first  inventor  was  of  that  courageous  band 
Who  closed  tlieir  left  eyes  up,  as  never  to  be  freed 
Till  ttiere  they  had  achieved  some  high  adventurous  deed. 
Drayton,  Polyomon,  xviii.  (1613). 

Man'fred  [Count),  son  of  Sig'is- 
muud.  He  sells  himself  to  the  prince 
of  darkness,  and  received  from  him  seven 
spirits  to  do  his  bidding.  They  were  the 
spirits  of  "earth,  ocean,  air,  night, 
mountains,  winds,  and  the  star  of  his 
own  destiny."  Wholly  without  human 
sympathies,  the  count  dwelt  in  splendid 
solitude  among  the  Alpine  Mountains. 
He  once  loved  the  beautiful  As'tarte  (2 
syl.),  and,  after  her  murder,  went  to  the 
hall  of  Arima'nes  to  see  her.  The  spirit 
of  Astarte  informed  him  that  he  would 
die  the  following  day  ;  and  when  asked 
if  she  loved  him,  she  sighed  "  Manfred," 
and  vanished. — Byron,  Manfred  (1817). 

*#*  Byron  sometimes  makes  Astarte 
tAvo  syllables  and  sometimes  three.  The 
usual  pronunciation  is  As.tar-te. 

Mangerton  {The  laird  of),  John 
Armstrong,  an  old  warrior  who  witnesses 
the  national  combat  in  Liddesdale  valley 
between  his  own  son  (the  Scotch  cham- 
pion) and  Foster  (the  English  champion). 
The  laird's  son  is  vanquished. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Laird's  Jock  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Maniche'an  (4  syl.),  a  disciple  of 
Manes  or  Manachee  the  Persian  here- 
Biarch.  The  Manicheans  believe  in  two 
opposing  principles — one  of  good  and  the 
other  of  evil.  Theodora,  wishing  to  ex- 
tirpate these  heretics,  put  100,000  of  them 
to  the  sword. 

Yet  would  she  make  full  many  a  Manichean. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vi.  3  (1824). 

Manicon,  a  species  of  nightshade, 
supposed  to  produce  madness. 

Man'ito  or  Mani'tou,  the  Great 
Spirit  of  the  North  American  Indians. 
These  Indians  acknowledge  two  supreme 
Bpirits— a  spirit  of  good  and  a  spirit  of 
evil.  The  former  they  call  Gitche- 
Manlto^  and   the  latter   Mitche-Manito. 


The  good  spirit  is  symbolized  by  an  egg, 
and  the  evil  one  by  a  serpent. — Long- 
fellow, Hiawatha,  xiv. 

As  when  the  evil  Manitou  that  dries 
Th'  Ohio  woixls,  consumes  tliem  in  his  ire. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  i.  17  (1809). 

Manlius,  sumamed  Torqriatus,  the 
Roman  consul.  In  the  Latin  war,  he 
gave  orders  that  no  Roman,  on  pain  of 
death,  should  engage  in  single  combat. 
One  of  the  Latins  having  provoked 
young  Manlius  by  repeated  insults,  he 
slew  him  ;  but  when  the  young  man  took 
the  spoils  to  his  father,  Manlius  ordered 
him  to  be  put  to  death  for  violating  the 
commands  of  his  superior  officer. — Roman 
Story. 

Manlius  Capitoli'nus,  consul  of 
Rome  B.C.  392,  then  military  tribune. 
After  the  battle  of  Allia  (390),  seeing 
Rome  in  the  power  of  the  Gauls,  he 
threw  himself  into  the  capitol  with  1000 
men,  surprised  the  Gauls,  and  put  them 
to  the  sword.  It  was  for  this  achieve- 
ment he  was  called  Capitolinus.  Sub- 
sequently he  was  charged  with  aiming 
at  sovereignty,  and  was  hurled  to  death 
from  the  Tarpeian  Rock. 

*^*  Lafosse  (1G98)  has  a  tragedy  called 
Manlius  Capitolinus,  and  "Manliirs"  was 
one  of  the  favourite  characters  of  Talma 
the  French  actor.  Lafosse's  drama  is  an 
imitation  of  Otway's  tragedy  of  Venice 
Preserved  (1682). 

Manly,  the  lover  of  lady  Grace 
Townly  sister-in-law  of  lord  Townly, 
Manly  is  the  cousin  of  sir  Francis 
Wronghcad,  whom  he  saves  from  utter 
ruin.  He  is  noble,  judicious,  upright, 
and  sets  all  things  right  that  are  going 
wrong. — Vanbrugh  and  Gibber,  The  FrO' 
voked  Husband  (1728). 

The  address  and  manner  of  Dennis  Delane  [1700-1753] 
were  easy  and  polite ;  and  he  excelled  in  the  welJ-bred 
man,  such  as  "  Manly."— T.  Davies. 

Manly,  "  the  plain  dealer."  An  honest, 
surly  sea-captain,  who  thinks  every  one 
a  rascal,  and  believes  himself  to  be  no 
better.  Manly  forms  a  good  contrast  to 
Olivia,  who  is  a  consummate  hypocrite 
of  most  unblushing  effrontery. 

"Counterfeit  honours,"  says  Manly,  "will  not  bo 
current  with  me.  I  weigh  the  man,  not  his  titles.  'Tis 
not  the  Itiiig's  stamp  can  malce  the  metal  better  or 
heavier."— Wycherly,  The  Plain  Dealer,  1. 1  (1677). 

*^*  Manly,  the  plain  dealer,  is  a  copy 
of  Moliere's  "Misanthrope,"  the  prototype 
of  which  was  the  due  de  Montausier, 

Manly   {Captain),  the  fianc^  of  Ara- 
bella    ward    of    justice    Day    and 
heiress. 


I 


MANLY. 


606 


MANSFIELD. 


Arabella.  I  like  him  much — he  seems  plain  and  honest. 
Jiuth.  Plain  enough,  in  all  conscience. 

T.  Knight,  The  Honest  Thieves. 

Manly  {Colonel),  a  bluff,  honest  soldier, 
to  whom  honour  is  dearer  tlian  life. 
The  hero  of  the  drama. — Mrs.  Centlivre, 
The  Beau's  Duel  (1703). 

Mann  {Mrs.),  a  dishonest,  graspinpj 
woman,  who  kept  a  branch  workhouse, 
where  children  were  farmed.  Oliver 
Twist  was  sent  to  her  child-farm.  Mrs. 
Mann  systematically  starved  the  children 
placed  under  her  charge. — C.  Dickens, 
Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Mannaia,  goddess  of  retribution. 
The  word  in  Italian  means  "  an  axe." 

All  in  a  terrible  moment  came  the  blow 
That  beat  down  Paolo's  'fence,  ended  the  play 
O'  the  foil,  and  brouglit  Mannaia  on  the  stage. 
R.  Browning,  The  Hing  and  the  Hook,  iii.  (date 
of  the  story,  1487). 

Mannering  {Guy)  or  colonel  Man- 
nering. 

Mrs.  Mannering  {ne'e  Sophia  Well- 
wood),  wife  of  Guy  Mannering. 

Julia  Mannering,  daughter  of  Guy. 
She  marries  captain  Bertram,  '*  Rather 
a  hare-brained  girl,  but  well  deserving  the 
kindest  regards  "  (act  i.  2  of  the  drama- 
tized version). 

Sir  Paul  Mannering,  uncle  to  Guy 
Mannering. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Manner- 
ing (time,  George  II.). 

***  Scott's  talc  of  Guy  Mannering  has 
been  dramatized  by  Daniel  Terry. 

Mano'a,  the  fabulous  capital  of  El 
Dora'do,  the  houses  of  which  city  were 
roofed  with  gold.  El  Dorado  was  said 
to  be  situated  on  the  west  shore  of  lake 
Parime,  at  the  mouth  of  a  large  river. 

Manon  I'Escaut,  the  heroine  of  a 
French  novel  entitled  Ilistoire  de  Chevalier 
Desgrieux  et  de  Manon  Lescot,  by  A.  F. 
Prevost  (1733).  Manon  is  the  "fair  mis- 
chief "  of  the  story.  Her  charms  seduce 
and  ruin  the  chevalier  des  Grieux,  who 
marries  her.  After  marriage,  the  selfish 
mistress  becomes  converted  into  the  faith- 
ful wife,  who  follows  her  husband  into 
disgrace  and  banishment,  and  dies  by  his 
side  in  the  wilds  of  America. 

***  The  object  of  this  novel,  like  that 
of  La  Dame  aux  Came'lias,  by  Dumas  fils 
(1848),  is  to  show  how  true-hearted,  how 
self-sacrificing,  how  attractive,  a  Jille  de 
joie  may  be. 

Manri'co,  the  supposed  son  of  Azu- 
ce'na  the  gipsy,  but  in  reality  the  son 
of  Garzia  (brother  of  the  conte  di  Luna). 
Leono'ra  is  in  love  with  him,  but  the 


count  entertains  a  base  passion  for  her, 
and,  getting  Manrico  into  his  power,  con- 
demns him  to  death.  Leonora  promises 
the  count  to  give  herself  to  him  if  he 
will  spare  the  life  of  Manrico.  He  con- 
sents, but  while  he  goes  to  release  his 
"nephew,"  Leonora  sucks  poison  from  a 
ring  and  dies.  Manrico,  on  perceiving 
this,  dies  also. — Verdi,  It  Trovato're  (an 
opera,  1853). 

Man's,  a  fashionable  coffee-house  in 
the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

Mans  {The  count  of),  Roland,  nephew 
of  Charlemagne.  He  is  also  called  the 
"  knight  of  Blaives." 

Mansel  {Sir  Edward),  lieutenant  of 
the  Tower  of  London. 

Lady  Mansel,  wife  of  sir  Edward. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James 

Mansfield  {The  Miller  of),  a  hu- 
morous, good-natured  countryman,  who 
offered  Henry  VIII.  hospitality  when  he 
had  lost  himself  in  a  hunting  expedition. 
The  miller  gave  the  king  half  a  bed  with 
his  son  Richard.  Next  morning,  the 
courtiers  were  brought  to  the  cottage  by 
under-keepers,  and  Henry,  in  merry  pin, 
knighted  his  host,  who  thus  became  sir 
John  Cockle.  He  then  made  him  "  over- 
seer of  Sherwood  Forest,"  with  a  salary 
of  1000  marks  a  year. — R.  Dodsley,  The 
King  and  the  Miller  of  Mansfield  (1737). 

*^*  In  the  ballad  called  The  King  and 
the  Miller  of  Mansfield,  the  king  is  Henry 
II.,  and  there  are  several  other  points  of 
difference  between  the  ballad  and  the 
play.  In  the  play,  Cockle  hears  a  gun 
fired,  and  goes  out  to  look  for  poachers, 
when  he  lays  hold  of  the  king,  but,  being 
satisfied  that  he  is  no  poacher,  he  takes 
him  home.  In  the  ballad,  the  king  out- 
rides his  lords,  gets  lost,  and,  meeting  the 
miller,  asks  of  him  a  night's  lodging. 
When  the  miller  feels  satisfied  with  the 
face  and  bearing  of  the  stranger,  he 
entertains  him  right  hospitably.  He 
gives  him  for  supper  a  venison  pasty, 
but  tells  him  on  no  account  to  tell  the 
king  "  that  they  made  free  with  his  deer." 
Another  point  of  difference  is  this :  In 
the  play,  the  courtiers  are  seized  by  the 
under-keepers,  and  brought  to  Cockle's 
house  ;  but  in  the  ballad  they  track  the 
king  and  appear  before  him  next  morning. 
In  the  play,  the  king  settles  on  sir  John 
Cockle  lOO'O  marks  ;  in  the  ballad,  £300  a 
year. — Percy,  Reliques,  III.  ii.  20. 

(Of  course,  as  Dodsley  introduced  the 
"firing   of  a  gun,"   he  was    obliged  to 


MANSUR. 


606 


MARCELLA. 


bring  down  his  date  to  more  modern 
times,  and  none  of  the  Henrys  between 
Henry  U.  and  Henry  VOL  would  be  the 
least  likely  to  indulge  in  such  a  prank.) 

Mansur  (Elijah),  a  warrior,  prophet, 
and  priest,  who  taught  a  more  tolerant 
form  of  Islam,  but  not  being  an  orthodox 
Moslem,  he  was  condemned  to  impri- 
sonment in  the  bowels  of  a  mountain. 
Mansur  is  to  re-appear  and  wave  his 
conquering  sword,  to  the  terror  of  the 
Muscovite. — Milner,  Gallery  of  Geo- 
graphy^ 781.     (See  Barbauossa.) 

Mantacci'ni,  a  charlatan,  who  pro- 
fessed to  restore  the  dead  to  life. 

Mantali'ni  {Madame),  a  fashionable 
milliner  near  Cavendish  Square,  London. 
She  dotes  upon  her  husband,  and  supports 
him  in  idleness. 

Mr.  Mantalini,  the  husband  of  madame ; 
he  is  a  man-doll  and  cockney  fop,  noted 
for  his  white  teeth,  his  minced  oaths, 
and  his  gorgeous  morning  gown.  This 
"exquisite"  lives  on  his  wife's  earnings, 
and  thinks  he  confers  a  favour  on  her  by 
lavishing  her  money  on  his  selfish  in- 
dulgences.— C.  Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby 
(1838). 

Mantle  {The  Boy  and  the).  One  day, 
a  little  boy  presented  himself  before  king 
Arthur,  and  showed  him  a  curious  mantle 
"  which  would  become  no  wife  that  was 
not  leal"  to  her  true  lord.  The  queen 
tried  it  on,  but  it  changed  its  colour  and 
fell  into  shreds  ;  sir  Kay's  lady  tried  it 
on,  but  with  no  better  success ;  others 
followed,  but  only  sir  Cradock's  wife 
could  wear  it. — Percy,  Eeliques. 

Mantuan  {The),  that  is,  Baptista 
Spag'nolus,  surnamed  Mantua'nus,  from 
the  place  of  his  birth.  He  wrote  poems 
and  eclogues  in  Latin.  His  works  were 
translated  into  English  by  George  Tuber- 
^^lle  in  1667.     He  lived  1443-1616. 

Ah,  good  oW  Mantuan  I  I  may  speak  of  thee  as  the 
traveller  doth  of  Veiuce : 

Vinegia,  Vinegia, 
Chi  mon  te  Tede,  ei  non  te  pregla. 
Shakespeare,  Love's  Labour'*  Lost,  act  iv.  sc.  2  (1594). 

Mantuan  Swan  {2Vie),  Virgil,  a 
native  of  Mantua  (u.c.  70-19). 

Mantua  me  genuit ;  Calabrl  rapuere ;  tenet  nnnc 
fartheuop^ ;  cecini  pascua,  rura,  duces. 

On  Virgil's  Tomb  (composed  by  himself). 
Ages  elapsed  ere  Homer's  lamp  appeared  : 
And  ages  ere  the  Mantuan  Swan  was  heard. 

Cowper. 

Ma'nucodia'ta,  a  bird  resembling  a 
twallow,  found  in  the  Molucca  Islands. 
"It  has  no  feet,  and  though  the  body  is 
not  bigger  than  that  of  a  swallow,  the 


span  of  its  wings  is  equal  to  that  of  an 
eagle.  These  birds  never  approach  tJae 
earth,  but  the  female  lays  her  eggs  on 
the  back  of  the  male,  and  hatches  them 
in  her  own  breast.  They  live  on  the  dew 
of  heaven,  and  eat  neither  animal  nor 
vegetable  food." — Cardan,  De  Berum 
Varietats  (1557). 

Less  pu-e  the  footless  fowl  of  heaven,  that  never 
Rest  upon  earth,  but  on  the  wing  for  ever. 
Hovering  o'er  flowers,  their  fngrant  food  inhale, 
Drink  the  descending  dew  upon  the  way. 
And  sleep  aloft  while  floating  on  the  gale. 

Southey,  Curse  of  Kehama,  xxi.  6  (1809). 

Manuel  du  Sosa,  governor  of 
Lisbon,  and  brother  of  Guiomar  (mother 
of  the  vainglorious  Duarte,  3  syl.). — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Custom  of 
the  Country  (1647). 

Mapp  (Mrs.),  bone-setter.  She  was 
born  at  Epsom,  and  at  one  time  was  very 
rich,  but  she  died  in  great  poverty  at  her 
lodgings  in  Seven  Dials,  1737. 

*^*  Hogarth  has  introduced  her  in  his 
heraldic  picture,  "The  Undertakers' 
Arms."  She  is  the  middle  of  the  three 
figures  at  the  top,  the  other  two  being 
Dr.  Ward  on  the  right  hand  of  the 
spectator,  and  Dr.  Taylor  on  the  left. 

Maqueda,  the  queen  of  the  South, 
who  visited  Solomon,  and  had  by  him  a 
son  named  Melech. — Zaga  Zabo,  Ap. 
Damian  a  Goes. 

*^*  Maqueda  is  generally  called  Balkis 
queen  of  Saba  or  Zaba. 

Mareassin  {Prince).  This  nursery 
tale  is  from  the  Nights,  of  Straporola,  an 
Italian  (sixteenth  century).  Translated 
into  French  in  1585. 

Marce'lia,    the    "Desdemona"    of 
Massinger's     Duke    of    Milan.      Sfo 
"the  More"  doted  on  his  young  bride, 
and  Marcelia  returned  his  love.     Duriuj 
Sforza's  absence  at  the  camp,  Francesci 
"  the  lord  protector,"  tried  to  seduce  th 
young  bride  from  her  fidelity,  and,  fail 
ing  in  his  purpose,  accused  her  to  the  duk 
of    wishing    to    play  the  wanton.      " 
laboured  to  divert  her  .  .  .  urged  youf 
much  love  .  .  .  but  hourly  she  pursued! 
me."    The  duke,  in  a  paroxysm  of  jea- 
lousy, flew  on  Marcelia  and  slew  her.^ 
Massinger,  The  Duke  of  Milan  (1622). 

Marcelia,  daughter  of  William  a 
farmer.  Her  father  and  mother  died 
while  she  was  young,  leaving  her  in 
charge  of  an  uncle.  She  was  "  the 
most  beautiful  creature  ever  sent  into  the 
world,"  and  every  bachelor  who  saw  her 
fell  madly  in  love  with  her,  but  she  de- 
clined their  suits.     One  of  her  lovers  was 


'4 


MARCELLIN  DE  PEYRAS. 


607 


MARDI-GRAS. 


Chrysostom,  the  favourite  of  the  village, 
who'  died  of  disappointed  hope,  and  the 
shepherds  wrote  on  his  tombstone  : 
"Irom  Chrysostom's  fate,  learn  to  abhor 
Marcella,  that  common  enemy  of  man, 
whose  beauty  and  cruelty  are  both  in 
the  extreme." — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote^ 
I.  ii.  4,  5  (1605). 

Marcellin  de  Pe3rras.  The  cheva- 
lier to  whom  the  baron  de  Peyras  gave 
up  hie  estates  when  he  retired  to  Grenoble. 
De  Peyras  eloped  with  lady  Ernestine, 
but  soon  tired  of  her,  and  fell  in  love  with 
his  cousin  Margaret,  the  baron's  daugh- 
ter.—E.  Stirling,  The  Gold-Mine  or  The 
Miller  of  Grenoble  (1854). 

Marcelli'na,  daughter  of  Rocco 
jailer  of  the  State  prison  of  Seville.  She 
fell  in  love  with  Fidelio,  her  father's 
servant ;  but  this  Fidelio  turned  out  to  be 
Leonora,  wife  of  the  State  prisoner  Fer- 
nando Florestan. — Beethoven,  Fidelio  (an 
opera,  1791). 

Marcello,  in  Meyerbeer's  opera  of 
Les  Hujueiwts,  unites  in  marriage  Valen- 
ti'na  and  Raoul  (1836). 

Marcello,  the  pseudonym  of  the  duchess 
of  Castiglione  Colonna,  widow  of  the 
due  Charles  de  Castiglione  Aldiovandi. 
The  best  works  of  this  noted  sculptor 
are  "The  Gorgon,"  "Marie  Antoinette," 
"Hecate,"  and  the  "Pythia"in  bronze. 
Born  1837. 

Marcellus  (if.  Claudius),  called 
"  The  Sword  of  Rome."  Fabius  "  Cunc- 
tator"  was  "  The  Shield  of  Rome." 

Marcel'lus,  an  officer  of  Denmark,  to 
whom  the  ghost  of  the  murdered  king  ap- 
peared before  it  presented  itself  to  prince 
Hamlet.— Shakespeare,  Hamlet  (1596). 

Marchioness  (The),  the  half-starved 
girl-of-all-work,  in  the  service  of  Samp- 
son Brass  and  his  sister  Sally.  She  was 
so  lonesome  and  dull,  that  it  afforded  her 
relief  to  peep  at  Mr.  Swiveller  even 
through  the  keyhole  of  his  door.  Though 
so  dirty  and  ill  cared  for,  "the  mar- 
chioness "  was  sharp-witted  and  cunning. 
It  was  Mr.  Swiveller  who  called  her 
the  "  marchioness,"  when  she  played 
cards  with  him,  "because  it  seemed 
more  real  and  pleasant "  to  play  with  a 
marchioness  than  with  a  domestic  slavy 
(ch.  Ivii.).  When  Dick  Swiveller  was 
turned  away  and  fell  sick,  the  "mar- 
chioness" nursed  him  carefully,  and  he 
afterwards  married  her.— C.  Dickens,  The 
Old  Curiosity  Shop  (1840). 


Marcliinont  (Miss  Matilda),  the  con* 
fidante  of  Julia  Mannering. — Sir  W, 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Marcian,  armourer  to  count  Robert 
of  Paris.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Marck  (William  de  la),  a  French 
nobleman,  called  "The  Wild  Boar  of 
Ardennes  "  (Sanglier  des  Ardennes). — Sir 
W.Scott,  Quentin Burward (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Marcliffe  (Theophilus),  pseudonym 
of  William  Godwin  (author  of  Caleb 
Williams,  1756-1836). 

Marcomanic  "War,  a  war  carried 
on  by  the  Marcomanni,  under  the  leader- 
ship of  Maroboduus,  who  made  himself 
master  of  Bohemia,  etc.  Maroboduus 
was  defeated  by  Arminius,  and  his  con- 
federation broken  up  (a.d.  20).  In  the 
second  Christian  century  a  new  war  broke 
out  between  the  INIarcomanni  and  the 
Romans,  which  lasted  thirteen  j^ears.  In 
A.D.  180  peace  was  purchased  by  the 
Romans,  and  the  war  for  a  time  ceased. 

Marcos  de  Obregon,  the  hero  of  a 
Spanish  romance,  from  which  Lesage  has 
borrowed  very  freely  in  his  Gil  Bias. — 
Vicente  Espinel,  Vida  del  Escudero  Marcos 
de  Obregon  (1618). 

Marculf,  in  the  comic  poem  of  Salo- 
mon and  Marculf,  a  fool  who  outwits  the 
Sage  of  Israel  by  knavery  and  cunning. 
The  earliest  version  of  the  poem  extant 
is  a  German  one  of  the  twelfth  century. 

Marcus,  son  of  Cato  of  UtTca,  a 
warm-hearted,  impulsive  young  man, 
passionately  in  love  with  Lucia  daughter 
of  Lucius ;  but  Lucia  loved  the  more  , 
temperate  brother,  Portius.  Marcus  was 
slain  by  Caesar's  soldiers  when  they  in- 
vaded Utica. 

Marcus  is  furious,  wild  in  iiis  complaints ; 

I  hear  with  a  secret  kind  of  dread, 

And  tremble  at  his  vehemence  of  temper. 

Addison,  Cato,  i.  1  (1713). 

Mardi-Gras  (Le),  the  last  day  of  the 
carnival,  noted  in  Paris  for  the  travestie 
of  a  Roman  procession  marching  to  offer 
an  ox  in  sacrifice  to  the  gods.  The  ox, 
which  is  always  the  "  prize  "  beast  of  the 
season,  is  decorated  with  gilt  horns  and 
fillet  round  its  head,  mock  priests  with 
axes,  etc.,  march  beside  it,  a  band  with 
all  sorts  of  tin  instruments  or  instruments 
of  thin  brass  follow,  and  lictors,  etc.,  fill 
up  the  procession. 

Tous  les  ans  on  vient  de  la  ville 
Les  niarchands  daus  nos  canton^ 


MARDONIUS. 


608 


MARGARET  CATCHPOLE. 


Pour  les  nicner  aux  Tuileries, 

A'i  M.irdi-Gras,  devaiit  le  roi 

Et  puis  les  veiidre  aux  boucheries. 
J'aline  Jeiiune  ma  feinnie,  eh,  ha !  j'aimerais  mieux 
La  voir  niourir  que  voir  mourir  nies  boeufs. 

Pierre  Dupont,  Let  BceuU. 

Mardonius  {Captain),  in  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher's  drama  called  A  King  or 
Ifo  King  (1619). 

Mareschal  of  Maresclial  'Wells 
(Yvu7Uj),  one  of  the  Jacobite  conspirators, 
under  the  leadership  of  Mr.  Richard  Vere 
laird  of  Ellieslaw.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Black  Duxirf  (time,  Anne). 

Marfl'sa,  an  Indian  queen. — Bojardo, 
Orlando  Innaniorato  (1495),  and  Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Marforio's  Statue.  This  statue 
•  lies  on  the  ground  in  Rome,  and  was  at  one 
time  used  for  libels,  lampoons,  and  jests, 
but  was  never  so  much  used  as  Pasquin's. 

Margar'elon  (4  s?//.),  a  Trojan  hero 
of  modern  fable,  who  performed  deeds  of 
marvellous  bravery.  Lydgate,  in  his  Boke 
of  Trog  (1513),  calls  him  a  son  of  Priam. 
According  to  this  authority,  Margarelon 
attacked  Achilles,  and  fell  by  his  hand. 

Margaret,  only  child  and  heiress  of 
sir  Giles  Overreach.  Her  father  set  his 
heart  on  her  marrying  lord  Lovel,  for  the 
summit  of  his  ambition  was  to  see  her  a 
peeress.  But  Margaret  was  modest,  and 
could  see  no  happiness  in  ill-assorted 
marriages  ;  so  she  remained  faithful  to 
Tom  Allworth,  the  man  of  her  choice. 
— Massinger,  A  New  Wag  to  Pag  Old 
Debts  (1628). 

Margaret,  wife  of  Vandunke  (2  sgl.) 
the  drunken  burgomaster  of  Bruges. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Beggars' 
Bush  (1622). 

Margaret  [Lodge),  "  the  flower  of 
Teviot,"  daughter  of  the  duchess  Mar- 
garet and  lord  Walter  Scott  of  Branksome 
Hall.  The  ladve  Margaret  was  beloved 
by  Henry  of  Cranstown,  whose  family 
had  a  deadly  feud  with  that  of  Scott. 
One  day,  the  elfin  page  of  lord  Cranstown 
enveigled  the  heir  of  Branksome  Hall 
(then  a  lad)  into  the  woods,  where  the 
boy  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  Southerners. 
The  captors  then  marched  with  3000  men 
against  the  castle  of  the  widowed  duchess, 
but  being  told  by  a  spy  that  Douglas, 
with  10,000  men,  was  coming  to  the 
rescue,  an  arrangement  was  made  to 
decide  by  single  combat  whether  the  boy 
should  become  king  Edward's  page,  or  be 
delivered  up  into  the  hands  of  his  mother. 
The  English  champion  (sir  Richard  Mus- 
grave)  fell  by  the  band  of  sir  William 


Deloraine,  and  the  boy  was  delivered  to 
his  mother.  It  was  then  discovered  that 
sir  William  was  in  reality  lord  Cranstown, 
who  claimed  and  received  the  hand  of  the 
fair  Margaret  as  his  reward. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Lag  of  the  Last  Minstrel  (1805). 

Mar'garet,  the  heroine  of  Goethe's  Faust. 
Faust  first  encounters  her  on  her  return 
from  church,  falls  in  love  with  her,  and 
seduces  her.  Overcome  with  shame,  she 
destroys  the  infant  to  which  she  gives 
birth,  and  is  condemned  to  death.  Faust 
attempts  to  save  her,  and,  gaining  ad- 
'  mission  to  her  cell,  finds  her  huddled  up 
on  a  bed  of  straw,  singing,  like  Ophelia, 
wild  snatches  of  ancient  ballads,  her 
reason  faded,  and  her  death  at  hand. 
Faust  tries  to  persuade  the  mad  girl  to 
flee  with  him,  but  in  vain.  At  last  the 
day  of  execution  arrives,  and  with  it 
Mephistoph'eles,  passionless  and  grim, 
Faust  is  hurried  off,  and  Margaret  is  left 
to  her  fate.  Margaret  is  often  called  by 
the  pet  diminutive  "Gretchen,"  and  in 
the  opera  " Margheri'ta  "  {q.v.). — Goethe, 
Faust  (1790). 

Shakespeare  has  drawn  no  such  portrait  as  that  of  Mar- 
garet ;  no  sucii  peculiar  union  of  passion,  simplicity, 
homeliness,  and  witcliery.  The  poverty  and  inferior  social 
position  of  Marxaret  are  never  lost  sight  of — she  never  be- 
comes an  abstraction.  It  is  love  alone  which  exalts  her 
above  her  station. — Lewes. 

Margaret  Catchpole,  a  Suffolk 
celebrity,  born  at  Nacton,  in  that  county, 
in  1773  ;  the  title  and  heroine  of  a  tale  by 
the  Rev.  R.  Cobbold.  She  falls  in  love 
with  a  smuggler  named  Will  Laud,  and 
in  1797,  in  order  to  reach  him,  steals  a 
horse  from  Mr.  J.  Cobbold,  brewer,  of 
Ipswich,  in  whose  service  she  had  lived 
much  respected.  She  dresses  herself 
in  the  groom's  clothes,  and  makes  her 
way  to  London,  where  she  is  detectec 
while  selling  the  horse,  and  is  put  \y 
prison.  She  is  sentenced  to  death  at  thi 
Suffolk  assizes — a  sentence  afterward! 
commuted  to  one  of  seven  years'  transpoi 
tation.  Owing  to  a  difl^culty  in  sendinjj 
prisoners  to  New  South  Wales,  she 
confined  in  Ipswich  jail ;  but  from  het 
she  makes  her  escape,  joins  Laud,  wl 
is  shot  in  her  defence.  Margaret  is  re 
captured,  and  again  sentenced  to  deatl 
which  is  for  the  second  time  commutec 
to  transportation,  this  time  for  life,  and 
she  arrives  at  Port  Jackson  in  1801. 
Here,  by  her  good  behaviour,  she  obtains 
a  free  pardon,  and  ultimately  marries  a 
former  lover  named  John  Barry,  who  had 
emigrated  and  risen  to  a  high  position  in 
the  colony.  She  died,  much  respected, 
in  the  year  1841. 


MARGARET  FINCH. 


609 


MARGHERITA  DI  VALOIS. 


Margaret  Finch,  queen  of  the 
gipsies.  She  was  born  at  Sutton,  in 
Kent  (1631),  and  finally  settled  in  Nor- 
way. From  a  constant  habit  of  sitting 
on  the  ground,  with  her  chin  on  her  knees, 
she  was  unable  to  stand,  and  when  dead 
was  buried  in  a  square  box  ;  1740,  aged 
109  years. 

Margaret  Gibson,  afterwards 
called  ratten,  a  famous  Scotch  cook, 
who  was  employed  in  the  palace  of  James 
I,  She  was  born  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Elizabeth,  and  died  June  26,  1739,  either 
136  or  141  years  of  age. 

Margaret  Lamburn,  one  of  the 
servants  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  who 
undertook  to  avenge  the  death  of  her 
royal  mistress.  For  this  end,  she  dressed 
in  man's  clothes  and  carried  two  pistols — 
one  to  shoot  queen  Elizabeth  and  the 
other  herself.  She  had  reached  the 
garden  where  the  queen  was  walking, 
when  she  accidentally  dropped  one  of  the 
pistols,  was  seized,  carried  before  the 
queen,  and  frantically  told  her  tale. 
When  the  queen  asked  how  she  expected 
to  be  treated,  Margaret  replied,  "  A  judge 
would  condemn  me  to  death,  but  it  would 
be  more  royal  to  grant  me  pardon."  The 
queen  did  so,  and  we  hear  no  more  of 
tiiis  fanatic. 

Margaret  Simon,  daughter  of  Mar- 
t'.n  Simon  the  miller  of  Grenoble ;  a 
brave,  beautiful,  and  noble  girl. — E. 
Stirling,  The  Gold-Mine  or  Miller  of 
Grenoble  (1854). 

Margaret  Street,  Portman  Square, 
London.  So  called"  from  Margaret, 
only  child  of  Edward  second  earl 
of  Oxford  and  Mortimer.  (See  Ben- 
tick.) 

Margaret  of  Anjou,  widow  of  king 
Henry  VI.  of  England.  She  presents 
herself,  disguised  as  a  mendicant,  in 
Strasburg  Cathedral,  to  Philipson  {i.e. 
the  earl  of  Oxford).— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Margaret's  Ghost,  a  ballad  by 
David  Mallet  (1724).  William  courted 
the  fair  Margaret,  but  jilted  her  ;  he 
promised  love,  but  broke  his  promise  ; 
said  her  face  was  fair,  her  lips  sweet,  and 
her  eyes  bright,  but  left  the  face  to  pale, 
the  eyes  to  weep,  and  the  maid  to 
languish  and  die.  Her  ghost  appeared 
to  him  at  night  to  rebuke  his  heartless- 
ness ;  and  next  morning,  William  left  his 
!    bed  raving  mad,  hied  him  to  Margaret's 


grave,  thrice  called  her  by  name,  "and 
never  word  spake  more." 

We  shall  have  ballailis  made  of  it  within  two  months, 
setting  forth  how  a  young  squire  became  a  serving-man  of 
low  degree,  and  ft  will  I)e  stuck  up  wilh  JUarffaret'i 
Ohost  against  the  walls  of  every  cottage  in  the  oouutry. 
—1.  BiclcersUff,  love  in  a  VUlagc  (1763). 

Margaretta,  a  maiden  attached  to 
Robin.  Her  father  wanted  her  to  marry 
"a  stupid  old  man,  because  ht,  was  rich ;" 
so  she  ran  away  from  home  and  lived  as 
a  ballad-singer.  Robin  emigrated  for 
three  years,  and  made  his  fortune.  He 
was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Cornwall  on 
his  return,  and  met  Margaretta  at  the 
house  of  Farmer  Crop  his  brother-in-law, 
when  the  acquaintance  was  renewed. 
(See  No  Song,  etc.) — Hoare,  No  Song 
no  Supper  (1754-1834). 

Margarit'ta  {Donna),  a  Spanish 
heiress,  "  fair,  young,  and  wealthy," 
who  resolves  to  marry  that  she  may 
the  more  freely  indulge  her  wantonness. 
She  selects  Leon  for  her  husband,  because 
she  thinks  him  a  milksop,  whom  she 
can  twist  round  her  thumb  at  pleasure; 
but  no  sooner  is  Leon  married  than  he 
shows  himself  the  master.  By  ruling 
with  groat  firmness  and  affection,  he  wins 
the  esteem  of  every  one,  and  the  wanton 
coquette  becomes  a  modest,  devoted,  and 
obedient  wife. — Beaumont  aud  Fletcher, 
Mule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife  (1640). 

Margery  {Dame),  the  old  nurse  of 
lady  Eveline  Berenger  "the  betrothed." 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  II.). 

Margheri'ta,  a  simple,  uncultured 
girl,  of  great  fascination,  seduced  by 
Faust.  Margherita  killed  the  infant  of 
her  shame,  and  was  sent  to  jail  for  so 
doing.  In  jail  she  lost  her  reason,  and 
was  condemned  to  death.  When  Faust 
visited  her  in  prison,  and  tried  to  per- 
suade her  to  flee  with  him,  she  refused. 
Faust  was  carried  off  by  demons,  and 
Margherita  was  borne  by  angels  up  to 
heaven ;  the  intended  moral  being,  that 
the  repentant  sinner  is  triumphant.— 
Gounod,  Faust  e  Margherita  (1859). 

Margheri'ta  di  Valois,  daughter 
of  Catherine  de  Medicis  and  Henri  II.  of 
France.  She  married  Henri  le  Bearnais 
(afterwards  Henri  IV.  of  France).  It  was 
during  the  wedding  solemnities  of  Mar- 
gherita and  Henri  that  Catherine  de 
Medicis  carried  out  the  massacre  of  the 
French  huguenots.  The  bride  was  at  a 
ball  during  this  horrible  slaughieiv  -• 
2b 


MARGIANA. 


610 


MARIA. 


Mej-crbeer,  Les  Huguenots  or  Gli  Ugonotti 
(183G). 

♦^*  Francois  I.  used  to  call  her  La 
Marguerite  des  Marguerites  ("The  Pearl 
of  Pearls"). 

Margia'na  (Queen),  a  mussulman, 
and  mortal  enemy  of  the  fire-worshippers. 
Prince  Assad  became  her  slave,  but,  being 
stolen  by  the  crew  of  Behram,  was 
carried  off.  The  queen  gave  chase  to  the 
ship  ;  Assad  was  thrown  overboard,  and 
swam  to  shore.  The  queen  with  an  army 
demanded  back  her  slave,  discovered  that 
Assad  was  a  prince,  and  that  liis  half- 
brother  was  king  of  the  city  to  which 
she  had  come ;  whereupon  she  married 
him,  and  carried  him  home  to  her  own 
dominions. — Arabian  Nights  ("Amgiad 
and  Assad"). 

Margutte  (3  sgL),  a  low-minded, 
vulgar  giant,  ten  feet  high,  with  enor- 
mous appetite  and  of  the  grossest  sen- 
suality. He  died  of  laughter  on  seeing  a 
monkey  pulling  on  his  boots. — Pulci, 
Morgante  Maggiore  (1488). 

Chalchas,  the  Homeric  soothsayer,  died 
of  laughter.     (See  Laughter.) 

Marhaus  {Sir),  a  knight  of  the 
Round  Table,  a  king's  son,  and  brother 
of  the  queen  of  Ireland.  When  sir 
Mark  king  of  Cornwall  refused  to  pay 
tniage  to  Anguish  king  of  Ireland,  sir 
Marhaus  was  sent  to  defy  sir  Mark  and 
all  his  knights  to  single  combat.  No  one 
durst  go  against  him  ;  but  Tristram  said, 
if  Mark  would  knight  him,  he  would 
defend  his  cause.  In  the  combat,  sir 
Tristram  was  victorious.  With  his 
Bword  he  cut  through  his  adversary's 
helmet  and  brain-pan,  and  his  sword 
stuck  so  fast  in  the  bone  that  he  had  to 
pull  thrice  before  he  could  extricate  it. 
Sir  Marhaus  contrived  to  get  back  to 
Ireland,  but  soon  died.— Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  7,  8  (1470). 

***  Sir  Marhaus  carried  a  white  shield  ; 
but  as  he  hated  women,  twelve  damsels 
Bpat  thereon,  to  show  how  they  dis- 
honoured him.— Ditto,  pt.  i.  75. 

Maria,  a  lady  in  attendance  on  the 
princess  of  France.  Longaville,  a  young 
lord  in  the  suite  of  Ferdinand  king  of 
Navarre,  asks  her  to  marry  him,  but  she 
defers  her  answer  for  twelve  months, 
lo  this  Longaville  replies,  "I'll  stay 
with  patience,  but  the  time  is  long :"  and 
Maria  makes  answer,  "  The  liker  you  • 
few  taller  are  so  young."— Shakespeare* 
Lote's  Labour's  Lost  (1694). 


Maria,  the  waiting-woman  of  the 
coimtess  Olivia. — Shakespeare,  Twelfth 
Night  (1614). 

Maria,  wife  of  Frederick  the  un- 
natural and  licentious  brother  of  Al- 
phonso  king  of  Naples.  She  is  a  virtuous 
lady,  and  appears  in  strong  contrast  to 
her  infamous  husband. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  A  Wife  for  a  Month  (1624). 

Maria,  daughter  and  only  child  of 
Thorowgood  a  wealthy  London  merchant. 
She  is  in  love  with  George  Barnwell,  her 
father's  apprentice  ;  but  George  is  exe- 
cuted for  robbery  and  murder. — George 
Lillo,  George  Bamv-ell  (1732). 

A  dying  man  gent  for  David  Rosg  the  actor  [irSS-lTfK)], 
and  addressed  him  thus:  "Some  forty  years  ago,  like 
'  George  Barnwell,'  I  wronged  my  master  to  supply  tho 
unbounded  extravagance  of  a  '  Millwood.'  1  took  her  to 
see  your  performance,  which  so  shocked  me  that  I  vowed 
to  break  the  connection  and  return  to  the  path  of  virtue. 
I  kept  my  resolution,  replaced  the  money  I  had  stolen, 
and  found  a  'Maria'  in  my  master's  daughter.  ...  I 
have  now  left  £1000  aflRxed  to  your  name  in  my  will  and 
testament." — Pelham,  Chroniclet  of  Crime. 

Maria,  the  ward  of  sir  Peter  Teazle. 
She  is  in  love  with  Charles  Surface, 
whom  she  ultimately  marries. — Sheridan, 
School  for  Scandal  (1777). 

Maria,    "  the    maid    of    the    Oaks," 
brought  up  as  the  ward  of  Oldworth  of 
Oldworth    Oaks,   but    is    in  reality  hia 
daughter  and  heiress.     Maria  is  engage  ' 
to  sir  Harry  Groveby,  and  Hurry  says,| 
"  She  is  the  most  charmingest,  sweetest 
delightfulest,   mildest,  beautifulest,  mc 
destest,  genteelest  young  creature  in 
world." — J.  Burgoyne,  The  Maid  of  th 
Oaks. 

Maria,  a  maiden  whose  banns  wei 
forbidden  "by  the  curate  of  the  paris 
who  published  them  ; "  in  consequence 
which,  Maria  lost,  her  wits,  and 
to  sit  on  the  roadside  near  Mouline 
(2  syl.),  playing  on  a  pipe  vesper  hymi 
to  the  Virgin.  She  led  by  a  ribbon 
little  dog  named  Silvio,  of  which  8h< 
Was  verj'  jealous,  for  at  one  time  she  ha ' 
a  favourite  goat,  that  forsook  her.- 
Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey  (1768). 

Maria,  a  foundling,  discovered  b, 
Sulpizio  a  sergeant  of  the  11th  regi- 
ment of  Napoleon's  Grand  Army,  and 
adopted  by  the  regiment  as  their  daugh- 
ter. Tonio,  a  Tyrolese,  saved  her  life 
and  fell  in  love  with  her,  but  just  as  they 
were  about  to  be  married  the  marchioness 
of  Berkenfield  claimed  the  foundling  as 
her  own  daughter,  and  the  suttler-girl 
had  to  quit  the  regiment  for  the  castle 
After  a  time,  the  castle  was  taken  by  the 


i 


MARIA. 


611 


MARIANA. 


French,  and  although  the  marchioness 
had  promised  Maria  in  marriage  to 
another,  she  consented  to  her  union  with 
Tonio,  who  had  risen  to  the  rank  of  a 
field-officer.  —  Donizetti,  La  Figlia  del 
Eegghnento  (an  opera,  1840). 

Maria  [Delaval]^,  daughter  of  colonel 
Delaval.  Plighted  to  Mr.  Versatile,  but 
just  previous  to  the  marriage  Mr.  Versa- 
tile, by  the  death  of  his  father,  came 
into  a  large  fortune  and  baronetcy.  The 
marriage  was  deferred ;  Mr.  (now  sir 
George)  Versatile  went  abroad,  and  became 
a  man  of  fashion.  They  met,  the  attach- 
ment was  renewed,  and  the  marriage 
consummated. 

Sweetness  and  siniles  pLiyed  upon  her  countenance. 
She  was  the  delight  of  her  friends,  the  admiration  of  the 
world,  and  the  coveted  of  every  eye.  Lovers  of  fortune  and 
fashion  contended  for  her  liand,  but  she  had  bestowed  her 
heart. —Holcroft.  Be'*  Much  to  lilame,  v.  2  (1790). 

Maria  [Wilding],  daughter  of  sir 
Jasper  Wilding.  She  is  in  love  with 
Beaufort;  and  being  promised  in  marriage 
against  her  will  to  George  Philpot,  dis- 
gusts him  purposely  by  her  silliness. 
George   refuses   to   marry  her,   and   she 

§ivcs  hei  hand  to  Beaufort. — Murphy, 
'he  Citizen  (1757). 

Maria  Theresa  Panza,  Av-ife  of 
Sancho  Panza.  She  is  sometimes  called 
Maria,  and  sometimes  Theresa. — Cer- 
vantes, Don  Quixote  (1605). 

Mariage  Force  (Le).  Sganarelle, 
a  rich  man  of  64,  promises  marriage  to 
Dorimbne  (3  syl.),  a  girl  under  20,  but, 
having  scruples  about  the  matter,  consults 
his  friend,  two  philosophers,  and  the 
gipsies,  from  none  of  whom  can  he  obtain 
any  practicable  advice.  At  length,  he 
overhears  Dorimene  telling  a  young  lover 
that  she  only  marries  the  old  man  for  his 
money,  and  that  he  cannot  live  above  a 
few  months  ;  so  the  old  man  goes  to  the 
father,  and  declines  the  alliance.  On  this, 
the  father  sends  his  son  to  Sganarelle. 
The  young  man  takes  with  him  two 
Bwords,  and  with  the  utmost  politeness 
and  sang-froid  requests  Mons.  to  choose 
one.  When  the  old  man  declines  to  do 
BO,  the  young  man  gives  him  a  thorough 
drubbing,  and  again  with  the  utmost 
politeness  requests  the  old  man  to  make 
his  choice.  On  his  again  declining  to  do 
BO,  he  is  again  beaten,  and  at  last  con- 
sents to  ratify  the  marriage. — Moliere,  Le 
Ilaricuje  Force  (1664). 

Mariamne  (4  syL),  a  Jewish  princess, 
daughter  of  Alexander  and  wife  of 
Herod  "the  Great."    Mariamne  was  the 


mother  of  'Alexander  and  Aristobu'lus, 
both  of  whom  Herod  put  to  death  in  a 
fit  of  jealousy,  and  then  fell  into  a  state 
of  morbid  madness,  in  which  he  fancied' 
he  saw  Mariamne  and  heard  her  asking 
for  her  sons. 

*^*  This  has  been  made  the  subject 
of  several  tragedies  :  e.g.  A.  Hardy, 
Mariamne  (1623);  Pierre  Tristan  I'Er- 
mite,  Mariamne  (1640)  ;  Voltaire, 
Mariamne  (1724). 

Marian,  "  the  Muses'  only  darling," 
is  Margaret  countess  of  Cumberland, 
sister  of  Anne  countess  of  Warwick. 

Fair  Marian,  the  Muses*  only  darling, 
Wliose  beauty  shineth  as  the  morninp  clear, 
With  silver  dew  upon  the  roses  pearling. 
Spenser,  Colin  Clout's  Come  Ilome  Again  (1595). 

Marian,  "  the  parson's  maid,"  in  love 
with  Colin  Clout  who  loves  Cicely. 
Marian  sings  a  ditty  of  dole,  in  which 
she  laments  for  Colin,  and  says  how  he 
gave  her  once  a  knife,  but  "  Woe  is  me  ! 
for  knives,  they  tell  me,  always  sever 
love." — Gay,  Pastorals,  ii.  (1714). 

Marian,  "the  daughter"  of  Robert  a 
wrecker,  and  betrothed  to  Edward  a 
young  sailor.  She  was  fair  in  person, 
loving,  and  holy.  During  the  absence  of 
Edward  at  sea,  a  storm  arose,  and  Robert 
went  to  the  coast  to  look  for  plunder. 
Marian  followed  him,  and  in  the  dusk 
saw  some  one  stab  another.  She  thought 
it  was  her  father,  but  it  was  Black 
Norris.  Her  father  being  taken  up, 
Marian  gave  evidence  against  him,  and 
the  old  man  was  condemned  to  death. 
Norris  now  told  Marian  he  would  save 
her  father  if  she  would  become  his  wife. 
She  made  the  promise,  but  was  saved 
the  misery  of  the  marriage  by  the  arrest 
of  Norris  for  murder. — S.  Knowles,  The 
Daughter  (1836). 

Marian'a,  a  lovely  and  lovable  lady, 
betrothed  to  Angelo,  who,  during  the 
absence  of  Vincentio  the  duke  of  Vienna, 
acted  as  his  lord  deputy.  Her  pleadings 
to  the  duke  for  Angelo  are  wholly  un- 
rivalled.— Shakespeare,  Measure  for  Mea- 
sure (1603). 

Timid  and  shrinking  before,  she  does  not  now  wait  to 
be  encouraged  in  her  stilt.  She  is  instant  and  impor- 
tunate. She  does  not  reason  with  the  duke  ;  she  begs, 
she  implores.— R.  G.  White 

Mariana,  sister  of  Ludovi'co  Sforza 
duke  of  Milan,  and  wife  of  Francesco 
his  chief  minister  of  state. — Massinger, 
The  Duke  of  Milan  (1622). 

Mariana,  daughter  of  lord  Charney  ; 
taken  prisoner  by  the  English,  and  in 


MARIANA. 


612 


MARIDUNUM. 


love  with  Arnold  (friend  ot  the  Black 
Prince).  Just  before  the  battle  of  Poi- 
tiers, thinking  the  English  cause  hope- 
less, Mariana  induces  Arnold  to  desert ; 
but  lord  Cbamey  will  not  receive  him. 
Arnold  returns  to  the  English  camp,  and 
dies  in  the  battle.  Lord  Charney  is  also 
slain,  and  Mariana  dies  distracted. — 
Shirley,  Edward  the  Black  Prince  (1640). 

Mariana^  the  young  lady  that  Lovegold 
the  miser  wished  to  marry.  As  Mariana 
was  in  love  with  the  miser's  son  Frede- 
rick, she  pretended  to  be  extravagant  and 
deeply  in  debt,  which  so  affected  the  old 
hunks,  that  he  gave  her  £2000  to  be  let 
off  the  bargain.  Of  coure  she  assented, 
and  married  Frederick. — 11.  Fielding, 
Tfie  Miser. 

Mariana,  the  daughter  of  a  Swiss 
burgher,  "the  most  beautiful  of  women." 
"Her  gentleness  a  smile  without  a  smile, 
a  sweetness  of  look,  speech,  act."  Leo- 
nardo being  crushed  by  an  avalanche, 
she  nursed  him  through  his  illness,  and 
they  fell  in  love  with  each  other.  He 
started  for  Mantua,  but  was  detained  for 
two  years  captive  by  a  gang  of  thieves  ; 
and  Mariana  followed  him,  being  unable 
to  support  life  where  he  was  not.  In 
Mantua  count  Florio  fell  in  love  with 
her,  and  obtained  her  guardian's  consent 
to  their  union  ;  but  Mariana  refused,  was 
summoned  before  the  duke  (Ferrardo), 
and  judgment  was  given  against  her. 
Leonardo,  being  present  at  the  trial,  now 
threw  off  his  disguise,  and  was  acknow- 
ledged to  be  the  real  duke.  He  assumed 
his  rank,  married  Mariana ;  but  being 
called  to  the  camp,  left  Ferrardo  regent. 
Ferrardo,  being  a  villain,  laid  a  cunning 
scheme  to  prove  Mariana  guilty  of  adul- 
tery with  Julian  St.  Pierre,  a  country- 
man ;  but  Leonardo  refused  to  believe 
the  charge.  Julian,  who  turned  out  to 
be  Mariana's  brother,  exposed  the  whole 
plot  of  Ferrardo,  and  amply  cleared  his 
sister  of  the  slightest  taint  or  thought  of 
a  revolt.— S.  Knowles,  The  Wife  (1833). 

Mariana,  daughter  of  the  king  of 
Thessaly.  She  was  beloved  by  sir  Alex- 
ander, one  of  the  three  sons  of  St.  George 
the  patron  saint  of  England.  Sir  Alex- 
ander married  her,  and  became  king  of 
Thessaly .--K.  Johnson,  The  Seven  Cham- 
pions of  Christendom,  iii.  2,  3,  11  (1617). 

Mariana  in  the  Moated  Grange, 

a  young  damsel  who  sits  in  the  moated 
grange,  looking  out  for  her  lover,  who 
aever  comes  ;  and  the  burden  of  her  life- 


song  is,  "My  life  is  dreary,  for  he 
Cometh  not ;  I  am  aweary,  and  would  that 
I  were  dead  !  " 

The  sequel  is  called  Mariana  in  the 
Soitth,  in  which  the  love-lorn  maiden 
looks  forward  to  her  death,  "when  she 
will  cease  to  be  alone,  to  live  forgotten, 
and  to  love  forlorn." — Tennyson,  Mariana 
(in  two  parts). 

*^*  Mariana,  the  lady  betrothed  to 
Angelo,  passed  her  sorrowful  hours  "at 
the  Moated  Grange."  Thus  the  duke  says 
to  Isabella: 

Haste  you  Bpeedily  to  Angelo  ...  I  will  presently  to  St« 
Luke's.  There,  at  the  moated  grange,  resides  tlie  dejected 
Mariana.— ShaJiespeare,  Measure  for  Measure,  act  iii.  sc.-l 
(lti03). 

Marianne  (3  sj/L),  a  statuette  to 
which  the  red  republicans  of  France  pay 
homage.  It  symbolizes  the  republic,  and 
is  arrayed  in  a  red  Phrygian  cap.  This 
statuette  is  sold  at  earthenware  shops, 
and  in  republican  clubs,  enthroned  in 
glory,  and  sometimes  it  is  carried  in 
procession  to  the  tune  of  the  Marseillaise, 
(See  Mary  Axne.) 

The  reason  seems  to  be  this:  Ravaillac, 
the  assassin  of  Henri  IV.  (the  Harmodius 
or  Aristogiton  of  France),  was  honoured 
by  the  red  republicans  as  "  patriot,  de- 
liverer, and  martyr."     This  regicide  was 
incited  to  his  deed  of  blood  by  reading 
the  celebrated  treatise  J)e  Rege  et  liegio 
Institutione,  by  Mariana  the  Jesuit,  pub-^ 
lished  1599  (about  ten  years  previously),^ 
As  Mariana  inspired  Ravaillac  "to  delivei 
France  from   her  tyrant"  (Henri   IV.)* 
the  name  was  attached  to  the  statuette  o| 
liberty,  and  the  republican  party  gene 
rally. 

The  association  of  the  name  with 
guillotine  favours  this  suggestion. 

Marianne   (3  syl.),   the  heroine  of 
French    novel    so    called  by    MarivauJ 
(1688-1763). 

(This  novel  terminates  abruptly,  wit 
a  conclusion  like  that  of  Zaduj,  "  wh< 
nothing  is  concluded.") 

Marianne  [Franval],  sister 
Franval  the  advocate.  She  is  a  beautifu 
loving,  gentle  creature,  full  of  the  dec 
of  kindness,  and  brimming  over  wit 
charity.  Marianne  loves  captain  Si 
Alme,  a  merchant's  son,  and  though  her 
mother  opposes  the  match  as  beneath  the 
rank  of  the  family,  the  advocate  pleads 
for  his  sister,  and  the  lovers  are  duly 
betrothed  to  each  other. — T.  Holcroft, 
The  Deaf  and  Dumb  (1785). 

Maridu'num,  t.*.  Cacr-Merdin 


n  (now    J_ 

J 


MARIE. 


613 


MARINI. 


Caermarthen). — Spenser,    Faery    Qtteen, 
iii.  8  (1590). 

Marie  (Coimtess),  the  mother  of  Ul'- 
rica  (a  lOve-daughtcr),  the  father  of 
Ulrica  beine:  Ernest  de  Fridber^,  "the 
prisoner  of  State."  Marie  married  count 
D'Osborn,  on  condition  of  his  obtaining 
the  acquittal  of  her  lover  Ernest  de  Frid- 
berg ;  but  the  count  broke  his  promise, 
and  even  attempted  to  get  the  prisoner 
smothered  in  his  dungeon.  His  villainy 
being  made  known,  the  king  ordered  him 
to  be  executed,  and  Ernest,  being  set  at 
liberty,  duly  married  the  countess  Marie. 
— E.  Stirling,  T/ie  Frisoner  of  State 
(1847). 

Marie  de  Brabant,  daughter  of 
Henri  III.  due  de  lirabant.  She  married 
Philippe  le  Jfardi,  king  of  France,  and 
was  accused  by  Labrosse  of  having  poi- 
soned Philippe's  son  by  his  former  wife. 
Jean  de  Brabant  defended  the  queen's 
innocence  by  combat,  and  being  the 
victor,  Labrosse  was  hung  (1260-1321). 

Ancelot  has  made  this  the  subject  of 
an  historical  poem  called  Jfane  de  Brabant, 
in  six  chants  (1825). 

Marie  Kiriltitoun,  a  witch,  who 
promised  to  do  a  certain  task  for  a  lassie, 
in  order  that  she  might  win  a  husband, 
provided  the  lassie  either  remembered  the 
witch's  name  for  a  year  and  a  day,  or 
submitted  to  any  punishment  she  might 
choose  to  inflict.  The  lassie  was  married, 
and  forgot  the  witch's  name  ;  but  the  fay 
was  heard  singing,  "Houpa,  houpa,  Marie 
Kirikitoun  !  Nobody  will  remember  my 
name."  The  lassie,  being  able  to  tell  the 
witch's  name,  was  no  more  troubled. — 
Basque  Legend. 

Grimm  has  a  similar  tale,  but  the  name 
is  Rumpel-stilzchen,  and  the  song  was  : 

Little  dreams  my  dainty  dame, 
Rumpelstilzchen  is  my  name. 

Mari'na,  daughter  of  Per'icles  prince 
of  Tyre,  born  at  sea,  where  her  mother 
Thais'a,  as  it  was  supposed,  died  in 
giving  her  birth.  Prince  Pericles  en- 
trusted the  infant  to  Cleon  (governor  of 
Tarsus)  and  his  wife  Dionys'ia,  who 
brought  her  up  excellently  well,  and  she 
became  most  highly  accomplished  ;  but 
when  grown  to  budding  womanhood, 
Dionysia,  out  of  jealousy,  employed 
Le'onine  (3  syl.)  to  murder  her.  Leonine 
took  Marina  to  the  coast  with  this  intent, 
but  the  outcast  was  seized  by  pirates,  and 
Hold  at  Metali'ne  as  a  slave.  Here  Peri- 
cles lauded  on  his  voyage  from  Tarsus  to 
Tyre,  and  Marina  was  introduced  to  him 


to  chase  away  his  melancholy.  She  told 
him  the  story  of  her  life,  aijd  he  perceived 
at  once  that  she  was  his  daughter. 
Marina  was  now  betrothed  to  Lysimachus 
governor  of  Metaline ;  but,  before  the 
espousals,  went  to  visit  the  shrine  of 
Diana  of  Ephesus,  to  return  thanks  to  the 
goddess,  and  the  priestess  was  discovered 
to  bo  Thaisa  the  mother  of  Marina. — 
Shakespeare,  Ferides  Frince  of  Tyre 
(1608). 

Mari'na,  wife  of  Jacopo  Fos'cari  the 
doge's  son. — Byron,  The  Two  Foscari 
(1820). 

Marinda  or  Mauidah,  the  fair  con- 
cubine of  Haroun-al-Raschid. 

Marine  {The  Female),  Hannah  Snell 
of  Worcester.  She  was  present  at  the 
attack  of  Pondicherry.  Ultimately  she 
left  the  service,  and  opened  a  public- 
house  in  Wapping  (London),  but  still 
retained  her  male  attire  (born  1723). 

Mar'inel,  the  beloved  of  Florimel 
"the  Fair."  Marinel  was  the  son  of 
black-browed  Cym'oent  (daughter  of  Ne- 
reus  and  Dumarin),  and  allowed  no  one 
to  pass  by  the  rocky  cave  where  he  lived 
without  doing  battle  with  him.  When 
Marinel  forbade  Britomart  to  pass,  she 
replied,  "  I  mean  not  thee  entreat  to 
pass  ; "  and  with  her  spear  knocked  him 
"grovelling  on  the  ground."  His  mother, 
with  the  sea-nymphs,  came  to  him  ;  and 
the  "  lily-handed  Liagore,"  v/ho  knew 
leechcraft,  feeling  his  pulse,  said  life 
was  not  extinct.  So  he  was  carried  to 
his  mother's  bower,  "deep  in  the  bottom 
of  the  sea,"  where  Tryphon  (the  sea-gods' 
physician)  soon  restored  him  to  perfect 
health.  One  day,  Proteus  asked  Marinel 
and  his  mother  to  a  banquet,  and  while 
the  young  man  was  sauntering  about,  he 
heard  a  female  voice  lamenting  her  hard 
lot,  and  saying  her  hardships  were  brought 
about  for  her  love  to  Marinel.  The  young 
man  discovered  that  the  person  was 
Florimel,  who  had  been  shut  up  in  a 
dungeon  by  Proteus  for  rejecting  his 
suit ;  so  he  got  a  warrant  of  release  from 
Neptune,  and  married  her. — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  iii.  8;  iv.  11,  12  (1590, 
1696). 

Mari'ni  (/.  B.),  called  Le  cavalier 
Marin,  bom  at  Naples.  He  was  a  poet, 
and  is  known  by  his  poem  called  Adonis 
or  DAdone,  in  twenty  cantos  (1023).  The 
poem  is  noted  for  its  description  of  the 
"  Garden  of  Venus." 
If  the  reader  .will  .  .  .  read  over  Ariosto'a  picture  of 


MARINO  FALIERO. 


614 


MARKSMAN. 


the  garden  of  paradise.  Tasso's  garden  of  Armi'da,  and 
Marini'8  garden  of  Venus,  he  will  be  pek-suaded  that 
Milton  imitates  their  manner,  but  .  .  .  excels  the 
originals. —Thyer. 

Mari'no  Falie'ro,  the  forty-ninth 
doge  of  Venice,  elected  1354.  A  patrician 
named  Michel  Steno,  having  behaved  in- 
decently to  some  of  the  ladies  at  a  great 
civic  banquet  given  by  the  doge,  was  turned 
out  of  the  house  by  order  of  the  duke. 
In  revenge,  the  young  man  wrote  a  pcur- 
rilous  lifiel  against  the  dogaressa,  which 
he  fastened  to  the  doge's  chair  of  state. 
The  insult  being  referred  to  "the  Forty," 
Steno  was  condemned  to  imprisonment 
for  a  month.  This  punishment  was  thought 
by  the  doge  to  be  so  inadequate  to  the 
offence,  that  he  joined  a  conspiracy  to 
overthrow  the  republic.  The  conspiracy 
was  betrayed  by  Bertram,  one  of  the 
meml>ers,  and  the  doge  was  beheaded  on 
the  "Giant's  Staircase." — Byron,  Marino 
Faliero  (1819). 

*^*  Casimir  Delavigne,  in  1829,  brought 
out  a  tragedy  on  the  same  subject,  and 
with  the  same  title. 

Marion  de  Lorme,  in  whose  house 
the  conspirators  met.  She  betrayed  all 
their  movements  and  designs  to  Richelieu. 
—Lord  Lytton,  Richelieu  (1839). 

Maritor'nes  (4  syl.),  an  Asturian 
chamber-maid  at  the  Crescent  Moon  tavern, 
to  which  don  Quixote  was  taken  by  his 
'squire  after  their  drubbing  by  the  goat- 
herds. The  crazy  knight  insisted  that 
the  tavern  was  a  castle,  and  that  Mari- 
tornes,  "the  lord's  daughter,"  was  in- 
love  with  him. 

Stie  was  broad-faced,  flat-nosed,  blind  of  one  eye,  and 
had  a  most  delightful  squint  with  the  other  ;  the  peculiar 
gentility  of  her  shape,  however,  compensated  for  every 
defect,  she  being  about  three  feet  in  height,  and  remark- 
ably hunchbacked.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  ill.  2 
(16C5). 

Marius  {Caius),  the  Roman  general, 
tribune  of  the  people  B.C.  119:  the  rival 
ofSylla. 

Antony  Vincent  Arnault  wrote  a  tragedy 
in  French  entitled  Marius  a  Minturnes 
(1791).  Thomas  Lodge,  M.D.,  in  1694, 
wrote  a  drama  called  Wounds  of  Civil 
War,  lively  set  forth  in  the  True  Tragedies 
of  Marius  and  SijUa. 

Mar'ivaux  {Pierre  de  Chamblain  de), 
a  French  writer  of  comedies  and  ro- 
mances (1G78-1763). 

S.  Richardson  is  called  "  The  English 
Marivaux"  (1689--17G1). 

Marjory  of  Douglas,  daughter  of 
Archibald  earl  ot  Douglas,  and  duchess 
of  Rothsay.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Ferth  (time,  Henry  IV,), 


Mark  {Sir),  king  of  Cornwall,  who 
held  his  court  at  Tintag'il.  He  was  a 
wily,  treacherous  coward,  hated  and 
despised  by  all  true  knights.  One  day, 
sir  Dinadan,  in  jest,  told  him  that  sir 
Launcelot  might  be  recognized  by  "his 
shield,  which  was  silver  with  a  black 
rim."  This  was,  in  fact,  the  cognizance 
of  sir  Mordred  ;  but,  to  carry  out  the  joke, 
sir  Mordred  lent  it  to  Dagonet,  king 
Arthur's  fool.  Then,  mounting  the  jester 
on  a  large  horse,  and  placing  a  huge  s|)ear 
in  his  hand,  the  knights  sent  him  to 
offer  battle  to  king  Mark.  When  Da- 
gonet beheld  the  coward  king,  he  cried 
aloud,  "  Keep  thee,  sir  knight,  for  I  will 
slay  thee  ! "  King  Mark,  thinking  it  to  be 
sir  Launcelot,  spurred  his  horse  to  flight. 
The  fool  gave  chase,  rating  king  Mark  "as 
a  wood  man  [madman]:'  All  the  knights 
who  beheld  it  roared  at  the  jest,  told 
king  Arthur,  and  the  forest  rang  with 
their  laughter.  The  wife  of  king  Mark 
was  Isond  (Ysolde)  the  Fair  of  Ireland, 
whose  love  for  sir  Tristram  was  a  public 
scandal. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Frince  Arthur,  ii.  96,  97  (1470).  •    " 

Mark  Tapley,  a  serving  companion 
of  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  who  goes  out  with 
him  to  Eden,  in  North  America.  Mark] 
Tapley  thinks  there  is  no  credit  in  being] 
jolly  in  easy  circumstances  ;  but  when:' 
Eden  he  found  every  discomfort,  lost  al 
his  money,  was  swindled  by  every  oneJ 
and  was  aJmost  killed  by  fevers,  thei 
indeed  he  felt  it  would  be  a  real  credit 
be  jolly  under  the  circumstances." — G* 
Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1843). 

Markham,  a  gentleman  in  the  trail 
of  the  earl  of  Sussex. — Sir  W.  Scott' 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Markham  {Mrs.),  pseudonym  of  Mra 
Elizabeth  Perrose  (born  Elizabeth  Car 
Wright),  authoress  of  History  of  Englar 
etc. 

Markleham  {Mrs.),  the  mother  of 
Annie.  Devoted  to  pleasure,  she  always 
maintained  that  she  indulged  in  it  for 
*' Annie's  sake."  Mrs.  Markleham  is 
generally  referred  to  as  "the  old  soldier." 
-^C.  Dickens,  David  Copperjield  (1849). 

Marksman,  one  of  Fortunio's  seven 
attendants.  He  saw  so  clearly  and  to 
such  a  distance,  that  he  generally  ban- 
daged his  eyes  in  order  to  temper  the 
great  keenness  of  his  sight. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  Fortunio,'^ 
1682). 


d 


MARLBOROUGH. 


615 


MARPHISA. 


Marlborough  {The  duke  of),  John 
Churchill.  He  was  called  by  marshal 
Turenne,  Le  Bel  Anglais  (1650-1722). 
(See  Malbkough,  p.  597.) 

Marlow  (Sir  Charles),  the  kind- 
hearted  old  friend  of  squire  Hardcastle. 

Young  Marlow,  son  of  sir  Charles. 
"  Among  women  of  reputation  and  virtue 
he  is  the  modestest  man  alive ;  but  his 
acquaintances  give  him  a  very  different 
character  among  women  of  another 
stamp"  (act  i.  1).  Having  mistaken 
Hardcastle's  house  for  an  inn,  and  Miss 
Hardcastle  for  the  barmaid,  he  is  quite 
at  his  ease,  and  makes  love  freely. 
When  fairly  caught,  he  discovers  that 
the  supposed  "inn"  is  a  private  house, 
and  the  supposed  barmaid  is  the  squire's 
daughter ;  but  the  ice  of  his  shyness 
being  broken,  he  has  no  longer  any 
difficult)''  in  loving  according  to  his 
station. — Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conquer 
(1773). 

When  Goldsmith  was  between  16  and 
17,  he  set  out  for  Edgworthstown,  and 
finding  night  coming  on,  asked  a  man 
which  was  the  "  best  house  "  in  the  town — 
meaning  the  best  inn.  The  man  pointed 
to  the  house  of  sir  Ralph  Fetherstone  (or 
Mr.  Fetlier stone),  and  Oliver,  entering  the 
parlour,  found  the  master  of  the  mansion 
sitting  at  a  good  fire.  Oliver  told  him  he 
desired  to  pass  the  night  there,  and 
ordered  him  to  bring  in  supper.  "  Sir 
Ralph  "  knowing  his  customer,  humoured 
the  joke,  which  Oliver  did  not  discover 
till  next  day,  when  he  called  for  his  bill. 
(We  are  told  in  Notes  and  Queries  that 
Ralph  Fetherstone  was  only  J/r.,  but  his 
grandson  was  sir  Thomas.) 

Marmion.  Lord  Marmion  was  be- 
trothed to  Constance  de  Beverly,  but  he 
jilted  her  for  lady  Clare  an  heiress,  who 
was  in  love  with  Ralph  de  Wilton.  The 
lady  Clare  rejected  lord  Marmion's  suit, 
and  took  refuge  from  him  in  the  convent 
of  St.  Hilda,  in  Whitby.  Constance  took 
the  veil  in  the  convent  of  St.  Cuthbert, 
in  Holy  Isle,  but  after  a  time  left  the 
convent  clandestinely,  was  captured, 
taken  back,  and  buried  alive  in  the  walls 
of  a  deep  cell.  In  the  mean  time,  lord 
Marmion,  being  sent  by  Henry  VIII.  on 
an  embassy  to  James  IV.  of  Scotland, 
stopped  at  the  hall  of  sir  Hugh  de  Heron, 
who  sent  a  palmer  as  his  guide.  On  his 
return,  lord  Marmion  commanded  the 
abbess  of  St.  Hilda  to  release  the  lady 
Clare,  and  place  her  under  the  charge  of 
her  kinsman,  Fife/iclare  of  Tantallon  Hall. 


Here  she  met  the  palmer,  who  was  Ralph 
de  Wilton,  and  as  lord  Marmion  was  slain 
in  the  battle  of  Flodden  Field,  she  was  free 
to  marry  the  man  she  loved. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Marmion  (1808). 

Marmion  {Lord),  a  Descendant  of 
Robert  de  Marmion,  who  obtained  from 
William  the  Conqueror  the  manor  of 
Scrivelby,  in  Lincolnshire.  This  Robert 
de  Marmion  was  the  first  royal  champion 
of  England,  and  the  ofHce  remained  in 
the  family  till  the  reign  of  Edward  I., 
when  in  default  of  male  issue  it  passed  to 
John  Dymoke,  son-in-law  of  Philip  Mar- 
mion, in  whose  family  it  remains  still. 

Ma'ro,  Virgil,  whose  full  name  wa3 
Publius  Virgilius  Maro  (b.c.  70-19). 

Oh,  were  it  mine  with  sacred  Maro's  art 

To  walce  to  sympathy  the  feeling  heart, 

Lil<e  him  the  smooth  mid  mournful  verse  to  dress 

III  all  the  pomp  of  exquisite  distress  .  ,  . 

Then  might  I  .  .  . 

Falconer,  The  Shipwreck,  ill.  5  (1756). 

Mar'onites  (3  syl.),  a  religious 
semi-Catholic  sect  of  Syria,  constantly 
at  war  with  their  near  neighbours  the 
Druses,  a  semi-Mohammedan  sect.  Both 
are  now  tributaries  of  the  sultan,  but 
enjoy  their  own  laws.  The  Maronites 
number  about  400,000,  and  the  Druses 
about  half  that  number.  The  Maronites 
owe  their  name  to  J.  Maron,  their  founder ; 
the  Druses  to  Durzi,  who  led  them  out  of 
Egypt  into  Syria.  The  patriarch  of  the 
Maronites  resides  at  Kanobin  ;  the  hakem 
of  the  Druses  at  Deir-el-kamar.  The 
Maronites  or  "  Catholics  of  Lebanon" 
differ  from  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
several  points,  and  have  a  pope  or  patri- 
arch of  their  own.  In  1860  the  Druses 
made  on  them  a  horrible  onslaught, 
which  called  forth  the  intervention  of 
Europe. 

Marotte  (2  syl.),  footman  of  Gor- 
gibus  ;  a  plain  bourgeois,  who  hates  affec- 
tation. When  the  fine  ladies  of  the  house 
try  to  convert  him  into  a  fashionable 
flunky,  and  teach  him  a  little  grand- 
eloquence,  he  bluntly  tells  them  he  does 
not  understand  Latin. 

Marotte.  Voili  un  laquais  qui  demande  st  vons  fites  au 
logis,  et  dit  que  son  maltre,  vous  venir  voir. 

Madelvn.  Apprenez,  sotte,  k  vous  (inoncer  moina 
vulgaiment.  Dites :  Voili  un  n^cesgaire  qui  demande  si 
vous  6tes  en  commodity  d'etre  visibles. 

Marotte.  Je  n'entends  point  le  Latin.— Moliira  L«$ 
PrSoieuse  Jiidicules,  vii  (1659). 

Marphi'sa,  sister  of  Roge'ro,  and  a 
female  knight  of  amazing  prowess.  She 
was  brought  up  by  a  magician,  but  being 
stolen  at  the  age  of  seven,  was  sold  to 
the  king  of  Persia.  When  she  was  18, 
her  royal  master  assailed,  her  honour; 


MARPHURIUS. 


616 


MARS  WOUNDED. 


but  she  slew  him,  and  usurped  the  crown. 
Marphisa  went  to  Gaul  to  join  the  army 
of  Agramant,  but  subsequently  entered 
the  camp  of  Charlemagne,  and  was 
baptized. — ^Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(1616). 

Marphu'rius,  a  doctor  of  the  Pyr- 
rhonian  school.  Sganarelle  consults  him 
about  his  marriage ;  but  the  philosopher 
replies,  "  Perhaps  ;  it  is  possible  ;  it  may 
l>e  so  ;  everything  is  doubtful ; "  till  at 
last  Sganarelle  beats  him,  and  Marphurius 
says  he  shall  bring  an  action  against  him 
for  battery.  "  Perhaps,"  replies  Sgana- 
relle ;  "  it  is  possible  ;  it  may  be  so,"  etc., 
using  the  very  words  of  the  philosopher 
(sc.  ix.). — Moliere,  Le  Mariage  Force 
(1G64). 

Marplot,  "the  busy  body."  A 
blimdenng,  good-natured,  meddlesome 
j'oung  man,  very  inquisitive,  too  officious 
by  half,  and  always  bungling  whatever 
he  interferes  in.  Marplot  is  introduced 
by  Mrs.  Centlivre  in  two  comedies,  Tke 
Busy  Body  and  Marplot  in  Lisbon. 

That  unlucky  dog  Marplot ...  is  ever  doing  mischief, 
and  yet  (to  give  him  his  due)  he  never  designs  it.  Tliis  is 
some  blundering  adventure,  wlierein  he  tliought  to  show 
his  friendship,  as  he  calls  it. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  The  But]/ 
Body,  iu.  5  (1709). 

*^*  This  was  Henry  Woodward's  great 
part  (1717-1777).  His  unappeasable 
curiosity,  his  slow  comprehension,  his 
annihilation  under  the  sense  of  his 
dilemmas,  were  so  diverting,  that  even 
Garrick  confessed  him  the  decided  "  Mar- 
plot "  of  the  stage, — Boaden,  Life  of  Sid- 
dons. 

N.B. — William  Cavendish  duke  of  New- 
castle brought  out  a  free  translation  of 
Moliere's  L'Ftourdi,  which  he  entitled 
Marplot. 

Marquis  de  Basqueville,  being 
one  night  at  the  opera,  was  told  by  a 
xricssenger  that  his  mansion  was  on  fire. 
"Eh  bien,"  he  said  to  the  messenger, 
"  adrcssez-vous  a  Mme.  la  marquise  "qui 
est  en  face  dans  cette  loge  ;  car  c'est 
affaire  de  mrnage." — Chapus,  Dieppe  et 
ses  Environs  (1853). 

Marrall  (Jack)^  a  mean-spirited, 
revengeful  time-server.  He  is  the  clerk 
and  tool  of  sir  Giles  Overreach.  When 
Marrall  thinks  Wellborn  penniless,  he 
treats  him  like  a  dog ;  but  immediately 
he  fancies  he  is  about  to  marry  the 
wealthy  dowager  lady  Allworth,  he  is 
most  8er\-ile,  and  offers  to  lend  him 
money.  Marrall  now  plays  the  traitor  to 
hia   master,   sir    Giles,    and   reveals    to 


Wellborn  the  scurvy  tricks  by  which  he 
has  been  cheated  of  his  estates.  V/hen, 
however,  he  asks  Wellborn  to  take  him 
into  his  ser\'ice.  Wellborn  replies,  "He 
who  is  false  to  one  master  will  betray 
another ; "  and  will  have  nothing  to  say 
to  him. — Massinger,  A  New  Way  to  Fay 
Old  Bebts  {1G2S). 

Married  Men   of  Genius.    The 

number  of  men  of  genius  unhappy  in 
their  wives  is  very  large.  The  following 
are  notorious  examples  : — Socrates  and 
Xantippe  ;  Sadi  the  Persian  poet ;  Dante 
and  Gemma  Donati ;  Milton  with  both 
his  wives  ;  Marlborough  and  Sarah  Jen- 
nings ;  Gustavus  Adolphus  and  his  fiighty 
queen ;  Byron  and  Miss  Milbanke ; 
Dickens  and  Miss  Hogarth  ;  etc.  Every 
reader  will  be  able  to  add  to  the  list. 

Mars,  divine  Fortitude  personified. 
Bacchus  is  the  tutelary  demon  of  the 
Mohammedans,  and  Mars  the  guardian 
potentate  of  the  Christians. — Camoens, 
The  Lusiad  (1569). 

That  Young  Mars  of  Men,  Edward  the 
Black  Prince,  who  with  8000  men  de- 
feated, at  Poitiers,  the  French  king  John, 
whose  army  amounted  to  G0,000 — some 
say  even  more  (a.d.  1356). 

The  Mars  of  Men,  Henry  Plantagenet : 
earl  of  Derby,  third  son  of  Henry  carl  of 
Lancaster,  and  near  kinsman  of  Edward 
III.     (See  Dekby.) 

Mars  of  Portugal  {The),  Alfonso j 
de  Alboquerque,  viceroy  of  India  (1452- 
1515). 

Mars  "Wounded.    A  very  remark- 
able parallel  to  the  encounter  of  DiQmedj 
and  Mars  in  the  Iliad,  v.,  occurs  in  Ossian. 
Homer  says  that  Diomed  hurled  his  spear  j 
against  Mars,  which,  piercing  the  belt,] 
wounded  the  war-god    in    the    bowels  i 
"  Loud    bellowed    Mars,   nine  thousand] 
men,  ten  thousand,  scarce  so  loud  joiningj 
fierce  battle."      Then    Mars   ascending,- 
wrapped  in  cloudsj^  was  borne  upwards' 
to  Olympus. 

Ossian,  in  Carrie- Thura,  says  that 
Loda,  the  god  of  his  foes,  came  like  "i' 
blast  from  the  mountain.  He  came  ir 
his  terror,  and  shook  his  dusky  spear. 
His  eyes  were  flames,  and  his  voice  like 
distant  thunder.  '  Son  of  night,'  said 
Fingal,  'retire.  Do  I  fear  thy  gloomy 
form,  spirit  of  dismal  Loda  ?  Weak  is 
thy  shield  of  cloud,  feeble  thy  meteor 
sw^ord.'"  Then  cleft  he  the  gloomy, 
shadow  with  his  sword.  It  fell  like 
column  of  smoke.    It  slirieked.    Then, 


MAR'S  YEAR. 


617 


MARTHA. 


rolling  itself  up,  the  wounded  spirit  rose 
on  the  wind,  and  the  island  shook  to  its 
foundation^ 

Mar's  Year,  the  year  1715,  in 
which  occurred  the  rebellion  of  the  earl 
of  Mar. 

Auld  uncle  John  wha  wedlock's  joys 
Sin  Max's  year  did  desire. 

R,  Burns,  Haltotoeen,  27. 

Marseilles'  Good  Bishop,  Henri 
rran9ois  Xavier  de  Belsunce  (1G71-1775). 
Immortalized  by  his  philanthropic  dili- 
gence in  the  plague  at  Marseilles  (1720- 
1722). 

Charles  Borromeo,  archbishop  of  Milan 
a  century  previously  (157G),  was  equally 
diligent  and  self-sacrificing  in  the  plague 
of  Milan  (1538-1584). 

Sir  John  Lawrence,  lord  mayor  of 
London  during  the  great  plague,  sup- 
ported 40,000  dismissed  servants,  and 
deserves  immortal  honour. 

Darwin  refers  to  Belsunce  ftnd  Law- 
rence in  his  Loves  of  the  Flants,  ii.  433. 

Marshal  Forvvrards,  Blucher  ;  so 
called  for  his  dash  in  battle,  and  rapidity 
of  his  movements,  in  the  campaign  of 
1813  (1742-1819). 

Marsi,  a  part  of  the  Sabellian  race, 
noted  for  magic,  and  said  to  have  been 
descended  from  Circe. 

Marsis  vi  quadam  genital!  datum,  ut  serpentiuni  vlru- 
lentoriim  domitores  sint,  et  incantationibus  herbarumque 
succis  faciant  medelaruia  mirsL—Uelliut,  xvl  11. 

Marsig'lio,  a  Saracen  king,  who 
plotted  the  attack  upon  Roland,  "  under 
i  the  tree  on  which  Judas  hanged  himself." 
[  With  a  force  of  600,000  men,  divided 
I  into  three  companies,  Marsiglio  attacked 
I  the  paladin  in  Roncesvalles,  and  over- 
■  threw  him  ;  but  Charlemagne,  coming  up, 
t  routed  the  Saracen,  and  hanged  him  on 
i  the  very  tree  under  which  he  planned  the 
I     attack.— Turpin,  Chronicle  (1122). 

I  Marsilia,  *'who  bears  up  great 
Cynthia's  train,"  is  the  marchioness  of 
Northampton,  to  whom  Spenser  dedicated 
his  Daphnaida.     This  lady  was  Helena, 

j  daughter  of  Wolfgangus  Swavenburgh,  a 
Swede. 

Ne  less  praiseworthy  is  MarsiUa, 

Best  known  by  bearing  up  great  Cj-nthia's  train. 

Slie  is  the  pattern  of  true  womanhead  .  .  . 

Worthy  next  after  Cynthia  [quven  £lizabeth]  to  tread, 

As  she  is  next  her  in  nobility. 

Spenser,  Colin  Clout' »  Come  Home  Again  (1595). 

j       Mar'syas,  the  Phrygian  flute-player. 

He  challenged  Apollo   to   a  contest   of 
\  skill,  but  being  beaten  by  the  god,  was 

flayed  alive  for  his  presumption. 


Mar'tafax     and    Ler'mites    (3 

syl.),  two  famous  rats  brought  up  before 
the  White  Cat  for  treason,  but  acquitted. 
— Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("The 
W'hite  Cat,"  1G82). 

Marta'no,  a  great  coward,  who  stole 
the  armour  of  Gryphon,  and  presented 
himself  in  it  before  king  Norandi'no. 
Having  received  the  honours  due  to  the 
owner,  Martano  quitted  Damascus  with 
Origilla ;  but  Aquilant  unmasked  the 
villain,  and  he  was  hanged  (bks.  viii., 
ix.). — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (151C). 

Marteau  des  Heretiques, 
Pierre  d'Ailly ;  also  called  VAujle  de  la 
France  (1350-1420). 

Martel  {Charles),  Charles,  natural 
son  of  Pepin  d'He'ristal. 

M.  Collin  de  Plancy  says  that  thia 
"  palace  mayor"  of  France  was  not  called 
"Martel"  because  he  martele  ("ham- 
mered ")  the  Saracens  under  Abd-el- 
Rahman  in  732,  but  because  his  patron 
saint  was  Martellus  (or  St,  Martin). — ■ 
Bibliot/ieqiie  des  LeyeTides. 

Thomas  DeLf,  in  his  translation  of 
Chevereul's  Principles  of  Harmony,  etc., 
of  Colours  (1847),  signs  himself  "Charles 
Martel." 

Martext  (Sir  Oliver),  a  vicar  in 
Shakespeare's  comedy  of  As  You  Like  It 
(IGOO). 

Martha,  sister  to  "  The  Scornful 
Lady  "  (no  name  given). — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Scornful  Lady  (1G16). 

Martha,  the  servant-girl  at  Shaw'a 
Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Martha,  the  old  housekeeper  at  Osbal- 
distone  Hall.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Mob  Jioy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Martha,  daughter  of  Ralph  and  Louise 
de  Lascours,  and  sister  of  Diana  de  Las- 
cours.  When  the  crew  of  the  Urania 
rebelled,  Martha,  with  Ralph  de  Lascours 
(the  captain),  Louise  de  Lascours,  and 
IJarabas,  were  put  adrift  in  a  boat,  and 
cast  on  an  iceberg  in  "the  Frozen  Sea." 
The  iceberg  broke,  Ralph  and  Louise 
were  drowned,  Barabas  was  picked  up  by 
a  vessel,  and  Martha  fell  into  the  hands 
of  an  Indian  tribe,  who  gave  her  the 
name  of  Orgari'ta  ("  withered  com"). 
She  married  Carlos,  but  as  he  married 
under  a  false  name,  the  marriage  was 
illegal,  and  when  Carlos  was  given  up  to 


MARTHA. 


618    MARTINMAS  WILL  COME,  ETC. 


the  hands  of  justice,  Orgarita  was  placed 
under  the  charge  of  her  grandmother 
Mde.  de  Theringe,  and  [probably]  es- 
poused Horace  de  Brienne. — E.  Stirling, 
The  Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Martlui,  a  friend  of  Margaret.  She 
makes  love  to  Mephistopheles  with  great 
worldly  shrewdness.  —  Goethe,  Faust 
(1798). 

Martha,  alias  Ulrica,  mother  of 
Bertha  who  is  betrothed  to  Hereward 
and  marries  him. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count 
Eobert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Martha  {The  abbess),  abbess  of  Elcho 
Nunnery.  She  is  a  kinswoman  of  the 
Glover  family.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid 
of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Martha  (Dame),  housekeeper  to  major 
Biidgenorth.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Marthe,  a  young  orphan,  in  love  with 
Fre'ddric  Auvray,  a  young  artist,  who 
loves  her  in  return,  but  leaves  her,  goes 
to  Rome,  and  falls  in  love  with  another 
lady,  Elena,  sister  of  the  duke  Strozzi. 
Marthe  leaves  the  Swiss  pastor,  who  is 
her  guardian,  and  travels  in  midwinter 
to  Rome,  dressed  as  a  boy,  and  under  the 
name  of  Piccolino.  She  tells  her  tale  to 
Elena,  who  abandons  the  fickle  false  one, 
and  Fr(  de'ric  forbids  the  Swiss  wanderer 
ever  again  to  approach  him.  Marthe,  in 
despair,  throws  herself  into  the  Tiber,  but 
is  rescued.  Fre'd^ric  repents,  is  recon- 
ciled, and  marries  the  forlorn  maiden. — 
Mons.  Guiraud,  Piccolino  (an  opera,  1875). 

Marthon,  an  old  cook  at  Amheim 
Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Marthon,  alias  Rizpah,  a  Bohemian 
woman,  attendant  on  the  countess  Hame- 
line  of  Croye.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin 
Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Martian  Laws  (not  Mercian,  as 
Wharton  gives  it  in  his  Lav)  Dictionary) 
are  the  laws  collected  by  Martia,  the 
^,f  of  Guithelin  great-grandson  of 
Mulmijtius  who  established  in  Britain 
the  "Mulmutian  Laws"  {q.v.),  Alfred 
translated  both  these  codes  into  Saxon- 
English,  and  called  the  Martian  code  Pa 
Marchitle  La<je.  These  laws  have  no 
conneotion  with  the  kingdom  of  Mercia. 
—Geoffrey,  British  History,  in.  13  (1142). 

""^'S.*" *^'*'*'  "^"^^"^  •  •  •  toshowheruprigiit 

To  wise  Mulmutius*  laws  her  MarUan  first  did  frame. 

I>rayton,  PolyolHon,  viU.  (leis). 


Martigny  {Mai-ie  la  comptesse  ffe), 
wife  of  the  earl  of  Etherington. — Sir  W, 
Scott,  St.  Eonan's  Well  (time,  George 
III.). 

Martin,  in  Swift's  Tale  of  the  Tub, 
is  Martin  Luther;  "John"  is  Calvin; 
and  "  Peter  "  the  pope  of  Rome  (1704). 

In  Dryden^a  Mind  and  Panther,  "Mar- 
tin" means  the  Lutheran  party  (1687). 

Martin,  the  old  verdurer  near  sir 
Henry  Lee's  lodge. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wood- 
stock (time.  Commonwealth). 

Martin,  the  old  shepherd,  in  the  service 
of  the  lady  of  Avenel.— Sir  \V.  Scott, 
The  Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Martin,  the  ape,  in  the  beast-epic  of 
Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Martin  (Dame),  partner  of  Darsie 
Latimer  at  the  fishers'  dance. — Sir  \V. 
Scott,  Eedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Martin  (Sarah),  the  prison  reformer  of 
Great  Yarmouth.  This  young  woman, 
though  but  a  jx)or  dressmaker,  conceived 
a  device  for  the  reformation  of  prisoners 
in  her  native  town,  and  continued  for 
twenty-four  years  her  earnest  and  useful 
labour  of  love,  acting  as  schoolmistress, 
chaplain,  and  industrial  superintendent. 
In  1835,  captain  Williams,  inspector  of 
prisons,  brought  her  plans  before  the 
Government,  under  the  conviction  that  the 
nation  at  large  might  be  benefited  by 
their  practical  good  sense  (1791-1843). 

Martin  Weldeck,  the  miner.    His 
story  is  read  by  Lovel  to  a  pic-nic  party 
at  St.  Ruth's  rrnns. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Martine  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Sganare 
She  has  a  furious  quarrel  with  her  hus 
band,  who  beats  her,  and  she  screams. 
M.  Robert,  a  neighbour,  interferes,  says 
to  Sganarelle,  "  Quelle  inf  am  ie  !  Peste 
soit  le  coquin,  de  battre  ainsie  sa  f  emme." 
The  woman  snubs  him  for  his  imperti- 
nence, and  says,  "  Je  veux  qu'il  me  battre, 
moi;"  and  Sganarelle  beats  him  soundly 
for  meddling  with  what  does  not  concern 
him. — Moliere,  Ze  Medecin  Malgre  Lux 
(1666). 

Martinmas  ■will  Come  in  Due 
Time,  or,  give  a  rogue  rope  enough,  and 
he'll  hang  himself ;  every  evil-doer  will 
meet  his  reward.  Martinma?  used  to  be 
the  time  for  killing  hogs  for  winter  store, 
and  the  Spanish  proverb  paraphrased  is 
this:  "As  the  time  will  certainly  come 
when  hogs  will  be  eslain,  so  the  time  will 


irty 

a 


MARTIN'S  SUMMER. 


619 


MARY  GRAHAM. 


Certainly  come  when  thy  sins  or  faults 
will  be  chastised." 

Mai'tin's  Sunnner  iSt.)y  halcyon 
days  ;  a  time  of  prosperity  ;  fine  weather. 
L'ete  de  S.  Martin,  from  October  9  to 
November  11.  At  the  close  of  autumn 
we  generally  have  a  month  of  magnificent 
summer  weather. 

Assigned  am  I  [Joan  of  Are]  to  be  the  English  scourge.  . . 
Expect  St  Martin's  summer,  lialcyon  days. 
Since  1  have  entered  into  tliese  wars. 

Shaliespeare.  1  JJenr;/  VI.  act  i.  sc.  3  (1589). 

*^*  Also  called  "  St.  Luke's  Summer." 

Martival  {Stephen  de),  a  steward  of 
the  field  at  the  tournament. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Jvanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Martivalle  (Martius  Galeotti),  astro- 
loger to  Louis  XI.  of  France. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Qmntin  JDurward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Martyr  King  (The),  Henry  VI., 
buried  at  Windsor  beside  Edward  IV. 

Here  o'er  the  Martyr  King  [Henry  K/.]  tlie  marble  weeps, 
And  fast  beside  him  once-feared  Edward  f/r.J  sleeps; 
The  grave  unites  where  e'en  the  grave  finds  rest, 
And  mingled  lie  the  oppressor  and  th'  opprest. 

Pope. 

Martyr  King  {The),  Charles  I.  of 
England  (1600,  1625-1G49). 

Louis  XVI.  of  Prance  is  also  called 
Louis  "the  Martyr"  (1754,  1774-1793). 

Martyrs  to  Science. 

Claude  Louis  count  Berthollet,  who 
tested  on  himself  the  effects  of  carbonic 
acid  on  the  human  frame,  and  died  under 
the  experiment  (1748-1822). 

Giordano  Bruno,  who  was  burnt  alive 
for  maintaining  that  matter  is  the  mother 
of  all  things  (1550-1600). 

Galileo,  who  was  imprisoned  twice  by 
the  Inquisition  for  maintaining  that  the 
earth  moved  round  the  sun  and  not  the 
Bun  round  the  earth  (15G4-1642). 

And  scores  of  others. 

Marvellous  Boy  {Tlie)^  Thomas 
Chatterton  (1752-1770). 

I  thought  of  Chatterton,  the  marvellous  boy, 
The  sleepless  soul  that  perished  in  his  pride. 

Wordsworth. 

Marwood  {Alice),  daughter  of  an 
old  woman  who  called  herself  Mrs.  Brown. 
When  a  mere  girl,  she  was  concerned  in  a 
burglary  and  was  transported.  Carker, 
manager  in  the  firm  of  Dombey  and  Son, 
seduced  her,  and  both  she  and  her  mother 
determined  on  revenge.  Alice  bore  a 
striking  resemblance  to  Edith  (Mr.  Dom- 
bey's  second  wife),  and  in  fact  they  were 
cousins,  for  Mrs.  Brown  was  "wife"  of 
the    brother-in-law    of    the    Hon.    Mrs. 


Skewton  (Edith's  mother). — C.  Dickens, 

Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Marwood  {Mistress),  jilted  by  Fainall 
and  soured  against  the  whole  male  sex. 
She  says,  "I  have  done  hating  those 
vipers — men,  and  am  now  come  to  despise 
them  ; "  but  she  thinks  of  marrying,  to 
keep  her  husband  "on  the  rack  of  fear 
and  jealousy." — W.  Congreve,  The  Way 
of  the  World  (1700). 

Mary,  the  pretty  housemaid  of  the 
worshipful  the  mayor  of  Ipswich  {Nup~ 
kins).  When  Arabella  ALen  marries  Mr. 
Winkle,  Mary  enters  her  service ;  but 
eventually  marries  Sam  Weller,  and  lives 
at  Dulwich  as  Mr.  Pickwick's  house- 
keeper.— C.  Dickens,  Tlie  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Mary,  niece  of  Valentine  and  his  sister 
Alice.  In  love  with  Mons.  Thomas. — ■ 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas 
(1619). 

Mary.  The  queen's  Marys,  four  young 
ladies  of  quality,  of  the  same  age  as 
Mary  afterwards  "  queen  of  Scots." 
They  embarked  with  her  in  1548,  on 
board  the  French  galleys,  and  were  des- 
tined to  be  her  playmates  in  childhood, 
and  her  companions  when  she  grew  up. 
Their  names  were  Mary  Beaton  (or 
Bethunc),  Mary  Livingston  (or  Lemson), 
Mary  Fleming  (or  Flemyng),  and  Mary 
Seaton  (Seton  or  Seyton). 

*^*  Mary  Carmichael  has  no  place  in 
authentic  history,  although  an  old  ballad 
says : 

Yestrien  the  queen  had  four  Marys ; 

This  night  she'll  hae  but  three  : 
There  was  Mary  Beaton,  and  Mary  Seaton, 

And  Mary  Carmichael,  and  me. 

***  One  of  Whyte  Melville's  novels  is 
called  The  Queen's  Marys. 

Mary  Anne,  a  slang  name  for  the 
guillotine  ;  also  called  L'abhaye  de  nionte- 
a-regret  ("  the  mountain  of  mournful 
ascent ").     (See  Marianne.) 

Mary  Anne,  a  generic  name  for  a  secret 
republican  society  in  France.  (See  Ma- 
rianne.)— B.  Disraeli,  Lothair. 

Mary  Anne  was  the  red-name  for  the  republic  years 
ago,  and  there  always  was  a  sort  of  rnytli  tliat  tlteso 
secret  societies  had  been  fuunded  by  a  woman. 

The  Mary-Aune  associations,  which  are  essentially 
republic,  are  scattered  about  all  the  provinces  of  Franct. 
— Lothair. 

Mary  Graham,  an  orphan  adopted 
by  old  Martin  Chuzzlewit.  She  eventu- 
ally married  Martin  Chuzzlewit  the 
grandson,  and  hero  of  the  tale. 

"The  young  girl,"  said  the  old  man,  "is  an  orphan 
child,  whom  ...  I  have  bred  and  educated,  or,  if  yon 


MARY  STUART. 


620 


MASANIELLO, 


profar  the  word,  adopted.  For  a  year  or  two  she  has 
been  my  companion,  and  she  is  my  only  one.  I  have 
tiikea  a  .solemn  oath  not  to  leave  her  a  sixj^ence  when  I 
die ;  but  while  I  live,  I  make  her  an  aniiu:U  allowance, 
not  extravagant  in  its  amount,  and  yet  not  stinted."— 
Q,  Dickeus,  Martin  Chvuzlewit,  iU.  (IS*!). 

Mary  Stuart,  an  historical  tragedy 
by  J.  Haynes  (1840).  The  subject  is 
the  death  of  David  Rizzio. 

*^*  Schiller  has  taken  Mary  Stuart 
for  the  subject  of  a  tragedy.  P.  Lebrun 
turned  the  German  drama  into  a  French 
play.  Sir  W.  Scott,  in  The  Abbot,  has 
taken  for  his  subject  the  flight  of  Mary 
to  England. 

Mary  Tudor.  Victor  Hugo  has  a 
tragedy  so  called  (1833),  and  Tennyson,  in 
1878,  issued  a  play  entitled  Queen  Mary^ 
an  epitome  of  the  reign  of  the  Tudor 
Mary, 

Mary  and  Bjrron.  The  ' '  Mary  "  of 
lord  Byron  was  Miss  Chaworth.  Both 
were  under  the  guardianship  of  Mr. 
White.  Miss  Chaworth  married  John 
Musters,  and  lord  BjTon  married  Miss 
Milbanke;  both  equally  unfortunate. 
Lord  Byron,  in  The  Dream,  refers  to  his 
love-affair  with  Mary  Chaworth.  (Sec 
p.  145.) 

Mary  in  Heaven  ( To)  and  HigMand 
Mary,  lyrics  addressed  by  Robert  Burns 
to  Mary  Campbell,  between  whom  and 
the  poet  there  existed  a  strong  attach- 
ment previous  to  the  latter's  departure 
from  Ayrshire  to  Nithsdale.  Mary  Mori- 
eon,  a  youthful  effusion,  was  written  to 
the  object  of  a  prior  passion.  The  lines 
in  the  latter 

Those  smiles  and  glances  let  me  see, 
That  make  the  miser's  treasure  poor, 

resemble  those  in  Highland  Mary — 

Still  o'er  those  scenes  my  mem'ry  wakes, 
And  fondly  broods  with  miser  care. 

Mary  of  Mode'na,  the  second  wife 
of  James  II.  of  England,  and  mother  of 
*'  The  Pretender." 

Mamma  was  to  assume  the  character  and  stately  way  of 
the  royiU  "Mary  of  Modena."— Percy  FiUgerald,  Th« 
J'arvenu  Family,  iii.  £39. 

Mary  queen  of  Scots  was  con- 
fined first  at  Carlisle  ;  she  was  removed 
in  1568  to  Bolton  ;  in  1,^69  she  was  con- 
fined at  Tutbury,  Wingfield,  Tutburj^, 
Ashby-de-la-Zouche,  and  Coventrv ;  in 
1670  she  was  removed  to  Tutburj',  Chats- 
worth,  and  Sheffield  ;  in  1677  to  Chats- 
worth  ;  in  1578  to  Sheffield  ;  in  1584  to 
Wingiield  ;  in  1585  to  Tutbury,  Chartley, 
Tixhall,  and  Chartley  ;  in  1686  (Septem- 
ber 25)  to  Fotheringay. 

*^*  She  is  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  his  novel  entitled  The  Abbot, 


Schiller  has  taken  Mary  Stuart  for  the 
subject  of  his  best  tragedy,  and  P.  Lebrun 
brought  out  in  France  a  French  version 
thereof  (1729-1807). 

Mary  queen  of  Scots.  The  most  elegant 
and  poetical  compliment  ever  paid  to 
woman  was  paid  to  Mary  queen  of  Scot«j 
by  Shakespeare,  in  Midsummer  NujhVs 
Dream.  Remember,  the  mermaid  is 
"queen  Mary;"  the  dolphin  means  the 
"dauphin  of  France,"  whom  Mary  mar- 
ried ;  the  rude  sea  means  the  *'  Scotch 
rebels ; "  and  the  stars  that  shot  from  their* 
spheres  means  "the  princes  who  sprang 
from  their  allegiance  to  queen  Elizabeth." 

Thou  remember'st 
Since  once  I  sat  upon  a  promontory, 
And  heard  a  mermaid,  on  a  dolphin's  back. 
Uttering  such  dulcet  .and  harmonious  breath, 
That  the  rude  sea  grew  civil  at  her  song; 
And  certain  stars  shot  7nad!y  from  their  spheres. 
To  bear  the  sea-maid's  music. 

Act  ii.  sc.  1  (1592). 

These  "  stars  "  were  the  earl  of  North- 
umberland, the  earl  of  Westmoreland,  and 
the  duke  of  Norfolk. 

Mary  the  Maid  of  the  Inn,  the 
delight  and  sunshine  of  the  parish,  about 
to  be  married  to  Richard,  an  idle,  worth- 
less fellow.  One  autumn  night,  two 
guests  were  drinking  at  the  inn,  and  one 
remarked  he  should  not  much  like  to  go 
to  the  abbev  on  such  a  night.  "  I'll 
wager  that  Mary  will  go,"  said  the  other, 
and  the  bet  was  accepted.  Mary  went, 
and, hearing  footsteps,  stepped  into  a  place 
of  concealment,  when  presently  passed 
her  two  men  carrying  a  young  woman 
they  had  just  murdered.  The  hat  of  one 
blew  off,  and  fell  at  Mary's  feet.  She 
picked  it  up,  flew  to  the  inn,  told  h 
story,  and  then,  producing  the  hat,  founi 
it  was  Richard's.  Her  senses  gave  wayj 
and  she  became  a  confirmed  maniac  for 
life. — R.  Southey,  Mary  the  Maid  of  the 
Inn  (from  Dr.  Plot's  History  of  Stafford- 
shire, 1686). 

Mar'zavan,  foster-brother  of  the 
princess  Badou'ra.  —  Arabian  Nights 
("  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura  "). 

Masaniello,  a  corruption  of  [Tom]- 
mas  Aniello,  a  Neapolitan  fisherman,  who 
headed  an  insurrection  in  1647  against 
the  duke  of  Arcos ;  and  he  resolved  to 
kill  the  duke's  son  for  having  seduced 
Fenella  his  sister,  who  was  deaf  and 
dumb.  The  insurrection  succeeded,  and 
Masaniello  was  elected  by  Lis  ral)ble 
"  chief  magistrate  of  Portici ;  "  but  he 
became  intoxicated  Avith  hib  greatness, 
so  the  mob  shot  him,  and  flung  his  dead 
body  into  a  ditch.    Next  day,  liowever, 


an        , 

ne        j 

bel 

m 


i 


MASCARILLE. 


621 


MATABRUNE. 


it  was  taken  out  and  interred  with  much 
ceremony  and  pomp.  When  Fenelhi 
heard  of  her  brother's  death,  she  threw 
herself  into  the  crater  of  Vesuvius. 

*^*  Auber  has  an  opera  on  the  subject 
(1831),  the  libretto  by  Scribe.  Caraffa 
had  chosen  the  same  subject  for  an  opera 
previously. 

Mascarille  (3  syl.),  the  valet  of  La 
Grange.  In  order  to  reform  two  silly, 
romantic  girls,  La  Grange  and  Du  Croisy 
introduce  to  them  their  valets,  as  the 
*' marquisof  Mascarille  "  and  the  "  viscount 
of  Jodelet."  The  girls  are  taken  with  their 
*'  aristocratic  visitors  ; "  but  when  the 
game  has  gone  far  enough,  the  masters 
enter  and  unmask  the  trick.  By  this 
means  the  girls  are  taught  a  most  useful 
lesson,  and  are  saved  from  any  serious 
ill  consequences. — Moliere,  Les  I'recieuscs 
Midicules  (1659). 

*^*  Moliere  had  already  introduced 
the  same  name  in  two  other  of  his 
comedies,  V Etourdi  (1653)  and  Le  D€pit 
Amoureux  (1654). 

Masetto,  a  rustic  engaged  to  Zerlina ; 
but  don  Giovanni  intervenes  before  the 
wedding,  and  deludes  the  foolish  girl 
into  believing  that  he  means  to  make  her 
a  great  lady  and  his  wife. — Mozart,  Don 
Giovanni  (libretto  by  L.  da  Ponte,  1787). 

Mask'well,  the  "double  dealer." 
He  pretends  to  love  lady  Touchwood, 
but  it  is   only  to  make  her  a  tool  for 

i  breaking  the  attachment  between  Melle- 
font  (2  syl.)  and  Cynthia.  Maskwell 
pretends  friendship  for  Mellefont  merely 
to  throw  dust  in  his  eyes  respecting  his 
designs  to  carry  off  Cynthia,  to  whom 
Mellefont  is  betrothed.  Cunning  and 
hypocrisy  are  Maskwell's  substitutes  for 
wisdom  and  honesty. — W.  Congreve,  The 

'     Double  Dealer  (1700). 

\  Mason  ( William).  The  medallion  to 
\  this  poet  in  Westminster  Abbey  was  by 
\    Bacon. 

Mast  (The  Tallest).  The  mainmast 
of  the  Merri/  Dun  of  Dover  was  so  tall 
;  "that  the  boy  who  climbed  it  would  be 
grey  with  extreme  age  before  he  could 
reach  deck  again." — Scandinavian  My- 
thology. 

Master  (Tlie).  Goethe  is  called  Der 
Meister  (1749-1832). 

••Ti!'*^''  you-  Mr-  Tickler,  not  to  be  so  sarcastic  on 
ine  fiUster."— Aoctcs  AinbrotUiria. 

Master  Adam,  Adam  Billaut,  the 
French  poet  (1602-1662). 


Master  Humphrey,  the  narrator 
of  the  story  called  "The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop." — C.  Dickens,  Master  Ilumphreu's 
ClocJi  (1840). 

Master  Leonard,  grand-master  of 
the  nocturnal  orgies  of  the  demons.  He 
presided  at  these  meetings  in  the  form  of 
a  three-horned  goat  with  a  black  human 
face. — Middle  Aije  Demonology. 

Master,  like  Man  (Like). 

Such  mistress,  such  Nan ; 
Such  master,  such  man. 

Tusser,  xxxviil.  22. 

Again  : 

Such  master,  such  man ;  and  such  mistress,  such  maid  ; 
Such  husband  and  huswife ;  such  liouses  arraid. 

T.  Tusser,  J-'ive  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Iluibandry,  xxxix.  22  (1557). 

Master  Matthew,  a  town  gull. — 
Ben  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  His  Humour 
(1598). 

We  have  the  cheating  humour  in  the  character  of  "  Nym," 
the  bragging  humour  in  "  Pistol,"  the  melancholy  humour 
in  "Miister  Stephen,"  and  the  quarrelling  humour  ill 
"  Miister  Matthew."— £din&ur</A  Review. 

Master  Stephen,  a  country  gull  of 
melancholy  humour.  (See  Master  Mat- 
THiiw.) — Ben  Jonson,  Every  Man  in  His 
Humour  (1598). 

Master  of  Sentences,  Pierre  Lom- 
bard, author  of  a  book  called  Sentences 
(1100-1164). 

Masters  (Doctor),  physician  to  queen 
Elizabeth. — -Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Masters  (The  Four):  (1)  Michael 
O'Clerighe  (or  Clery),  who  died  1643; 
(2)  Cucoirighe  O'Clerighe;  (3)  Maurice 
Conry  ;  (4)  Fearf  eaf a  Conry ;  authors  of 
Annals  of  Donegal.         > 

Mat  Mizen^^  mate  of  H.M.  ship 
Tiger.  The  type  of  a  daring,  reckless, 
dare-devil  English  sailor.  His  adven- 
tures with  Harry  Clifton  in  Delhi  form 
the  main  incidents  of  Barrymore's  melo- 
drama, El  Hyder,  Chief  'of  the  Ghaut 
Mountains. 

Mat-o'-the-Mint,  a  highwayman 
in  captain  Macheath's  gang.  Peach um 
Bays,  "  He  is  a  promising,  sturdy  fellow, 
and  diligent  in  his  way.  Somewhat  too 
bold  and  hasty  ;  one  that  may  raise  good 
contributions  on  the  public,  if  he  does 
not  cut  himself  short  by  murder." — Ga^, 
2"he  Beggar's  Opera,  i.  (1727). 

Matabrune  (3  syl.),  wife  of  king 
Pierron  of  the  Strong  Island,  and  mother 
of  prince  Oriant  one  of  the  ancestors  of 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon. — Mediceval  Eomanoo 
of  Chivalry. 


MATHEMATICAL  CALCULATORS.  622 


MATTHIAS  DE  SILVA. 


Mathematical  Calculators. 

George  Parkes  Bidder,  president  of  the 
Institution  of  Civil  Engineers  (1800-      ). 

Jedediah  Buxton  of  Elmeton,  in  Derby- 
shire. He  would  tell  how  many  letters 
were  in  any  one  of  his  father's  sermons, 
after  hearinj^  it  from  the  pulpit.  He 
went  to  hear  Garrick,  in  Richard  III.,  and 
told  how  many  words  each  actor  uttered 
1705-1775). 

Zerah  Colburn  of  Vermont,  U.S.,  came 
to  London  in  1812,  when  he  was  eight 
years  old.  The  duke  of  Gloucester  set 
him  to  multiply  five  figures  by  three,  and 
he  gave  the  answer  instantly.  He  would 
extract  the  cube  root  of  nine  figures  in  a 
few  seconds  (1804-        ). 

Vito  Mangiamele,  son  of  a  Sicilian  shep- 
herd. In  1839  MM.  Arago,  Lacroix,  Libri, 
and  Sturm,  examined  the  boy,  then  11 
years  old,  and  in  half  a  minute  he  told 
them  the  cube  root  of  seven  figures,  and 
in  three  seconds  of  nine  figures  (1818-     ). 

Alfragan,  the  Arabian  astronomer  (died 
820). 

Mathilde  (2  syl.),  heroine  of  a  tale 
BO  called  by  Sophie  Ristaud,  Dame  Cottin 
(1773-1807). 

MathiVde  (3  syl.),  sister  of  Gessler  the 
tyrannical  governor  of  Switzerland,  in 
love  with  Arnoldo  a  Swiss,  who  saved 
her  life  when  it  was  imperilled  by  an 
avalanche.  After  the  death  of  Gessler, 
she  married  the  bold  Swiss. — Rossini, 
Gugliclmo  Tell  (an  opera,  1829). 

Mathis,  a  German  miller,  greatly  in 
debt.  One  Christmas  Eve  a  Polish  Jew 
came  to  his  house  in  a  sledge,  and,  after 
rest  and  refreshment,  started  for  Nantzig, 
"four  leagues  off."  Mathis  followed 
him,  killed  him  with  an  axe,  and  burnt 
the  body  in  a  lime-kiln.  He  then  paid 
his  debts,  greatly  prospered,  and  became 
a  highly  respected  burgomaster.  On  the 
wedding  night  of  his  only  child,  Annette, 
he  died  of  apoplexy,  of  which  he  had 
previous  warning  by  the  constant  sound 
of  sledge-bells  in  his  ears.  In  his  dream 
he  supposed  himself  put  into  a  mesmeric 
sleep  in  open  court,  when  he  confessed 
everything,  and  was  executed.— J.  R. 
Ware,  The  Polish  Jew. 

***  This  is  the  character  which  first 
introduced  H.  Irving  to  public  notice. 

Math'isen,  one  of  the  three  ana- 
baptists who  induced  John  of  Leyden  to 
join  their  rebellion ;  but  no  sooner  was 
John  proclaimed  "the  prophet-king" 
than  the  three  rebels  betrayed  him  to  the 


emperor.  When  the  villains  entered  the 
banquet-hall  to  arrest  their  dupe,  they  all 
perished  in  the  flames  of  the  burning 
palace. — Meyerbeer,  Le  Prophete  (an 
opera,  1849). 

Matil'da,  sister  of  Rollo  and  Otto 
dukes  of  Normandy,  and  daughter  of 
Sophia. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Ihe 
Bloody  Brother  (1639). 

Matilda,  daughter  of  lord  Robert  Fitz- 
walter. 

*;^*  Michael  Drayton  has  a  poem  of 
some  650  lines  so  called. 

Matilda,  daughter  of  Rokeb}'-,  and  niece 
of  Mortham.  Matilda  was  beloved  by 
Wilfred,  son  of  Oswald ;  but  she  herself 
loved  Redmond,  her  father's  page,  who 
turned  out  to  be  Mortham's  son. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Rokeby  (1812). 

Matsys  (Quintin),  a  blacksmith  of 
Antwerp.  He  fell  in  love  with  Liza  the 
daughter  of  Johann  Mandyn,  the  artist. 
The  father  declared  that  none  but  an 
artist  should  have  her  to  wife  ;  so  Matsys 
relinquished  his  i^^rade,  and  devoted  him- 
self to  painting.  After  a  while,  he  went 
into  the  studio  of  Mandyn  to  see  his 
picture  of  the  fallen  angels  ;  and  on  the 
outstretched  leg  of  one  of  the  figures 
painted  a  bee.  This  was  so  life-like 
that,  when  the  old  man  returned,  he 
proceeded  to  frighten  it  off  with  his 
handkerchief.  When  he  discovered  the 
deception,  and  found  out  it  was  done 
by  Matsys,  he  was  so  delighted  that  he 
at  once  gave  Liza  to  him  for  wife. 

Matthew  Merrygreek,  the  ser- 
vant of  Ralph  Roister  Doister.  He  is  a 
flesh-and-blood  representative  of  "vice" 
in  the  old  morality-plays.  —  Nicholas 
Udall,  Ralph  Roister  Doister  (the  fi: 
English  comedy,  1634). 

Matthias  de  Moncada,  a  m 

cnant.  He  is  the  father  of  Mrs.  Wither- 
ington,  wife  of  general  Witherington. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's  Daughter 
(time,  George  II.). 

Matthias  de  Silva  (i)on),  a  Span- 
ish beau.  This  exquisite  one  day  re- 
ceived a  challenge  for  defamation  soon 
after  he  had  retired  to  bed,  and  said  to 
his  valet,  "I  would  not  get  up  before 
noon  to  make  one  in  the  best  party  of 
pleasure  that  was  ever  projected.  Judge, 
then,  if  I  shall  rise  at  six  o'clock  in  the 
morning  to  get  my  throat  cut." — Lesage, 
Gil  Bias,  iii.  8  (1715). 

(This  reply  was  borrowed   from 


1 


MATTIE. 


623 


MAURI-GASIMA. 


romance    of   Espinel,  entitled    Vida  del 
Escvdero  Marcos  de  Obregon,  1618.) 

Mattie,  maidservant  of  Bailie  Nicol 
Jarvie,  and  afterwards  his  wife. — Sir  "W. 
Scott,  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Maud,  a  young  lady,  described  as : 

Faultily  faultless,  icily  regular,  splendidly  null. 
Tennyson,  Maud,  I.  IL 

Maude  (1  syl.),  wife  of  Peter  Prate- 
fast,  "  who  loved  cleanliness." 

She  kepe  her  dishes  from  all  foulcnes ; 
And  wlien  she  laclied  clowtes  withouten  fayle. 
She  wyjxid  her  disliea  with  her  dogges  tayll. 
Stephen  Hawes,  The  Patte-tytne  of  Picture,  xxlx.  (1S15). 

Maugis,  the  Nestor  of  French  ro- 
mance. He  was  one  of  Charlemagne's 
paladins,  a  magician  and  champion. 

*^*  In  Italian  romance  he  is  called 
"Malagigi"  {q.v.). 

Maugis  d'Aygremont,  son  of 
duke  Ikvis  d'Aygremont,  stolen  in  in- 
fancy by  a  female  slave.  As  the  slave 
rested  under  a  white-thorn,  a  lion  and 
a  leopard  devoured  her,  and  then  killed 
each  other  in  disputing  over  the  infant. 
Oriande  la  fee,  attracted  to  the  spot  by 
the  crying  of  the  child,  exclaimed,  "  By 
the  powers  above,  the  child  is  mat  gist 
('  badly  nursed ') !  "  and  ever  after  it  was 
called  Mal-gist  or  Mau-gis'.  When  grown 
to  manhood,  he  obtained  the  enchanted 
horse  Bayard,  and  took  from  Anthenor 
(the  Saracen)  the  sword  Flamberge.  Sub- 
sequently, he  gave  both  to  his 'cousin 
Renaud  [Renaldo). — Romance  of  Maitgis 
d'Aygremont  et  de  Vivian  son  Frere. 

*i^  In  the  Italian  romance,  Maugis  is 
called  "Maiagigi,"  Bevis  is  "  Buovo," 
Bayard  is  "  Bayardo,"  Flamberge  is 
"  Fusberta,"  and  Renaud  is  "  Renaldo." 

Maugrabin  {Zamct),  a  Bohemian 
hung  near  Plessis  les  Tours. 

Ilayraddin  Maugrabin,  the  *'  Zingaro," 
brother  of  Zamet  Maugrabin.  He  as- 
sumes the  disguise  of  Rouge  Sanglier, 
and  pretends  to  be  a  herald  from  Lifege 
[Le.aje].— air  W.  Scott, Quentin Durward 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Mau'graby,  son  of  Hal-il-Mau- 
grilby  and  his  wife  Yandar.  Hal-il- 
Maugraby  founded  Dom-Daniel  "under 
the  roots  of  the  ocean  "  near  the  coast 
of  Tunis,  and  his  son  completed  it. 
He  and  his  son  were  the  greatest 
magicians  that  ever  lived.  Maugraby 
vras  killed  by  prince  Habed-il-Rouman, 
Bon  of  the  caliph  of  Syria,  and  with  his 
death   Dom-Daniel   ceased    to    exist. — 


Continuation  of  Arabian  Nights   ("  His- 
tory of  Maugraby  "). 

Did  they  not  say  to  us  every  da;'  that  if  wo  were 
naughty,  tlie  Maugraby  would  take  us  t — Continuation  of 
Arabian  Xight$,  iv.  74. 

Maugys,  a  giant  who  kept  the  bridge 
leading  to  a  castle  in  which  a  lady  was 
besieged.  Sir  Lybius,  one  of  the  knights 
of  the  Round  Table,  did  battle  with  him, 
slew  him,  and  liberated  the  lady.— 
Libeaux  (a  romance). 

Maul,  a  giant  who  used  to  spoil 
young  pilgrims  with  sophistry.  He  at- 
tacked Mr.  Greatheart  with  a  club  ;  but 
Greatheart  pierced  him  under  the  fifth 
rib,  and  then  cut  off  his  head. — Bunyan, 
Pilgrim's  Progress^  ii.  (1684). 

Maul  of  Monks,  Thomas  Crom- 
well, visitor-general  of  English  monas- 
teries, which  he  summarily  suppressed 
(1490-1540). 

Maulstatute  {Master),  a  magistrate. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Maun'drel,  a  wearisome  gossip,  a 
chattering  woman. 

"  Haud  your  tongue,  Maundrel,"  cried  the  surgeon, 
throwiitgthe  cobweb  on  the  flour  and  ajiplying  a  dressiug. 
-~Saxon  and  Gael,  iii.  81. 

Maundrels,  vagaries,  especially  those  of 
a  person  in  delirium,  or  the  disjointed 
gabble  of  a  sleeper. 

*^*  The  word  is  said  to  be  a  corrup- 
tion of  Mandeville  (sir  John),  who  pub- 
lished a  book  of  travels,  full  of  idle  tales 
and  maundering  gossip. 

Mauprat  (Adrien  de),  colonel  and 
chevalier  in  the  king's  army;  "the 
wildest  gallant  and  bravest  knight  of 
France."  He  married  Julie ;  but  the 
king  accused  him  of  treason  for  so  doing, 
and  sent  him  to  the  Bastille.  Being 
released  by  the  cardinal  Richelieu,  he 
was  forgiven,  and  made  happy  with  the 
blessing  of  the  king. — Lord  Lytton, 
Richelieu  (1839). 

Maurice  Beevor  (Sir),  a  miser, 
and  (failing  the  children  of  the  countess) 
heir  to  the  Arundel  estates.  The  countess 
having  two  sons  (Arthur  and  Percy),  sir 
Maurice  hired  assassins  to  murder  them  ; 
but  his  plots  were  frustrated,  and  the 
miser  went  to  his  grave  "a  sordid, 
spat-upon,  revengeless,  worthless,  and 
rascally  poor  cousin."— Lord  Lytton,  The 
Sea-Captain  (1839). 

Mauri- Gasima,  an  island  near 
Formosa,  said  to  have  been  sank  in  the 


MAUSE. 


624 


MAXIMUS. 


sea  in  consequence  of  the  great  crimes  of 
its  inhabitants. — Koenipfer,  Japan. 

The  cities  of  the  plain,  we  are  told  in 
the  Bible,  wore  sunk  under  the  waters  of 
the  Dead  Sea  for  a  similar  reason. 

Mause  {Old)^  mother  of  Cuddie 
Headrigg,  and  a  covenanter. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Mauso'lus,  king  of  Caria,  to  whom 
his  wife  Artemisia  erected  a  sepulchre 
which  was  one  of  the  *'  Seven  Wonders 
of  the  World"  (b.c.  353). 

The  chief  mausoleums  besides  this  are 
those  of  Augustus  ;  Hadrian  (now  called 
the  castle  of  St.  Angelo)  at  Rome  ;  Henri 
II.,  erected  by  Catherine  de  Medicis  ;  St. 
Peter  the  Martyr  in  the  church  of  St. 
Eustatius,  by  G.  Balduccio  ;  that  to  the 
memory  of  Louis  XVI. ;  and  the  tomb  of 
Napoleon  in  Les  Invalides,  Paris.  The 
one  erected  by  queen  Victoria  to  prince 
Albert  may  also  be  mentioned. 

Mauthe  Dog,  a  black  spectre 
spaniel  that  haunted  the  guard-room  of 
Peeltown  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  One  day, 
a  drunken  trooper  entered  the  guard- 
room while  the  dog  was  there,  but  lost 
his  speech,  and  died  within  three  days. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel, 
vi.  26  (1806). 

Mauxalin'da,  in  love  with  Moore  of 
Moore  Hall ;  but  the  valiant  combatant 
of  the  dragon  deserts  her  for  Margery, 
daughter  of  Gubbins,  of  Roth'ram  Green. 
— H.  Carey,  Dragon  of  Wantley  (1G96- 
1743). 

Mavortian,  a  soldier  or  son  of 
Mavors  (Mars). 

Hew  dreadfull  Mavortian  the  poor  price  of  a  dinner.— 
Kichard  Bronie,  Playt  (1653). 

Mavoumin,  Irish  for  "darling." 
£rin  mavoumin  ("  Ireland,  my  darling  "). 

Land  of  my  forefathers  1  Erin  jto  bragh  I 
Buried  and  cold^  when  my  heart  stills  her  motion ; 
Green  be  thy  fields,  sweetest  isle  of  tl)e  ocean  ; 
And  thy  harp-striking  bards  sing  aloud  with  devotion, 

trin  mavoumin  I  Erin  ko  bragli ! 

Campbell,  Exile  of  Erin. 

*+*  Bragh  =  hraw,  to  rhyme  with 
"draw."  "Erin  go  bragh!"  ix.  "Ire- 
land for  ever ! " 

Mawworm,  a  vulgar  copy  of  Dr. 
Cantwell  "  the  hypocrite,"  He  is  a  most 
gross  abuser  of  his  mother  tongue,  but 
believes  he  has  a  call  to  preach.  He  tells 
old  lady  Lambert  that  he  has  made 
several  sermons  already,  but  "always 
does  'em  extrumpory  "  because  he  could 
not  write.  He  finds  his  "  religious  voca- 
lion"      more     profitable     than     selling 


"grocery,  tea,  small  beer,  charcoal, 
butter,  brickdust,  and  other  spices,"  and 
so  comes  to  the  conclusion  that  it  "is 
sinful  to  keep  shop."  He  is  a  convert  of 
Dr.  Cantwell,  and  believes  in  him  to  the 
last. 

Do  de=pise  me ;  I'm  the  prouder  for  it.  I  like  to  be 
despisetl.— I.  Bickerstaff,  Th*  Hypocrite,  ii.  1  (1763). 

Max,  a  huntsman,  and  the  best 
marksman  in  Germany.  He  was  plighted 
to  Agatha,  who  was  to  be  his  wife,  if  he 
won  the  prize  in  the  annual  match.  Cas- 
par induced  Max  to  go  to  the  wolfs  glen 
at  midnight  and  obtain  seven  charmed 
balls  from  Samiel  the  Black  Huntsman. 
On  the  day  of  contest,  while  Max  was 
shooting,  he  killed  Caspar  who  was  con- 
cealed in  a  tree,  and  the  king  in  conse- 
quence abolished  this  annual  fete.— 
Weber,  Der  Freischiitz  (an  opera,  1822). 

Maxime  (2  srjl.),   an  officer  of  the 
prefect  Almachius.     He  was  ordered  to 
put  to  death  Valirian  and  Tibur'ce,  be- 
cause they  refused  to  Avorship  the  image 
of  Jupiter ;   but  he  took  pity  on  them, 
took   them   to  his  house,   became    con- 
verted, and  was  baptized,    ^^'llen  Valirian 
and  Tiburce  were  afterwards  martyred, 
Maxime   said  he  saw  angels  come  an^ 
carry  them  to  heaven,  whereupon  Alms 
chius  caused  him  to  be  beaten  with  rod 
"til  he  his  lif  gan  lete." — Chaucer,  Cat 
tcrbury     "Tales    ("Second    Nun's  TaleJ 
1388).'- 

*^*   This    is    based  on  the  story 
"Cecilia"  in  the   Leqenda  Aurea ;  at 
both  are  imitations  of  the  story  of  Pan 
and  the    jailer  of    Philippi   (Acts   x^' 
19-34). 

Maximil'ian  (son  of  Frederick  III.j 
the  hero  of  the   leuerdank,  the  Orlai 
Furioso   of    the    Germans,  by    Melchior 
Pfinzing. 

.  .  .  [here']  in  old  heroic  days. 
Sat  the  poet  Melchior,  singing  kaiser  Maximilian's  praisa. 
Longfellow,  A'uremberg. 

Maximin,  a  Roman  tyrant. — Drydeu, 
Tyrannic  Love  or  The  Hoyal  Martyr. 

Maximus  (called  by  Geoffrey,  "Max- 
imian  "),  a  Roman  senator,  who,  in  381, 
was  invited  to  become  king  of  Britain. 
He  conquered  Armorica  (Bretagne),  and 
"published  a  decree  for  the  assembling 
together  there  of  100,000  of  the  con.uion 
people  of  Britain,  to  colonize  the  land, 
and  30,000  soldiers  to  defend  the  colony." 
Hence  Armorica  was  cjilled,  "The  other 
Britain"  or  "  Little  Britain."— Geoffrey, 
British  History,  v.  14  (114.2). 


MAXWELL. 


MAYLIE. 


Got  Maximus  at  length  the  victory  in  Gaul, 
.  .  .  whore,  after  Gratlan's  fall,  • 
Armorica  to  them  the  valiant  victor  gave  .  .  . 
■VThich colony  ...  is  "Little  Britain"  called. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

Maxwell,  deputy  chamberlain  at 
Wliiteball.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortuiies  of 
Nijel  (time,  James  I.). 

Maxwell  {Mr.  Pate),  laird  of  Summer- 
trees,  called  "  Pate  in  Peril ;  "  one  of  the 
papist  conspirators  with  Redgauntlet. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 
IIL). 

Maxwell  (The  Eight  Hon.  William), 
lord  Evandale,  an  officer  in  the  king's 
armv. — SirW.  Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

May,  a  girl  who  married  January,  a 
Lombard  baron  60  years  old.  She  loved 
Damyan,  a  young  squire  ;  and  one  day 
the  baron  caught  Damyan  and  May  fond- 
ling each  other,  but  the  young  wife  told 
her  husband  his  eyes  were  so  defective 
that  they  could  not  be  trusted.  The 
old  man  accepted  the  solution — for  what 
is  better  than  "  a  fruitful  wife  and  a 
confiding  spouse  ?  " — Chaucer,  Canterbury 
Tales  ("  The  Merchant's  Tale,"  1388). 

May  unlucky  for  Brides.  Mary 
queen  of  Scotland  married  Bothwell,  the 
murderer  of  her  husband  lord  Darnley, 
on  May  12. 

Mense  malum  Male  nubere  vtilgus  ait. 

Ovid,  Fastorum,  v. 

May-Day  (Evil),  May  1,  1517,  when 
the  London  apprentices  rose  up  against 
the  foreign  residents  and  did  incalculable 
mischief.  This  riot  began  May  1,  and 
lasted  till  May  22. 

May  Queen  (The),  a  poem  in  three 
parts  by  Tennyson  (1842).  Alice,  a 
bright-eyed,  merry  child,  was  chosen 
May  queen,  and,  being  afraid  she  might 
oversleep  herself,  told  her  mother  to  be 
sure  to  call  her  early. 

I  sleep  so  sound  all  niglit,  mother,  that  I  shall  never 

wake, 
If  you  do  not  call  me  loud  when  the  day  begins  to  break  : 
But  I  must  gather  knou  of  flowers,  and  buds  and  garlands 

Ka.v, 
For  I'm  to  be  queen  o'  the  May,  mother,  I'm  to  be  queen 

o'  tlie  May. 

The  old  year  passed  away,  and  the  black- 
eyed,  rustic  maiden  was  dying.  She 
hoped  to  greet  the  new  year  before  her 
eyes,  closed  in  death,  and  bade  her  mother 
once  again  to  be  sure  to  call  her  early ; 
but  it  was  not  now  because  she  slept  so 
'soundly.     Alas!  no. 

Good  night,  sweet  mother:   call  me  before  the  day  is 
t.       born. 
Wl  night  I  lie  awake,  but  I  fall  asleep  at  morn ; 

27 


But  I  would  see  the  sun  rise  uixm  the  glad  New  Year, 
So,  if  you're  waking,  call  me,  uiU  me  early,  mother  dear.  ' 

The  day  rose  and  passed  away,  but 
Alice  lingered  on  till  March.  The  snow- 
drops had  gone  before  her,  and  the 
violets  were  in  bloom.  Robin  had  dearly 
loved  the  child,  but  the  thoughtless 
village  beauty,  in  her  joyous  girlhood, 
tossed  her  head  at  him,  and  never  thought 
of  love  ;  but  now  that  she  was  going  to 
the  land  of  shadows,  her  dying  words 
were: 

And  say  to  Robin  a  kind  word,  and  tell  him  not  to  fret ; 
There's  many  worthier  than  I,  would  make  him  happy 

yet. 
If  I  bad  lived— I  cannot  tell— I  might  have  been  his  wife ; 
But  all  these  things  hare  ceased  to  be,  with  my  desire  of 

life. 

Maye  (Tlie),  that  subtile  and  ab- 
struse sense  which  the  goddess  Maya 
inspires.  Plato,  Epicharmos,  and  some 
other  ancient  philosophers  refer  it  to  the 
presence  of  divinity.  "  It  is  the  divinity 
which  stirs  within  us."  In  poetry  it 
gives  an  inner  sense  to  the  outward  word, 
and  in  common  minds  it  degenerates  into 
delusion  or  second  sight.  Maya  is  an 
Indian  deity,  and  personates  the  "power 
of  creation." 

Hartmatm  possfcde  la  M^e,  ...  11  laisse  p(5n^tre  dans 
ses  <5crits  les  sentiiueuts.^t  les  pens<5es  dont  son  ftme  est 
remplie,  et  cherche  sans/tesse  d  resoudre  les  autithdses.— 
G.  Weber,  Ilist.  de  la  jlittiratare  AUeinande. 

Mayeux,  a/stock  name  in  France  for 
a  man  deformed,  vain,  and  licentious,  but 
witty  and  Urtive.  It  occurs  in  a  large 
number  oy  French  romances  and  cari- 
catures. 

Mayflower,  a  ship  of  180  tons, 
which,  in  December,  1620,  started  from 
Plymouth,  and  convej'ed  to  Massachusetts, 
in  North  America,  102  puritans,  called  the 
"  Pilgrim  Fathers,"  who  named  their 
settlement  New  Plymouth. 

.  .  .  the  ^air/owcr  sailed  from  the  harbour  r/»?3^mou<Al, 
Took  the  wind  on  her  quarter,  and  stood  for  the  open 

Atlantic, 
Borne  on  tlie  sand  of  the  sea,  and  the  swelling  hearts  of 

the  pilgrims. 

Longfellow,  Courtship  of  Miles  Standish,  v.  (1858). 

Men  of  the  Mayflower,  the  Pilgrim 
Fathers,  who  went  out  in  the  Mayflower 
to  North  America  in  1620. 

Mayflower  (Phoebe),  servant  at  sir 
Henry  Lee's  lodge. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wood- 
stock (time.  Commonwealth). 

May  lie  (Mrs.),  the  lady  of  the  house 
attacked  burglariously  by  Bill  Sikes  and 
others.  Mrs.  Maylie  is  mother  of  Harry 
Maylie,  and  aunt  of  Rose  Fleming  who 
lives  with  her. 

She  was  well  advanced  in  years,  but  the  high-backed 
oaken  chair  in  which  she  sat  was  not  more  upright  than 

2  s 


MAYOR  OF  GARRATT. 


626 


MEAGLES. 


«he.  Dressed  with  the  utmost  nicety  and  precision  in  a 
quulr.t  mixture  of  bygone  costume,  witli  some  slight  con- 
cessions to  tlie  prevailing  taste,  which  ratiier  served  to 
point  the  old  style  pleasantly  than  to  impair  its  effect,  she 
Kit  in  a  stately  manner,  with  her  hands  folded  before  her. 
— Ch.  xxix, 

JIarry  Maylie,  Mrs.  Maylie's  son.  He 
marries  his  cousin  Rose  Fleming. — C. 
Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

*  Mayor  of  Garratt  {The).  Garratt 
is  between  Wandsworth  and  Tooting. 
The  first  mayor  of  this  village  was 
elected  towards  the  close  of  the  eigh- 
teenth century,  and  the  election  came 
about  thus :  Garratt  Common  had  often 
been  encroached  on,  and  in  1780  the  in- 
habitants associated  themselves  together 
to  defend  their  rights.  The  chairman 
was  called  Mayor,  and  as  it  happened  to 
be  the  time  of  a  general  election,  the 
society  made  it  a  law  that  a  new 
"  mayor "  should  be  elected  at  every 
general  election.  The  addresses  of  these 
mayors,  written  by  Foote,  Garrick, 
Wiiks,  and  others,  are  satires  and  politi- 
cal squibs.  The  first  mayor  of  Garratt 
was  "sir"  John  Harper,  a  retailer  of 
brickdust ;  and  the  last  was  "  sir"  Harry 
Dimsdale,  a  muffin-seller  (1796).  In 
Foote's  farce  so  called,  Jerry  Sneak  is 
chosen  mayor,  son-in-law  of  the  land- 
lord (1763). 

Mayors  (Lord)  who  have  founded 
noble  houses : 

Lord  Mayor, 
AvEtAND  (/.or(i).  from  sir  Gilbert  Heathcote  -    1711 
J{AtX)N  {Lord),  from  sir  Thomas  Cooke,  (lriii>er     1557 
Bath  {JlarguU  of),  from  sir  Kowland  Iley- 

ward,  cloth-worker 1570 

Bkaybrooke  (Lord),  from  sir  John  Gresham, 

grocer 1647 

Brooke  {Lord),  from  sir  Samuel  Dashwood, 

vintner 1702 

BncKiNOHAM  {Duke  of),  from  sir  John  Gre- 
sham, grocer 1547 

CoMPTON    {Lord),   from    sir    AVolston    Dixie, 

slcinner 1585 

Cranbournk  {VUcount),  from  sir  Christopher 

Gascoigne ^753 

Denbigh  (Earl  of),  from  sir  Godfrey  Fielding. 

mercer  ...  j  ...  .  145_ 
DoNNB  I  Vhcount),  from  sir  Gilbert  Heathcote  1711 
FrrzwiLLiASi   {£arl    of),   from   sir   Thomas 

Cooke,  draper 1557 

PALMERSTOX  (Lord),  from  sir  John  Houblon, 

„  grocer 1695 

Balisbury  (Marquis   of),  from  sir   Thomas 

Cooke,  draper 1557 

Warwick  (Karl  of),  from  sir  Samuel  Dash. 

wood,  vintner 1702 

Wiltshire  (Earl  o.f),  from  sir  Godfrey  Boleine    1457 

(queen  EUzabeth  was  his  granddaughter). 

Maypole  (The),  the  nickname  given 
to  Erangard  Melosine  de  Schulemberg, 
duchess  of  Kendal,  the  mistress  of 
George  I.,  on  account  of  her  leanness  and 
height  (1719,  died  1743). 

Mazagran,  in  Algeria.  Ever  since 
the  capture  of  this  town  by  the  French, 


black  coffee  diluted  with  cold  water  for  a 
beverage  has  been  called  un  Mazagran. 

Mazarin  of  Letters  (The), 
D'Alembert  (1717-1783). 

Mazarine  (^4),  a  common  council- 
man of  London ;  so  called  from  the 
mazarine-blue  silk  gown  worn  by  this 
civil  functionary. 

Mazeppa  (Jan),  a  hetman  of  the 
Cossacks,  born  of  a  noble  Polish  family 
in  Podolia.  He  was  a  page  in  the  court 
of  Jan  Casimir  king  of  Poland,  and  while 
in  this  capacity  intrigued  with  Theresia 
the  young  wife  of  a  Podolian  count,  who 
discovered  the  amour,  and  had  the  young 
page  lashed  to  a  wild  horse,  and  turned 
adrift.  The  horse  rushed  in  mad  fury, 
and  dropped  down  dead  in  the  Ukraine, 
where  Mazeppa  was  released  by  a  Cos- 
sack, who  nursed  him  carefully  in  his 
own  hut.  In  time  the  young  page 
became  a  prince  of  the  Ukoiine,  but 
fought  against  Russia  in  the  battle  of 
Pultowa.  Lord  Byron  (1819)  makes 
Mazeppa  tell  his  tale  to  Charles  XII. 
after  the  battle  (1640-1709). 

"  Mu.<!ter  Richardson  "  had  a  fine  appreciation  of  genius, 
and  left  the  original  "Mazeppa"  at  Astley's  a  handsome 
legacy  [1766-1836J  — Mark  Lemon. 

M.  B.  Waistcoat,  a  clerical  waist- 
coat. M.  B.  means  "Mark  [of  the} 
Beast ; "  so  called  because,  when  thei 
waistcoats  were  first  worn  by  protesta 
clergymen  (about  1830),  they  were  sti. 
matized  as  indicating  a  popish  tendenc; 

He  smiled  at  the  folly  which  stigmatized  an  M. 
waistcoat.— Mrs.  Oliphant,  Pha:be,  Jan.,  ii.  1, 

Meadows    (Sir    William),    a    kim 
country  gentleman,  the  friend  of  J 
Eustace  and  father  of  young  Meadows. 

Young  Meadows  left  his  father's  home 
because  the  old  gentleman  wanted  hira  to 
marry  Rosetta,  whom  he  had  never  seen. 
He  called  himself  Thomas,  and  entered 
the  sen-ice  of  justice  Woodcock  as  gar- 
"i^ener.  Here  he  fell  in  love  with  the 
Apposed  chamber-maid,  who  proved  to 
bie  Rosetta,  and  their  marriage  fulfilled  the 
de^re  of  all  the  parties  interested. — I. 
Bicfferstafl^,  Love  in  a  Village. 

Charles'^DiKnum  made  his  dibut  at  Drury  Lane,  in  1784, 
in  the  character  of  "  Young  Meadows."  His  voice  was  so 
clear  and  full-toned,  and  his  manner  of  singing  so  Judi- 
cious, that  he  was  received  with  the  warmest  applause.— 
Dictionary  of  Alusictan*. 

Meagles  (Mr.),  an  eminently  "prac- 
tical man,"  who,  being  well  off,  travelled 
over  the  world  for  pleasure.  His  party 
consisted  of  himself,  his  daughter  Pet, 


lese^^ 
tai^H 
ti^H 

ic:^H 

:in^H 


II 


MEAL-TUB  PLOT. 


627 


MEDECIN  MALGRE  LUI. 


and  his  daughter's  servant  called  Tatty- 
coram.  A  jolly  man  was  Mr.  Meagles  ; 
but  clear-headed,  shrewd,  and  perse- 
vering. 

Mrs.  Meagles^  wife  of  the  "practical 
man,"  and  mother  of  Pet. — C.  Dickens, 
Littla  Dorrit  (1857). 

Meal-Tub  Plot,  a  fictitious  con- 
spiracy concocted  by  Dangerlield  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  off  those  who  opposed 
the  succession  of  James  duke  of  York, 
afterwards  James  IL  The  scheme  was 
concealed  in  a  meal-tub  in  the  house  of 
Mrs.  Cellier  (1685). 

Measure  for  Measure.  There 
was  a  law  in  Vienna  that  made  it  death 
for  a  man  to  live  with  a  woman  not  his 
wife  ;  but  the  law  was  so  little  enforced 
that  the  mothers  of  Vienna  complained  to 
the  duke  of  its  neglect.  So  the  duke 
deputed  Angelo  to  enforce  it ;  and,  as- 
suming the  dress  of  a  friar,  absented 
himself  awhile,  to  watch  the  result. 
Scarcely  was  the  duke  gone,  when  Claudio 
was  sentenced  to  death  for  violating  the 
law.  His  sister  Isabel  went  to  intercede 
on  his  behalf,  and  Angelo  told  her  he 
would  spare  her  brother  if  she  would 
become  his  Phryne.  Isabel  told  her 
brother  he  must  prepare  to  die,  as  the 
conditions  proposed  by  Angelo  were  out 
of  the  question.  The  duke,  disguised  as 
a  friar,  heard  the  whole  story,  and  per- 
suaded Isabel  to  "assent  in  words,"  but 
to  send  Mariana  (the  divorced  wife  of 
j  Angelo)  to  take  her  place.  This  was 
done  ;  but  Angelo  sent  the  provost  to 
behead  Claudio,  a  crime  which  "  the 
friar  "  contrived  to  avert.  Next  day,  the 
duke  returned  to  the  city,  and  Isabel  told 
her  tale.  The  end  was,  the  duke  married 
Isabel,  Angelo  took  back  his  wife,  and 
Claudio  married  Juliet  whom  he  had 
seduced. — Shakespeare,  Measure  for  Mea- 
sure (1G03). 

*^c*  This  story  is  from  Whetstone's 
Heptameron  (1578).  A  similar  story  is 
given  also  in  Giraldi  Cinthio's  third 
decade  of  stories. 

Medam'othi,  the  island  at  which  the 
fleet  of  Pantag'ruel  landed  on  the  fourth 
day  of  their  voyage.  Here  many  choice 
curiosities  were  bought,  such  as  "  the 
picture  of  a  man's  voice,"  an  "echo 
drawn  to  life,"  "  Plato's  ideas,"  some  of 
"Epicuros's  atoms,"  a  sample  of  "  Phi- 
lome'la's  needlework,"  and  other  objects 
of  virtu  to  be  obtained  nowhere  else. — 
Rabelais,  jPantagruel,  iv.  3  (1545). 


*^*  Medamothi  is  a  compound  Greek 
word,  meaning  "  never  in  any  place." 
So  Utopia  is  a  Greek  compound,  meaning 
"no  place;"  Kenna</uhair  is  a  Scotch 
compound,  meaning  "I  know  not  where ; " 
and  Kennahtwhar  is  Anglo-Saxon  for  the 
same.  All  these  places  are  in  91°  north 
lat.  and  180°  1'  west  long.,  in  the  Niltale 
Ocean. 

Medea,  a  famous  sorceress  of  Colchis, 
who  married  Jason  the  leader  of  the  Argo- 
nauts, and  aided  him  in  getting  possession 
of  the  golden  fleece.  After  being  married 
ten  years,  Jason  repudiated  her  for  Glance ; 
and  Medea,  in  revenge,  sent  the  bride  a 
poisoned  robe,  which  killed  both  GlaucS 
and  her  father.  Medea  then  tore  to  pieces 
her  two  sons,  and  fled  to  Athens  in  a 
chariot  drawn  by  dragons. 

The  story  has  been  dramatized  in  Greek, 
by  Euripides  ;  in  Latin,  by  Sengca  and 
by  Ovid  ;  in  French,  by  Corneille  {Me'de'e, 
1635),  Longepierre  (1695),  and  Legouve 
(1849) ;  in  English,  by  Glover  (1761). 

Mrs.  Yates  was  a  superb  "  Medea."— Thomas  Campbell. 

Mede'a  and  Absyr'tus.  When 
Medea  fled  with  Jason  from  Colchis  (in 
Asia),  she  murdered  her  brother  Absyr- 
tus,  and,  cutting  the  body  into  several 
pieces,  strewed  the  fragments  about,  that 
the  father  might  be  delayed  in  picking 
them  up,  and  thus  be  unable  to  overtake 
the  fugitives. 

Meet  I  an  infant  of  the  duke  of  York, 
Into  as  many  gobbets  will  I  cut  it 
As  wild  Medea  young  Absjrtus  did. 
Shakespeare,  2  Henry  VI.  act  v.  sc.  3  (1591). 

Mede'a's  Kettle.  Medea  the  sor- 
ceress cut  to  pieces  an  old  ram,  threw  the 
parts  into  her  caldron,  and  by  her  incan- 
tations changed  the  old  ram  into  a  young 
lamb.  The  daughters  of  Pelias  thought 
they  would  have  their  father  restored  to 
youth,  as  iEson  had  been.  So  they 
killed  him,  and  put  the  body  in  Medea's 
caldron  ;  but  Medea  refused  to  utter  the 
needful  incantation,  and  so  the  old  man 
was  not  restored  to  life. 

Change  the  shape,  and  shake  off  age.  Get  thee  Medea  s 
kettle,  and  be  boiled  anew.— W.  Congreve,  Love  for  Love, 
iv.  (1695). 

Medecin  Malgre  Iiui  (X«),  a 
comedy  by  Molibre  (1666).  The  "enforced 
doctor"  is  Sganarelle,  a  faggot-maker, 
who  is  called  in  by  Geronte  to  cure  his 
daughter  of  dumbness.  Sganarelle  soon 
perceives  that  the  malady  is  assumed  in 
order  to  prevent  a  hateful  marriage,  and 
introduces  her  lover  as  an  apothecary. 
The  dumb  spirit  is  at  once  exorcised,  and. 


MEDHAM. 


628 


MEGISSOGWON. 


the  lovers  made  happy  with  "  pills  matri- 
moniac." 

In  1733  Fielding  produced  a  farce 
called  The  Mock  Doctor,  which  was  based 
on  this  comedy.  The  doctor  he  calls 
"Gregory,"  and  Gdronte  "sir  Jasper." 
Lucinde,  the  dumb  girl,  he  calls  "Char- 
lotte," and  Anglicizes  her  lover  Le'andre 
into  "  Leander." 

Medham  {^Hhe  keen^^),  one  of 
Mahomet's  swords. 

Miedicine.  So  the  alchemists  called 
the  matter  (whatever  it  might  be)  by 
which  they  performed  their  transforma- 
tions: as,  for  example,  the  "philosopher's 
stone,"  which  was  to  transmute  whatever 
it  touched  into  gold ;  "  the  elixir  of 
life,"  which  was  to  renew  old  age  to 
youth. 

How  much  unlike  art  thou,  Mark  Antony  ! 
Yet,  coming  from  him,  that  great  medicine  hath 
With  his  tinct  gilded  thee. 
Shakespeare,  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  i.  sc.  5  (1608). 

Medicine  {The  Father  of),  Aretieos  of 
Cappadocia  (second  and  third  centuries). 

*^*  Also  Hippoc'rates  of  Cos  (b.c. 
460-357). 

Medi'na,  the  Golden  Mean  personi- 
fied. Step-sister  of  Elissa  (parsimony) 
and  Perissa  (extravagance).  The  three 
sisters  could  never  agree  on  any  subject. 
—Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  (1590). 

Mediterranean  Sea  (The  Key  of 
the),  the  fortress  of  Gibraltar. 

Medley  (Matthew),  the  factotum  of 
sir  Walter  Waring.  He  marries  Dolly, 
daughter  of  Goodman  Fairlop  the  wood- 
man.—Sir  H.  P.  Dudley,  The  Woodman 
(1771). 

Medo'ra,  the  beloved  wife  of  Conrad 
the  corsair.  When  Conrad  was  taken 
captive  by  the  pacha  Seyd,  Medora  sat 
day  after  day  expecting  his  return,  and 
f eelmg  the  heart-anguish  of  hope  deferred. 
Still  he  returned  not,  and  Medora  died. 
In  the  mean  time,  Gulnare,  the  favourite 
concubine  of  Seyd,  murdered  the  pacha, 
liberated  Conrad,  and  sailed  with  him  to 
the  corsair's  island  home.  When,  however, 
Conrad  found  his  wife  dead,  he  quitted 
the  island,  and  went  no  one  knew  whither. 
The  sequel  of  the  story  forms  the  poem 
called  Xara.— Byron,  The  Corsair  (1814). 

Medo'ro,  a  Moorish  youth  of  extra- 
ordinary beauty,  but  of  humble  race: 
page  to  Agramante.  Being  wounded, 
Angelica  dressed  his  wounds,  fell  in  love 
with  him,  married  him,  and  retired  with 
mm  to  Cathay,  where,   in  right  of  his 


wife,  he  became  king.  This  was  the 
cause  of  Orlando's  madness. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

When  don  Roldan  {Orlando]  discovered  In  a  fountain 
proofs  of  Angelica's  dishonourable  conduct  with  Metloro, 
It  distracted  him  to  such  a  degree  that  he  tore  up  huge 
trees  by  the  roots,  sullied  the  purest  streams,  destroyed 
flocks,  slew  shepherds,  fired  their  huts,  pulled  houses  to 
the  ground,  and  committed  a  thousand  otlier  most  furious 
exploits  worthy  of  being  reported  in  fame's  register.— 
Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  L  iii.  11  (1605). 

Medulla  Theologiae,  a  contro- 
versial treatise  by  William  Ames  (1623). 

Medulla  Theologica,  a  theological 
work  by  Louis  Abelli  bishop  of  Rhodes 
(1604-1691).  It  is  alluded  to  by  Boileau, 
in  the  Lutrin,  iv.  (1683). 

Medu'sa  (The  Soft),  Mary  Stuart 
queen  of  Scots  (1542-1587). 

Rise  from  thy  bloody  grave. 

Thou  soft  Medusa  of  the  "Fated  Line," 
Whose  evil  beauty  looked  to  death  the  brave  ! 

Lord  Lytton,  Ode,  i.  (1839). 

Meeta,  the  "maid  of  Mariendorpt," 
a  true  woman  and  a  true  heroine.  She  is 
the  daughter  of  Mahldenau,  minister  of 
Mariendorpt,  whom  she  loves  almost  to 
idolatry.  Her  betrothed  is  major  Rupert 
Roselheim.  Hearing  of  her  father's 
captivity  at  Prague,  she  goes  thither  on 
foot  to  crave  his  pardon. — S.  Knowles, 
The  Maid  of  Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Meg,  a  pretty,  bright,  dutiful  girl, 
daughter  of  Toby  Veck,  and  engaged  to 
Richard,  whom  she  marries  on  New 
Year's  Day. — C.  Dickens,  The  Chimes 
(1844). 

Meg  Dods,  the  old  landlady  at  St. 
Ronan's  Well.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Meg  Merrilies,  a  half-crazy  sibyl 
or  gipsy  woman. — Sir  W.  Scott,  (ju\ 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Meg  Murdochson,  an  old  gi 
thief,  mother  of  Madge  Wildfire.— I 
W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (ti: 
George  II.). 

Megid'don,  the  tutelar  angel  of 
Simon  the  Canaanite.  This  Simon, 
"once  a  shepherd,  was  called  by  Jesus 
from  the  field,  and  feasted  Him  in  his 
hut  with  a  lamb."  —  Klopstock,  Tlie 
Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Megingjard,  the  belt  of  Thor, 
whereby  his  strength  was  doubled. 

Megissog'won  (^'■the  great  pearl- 
feather  "),  a  magician,  and  the  Manito  of 
wealth.  It  was  Megissogwon  who  sent 
the  fiery  fever  on  man,  the  white  fog, 
and    death.     Hiawatha    slew  him,  and 


1 


II 


MEGNOUN. 


629 


MELESIGENES. 


taught  man  the  science  of  medicine. 
This  great  Pearl-Feather  slew  the  father 
of  Niko'mis  (the  grandmother  of  Hia- 
watha). Hiawatha  all  day  long  fought 
with  the  magician  without  effect ;  at  night- 
fall the  woodpecker  told  him  to  strike  at 
the  tuft  of  hair  on  the  magician's  head, 
the  only  vulnerable  place  ;  accordingly, 
Hiawatha  discharged  his  three  remaining 
arrows  at  the  hair  tuft,  and  Megissogwon 
died. 

"  TTonoiir  be  to  Hiawatha  I 
He  hath  slain  tlie  great  Pearl-Feather ; 
Siaiii  the  mightiest  of  magicians — 
Him  tliat  sent  the  fiery  fever,  .  .  . 
Sent  disease  and  deatli  among  us." 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  ix.  (1855). 

Megnoxin.    (See  Mejxoun.) 

Meg'ra,  a  lascivious  lady  in  the 
drama  called  Philaster  or  Love  Lies  a~ 
bleeding,  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher 
(1608)'. 

Meigle,  in  Strathmore,  the  place 
where  Guinever,  Arthur's  queen,  was 
buried. 

Meiklehose  {Isaac),  one  of  the 
elders  of  Roseneath  parish. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George 
II.). 

Meiklewham  {Mr.  Saunders),  "the 
man  of  law,"  in  the  managing  committee 
of  the  Spa  hotel.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St. 
Honan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Meister  (Wilhelm),  the  hero  and  title 
of  a  novel  by  Goethe.  The  object  is  to 
show  that  man,  despite  his  errors  and 
shortcomings,  is  led  by  a  guiding  hand, 
and  reaches  some  higher  aim  at  last 
(1821). 

Meistersingers,  or  minstrel  trades- 
men of  Germany.  An  association  of 
master  tradesmen,  to  revive  the  national 
minstrelsy,  which  had  fallen  into  decay 
with  the  decline  of  the  minnesingers  or 
love-minstrels  (1350-1523).  Their  sub- 
jects were  chiefly  moral  or  religious,  and 
constructed  according  to  rigid  rules. 
The  three  chief  were  Hans  Rosenbliit 
(armorial  painter,  bom  1450),  Hans 
Folz  (surgeon,  born  1479),  and  Hans 
Sachs  (cobbler,  1494-1574).  The  next 
best  were  Heinrich  von  Mueglen,  Konrad 
Harder,  Master  Altschwert,  Master  Bar- 
thel  Regenbogen  (the  blacksmith),  Mus- 
cablut  (the  tailor),  and  Hans  Blotz  (the 
barber). 

Mej'nouii  and  Iieilah  (2  syl), 
a  Persian  love  tale,  the  Romeo  and 
Juliet  of  Eastern  romance.  They  are  the 
most  beautiful,  chaste,  and  impassionate 


of  lovers;    the    models  of   what  lovers 
would  be  if  human  nature  were  perfect. 

When  he  sang  the  loves  of  MegnOun  an<l  Leileh  .  .  , 
tears  insensibly  overflowed  the  cheeka  of  his  auditors. — W. 
Beckford,  Vathgk  (1786). 

Melan'chates  (4  syl.),  the  hound 
that  killed  Actaeon,  and  was  changed 
into  a  hart. 

Melanchates,  that  hound 
Tlxat  pluclted  Acteon  to  the  grounde, 
Gaue  liim  his  mortjil  wound,  .  ,  . 
Was  chaungdd  to  a  hai-te. 
J.  Skelton,  P.Mlip  Sparow  (time,  Henry  VIII.) 

Melantius,  a  rough,  honest  soldier, 
who  believes  every  one  is  true  till  con- 
victed of  crime,  and  then  is  he  a  relentless 
punisher.  Melantius  and  Diph'ilus  are 
brothers  of  Evadne. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Maid's  Tragedy  (1610). 

*^*  The  master  scene  between  Antony 
and  Ventidius  in  Dryden's  All  for  Love  is 
copied  from  The  Maid's  Tragedy.  "Ven- 
tidius "  is  in  the  place  of  Melantius. 

HVEelcllior,  one  of  the  three  kings  of 
Cologne.  He  was  the  "  Wise  Man  of  the 
East"  who  offered  to  the  infant  Jesus 
gold,  the  emblem  of  royalty.  The  other 
two  were  Gaspar  and  Balthazar.  Mel- 
chior  means  "king  of  light." 

Melchior,  a  monk  attending  the  black 
priest  of  St.  Paul's. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Melchior  (i.e.  Melchior  Pfnzing),  a 
German  poet  who  wrote  the  Teuerdank, 
an  epic  poem  which  has  the  kaiser  Maxi- 
milian (son  of  Frederick  III.)  for  its 
hero.  This  poem  was  the  Orlandd 
Furioso  of  the  Germans. 

Sat  the  poet  Melchior,  singing  kaiser  Maximilian's  praln. 
Longfellow,  Nuremberg. 

Melea'ger,  son  of  Althaea,  who  wag 
doomed  to  live  while  a  certain  log  re- 
mained unconsumed.  Althaea  kept  the 
log  for  several  years,  but  being  one  day 
angry  with  her  son,  she  cast  it  on  the  fire, 
where  it  was  consumed.  Her  son  died  at 
the  same  moment. — Ovid,  Metam.,  viii.  4. 

Sir  John  Davies  uses  this  to  illustrate 
the  immortality  of  the  soul.  He  says 
that  the  life  of  the  soul  does  not  depend 
on  the  body  as  Meleager's  life  depended 
on  the  fatal  brand. 

Again,  if  by  the  body's  prop  she  stand— 
If  on  the  body's  life  her  life  depend. 

As  Meleajrer's  on  the  fatal  brand ; 
The  body's  good  she  only  would  intend. 

Jlecuson,  lii.  (162S). 

Melesig'enes  (5  syl.).  Homer  is  so 
called  from  the  river  Meles  (2  syl.),  ia 
Asia  INIinor,  on  the  banks  of  which  soma 
say  he  was  bom. 


MELI. 


630 


MELITUS. 


.  .  .  various-measured  verse, 
.Eolian  charms  and  Dorian  lyric  odes. 
And  his  who  gave  them  breath,  but  higher  sung. 
Blind  MelesigCnfis,  thence  Homer  called, 
Whose  poem  Phsebus  challenged  for  his  own. 

Milton,  Paradise  Hegained  (1671). 

IVte'li  {Giovanni),  a  Sicilian,  born  at 
Palermo;  immortalized  by  his  eclogues 
and  idylls.  Meli  is  called  "  The  Sicilian 
Theocritus"  (1740-1815). 

Much  it  pleased  him  to  pfiruse 
The  sungs  of  the  Sicilian  Muse^ 
Bucolic  songs  by  Meli  sung. 
Longfellow,  The  Waytide  Inn  (prelude,  1863). 

Meliadus,  father  of  sir  Tristan ; 
prince  of  Lyonnesse,  and  one  of  the 
heroes  of  Arthurian  romance. — Tristan  de 
Zeonois  (1489). 

*^*  Tristan,  in  the  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  compiled  by  sir  T.  Malory  (1470), 
is  called  "  Tristram ;"  but  the  old  minne- 
singers of  Germany  (twelfth  century) 
called  the  name  "  Tristan." 

Mel'ibe  (3  syL),  a  rich  young  man 
married  to  Prudens.  One  day,  when 
Melibe  was  in  the  fields,  some  enemies 
broke  into  his  house,  beat  his  wife,  and 
wounded  his  daughter  Sophie  in  her  feet, 
hands,  ears,  nose,  and  mouth.  Melibe 
was  furious  and  vowed  vengeance,  but 
Prudens  persuaded  him  "to  forgive  his 
enemies,  and  to  do  good  to  those  who 
despitefully  used  him."  So  he  called 
together  his  enemies,  and  forgave  them, 
to  the  end  that  "God  of  His  endeles 
mercie  wole  at  the  tj'me  of  oure  deyinge 
forgive  us  oure  giltes  that  we  have 
trespased  to  Him  in  this  wreeched  world." 
—Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

*+*  This  prose  tale  is  a  literal  trans- 
lation of  a  French  story. — See  MS.  Reg., 
xix.  7 ;  and  MS.  Reg.,  xix.  11,  British 
Museum. 

Melibee,  a  shepherd,  and  the  re- 
puted father  of  Pastorella.  Pastorella 
married  sir  Calidore.— Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  vi.  9  (1596). 

"Melibee"  is  sir  Francis  Walsingham. 
In  the  Euins  of  Time,  Spenser  calls  him 
"  Meliboe."  Sir  Philip  Sidney  (the  "  sir 
Calidore"  of  the  Faery  Queen)  married 
his  daughter  Frances.  Sir  Francis  Wal- 
singham died  in  1690,  so  poor  that  he  did 
not  leave  enough  to  defray  his  funeral 
expen.ses. 

Meliboe'an  Dye,  a  rich  purple.  So 
called  because  Meiiboea  of  Thessaly  was 
famous  for  the  ostrum,  a  fish  used  in 
dying  purple. 

A  military  vest  of  purple  flowed, 
Livelier  than  Meiibocan. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  xi.  242  (1665). 


Meliboeus,  one  of  the  shepherds  in 
Eclogue,  i.  of  Virgil. 

Spenser,  in  the  Ruins  of  Time  (1591), 
calls  sir  Francis  Walsingham  "  the  good 
Meliboe  ; "  and  in  the  last  book  of  the 
Faery  Qv^en  he  calls  him  "  Melibee." 

Melin'da,  cousin  of  Sylvia.  She 
loves  Worthy,  whom  she  pretends  to 
dislike,  and  coquets  with  him  for  twelve 
months.  Having  driven  her  modest 
lover  to  the  verge  of  distraction,  she 
relents,  and  consents  to  marry  him. — G. 
Farquhar,  The  Recruiting  Officer  (1705). 

Mel'ior,  a  lovely  fairy,  who  carried 
off  in  her  magic  bark,  Parthen'opex  of 
Blois  to  her  secret  island. — Partlienopex 
de  Blois  (a  French  romance,  twelfth 
century). 

Melisen'dra  {The  princess),  natural 
daughter  of  Marsilio,  and  the  "sup- 
posed daughter  of  Charlemagne."  She 
eloped  with  don  Gayferos.  The  king 
Marsilio  sent  his  troops  in  pursuit  of  the 
fugitives.  Having  made  Melisendra  his 
wife,  don  Gayferos  delivered  her  up 
captive  to  the  Moors  at  Saragossa.  This 
was  the  story  of  the  puppet-show  of 
Master  Peter,  exhibited  to  don  Quixote 
and  his  'squire  at  "the  inn  beyond  the 
hermitage." — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II. 
ii.  7  (1615). 

Melissa,  a  prophetess  who  lived  in 
Merlin's  cave.  Bradamant  gave  her  the 
enchanted  ring  to  take  to  Roge'ro  ;  so, 
under  the  form  of  Atlantes,  she  went  to 
Alclna's  isle,  delivered  Rogero,  and  dis-^ 
enchanted  all  the  captives  in  the  island. 

In  bk.  xix.  Melissa,  under  the  form 
Rod5mont,  persuaded  Agramant  to  brea| 
the  league  which  was  to  settle  the  contea 
by  single  combat,  and  a  general  battl 
ensued. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516) 

*j*  This  incident  of  bk.  xix. 
similar  to  that  in  Homer's  Iliad,  iii.,  iv.. 
where  Paris  and  Menelaos  agree  to  settle 
the  contest  by  single  combat ;  but  Minerva 
persuades  Pandiros  to  break  the  truce, 
and  a  general  battle  ensues. 

Me'lita  (now  Malta).  The  point  to 
which  the  vessel  that  carried  St.  Paul 
was  driven  was  the  "Porto  de  San  Paolo," 
and  according  to  tradition  the  cathedral 
of  Citta  Vecchia  stands  on  the  site  of  the 
house  of  Publius  the  Roman  governor. 
St.  Paul's  grotto,  a  cave  in  the  vicinity, 
is  so  named  in  honour  of  the  great 
apostle. 


Meli'tus,  a  gentleman  of  Cyprus, 


jr. 

■y» 

!at 

^1 


MELIZYUS. 


631 


MELVIL. 


the  drama  called  The  Laws  of  Candy,  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1647). 

Melizyus,  king  of  Thessaly,  in  the 
golden  era  of  Saturn.  He  was  the  first 
to  tame  horses  for  the  use  of  man. 

In  whose  time  reigned  also  in  Tliessayle  (2  tyJ.), 

A  parte  of  Grece,  the  kyng  Melizyus, 
That  was  riglit  strong  and  fierce  in  battaile ; 

By  whose  laboure,  as  the  storye  sheweth  us, 
He  brake  first  horses,  wilde  and  rigorous. 
Teaching  his  men  on  them  riglit  wel  to  ryde ; 
And  he  liimselfe  did  first  the  liorse  bestride. 
Stephen  Hawes,  7'A«  Passe-tynie  of  Plesurc,  i.  (1515). 

Meliz'yus  {King)  held  his  court  in  the 
Tower  of  Chivalry,  and  there  knighted 
Graunde  Amoure,  after  giving  him  the 
following  advice : — 

And  fli-st  Good  Hope  his  legge  harneyes  should  be ; 
His  habergion,  of  Perfect  Kyghteousnet, 
Gird  first  with  the  girdle  of  Chastitie ; 
His  rich  placarde  should  be  good  busines, 
Brodred  with  A  hm  .  .  . 

The  helmet  Mekenes,  and  the  shelde  Good  Fayeth, 
His  swerde  Uod't  Word,  as  St.  Paule  sayeth. 
Stephen  Hawes,  The  Passe-tyme  of  Plenure,  xxviii.  (1515). 

Mell  (Mr.),  the  poor,  down-trodden 
second  master  at  Salem  House,  the  school 
of  Mr.  Creakles.  Mr.  Mell  played  the 
flute.  His  mother  lived  in  an  almshouse, 
and  Steerforth  used  to  taunt  Mell  with 
this  "degradation,"  and  indeed  caused 
him  to  be  discharged.  Mell  emigrated 
to  Australia,  and  succeeded  well  in  the 
new  country. — C.  Dickens,  David  Copper- 
field  (1849). 

MelleTont  (2  syL),  in  love  with 
Cynthia  daughter  of  sir  Paul  Pliant. 
His  aunt,  lady  Touchwood,  had  a  criminal 
fondness  for  him,  and  because  he  re- 
pelled her  advances  she  vowed  his  ruin. 
After  passing  several  hair-breadth  escapes 
from  the  "double  dealing"  of  his  aunt 
and  his  "friend"  Maskwell,  he  succeeded 
in  winning  and  marrying  the  lady  of  his 
attachment. — W.  Congreve,  IVie  Double 
Dealer  (1700). 

Mellifluous  Doctor  (The),  St. 
Bernard,  whose  writings  were  called  "  a 
river  of  paradise  "  (1091-1153). 

Melnotte  (Claude),  a  gardener's  son, 
in  love  with  Pauline  "the  Beauty  of 
Lyons,"  but  treated  by  her  with  contempt. 
Beauseant  and  Glavis,  two  other  rejected 
suitors,  conspired  with  him  to  humble 
the  proud  fair  one.  To  this  end,  Claude 
assumed  to  be  the  prince  of  Como,  and 
Pauline  married  him,  but  was  indignant 
when  she  discovered  how  she  had  been 
duped.  Claude  left  her  to  join  the  French 
army,  and,  under  the  name  of  Morier, 
rose  in  two  years  and  a  half  to  the  rank 
of  colonel.  He  then  returned  to  Lyons, 
and  found  his  father-in-law  on  the  eve 


of  bankruptcy,  and  Pauline  about  to  be 
sold  to  Beauseant  to  pay  the  creditors. 
Claude  paid  the  money  required,  and 
claimed  Pauline  as  his  loving  and  truthful 
wife. — Lord  L.  B.  Lytton,  Lady  of  Lyons 
(1838). 

Melo  (Juan  de),  born  at  Castile  in  the 
fifteenth  century.  A  dispute  having 
arisen  at  Esalo'na  upon  the  question 
whether  Achilles  or  Hector  were  the 
braver  warrior,  the  marquis  de  Ville'na 
called  out,  "Let  us  sec  if  the  advocates 
of  Achilles  can  fight  as  well  as  prate." 
At  the  word,  there  appeared  in  the 
assembly  a  gigantic  fire-breathing  mon- 
ster, which  repeated  the  same  challenge. 
Every  one  shrank  back  except  Juan  do 
Melo,  who  drew  his  sword  and  placed 
himself  before  king  Juan  II.  to  protect 
him,  "tide  life,  tide  death."  The  king 
appointed  him  alcayde  of  Alcala  la  Real, 
in  Grana'da,  for  his  loyalty. — Chronica 
de  Don  Alvaro  do  Luna. 

Melrose  (Violet),  an  heiress,  who 
marries  Charles  Middlewick.  This  was 
against  the  consent  of  his  father,  because 
Violet  had  the  bad  taste  to  snub  the 
retired  tradesman,  and  considered  vul- 
garity as  the  "  unpardonable  sin." 

Mary  Melrose,  Violet's  cousin,  but  with- 
out a  penny.  She  marries  Talbot  Champ- 
neys  ;  but  his  father,  sir  Geoffry,  wanted 
him  to  marry  Violet  the  heiress. — H.  J 
Byron,  Our  Boys  (a  comedy,  1875). 

Melusi'na,  the  most  famous  of  th» 
fe'es  of  France.  Having  enclosed  he* 
father  in  a  mountain  for  offending  he«? 
mother,  she  was  condemned  to  become 
a  serpent  every  Saturday.  When  she 
married  the  count  of  Lusignan,  she  made 
her  husband  vow  never  to  visit  her  on 
that  day,  but  the  jealousy  of  the  count 
made  him  break  his  vow.  Melusina  was, 
in  consequence,  obliged  to  leave  her 
mortal  husband,  and  roam  about  the 
world  as  a  ghost  till  the  day  of  doom. 
Some  say  the  count  immured  her  in  the 
dungeon  wall  of  his  castle. — Jean  d Arras 
(fourteenth  century). 

*^*  The  cry  of  despair  given  by  the  fee 
when  she  discovered  tlie  indiscreet  visit  of 
her  husband,  is  the  origin  of  the  phrase, 
Un  cri  de  Me'lusine  ("A  shriek  of  de- 
spair "). 

Melvil  (Sir  John),  a  young  baronet, 
engaged  to  be  married  to  Miss  Sterling, 
the  elder  daughter  of  a  City  merchant, 
who  promises  to  settle  on  her  £80,000. 


MELVILLE. 


632 


MENALCAS. 


A  little  before  the  marriage,  sir  John 
finds  that  he  has  no  regard  for  Miss 
Sterling,  but  a  great  love  for  her  younger 
sister  Fanny,  to  whom  he  makes  a  pro- 
posal of  marriage.  His  proposal  is  re- 
jected ;  and  it  is  soon  brought  to  light 
that  Miss  Fanny  has  been  clandestinely 
married  to  Lovewell  for  four  months. — 
Colman  and  Garrick,  The  Clandestine 
Marriage  (1766). 

Melville  {Major),  a  magistrate  at 
Cairn\Teckan  village.  —  Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Melville  (Sir  Robert),  one  of  the  em- 
bassy from  the  privv  council  to  Marj'^ 
queen  of  Scots.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Melville,  the  father  of  Constantia. — C. 
Macklin,  The  Man  of  the  World  (1764). 

Melville  (Julia),  a  truly  noble  girl,  in 
love  with  Faulkland,  who  is  always 
jealous  of  her  without  a  shadow  of  cause. 
She  receives  his  innuendos  without  resent- 
ment, and  treats  him  with  sincerity  and 
forbearance  (see  act  i.  2).  —  Sheridan, 
The  Rivals  (1775).    ' 

Melyhalt  (Tlie  lady),  a  powerful 
subject  of  king  Arthur,  whose  domains 
sir  Galiot  invaded;  notwithstanding 
which  the  lady  chose  sir  Galiot  as  her 
fancy  knight  and  chevalier. 

Memnon,  king  of  the  Ethiopians. 
He  went  to  the  assistance  of  his  uncle 
Priam,  and  was  slain  by  Achilles.  His 
mother  Eos,  inconsolable  at  his  death, 
weeps  for  him  every  morning,  and  her 
tears  constitute  what  we  call  dew. 

Memnon,  the  black  statue  of  king  Am  en'- 
ophis  III.  at  Thebes,  in  Egypt,  which, 
bemg  struck  with  the  rays  of  the  morning 
Bun,  gives  out  musical  sounds.  Kircher 
Bays  these  sounds  are  due  to  a  sort  of 
clavecin  or  iEolian  harp  enclosed  in  the 
statue,  the  cords  of  which  are  acted  upon 
by  the  warmth  of  the  sun.  Cambyses, 
resolved  to  learn  the  secret,  cleft  the 
statue  from  head  to  waist ;  but  it  con- 
tinued to  utter  its  morning  melody  not- 
withstanding. 

V  ■r**l^.^*?;i°"'*  '""^Se-  ^ons  renowned 
nU?.     "^  N''"S.:  to  the  quivering  touch 
Of  Tifan  »  ray,  with  each  repulsive  string 
Uinsentnig,  sounded  thro'  tlie  warbUng  air 
Unbidden  strains.  * 

Alienaide,  Pleasures  of  ImaginaHon,  i.  (1744). 

Mem'non,  "the  mad  lover,"  general  of 
As  torax  king  of  Panhos.— Beaumont  and 
JJletcher,  Ihe  Mad  Lover  (1617). 

Mem'non,  the  title  of  a  novel  by  Vol- 


taire, the  object  of  which  is  to  show  the 
folly  of  aspiring  to  too  much  Avisdom. 

Memnon's  Sister,  He'mera,  men- 
tioned by  Dictys  Cretensis. 

Black,  but  such  as  in  esteem 

Prince  Memnon's  sister  might  btseem. 

Milton,  Jl  Pemeroso  (1638). 

Memorable  (The  Ever-),  John  Hales 
of  Eton  (1584-1656). 

Memory.  The  persons  most  noted 
for  their  memory  are  : 

Magliabechi  of  Florence,  called  "  The 
Universal  Index  and  Living  Cyclopaedia  " 
(1633-1714). 

P.  J.  Beronicius,  the  Greek  and  Latin 
improvisator,  who  knew  by  heart  Horace, 
Virgil,  Cicero,  Juvenal,  both  the  Plinys, 
Homer,  and  Aristophanes.  He  died  at 
Middleburgh,  in  1676. 

Andrew  Fuller,  after  hearing  500  lines 
twice,  could  repeat  them  without  a  mis- 
take. He  could  also  repeat  verbatim  a 
sermon  or  speech  ;  could  tell  either  back- 
wards or  forwards  every  shop  sign  from 
the  Temple  to  the  extreme  end  of  Cheap- 
side,  and  the  articles  displayed  in  each  of 
the  shops. 

"Memory"  Woodfall  could  carry  in 
his  head  a  debate,  and  repeat  it  a  fort- 
night afterwards. 

"  Memory "  Thompson  could  repeat 
the  names,  trades,  and  particulars  of 
every  shop  from  Ludgate  Hill  to  Picca- 
dilly. 

William  Radcliff,  the  husband  of  the 
novelist,  could  repeat  a  debate  the  next 
morning. 

Memory  (The  Bard  of),  Samuel  Roge 
author  of  the  Pleasures  of  Memory  (176: 
1855). 

Men    are    but    Children   of 
Larger    Growth. — Dryden,   All  ft 
Love,  etc.,  iv.  1  (1678). 

Men  of  Prester  John's  Country. 
Prester  John,  in  his  letter  to  Manuel  Com- 
n6nus,  says  his  land  is  the  home  of  men 
with  horns  ;  of  one-eyed  men  (the  eye 
being  in  some  cases  before  the  head,  and 
in  some  cases  behind  it)  ;  of  giants  forty 
ells  in  height  (i.e.  120  feet)  ;  of  the 
phoenix,  etc.  ;  and  of  ghouls  who  feed  on 
premature  children.  He  gives  the  names 
of  fifteen  different  tributary  states, 
amongst  which  are  those  of  Gog  and 
Magog  (now  shut  in  behind  lofty  moun- 
tains) ;  but  at  the  end  of  the  world  these 
fifteen  states  will  overrun  the  whole  earth, 

Menaleas,  any  shepherd  or  rustic 
The  name  occurs  in  the  Idylls  of  Theoc'* 


ixt 

I 


i 


MENCIA  OF  MOSQUERA. 


633 


MEPHISTOPHELES. 


ritos,   the    Eclogues  of  Virgil,  and  the 
Shepheardes  Calendar  of  Spenser. 

Men'cia  of  Mosquera  {Donna) 
married  don  Alvaro  de  Mello.  A  few 
days  after  the  marriage,  Alvaro  hap- 
pened to  quarrel  with  don  An'drea  de 
Baesa  and  kill  him.  He  was  obliged  to 
flee  from  Spain,  leaving  his  bride  behind, 
and  his  property  was  confiscated.  For 
seven  years  she  received  no  intelligence  of 
his  whereabouts  (for  he  was  a  slave  most  of 
the  time),  but  when  seven  years  had  elapsed 
the  report  of  his  death  in  Fez  reached 
her.  The  young  widow  now  married  the 
marquis  of  Guardia,  who  lived  in  a  grand 
castle  near  Burgos,  but  walking  in  the 
grounds  one  morning  she  was  struck  with 
Sie  earnestness  with  which  one  of  the 
under-gardeners  looked  at  her.  This  man 
proved  to  be  her  tirst  husband  don  Alvaro, 
with  whom  she  now  fled  from  the  castle  ; 
but  on  the  road  a  gang  of  robbers  fell 
upon  them.  Alvaro  was  killed,  and  the 
lady  taken  to  the  robbers'  cave,  where 
Gil  Bias  saw  her  and  heard  her  sad  tale. 
The  lady  was  soon  released,  and  sent  to 
the  castle  of  the  marquis  of  Guardia. 
She  found  the  marquis  dying  from  grief, 
and  indeed  he  died  the  day  following, 
and  Mencia  retired  to  a  convent. — Lesage, 
Gil  Bias,  i.  11-14  (1715). 

Mendo'za,  a  Jew  pnze-fighter,  who 
held  the  belt  at  the  close  of  the  last 
century,  and  in  1791  opened  the  Lyceum 
in  the  Strand,  to  teach  "  the  noble  art  of 
Belf-defence." 

I  wo\ild  have  dealt  the  fellow  that  abused  you  snich  a 
reconir>cnse  in  the  fifUi  button,  that  my  friend  Mendoza 
should  not  have  idaced  it  better.— K.  Cumberland,  Shiva 
the  Jew.  iv.  2(1776). 

There  is  a  print  often  seen  in  old  picture  shops,  of 
Humphreys  and  Mendoza  sparring,  and  a  queer  ang\ilar 
exhibition  it  is.  What  tliat  Is  to  the  modern  art  of  boxing. 
Quick's  style  of  acting  was  to  Dowton's.— Record*  of  a 
Stage  Veteran. 

Mendoza     (Isaac),    a   rich    Jew,  who 
thinks  himself  monstrously  wise,  but  is 
1    duped  by  every  one.     (See  under  Isaac.) 
I  —Sheridan,  The  Duenna  (1776). 

I  John  Kemble  [1757-1823]  once  designed  to  play  "  Mac- 
J!  faeath  "  [lieggar's  Opera,  by  Gayl,  a  part  about  as  much 
I  suited  to  bini  as  "  Isaac  Mendoza,"  It  is  notorious  that 
I  lie  persisted  in  playing  "Charles  Surface  "in  the  School 
j    for  Scandal  [Sheridan],  till  some  wag  said  to  him,  "  Mr. 

I  Kemble,  you  have  often  given  us  '  Ciiarles's  martyrdom,' 
When  shall  we  have  hj»  restoration?"— W.  C.  RuiseU, 
Bepreientative  Acton,  243. 
Menech'mians,  persons  exactly 
[■  like  each  other,  as  the  brothers  Dromio. 
I  So  called  from  the  Mencechmi  of  Plautus. 

Menec'rates  (4  syl.),  a  physician  of 
Syracuse,  of  unbounded  vanity  and  arro- 
gance.   He  assumed  to  himself  the  title 


of  Jupiter,  and  in  a  letter  to  Philip  king 
of  Macedon  began  thus :  "  Menecrates 
Jupiter  to  king  Philip  greeting."  Being 
asked  by  Philip  to  a  banquet,  the  phy- 
sician was  served  only  with  frankincense, 
like  the  gods  ;  but  Menecrates  was  greatly 
offended,  and  hurried  home. 

Such  was  Menecratfis  of  little  worth, 
Who  Jove,  the  saviour,  to  be  called  presumed. 
To  whom  of  inc«nse  Philip  made  a  feast. 
And  gave  pride,  scorn,  and  hunger  to  digest. 
lord  Brooke,  Inquisition  upon  Fame,  etc.  (1554-1628). 

Mene'via,  St.  David's,  in  Wales.  A 
corruption  of  Ileneinenew,  its  old  British 
name, 

Mengs  (John),  the  surly  innkeeper  at 
Kirchholf  village. — Sir  W.  Scott,  An7ie 
of  Geier stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Menippee  (Satyre),  a  famous 
political  satire,  written  during  the  time 
of  what  is  called  in  French  history  the 
Holy  League,  the  objects  of  which  were 
to  exterminate  the  huguenots,  to  confine 
the  king  (Henri  III.)  in  a  monastery, 
and  to  crown  the  due  de  Guise.  The 
satire  is  partly  in  verse,  and  partly  in 
prose,  and  its  object  is  to  expose  the 
perfidious  intentions  of  Philip  of  Spain 
and  the  culpable  ambition  of  the  Guises. 

It  is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  of 
which  is  entitled  Catholicon  d'Espagne, 
by  Pierre  Leroy  (1593),  exposing  those 
who  had  been  corrupted  by  the  gold  of 
Spain  ;  the  second  part  is  entitled  Abr^g^ 
des  Etats  de  la  Ligue,  by  Gillot,  Pithou, 
Kapin,  and  Passerat,  published  1594. 

*^*  Menippus  was  a  cynic  philosopher 
and  poet  of  Gadara,  in  Phoenicia,  who 
wrote  twelve  books  of  satires  in  prose 
and  verse. 

Varro  wrote  in  Latin  a  work  called 
The  Satires  of  Menippus  {Satyrcs  Menip- 
pe(K). 

Mennibojou,  a  North  American 
Indian  deity. 

Menteith  {The  earl  of),  a  kinsman 
of  the  earl  of  Montrose. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Mentor,  a  wise  and  faithful  adviser 
or  guide.  So  called  from  Mentor,  a 
friend  of  Ulj'sses,  whose  fonn  Minerva 
assumed  when  she  accompanied  Tele- 
machos  in  his  search  for  his  father. — 
Fe'nelon,  T'e'le'maque  (1700). 

Mephistoph'eles  (5  syl.),  the 
sneering,  jeering,  leering  attendant 
demon  of  Faust  in  Goethe's  drama  of 
Eaust,  and  Gounod's  opera  of  the  same 
name.    Marlowe  calls  the  name  "Mephos- 


MEPHOSTOPHILIS. 


634 


MERCUTIO  OF  ACTORS. 


tophilis"  in  his  drama  entitled  i)r.  Faustus. 
Shakespeare,  in  his  Merry  Wives  of  Wind- 
sor, writes  the  name  "  Mephostophilus ; " 
and  in  the  opera  he  is  called  "  Mefistofele  " 
(5  syl.).  In  the  old  demonology,  Mephis- 
topiieles  was  one  of  the  seven  chief 
devils,  and  second  of  the  fallen  arch- 
angels. 

Mephostopliilis,  the  attendant 
demon  of  Faustus,  in  Marlowe's  tragedy 
of  Dr,  Faustus  (1589). 

There  Is  an  awful  melancholy  about  Marlowe's  "  Me- 
phostophilis,"  perhaps  more  expressive  than  the  malig- 
nant mirth  of  that  fiend  in  the  renowned  work  of  Goethe. 
— Hallani. 

Mephostophilus,  the  spirit  or 
familiar  of  sir  John  Faustus  or  [Dr.] 
John  Faust  (Shakespeare,  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor,  1596).  Subsequently  it  became 
a  term  of  reproach,  about  equal  to  "  imp 
of  the  devil." 

Mercer  {Major),  at  the  presidency  of 
Madras. — Sir  \V.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Merchant  of  Venice  {The)^  An- 
thonio,  who  borrowed  3000  ducats  for 
three  months  of  Shylock  a  Jew.  The 
money  was  borrowed  to  lend  to  a  friend 
named  Bassanio,  and  the  Jew,  "in  merry 
sport,"  instead  of  interest,  agreed  to  lend 
the  money  on  these  conditions  :  If  An- 
thonio  paid  it  within  three  months,  he 
should  pay  only  the  principal ;  if  he  did 
not  pay  it  back  within  that  time,  the 
merchant  should  forfeit  a  pound  of  his 
own  flesh,  from  any  part  of  his  body  the 
Jew  might  choose  to  cut  it  off.  As 
Anthonio's  ships  were  delayed  by  con- 
trary winds,  he  could  not  pay  the  money, 
and  the  Jew  demanded  the  forfeiture. 
On  the  trial  which  ensued,  Portia,  in  the 
dress  of  a  law  doctor,  conducted  the  case, 
and  when  the  Jew  was  going  to  take  the 
forfeiture,  stopped  him  by  saying  that  the 
bond  stated  "a  pound  of  flesh,"  and  that 
therefore  he  was  to  shed  no  drop  of  blood, 
and  he  must  cut  neither  more  nor  less 
than  an  exact  pound,  on  forfeit  of  his 
life.  As  these  conditions  were  practically 
impossible,  the  Jew  was  nonsuited  and 
fined  for  seeking  the  life  of  a  citizen. — 
Shakespeare,  Merchant  of  Venice  (1598). 

The  story  is  in  the  Gesta  Eomanorum, 
the  tale  of  the  bond  being  ch.  xlviii.,  and 
that  of  the  caskets  cli.  xcix. ;  but  Shake- 
speare took  his  plot  from  a  Florentine 
novelette  called  //  I'ecorone,  written  in 
the  fourteenth  century,  but  not  published 
till  the  sixteenth. 

There  is  a  ballAd  ou  the  subject,  the 


date  of  which  has  not  been  determined. 
The  bargain  runs  thus  : 

"  No  penny  for  the  loan  of  it, 

For  one  year  shall  you  pay— 
You  may  do  me  a  good  turn 

Before  my  dying  day  ; 
But  we  will  have  a  merry  Jest, 

For  to  be  talked  long : 
You  shall  make  me  a  bond,"  quoth  he, 

"That  shall  be  large  or  strong." 

Merchant's  Tale  (27ie),  in  Chaucer, 
is  substantially  the  same  as  the  first  Latin 
metrical  tale  of  Adolphus,  and  is  not 
unlike  a  Latin  prose  tale  given  in  the 
appendix  of  T.  Wright's  edition  of 
iEsop's  fables.     The  tale  is  this  : 

A  girl  named  May  married  January,  an 
old  Lombard  baron  60  years  of  age,  but 
entertained  the  love  of  Damyan,  a  young 
squire.  She  was  detected  in  familiar 
intercourse  with  Damyan,  but  persuaded 
her  husband  that  his  eyes  had  deceived 
him,  and  he  believed  her. — Chaucer, 
Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

Mercian  Laws.    (See  Martiak.) 

Mercilla,  a  "  maiden  queen  of  great 
power  and  majesty,  famous  through  all 
the  world,  and  honoured  far  and  nigh." 
Her  kingdom  was  disturbed  by  a  soldan, 
her  powerful  neighbour,  stirred  up  by 
his  wife  Adicia.  The  "maiden  queen'* 
is  Elizabeth;  the  "soldan,"  Philip  of 
Spain;  and  "Adicia"  is  injustice,  pre- 
sumption, or  the  bigotry  of  popery. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  (1596). 

Mercurial  Finger  {The),  the  little 
finger. 

The  thumb,  In  chiromancy,  we  give  Venus ; 
The  fore-finger  to  Jove ;  the  midst  to  Saturn 
The  ring  to  Sol ;  the  least  to  Mercury. 

Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchemist,  i.  2  (161( 

Mercu'tio,  kinsman  of  prince 
calus,  and  Romeo's  friend.  An  airy, 
sprightly,  elegant  young  nobleman,  so 
full  of  Avit  and  fancy  that  Dryden  says 
Shakespeare  was  obliged  to  kill  him  in 
the  third  act,  lest  the  poet  himself  should 
have  been  killed  by  Mercutio. — Shake- 
speare, Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

Mercutio's  wit,  gaiety,  and  courage  will  always  procure 
him  friends  that  wish  liim  a  longer  life  ;  but  his  deatli  is 
not  precipitoted— he  has  lived  out  the  time  allotted  him  in 
the  construction  of  the  play.— Dr.  Johnson. 

The  light  and  fanciful  humour  of  Mercutio  serves  to 
enhance  and  illustrate  the  romantic  and  passionate 
character  of  Romeo. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Draona. 

William  Lewis  [1"48-1811]  was  the  "  MercuUo"  of  theage. 
hi  every  sense  of  the  word  mercurial.  His  airy,  breathless 
voice,  thrown  to  the  audience  before  he  appeared,  was 
the  signal  of  his  winged  animal  spirits  ;  and  when  he 
gave  a  glance  of  his  eye,  or  touched  with  his  finger  at 
another's  ribs,  it  was  the  very  punctumsaliens  of  playful- 
ness and  innuendo.— Leigh  Hunt,  The  Town  f""' 


ttie 

1 


Mercutio  of  Actors  {The),  Willi 
Lewis  (1748-1811). 


I 


MERCY. 


635 


MERLIN. 


Mr.  Lewis  displayed  in  acting  a  combination  rarely  to 
be  found — tliat  of  the  fop  and  the  reai  gentleman.  With 
a  voice,  a  manner,  and  a  person,  all  equally  graceful  and 
airy,   and   features  at  once  whimsical  and  genteel,  he 

Slay«d  on  the  top  of  his  profession  like  a  plume. — Leigh 
[uut.  The  Town  {184S). 

Mercy,  a  young  pilgrim,  who  ac- 
companied Christiana  in  her  walk  to  Zion. 
When  Mercy  got  to  the  Wicket  Gate,  she 
swooned  from  fear  of  being  refused  ad- 
mittance. Mr.  Brisk  proposed  to  her, 
but  being  told  that  she  was  poor,  left 
her,  and  she  was  afterwards  married  to 
Matthew,  the  eldest  son  of  Christian. — 
Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  ii.  (1684). 

Merdle  {Mr.),  banker,  a  skit  on  the 
directors  of  the  Royal  British  Bank,  and 
on  Mr.  Hudson  "the  railway  king."  Mr. 
Merdle,  of  Harley  Street,  was  called 
the  "Master  Mind  of  the  Age."  He 
became  insolvent,  and  committed  suicide. 
Mr.  Merdle  was  a  heavily  made  man, 
with  an  obtuse  head,  and  coarse,  mean, 
common  features.  His  chief  butler  said 
of  him,  "  Mr.  Merdle  nerer  was  a  gentle- 
man, and  no  ungentlemanly  act  on  Mr. 
Merdle's  part  would  surprise  me."  The 
great  banker  was  "the  greatest  forger 
and  greatest  thief  that  ever  cheated  the 
gallows." 

Lord  Decimus  [Bamaele]  began  waving  Mr.  Merdler 
about  ...  as  Gigantic  Enterprise,  The  Wealth  of  Eng- 
land, Credit,  Capital,  Prosperity,  and  all  manner  of 
blessings.— Bk.  u.  24. 

Mrs.  Merdle,  wife  of  the  bank  swindler. 
After  the  death  of  her  husband,  society 
decreed  that  Mrs.  Merdle  should  still  be 
admitted  among  the  sacred  few  ;  so  Mrs. 
Merdle  was  still  received  and  patted  on 
the  back  by  the  upper  ten. — C.  Dickens, 
Little  Dorr  it  (1857). 

Meredith  (Mr.),  one  of  the  con- 
spirators with  Redgauntlet.  —  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Medgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Meredith  {Mr.  Michael),  "the  man  of 
mirth,"  in  the  managing  committee  of  the 
,    Spa  hotel.— Sir  W.  Scott,   St.  lionan's 
\    Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Meredith  {Sir),  a  Welsh  knight.— Sir 
I  W.  Scott,  Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry 

I  Meredith  {Owen),  pseudonym  of  the 
Hon.  Edward  Robert  Bulwer  Lytton 
I  (lord  Lytton),  author  of  The  Wanderer 
[  (1859),  etc.  This  son  of  lord  Bulwer 
t  Lytton,  poet  and  novelist,  succeeded  to 
I  the  peerage  in  1873. 

Me'rida  {Marchioness),  betrothed  to 
count  Valantia.— Mrs.  luchbald,  Child  of 

Nature.     ■ 


Meridarpax,  the  pride  of  mice. 

Now  nobly  towering  o'er  the  rest,  appears 
A  gallant  prince  that  far  transcends  his  years ; 
Pride  of  his  sire,  and  glory  of  his  house. 
And  more  a  Mars  in  combat  than  a  mouse ; 
His  action  bold,  robust  his  ample  frame, 
And  Meridarpax  his  resounding  name. 

Parnell,  The  Rattle  of  the  Frogt  and 
Mice,  in.  (about  1712). 

Merid'ies  or  "  Noonday  Sun,"  one  of 
the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages 
of  Castle  Perilous.  So  Tennyson  has 
named  him  ;  but  in  the  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  he  is  called  "sir  Permones,  the 
Red  Knight." — Tennyson,  /{(y^/s  ("  (Jarcth 
and  Lynette")  ;  sir  T.  Malory,  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  129  (1470). 

Merlin  {Ambrose),  prince  of  enchan- 
ters. His  mother  was  Matilda,  a  nun, 
who  was  seduced  by  a  "  guileful  sprite" 
or  incubus,  "half  angel  and  half  man, 
dwelling  in  mid-air  betwixt  the  earth 
and  moon."  Some  say  his  mother  was 
the  daught&r  of  Pubidius  lord  of  Math- 
traval,  in^'^ales ;  and  others  make  her  a 
princess/daughter  of  Demetius  king  of 
Deme^b'ia.  Blaise  baptized  the  infant, 
and/thus  rescued  it  from  the  powers  of 

.rkness. 

Merlin  died  spell-bound,  but  the  author 
and  manner  of  his  death  are  given 
differently  by  different  authorities.  Thus, 
in  the  History  of  Prince  Arthur  (sir  T. 
Malory,  1470),  we  are  told  that  the  en- 
chantress Nimue  or  Ninive  enveigled  the 
old  man,  and  "  covered  him  with  a  stone 
under  a  rock."  In  the  Morte  d' Arthur  it 
is  said  "he  sleeps  and  sighs  in  an  old 
tree,  spell-bound  by  Vivien."  Tennyson, 
in  his  Idylls  ("Vivien"),  says  that 
Vivien  induced  Merlin  to  take  shelter 
from  a  storm  in  a  hollow  oak  tree,  and 
left  him  spell-bound.  Others  say  he  was 
spell-bound  in  a  hawthorn  bush,  but  this 
is  evidently  a  blunder.  (See  Merlix 
THE  Wild.) 

%*  Merlin  made  "the  fountain  of 
love,"  mentioned  by  Bojardo  in  Orlando 
Innamorato,  1.  3. 

Ariosto,  in  Orlando  Furioso,  says  he 
made  "one  of  the  four  fountains"  (ch. 
xxvi.). 

He  also  made  the  Round  Table  at  Car- 
duel  for  150  knights,  which  came  into 
the  possession  of  king  Arthur  on  his 
marriage  with  queen  Guinever ;  and 
brought  from  Ireland  the  stones  of 
Stonehenge  on  Salisbury  Plain. 

Allusion  is  made  to  him  in  the  Faery 
Qv£en ;  in  Ellis's  Specimens  of  Early 
English  Metrical  Rom/xnces  ;  in  Drayton's 
Volyolbion;    in  Kenilworth,   by    sir    W. 


MERLIN. 


636 


MERVINIA. 


Scott,  etc.  T.  Hej'wood  has  attempted 
to  show  the  fulfilment  of  Merlin's 
prophecies. 

Of  Merlin  and  his  skill  what  region  doth  not  heart  .  .  . 
Who  of  a  Britisli  myinph  Wiis  gotten,  whilst  she  played 
With  a  .-•educing  sprite  .  .  . 
But  all  Deniefia  thro'  there  was  not  found  her  peer. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  v.  (1612). 

Merlin  {Tlie  English),  W.  Lilly,  the 
astrologer,  who  assumed  the  nom  de  plume 
of  "Mer'linus  Anglicus"  (1602-1681). 

Merlin  the  Wild,  a  native  of  Cale- 
donia, wlio  lived  in  the  sixteenth  century, 
about  a  century  after  the  great  Ambrose 
Merlin  the  sorcerer.  Fordun,  in  his 
Scotichronicon,  gives  particulars  about 
him.  It  was  predicted  that  he  would  die 
by  earth,  Avood,  and  water,  which  pre- 
diction was  fulfilled  thus :  A  mob  of 
rustics  hounded  him,  and  he  jumped  from 
a  rock  into  the  Tweed,  and  Avas  impaled 
on  a  stake  fixed  in  the  river  bed.  His 
grave  is  still  shown  beneath  an  aged 
hawthorn  bush  at  Drummelzier,  a  village 
on  the  Tweed. 

Merlin's  Cave,  in  Dynevor,  near 
Carmarthen,  noted  for  its  ghastly  noises 
of  rattling  iron  chains,  brazen  caldrons, 
groans,  strokes  of  hammers,  and  ringing 
of  anvils.  The  cause  is  this  :  Merlin  set 
his  spirits  to  fabricate  a  brazen  wall  to 
encompass  the  city  of  Carmarthen,  and, 
as  he  had  to  call  on  the  Lady  of  the  Lake, 
bade  them  not  slacken  their  labour  till  he 
returned  ;  but  he  never  did  return,  for 
Vivian  by  craft  got  him  under  the  en- 
chanted stone,  and  kept  him  there. 
Tennyson  says  he  was  spell-bound  by 
Vivien  in  a  hollow  oak  tree,  but  the 
Jliatory  of  Pririce  Arthur  (sir  T.  Malory) 
gives  the  other  version. — Spenser,  Faery 
Queen,  iii.  3  (1590). 

Merop's  Son,  a  nobody,  a  terrce 
Pius,  Avho  thinks  himself  somebody. 
Thus  Phaeton  (Merop's  son),  forgetting 
that  his  mother  was  an  earthborn  woman, 
thought  he  could  drive  the  horses  of  the 
sun,  but  not  being  able  to  guide  them, 
nearly  set  the  earth  on  fire.  Many  pre- 
sume, like  him,  and  think  themselves 
capable  or  worthy  of  great  things,  for- 
getting all  the  while  that  they  are  only 
"Merop's  son." 

Why.  Phaeton  (for  thou  art  Merop's  son), 
Wilt  tliou  aspire  to  guiile  the  heavenly  car, 
And  wiUi  thy  darinj;  folly  burn  the  world  ? 

Shakespeare,  Two  (ientlemen  of  Verona, 
act  iiu  sc.  1  (1594). 

Merrilies  (Meg),  a  half-crazy  woman, 
part  sibyl  and  part  gipsy.  She  is  the 
ruler  and  terror  of  the  gipav  race.  Meg 
filernhos  was  the  nurse  of  Harry  Ber- 


tram.— Sir   W.    Scott,    Guy   Mannering 
(time,  George  IL). 

In  tlie  dramatizetl  version  of  Scott's  novel,  Miss  Chush* 
man  [1845-9J  made  "Meg  Merrilies"  her  own.  Sh« 
showed  therein  indisputjibly  tlie  attributes  of  genius. 
Such  was  her  power  over  the  intention  and  feeling  of  tho 
part,  that  the  mere  words  were  quite  a  secondary  matter. 
It  was  the  figure,  the  gait,  the  look,  the  gesture,  tlie  tone, 
by  which  she  put  beauty  and  passion  into  language  tho 
most  inditTerent. — Henry  Morley. 

Merry. 

Tis  merry  in  hall. 
Where  beards  wag  alL 
T.  Tusser,  five  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Husbandry,  xlvi.  26  (l.")57). 
It's  goo<l  to  be  merry  and  wise. 
Burns,  JJere'i  a  Health  to  Them  that't  Atna'. 

Merry   Andrew,   Andrew   Borde, 
physician  to  Henry  VIIL  (1500-1549). 
***  Prior  has  a  pdem  o'h  Merry  Andrew. 

Merry  Monai'eh  {TJie^,  Charles  IL 
of  England  (1630,  1660-1685). 

Mer'rylegs,  a  highly  trained  per- 
forming dog,  belonging  to  Signor  Jupe, 
clown  in  Sleary's  circus.  This  dog  leaves 
the  circus  when  his  master  disappears, 
but  several  j'ears  afterwards  finds  its  Avay 
back  and  dies. — C.  Dickens,  Hard  Times 
(1854). 

Merse  (1  syl.),  Berwick,  the  mere  or 
frontier  of  England  and  Scotland. 

Merthyr  Tydvil,  a  corruption  of 
Martyr  St.  Tidfil,  a  Welsh  princess  who 
suffered  martyrdom. 

Merton  (Tommy),  one  of  the  chief 
characters  in  Sandford  and  Merton,  a  tale 
for  boys,  by  Thomas  Day  (1783-9) 

Merton  (Tristram).     Thomas  Babi 
ton  lord  Macaulay  so  signs  the  ball 
and  sketches  which  he  inserted  in  Knigk 
Quarterly  Magazine. 

Mertoun   (Basil),   alias   Vaugh. 
formerly  a  pirate. 

Mordaunt  Mertoun,  son  of  Basil  Mer- 
toun. He  marries  Brenda  Troil. — SirW. 
Scott,  The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Merveilleuse  [Mair.vaxf .uze],  the 
sword  of  Doolin  of  Mayence.  It  Avas  so 
Sharp  that,  if  placed  edge  dowuAvards  on 
a  block  of  wood,  it  would  cut  through  it 
of  itself. 

Mervett  (Gustavus  de),  in  Charles 
XII, ,  an  historical  drama  by  J.  R. 
Planche  (1826). 

Mervinia,  Merionethshire.  On  th« 
Mervin  Hills  the  British  found  security 
when  driven  by  the  Saxons  out  of  Eng- 
land. Here  the  Welsh  laws  Avere  re- 
tained the  longest.    This  part  of  Wale» 


tale 

M 

[a^H 


§i 


MERVYN. 


637 


METOPniS. 


is  peculiarly  rich  in  mountains,  merea, 
and  springs. 

Merrlnla  for  her  hills  .  .  .  especial  audience  craves. 
Drayton,  Polyolbivn,  U.  (1612). 

Mervyn  {Mr.  Arthur)^  guardian  of 
Julia  Mannering. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy 
Mannerinij  (time,  George  II.). 

Mesopota'mia  or  CiiJntopolis,  the 
district  about  Warwick  and  Eccleston 
Squares,  in  London,  mainly  built  by 
Cubit. 

Messali'na,  wife  of  the  emperor 
Claudius  of  Rome.  Her  name  is  a  by- 
word for  incontinency  (a.d.  *-48). 

She  la  not  one  of  those  Messalinas  who,  belying  the 
pride  of  birth,  humble  their  affections  even  to  the  dust, 
and  dishonour  Uieniselves  witliout  a  blusli. — Lesage,  Oil 
Blot.  iv.  1  (1724). 

Oh  thou  epitomd  of  thy  virtuous  sex.  Madam  Messolina 
II. ,  retire  to  thy  apartment  I — Dryden,  The  Sjxmith  fYyar, 
UL  1  (1680). 

When  I  meet  a  Messalina,  tired  and  unsated  In  her 
foul  desires, — a  Clyteninestria.  bathed  in  Iier  husband's 
blood, — an  impious  Tullia,  whirling  her  chariot  over  her 
fathers  breatliiess  body,  horror  invades  my  faculttes.— C. 
Gibber.  Love  Make*  a  Man  (1700). 

Messalina  {The  Modern)^  Catherine  II. 
of  Russia  (1729-1796). 

Messalina  of  Germany,  Barbary 
of  Cilley,  second  wife  of  kaiser  Sigismund 
of  Germany  (fifteenth  century). 

Messiah.  {The),  an  epic  poem  in 
fifteen  books,  by  F.  G.  Klopstock.  The 
first  thre«  were  published  in  1748,  and 
the  last  in  1773.  The  subject  is  the  last 
days  of  Jesus,  His  crucifixion  and  resur- 
rection. Bk.  i.  Jesus  ascends  the  Mount 
of  Olives,  to  spend  the  night  in  prayer. 
Bk.  ii.  John  the  Beloved,  failing  to 
exorcise  a  demoniac,  Jesus  goes  to  his 
assistance  ;  and  Satan,  rebuked,  returns 
to  hell,  where  he  tells  the  fallen  angels 
his  version  of  the  birth  and  ministry  of 
Christ,  whose  death  he  resolves  on.  Bk. 
iii.  Messiah  sleeps  for  the  last  time  on  the 
Mount  of  Olives  ;  the  tutelar  angels  of 
the  twelve  apostles,  and  a  description  of 
the  apostles  are  given.  Satan  gives  Judas 
a  dream,  and  then  enters  the  heart  of 
Caiaphas.  Bk.  iv.  The  council  in  the 
palace  of  Caiaphas  decree  that  Jesus  must 
die ;  Jesus  sends  Peter  and  John  to  prepare 
the  Passover,  and  eats  His  Last  Supper 
with  His  apostles.  Bk.  v.  The  three 
hours  of  agony  in  the  garden.  Bk.  vi. 
Jesus,  bound,  is  taken  before  Annas,  and 
then  before  Caiaphas.  Peter  denies  his 
Master.  Bk.  vii.  Christ  is  brought  before 
Pilate ;  Judas  hangs  himself ;  Pilate 
Bends  Jesus  to  Herod,  but  Herod  sends 
Him  again  to  Pilate,  who  delivers  Him  to 


the  Jews.  Bk.  viii.  Christ  nailed  to  the 
cross.  Bk.  ix.  Christ  on  the  cross. 
Bk.  X.  The  death  of  Christ.  Bk.  xi. 
The  vail  of  the  Temple  rent,  and  the  re- 
surrection of  many  from  their  graves. 
Bk.  xii.  The  burial  of  the  body,  and  death 
of  Mary  the  sister  of  Lazarus.  Bk.  xiii. 
The  resurrection  and  suicide  of  Philo. 
Bk.  xiv.  Jesus  shows  Himself  to  His  dis- 
ciples. Bk.  XV.  Many  of  those  who  had 
risen  from  their  graves  show  themselrea 
to  others.    Conclusion. 

Messiah,  an  oratorio  by  Handel  (1749). 
The  libretto  was  by  Charles  Jennens, 
nicknamed  "  Soliman  the  Magnificent." 

Metanoi'a,  Repentance  personified, 
by  William  Browne  in  Britannia's  Pas- 
torals, V.  (Greek,  mStanoia,  *'  repentance.") 

Faire  Metanoia  Is  attending 
To  croane  thee  with  those  juys  that  know  no  ending. 
PoHoral*.  r.  1  (1613). 

Metasta'sio.  The  real  name  of  this 
Italian  poet  was  Trapassi  {death).  He 
was  brought  up  by  Gravina,  who  Grecized 
the  name  (1698-1782). 

*^*  So  "Melancthon"  is  the  Greek 
form  of  Schwarzerde  ("black  earth"); 
"  (Ecolampadius "  is  the  Greek  form  of 
the  German  name  Ilausschein ;  "  De- 
siderius  Erasmus "  is  Gheraerd  Gheraerd 
(the  first  "Gheraerd"  is  Latinized  into 
I)esideriuSy  and  the  latter  is  Grecized  into 
Erasmus). 

Meteoric  Stones.  In  the  museum 
of  Carlton  (Melbourne)  is  preserved  a 
hu^e  meteoric  stone  twenty-five  tons  in 
weight.  It  fell  on  a  large  plain  between 
Melbourne  and  Kilmore  in  1860,  with 
such  force  that  it  sank  six  feet  in  the 
ground.  Some  said  it  nvust  have  been 
shot  from  a  crater  of  the  moon. 

*^*  The  largest  in  the  world  is  in  Brazil, 
and  exceeds  thirty  tons.  There  is  another 
in  the  Imperial  Museum  at  St.  Petersburg, 
of  unusual  dimensions  ;  and  one  is  pre- 
served in  Paris. 

Meth'os,  Drunkenness  personified. 
He  is  twin-brother  of  Gluttony,  their 
mother  being  Caro  {fleshly  lust).  In  the 
battle  of  Mansoul,  Methos  is  slain  by 
Agnei'a  {wifely  chastity)  spouse  of  En- 
cra'tes  {temperance),  and  sister  of  Par- 
then'ia  {maiden  chastity).  (Greek,  methi 
or  methUs  is  "drunkenness.") — Phineas 
Fletcher,  The  Purple  Island,  vii.,  xi, 
(1633). 

Met'ophis,  the  corrupt  chief  minisiei 
of  SesoBtns. 


MEXITLI. 


638      mCHAEL  THE  STAM^IEEER. 


n  avalt  Tome  aiissi  corrumpue  et  aussi  artificicuse  que 
8ttO'!trU  6tait  sincdre  et  gtSii6reuz.— F^uelon,  TU&mag:u« 

Mexit'li,  chief  god  and  idol  of  the 
Az'tecas.  He  leaped  full-grown  into  life, 
and  with  a  spear  slew  those  who  mocked 
his  mother  Coatlan'tona  (4  syl.). 

Already  at  [At*  mother's  breast]  the  blow  was  aimed. 
When  forth  Mexitli  leapt,  and  in  his  hand 
The  augry  spear. 

Southey,  Madoe,  ii.  21  (1805). 

*^*  Of  course,  it  will  be  remembered 
that  Minerv^a,  like  Mexitli,  was  born  full- 
grown  and  fully  armed. 

IVEezen'tius,  king  of  the  Tyrrhenians, 
who  put  criminals  to  death  by  tying  them 
face  to  face  with  dead  bodies. — ^Virgil, 
JKneidf  viii.  485. 

ThU  is  like  Mezentius  in  Virgil.  ,  . .  Such  critics  are  like 
dciul  coals;  theyni.iy  blacken  but  cannot  burn.— Broome, 
tre/dce  to  Poems  (1730). 

Mezzora'mia,  an  earthly  paradise 
in  Africa,  accessible  by  only  one  road. 
Gaudentio  di  Lucca  discovered  the  road, 
and  lived  at  Mezzoraniia  for  twenty-five 
years. — Simon  Berington,  Gaudentio  di 
Lucca. 

M.  F.  H.,  Master  [0/  the'}  Fox- 
hounds. 

*'  He  can't  stand  long  before  'em  at  this  pace,"  said  the 
M.  F.  H.,  coming  up  with  his  huntsman.— Whyte  Mel- 
ville, UncieJohn. 

Micaw'ber  (Mr.  Wilkins),  a  most 
unpractical,  half-clever  man,  a  great 
Bpeechifier,  letter- writer,  projector  of 
bu])ble  schemes,  and,  though  confident  of 
success,  never  succeeding.  Having  failed 
in  everything  in  the  old  country,  he 
jriigrated  to  Australia,  and  became  a 
magistrate  at  Middlebay. — C.  Dickens, 
David  Copperfield  (1849). 

♦^*  This  truly  amiable,  erratic  genius 
is  a  portrait  of  Dickens's  own  father, 
*'  David  Copperfield  "  being  Dickens,  and 
"  Mrs.  Nickleby  "  (one  can  hardly  believe 
it)  is  said  to  be  Dickens's  mother. 

Mi'chael,  (2  s?//.),  the  special  pro- 
tector and  guardian  of  the  Jews.  This 
archangel  is  messenger  of  peace  and 
plenty. — Sale's  Koran,  ii.  notes. 

*^^*  That  Michael  was  really  the  pro- 
tector and  guardian  angel  of  the  Jews  we 
know  from  Dan.  x.  13,  21  ;  xii.  1. 

Milton  makes  Michael  the  leader  of  the 
heavenly  host  in  the  war  in  heaven.  The 
word  means  "  God's  power."  Gabriel 
was  next  in  command  to  the  archangel 
Michael. 

Go,  Michael,  of  celestial  armies  prince. 

Paradiie  ImU,  vL  U  (1665). 


*,^*  Longfellow,  in  his  Golden  Legend, 
says  that  Michael  is  the  presiding  spirit 
of  the  planet  Mercury,  and  brings  to  man 
the  gift  of  prudence  ("  The  Miracle- 
Play,"  iii.,  1851). 

Michael,  the  "  trencher  favourite "  of 
Arden  of  Feversham,  in  love  with  Maria 
sister  of  Mosby.  A  weak  man,  who  both 
loves  and  honours  Arden,  but  is  inveigled 
by  Mosby  to  admit  rufiians  into  Ardcn's 
house  to  murder  him. — Geo.  Lillo,  Arden 
of  Feversham  (1592). 

Michael  god  of  Wind  {St.).  At 
the  promontory  of  Malea  is  a  chapel  built 
to  St.  Michael,  and  the  sailors  say  when 
the  wind  blows  from  that  quarter,  it  is 
occasioned  by  the  violent  motion  of  St. 
Michael's  wings.  Whenever  they  sail  by 
that  promontory,  they  pray  St.  Michael 
to  keep  his  wings  still. 

St.  Michael's  Chair.  It  is  said  that  any 
woman  who  has  sat  on  Michael's  chair  (on 
St.  Michael's  Mount,  in  Cornwall),  will 
rule  her  husband  ever  after.  (See  Keyne, 
St.)     ^ 

Michael  Angelo  of  Battle- 
Scenes  ( 27ie),  Michael  Angelo  Cerquozzi 
of  Rome  (1600-1660). 

Michael  Angelo  of  France  ( The), 
Jean  Cousin  (1600-1590). 

Michael  Angelo  des  Kermesses, 

Peter  van  Laar,  called  Le  Damboche,  born 
at  Laaren  (1613-1673). 
Or  Michel-Ange  des  Bamhoches. 

Michael  Angelo  of  Music  {The), 
Johann  Christoph  von  Gluck  (1714-1787). 


Michael  Angelo   of  Sculptors 

{The),  Pierre  Puget  (1623-1694) 

'  ■  ' s:  ■    ■    ■ 


Rene'  Michael  Slodtz  is  also  called  th 
same  (1705-1764). 

Michael  Angelo  Titmarsh,  one' 
of  the  pseudonyms  under  which  Thackeray 
contributed  to  Fraser's  Magazine  (1811-; 
1863). 

Michael  Armstrong,  "the  factory 
bov."  The  hero  and  title  of  a  novel  by 
Mrs.  Trollope  (1839).  The  object  of  this 
novel  is  to  expose  what  the  authoress 
considered  to  be  the  evils  of  the  factory 
system. 

Michael  Perez,  the  copper  captain. 
(See  Pekez.) 

Michael  the  Starmnerer,  born  at 
Armorium,  in  Phrygia,  mounted  tha 
throne  as  emperor  of  Greece  in  a.d.  820. 


I 


MICHAL. 


639 


MIDLOTHIAN. 


He  used  all  his  efforts  to  introduce  the 
Jewish  sabbath  and  sacrifice. 

I  think  I  have  proved  .  .  . 
The  error  of  all  those  doctrines  so  vicious  .  .  . 
That  are  making  such  terrible  work  in  the  Churches 
By  Michel  the  Stammerer. 

Longfellow,  ne  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Michal,  in  the  satire  of  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is  meant 
for  Catharine  the  wife  of  Charles  II.— Pt. 
ii.  (1682). 

Michelot,  an  unprincipled,  cowardly, 
greedy  man,  who  tries  to  discover  the 
secret  of  "the  gold-mine."  Being 
procurator  of  the  president  of  Lyona,  his 
office  was  "to  capture  and  arrest"  those 
charged  with  civil  or  criminal  offences. — 
E.  Stiriing,  The  Gold-Mine  or  Miller  of 
Grenoble  (1854). 

Micom'icon,  the  pretended  kingdom 
of  Dorothea  (daughter  of  Cleonardo  of 
Andalusi'a),  a  hundred  days'  journey  from 
Meo'tis,  and  a  nine  years'  voyage  from 
Carthagena. 

Micomico'na,  the  pretended  queen 
of  Micomicon.  Don  Quixote's  adventure 
to  Micomiconnia  comes  to  nothing,  for  he 
was  taken  home  in  a  cage,  almost  as  soon 
as  he  was  told  of  the  wonderful  enchant- 
ments.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote^  I.  iv.  2 
(1605). 

Mic'romeg'as  ("  the  little-great  "), 
Voltaire's  imitation  of  Gulliver's  Travels. 

Mi 'das  (Justice),  appointed  to  adjudge 
a  musical  contest  between  Pol  and  Pan. 
He  decides  in  favour  of  Pan,  whereupon 
Pol  throws  off  his  disguise,  appears  as 
the  god  Apollo,  and,  being  indignant  at 
the  decision,  gives  Midas  "  the  ears  of  an 
ass." — Kane  O'Hara,  Midas  (1764). 

Edward  Shuter  (1728-1776)  was  pro- 
nounced by  Garrick  "  the  greatest  comic 
actor  ;  "  and  C.  Dibdin  says  :  "  Nothing 
on  earth  could  have  been  superior  to  his 
*  Midas.' " 

Midus's  Ears.  The  servant  who  used 
to  cut  the  king's  hair,  discovering  the 
deformit}'-,  was  afraid  to  whisper  the 
secret  to  any  one,  but,  being  unable  to 
contain  himself,  he  dug  a  hole  in  the 
earth,  and,  putting  his  mouth  into  it, 
cried  out,  "King  Midas  has  ass's  ears  !" 
He  then  filled  up  the  hole,  and  felt 
relieved. 

Tennyson  makes  the  barber  a  woman : 

No  livelier  than  the  dame 
That  whispered  "Asses'  ears  "  [sic]  among  the  sedga 
Tennyson,  I'lte  Princess,  ii. 

Middle  India,  Abyssinia,  the 
country  of  Prester  John.— Bishop  Jor- 
danus. 


Middleburgh  (Mr.  James),  an 
Edinburgh  magistrate. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Heart  of  Midlothian  .(time,  George  II.). 

Middlemas  [Mr.  Matthew),  a  name 
assumed  by  general  Witherington. 

Mrs.  MiMlemas,  wife  of  the  general 
(born  Zelia  de  Mon^ada). 

Richard  Middlemas,  alias  Richard  Tre- 
sham,  a  foundling,  apprenticed  to  Dr. 
Gray.  He  discovers  that  he  is  the  son  of 
general  Witherington,  and  goes  to  India, 
where  he  assumes  the  character  of  Sadoc, 
a  black  slave  in  the  service  of  Mde. 
Montreville.  He  delivers  Menie  Gray  by 
treachery  to  Tippoo  Saib,  and  Hyder  AU 
gives  him  up  to  be  crushed  to  death  by 
an  elephant. — SirW.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Middle-wrick  (Mr.  Perkyn),  a  re- 
tired butterman,  the  neighbour  of  sir 
Geoffry  Champneys,  and  the  father  of 
Charles.  The  butterman  is  innately 
vulgar,  drops  his  A's  and  inserts  them 
out  of  place,  makes  the  greatest  geo- 
graphical and  historical  blunders,  has  a 
tyrannical  temper,  but  a  tender  heart.  He 
turns  his  son  adrift  for  marrying  Violet 
Melrose  an  heiress,  who  snubbed  the 
plebeian  father.  When  reduced  to  great 
distress,  the  old  butterman  goes  to  his 
son's  squalid  lodgings  and  relents.  So 
all  ends  happily. 

Charles  Middlewick,  son  of  the  retired 
butterman,  well  educated  and  a  gentle- 
man. His  father  wanted  him  to  marry 
Mary  Melrose,  a  girl  without  a  penny, 
but  he  preferred  Violet  an  heiress. — H, 
J.  Byron,  Our  Boys  (1876). 

Midge,  the  miller's  son,  one  of  the 
companions  of  Robin  Hood.  (See  Much.) 

Then  stepped  forth  brave  Little  John 
And  Midge  the  miller's  son. 

Jiobin  Hood  and  A  llin-a-Dale, 

Midian  Mara,  the  Celtic  mermaid. 

They  whispered  to  each  other  that  they  could  hear  the 
song  of  Midian  Mara.— TAe /)nrA;  Colleen,  i.  2. 

Midlo'thian  (The  Heart  of),  a  tale 
of  the  Porteous  riot,  in  which  the  inci- 
dents of  Effie  and  Jeanie  Deans  are  of 
absorbing  interest.  Effie  was  seduced 
by  Geordie  Robertson  (alias  George 
Staunton),  while  in  the  service  of  Mrs. 
Saddletree.  She  murdered  her  infant, 
and  was  condemned  to  death  ;  but  her 
half-sister  Jeanie  went  to  London,  pleaded 
her  cause  before  the  queen,  and  obtained 
her  pardon.  Jeanie,  on  her  return  to 
Scotland,  married  Reuben  Butler ;  and 
Geordie  Robertson  (tlien  sir  George 
Staunton)    married    Effie.      Sir    George 


MIDSUMMER  MOON. 


640 


MILAN  DECREE. 


being  shot  by  a  gipsy  boy,  Effie  (i.e.  lady 
Staunton)  retired  to  a  convent  on  the 
Continent.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian (time,  George  II.). 

Midsummer  Moon.  Dogs  suffer 
from  hydrophobia  during  the  heat  of 
midsummer;  hence  the  term  "Mid- 
summer moon  "  means  madness.  It  will 
be  found  amongst  Ray's  proverbs,  and 
Olivia  (in  Twelfth  Night)  says  to  Mal- 
volio,  "  Why,  this  is  very  midsummer 
madness ! " 

What's  this  midsummer  moon  ?  Is  all  the  world  gone 
a-madding?— Diydeu,  Amphitryon,  iv.  1  (1690). 

Midsummer  Wight's  Dream.. 
Shakespeare  says  there  was  a  law  in 
Athens,  that  if  a  daughter  refused  to 
marry  the  husband  selected  for  lier  by 
her  father,  she  might  be  put  to  death. 
Egcus  (3  syl.),  an  Athenian,  promised  to 
give  his  daughter  Hermia  in  marriage 
to  Demetrius ;  but  as  the  lady  loved 
Lysander,  she  refused  to  marry  the  man 
selected  by  her  father,  and  fled  from 
Athens  with  her  lover.  Demetrius  went 
in  pursuit  of  her,  followed  by  HelSna, 
who  doted  on  him.  All  four  came  to  a 
forest,  and  fell  asleep.  In  their  dreams 
a  vision  of  fairies  passed  before  them, 
and  on  awaking,  Demetrius  resolved  to 
forego  Hermia  who  disliked  him,  and  to 
take  to  wife  Helena  who  sincerely  loved 
him.  When  Egeus  was  informed  thereof, 
he  readily  agreed  to  give  his  daughter  to 
Lysander,  and  the  force  of  the  law  was 
not  called  into  action  (1592). 

*^*  Several  of  the  incidents  of  this 
comedy  are  borrowed  from  the  Diana  of 
Montemayor,  a  Spaniard  (sixteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Midwife   of  Men's   Thoughts. 

So  Socrates  termed  himself  (b.c.  468- 
399). 

No  other  man  ever  stnick  out  of  others  so  many  sparks 
to  set  light  to  original  thought.— Grote,  History  of  Greece 
(1846-56). 

Miggs  (Mss),  the  handmaiden  and 
"  comforter  "  of  Mrs.  Varden.  A  tall, 
gaunt  young  woman,  addicted  to  pattens ; 
slender  and  shrewish,  of  a  sharp  and  acid 
visage.  She  held  the  male  sex  in  utter 
contempt,  but  had  a  secret  exception  in 
favour  of  Sim  Tappertit,  who  irreverently 
called  her  "scraggy."  Miss  Miggs 
always  sided  with  madam  against  master, 
and  made  out  that  she  was  a  sufferino- 
martyr,  and  he  an  inhuman  Nero.  She 
called  ma'am  "mim;"  said  her  sister 
lived  at  "  twenty-sivin  ; "  Simon  she 
called  "  Simmuu."    She  said  Mrs.  Var- 


den was  "the  mildest,  amiablest,  for- 
givingest-sperited,  longest-sufferingest 
female  in  existence."  Baffled  in  all  her 
matrimonial  hopes,  she  was  at  last  ap- 
pointed female  turnkey  to  a  county  Bride- 
well, which  office  she  held  for  thirty 
vears,  when  she  died.^-C.  Dickens, 
Barnahy  Budge  (1841). 

Miss  Miggs,  baffled  in  all  her  schemes  .  .  .  and  cast 
upon  a  thauldess,  undeserving  world,  turned  very  sharp 
and  sour  .  .  .  but  the  justices  of  the  peace  for  Middlesex 
.  .  .  selected  her  from  12'1  competitors  to  the  office  of 
turnkey  for  a  county  Bridewell,  which  she  held  till  her 
decease,  more  than  thirty  years  afterwards,  remaining 
single  all  that  time. — Last  chapt. 

Mign'on,  a  beautiful,  dwarfish, 
fairy-like  Italian  girl,  in  love  with 
Wilhelm  her  protector.  She  glides 
before  us  in  the  mazy  dance,  or  whirls 
her  tambourine  like  an  Ariel.  Full  of 
fervour,  full  of  love,  full  of  rapture,  she 
is  overwhelmed  with  the  torrent  of  des- 
pair at  finding  her  love  is  not  returned, 
becomes  insane,  and  dies. — Goethe,  Wil- 
helm Meiste7-' s  Apprenticeship  (1794~G). 

Sir  W.  Scott  drew  his  "  Fenella,"  in 
Peveril  of  the  Peak^  from  this  character  ; 
and  Victor  Hugo  has  reproduced  her  in  his 
Notre  Dame^  under  the  name  of  "  Esme- 
ralda." 

Migonnet,  a  fairy  king,  who  wished 
to  marry  the  princess  brought  up  by 
Violenta  the  fairy  mother. 

Of  all  dwarfs  he  was  the  smallest.  His  feet  were  like  an 
eagle's  and  close  to  the  knees,  for  legs  lie  had  none.  His 
royal  robes  were  not  above  lialt  a  yard  long,  and  trailed 
one-third  part  upon  the  ground.  His  head  was  as  big  as 
a  peck,  and  his  nose  long  enough  for  twelve  birds  to  percli 
on.  His  beard  was  bushy  enough  for  a  canary's  nest,  and 
his  ears  reached  a  foot  above  his  head. — Comtesse  D'Aunoy, 
Fairy  Tale*  ("  The  White  Cat,"  1083). 

Mika'do  of  Japan,  the  spiritual 
supreme  or  chief  pontiff.  The  temporal 
supreme  is  called  the  kovbo,  segoon,  or 
tycoon. 

But  thou,  Micado,  thou  h.ist  spoken 
The  word  at  which  all  locks  are  broken. 

St.  i°aitr«  (January,  1873). 

Mil' an  (The  duke  of),  an  Italian 
prince,  an  ally  of  the  Lancastrians. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Milan  Decree,  a  decree  of  Napo- 
leon Bonaparte,  dated  Milan,  December 
27,  1807,  declaring  "the  whole  British 
empire  to  bo  in  a  state  of  blockade,  and 
prohibiting  all  countries  from  trading 
with  Great  Britain  or  using  any  article^ 
made  therein."  " 

*^*  As  Britain  was  the  best  custom* 
of    the  very   nations  forbidden  to  deal 
with  her,  this  very  absurd  decree  was  a 
two-edged  sword,  cutting  both  ways. 


MILDENDO. 


641 


MILLER. 


Mildendo,  the  metropolis  of  Lilli- 
put,  the  wall  of  which  was  two  feet  and 
a  half  high  and  eleven  inches  thick.  The 
city  was  an  exact  square,  and  divided 
into  four  quarters.  The  emperor's  palace, 
called  Belfab'orac,  stood  in  the  centre 
of  the  city. — Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels 
("  Lilliput,"  iv.,  172G). 

UVEile'sian  Fables  {Milesios  FahvUce), 
very  wanton  and  ludicrous  tales.  Sir 
Edward  Bulwer  Lytton  (lord  Lytton) 
published  six  of  the  Lost  Tales  of 
Miletus  in  rhymeless  verse.  He  says  he 
borrowed  them  from  the  scattered  rem- 
nants preserved  by  ApoUodo'rus  and 
Conon,  contained  in  the  pages  of  Pausa'- 
nias  and  Athenjeus,  or  dispersed  through- 
out the  Scholiasts.  The  Milesian  tales 
were,  for  the  most  part,  in  prose  ;  but 
Ovid  tells  lis  that  Aristi'des  rendered 
some  of  them  into  verse,  and  Siseana 
into  Latin. 

Junxit  Aristldes  Milesia  carmina  secum 
Pulsus  Aristldes  nee  tamen  urba  sua  est. 

The  original  talcs  by  Antonius  Diog'- 
enes  are  described  by  Photius.  It  ap- 
pears that  they  were  great  favourites 
with  the  luxurious  Sybarites.  A  com- 
pilation was  made  by  Aristldes,  by  whom 
(according  to  Ovid)  some  were  versified 
also.  The  Latin  translation  by  Sisenna 
was  made  about  the  time  of  the  civil 
wars  of  Ma'rius  and  Sylla.  Parthen'ius 
Nice'nus,  who  taught  Virgil  Greek,  bor- 
rowed thirty-six  of  the  tales,  which  he 
dedicated  to  Cornelius  Gallus,  and  en- 
titled Erotikon  FatJiematon  ("love 
stories"). 

Milesia  Criminal  amatory  offences. 
Venus  was  worshipped  at  Miletus,  and 
hence  the  loose  amatory  tales  of  Antonius 
Diogenes  were  entitled  Milesios  Fahula;. 

Mile'sians,  the  "ancient"  Irish. 
The    legend    is    that  Ireland  was   once 

g;opled  by  the  Fir-bolg  or  Belgae  from 
ritain,  who  were  subdued  by  Milesians 
from  Asia  Minor,  called  the  Gaels  of 
Ireland. 

My  family,  by  my  father's  side,  are  all  the  true  ould 
Milesians,  and  related  to  the  O'Flahertys,  and  OShaugh- 
nesses,  and  the  M'Lauchlins,  the  O'Daiinaghans,  O'Calla- 
ghaus,  OGeogaghans,  and  all  the  tick  blood  of  the 
nation  ;  and  I  myself  am  an  O'Brallaghan,  which  is  the 
ouldest  of  them  all.— C.  Macklin,  Love  d-la-mode  (1779). 
Pat's  Milesian  blood  being  roused. 

Very  Far  Weit  Indeed. 

Milford  {Colonel),  a  friend  of  sir 
Geoffrey  Peveril.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Milford  (Jack),  a  natural  son  of  Widow- 
Warren's    late   husband.     He   was    the 


crony  of  Harry  Domton,  with  whom 
he  ran  "  the  road  to  ruin."  Jack  had  a 
fortune  left  him,  but  he  soon  scattered 
it  by  his  extravagant  living,  and  was 
imprisoned  for  debt.  Harry  then  pro- 
mised to  marry  Widow  Warren  if  she 
would  advance  him  £G000  to  pay  off  his 
friend's  debts  with.  When  Harry's  father 
heard  of  this  bargain,  he  was  so  moved 
that  he  advanced  the  money  himself; 
and  Harry,  being  set  free  from  his  bar- 
gain, married  the  widow's  daughter  in- 
stead of  the  widow.  Thus  all  were 
rescued  from  "the  road  to  ruin." — Hol- 
croft,  The  Road  to  Ruin  (1792). 

Milk-Pail  {The),  which  was  to  gain 
a  fortune.     (See  Pekrette.) 

Milk  Street  (London),  the  old  Milk- 
market.  Here  sir  Thomas  More  was 
born. 

Millamant,  the  pr^tendm  of  Edward 
Mirabell.  She  is  a  most  brilliant  girl, 
who  says  she  "loves  to  give  pain  be- 
cause cruelty  is  a  proof  of  power ;  and 
when  one  parts  with  one's  cruelty,  one 
parts  with  one's  power."  Millamant  is 
far  gone  in  poetry,  and  her  heart  is  not 
in  her  own  keeping.  Sir  Wilful  Wit- 
would  makes  love  to  her,  but  she  detests 
"the  superannuated  lubber." — W.  Con- 
greve,  The  Way  of  the  World  (1700). 

There  never  was  a  more  perfect  representation  of 
feminine  vivacity  than  Miss  M.  Tree's  "  Millamant "  or 
"ladyTownly" — a  vivacity  flowing  from  the  light-heart- 
edness  of  an  intelligent  and  gentle  girl.— Talfourd  (1821). 

Miller  {James),  the  "tiger"  of  the 
Hon.  Mr.  Flammer.  James  was  brought 
up  in  the  stable,  educated  on  the  turf  and 
pave',  polished  and  completed  in  the  fives- 
court.  He  was  engaged  to  Mary  Chintz, 
the  nmid  of  Miss  Bloomfield. — C.  Selby, 
The  Unfinished  Gentleman. 

Miller  {Joe),  James  Ballantyne,  author 
of  Old  Joe  Miller,  bi/  the  Editor  of  New 
J.M.,  three  vols.  (1801). 

*^*  Mottley  compiled  a  jest-book  in 
the  reign  of  James  II.,  entitled  Joe 
Miller's  Jests.  The  phrase,  "That's  a 
Joe  Miller,"  means  "that's  a  stale  jest" 
or  "  that's  a  jest  from  Mottley's  book." 

Miller  {Maximilian  Christopher),  the 
Saxon  giant ;  height,  eight  feet.  His 
hand  measured  a  foot ;  his  second  finger 
was  nine  inches  long  ;  his  head  unusually 
large.  He  wore  a  rich  Hungarian  jacket 
and  a  huge  plumed  cap.  This  giant  was 
exhibited  in  London  in  the  year  17;33. 
He  died  aged  60  ;  was  born  at  Leipsic 
(1674-1734). 

2  T 


MILLER  OF  MANSFIELD. 


642 


MINAGROBIS. 


Miller  of  Mansfield  {The),  John 
Cockle,  a  miller  and  keeper  of  Sherwood 
Forest.  Hearing  the  report  of  a  gun, 
John  Cockle  went  into  the  forest  at  night 
to  find  poachers,  and  came  upon  the  king 
(Henry  VIII.),  who  had  been  hunting, 
and  had  got  separated  from  his  courtiers. 
The  miller  collared  him  ;  but,  being  told 
he  was  a  wayfarer,  who  had  lost  himself 
in  the  forest,  he  took  him  home  with  him 
for  the  night.  Next  day,  the  courtiers 
were  brought  to  the  same  house,  having 
been  seized  as  poachers  by  the  under- 
keepers.  It  was  then  discovered  that  the 
miller's  guest  was  the  king,  who  knighted 
the  miller,  and  settled  on  him  1000  marks 
a  vear. — K.  Dodslev,  The  King  and  the 
Miller  of  Mansfield  (1737). 

Miller  of  Trompington  {The), 
Simon  Simkin,  an  arrant  thief.  Two 
scholars  undertook  to  see  that  a  sack  of 
corn  was  ground  for  "  Solar  Hall  Col- 
lege "without  being  tampered  with;  so 
one  stood  at  the  hopper,  and  the  other  at 
the  trough  below.  In  the  mean  time, 
Simon  Simkin  let  loose  the  scholars' 
horse  ;  and  while  they  went  to  catch  it 
he  purloined  half  a  bushel  of  the  flour, 
which  was  made  into  cakes,  and  sub- 
stituted meal  in  its  stead.  But  the 
young  men  had  their  revenge  ;  they  not 
only  made  off  with  the  flour,  meaf,  and 
cakes  without  payment,  but  left  the 
miller  well  trounced  also.  —  Chaucer, 
Canterbury  Tales  ("The  Reeve's  Tale," 
1388). 

A  trick  something  Uke  that  played  off  on  the  Miller  of 
Trumpington.— A'eiuew  of  Kirkton,  xix.  253. 

Miller  on  the  Dee.  "  There  was  a 
Jolly  Miller  once  lived  on  the  River  Dee," 
is  a  song  by  Isaac  Bickerstaff,  introduced 
in  Love  in  a  Village,  i.  1  (1763). 

Mills  {Miss),  the  bosom  friend  of 
Dora.  Supposed  to  have  been  blighted 
in  early  life  in  some  love  affair,  and 
hence  she  looks  on  the  happiness  of 
others  with  a  calm,  supercilious  benignity, 
and  talks  of  herself  as  being  "in  the 
desert  of  Sahara."— C.  Dickens,  David 
Copperfield  (1849). 

Millwood  {Sarah),  the  courtezan 
who  enticed  George  Barnwell  to  rob  his 
master  and  murder  his  uncle.  Sarah 
Millwood  spent  all  the  money  that 
George  Barnwell  obtained  by  these 
crimes,  then  turned  him  out  of  doors 
and  impeached  against  him.  Both  were 
hanged.— George  Lillo,  George  Barnwell 
(1732). 


David  Boss  [1728-17i»0]  was  once  sent  for  to  see  a  dying 
man,  who  said  to  him,  "  Mr,  Ross,  some  forty  years  ago, 
like  '  George  Barnwell,'  I  wronged  my  master  to  supply  the 
extravagance  of  a  '  Millwood.'  I  took  her  to  see  your 
performance  of  'George  Barnwell,' which  so  sliocked  me 
that  I  vowed  to  break  ofT  the  connection  and  return  to 
the  path  of  virtue.  I  kept  my  resolution,  replaced  the 
money  I  had  stolen,  and  found  a  '  Maria '  in  my  master's 
daughter.  ...  I  have  bequeathed  you  £1000.  Would  it 
were  a  larger  sum  1  Farewell  1 "— Pelham,  Chronicles  of 
Crime. 

Milly,  the  wife  of  William  Swidger. 
She  is  the  good  angel  of  the  tale. — C. 
Dickens,  The  Haunted  Man  {IM^). 

Milo,  an  athlete  of  Croto'na,  noted 
for  his  amazing  strength.  He  could 
carry  on  his  shoulders  a  four-year-old 
heifer.  When  old,  Milo  attempted  to 
tear  in  twain  an  oak  tree,  but  the  parts, 
closing  on  his  hands,  held  him  fast,  till 
he  was  devoured  by  wolves. 

Milo  {The  English),  Thomas  Topham 
of  London  (1710-1752). 

Milton,  introduced  by  sir  Walter 
Scott  in  Woodstock  (time.  Common- 
wealth). 

Milton  of  Germany,  Frederick 
Gottlieb  Klopstock,  author  of  The  Mes- 
siah, an  epic  poem  (1724-1803). 

A  very  German  Milton  indeed. 

Coleridge. 

Milton's   Monument,   in  West 

minster  Abbey,  was  by  Rysbrack. 

Milvey  {The  Rev.  Frank),  a  "younj 
man  expensively  educated  and  wretcM 
edly  paid,  with  quite  a  young  wife  and 
half  a  dozen  young  children.  He  w« 
under  the  necessity  of  teaching  .  . 
eke  out  his  scanty  means,  yet  was  gen« 
rally  expected  to  have  more  time 
spare  than  the  idlest  person  in  the  parisi 
and  more  money  than  the  richest." 

Mrs.  Milvey  {Margaretta),  a  prettj 
bright  little  woman,  emphatic  and  im-3 
pulsive,  but  "  something  worn  bj""  an- 
xiety. She  had  repressed  many  pretty 
tastes  and  bright  fancies,  and  substituted 
instead  schools,  soup,  flannel,  coals,  and 
all  the  week-day  cares  and  Sunday 
coughs  of  a  large  population,  young  and 
old." — C.  Dickens,  Our  Mutucd  Iriend 
(1864). 

MinagroHbis,  admiral  of  the  cats  m 
the  great  sea-fight  of  the  cats  and  rats. 
Minagrobis  won  the  victory  b}'  devouring 
the  admiral  of  the  rats,  who  had  made 
three  voyages  round  the  world  in  very 
excellent  ships,  in  which  he  was  neither 
one  of  the  officers  nor  one  of  the  crew, 
but  a  kind  of  interloper.  —  Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("The  White  Cat," 
1682).  Ml 


MINCING. 


643 


MINOTTI. 


Min'cing,  lady's-maid  to  Millamant. 
She  says  mem  for  ma'am,  fit  for  fought, 
la'ship' for  ladyship,  etc. — W.  Congreve, 
The  Way  of  the  World  (1700). 

Mincing  Lane  (London),  a  corrup- 
tion of  Minicen  Lane.  So  called  from 
the  Minicens  or  nuns  of  St.  Helen,  who 
had  tenements  in  Bishopsgate  Street. 

Min'cius,  a  Venetian  river  which 
falls  into  the  Po.  Virgil  was  bom  at 
Andes,  on  the  banks  of  this  river. 

Tljou  honoured  flood. 
Smooth-sliding  Mincius,  crowned  with  vocal  reeds. 
Milton,  Lycidtie,  85  (1638). 

Minikin  (Lord),  married  to  a  cousin 
of  sir  John  Trotley,  but,  according  to  ban 
ton,  he  flirts  with  Miss  Tittup  ;  and  Miss 
Tittup,  who  is  engaged  to  colonel  Tiry, 
flirts  with  a  married  man. 

Ladi/  Minikin,  wife  of  lord  Minikin. 
According  to  bon  ton,  she  hates  her 
husband,  and  flirts  with  colonel  Tivy  ; 
and  colonel  Tivy,  who  is  engaged  to  Miss 
Tittup,  flirts  with  a  married  woman.  It 
is  bon  ton  to  do  so. — Garrick,  Bon  Ton 
(1760). 

Minjekah'wun,  Hiawatha's  mittens, 
made  of  deer-skin.  When  Hiawatha  had 
his  mittens  on,  he  could  smite  the  hardest 
rocks  asunder. 

He  [Hiateatha]  had  mittens,  Minjekahwun, 
Magic  mittens  made  of  deer-skin  ; 
When  upon  his  hands  he  wore  them, 
He  could  smite  the  rocks  asunder. 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  iv.  (1855). 

Minna  and  Brenda,  two  beautiful 
girls,  the  daughters  of  Magnus  Troil  the 
old    udaller    of    Zetland.      Minna    was 
I   stately  in  form,  with  dark  eyes  and  raven 
!'  locks  ;    credulous    and    vain,    but    not 
■  giddy  ;  enthusiastic,  talented,  and  warm- 
j  hearted.      She    loved    captain    Clement 
j  Cleveland  ;  but  Cleveland  was  killed  in 
i  an    encounter    on    the    Spanish    main. 
I  Brenda  had  golden  hair,  a  bloom  on  her 
cheeks,    a    fairy  form,    and    a    serene, 
cheerful  disposition.     She  was   less  the 
heroine   than  her   sister,    but  more  the 
loving  and  confiding  woman.     She  mar- 
ried Mordaunt  Mertoun   (ch.   iii.). — Sir 
W.  Scott,    The   I'irate    (time,   William 
III.).  ^ 

Minneha'ha  ("Me  laughing  water"), 
daughter  of  the  arrow-maker  of  Daco'tah, 
and  wife  of  Hiawatha.  She  was  called 
Minnehaha  from   the  waterfall   of    that 


|Qame    between    St.   Anthony   and    Fort 
iSnelling. 

From  the  waterfall,  he  named  her 
Minnehaha,  Ljiiighing  Water. 

Longiellow,  Hiawatha,  Iv.  (1855). 


Minnesing-ers,  the  Troubadours  of 
Germany  during  the  Hohenstaufen  pe- 
riod (1138-1294),  minstrels  who  com- 
posed and  sung  short  lyrical  poems — usu- 
ally in  praise  of  women  or  in  celebration 
of  the  beauties  of  nature — called  Minne,  or 
love,  songs.  The  names  of  nearly  three 
hundred  of  these  poets  have  come  down 
to  us,  including  all  classes  of  society, 
the  most  famous  being  Dictraar  von  Aist, 
Ulrich  von  Lichtenstein,  Heinrich  von 
Frauenlob,  and  above  all  Walther  von 
der  Vogelweide  (1168-1230).  Wolfram 
von  Eschenbach,  Gottfried  von  Stras- 
burg,  and  Hartmann  von  der  Aue  are 
also  classed  among  the  Minnesingers, 
but  their  principal  fame  was  won  in  tho 
field  of  metrical  romance. 

Mino'na,  "  the  soft-blushing  daugh- 
ter of  Torman,"  a  Gaelic  bard  in  tho 
Songs  of  SeJma,  one  of  the  most  famous 
portions  of  Macpherson's  Oasian. 

Minor  (The),  a  comedy  by  Samuel 
Foote  (1760).  Sir  George  Wealthy,  "the 
minor,"  was  the  son  of  sir  William 
Wealthy,  a  retired  merchant.  He  was 
educated  at  a  public  school,  sent  to  col- 
lege, and  finished  his  training  in  Paris. 
His  father,  hearing  of  his  extravagant 
habits,  pretended  to  be  dead,  and, 
assuming  the  guise  of  a  German  baron, 
employed  several  persons  to  dodge  the 
lad,  some  to  be  winners  in  his  gambling, 
some  to  lend  money,  some  to  cater  to 
other  follies,  till  he  was  apparently  on  the 
brink  of  ruin.  His  uncle,  Mr.  Richard 
Wealthy,  a  City  merchant,  wanted  his 
daughter  Lucy  to  marry  a  wealthy 
trader,  and  as  she  refused  to  do  so, 
he  turned  her  out  of  doors.  This  young 
lady  was  brought  to  sir  George  as  a  fille 
de  joie,  but  she  touched  his  heart  by  her 
manifest  innocence,  and  he  not  only 
relieved  her  present  necessities,  but 
removed  her  to  an  asylum  where  her 
"  innocent  beauty  would  be  guarded  from 
temptation,  and  her  deluded  innocence 
would  be  rescued  from  infamy."  The 
whole  scheme  now  burst  as  a  bubble. 
Sir  George's  father,  proud  of  his  son,  told 
him  he  was  his  father,  and  that  his  losses 
were  only  fictitious ;  and  the  uncle 
melted  into  a  better  mood,  gave  his 
daughter  to  his  nephew,  and  blessed  the 
boy  for  rescuing  his  discarded  child. 

Minotti,  governor  of  Corinth,  then 
under  the  power  of  the  doge.  In  1716, 
the  city  was  stormed  by  the  Turks  ;  and 
during  the  siege  one  of  the  magazines  in 


MINSTREL. 


644 


MIRABELLA. 


the  Turkish  camp  blew  up,  killing  600 
men.  Byron  says  it  was  Minotti  himself 
who  fired  the  train,  and  that  he  perished 
in  the  explosion.— Byron,  Siege  of  Corinth 
(1816). 

Minstrel  {The),  an  unfinished  poem, 
in  Spenserian  metre,  by  James  Beatie. 
Its  design  was  to  trace  the  progress  of  a 
poetic  genius,  born  in  a  rude  age,  from 
the  first  dawn  of  fancy  to  the  fulness  of 
poetic  rapture.  The  'first  canto  is  de- 
scriptive of  Edwin  the  minstrel ;  canto  ii. 
is  dull  philosophy,  and  there,  happily, 
the  poem  ends.  It  is  a  pity  it  did  not 
end  with  the  first  canto  (1773-4). 

And  yet  poor  Edwin  was  no  vulgar  boy. 

Deep  thought  oft  seemed  to  fix  his  infant  eye. 
Dainties  he  heeded  not,  nor  gaude,  nor  toy, 

Siive  one  short  pipe  of  rudest  minstrelsy ; 

Silent  wlien  sad,  affectionate,  tlio'  shy  ; 
Ajid  now  his  look  was  most  demurely  sad  ; 

And  now  he  laughed  aloud,  yet  none  knew  why. 

The  neighbours  stared  and  sighed,  yet  blessed  the  lad ; 

Some  deemed  him  wondrous  wise,  and  some  believed  him 

mad. 

Canto  i.  16. 

Minstrel  {Lay  of  the  Last).  Ladye 
Margaret,  "the  flower  of  Teviot,"  was 
the  daughter  of  lord  Walter  Scott,  of 
Branksome  Hall.  She  loved  baron  Henry 
of  Cranstown ;  but  between  the  two 
families  a  deadly  feud  existed.  One  day, 
the  elfin  page  of  lord  Cranstown  enveigled 
the  heir  of  Branksome  Hall  (then  a  lad) 
into  the  woods,  where  he  fell  into  the 
hands  of  the  English,  who  marched  with 
30U0  men  to  Branksome  Hall ;  but  being 
told  that  Douglas  was  coming  to  the 
rescue  with  10,000  men,  the  two  armies 
agreed  to  settle  by  single  combat  whether 
the  lad  should  be  given  up  to  the  mother 
or  be  made  king  Edward's  page.  The 
two  champions  were  sir  Richard  Mus- 
grave  {English)  and  sir  William  Deloraine 
{Scotch).  The  Scotch  champion  slew  sir 
Richard,  and  the  boy  was  delivered  to 
the  mother.  It  now  turned  out  that  sir 
William  Deloraine  was  lord  Cranstown, 
who  claimed  and  received  the  hand  of 
ladye  Margaret  as  his  reward. — Sir  W. 
Scott  (1805). 

Minstrel  of  the  Border,  sir  W. 
Scott;  also  called  "The  Border  Minstrel" 
(1771-1832). 

My  steps  the  Border  Minstrel  led. 

Wordswortli,  rarrcno  RevUited. 
Great  Minstrel  of  the  Border. 

Wordsworth. 

Minstrel  of  the  English  Stage 
{The  Last),  James  Shirley,  last  of  the 
Shakespeare  scliool  (1594-1666). 

*^c*  Then  followed  the  licentious  French 
school,  headed  by  John  Dryden, 


Minstrels  {Royal  Domestic). 

Of  William  I.,  Berdic,  called  Regis 
Jocula'tor, 

Of  Henry  I.,  Galfrid  and  Royer  or 
Raher. 

Of  Richard  I.,  Blondel. 

Miol'ner  (3  syL),  Thor's  hammer. 

This  is  my  hammer,  Miolner  the  mighty  ; 
Giants  and  sorcerers  cannot  withstiind  it. 

Saemund  Sigfusson,  £dda  (1130). 

Miquelets  {Les),  soldiers  of  the 
Pyrenees,  sent  to  co-operate  with  the 
dragoons  of  the  Grand  Monarque  against 
the  Camisards  of  the  Cevennes. 

Mir'abel,  the  "  wild  goose,"  a  tra- 
velled Monsieur,  who  loves  women  in  a 
loose  way,  but  abhors  matrimony,  and 
especially  dislikes  Oria'na ;  but  Oriana 
"chases"  the  "wild  goose"  with  her 
woman's  wiles,  and  catches  him. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Wild-goose  Chase 
(1652). 

Mirabel  {Old).  He  adores  his  son,  and 
wishes  him  to  marry  Oria'na.  As  the 
young  man  shilly-shallies,  the  father 
enters  into  several  schemes  to  entrap  him 
into  a  declaration  of  love ;  but  all  his 
schemes  are  abortive. 

Young  Mirabel,  the  son,   called   "the 
inconstant."       A     handsome,      dashing 
young  rake,  who  loves  Oriana,  but  dc 
not  wish  to  marry.      Whenever  Oris 
seems  lost  to  him,  the  ardour  of  his  1( 
revives ;    but    immediately  his    path 
made  plain,  he  holds  off.     However,  he 
ultimately    marries    her.— G.   Farquhan 
The  Inconstant  (1702). 

Mirabell    {Edward),    in    love 
Millamant.     He  liked  her,  "  with  all  her     f 
faults  ;  nay,  liked  her  for  her  faults,  ...      ! 
which  were  so  natural  that  (in  his  opinion) 
they  became  her."— W.  Congreve,    The 
Way  of  the  Wo/-/d  (1700). 

Not  all  that  Drury  Lane  affords 

Can  paint  the  rakish  "  Charles  "  so  well, 

Or  give  such  life  to  "  Mirabell  " 

U«  Montague  Talbot,  1778-1831]. 

Crofton  Croker. 

Mirabella,  "  a  maiden  fair,  clad  in 
mourning  weeds,  upon  a  mangy  jade, 
unmeetly  set  with  a  lewd  fool  called 
Disdain"  (canto  6).  Timias  and  Serena, 
after  quitting  the  hermit's  cell,  met  her. 
Though  so  sorely  clad  and  mounted,  the 
maiden  was  "  a  lady  of  great  dignity  and 
honour,  but  scornful  and  proud."  Many 
a  wretch  did  languish  for  her  through  » 
long  life.  Being  summoned  to  Cupids 
judgment  hall,  the  sentence  passed  on^ 

II 


m 

,he 
nha^^ 

wfll 


MIRAMONT. 


G45 


MIRROR. 


her  was  that  she  should  "ride  on  a  mangy 
jade,  accompanied  by  a  fool,  till  she  had 
saved  as  many  lovers  as  she  had  slain  " 
(canto  7).  Mirabella  was  also  doomed  to 
carry  a  leaky  bottle  which  she  was  to  fill 
with  tears,  and  a  torn  wallet  which  she 
was  to  fill  with  repentance  ;  but  her  tears 
and  her  repentance  dropped  out  as  fast  as 
they  were  put  in,  and  were  trampled 
.  under  foot  by  Scorn  (canto  8). — Spenser, 
Faery  Qiieen,  vi.  6-8  (1596). 

♦^*  "  Mirabella"  is  supposed  to  be  meant 
for  Rosalind,  who  jilted  Spenser,  and 
who  is  called  by  the  poet  "a  widow's 
daughter  of  the  glen,  and  poor." 

Mir'amont,  brother  of  justice  Brisac, 
and  uncle  of  the  two  brothers  Charles 
(the  scholar)  and  Eustace  (the  courtier). 
Miramont  is  an  ignorant,  testy  old  man, 
but  a  great  admirer  of  learning  and 
scholars. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  J'he 
Elder  Brother  (1637). 

Miran'da,  daughter  of  Prospero  the 

exiled  duke  of  Milan,  and  niece  of  An- 

thonio  the  usurping  duke.    She  is  brought 

up  on  a  desert  island,  with  Ariel  the  fairy 

j   spirit,  and  Cal'iban  the  monster,  as  her 

j   only  companions.     Ferdinand,  son  of  the 

jj  king  of  Naples,   being  shipwrecked   on 

1   the  island,  falls  in  love  with  her,  and 

I  marries  her. — Shakespeare,  The  Tempest 

(1609). 

{      Identifying  herself  with  the  simple  yet  noble-minded 
1  Miranda  in  the  isle  of  wonder  and  enchantment. — Sir  W, 
Scott 

I  Miranda,  an  heiress,  the  ward  of  sir 
\  Francis  Gripe.  As  she  must  obtain  his 
consent  to  her  marriage  before  she  could 
{ obtain  possession  of  her  fortune,  she 
i  pretended  to  love  him,  although  he  was 
i  64  years  old ;  and  the  old  fool  believed  it. 
i  When,  therefore,  Miranda  asked  his  con- 
)  sent  to  marry,  he  readily  gave  it,  thinking 
i  himself  to  be  the  man  of  her  choice  ; 
(but  the  sly  little  hussj'  laughed  at  her 
hid  guardian,  and  plighted  her  troth  to 
hit  George  Airy,  a  man  of  24. — Mrs. 
j^entlivre,  The  Busy  Body  (1709). 

Mir'ja,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
j  he  East,  led  by  the  guiding  star  to  Jesus. 
idirja  had  five  sons,  who  followed  his 
holy  life. — Klopstock,    The  Messiah,  v. 

:1771). 

Mirror  (Alasnam's),  a  mirror  which 
'\owed  Alasnam  if  "a  beautiful  girl 
as  also  chaste  and  virtuous."  The 
lirror  was  called  ."  the  touchstone  of 
irtue." — Ai^abian  Nights  ("Prince  Zeyn 
lasuam  "). 


Mirror  {Camhuscari's),  a  mirror  sent 
to  Cambuscan'  king  of  Tartary  by  the 
king  of  Araby  and  Ind.  It  showed 
those  who  consulted  it  if  any  adversity 
was  about  to  befall  them  ;  if  any  in- 
dividual they  were  interested  in  was 
friend  or  foe  ;  and  if  a  person  returned 
love  for  love  or  not. — Chaucer,  Canterbury 
Tales  ("  The  Squire's  Tale,"  1388). 

*^*  Sometimes  called  "Canace'a 
Mirror,"  but  incorrectly  so. 

Mirror  (Kelly's),  Dr.  Dee's  speculum. 
Kelly  was  the  doctor's  speculator  or  seer. 
The  speculum  resembled  a  "piece  of 
polished  cannel  coal." 

Kelly  did  all  his  feats  upon 

The  devil's  looking-glass,  a  stone. 

S.  BuUer,  Hudibras  (1663-78). 

Mirror  (Lao's),  a  looking-glass  which 
reflected  the  mind  as  well  as  the  outward 
form. — Goldsmith,  Citizen  of  the  World, 
xlv.  (1759). 

Mirror  (Merlin's  Mayic)  or  Venus's 
looking-glass,  fabricated  in  South 
AVales,  in  the  days  of  king  Ryence.  It 
would  show  to  those  that  looked  therein 
anything  which  pertained  to  them,  any- 
thing that  a  friend  or  foe  was  doing.  It 
was  round  like  a  sphere,  and  was  given 
by  Merlin  to  king  Ryence. 

That  never  foes  his  kingdom  might  invade 
But  he  it  knew  at  home  before  he  heard 
Tidings  thereof. 

Britomart,  who  was  king  Ryence's 
daughter  and  heiress,  saw  in  the  mirror  her 
future  husband,  and  also  his  name,  which 
was  sir  Artegal. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
iii.  2  (1590). 

Mirror  (Prester  John's),  a  mirror  which 
possessed  similar  virtues  to  that*made  by 
Merlin.  Prester  John  could  see  therein 
whatever  was  taking  place  in  any  part  of 
his  dominions. 

*^*  Dr.  Dee's  speculum  was  also 
spherical,  and  possessed  a  similar  reputed 
virtue. 

Mirror  (Reynard's  Wonderful).  This 
mirror  existed  only  in  the  brain  of 
Master  Fox.  He  told  the  queen  lion  that 
whoever  looked  therein  could  see  Avhat 
was  being  done  a  mile  off.  The  wood  of 
the  frame  was  part  of  the  same  block 
out  of  which  Crampart's  magic  horse  was 
made. — Reynard  the  Fox,  xii.  (1498). 

Mirror  (Venus's),  generally  called 
"  Venus's  looking-glass,"  the  same  as 
Merlin's  magic  mirror  (q.v.). 

Mirror    (^Vulcan's).     Vulcan   made   a 


MIRROR  OF  HUMAN  SALVATION.  646 


MISHE-MOKWA. 


mirror  which  showed  those  who  looked 
into  it  the  past,  present,  and  future. 
Sir  John  Davies  says  that  Cupid  handed 
this  mirror  to  Antin'ous  when  he  was 
in  the  court  of  Ulysses,  and  Antinous 
gave  it  to  Penel'ope,  who  beheld  therein 
the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth  and  all  its 
grandeur. 

Vulcan,  the  king  of  fire,  that  mirror  ^vrought .  . . 
As  tliere  did  represent  in  lively  show 
Our  glorious  EuRlish  court's  divine  image 
As  it  Rhould  be  in  this  our  golden  age. 

Sir  John  Davies,  Orchestra  (1615). 

Mirror  of   Human   Salvation 

{Speculum  Humanoe  Salvationis),  a  picture 
Bible,  with  the  subjects  of  the  pictures 
exi:)laincd  in  rhymes. 

Mirror     of     king    Ryence,     a 

mirror  made  by  Merlin.  It  showed  those 
who  looked  into  it  whatever  they  wished 
to  see. — Spenser,  FaMry  Queen,  iii. 
(1590). 

Mirror  of  Knighthood,  a  ro- 
mance of  chivalry.  It  was  one  of  the 
books  in  don  Quixote's  library,  and  the 
cure'  said  to  the  barber  : 

"  In  this  same  Mirror  of  Knighthood  we  meet  with 
Rinaldo  de  Montalban  and  his  companions,  with  the 
twelve  peers  of  France,  and  Turpin  the  historian.  These 
gentlemen  we  will  condemn  only  to  perpetual  exile,  as 
they  contain  something  of  the  famous  Bojardo's  inven- 
tion, whence  the  Cliristian  poet  Ariosto  borrowed  the 
groundworli  of  his  ingenious  compositions  ;  to  whom 
I  should  pay  little  regard  if  he  had  not  written  in  his  own 
langu-age  [/to?ian]."— Cervantes,  Don  QiUxate,  L  i  6 
(]6U5). 

Mirror    of   all   Martial    Men, 

Thomas  earl  of  Salisbury  (died  1428). 

Mirrour  for  Magistraytes,  be- 
gun by  Thomas  Sackville,  and  intended 
to  be  a  poetical  biography  of  remarkable 
Englishmen.  Sackville  wrote  the  "  In- 
duction," and  furnished  one  of  the 
sketches,  that  of  Henry  Stafford  duke  of 
Buckingham  (the  tool  of  Richard  III.). 
Baldwynne,  Ferrers,  Churchyard,  Phair, 
etc.,  added  others.  Subsequentlv,  John 
Higgins,  Richard  Nichols,  Thomas 
Blenerhasset,  etc.,  supplied  additional 
characters;  but  Sackville  alone  stands 
out  pre-eminent  in  merit.  In  the  "In- 
duction," Sackville  tells  us  he  was  con- 
ducted by  Sorrowe  into  the  infernal 
regions.  At  the  porch  sat  Remorse  and 
JJread,  and  within  the  porch  were 
Revenge,  Miserie,  Care,  and  Slepe. 
Passing  on,  he  beheld  Old  Age, 
Malad.e,  Famine,  and  Warre.  Sorrowe 
then  took  him  to  Acheron,  and  ordered 
Charon  to  ferry  them  across.  Thev 
passed  the  three-headed  CerbSrus  and 
came    to   Pluto,    where    the   poet    saw 


several  ghosts,  the  last  of  all  being  the 
duke  of  Buckingham,  whose  "  com- 
plarjnt "  finishes  the  part  written  by 
Thomas  Sackville  (1557).  (See  Buck- 
ingham.) 

♦^*  Henry  Stafford  duke  of  Bucking- 
ham must  not  be  mistaken  for  George 
Villiers  duke  of  Buckingham  150  years 
later. 

Mirza  {The  Vision  of).  Mirza,  being 
at  Grand  Cairo  on  the  fifth  day  of  the 
moon,  Avhich  he  always  kept  holy, 
ascended  a  high  hill,  and,  falling  into  a 
trance,  beheld  a  vision  of  human  life. 
First,  he  saw  a  prodigious  tide  of  w.ater 
rolling  through  a  valley  with  a  tliick 
mist  at  each  end — this  was  the  river  of 
time.  Over  the  river  were  several 
bridges,  some  broken,  and  some  contain- 
ing three  score  and  ten  arches,  over 
which  men  were  passing.  The  arches 
represented  the  number  of  years  the 
traveller  lived  before  he  tumbled  into 
the  river.  Lastly,  he  saw  the  happy 
vallej',  but  when  he  asked  to  see  the 
secrets  hidden  under  the  dark  clouds  on 
the  other  side,  the  vision  was  ended,  and 
he  only  beheld  the  valley  of  Bagdad, 
with  its  oxen,  sheep,  and  camels  grazing 
on  its  sides. — Addison,  Vision  of  Mirza 
{Spectator,  159). 

Misbegot  {Malcolm),  natural  son 
Sybil    Knockwinnock,   and  an  ancest 
of  sir  Arthur  Wardour. — Sir  W.   Sec 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Miser  {The),  a  comedy  by  H.  Fiel 
ing,  a  7-echauffe'  of  Moliere's  come 
L'Avare.  Lovegold  is  "  Harpagoc 
Frederick  is  "Cle'ante,"  Mariana 
"Mariane,"  and  Ramilie  is  "La  Fle'cl 
Lovegold  a  man  of  60,  and  his  son' 
Frederick,  both  wish  to  marry  Mariana, 
and  in  order  to  divert  the  old  miser  from 
his  foolish  passion,  Mariana  pretends  to 
be  most  extravagant.  She  orders  a 
necklace  and  ear-rings  of  the  value  of 
£3000,  a  petticoat  and  gown  from  a  fabric 
which  is  £12  a  yard,  and  besets  the  house 
with  duns.  Lovegold  gives  £2000  to 
break  off  the  bargain,  and  Frederick 
becomes  the  bridegroom  of  Mariana. 

Misers. — See  Dictionary  of  Phrase 
and  Fable,  679. 

Misere're  {The)  sung  on  Goc_ 
Fridays  in  Catholic  churches,  is  the  com- 
position of  Gregorio  Allegri,  who  died  in 
1640. 

Mishe-Mok'wa,  the  groat  bear  slain 


MISHE-NAHMA. 


647 


MITA. 


by  Mudjekeewis. — Longfellow,  IHawathaf 
ii.  (1856). 

Mishe-Nah'ma,  the  great  sturgeon, 
*'  king  of  fishes,"  subdued  by  Hiawatha. 
With  this  labour,  the  "great  teacher" 
taught  the  Indians  how  to  make  oil  for 
winter.  When  Hiawatha  threw  his  line 
for  the  sturgeon,  that  king  of  fishes  first 
persuaded  a  pike  to  swallow  the  bait  and 
try  to  break  the  line,  but  Hiawatha 
threw  it  back  into  the  water.  Next,  a 
sun-fish  was  persuaded  to  try  the  bait, 
with  the  same  result.  Then  the  sturgeon, 
in  anger,  swallowed  Hiawatha  and  canoe 
also;  but  Hiawatha  smote  the  heart  of 
the  sturgeon  with  his  fist,  and  the  king 
of  fishes  swam  to  the  shore  and  died. 
Then  the  sea-gulls  opened  a  rift  in  the 
dead  body,  out  of  which  Hiawatha  made 
his  escape. 

"  I  have  slain  the  Mishfi-Nahma, 
SLain  the  king  of  fishes,"  said  he. 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  viii.  (1855). 

Misnar,  sultan  of  India,  transformed 
by  Ulin  into  a  toad.  "  He  was  disen- 
chanted by  the  dervisc  Shemshel'nar,  the 
most  "  pious  worshipper  of  Alia  amongst 
all  the  sons  of  Asia."  By  prudence  and 
piety,  Misnar  and  his  vizier  Horam  de- 
stroyed all  the  enchanters  which  filled 
India  with  rebellion,  and  having  secured 
peace,  married  Hem'junah,  daughter  of 
Zebenezer  sultan  of  Cassimir,  to  whom 
he  had  been  betrothed  when  he  was 
known  only  as  the  prince  of  Georgia. — 
Sir  C.  Morell  [J.  Kidley],  Tales  of  the 
Genii,  vi.,  vii.  (1751). 

Misog'onus,  by  Thomas  Rychardes, 
the  third  English  comedy  (1560).  It  is 
written  in  rhyming  quatrains,  and  not  in 
couplets  like  Ralph  Roister  Doister  and 
Gammer  Gurtori's  Needle. 

j    Misquote. 

t  With  just  enough  of  learning  to  misquote. 

I      Syron,  English  Hards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Miss  in  Her  Teens,  a  farce  by  David 
Garrick  (1753).  Miss  Biddy  Bellair  is  in 
love  with  captain  Loveit,  who  is  known 
to  her  only  by  the  name  of  Rhodophil ; 
but  she  coquets  with  captain  Flash  and 
Mr.  Fribble,  while  her  aunt  wants  her  to 
marry  an  elderly  man  b)'^  the  name  of 

I  Stephen  Loveit,  whom  she  detests.  When 
the  captain  returns  from  the  wars,  she 

:  Bets  captain  Flash  and  Mr.  Fribble  to- 
gether by  the  ears  ;  and  while  they  stand 
fronting  each  other  but  afraid  to  fight, 
captain  Loveit  enters,  recognizes  Flash 
as  a  deserter,  takes  away  his  sword,  and 
dismisses  Fribble  as  beneath  contempt. 


Mississippi  Bubble,  the  "South 
Sea  scheme  of  France,  projected  by 
John  Law,  a  Scotchman.  So  called  be- 
cause the  projector  was  to  have  the 
exclusive  trade  of  Lousiana,  on  the  banks 
of  the  Mississippi,  on  condition  of  his 
taking  on  himself  the  National  Debt 
(incorporated  1717,  failed  1720). 

The  debt  was  208  millions  sterling. 
Law  made  himself  sole  creditor  of  this 
debt,  and  Avas  allowed  to  issue  ten  times 
the  amount  in  paper  money,  and  to 
open  "the  Royal  Bank  of  France"  em- 
powered to  issue  this  paper  currency. 
So  long  as  a  20-franc  note  was  worth 
20  francs,  the  scheme  was  a  prodigious 
success,  but  immediately  the  paper 
money  was  at  a  discount,  a  run  on  the 
bank  set  in,  and  the  whole  scheme 
burst. 

Mistletoe  Bough  {The).  The 
song  so  called  is  by  Thomas  Haynes 
Bayley,  who  died  1839.  The  tale  is  this : 
Lord  Lovel  married  a  young  lad}',  a 
baron's  daughter,  and  on  the  wedding 
night  the  bride  proposed  that  the  guests 
should  play  "  hide-and-seek."  The  bride 
hid  in  an  old  oak  chest,  and  the  lid, 
falling  down,  shut  her  in,  for  it  went 
with  a  spring-lock.  Lord  Lovel  sought 
her  that  night  and  sought  her  next  day, 
and  so  on  for  a  week,  but  nowhere  could 
he  find  her.  Some  years  after,  the  old 
oak  chest  was  sold,  which,  on  being 
opened,  was  found  to  contain  the  skeleton 
of  the  bride. 

Rogers,  in  his  Italy,  gives  the  same 
story,  and  calls  the  lady  "Ginevra"  of 
ModSna. 

Collet,  in  his  Relics  of  Literature,  has  a 
similar  story. 

Another  is  inserted  in  the  Causes  Ce'le- 
hres. 

Marwell  Old  Hall  (near  Winchester), 
once  the  residence  of  the  Seymours,  and 
afterwards  of  the  Dacre  family,  has  a 
similar  tradition  attached  to  it,  and 
(according  to  the  Post-0 ffice  Directory) 
"the  very  chest  is  now  the  property  of 
the  Rev.  J.  Haygarth,  rector  of  Upham  " 
(which  joins  Marwell). 

Bramshall,  Hampshire,  has  a  similar 
tale  and  chest. 

The  great  house  at  Malsanger,  near 
Basingstoke,  also  in  Hampshire,  has  a 
similar  tradition  connected  with  it. 

Mi'ta,  sister  of  Aude.  She  married 
sir  Miton  de  Renncs,  and  became  the 
mother  of  Mitaine.  (See  next  art,) — 
Croquemitaine,  xv. 


MITAINE. 


648 


MOCK  DOCTOR. 


Mitaine,  daughter  of  Mita  and 
Miton,  and  godchild  of  Charlemagne. 
Slie  went  in  search  of  Fear  Fortress,  and 
found  that  it  existed  only  in  the  imagi- 
nation, for  as  she  boldly  advanced 
towards  it,  the  castle  gradually  faded 
into  thin  air.  Charlemagne  made  Mi- 
taine,  for  this  achievement,  Roland's 
'squire,  and  she  fell  with  him  in  the 
memorable  attack  at  Roncesvalles.  (See 
previous  art.) — Croquemitaine,  iii. 

Mite  (Sir  Matthew),  a  returned  East 
Indian  merchant,  dissolute,  dogmatical, 
ashamed  of  his  former  acquaintances, 
hating  the  aristocracy,  yet  longing  to  be 
acknowledged  by  them.  He  squanders 
his  wealth  on  toadies,  dresses  his  livery 
servants  most  gorgeously,  and  gives  his 
chairmen  the  most  costly  exotics  to  wear 
in  their  coats.  Sir  Matthew  is  for  ever 
astonishing  weak  minds  with  his  talk 
about  rupees,  lacs,  jaghires,  and  so  on. — 
S.  Foote,  TJie  Nabob. 

Sir  John  Malcolm  gives  us  a  letter  worthy  of  sir 
Matthew  Mite,  in  which  Clive  orders  "200  shirts,  the 
best  and  finest  that  can  be  got  for  love  or  money." — 
Macaulay, 

Mitlira  or  Mithras,  a  supreme 
divinity  of  the  ancient  Persians,  con- 
founded by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  with 
the  sun.  He  is  the  personification  of 
Ormuzd,  representing  fecundity  and  per- 
petual renovation.  Slithra  is  represented 
as  a  young  man  with  a  Phrygian  cap, 
a  tunic,  a  mantle  on  his  left  shoulder, 
and  lunging  a  sword  into  the  neck  of  a 
bull,  Scaliger  says  the  word  means 
"greatest"  or  "supreme."  Mithra  is 
the  middle  of  the  triplasian  deity  :  the 
Mediator,  Eternal  Intellect,  and  Archi- 
tect of  the  world. 

Her  towers,  where  Mithra  once  had  burned. 
To  Moslem  shrines— oh,  shame !— were  turned ; 
Where  slaves,  convened  by  tlie  sword, 
Tlieir  mean  apostate  worship  poured. 
And  cursed  tlie  faith  their  sires  adored. 
Moore,  lalla  Rookh  ("The  Fire- Worshippers,"  1817). 

Mith'ridate  (3  syl.)^  a  medicinal 
confection,  invented  by  Damoc'rates, 
physician  to  Mithrida'tes  king  of  Pontus, 
and  supposed  to  be  an  antidote  to  all 
poisons  and  contagion.  It  contained 
seventy-two  ingredients.  Any  panacea 
is  called  a  "  mithridate." 

Their  kmsnian  garlic  bring,  the  poor  man's  mithridate. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xx.  (16:!2). 

Mith'ridate  (3  syl.),  a  tragedy  by  Racine 
(1G73).  "  Monime"  {2syl.),  in  this  drama, 
•was  one  of  Mdlle.  Rachel's  great  charac- 
ters. 

Mithrida'tes  (4  syL),  sumamed 
*'the  Great."    Being  conquered  by  the 


Romans,  he  tried  to  poison  himself,  but 
poison  had  no  effect  on  him,  and  he  was 
slain  by  a  Gaul.  DlithridatCs  was  active, 
intrepid,  indefatigable,  and  fruitful  in 
resources ;  but  he  had  to  oppose  such 
generals  as  Sulla,  Lucullus,  and  Pompey. 
His  ferocity  was  unbounded,  his  perfidy 
was  even  grand. 

*^*  Racine  has  written  a  French 
tragedy  on  the  subject,  called  Mithridate 
(1673) ;  and  N.  Lee  brought  out  his 
Mithridates  in  English  about  the  same 
time. 

Mixit  (Dr.),  the  apothecary  at  the 
Black  Bear  inn  at  Darlington. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Bob  Boy  (time,  George  I.). 

M.  M.  Sketch  (An)j  a  memoran- 
dum sketch. 

"Stay  just  a  minute,"  said  Kelly,  who  was  making  an 
M.  M.  sketch  of  tlie  group.— B.  H.  Buxton,  Jennie  of 
the  Prince's,  i.  156. 

Mne'me  (2  syl.),  a  well-spring  of 
Boeo'tia,  which  quickens  the  memory. 
The  other  well-spring  in  the  same  vicinity, 
called  Le'the,  has  the  opposite  effect, 
causing  blank  forgetfulness. — Pliny. 

Dante  calls  this  river  Eu'noe.  It  had 
the  power  of  calling  to  the  memory  all 
the  good  acts  done,  all  the  graces  be- 
stowed, all  the  mercies  received,  but  no 
evil. — Dante,  Purgatory,  xxxiii.  (1308). 

Mo'ath,  a  well-to-do  Bedouin,  father 
of  Onei'za  (3  si//.)  the  beloved  of  Thal'- 
aba.  Oneiza,  having  married  Thalaba, 
died  on  the  bridal  night,  and  Moath 
arrived  just  in  time  to  witness  the  m 
grief  of  his  son-in-law. — Southey,  TI 
aba  the  Destroyer,  ii.,  viii.  (1797). 

Moec'asins,  an  Indian  buskin. 

He  laced  his  mocasins  [sic]  in  act  to  go. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  i.  24  (1809). 

Mochingo,  an  ignorant  servant  of. 
the     princess     Ero'ta.  —  Beaumont    and 
Fletcher,  The  Laws  of  Candy  (1647). 

Mock  Doctor  (The),  a  farce  by 
H.  Fielding  (1733),  epitomized  from  Le 
Me'decin  Malgre  Lui,  of  Molifere  (1666). 
Sir  Jasper  wants  to  make  his  daughter 
marry  a  Mr.  Dapper  ;  but  she  is  in  love 
with  Leander,  and  pretends  to  be  dumb. 
Sir  Jasper  hears  of  a  dumb  doctor,  and 
sends  his  two  flunkies  to  fetch  him.  They 
ask  one  Dorcas  to  direct  them  to  him, 
and  she  points  them  to  her  husband 
Gregor}',  a  faggot-maker  ;  but  tells  them 
he  is  very  eccentric,  and  must  be  well 
beaten,  or'he  will  denj^  being  a  physician. 
The  faggot-maker  is  accordingly  beaten 


oath     : 
mad^Hi 

1 


MOCKING-BIRD. 


649 


MODRED. 


into  compliance,  and  taken  to  the  patient. 
He  soon  learns  the  facte  of  the  case,  and 
employs  Leander  as  apothecary.  Lean- 
der  makes  the  lady  speak,  and  completes 
his  cure  with  "pills  matrimoniac."  Sir 
Jasper  takes  the  joke  in  good  part,  and 
becomes  reconciled  to  the  alliance. 

Mocking-Bird.  "  During  the  space 
of  a  minute,  I  have  heard  it  imitate  the 
woodlark,  chaffinch,  blackbird,  thrush, 
and  sparrow.  .  .  .  Their  few  natural 
notes  resemble  those  of  the  nightingale, 
but  their  song  is  of  greater  compass  and 
more  varied." — Ashe,  Travels  in  America, 
ii.  73. 

Moclas,  a  famous  Arabian  robber, 
whose  name  is  synonymous  with  "thief." 
(See  Almanzor,  the  caliph,  p.  24.) 

Mode  (Sir  William),  in  Mrs.  Cent- 
livre's  drama  The  Beau's  Duel  (1703). 

Mode'love  {Sir  Philip),  one  of  the 
four  guardians  of  Anne  Lovely  the 
heiress.  Sir  Philip  is  an  "  old  beau,  that 
has  May  in  his  fancy  and  dress,  but 
December  in  his  face  and  his  heels.  He 
admires  all  new  fashions  .  .  .  loves 
operas,  balls,  and  masquerades"  (act  i.  1). 
Colonel  Freeman  personates  a  French 
fop,  and  obtains  his  consent  to  marry  his 
ward,  the  heiress. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  A 
Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife  (1717). 

Modely,  a  man  of  the  world,  gay, 
fashionable,  and  a  libertine.  He  had 
scores  of  "lovers,"  but  never  loved  till 
he  saw  the  little  rustic  lass  named  Aura 
Freehold,  a  farmer's  daughter,  to  whom 
he  proposed  matrimony. — John  Philip 
Kemble,  The  Farm-house. 

Modish  (Lady  Betty),  really  in  love 

with  lord  Morelove,  but  treats  him  with 

assumed   scorn   or  indifference,    because 

her    pride    prefers     "  power     to    ease." 

Hence  she  coquets  with  lord  Foppington 

I  (a  married   man),  to    mortify  Morelove 

;  and  arouse  his  jealous)'.     ]iy  the  advice 

I  of  sir  Charles  Easy,  lord  Morelove  pays 

[  her  out  in  her  own  coin,  by  flirting  with 

lady  Graveairs,  and  assuming  an  air  of 

indifference.     Ultimately,  lady  Betty  is 

reduced  to  common  sense,  and  gives  her 

heart  and  hand  to  lord  Morelove.— Colley 

1  Gibber,  The  Careless  Husband  (1704). 

Mrs.  Oldfield  excellentlv  acted  "ladv 

iBetty    Modish"     (savs    Walpole)  ;    and 

\1.  Davies  says  of  Mrs.  Pritchard  (1711- 

4768) :    "  She  conceived  accurately  and 

wted  pleasantlv   'ladv  Townlv,'  'lady 

Betty  Modish,'  and  « Maria '  in  The  Nan- 

28 


juror.''''     Mrs.   Blofield  is  called  "lady; 
Betty  Modish"  in  The  Tatler,  No.  x. 

Modo,  the  fiend  that  urges  to  murder,  ■ 
and  one  of  the  five  that  possessed  "  poor 
Tom." — Shakespeare,  King  Lear,  act  iv. 
8C.  1  (1605). 

Modred,  son  of  Lot  king  of  Norway 
and  Anne  own  sister  of  king  Arthur 
(pt.  viii.  21 ;  ix.  9).  He  is  always  called 
"the  traitor."  While  king  Arthur  was 
absent,  warring  with  the  Romans,  Mo- 
dred was  left  regent,  but  usurped  the 
crown,  and  married  his  aunt  the  queen 
(pt.  X.  13).  When  Arthur  heard  thereof,  he 
returned,  and  attacked  the  usurper,  Avho 
fled  to  Winchester  (pt.  xi.  1).  The  king 
followed  him,  and  Modred  drew  up  his 
army  at  Cambula,  in  Cornwall,  where 
another  battle  was  fought.  In  this  engage- 
ment Modred  was  slain,  and  Arthur  also 
received  his  death-wound  (pt.  xi.  2).  The 
queen,  called  Guanhuma'ra  (but  better 
known  as  Guen'ever),  retired  to  a  convent 
in  the  City  of  Legions,  and  entered  the 
order  of  Julius  the  Martyr  (pt.  xi.  1). — 
Geoffrey,  British  History  (1142). 

*j*  This  is  so  very  different  to  the 
accounts  given  in  Arthurian  romance  of 
Mordred,  that  it  is  better  to  give  the 
two  names  as  if  they  were  different 
individuals. 

Modred  {Sir),  nephew  of  king 
Arthur.  He  hated  sir  Lancelot,  and 
sowed  discord  among  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table.  Tennyson  says  that 
Modred  "  tampered  with  the  lords  of 
the  White  Horse,"  the  brood  that  Hen- 
gist  left.  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  says, 
he  made  a  league  with  Cheldric  the 
Saxon  leader  in  Germany,  and  promised 
to  give  him  all  that  part  of  England 
which  lies  between  the  Humber  and 
Scotland,  together  with  all  that  Hengist 
and  Horsa  held  in  Kent,  if  he  would  aid 
him  against  king  Arthur.  Accordingly, 
Cheldric  came  over  with  800  ships,  filled 
"with  pagan  soldiers"  {British  History, 
xi.  1). 

When  the  king  was  in  Brittany,  whither 
he  had  gone  to  chastise  sir  Lancelot  for 
adultery  with  the  queen,  he  left  sir 
Modred  regent,  and  sir  Modred  raised  a 
revolt.  The  king  returned,  drew  up  his 
army  against  the  traitor,  and  in  this 
"  great  battle  of  the  West"  Modred  was 
slain,  and  Arthur  received  his  death- 
wound. — Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the  King 
("  Guinevere,"' 1858). 

*^*  This  version  is  in  accordance 
neither  with  Geofl^rey  of  Monmouth  (see 


MODU. 


650 


MOHUN. 


previous  art.)>  nor  with  Arthurian  romance 
(see  MoRURED^,  and  is,  therefore,  given 
separately. 

Modu,  the  prince  of  all  devils  that 
take  possession  of  a  human  being. 

Mn?io  was  the  chief  devil  that  had  possession  of  Sarah 
Williams ;  but  .  .  .  Ricliard  Mainy  was  molested  by  a 
still  more  considerable  fiend  called  Modu,  .  .  .  the 
prince  of  all  other  devils. — Harsnett,  Declaration  of 
Popiih  Jmpoftures,  268. 

Modus,  cousin  of  Helen  ;  a  "musty 
library,  who  loved  Greeic  and  Latin  ; " 
but  cousin  Helen  loved  the  bookworm, 
and  taught  him  how  to  love  far  better 
than  Ovid  could  with  his  Art  of  Love. 
Having  so  good  a  teacher,  Modus  became 
an  apt  scholar,  and  eloped  with  cousin 
Helen.— S.Knowles,  TIieHunchhack  (1831). 

Moe'chus,  Adultery  personified ;  one 
of  the  four  sons  of  (5aro  (fies/ily  lust). 
His  brothers  were  Pornei'us  (fornication), 
Acath'arus,  and  Asel'ges  {iasciviousness). 
In  the  battle  of  Mansoul,  Mcechus  is  slain 
by  Agnei'a  (wifely  chastity),  the  spouse 
of  Encra'tes  (temperance)  and  sister  of 
Parthen'ia  (maidenly  chastity).  (Greek, 
7noichos,  "  an  adulterer.") — Phineas  Flet- 
cher, The  Purple  Island,  xi.  (1633). 

Moeli'ades  (4  syL).  Under  this  name 
William  Drummond  signalized  Henry 
prince  of  Wales,  eldest  son  of  James  L, 
in  the  monody  entitled  Tears  on  the  Death 
of  Ma^liades.  The  word  is  an  anagram 
of  Mi'f's  a  Deo.  The  prince,  in  his  mas- 
querades and  martial  sporlri,  used  to  call 
himself  "Moeliades  of  the  Isles." 

MoeliadSs.  bright  day-star  of  the  West 
W.  Drummond,  Tear*  on  the  Death  of  JfaeliadSt  (1612). 

The  burden  of  the  monody  is  : 

Mceliad^s  sweet  courtly  n)Tnph3  deplore, 
From  Thuie  to  Hydaspds'  pearly  shore. 

MoflFat  (Mabel),  domestic  of  Edward 
Pedgauntlet.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Eedgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

^  Moha'di  (Mahommed),  the  twelfth 
imaum,  whom  the  Orientals  believe  is 
not  dead,  but  is  destined  to  return  and 
combat  Antichrist  before  the  consum- 
mation of  all  things. 

♦**  Prince  Arthur,  Merlin,  Charle- 
magne, Barbarossa,  dom  Sebastian, 
Charles  V.,  Elijah  Mansur,  Desmond  of 
Xilmallock,  etc.,  are  traditionally  not 
dead,  but  only  sleeping  till  the  fulness 
ol  time,  when  each  will  awake  and  effect 
most  wondrous  restorations. 

Mohair  (The  Men  of),  the  citizens  of 
Trance. 


Moha'reb,  one  of  the  evil  spirits  ot 
Dom-Daniel,  a  cave  "under  the  roots  of 
the  ocean."  It  was  given  out  that  these 
spirits  would  be  extirpated  by  one  of 
the  family  of  Hodei'rah  (3  syl.),  so  they 
leagued  against  the  whole  race.  First, 
Okba  was  sent  against  the  obnoxious 
race,  and  succeeded  in  killing  eight  of 
them,  Thal'aba  alone  having  escaped 
alive.  Next,  Abdaldar  was  sent  against 
Thalaba,  but  was  killed  by  a  simoom. 
Then  Loba'ba  was  sent  to  cut  him  off, 
but  perished  in  a  whirlwind.  Lastly, 
Mohareb  undertook  to  destroy  him.  He 
assumed  the  guise  of  a  warrior,  and  suc- 
ceeded in  alluring  the  youth  to  the  very 
"mouth  of  hell;"  but  Thalaba,  being 
alive  to  the  deceit,  flung  Mohareb  into 
the  abyss.— Southey,  Thalaba  the  De- 
stroyer, V.  (1797). 

Mohicans  (Last  of  the),  Uncas  the 
Indian  chief,  son  of  Chingachook,  and 
called  "  Deerfoot." — J.  F.  Cooper,  77te 
Last  of  the  Mohicans  (a  novel,  1826). 

The  word  ought  to  be  pronounced 
Mo.hek'.kanz,  but  is  usually  called  Mo'.- 
M.kanz. 

Mohocks,  a  class  of  ruffians  who  at 
one  time  infested  the  streets  of  London. 
So  called  from  the  Indian  Mohocks.  At 
the  Restoration,  the  street  bullies  were 
called  Muns  and  Tityre  Tus  ;  they  we 
next  called  Hectors  and  Scourers  ;  lal 
still.  Nickers  and  Hawcabites  5  and  last! 
Mohocks. 

Now  is  the  time  that  rakes  their  rerels  keep, 
Kindlers  of  riot,  enemies  of  sleep  : 
His  scattered  pence  the  flying  Nicker  flings. 
And  with  the  copper  shower  the  casement  rings; 
AVho  has  not  heard  the  Scowerer's  midnight  fame? 
Who  has  not  trembled  at  the  Mohock's  nanie  f 

Gay,  Trivia,  iiL  321,  etc.  (1712). 

Mohun  (Lord),  the  person  who 
joined  captain  Hill  in  a  dastardly  attack 
on  the  actor  Mountford  on  his  way  to 
Mrs.  Bracegirdle's  house,  in  Howard 
Street.  Captain  Hill  was  jealous  of 
Mountford,  and  induced  lord  Mohun  to 
join  him  in  this  "valiant  exploit." 
Mountford  died  next  day,  captain  Hill 
fled  from  the  country,  and  Mohun  was 
tried  but  acquitted. 

The  general  features  of  this  cowardly 
attack  are  very  like  that  of  the  count 
Koningsmark  on  Thomas  Thynne  of 
Lingleate  Hill.  Count  Koningsmark  was 
in  love  with  Elizabeth  Percy  (widow  of 
the  earl  of  Ogle),  who  was  contracted  to 
Mr.  Thynne ;  but  before  the  wedding 
day  arrived,  the  count,  with  some  hired 
ruffians,    assassinated    his    rival   in  hi^ 


ere 

I 


MOIDART. 


651 


MOLOCH. 


carriage  as  it  was    passing   down   Pall 
Mall. 

*^*  Elizabeth  Percy,  within  three 
months  of  the  murder,  married  the  duke 
of  Somerset. 

Moidart  {John  of),  captain  of  the 
clan  Ronald,  and  a  chief  in  the  army  of 
Montrose. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of 
Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Moi'na  (2  syL),  daughter  of  Reutha'- 
mir  the  principal  man  of  Balclu'tha,  a 
town  on  the  Clyde,  belonging  to  the 
Britons.  Moina  married  Clessammor 
(the  maternal  uncle  of  P'ingal),  and  died 
in  childbirth  of  her  son  Carthon,  during 
the  absence  of  her  husband. — Ossian, 
Carthon. 

Mokanna,  the  name  given  to  Hakem 
ben  Ilaschem,  from  a  silver  gauze 
veil  worn  by  him  "to  dim  the  lustre  of 
his  face,"  or  rather  to  hide  its  extreme 
ugliness.  The  history  of  this  impostor 
is  given  by  D'Herbelot,  Bibliotheque 
Oriental  (1697). 

*^*  Mokanna  forms  the  first  storv  of 
Lalla  Rookh  ("The  Veiled  Prophet  of 
Khorassan"),  by  Thomas  Moore  (1817). 

Mokattam  {Mount),  near  Cairo 
(Egypt),  noted  for  the  massacre  of  the 
caliph  Hakem  B'amr-ellah,  who  was 
given  out  to  be  incarnate  deity  and  the 
last  prophet  who  communicated  between 
God  and  man  (eleventh  century).  Here, 
also,  fell  in  the  same  massacre  his  chief 
prophet,  and  many  of  his  followers.  In 
consequence  of  this  persecution,  Durzi, 
one  of  the  "  prophet's "  chief  apostles, 
led  the  survivors  into  Syria,  where  they 
settled  l)etween  the  Libanus  and  Anti- 
Libanus,  and  took  the  name  of  Durzis 
corrupted  into  Druses. 

As  the  khalif  vanished  erst, 
In  what  seemed  death  to  uninstructed  eyes. 
On  red  Mokattam's  verge. 
Robert  Browning,  The  Return  of  the  J)rwes,  i. 

Molay  {Jacques),  grand-master  of 
the  Knights  Templars,  as  he  was  led  to 
the  stake,  summoned  the  pope  (Clement 
V.)  within  forty  days,  and  the  king 
(Philippe  IV.)  within  forty  weeks,  to 
appear  before  the  throne  of  God  to  answer 
for  his  death.  They  both  died  within 
the  stated  periods.  (See  Summons  to 
Death.) 

Moliere  {The  Italian),  Charlo  Gol- 
doni  (1707-1793). 

Moliere  {The  Spanish),  Leandro  Fer- 
nandez Moratin  (1760-1828). 

Moll  Cutpurse,  Mary  Frith,  who 


once  attacked  general  Fairfax  on  Hounn- 
low  Heath. 

Moll  Flanders,  a  woman  of  great 
beauty,  born  in  the  Old  Bailey.  She 
was  twelve  years  a  courtezan,  five  years 
a  wife,  twelve  years  a  thief,  eight  years  a 
convict  in  Virginia  ;  but  ultimately  grew 
rich,  and  died  a  penitent  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II. 

*^*  Daniel  Defoe  wrote  her  life  and 
adventures,  which  he  called  The  Fortunes 
of  Moll  Flanders  (1722). 

Molly,  Jaggers's  housekeeper.  A 
mysterious,  scared-looking  woman,  with 
a  deep  scar  across  one  of  her  wrists. 
Her  antecedents  were  full  of  mystery, 
and  Pip  suspected  her  of  being  Estella's 
mother. — C.  Dickens,  Great  Expectations 
(1860). 

Molly  Maggs,  a  pert  young  house- 
maid, in  love  with  Robin.  Slie  hates 
Polyglot  the  tutor  of  "  Master  Charles," 
but  is  very  fond  of  Charles.  Molly  tries 
to  get  "the  tuterer  Poly  pot"  into  a 
scrape,  but  finds,  to  her  consternation, 
that  Master  Charles  is  in  reality  the 
party  to  be  blamed. — J.  Poole,"  The 
Scapegoat, 

Molly  Maguires,  stout,  active 
young  men  dressed  up  in  women's 
clothes,  with  faces  blackened,  or  other- 
wise disguised.  This  secret  society  was 
organized  in  1843,  to  terrify  the  officials 
employed  by  Irish  landlords  to  distrain 
for  rent,  either  by  grippers  {bumbailiffs), 
process-servers,  keepers,  or  drivers  {per- 
sons who  impound  cattle  till  the  rent  is 
paid).—W.  S.  Trench,  Realities  of  Irish 
Life,  82. 

Molly  Mog,  an  innkeeper's  daughter 
at  Oakingham,  13erks.  Molly  Mog  was 
the  toast  of  all  the  gay  sparks  in  the 
former  half  of  the  eighteenth  century  ; 
but  died  a  spinster  at  the  age  of  67 
(1699-1766). 

*„,*  Gay  has  a  ballad  on  this  Fair  Maid 
of  the  Inn.  Mr.  Standen  of  Arborfield, 
the  "enamoured  swain,"  died  in  1730. 
Molly's  sister  was  quite  as  beautiful  as 
"the  fair  maid"  herself.  A  portrait  of 
Gay  still  hangs  in  Oakingham  inn. 

Molmu'tius.    (See  Mulmutius.) 

Mo'loch  {ch  =  k),  the  third  in  rank 
of  the  Satanic  hierarchy,  Satan  being  first, 
and  Beelzebub  second.  The  word  means 
"king."  The  rabbins  say  the  idol  was 
of    brass,    with    the    head    of    a   calf. 


MOLY. 


652 


MONEY. 


Moloch  was  the  god  of  the  Ara'monitea 
(3  syl.),  and  was  worshipped  in  Rabba, 
their  chief  city. 

First  Moloch,  horrid  king,  besmeared  with  blood 
Of  huinai!  sacrifice,  and  parents'  tears, 
Thougli,  for  the  noise  of  drums  and  timbrels  loud, 
Tlieir  children's  cries  unheard,  that  passed  thro'  fire 
To  Ills  grim  idol.     Him  the  Ammonite 
Worshipped  In  Rabba. 

Milton,  Paradite  Lost,  L  392,  etc.  (1665). 

Mo'ly  (Greek,  mdlu),  mentioned  in 
Homer's  Odyssey.  A  herb  with  a  black 
root  and  white  blossom,  given  by  Hermes 
to  Ulysses,  to  counteract  the  spells  of 
Circe.     (See  H^mony.) 

.  .  .  that  Moly 
That  HermSs  once  to  wise  Ulysses  gave. 

Milton,  Comut  (1634). 
The  root  was  black. 
Milk-white  the  blossom  ;  MOly  is  its  name 
In  heaven. 

Homer,  Odyt»ey,  x.  (Cowper's  trans.). 

Mommur,  the  capital  of  the  empire 
of  Oberon  king  of  the  fairies.  It  is 
here  he  held  his  court. 

Momus's  Lattice.  Momus,  son  of 
Nox,  blamed  Vulcan,  because,  in  making 
the  human  form,  he  had  not  placed  a 
window  in  the  breast  for  the  discerning 
of  secret  thoughts. 

Were  Momus'  lattice  in  our  breasts, 

My  soul  might  brook  to  open  it  more  widely 

Tliaa  theirs  [i.e.  </te  noblm], 

Byron,  Werner,  iU.  1  (1822). 

Mon  or  Mona,  Anglesea,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  druids.  Suetonius  Paulinus, 
who  had  the  command  of  Britain  in  the 
reign  of  Nero  (from  a.d.  69  toG2),  attacked 
Mona,  because  it  gave  succour  to  the 
rebellious.  The  frantic  inhabitants  ran 
about  with  fire-brands,  their  long  hair 
streaming  to  the  wind,  and  the  druids 
invoked  vengeance  on  the  Roman  arm}\ 
— See  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

*if*  "Mona"  is  the  Latinized  form  of 
the  British  word  mon-au  ("remote  isle"). 
The  "Isle  of  Man"  is  Mon-au  or  mona 
("  remote  isle")  corrupted  by  misconcep- 
tion of  the  meaning  of  the  word. 

Mon'aco  (I'/ie  king  of),  noted  because 
whatever  he  did  was  never  right  in  the 
opinion  of  his  people,  especially  in  that 
of  Rabagas  the  demagogue :  If  he  went 
out,  he  was  "given  to  pleasure  ;  "  if  he 
stayed  at  homo,  he  Avas  "given  to  idle- 
ness ; "  if  he  declared  war,  he  was 
"wasteful  of  the  public  money ; "  if  he 
did  not,  he  was  "pusillanimous  ;  "  if  he 
ate,  he  was  "  self-indulgent ; "  if  he  ab- 
stained, he  was  "  priest-ridden." — M. 
Sardon,  Rabagas  (1872). 

Monaco.  Proud  as  a  Monegasque.  A 
French    phrase.      The  tradition  is  that 


Charles  Quint  ennobled  every  one  of  the 
inhabitants  of  Monaco. 

Monarch  of  Mont  Blanc,  Albert 
Smith  ;  so  called  because  for  many  years 
he  amused  a  large  London  audience,  night 
after  night,  by  relating  "his  ascent  up 
Mont  Blanc"  (1816-1860). 

Monarque  {Le  Grand),  Louis  XIV. 
of  France  (1G38,  1643-1715). 

Monastery  {The),  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott  (1820).  The  Abbot  appeared  the 
same  year.  These  two  stories  are  tame 
and  very  defective  in  plot ;  but  the  cha- 
racter of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  in  The 
Abbot,  is  a  correct  and  beautiful  historical 
portrait.  The  portrait  of  queen  Elizabeth 
is  in  Kenilworth. 

Moncada  {Matthias  de),  a  merchant, 
stern  and  relentless.  He  arrests  his 
daughter  the  day  after  her  confinement 
of  a  natural  son. 

Zilia  de  Mongada,  daughter  of  Matthias, 
and  wife  of  general  Witherington. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time, 
George  II.). 

Moncaster.  Newcastle,  in  Northum- 
berland, was  so  called  from  the  number  of 
monks  settled  there  in  Saxon  times.  The 
name  was  changed,  in  1080,  to  NcAV-castle, 
from  the  castle  built  by  Robert  (son  of 
the  Conqueror),  to  defend  the  borderland 
from  the  Scotch. 

Monda'min,  maize  or  Indian  com 
{mon-da-min,  "the  Spirit's  grain"). 

Sing  the  mysteries  of  mond.imin. 
Sing  the  blessing  of  tiie  corn-fields. 

Lonijfellow,  Iliawatha,  xiii.  (1855). 

Mone'ses  (3  syl.),  a  Greek  prince, 
betrothed  to  Arpasia,  whom  for  the 
nonce  he  called  his  sister.  Both  were 
taken  captive  by  Baj'azet.  Bajazet  fel 
in  love  with  Arpasia,  and  gave  -Mones^ 
a  command  in  his  army.  When  Tamef 
lane  overthrew  Bajazet,  Moneses  ex-^ 
plained  to  the  Tartar  king  how  it  was 
that  he  was  found  in  arms  against  him, 
and  said  his  best  wish  was  to  serve 
Tamerlane.  Bajazet  now  hated  the 
Greek  ;  and,  as  Arpasia  proved  obdurate, 
thought  to  frighten  her  into  compliance 
by  having  Moneses  bow-strung  in  her 
presence ;  but  the  sight  was  so  terrible 
that  it  killed  her.— N.  Rowe,  Tamerlane 


(1702). 

Money,  a  drama,  by  lord  E.  L. 
Lytton-(1840).     Alfred   Evelyn,  a  po^ 
scholar,   was  secretary  and  factotum  of 
sir  John  Vesey,  but  received  no  wages. 


MONEYTRAP. 


653 


MONKBARNS. 


He  loved  Clara  Douglas,  a  poor  de- 
pendent of  lady  Franklin,  proposed  to  her, 
but  was  not  accepted,  "because  both 
were  too  poor  to  keep  house."  A  large 
fortune  being  left  to  the  poor  scholar,  he 
proposed  to  Georgina,  the  daughter  of  sir 
John  Vesey ;  but  Georgina  loved  sir 
Frederick  Blount,  and  married  him. 
Evelyn,  who  loved  Clara,  pretended  to 
have  lost  his  fortune,  and,  being  satisfied 
that  she  really  loved  him,  proposed  a 
second  time,  and  was  accepted. 

Moneyiirap,  husband  of  Araminta, 
but  with  a  tendre  for  Clarissa  the  wife  of 
his  friend   Gripe. — Sir  John  Vanbrugh, 

The  Confederacy  (1695). 

None  who  ever  saw  Parsons  [1736-1795]  .  .  .  can  forget 
his  effective  mode  of  exclaiming,  while  representing  the 
cliaracter  of  the  amorous  old  "Moneytrap,"  "EUl  how 
long  will  it  be,  Flippanta?" — C.  Dibdin. 

Monflathers  (Miss),  mistress  of  a 
boarding  and  day  establishment,  to  whom 
Mrs.  Jarley  sent  little  Nell,  to  ask  her  to 
patronize  the  wax-work  collection.  Miss 
Monflathers  received  the  child  with  frigid 
virtue,  and  said  to  her,  "  Don't  you  think 
you  must  be  very  wicked  to  be  a  wax- 
work child  ?  Don't  you  know  it  is  very 
naughty  to  be  a  wax  child  when  you 
might  have  the  proud  consciousness  of 
assisting,  to  the  extent  of  your  infant 
powers,  the  noble  manufactures  of  your 
country  ?  "      One  of   the  teachers   here 

chimed  in  with  "  How  doth  the  little ;" 

but  Miss  Monflathers  remarked,  with  an 
indignant  frown,  that  "the  little  busy 
bee"  applied  only  to  genteel  children,  and 
the  "works  of  labour  and  of  skill"  to 
painting  and  embroidery,  not  to  vulgar 
children  and  wax-work  shows. — Charles 
Dickens,  T/ie  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xxxi. 
(1840). 

Monford,  the  lover  of  Charlotte 
Whimsey.  He  plans  various  devices  to 
hoodwink  her  old  father,  in  order  to  elope 
with  the  daughter. — James  Cobb,  2'he 
First  Floor  (1766-1818). 

Monime  (2  syl.),  in  Racine's  tragedy 
of  Mithridate.  This  was  one  of  Mdlle. 
Rachel's  great  characters,  first  performed 
by  her  in  1838. 

Monim'ia,  "the  orphan,"  sister  of 
Chamont  and  ward  of  lord  Acasto. 
Monimia  was  in  love  with  Acasto's  son 
Castalio,  and  privately  married  him. 
Polydore  (the  brother  of  Castalio)  also 
loved  her,  but  his  love  was  dishonourable 
love.  By  treachery,  Polydore  obtained 
admission  to  Monimia's  chamber,  and 
passed  the  bridal  night  with  her,  Monimia 


supposing  him  to  be  her  husband ;  but 
when  next  day  she  discovered  the  deceit, 
she  poisoned  herself  ;  and  Polydore,  being 
apprised  that  Monimia  was  his  brother's 
wife,  provoked  a  quarrel  with  him,  ran 
on  his  brother's  sword,  and  died. — Otway, 
The  Orphan  (1680). 

More  tears  have  been  shed  for  the  sorrows  of  "  Belvt. 
dera"  and  "Monimia,"  than  for  tliose  of  "  Juliet " and 
"Desdemona." — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Draina, 

Monim'ia,  in  Smollett's  novel  of  Couni 
Fathom  (1754). 

Moniplies  {Richie),  the  honest,  self- 
willed  Scotch  servant  of  lord  Nigel  Cli- 
faunt  of  Glenvarloch.  —  Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Monk  {General),  introduced  by  sir 
Walter  Scott  in  Woodstock  (time,  Com- 
monwealth). 

Monk  {The  Bird  Singing  to  a).  The 
monk  is  Felix,  who  listened  to  a  bird  for 
a  hundred  years,  and  thought  the  time 
only  an  hour. — Longfellow,  The  Golden 
Legend,  ii.  (1851). 

Monk  {The),  a  novel,  by  Matthew  G. 
Lewis  (1794). 

Monk  Lewis,  Matthew  Gregory 
Lewis;  so  called  from  his  novel  (1773- 
1818). 

Monk  of  Bury,  John  Lydgate,  poet, 
who  wrote  the  Siege  of  Troy,  the  Story  of 
Thebes,  and  the  Fall  of  Princes  (1376- 
1460). 

Nothynge  I  am  experte  in  poetry. 
As  tlie  iiionke  of  Bury,  floure  of  eloquence. 
Stephen  Hawes,  The  Pagse-tyme  of  Plemre  (1515). 

Monk  of  Westminster,  Richard 
of  Cirencester,  the  chronicler  (fourteenth 
century). 

This  chronicle.  On  the  Ancient  State  of 
Britain,  was  first  brought  to  light  in 
1747,  by  Dr.  Charles  Julius  Bertram, 
professor  of  English  at  Copenhagen  ;  but 
the  original  being  no  better  known  than 
that  of  Thomas ,  Rowley's  poems,  pub- 
lished by  Chatterton,  grave  suspicions 
exist  that  Dr.  Bertram  was  himself  the 
author  of  the  chronicle. 

Monks  {The  Father  of),  Ethelwold  of 
Winchester  (*-9^4). 

Monks,  alias  Edward  Leeford,  a  violent 
man,  subject  to  fits.  Edward  Leeford, 
though  half-brother  to  Oliver  Twist,  was 
in  collusion  with  Bill  Sikes  to  ruin  him. 
Failing  in  this,  he  retired  to  America, 
and  died  in  jail. — C.  Dickens,  Oliver 
Twist  (1837). 

Monkbarns  {Laird  of),  Mr.  Jonathan 


MONKER  AND  NAKIR. 


654 


MONT  ROGNON. 


Oldbuck,  the  antiquary. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Mon'ker  and  Nakir  [Na.keer'], 
the  two  examiners  of  the  dead,  who  put 
questions  to  departed  spirits  respecting 
their  belief  in  God  and  Mahomet,  and 
award  their  state  in  after-life  according 
to  their  answers. — Al  Koran. 

"  Do  you  not  see  those  spectres  that  are  stirring  the 
burning  coals?  Are  they  Monlcir  and  Nakir  come  to 
throw  us  into  tlienj  ?  "— W.  Beckford,  Vathefc  (1786). 

Monmouth,  the  surname  of  Henry 
V.  of  England,  who  was  bom  in  that 
town  (1388,  1413-1422). 

*^*  Mon-mouth  is  the  mouth  of  the 
Monnow. 

Monmouth  (The  duke  of),  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  royal  army. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

*jf*  The  duke  of  Monmouth  was  nick- 
named "The  Little  Duke,"  because  he 
was  diminutive  in  size.  Having  no  name 
of  his  own,  he  took  that  of  his  wife, 
"  Scott,"  countess  of  Buccleuch.  Pepys 
says  :  "It  is  reported  that  the  king  will 
be  tempted  to  set  the  crown  on  the  Little 
Duke  "  (Diary,  seventeenth  century). 

Monmouth  Caps.  "The  best  caps " 
(says  Fuller,  in  his  Worthies  of  Wales, 
50)  "  were  formerly  made  at  Monmouth, 
where  the  Cappen's  Chapel  doth  still 
remain." 

The  soldiers  that  the  Monmouth  wear, 
On  castle  top  their  ensigns  rear. 

Keed,  The  Capt  (1661). 

Monmouth  Street  (London),  called 
after  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  natural  sou 
of  Charles  II.,  executed  for  rebellion  in 
1685.    It  is  now  called  Dudley  Street. 

Mon'nema,  wife  of  Quia'ra,  the  only 
persons  of  the  whole  of  the  Guarani  race 
who  escaped  the  small-pox  plague  which 
ravaged  that  part  of  Paraguay.  They 
left  the  fatal  spot,  and  settled  in  the 
Mondai  woods.  Here  they  had  one  son 
Yeruti,  and  one  daughter  Mooma,  but 
Quiara  was  killed  by  a  jaguar  before  the 
latter  was  born.  Monngma  left  the 
Mondai  woods,  and  went  to  live  at  St. 
JoSchin,  in  Paraguay,  but  soon  died  from 
the  effects  of  a  house  and  citv  life. — 
Southey,  A  Tale  of  Paraguay  (1814). 

Monomot'apa,  an  empire  of  South 
Africa,  joining  Mozambique. 

Ah,  sir.  you  never  saw  the  Gangfis ; 
There  dwell  the  nation  of  Qiiidnunkis 
(So  Monomotapa  calls  monkeys). 

Gay,  The  QiiidnunkU. 

Mononia^  Munster,  in  Ireland. 


Mononia,  when  nature  embellished  the  tint 

Of  tliy  fields  and  thy  mountains  so  fair, 
Did  she  ever  intend  that  a  tyrant  should  print 
The  footstep  of  slavery  there? 
T.  Moore,  Mgh  Melodies,  i.  ("  War  Song,"  1814). 

Monsieur,  Philippe  due  d'Orle'ans, 
brother  of  Louis  XIV.  (1674-1723). 

*^*  Other  gentlemen  were  Mons.  A  oi 
Mons.  B,  but  the  regent  was  Mons.  with- 
out any  adjunct. 

Similarly,  the  daughter  of  the  due  de 
Chartres  (the  regent's  grandson)  was 
Mademoiselle. 

Monsieur  le  Coadjuteur,  Paul 
de  Gondi,  afterwards  cardinal  de  Retz 
(1614-1679). 

Monsieur  le  due,  Louis  Henri  de 
Bourbon,  eldest  son  of  the  prince  de 
Conde  (1692-1740). 

Monsieur  Thomas,  a  drama  by 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1619). 

Monsieur  Tonson,  a  farce  by 
Moncrieff.  Jack  Ardourly  falls  in  love 
with  Adolphine  de  Courcy  in  the  street, 
and  gets  Tom  King  to  assist  in  ferreting 
her  out.  Tom  King  discovers  that  his 
sweeting  lives  in  the  house  of  a  French 
refugee,  a  barber,  named  Mon.  Morbleu ; 
but  not  knowing  the  name  of  the  young 
lady,  he  inquires  for  Mr.  Thompson, 
hoping  to  pick  up  information.  Mon. 
Morbleu  says  no  Mon.  Tonson  lives  in 
the  house,  but  only  Mde.  Bellegarde  and 
Mdlle.  Adolphine  de  Courcy.  The  old 
Frenchman  is  driven  almost  crazy  by 
different  persons  inquiring  for  Mon.  Ton- 
son  ;  but  ultimately  Jack  Ardourly  marries 
Adolphine,  whose  mother  is  Mrs.  Thomi>- 
son  after  all. 

Taylor  wrote  a  drama  of  the  same  titl 
in  1767. 

Monster  (Tlie),  Renwick  Williams 
a  wretch  who  used  to  prowl  about  Londo^ 
by  night,    armed  with  a    double-edge 
knife,  with  which  he  mutilated  womei 
He  was  condemned  July  8,  1790. 

Mont  Dieu,  a  solitary  mound  cloi 
to  Dumfermline,  owes  its  origin,  accoi " 
ing  to  story,  to  some  unfortunate  monks 
who,  by  way  of  penance,  carried  the  sand 
in  baskets  irom  the  sea-shore  at  Inver- 
ness. 

At  Linton  is  a  fine  conical  hill  attri- 
buted to  two  sisters,  nuns,  who  were 
com  palled  to  pass  the  whole  of  the  sand 
through  a  sieve,  by  way  of  penance,  to 
obtain  pardon  for  some  crime  committed 
by  their  brother. 


Mont  Rognon  (Baron  of),  a  giant 


mt 

II 


MONT  ST.  JEAN. 


655 


MONTESINOS. 


of  enormous  strength  and  insatiable  appe- 
tite. He  was  band3'-legged,  had  an 
elastic  stomach,  and  four  rows  of  teeth. 
He  was  a  paladin  of  Charlemagne,  and 
one  of  the  four  sent  in  search  of  Croque- 
niitaine  and  Fear  Fortress. — Croquemi- 
taine. 

Mont  St.  Jean  or  Waterloo.  So- 
and-so  was  my  Mont  St.  Jean,  means  it 
was  my  coup  de  gracCy  my  final  blow,  the 
end  of  the  end. 

Juan   was  my   Moscow  Ituming-point],    and   Faliero 

[Fa.lec'.ro] 
My  Leipsic  idoien/alli,  and  my  Mont  St.  Jean  seems 

Caiii. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xl.  56  (1824). 

Mont  St.  Michel,  in  Normandy. 
Here  nine  druidesses  used  to  sell  arrows 
to  sailors  to  charm  away  storms.  The 
arrows  had  to  be  discharged  by  a  young 
man  25  years  of  age. 

The  Laplanders  drove  a  profitable  trade 
by  selling  winds  to  sailors.  Even  so  late 
as  1814,  Bessie  Millie,  of  Pomona  (Ork- 
ney Islands),  helped  to  eke  out  a  liveli- 
hood by  selling  winds  for  sixpence. 

Eric  king  of  Sweden  could  make  the 
winds  blow  from  any  quarter  he  liked  by 
a  turn  of  his  cap.  Hence  he  was  nick- 
named "  Windy  Cap." 

Mont  Tresor,  in  France  ;  so  called 
by  Gontran  "the  Good,"  king  of  Bur- 
gundy (sixteenth  century).  One  day, 
weary  with  the  chase,  Gontran  laid  him- 
self down  near  a  small  river,  and  fell 
asleep.  The  'squire,  who  watched  his 
master,  saw  a  little  animal  come  from  the 
king's  mouth,  and  walk  to  the  stream, 
over  which  the  'squire  laid  his  sword,  and 
the  animal,  running  across,  entered  a  hole 
in  the  mountain.  When  Gontran  was 
told  of  this  incident,  he  said  he  had 
dreamt  that  he  crossed  a  bridge  of  steel, 
and,  having  entered  a  cave  at  the  foot  of 
a  mountain,  entered  a  palace  of  gold. 
Gontran  employed  men  to  undermine  the 
hill,  and  found  there  vast  treasures,  which 
he  employed  in  works  of  charity  and  re- 
ligion. In  order  to  commemorate  this 
event,  he  called  the  hill  Mont  Tre'sor. — 
Claud  Paradin,  Symhola  Heroica. 

*Ht*  This  story  has  been  ascribed  to 
numerous  persons. 

Mon'tague  (3  s///.),  head  of  a  noble 
house  in  Verona,  at  feudal  enmity  with 
the  house  of  Capulet.  Komeo  belonged 
to  the  former,  and  Juliet  to  the  latter 
house. 

Ladij  Montague,  wife  of  lord  Montague, 
and  mother  of  Romeo.  —  Shakespeare, 
limneo  and  Juliet  (1598). 


Montalban. 

Don  Kyrie  Ely  son  de  Montalban,  a  hero 
of  romance,  in  the  History  of  Tirante  the 
White. 

Thomas  de  Montalban,  brother  of  don 
Kyrie  Elyson,  in  the  same  romance  of 
chivalry. 

Rinaldo  de  Montalban,  a  hero  of  romance, 
in  the  Mirror  of  Knighthood,  from  which 
work  both  Bojardo  and  Ariosto  have 
largely  borrowed. 

Mon'talban',  now  called  Montauban  (a 
contraction  of  Alons  Ailki'nus),  in  France, 
in  the  department  of  Tarn-et-Garonne. 

Jousted  in  Asprainont  or  Mon'talban'. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  i.  683  (1665). 

Montal'ban  (The  count),  in  love  with 
Volante  (3  syl.)  daughter  of  Balthazar. 
In  order  to  sound  her,  the  count  disguised 
himself  as  a  father  confessor ;  but  Vo- 
lante detected  the  trick  instantly,  and 
said  to  him,  "  Come,  come,  count,  pull  off 
your  lion's  hide,  and  confess  yourself  an 
ass."  However,  as  Volante  really  loved 
him,  all  came  right  at  last. — J.  Tobin, 
The  Honeymoon  (1804). 

Montanto  (Signor),  a  master  of  fence 
and  a  great  braggart. — IJen  Jonson,  Every 
Man  in  His  Humour  (1598). 

Montargis  (The  Dog  of),  named 
Dragon.  It  belonged  to  captain  Aubri 
de  Montdidier,  and  is  especially  noted  for 
his  fight  with  the  chevalier  Kichard 
Macaire.  The  dog  jvas  called  Montargis, 
because  the  encounter  was  depicted  over 
the  chimney  of  the  great  hall  in  the 
castle  of  Montargis.  It  was  in  the  forest 
of  Bondi,  close  by  this  castle,  that  Aubri 
was  assassinated. 

Montenay  (Sir  Philip  de),  an  old 
English  knight. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Montenegro.  The  natives  say : 
"When  God  was  distributing  stones  over 
the  earth,  the  bag  that  held  them  burst 
over  Montenegro,"  which  accounts  for 
the  stoniness  of  the  land. 

Montesi'nos,  a  legendary  hero,  who 
received  some  affront  at  the  French 
court,  and  retired  to  La  Mancha,  in 
Spain.  Here  he  lived  in  a  cavern,  some 
sixty  feet  deep,  called  "  The  Cavern  of 
Montesinos."  Don  Quixote  descended 
part  of  the  way  down  this  cavern,  and 
fell  into  a  trance,  in  which  he  saw  Mon- 
tesinos himself,  Durandarte  and  Belerma 
under  the  spoil  of  Merlin,  Dulcin'ea  del 
Toboso  enchanted  into  a  country  wench, 


^^^lONTESP. 


AN. 


656 


MONTROSE. 


and  other  visions,  which  he  more  than 
half  believed  to  be  realities. — Cervantes, 
Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  5,  6  (1615). 

*^*  This  Durandarte  was  the  cousin 
of  Montesinos,  and  Belerma  the  lady  he 
served  for  seven  years.  When  he  fell  at 
Roncesvalles,  he  prayed  his  cousin  to 
carry  his  heart  to  Belerma. 

Montespan  {The  marquis  de),  a 
conceited  court  fop,  silly  and  heartless. 
When  Louis  XIV.  took  Mde.  de  Montes- 
pan for  his  concubine,  he  banished  the 
marquis,  saying: 

Your  strange  and  countless  follies — 
The  scenes  you  make— your  loud  domestic  broils- 
Bring  scandiil  on  our  court.    Decorum  needs 
Your  banisliment.  ...  Go  ! 
And  for  your  separate  household,  which  entails 
A  double  cost,  our  treasure  shall  accord  you 
A  hundred  thousand  crowns. 

Act  ir.  1. 

The  foolish  old  marquis  says,  in  his  self- 
conceit  : 

A  liundred  thousand  crowns  for  being  civil 
To  one  another !    Well  now.  that's  a  thing 
That  happens  but  to  marquises.     It  sliows 
My  value  in  the  state.    The  king  esteems 
My  comfort  of  such  consequence  to  France, 
He  pays  nie  down  a  hundred  thousand  crowns. 
Bather  than  let  my  wife  disturb  my  temper  ! 

Act  T.  2. 

Madame  de  Montespan,  wife  of  the 
marquis.  She  supplanted  La  Valliere  in 
the  base  love  of  Louis  XIV.  La  Valliere 
loved  the  man,  Montespan  the  king.  She 
had  wit  to  warm  but  not  to  burn,  energy 
which  passed  for  feeling,  a  head  to  check 
her  heart,  and  not  too  much  principle  for 
a  French  court.  Mde.  de  Montespan 
was  the  protegee  of  the  duke  de  Lauzun, 
who  used  her  as  a  stepping-stone  to 
wealth  ;  but  when  in  favour,  she  kicked 
down  the  ladder  by  which  she  had 
climbed  to  power.  However,  Lauzun 
had  his  revenge  ;  and  when  La  Valliere 
took  the  veil,  Mde.  de  Montespan  was 
banished  from  the  court. — Lord  E.  L.  B. 
Lytton,  The  Duchess  de  la  Valliere 
(1836). 

Montfaucon  (The  lady  Calista  of), 
attendant  of  'queen  Berengaria. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

'  Mont-Fitchet  {Sir  Conrade),  a  pre- 
ceptor of  the  Knights  Templars.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Jvanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Montfort  {De),  the  hero  and  title  of 
a  tragedy,  intended  to  depict  the  passion 
of  hate,  by  Joanna  Baillie  (1798).  The 
object  of  De  Montfort's  hatred  is  Rezen- 
velt,  and  his  passion  drives  him  on  to 
murder. 

*#•   De   Montfort  was    probably  the 


suggestive  inspiration   of  Byron's  Man^ 
/red  (1817). 

Montgomery  {Mr.),  lord  Godol- 
phin,  lord  high  treasurer  of  England  in 
the  reign  of  queen  Anne.  The  queen 
called  herself  "  Mrs.  Morley,"  and  Sarah 
Jennings  duchess  of  Marlborough  was 
"Mrs.  Freeman." 

Monthermer  {Guy),  a  nobleman, 
and  the  pursuivant  of  king  llenrj'  II. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time, 
Henry  II.). 

Months  {Symbols  of  the),  frequently 
carved  on  church  portals,  misericords  (as 
at  Worcester),  ceilings  (as  at  Salisbury), 
etc. 

1.  Pocula  Janus  amat. 

2.  Et  Februus  algeo  clamat 

3.  Marti  us  arva  fodit. 

4.  Aprilis/ioWrfo  nutrit. 

5.  Jlos  etjlos  neniorum  Maio  sunt  fomes  amorum. 

6.  Dat  Junius  fmia. 

7.  Julio  resecatur  averta. 

8.  Augustus  ipicas. 

9.  September  conterit  uvas. 

10.  Seminat  October. 

11.  Spoliat  virgulta  November. 

12.  Querit  habere  cibum  porcum  mqctando  December. 

Utrecht  Musal  (1515),  and  the 
Breviary  of  tit.  A  Iban't. 

Montjoie,  chief  herald  of  France.— 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin  Durward  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Montorio,  the  hero  of  a  novel,  who 

persuades  his  "  brother's  sons  "  to  murder 
their  father  by  working  on  their  fears, 
and  urging  on  them  the  doctrines  of 
fatalism.  When  the  deed  was  com- 
mitted, Montorio  discovered  that  the 
young  murderers  were  not  his  nephews, 
but  his  own  sons. — Rev.  C.  R.  Maturin, 
Fatal  Revenge  (1807). 

Montreal   d'Albano,  called  "  F^ 
Moriale,"  knight  of  St.  John  of  Jenisalei 
and  captain  of  the  Grand  Company  in  the 
fourteenth    century,   when  sentenced  to 
death  by  Rienzi,  summoned  his  judge  to 
follow  him  within  the  month.      Rier 
was  killed  by  the  fickle  mob  within 
stated      period.      (See     Summons 
Death.) 

Montreville  {Mde.  Adela),  or  the 
Begum  Mootee  Mahul,  called  "the  queen 
of  Sheba." — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Montrose  {The  duke  of),  com- 
mander-in-chief of  the  king's  army.— Sir 
W.  Scott,  Rob  Roy,  xxxii.(time,  George  !•). 

Montrose  {The  marquis  of). — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Woodstock  (time.  Commonwealtli). 

Montrose  {James  Grahame,  earl  of), 
king's  lieutenant  in  Scotland.     He  a| 


th^' 
to 

B   ti^. 


1 


MONTSERRAT. 


657 


MOON-DROP. 


pears  first  diso^uised  as  Anderson,  servant 
of  the  earl  of  Menteith.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Montserrat  {Conrade  marquis  of), 
a  crusader. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Moody  (John),  the  guardian  of  Peggy- 
Thrift  an  heiress,  whom  he  brings  up 
in  the  country,  wholly  without  society. 
John  Moody  is  morose,  suspicious,  and 
unsocial.  When  50  years  of  age,  and 
Peggy  19,  he  wants  to  marry  her,  but 
is  outwitted  by  "the  coimtry  girl,"  who 
prefers  Belville,  a  young  man  of  more 
suitable  age. 

Alithea  Moody,  sister  of  John.  She 
jilts  Sparkish  a  conceited  fop,  and  mar- 
ries Harcourt. —  The  Country  Girl  (Gar- 
rick,  altered  from  Wycherly). 

Mooma,  younger    sister  of  Yeruti. 

Their  father  and  mother  were  the  only 

persons  of  the  whole  Guarani   race  who 

escaped      a    small-pox     plague     which 

ravished  that   part  of  Paraguay.     They 

left  the  fatal  spot  and  lived  in  the  Mondai 

woods,   where   both  their  children  were 

I         born.     Before  the  birth   of  Mooma,  her 

father  was  eaten  by  a  jaguar,  and  the 

1  three  survivors  lived  in  the  woods  alone. 

When  grown  to  a  youthful  age,  a  Jesuit 

priest  persuaded  them  to  come  and  live  at 

I         St.  Joftchin  (3  syl.) ;  so  the}'  left  the  wild 

I        woods  for  a  city  life.     Here  the  mother 

1         soon  flagged  and  died.     Mooma  lost  her 

spirits,  was  haunted  with  thick-coming 

fancies  of  good  and  bad  angels,  and  died. 

Yeruti  begged  to  be  baptized,  received 

the  rite,  cried,  "  Ye  are  come  for  me !     I 

am  ready  ;  "  and  died  also. — Southey,  A 

Tale  of  Paraguay  (1814). 

Moon  {The)  increases  with  horns 
towards  the  east,  but  wanes  with  horns 
towards  the  west. 

The  Moon.  Dante  makes  the  moon  the 
first  planetary  heaven,  "the  tardiest 
sphere  of  all  the  ten,"  and  assigned  to 
those  whose  vows  "were  in  some  part 
neglected  and  made  void"  (canto  iii.). 

It  seemed  to  me  ns  if  a  cloud  had  covered  us. 
Translucent,  solid,  firm,  and  polished  bright 
Like  adamant  which  the  sun's  beam  had  smit. 
Witliiii  itself  tlie  ever-during  pearl  [the  moon\ 
Received  us,  .as  tlie  wave  a  ray  of  light 
lieceives,  and  rests  unbroken 

Dantfi,  ParadUe,  U.  (1311). 

Moon  {Blue)  "  Once  in  a  blue  moon," 
very  occasionally,  once  in  a  while. 
Similar  to  "  Greek  kalends." 

^  "Does  he  often  come  of  an  evening?"  asks  Jennie. 
'Oh,  just  once  in  a  blue  moon,  and  ttien  alw.iys  with  a 
friend."— B.  H.  Buxton,  Jvnnie  of  the  trince's,  U.  140. 


Moon  {Man  in  the),  said  to  be  Cain, 
with  a  bundle  of  thorns. 

Now  doth  Cain  with  fork  of  thorns  confine 
On  either  hemisphere,  touching  the  wave 
Beneath  the  towers  of  Seville.    Yesternight 
The  moon  was  round. 

Dant6.  Hell,  xx.  (1300). 

Moon  {Spots  in  the).  Dante  makes 
Beatrice  say  that  these  spots  are  not  due 
to  diversity  of  density  or  rarity,  for,  if 
so,  in  eclipses  of  the  sun,  the  sim  would 
be  seen  through  the  rare  portions  of  the 
moon  more  or  less  distinctly.  She  says 
the  spots  are  wholly  due  to  the  different 
essences  of  the  "  planet,"  which  reflect 
in  diiferent  ways  the  effluence  of  the 
heaven,  "which  peace  divine  inhabits." 

From  hence  proceeds  that  which  from  light  to  light 
Seems  different,  and  not  from  dense  to  rare. 

Dante.  ParadUe,  il.  (1311). 

Milton  makes  Raphael  tell  Adam  that 
the  spots  on  the  moon  are  due  to  clouds 
and  vapours  "not  yet  into  the  moon's 
substance  turned,"  that  is,  undigested 
aliment. 

For  know  whatever  was  created,  needs 

To  be  sustained  and  fed.    Of  elements. 

The-  grosser  feeds  the  purer, — earth  the  sea^ 

Earth  and  t)ie  sea  feed  air — the  air  those  fires 

Ethereal — and  as  lowest,  first  the  moon  ; 

Whence,  in  her  visage  round,  those  spots,— unpurged 

Vapours  not  yet  into  her  substance  turned. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  v.  415,  etc.  ;  see  also 
viii.  14.'>,  etc.  (1665). 

Moon  {Minions  of  the),  thieves  or  high- 
waymen.    (See  Moon's  Men.) 

Moon  and  Mahomet.  Mahomet 
made  the  moon  perform  seven  circuits 
round  Caaba  or  the  holy  shrine  of  Mecca, 
then  enter  the  right  sleeve  of  his  mantle 
and  go  out  at  the  left.  At  its  exit, 
it  split  into  two  pieces,  which  re-united 
in  the  centre  of  the  firmament.  This 
miracle  was  performed  for  the  conversion 
of  Hahab  the  Wise. 

Moon-Calf,  an  inanimate,  shapeless 
human  mass,  said  by  Pliny  to  be  en- 
gendered of  woman  only. — Nat.  Hist.,  x. 
64. 

Moon  Depository.  Astolpho  found 
the  moon  to  be  the  great  depository  of 
misspent  time,  wasted  wealth,  broken 
vows,  unanswered  prayers,  fruitless  tears, 
abortive  attempts,  unfulfilled  desires  and 
intentions,  etc.  Bribes,  he  tells  us,  were 
hung  on  gold  and  silver  hooks ;  princes' 
favours  were  kept  in  bellows ;  wasted 
talent  was  stored  away  in  urns  ;  but 
every  article  was  duly  labelled. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso,  xviii.  (1516). 

Moon-Drop  (in  Latin  virus  lunare)^ 
a  vaporous  drop  supposed  to  be  shed  by 
2  u 


MOON  OF  BRIGHT  NIGHTS.        658 


MORAT. 


the  moon  on  certain  herbs  and  other 
objects,  when  powerfully  influenced  by- 
incantations.  Lucan  says,  Erictho  used 
it :    Virus  large  lunare  ministrat, 

Hecate.  Upon  the  corner  of  the  moon 
There  hangs  a  vaporous  drop,  profound  ; 
ru  catch  it  ere  it  come  to  ground. 

Shakespeare.  Mctcheth,  act  hi.  so.  5  (1606). 

Moon  of  Bright  Nights,  a  sy- 
nonym for  April ;  the  moon  of  leaves,  a 
gynimym  for  May  ;  the  moon  of  straw- 
berries is  June;  the  moon  of  falhng 
leaves  is  September ;  and  the  moon  of 
snow-shoes  is  the  synonym  for  November. 
—Longfellow,  Hiawatha  (1855). 

Moon*S  Men,  thieves  or  highway- 
men, who  ply  their  vocation  by  night. 

The  fortune  of  us  that  are  but  moon's  men  doth  ebb 
and  flow  lilio  the  sea.-Shakespeare,  1  Henry  IV.  act  i. 
BC  2  (1597). 

Moonshine  {Saunders),  a  smuggler. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(time,  William  III.). 

Moore  (Mr.  John),  of  the  Pestle  and 
Mortar,  Abchurch  Lane,  immortalized  by 
his  "worm-powder,"^  and  called  the 
♦'  Worm  Doctor." 

O  learned  friend  of  Abchurch  Lane, 

Who  set'st  our  entrails  free  ! 
Vain  is  thy  art,  thy  powder  vain, 

Since  worms  shall  eat  e'en  thee. 

Pope,  To  Mr.  John  Moore  11733). 

Moorfields.  Here  stood  Bethlehem 
Hospital  or  Bedlam  at  one  time. 

Subtle.  Remember  the  feigned  madness  I  have  taught 
thee.  .  .  . 

Tricksey.  Fear  not.  he  shall  think  me  fresh  slipped 
from  the  regions  of  Moorfields.— Ben  Jonson,  The 
Alchemiit,  1.  (1610). 

Moors.  The  Moors  of  Aragon  are 
called  Tangarins ;  those  of  Granada  are 
Mudajares  ;  and  those  of  Fez  are  called 
Elches.  They  are  the  best  soldiers 
of  the  Spanish  dominions.  In  the 
Middle  Ages  all  Mohammedans  were 
called  Moors;  and  hence  Camoens,  in  the 
Lusiady  viii.,  calls  the  Indians  so. 

Mopes  {Mr.),  the  hermit  who  lived 
on  Tom  Tiddler's  Ground.  He  was  dirty, 
vain,  and  nast}',  "like  all  hermits,"  but 
had  landed  property,  and  was  said  to  be 
rich  and  learned.  He  dressed  in  a 
blanket  and  skewer,  and,  by  steeping 
himself  in  soot  and  grease,  soon  acquired 
immense  fame.  Rumour  said  he  mur- 
dered his  beautiful  young  wife,  and  aban- 
doned the  world.  Be  this  as  it  may,  he 
certainly  lived  a  nasty  lile.  Mr.  Traveller 
tried  to  bring  him  back  into  society,  but 
A  tinker  said  to  him,  "  Take  my  word  for 
it,  when  iron  is  thoroughly  rotten,  you 
ean  never  botch  it,  do  whftt  you  may." 


— C.     Dickens,    A     Christmas     Number 
(1861). 

Mopsus,  a  shepherd,  who,  -with 
Menalcas,  celebrates  the  funeral  eulogy 
of  Daphnis.— Virgil,  Eclogiie,  v. 

Mora,  a  hill  in  Ulster,  on  the  borders 
of  a  heath  called  Moi-lena. — Ossian, 
Temora. 

*^*  Near  Upsa'la  is  what  is  called 
"The  Mora  Stone,"  where  the  Swedes 
used  of  old  to  elect  their  kings. 

Mora,  the  betrothed  of  Oscar  who 
mysteriously  disappears  on  his  bridal 
eve,  and  is  mourned  for  as  dead.  His 
younger  brother  Allan,  hoping  to  secure 
the  lands  and  fortune  of  Mora,  proposes 
marriage,  and  is  accepted.  At  the  wed- 
ding banquet,  a  stranger  demands  "a 
pledge  to  the  lost  Oscar,"  and  all  accept 
it  except  Allan,  who  is  there  and  then 
denounced  as  the  murderer  of  his  brother. 
Oscar  then  vanishes,  and  Allan  dies. — 
Byron,  Oscar  of  Alva. 

Moradbak,  daughter  of  Fitead  a 
widower.  Hudjadge  king  of  Persia 
could  not  sleep,  and  commanded  Fitead, 
his  porter  and  jailer,  under  pain  of  death, 
to  find  some  one  to  tell  him  tales. 
Fitead's  daughter,  who  was  only  14, 
undertook  to  amuse  the  king  with  tales, 
and  was  assisted  in  private  by  the  sage 
Abou'melek.  After  a  perfect  success, 
Hudjadge  married  Moradbak,  and  at  her 
recommendation,  Aboumelek  was  ap- 
pointed overseer  of  the  whole  empire.— 
Comte  de  Caylus,  Oriental  Tales  (1743). 

Morakan'abad,  grand  vizier  of 
the  caliph  Vathek.— Beckford,  Vathek 
(1784). 

Moral  Philosophy  {The  Father 
of),  Thomas  Aquinas  (1224-1274). 

Moran  Son  of  Fithil,  one  of  the 

scouts  in  the  army  of  Swaran  king  of 
Lochlin  (Denmark). — Ossian,  Fingal. 

Moran's  Collar,  a  collar  for  magis- 
trates, which  had  the  supernatural  power 
of  pressing  the  neck  of  the  wearer  if  his 
judgments  deviated  from  strict  justice, 
and  even  of  causing  strangulation  if  he 
persevered    in    wrong    doing.      Moran, 


surnamed  "  the  Just, 
sellor  of  Feredach 
Ireland. 

Morat,   in  Aurunjzebe, 
Dryden  (1675). 

Edward  Ky-i!Uston  [1619-1087]  shone  with  uncommon 
lustre  in  "  Morat "  and  "  Mutey  Moloch."    In  both  Viem 


was  the  wise  coun- 
an    early    king  of 

a  drama  by 


MORAT. 


659 


MORDURE. 


^arts  he  had  a  fierce,  lion-like  majesty  in  his  port  and 
utterance,  that  gave  the  spectators  a  kind  of  trembling 
admiration.— CoUey  Cibber. 

Morat,  in  Switzerland,  famous  for  the 
battle  fought  there  in  1476,  in  which 
the  Swiss  defeated  Charles  le  Temeraire, 
of  Burgundy. 

Morat  and  Marathon  twin  names  shall  stand. 

Byron.  Childe  Harold,  iii.  64  (1816). 

Morbleu !  This  French  oath  is  a 
corrupt  ccntraction  of  Mau'graby  ;  thus, 
maugre  bleu,  mau'bleu.  Maugraby  was 
the  great  Arabian  enchanter,  and  the 
word  means  *'  barbarous,"  hence  a  bar- 
barous man  or  a  barbarian.  The  oath  is 
common  in  Provence,  Languedoc,  and 
Gascoigne.  I  have  often  heard  it  used 
by  the  medical  students  at  Paris. 

Probably  it  is  a  punning  corruption  of 
Mort  de  Dieu. 

Mordaunt,  the  secretary  at  Aix  of 
queen  Margaret  the  widow  of  Henry  VI. 
of  England.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geier stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Mor'decai  {Beau),  a  rich  Italian 
Jew,  one  of  the  suitors  of  Charlotte 
Goodchild,  but,  supposing  the  report  to 
be  true  that  she  has  lost  her  fortune,  he 
calls  oif  and  retires.— C.  Macklin,  Love 
a-la-mode  (1769). 

The  part  that  first  brought  John  Quick  [1748-1831]  into 
notice  was  "  Beau  Mordecai,"  in  wliich  lie  appeared  as  far 
back  as  1770. — Record*  of  a  Stage  Veteran. 

Mordent,  father  of  Joanna  by  a 
formerwife.  In  orderto  marry  lady  Anne, 
he  "deserts"  Joanna  and  leaves  her  to  be 
brought  up  by  strangers.  Joanna  is 
placed  under  Mrs.  Enfield,  a  crimp,  and 
Mordent  consents  to  a  proposal  of 
Lennox  to  run  off  with  her.  Mordent  is 
a  spirit  embittered  with  the  world — a  bad 
man,  with  a  goading  conscience.  He  sins 
and  suffers  the  anguish  of  remorse  ;  does 
wrong,  and  blames  Providence  because 
when  he  "  sows  the  storm  he  reaps  the 
whirlwind." 

Lady  Anne,  the  wife  of  Mordent, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Oldcrest,  sister 
of  a  viscount,  niece  of  lady  Mary,  and 
one  of  her  uncles  is  a  bishop.  She  is 
wholly  neglected  by  her  husband,  but,  like 
Grisilda  (q.v.),  bears  it  without  complaint. 
— Holcroft,  The  Deserted  Daughter  (1784, 
altered  into  The  Steward). 

Mordred  (Sir),  son  of  Margawse 
(sister  of  king  Arthur)  and  Arthur  her 
brother,  while  she  was  the  wife  of  Lot 
king  of  Orkney  (pt.  i.  2,  35,  30).  The 
sons  of  Lot  himself  and  his  wife  were 
Gaw'ain,  Agravain,  Ga'heris,  and  Gareth, 


all  knights  of  the  Round  Table.  Out  of 
hatred  to  sir  Launcelot,  Mordred  and 
Agravain  accuse  him  to  the  king  of  too 
great  familiarity  with  queen  Guenever, 
and  induce  the  king  to  spend  a  day  in 
hunting.  During  his  absence,  the  queen 
sends  for  sir  Launcelot  to  her  private 
chamber,  and  Mordred  and  Agravain,  with 
twelve  other  knights,  putting  the  worst 
construction  on  the  interview,  clamorously 
assail  the  chamber,  and  call  on  sir  Launce- 
lot to  come  out.  This  he  does,  and  kills 
Agravain  with  the  twelve  knights,  but 
MTmtne/piakes  his  escape  and  tells  the 
kingfjf^  orde^  the  queen  to  be  burnt 
all^gyAi|i|fcj^H^jtJ^^  s^ke,  but  is 
rescued  Iby  sir  iXvinceprwnD  carries  her 
off  to  Joyous  Guard,  pd[r  Carlisle,  which 
the  king  besieges.  \vWe  lying  before  the 
castle,  king  Arthur  receives  a  bull  from 
the  pope,  commanding  him  to  take  back 
his  queen.  This  he  does,  but  as  he 
refuses  to  be  reconciled  to  sir  Launcelot, 
the  knight  betakes  himself  to  Benwick, 
in  Brittany.  The  king  lays  siege  to 
Benwick,  and  during  his  absence  leaves 
Mordred  regent.  Mordred  usurps  the 
crown,  and  tries,  but  in  vain,  to  induce 
the  queen  to  marry  him.  When  the  king 
hears  thereof,  he  raises  the  siege  of 
Benwick,  and  returns  to  England.  He 
defeats  Mordred  at  Dover,  and  at  Baron- 
down,  but  at  Salisbury  (Camlan)  Mor- 
dred is  slain  fighting  with  the  king,  and 
Arthur  receives  his  death-wound.  The 
queen  then  retires  to  a  convent  at  Almes- 
bury,  is  visited  by  sir  Launcelot,  declines 
to  marry  him,  and  dies. — Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  143-174 
(1470). 

*^*  The  wife  of  Lot  is  called  "  Anne  " 
by  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  (British  His- 
tory, viii.  20,  21)  ;  and  "Bellicent"  by 
Tennyson,  in  Gareth  and  Lynette. 

This  tale  is  so  very  different  to  those 
of  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth  and  Tennyson, 
that  all  three  are  given  (see  Modred). 

Mor'dure  (2  syl.),  son  of  the  em- 
peror of  Germany.  He  was  guilty  of 
illicit  love  with  the  mother  of  sir  Bevis 
of  Southampton,  who  murdered  her 
husband  and  then  married  sir  Mordure. 
Sir  Bevis,  when  a  mere  lad,  reproved  his 
mother  for  the  murder  of  his  father, 
and  she  employed  Saber  to  kill  him  ; 
but  the  murder  was  not  committed,  and 
young  Bevis  was  brought  up  as  a  shep- 
herd. One  day,  entering  the  hall  Avhere 
Mordure  sat  with  his  bride,  Bevis  struck 
at  him  with  his  axe.     Mordure  slipped 


MORDURE. 


660 


MORGANTE. 


aside,  and  the  chair  was  "  split  to 
shivers."  Bevis  was  then  sold  to  an 
Armenian,  and  was  presented  to  the  kinpr, 
who  knighted  him  and  gave  him  his 
daughter  Josian  in  marriage. — M.  Dray- 
ton, Folyolbion,  ii.  (1612). 

Mor'dure  (2  syL),  Arthur's  sword,  made 
by  Merlin.  No  enchantment  had  power 
over  it,  no  stone  or  steel  was  proof 
against  it,  and  it  would  neither  break 
nor  bend.  (The  word  means  "hard 
biter.")— Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  8 
(1590). 

More  (Margareta),  the  heroine  and 
feigned  authoress  of  Household  of  Sir 
Thomas  More,  by  Miss  Manning  (1851). 

More  of  More  Hall,  a  legendary 
hero,  who  armed  himself  with  armour 
full  of  spikes,  and,  concealing  himself  \a 
the  cave  where  the  dragon  of  Wantley 
dwelt,  slew  the  monster  by  kicking  it  in 
the  mouth,  where  alone  it  was  mortal. 

*^*  In  the  burlesque  of  H.  Carey,  en- 
titled The  Dragon  of  Wantley,  the  hero 
is  called  "  Moore  of  Moore  Hall,"  and 
he  is  made  to  be  in  love  with  Gubbins's 
daughter,  Margery  of  Roth'ram  Green 
(1096-1743). 

Morecraft,  at  first  a  miser,  but 
after  losing  most  of  his  money  he  became 
a  spendthrift. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Scornful  Lady  (1616). 

***  ''  Luke,  "in  Massinger's  City  Madam, 
is  the  exact  opposite.  He  was  at  first  a 
poor  spendthrift,  but  coming  into  a  for- 
tune he  turned  miser. 

Morell  {Sir  Charles),  the  pseudonym 
of  the  Rev.  James  Ridley,  affixed  to  some 
of  the  early  editions  of  The  Tales  of  the 
Genii,  from  1764. 

More'love  {Lord),  in  love  with  lady 
Betty  Modish,  who  torments  him  almost 
to  madness  by  an  assumed  indifference, 
and  rouses  his  jealousy  by  coquetting 
with  lord  Foppington.  By  the  advice 
of  sir  Charles  Easy,  lord  Morelove  pays 
the  lady  in  her  own  coin,  assumes  an 
indifference  to  her,  and  flirts  with  lady 
Grave'airs.  This  brings  lady  Betty  to 
her  senses,  and  all  ends  happily. — Colley 
Gibber,  The  Careless  Husband  (1704). 

More 'no  {Don  Antonio),  a  gentleman 
of  Barcelona,  who  entertained  don  Quixote 
with  mock-heroic  hospitality. — Cervantes, 
Don  Quixote,  II.  iv.  10  (1615). 

Morfin  (Mr.),  a  cheerful  bachelor  in 
the    office   of    Mr.   Dombey,    merchant. 


He  calls  himself  "a  creature  of  habit,** 
has  a  great  respect  for  the  head  of  the 
house,  and  befriends  John  Carker  when 
he  falls  into  disgrace  by  robbing  his  em- 
ployer. Mr.  Morfin  is  a  musical  amateur, 
and  finds  in  his  violoncello  a  solace  for 
all  cares  and  worries.  He  marries  Har- 
riet Carker,  the  sister  of  John  and  James. 
— C.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Morgan  le  Fay,  one  of  the  sisters 
of  king  Arthur  (pt.  i.  18)  ;  the  others 
were  Margawse,  Elain,  and  Anne  (Belli- 
cent  was  his  half-sister).  Morgan  calls 
herself  "queen  of  the  land  of  Gore" 
(pt.  i.  103).  She  was  the  wife  of  king 
Vrience  (pt.  i.  63),  the  mother  of  sir 
Ew'ain  (pt.  i.  73),  and  lived  in  the  castle 
of  La  Belle  Regard  (pt.  ii.  122). 

On  one  occasion,  Morgan  le  Fay  stole 
her  brother's  sword  "Excalibur,"  with  its 
scabbard,  and  sent  them  to  sir  Accolon  of 
Gaul,  her  paramour,  that  he  might  kill  her 
brother  Arthur  in  mortal  combat.  If  this 
villainy  had  succeeded,  Morgan  intended 
to  murder  her  husband,  marry  sir  Acco- 
lon, and  "devise  to  make  him  king  of 
Britain  ; "  but  sir  Accolon,  during  the 
combat,  dropped  the  sword,  and  Arthur, 
snatching  it  up,  would  have  slain  him 
had  he  not  craved  mercy  and  confessed 
the  treasonable  design  (pt.  i.  70).  After 
this,  Morgan  stole  the  scabbard,  and  threw 
it  into  the  lake  (pt.  i.  73).  Lastly,  she 
tried  to  murder  her  brother  by  means  of 
a  poisoned  robe  ;  but  Arthur  told  the  mes- 
senger to  try  it  on,  that  he  might  see  it, 
and  when  he  did  so  he  dropped  down 
dead,  "being  burnt  to  a  coal"  (pt.  i.  75). 
— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
(1470). 

W.   Morris,   in    his  Earthly  Paradi 
("August"),  makes  Morgan  la  Fee  th( 
bride  of  Ogier  the  Dane,  after  his  earthlj 
career  was  ended. 

Morgan,  a  feigned  name  adopted  bj 
Belarius  a  banished  lord. — Shakespeare^ 
Cymbeline  (1605). 

Morgan,  one  of  the  soldiers  of  prin 
Gwenwyn  of  Powys-land. — Sir  \V.  Scott, 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.).  j 

Morgane  (2  syl.),  a  fay,  to  whose  j 
charge  Zephyr  committed  young  Passe- 
lyon  and  his  cousin  Bennucq.  Passelyon 
fell  in  love  with  the  fay's  daughter,  and 
the  adventures  of  these  young  lovers  are 
related   in  the  romance  of    Percefor 


Morgante  (3  syl.),  a  ferocious  gian 


*! 


MORGANY. 


661 


MORNA. 


converted  to  Christianity  by  Orlando. 
After  performing  the  most  wonderful 
feats,  he  died  at  last  from  the  bite  of  a 
crab. — Pulci,  Morqante  Maggiore  (1488). 

He  [don  qiiixote]  spoke  favounibly  of  Morgante,  who, 
thousli  of  gigantic  race,  was  most  gentle  in  his  manners. 
—Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  L  1  (1605). 

Morgany,  Glamorgan. 

Not  a  brook  of  Morgany. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Morgause  or  Maugawse,  wife  of 
king  Lot.  Their  four  sons  were  Gaw'ain, 
Agravain,  Ga'heris,  and  Gareth  (ch.  36) ; 
but  Morgause  had  another  son  by  prince 
Arthur,  named  Mordred.  Her  son  Ga- 
heris,  having  caught  his  mother  in  adul- 
tery with  sir  Lamorake,  cut  off  her  head. 

King  Lot  had  vedded  king  Arthur's  sister,  hut  king 
Arthur  had  ...  by  lier  Mordred,  tlierefore  kivg  Lot  held 
against  king  Arthur  (ch.  35). — Sir  T.  Mulory,  Uiitory  of 
J'rince  Arthur,  I  35,  36  (1470). 

Morg^a'na,  the  female  slave,  first 
of  Cassim,  and  then  of  Ali  Baba, 
"craft)',  cunning,  and  fruitful  in  in- 
ventions." When  the  thief  marked  the 
door  of  her  master's  house  with  white 
chalk  in  order  to  recognize  it,  Morgiana 
marked  several  other  doors  in  the  same 
manner;  next  day,  she  observed  a  red 
mark  on  the  door,  and  made  a  similar 
one  on  others,  as  before.  A  few  nights 
afterwards,  a  merchant  with  thirty-eight 
oil-jars  begged  a  night's  lodging  ;  and  as 
Morgiana  wanted  oil  for  a  lamp,  she  went 
to  get  some  from  one  of  the  leather  jars. 
"  Is  it  time?"  asked  a  voice.  "Not  yet," 
replied  Morgiana,  and  going  to  the  others, 
she  discovered  that  a  man  was  concealed 
in  thirty-seven  of  the  jars.  From  the 
last  jar  she  took  oil,  which  she  made 
boiling  hot,  and  with  it  killed  the 
thirty-seven  thieves.  When  the  captain 
discovered  that  all  his  men  were  dead, 
he  decamped  without  a  moment's  delay. 
Soon  afterwards,  he  settled  in  the  city  as 
a  merchant,  and  got  invited  by  Ali  Baba 
to  supper,  but  refused  to  eat  salt.  This 
excited  the  suspicion  of  Morgiana,  who 
detected  in  the  pretended  merchant  the 
captain  of  the  forty  thieves.  She  danced 
awhile  for  his  amusement,  playfully 
sported  with  his  dagger,  and  suddenly 
plunged  it  into  his  heart.  When  Ali 
Baba  knew  who  it  was  that  she  had  slain, 
he  not  only  gave  the  damsel  her  liberty, 
but  also  married  her  to  his  own  son.— 
Arabian  Nights  ("Ali  Baba  or  the  Forty 
Thieves"). 

"  Morgiana,"  said  Ali  Baba,  "  these  two  packets  contain 
the  body  of  your  master  [Cassim],  and  we  must  endeavour 
to  bury  him  as  if  lie  died  a  natural  death.  Let  me  speak 
to  your  nmtress."— "AU  Baba  or  the  Forty  Thieves." 


Morglay,  the  sword  of  sir  Bevis  of 
Hamptoun,  i.e.  Southampton,  given  to 
him  by  his  wife  Josian,  daughter  of  the 
king  of  Armenia.— Drayton,  Polyolbion. 
ii.  (1612). 

You  talk  of  Morglay,  Excalibur  [Arthur's  sword],  and 
Durindiina  [Orlando's  sword],  or  so.  Tutl  I  lend  no 
credit  to  that  is  fabled  of  'em. — Ben  Jonson,  Every  Man 
in  His  Humour,  iii.  1  (1598). 

Morgue  la  Faye,  a/eb  who  watched 
over  the  birth  of  Ogier  the  Dane,  and, 
after  he  had  finished  his  earthly  career, 
restored  him  to  perpetual  youth,  and  took 
him  to  live  with  her  in  everlasting  love  in 
the  isle  and  castle  of  Av'alon. — Ogier  le 
Danois  (a  romance). 

Mor'ice  {Gil  or  Child),  the  natural 
son  of  lady  Barnard,  "  brought  forth  in 
her  father's  house  wi'  mickle  sin  and 
shame."  One  day,  Gil  Morice  sent  Willie 
to  the  baron's  hall,  with  a  request  that 
lady  Barnard  would  go  at  once  to  Green- 
wood to  see  the  child.  Lord  Barnard, 
fancying  the  "child"  to  be  some  par- 
amour, forbade  his  wife  to  leave  the  hall, 
and  went  himself  to  Greenwood,  where 
he  slew  Gil  Morice,  and  sent  his  head  to 
lady  Barnard.  On  his  return,  the  lady  told 
her  lord  he  had  slain  her  son,  and  added, 
"Wi'  that  same  spear,  oh,  pierce  my 
heart,  and  put  me  out  o'  pain  !  "  But  the 
baron  repented  of  his  hasty  deed,  and 
cried,  "  I'll  ay  lament  for  Gil  Morice,  as 
gin  he  were  mine  ain." — Percy,  Heliqucs, 
etc.,  III.  i. 

*^,*  This  tale  suggested  to  Home  the 
plot  of  his  tragedy  called  Douglas. 

Morisco,  a  Moorish  dance,  a  kind  of 
hornpipe. 

F.aciem  plerumque  inficlunt  fuligine,  et  peregrinum 
vestiiim  cultum  assumunt,  qui  ludicris  talibus  indulgent, 
aut  Mauri  esse  videantnr,  aut  e  longius  remold  patri4 
credantur  advolasse. — Junius. 

Mor'land,  in  Lend  Me  Five  Shillings^ 
by  J.  M.  Morton  (1838). 

Morland  (Henry),  "  the  heir-at-law  " 
of  baron  Duberly.  It  was  generally 
supposed  that  he  had  perished  at  sea  ; 
but  he  was  cast  on  cape  Breton,  and 
afterwards  returned  to  England,  and  mar- 
ried Caroline  Dormer  an  orphan. — G. 
Colman,  I'he  Heir-at-Law  (1797). 

Mr.  Beverley  behaved  like  a  father  to  me  [B.  Webster], 
and  engagetl  me  as  a  walking  gentleman  for  his  London 
theatre,  where  I  made  my  first  appearance  as  "  Henry 
Morland,"  in  The  Heir-at-Law,  whicli,  to  avoid  legal 
proceedings,  he  called  The  Lord's  Warming-pan.— Petet 
Paterson. 

IVIorley  (Mrs.),  the  name  under  which 
queen  Anne  corresponded  with  Mrs.  Free- 
man (the  duchess  of  Marlborough). 

Morna,  daughter  of  Cormac  king  of 


MORNA. 


6G2 


MORREL. 


Ireland.  She  was  in  love  with  Cathba, 
youngest  son  of  Torman.  Duchomar, 
out  of  jealousy,  slew  his  lival,  and  then 
asked  Mornato  be  his  bride.  She  replied, 
"  Thou  art  dark  to  me,  O  Duchomar,  and 
cruel  is  thine  arm  to  Moma."  She  then 
begged  him  for  his  sword,  and  when  "  he 
gave  it  to  her  she  thrust  it  into  his  heart." 
Duchomar  fell,  and  begged  the  maid  to 
pull  out  the  sword  that  he  might  die,  but 
when  she  did  so  he  seized  it  from  her  and 
plunged  it  into  her  side.  Whereupon 
Cuthullin  said : 

"  Peace  to  the  souls  of  the  heroes !  Their  deeds  were 
great  in  fight.  Let  them  ride  around  me  in  clouds.  Let 
them  show  their  features  in  war.  My  soul  shall  then  be 
firm  in  danger,  mine  arm  like  the  thunder  of  heaven. 
But  be  thou  on  a  moonbeam,  O  Morna,  near  the  window 
of  my  rest,  when  my  thoughts  are  at  peace,  when  the 
din  of  war  is  past."— Ossian,  I^ingal,  i. 

Morna,  wife  of  Comhal  and  mother 
of  Fingal.  Her  father  was  Thaddu,  and 
her  brother  Clessammor. — Ossian. 

Mornay,  the  old  seneschal  at  earl 
Herbert's  tower  at  Peronne. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Morning  Star  of  the  Refor- 
mation, John  WyclifPe  (1324-1384). 

Wycliffe  will  ever  be  remembered  as  a  good  and  great 
man.  .  .  .  May  he  not  be  justly  styled,  "  The  Morning 
Star  of  the  Reformation  "  ?— Eadie. 

Morocco  or  Maroccus,  the  perform- 
ing horse,  generally  called  "  Bankes's 
Horse."  Among  other  exploits,  we  are 
told  that  "  it  went  up  to  the  top  of  St. 
Paul's."  Both  horse  and  man  were  burnt 
alive  at  Rome,  by  order  of  the  pope,  as 
magicians. — Don  Zara  del  Eogo,  114 
(1660). 

♦^*  Among  the  entries  at  Stationers' 
Hall  is  the  following: — Nov.  14,  1595  : 
A  Ballad  showing  the  Strange  Qualities  of 
a  Young  Nagg  called  Morocco. 

In  1595  was  published  the  pamphlet 
Maroccus  Extaticus  or  Bankes's  Horse  in 
a  Trance. 

Morocco  Men,  agents  of  lottery 
assurances.  In  1796,  the  great  State 
lottery  employed  7500  morocco  men. 
'J'heir  business  was  to  go  from  house  to 
house  among  the  customers  of  the  as- 
surances, or  to  attend  in  the  back  parlours 
of  public-houses,  where  the  customers 
came  to  meet  them. 

MOrolt  (Dennis),  the  old  'squire  of  sir 
Raymond  Berenger.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Morose  (2  syl.),  a  miserly  old  hunks, 
who  hates  to  hear  any  voice  but  his  own. 
His  nephew,  sir  Daupliine,  wants  to  wring 


out  of  him  a  third  of  his  property,  and 
proceeds  thus  :  He  gets  a  lad  to  personate 
"  a  silent  woman,"  and  the  phenomenon 
so  delights  the  old  man,  that  he  consents 
to  a  marriage.  No  sooner  is  the  ceremony 
over,  than  the  boy-wife  assumes  the  cha- 
racter of  a  virago  of  loud  and  ceaseless 
tongue.  Morose  is  half  mad,  and  pro- 
mises to  give  his  nephew  a  third  of  his 
income  if  he  will  take  this  intolerable 
plague  off  his  hands.  The  trick  being  re- 
vealed, Morose  retires  into  private  life, 
and  leaves  his  nephew  master  of  the  situ- 
ation.— Ben  Jonson,  The  Silent  Woman 
(1609). 

Benjamin  Johnson  [166.5-1742]  seemed  to  be  proud  to 
wear  the  poet's  double  name,  and  was  particularly  great 
in  all  that  author's  plays  that  were  usually  performed, 
viz.,  "Wasp,"  "Corbaccio,"  "  Moros%"  and  "Ananias." 
— Chetwood. 

("  Wasp"  in  Bartholomew  Fair,  "  Cor- 
baccio" in  The  i^oo?,  and  "Ananias "in 
The  Alchemist. ) 

Moroug,  the  monkey  mistaken  for 
the  devil.  A  woman  of  Canibalu  died,  and 
Moroug,  wishing  to  imitate  her,  slipped 
into  her  bed,  and  dressed  himself  in  her 
night-clothes,  while  the  body  was  carried 
to  the  cemetery.  When  the  funeral  party 
returned,  and  began  the  usual  lamenta- 
tions for  the  dead,  pug  stretched  his 
night-capped  head  out  of  the  bed  and 
began  moaning  and  grimacing  most  hide- 
ously. All  the  mourners  thought  it  was 
the  devil,  and  scampered  out  as  fast  as 
they  could  run.  The  priests  assembled, 
and  resolved  to  exorcise  Satan  ;  but  pug, 
noting  their  terror,  flew  on  the  chief  of 
the  bonzes,  and  bit  his  nose  and  ears 
most  viciously.  All  the  others  fled  in 
disorder ;  and  when  pug  had  satisfied  his 
humour,  he  escaped  out  of  the  window. 
After  a  while,  the  bonzes  returned,  with 
a  goodly  company  Avell  armed,  when  the 
chief  bonze  told  them  hoAv  he  had  fought 
with  Satan,  and  prevailed  against  him.  So 
he  was  canonized,  and  made  a  saint  in 
the  calendar  for  ever. — T.  S.  Gueulette, 
Chinese  Tales  ("  The  Ape  Moroug,"  1723). 

Morrel  or  Morell,  a  goat-herd  who 
invites  Thomalin,  a  shepherd,  to  come  to 
the  higher  grounds,  and  leave  the  low- 
lying  lands.  He  tells  Thomalin  that  many 
hills  have  been  canonized,  as  St.  Michael's 
Mount,  St.  Bridget's  Bower  in  Kent,  and 
so  on  ;  then  there  was  mount  Sinah  and 
mount  Parnass,  where  the  Muses  dwelt. 
Thomalin  replies, "  The  lowlands  are  safer, 
and  hills  are  not  for  shepherds."  He  then 
illustrates  his  remark  by  the  tale  of  shf 
herd  Algrind,  who  sat' like  Morrel  o% 


1 


MORRIS. 


663 


MORTE  D' ARTHUR. 


hill,  when  an  eagle,  taking  his  white  head 
for  a  stone,  let  on  it  a  shell-fish  in  order 
to  break  it,  and  all-to  cracked  his  skull. 
[iEschylus  was  killed  by  a  tortoise 
dropped  on  his  head  by  an  eagle.]  — 
Spenser,  Shepheardes  Calendar,  vii. 

(This  is  an  allegory  of  the  high  and 
low  church  parties.  Morel  is  an  anagram 
of  Elmer  or  Aylmer  bishop  of  London, 
who  "  sat  on  a  hill,"  and  was  the  leader 
of  the  high-church  party.  Algrind  is 
Grindal  archbishop  of  Canterbury,  head 
of  the  low-church  party,  who  in  1578 
was  sequestrated  for  writing  a  letter  to 
the  queen  on  the  subject  of  puritanism. 
Thomalin  represents  the  puritans.  This 
could  not  have  been  written  before  1578, 
unless  the  reference  to  Algrind  was  added 
in  some  later  edition.) 

Morris,  a  domestic  of  the  earl  of 
Derby.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Peva-il  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Morris  (Mr.),  the  timid  fellow-traveller 
of  Frank  Osbaldistone,  who  carried  the 
portmanteau.  Osbaldistone  says,  con- 
cerning him,  "  Of  all  the  propensities 
which  teach  mankind  to  torment  them- 
selves, that  of  causeless  fear  is  the  most 
irritating,  busy,  painful,  and  pitiable." — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Bob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Morris  {Peter),  the  pseudonym  of  John 
G.  Lockhart,  in  Peter's  Letters  to  His 

Kinsfolk  (1819). 

Morris-Dance,  a  comic  representa- 
tion of  every  grade  of  society.  The 
characters  were  dressed  partly  in  Spanish 
and  partl}^  in  English  costume.  Thus, 
the  huge  sleeves  were  Spanish,  but  the 
laced  stomacher  English.  Hobby-horse 
represented  the  king  and  all  the  knightly 
order ;  Maid  Marian,  the  queen ;  the 
friar,  the  clergy  generally  ;  the  fool,  the 
court  jester.  The  other  characters  repre- 
sented a  franklin  or  private  gentleman, 
a  churl  or  farmer,  and  the  lower  grades 
were  represented  by  a  clown.  The  Span- 
ish costume  is  to  show  the  origin  of  the 
dance. 

A  representation  of  a  morris-dance 
may  still  be  seen  at  Betley,  in  Stafford- 
shire, in  a  window  placed  in  the  house  of 
George  Toilet,  Esq.,  in  about  1620. 

Morrison  {Hugh),  a  Lowland  drover, 
the  friend  of  Robin  Oig.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
TJie  Two  Drovers  (time,  George  III.). 

Mortality  {Old),  a  religious  itine- 
rant, who  frequented  country  church- 
yards and  the  graves  of  the  covenanters. 


He  was  first  discovered  in  the  burial- 
ground  at  Gandercleugh,  clearing  the 
moss  from  the  grey  tombstones,  renewing 
with  his  chisel  the  half-defaced  inscrip- 
tions, and  repairing  the  decorations  of 
the  tombs.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

*^*  "Old  Mortality"  is  said  to  be 
meant  for  Robert  Patterson. 

Morta'ra,  the  boy  who  died  from 
being  covered  all  over  with  gold-leaf  by 
Leo  XII.,  to  adorn  a  pageant. 

Mortcloke  {Mr.),  the  undertaker  at 
the  funeral  of  Mrs.  Margaret  Bertram  of 
Singleside. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering 
(time,  George  II.). 

Morte  d* Arthur,  a  compilation  of 
Arthurian  tales,  called  on  the  title-page 
The  History  of  Priiice  Arthur,  compiled 
from  the  French  by  sir  Thomas  Malor\', 
and  printed  by  William  Caxton  in  1470. 
It  is  divided  into  three  parts.  The  first 
part  contains  the  birth  of  king  Arthur, 
the  establishment  of  the  Round  Table, 
the  romance  of  Balin  and  Balan,  and  the 
beautiful  allegory  of  Gareth  and  Linet'. 
The  second  part  is  mainly  the  romance 
of  sir  Tristram.  The  third  part  is  the 
romance  of  sir  Launcelot,  the  quest  of 
the  holy  graal,  and  the  death  of  Arthur, 
Guenever,  Tristram,  Lamorake,  and 
Launcelot. 

*^*  The  difference  of  style  in  the  third 
part  is  verj'  striking.  The  end  of  ch.  44, 
pt.  i.  is  manifestly  the  close  of  a  romance. 
It  is  a  pity  that  each  romance  is  not 
marked  by  some  formal  indication, 
thus,  pt.  i.  bk.  1,  etc. ;  and  each  book 
might  be  subdivided  into  chapters. 

This  book  was  finished  the  ninth  year  of  the  reign 
of  king  Edward  IV.  by  sir  Thomas  Malory,  knight.  Thus 
endeth  this  noble  and  joyous  book,  entitled  La  Mort« 
d' Arthur,  notwithstanding  it  treateth  of  the  birtli,  life, 
and  acts  of  the  said  king  Arthur,  and  of  his  noble  knights 
of  the  Bound  Table  .  .  .  and  the  achieving  of  the  holy 
Sancgreall,  and  in  the  end  the  dolorous  death  and  de- 
parting out  of  the  world  of  them  all.— Concluding  para- 
graph. 

Morte  d^Arthur,  by  Tennyson.  The 
poet  supposes  Arthur  (wounded  in  the 
great  battle  of  the  West)  to  be  borne  oif 
the  field  by  sir  Bedivere.  The  wounded 
monarch  directed  sir  Bedivere  to  cast  Ex- 
calibur  into  the  mere.  Twice  the  knight 
disobeyed  the  command,  intending  to  save 
the  sword  ;  but  the  dying  king  detected 
the  fraud,  and  insisted  on  being  obeyed. 
So  sir  Bedivere  cast  the  sword  into  the 
mere,  and  "an  arm,  clothed  in  white 
samite,  caught  it  by  the  hilt,  brandished 
it  three  times,  and  drew  it  into  the  mere." 


MORTEMAR. 


664 


MORVEN. 


Sir  Bedivere  then  carried  the  dying  king 
to  a  barge,  in  which  were  three  queens, 
who  conveyed  him  to  the  island-valley 
of  Avil'ion,  "where  falls  not  hail,  or 
rain,  or  any  snow,  nor  ever  wind  blows 
loudly."  Here  was  he  taken  to  be  healed 
of  his  grievous  wound ;  but  whether  he 
lived  or  died  we  are  not  told. 

The  idyll  called  The  Passing  of  Arthur 
is  verbatim,  like  the  Morte  cT A7'thur,  with 
an  introduction  tacked  on ;  but  from 
"  So  all  day  long  .  .  ."  (twelfth  para- 
graph) to  the  line,  "  So  on  the  mere  the 
wailing  died  away  "  (about  270  lines),  the 
two  are  identical. 

*^*  This  idyll  is  merely  chs.  167,  168 
(pt.  iii.)  of  the  History  of  Prince  Arthur^ 
compiled  by  sir  T.  Malory,  put  into 
metre,  much  being  a  verbatim  rendering. 

See  Notes  and  Queries,  July  13,  1878, 
where  the  parallels  are  shown  paragraph 
by  paragraph. 

Mortemar  (Alberick  of),  an  exiled 
nobleman,  alias  Theodorick  the  hermit  of 
Engaddi,  the  enthusiast. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Mor 'timer  {Mr,),  executor  of  lord 
Abberville,  and  uncle  of  Frances  Tyrrell. 
"  He  sheathed  a  soft  heart  in  a  rough 
case."  Externally,  Mr.  Mortimer  seemed 
unsympathetic,  brusque,  and  rugged  ;  but 
in  reality  he  was  most  benevolent,  deli- 
cate, and  tender-hearted.  "  He  did  a 
thousand  noble  acts  without  the  credit  of 
a  single  one."  In  fact,  his  tongue  belied 
his  heart,  and  his  heart  his  tongue. — 
Cumberland,  T'he  Fashionable  Lover 
(1780). 

Mortimer  (Sir  Edward),  a  most  bene- 
volent man,  oppressed  with  some  secret 
sorrow.  In  fact,  he  knew  himself  to  be 
a  murderer.  The  case  was  this :  Being 
in  a  county  assembly,  the  uncle  of  lady 
Helen  insulted  him,  struck  him  down, 
and  kicked  him.  Sir  Edward  rode  home 
to  send  a  challenge  to  the  ruffian ;  but 
meeting  him  on  the  road  drunk,  he  mur- 
dered him,  was  tried  for  the  crime, 
but  was  honourably  acquitted.  He  wrote 
a  statement  of  the  case,  and  kept  the 
papers  connected  with  it  in  an  iron  chest. 
One  day,  Wilford,  his  secretary,  whose 
curiosity  had  been  aroused,  saw  the  chest 
unlocked,  and  was  just  about  to  take  out 
the  documents  when  sir  Edward  entered, 
and  threatened  to  shoot  him  ;  but  he 
relented,  made  Wilford  swear  secrecy, 
and  then  told  him  the  whole  story.  The 
young  man,  unable  to  live  under  the 
jealous  eye  of  sir  Edward,  ran  away ; 


but  sir  Edward  dogged  him,  and  at 
length  arrested  him  on  the  charge  of 
robbery.  The  charge  broke  down,  Wil- 
ford was  acquitted,  sir  Edward  confessed 
himself  a  murderer,  and  died. — G.  Col- 
man,  T/ie  Iron  Chest  (1796). 

Mortimer  Light-wood,  solicitor, 
employed  in  the  "Harmon  murder  "  case. 
He  was  the  great  friend  of  Eugene  Wray- 
burn,  barrister-at-law,  and  it  was  tlie 
ambition  of  his  life  to  imitate  the  non- 
chalance and  other  eccentricities  of  liig 
friend.  At  one  time  he  was  a  great  ad- 
mirer of  Bella  Wilfer.  Mr.  Veneering 
called  him  "one  of  his  oldest  friends;" 
but  Mortimer  was  never  in  the  merchant's 
house  but  once  in  his  life,  and  resolved 
never  to  enter  it  again. — C.  Dickens,  Our 
Muttial  Friend  (1864). 

Mortim.er  Street  (London) ;  so 
called  from  Harlej^,  earl  of  Oxford  and 
IMortimer,  and  baron  of  Wigmore,  in 
Herefordshire. 

Morton,  a  retainer  of  the  earl  of 
Northumberland. — Shakespeare,  2  Ilenru 
IV.  (1598). 

Morton  {Heninj),  a  leader  in  the 
covenanters'  army  with  Balfour.  While 
abroad,  he  is  major-general  Melville, 
Henry  Morton  marries  Miss  Eden  Bel- 
lenden. 

Old  Ralph  Morton  of  MUnwood,  uncle 
of  Henry  Morton. 

Colonel     Silas    Morton    of    Milnu-ood, 
father  of  Henry  Morton. — Sir  W.  Sco 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Morton  (The  earl  of),  in   the  ser 
of  Mary  queen  of  Scots,  and  a  member 
of   the  privy  council  of   Scotland. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Monastery  and  The  A 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Morton  (The  Rev.  Mr.),  the  pres 
terian  pastor  of  Cairnvreckan  village 
Sir    W.   Scott,    Waverley  (time,  George 
XL). 

Mortsheugh  (Johnie),  the  old 
sexton  of  Wolf's  Hope  village. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Morven  ("a  ridge  of  high  hills''^),  all 
the  north-west  of  Scotland  ;  called  in 
Ossian  "windy  Morven,"  "  resoimding 
Morven,"  "echoing  Morven,"  "rocky 
Morven."  Fingal  is  called  jpdifferently 
"  king  of  Selma "  and  "  king  of 
Morven."  Selma  was  the  capital 
Morven.  Probably  it  was  Argyllshire 
extended  north  and  east. 


cooa, 
co^^^ 

nber 
-Sir 

m 

e.— 


lire 


MORVIDUS. 


665 


MOSES  SLOW  OF  SPEECH. 


Morvi'dus,  son  of  Daniua  by  his 
concubin3  Tangustfila.  In  his  reign, 
there  "came  from  the  Irish  coasts  a  most 
cruel  monster,  which  devoured  the  people 
continually,  but  as  soon  as  Morvidus 
heard  thereof,  ho  ventured  to  encounter  it 
alone.  When  all  his  darts  were  spent, 
the  monster  rushed  upon  him,  and 
swallowed  him  up  like  a  small  fish." — 
Geotfrey  of  Monmouth,  British  History^ 
iii.  15  (1142). 

.  .  .  that  valiant  bastard  .  .  . 
Morvidus  (Danius'  son),  wlio  with  that  monster  fought. 
His  tubjects  ttiat  devoured. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  vlii.  (1612). 

(Morvidus  is  erroneously  printed 
"Morindus"  in  Drayton,  but  has  been 
corrected  in  the  quotation  given  above.) 

Mosby,  an  unmitigated  villain.  He 
seduced  Alicia,  the  wife  of  Arden  of 
Feversham.  Thrice  he  tried  to  murder 
Arden,  but  was  baffled,  and  then  fright- 
ened Alicia  into  conniving  at  a  most 
villainous  scheme  of  murder.  Pretending 
friendship,  Mosby  hired  two  ruffians  to 
murder  Arden  while  he  was  playing  a 
game  of  draughts.  The  villains,  who 
were  concealed  in  an  adjacent  room,  were 
to  rush  on  their  victim  Avhen  Mosby 
said,  "  Now  I  take  you."  The  whole 
gang  was  apprehended  and  executed. — 
Arden  of  Feversham  (1592),  altered  by 
George  LiUo  (1739). 

Mosca,  the  knavish  confederate  of 
Vol'pone  (2  syl.)  the  rich  Venetian 
"fox." — Ben  jonson,  Volpone  or  The 
Fox  (1605). 

If  your  mother,  in  hopes  to  ruin  me,  should  consent  to 
marry  my  pretended  uncle,  he  might,  like  "Mosca"  in 
The  Fox,  stand  upon  terms. — W.  Congreve,  The  Way  of 
the  World,  U.  1  (1700). 

Mosce'ra,  a  most  stately  convent 
built  by  the  abbot  Rodulfo,  on  the  ruins 
of  a  dilapidated  fabric.  On  the  day  of 
opening,  an  immense  crowd  assembled, 
and  the  abbot  felt  proud  of  his  noble 
edifice.  Amongst  others  came  St.  Gual- 
ber'to  (3  syl.),  who,  when  the  abbot 
showed  him  the  pile  and  the  beauty 
thereof,  said  in  prayer,  "If  this  convent 
is  built  for  God's  glory,  may  it  abide  to 
the  end  of  time  ;  but  if  it  is  a  monument 
of  man's  pride,  may  that  little  brook 
which  flows  hard  by  overwhelm  it  with 
its  waters."  At  the  word,  the  brook 
ceased  to  flow,  the  waters  piled  up 
mountain  high,  then  dashing  on  the 
convent  overthrew  it,  nor  left  one  stone 
upon  another,  so  complete  was  the  ruin. 
— Southey,  St.  Gualbcrto. 

Moscow.    So-and-so  was  my  Moscow, 


that  is,  the  turning-point  of  my  good 
fortune,  leading  to  future  "  shoals  and 
misery."  The  reference  is  to  Napoleon 
Bonaparte's  disastrous  Russian  expe- 
dition, when  his  star  hastened  to  its 
"  set." 

Juan  was  my  Moscow  [the  ruin  of  tny  reputation  and 
famei. 

BjTon.  Don  Juan,  xi.  56  (1824). 

Mo'ses,  the  Jew  money-lender  in 
Sheridan's  comedy  The  School  fur 
Scandal  (1777). 

Moses'  Clothes.  The  Koran  says : 
"  God  cleared  Moses  from  the  scandal 
which  was  rumoured  against  him"  (ch. 
xxxiii.).  The  scandal  was  that  his 
body  was  not  properly  formed,  and 
therefore  he  would  never  bathe  in  the 
presence  of  others.  One  day,  he  went  to 
bathe,  and  laid  his  clothes  on  a  stone,  but 
the  stone  ran  away  with  them  into  the 
camp.  Moses  went  after  it  as  fast  as  he 
could  run,  but  the  Israelites  saw  his 
naked  body,  and  perceived  the  untruth- 
fulness of  the  common  scandal. — Sals, 
Al  Koran,  xxxiii.  notes. 

Moses*  Horns.  The  Vulgate  gives 
quod  cornuta  esset  fades  stux,  for  what 
our  version  has  translated  "he  wist  not 
that  the  skin  of  his  face  shone."  The 
Hebrew  word  used  means  both  a  "horn" 
and  an  "irradiation."  Michael  Angelo 
followed  the  Vulgate. 

Moses*  Rod. 

Willie  Moses  was  living  with  Re'u«  [Jithro]  the 
Midiaiiite,  he  noticed  a  staif  in  the  garden,  and  he  took 
it  to  be  his  walking-stick.  This  staff  was  Joseph's,  and 
Re'uel  carried  it  away  when  he  fled  from  Egypt.  This 
same  staff  Adam  carried  with  him  out  of  Rlen.  Noah 
inherited  it,  and  gave  it  to  SUem.  It  passed  into  the 
hands  of  Abraliam,  and  Abraham  left  it  to  Isaac ;  and 
when  Jacob  fled  from  his  brother's  anger  into  Mesopo- 
tamia, he  carried  it  in  his  hand,  and  gave  it  at  death 
to  his  son  Joseph.— The  Talmud,  vi. 

Moses    Slow   of   Speech.     The 

tradition  is  this :  One  day,  Pharaoh  was 
carrying  Moses  in  his  arms,  when  the 
child  plucked  the  royal  beard  so  roughly 
that  the  king,  in  a  passion,  ordered  him 
to  be  put  to  death.  Queen  Asia  said  to 
her  husband,  the  child  was  only  a  babe, 
and  was  so  young  he  could  not  dis- 
cern between  a  ruby  and  a  live  coal. 
Pharaoh  put  it  to  the  test,  and  the 
child  clapped  into  his  mouth  the  burn- 
ing coal,  thinking  it  something  good 
to  eat.  Pharaoh's  anger  was  appeased, 
but  the  child  burnt  its  tongue  so  severely 
that  ever  after  it  was  "  slow  of  speech." 
— Shalshel,  .Hakkabala,  11. 

Moses  Slow  of  Speech.  The  account 
given  in  the  Talmwiis  somewhat  difiierent. 


MOST  CHRISTIAN  KING. 


666 


MOTHER  HUBBARD. 


It  is  therein  stated  that  Pharaoh  was  sitting 
one  day  with  Moses  on  his  lap,  when  the 
child  took  the  crown  from  the  king's  head 
and  placed  it  on  his  own.  The  "wise 
n)en  "  of  Egypt  persuaded  Pharaoh  that 
this  act  was  treasonable,  and  that  the  child 
should  be  put  to  death.  Jithro  [sic}  the 
priest  of  Midian  said  it  was  the  act  of  a 
child  who  knew  no  better.  "Let  two 
plates,"  said  he,  "  be  set  before  the  child, 
one  containing  gold  and  the  other  live 
coals,  and  you  will  presently  see  that  he 
will  choose  the  coals  in  preference  to  the 
gold."  The  advice  of  Jithro  being  fol- 
lowed, the  boy  Moses  snatched  at  the 
coals,  and  putting  one  of  them  into  his 
mouth,  burnt  his  tongue  so  severely  that 
ever  after  he  was  "  heavy  of  speech." — 
The  Talmud,  vi. 

Most  Christian  King  (Le  Boy 
Tres-Christien).  The  king  of  France  is  so 
called  by  others,  either  with  or  without 
his  proper  name ;  but  he  never  stjdes 
himself  so  in  any  letter,  grant,  or  re- 
script. 

In  St.  Rcmigius  or  Remy's  Testament, 
king  Clovis  is  called  Christianissimus 
Ludovicus. — Flodoard,  Historia  Remensis, 
i.  18  (a.d.  940). 

Motallab  {Ahdal),  one  of  the  four 
husbands  of  Zesbet  the  mother  of  Ma- 
homet. He  was  not  to  know  her  as  a 
wife  till  he  had  seen  Mahomet  in  his 
pre-existing  state.  Mahomet  appeared 
to  him  as  an  old  man,  and  told  him  he 
had  chosen  Zesbet  for  her  virtue  and 
beauty  to  be  his  mother.  —  Comte  de 
Caylus,  Oriental  2 ales  ("  History  of 
Abdal  Motallab,"  1743). 

Mo'tar  C^one  doomed  or  devoted  to 
sacrifice'').  So  prince  Assad  was  called, 
when  he  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  old 
fire-worshipper,  and  was  destined  by  him 
to  be  sacriliced  on  the  fiery  mountain. — 
Arabian  Nights  ("  Amgiad  and  Assad"). 

Moth,  page  to  don  Adriano  de 
Arnia'do  the  fantastical  Spaniard.  He 
is  cunning  and  versatile,  facetious  and 
playful.— Shakespeare,  Love's  Labour's 
Lost  (1694). 

Moth,  one  of  the  fairies.— Shakespeare, 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream  (1692). 

Moths  and  Candles.  The  moths 
fell  in  love  with  the  night-fly  ;  and  the 
night-fly,  to  get  rid  of  their  importunity, 
maliciously  bade  them  to  go  and  fetch 
fire  for  her  adornment.  The  blind  lovers 
*ew  to  the  first  flame  to  obtain  the  love- 


token,  and  few  escaped  injury  or  death. 
— Kaempfer,  Account  of  Japan,  vii.  (1727). 

Ann      Lee,      the 
of     the     shakers 


Mother     Ann, 
spiritual     mother " 


(1734-1784). 
***  Motb 

female  form,  and  Jesus  as  the  male  form, 
of  the  Messiah. 

Mother  Bunch,  a  celebrated  ale- 
wife  in  Dekker's  Satiromaster  (1602). 

*j^*  In  1604  was  published  Pasquil's 
Jests,  mixed  with  Mother  Bunch's  Merri- 
ments. In  1760  was  published,  in  two 
parts.  Mother  Bunch's  Closet  newly  Broke 
Open,  etc.,  by  a  "Lover  of  Mirth  and 
Hater  of  Treason." 

Mother  Bunch's  Fairy  Tales  are  known 
in  every  nursery. 

Mother  Carey's  Chickens.  The 

fish-fags  of  Paris  in  the  first  Great 
Revolution  were  so  called,  because,  like 
the  "stormy  petrel,"  whenever  they 
appeared  in  force  in  the  streets  of  Paris, 
they  always  foreboded  a  tumult  or  poli- 
tical storm. 

Mother  Carey's  Goose,  the  great 
black  petrel  or  gigantic  fulmar  of  the 
Pacific  Ocean. 

Mother  Douglas,  a  noted  crimp, 
who  lived  at  the  north-east  corner  of 
Co  vent  Garden.  Her  house  was  superbly 
furnished.     She  died  1761. 

*.^*  Foote  introduces  her  in  The  Minor, 
as  "Mrs.  Cole"  (1760) ;  and  Hogarth  ' 
his  picture  called  "  The  March  to  Fin 
ley." 

Mother  Goose,  in  French  Contes  de 
Ma  Mere  I'Oye,  by  Charles  Perrault 
(1697). 

*^*  There  are  ten  stories  in  this  boi 
seven    of    which   are  from   the  Pen\ 


Mother  Goose,  a  native  of  Bost 
in  Massachusetts,  authoress  of  nursery 
rhymes.  Mother  Goose  used  to  sing  her 
rhymes  to  her  grandson,  and  Thomas 
Fleet,  her  brother-in-law,  printed  and 
published  the  first  edition  of  her  nursery 
rhymes,  entitled  Songs  for  the  Nursery  or 
Mother  Goose's  Melodies,  in  17^9. 

*^*  Dibdin  wrotea  pantomime  entitled 
Mother  Goose. 

Mother  Hubbard,  an  old  lady 
whose  whole  time  and  attention  were 
taken  up  by  her  dog,  who  was  most 
wilful ;  but  the  dame  never  lost  her  tem- 
per,  nor  forgot    her  politeness.     After 


<«^| 


MOTHER  HUBBERD. 


667 


MOUNTAIN. 


nxnning  about  all  day  to  supply  Master 

Doggie, 

The  d.inie  made  a  curtsey,  the  dog  made  a  bow ; 
The  dame  sjiid,  "Your  servant  I"  the  dog  said,  "Bow, 
wow ! " 

A  Nursery  Tale  in  Rhyme. 

Mother  Hubberd,  the  supposed 
narrator  of  a  tale  called  The  Fox  and 
the  Ape,  related  to  the  poet  Spenser  to 
beguile  the  wearj'  hours  of  sickness. 
Several  persons  told  him  tales,  but 

Amongst  the  rest  a  good  old  woman  was 

Hight  Mother  Hubberd,  who  did  far  surpass 

The  rest  in  honest  mirth  tliat  seemed  her  well ; 

She,  wlieii  her  turn  was  come  her  tale  to  tell. 

Told  of  a  strange  adventure  that  betided 

Betwixt  a  fox  and  ape  by  him  misguided  ; 

The  which,  for  that  my  sense  it  greatly  pleased,  .  .  . 

I'll  write  it  as  she  the  same  did  say. 

Spenser. 

Mother  Hubberd's  Tale.  A  fox 

and  an  ape  determined  to  travel  about  the 
■world  as  chevaliers  de  Vindustrie.  First, 
Ape  dressed  as  a  broken-down  soldier,  and 
Fox  as  his  servant.  A  farmer  agreed  to 
take  them  for  his  shepherds ;  but  they 
devoured  all  his  lambs  and  then  decamped. 
They  next  "  went  in  for  holy  orders." 
Reynard  contrived  to  get  a  living  given 
him,  and  appointed  the  ape  as  his  clerk  ; 
but  they  soon  made  the  parish  too  hot  to 
hold  them,  and  again  sheered  off.  They 
next  tried  their  fortune  at  court ;  the 
ape  set  himself  up  as  a  foreigner  of  dis- 
'  tinction,  with  Fox  for  his  groom.  They 
played  the  part  of  rakes,  but  being  found 
to  be  desperate  rogues,  had  to  flee  with 
all  despatch,  and  seek  another  field  of 
action.  As  they  journeyed  on,  they  saw 
a  lion  sleeping,  and  Master  Fox  persuaded 
his  companion  to  steal  the  crown,  sceptre, 
and  royal  robes.  The  ape,  arrayed  in 
these,  assumed  to  be  king,  and  Fox  was 
his  prime  minister ;  but  so  ill  did  they 
govern  that  Jupiter  interfered,  the  lion 

I  was  restored,  and  the  ape  was  docked  of 

1  his  tail  and  had  his  ears  cropt. 

(        Since  whicli,  all  apes  but  half  their  ears  have  left. 
And  of  their  tails  are  utterly  bereft 
So  Mother  Hubberd  her  discourse  did  end. 

I  Spenser,  Mother  UubbercCs  Tale, 

;    Mother  Shipton,  T.  Evan  Preece, 

I  )f  South  Wales,  a  prophetess,  whose  pre- 

)  lictions  (generally  in   rhymes)  were  at 

I  >ne  time  in  everybody's  mouth  in  South 

'■  iVales,  especially  in  Glamorganshire. 

***  She  predicted  the  death  of  Wolsey, 

ord  Percy,  and  others.     Her  prophecies 

ire  still  extant,  and  contain  the  announce- 

,nent  that  "the  end  of  the  world   shall 

;  :omein  eighteen  hundred  and  eighty-one." 

f  Mother  of  the  People  (The),  Mar- 
guerite of  France,  la  I^Jere  des  Feujoles, 
paughterof  Fran9ois  I.  (1523-1574). 


Mother's  Three  Joys  (A).  "The 
three  holydays  allowed  to  the  fond  mo- 
ther's heart,"  passing  by  the  ecstasy  of 
the  birth  of  her  child,  are  : 

1.  When  first  the  white  blossoms  of  his  teeth  appear, 
breaking  the  crimson  buds  that  did  encase  them  ;  that  is 
a  dny  of  joy. 

2.  Next,  when  from  his  father's  arms  he  runs  without 
support,  and  clings,  laughing  and  delighted,  to  his  mo- 
ther's knee  ;  that  is  the  mother's  heart's  next  holyday. 

3.  And  sweeter  still  the  third,  whenever  his  little 
stammering  tongue  shall  utter  the  grateful  sound  of 
"father,"  "mother;"  oh,  that  is  the  dearest  joy  of  all  I 
—Sheridan,  Pizarro  (altered  from  Kotzebue,  1799). 

Mould  {Mr.),  undertaker.  His  face 
had  a  queer  attempt  at  melancholy,  sadly 
at  variance  with  a  smirk  of  satisfaction 
which  might  be  read  between  the  lines. 
Though  his  calling  was  not  a  lively  one, 
it  did  not  depress  his  spirits,  as  in  the 
bosom  of  his  family  he  was  the  most 
cheery  of  men,  and  to  him  the  "tap,  tap" 
of  coffin-making  was  as  sweet  and  exhila- 
rating as  the  tapping  of  a  woodpecker. — • 
C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Mouldy  {Ralph),  "  a  good-limbed 
fellow,  young,  strong,  and  of  good  friends." 
Ralph  was  pricked  for  a  recruit  in  sir 
John  Falstatf's  regiment.  He  promised 
Bardolph  forty  shillings  "  to  stand  his 
friend."  Sir  John,  being  told  this,  sent 
Mouldy  home,  and  when  justice  Shallow 
remonstrated,  saying  that  Ralph  "was 
the  likeliest  man  of  the  lot,"  Falstaff 
replied,  "Will  you  tell  mc,  Master  Shal- 
low, how  to  choose  a  man  ?  Care  I  for  the 
limb,  the  thews,  the  stature,  bulk,  and  big 
assemblance  of  a  man  V  Give  me  the 
spirit.  Master  Shallow." — Shakespeare,  2 
Henry  IV.  act  iii.  sc.  2  (1598). 

Moullahs,  Mohammedan  lawyers, 
from  which  are  selected  the  judges. 

Mountain  {The),  a  name  given  in 
the  French  Revolution  to  a  faction  which 
sat  on  the  benches  most  elevated  in  the 
Hall  of  Assembly.  The  Girondins  sat 
in  the  centre  or  lowest  part  of  the  hall, 
and  were  nicknamed  the  "  plain."  The 
"  mountain "  for  a  long  time  was  the 
dominant  part;  it  utterly  overthrew  the 
"plain"  on  August  31,  1793,  but  was  in 
turn  overthrown  at  the  fall  of  Robespierre 
(9  Thermidor  ii.  or  July  27,  1794). 

Mountain  {The  Old  Man  of  the), 
the  imaum  Hassan  ben  Sabbah  el  Homairi. 
The  sheik  Al  Jebal  was  so  called.  He 
was  the  prince  of  the  Assassins. 

*^*  In  Rymer's  Fa;dera  (vol.  i.).  Dr. 
Clarke,  the  editor,  has  added  two  letters 
of  this  sheik  ;  but  the  doctor  must  be 
responsible  for  their  genuineness. 


MOUNTAIN  BRUTUS. 


668 


MOWIS. 


Mountain  Brutus  {The),  William 
Tell  (1282-1350). 

Mountain-Monareli  of  Europe, 

mont  Blanc. 

Mountain  of  Flo"wers,  the  site  of 
the  palace  of  Violenta,  the  mother  fairy 
who  brought  up  the  young  princess  after- 
wards metamorphosed  into  "  The  White 
Cat." — Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales 
("The  White  Cat,"  1682). 

Mountain  of  Miseries.  Jupiter 
gave  permission  for  all  men  to  bring  their 
grievances  to  a  certain  plain,  and  to  ex- 
change them  with  any  others  that  had  been 
cast  off.  Fancy  helped  them ;  but  though 
the  heap  was  so  enormous,  not  one  single 
vice  was  to  be  found  amongst  the  rubbish. 
Old  women  threw  away  their  wrinkles, 
and  young  ones  their  mole-spots ;  some 
cast  on  the  heap  poverty  ;  many  their  red 
noses  and  bad  teeth ;  but  no  one  his 
crimes.  Noav  came  the  choice.  A  galley- 
slave  picked  up  gout,  poverty  picked  up 
sickness,  care  picked  up  pain,  snub  noses 
picked  up  long  ones,  and  so  on.  Soon 
all  were  bewailing  the  change  they  had 
made ;  and  Jupiter  sent  Patience  to  tell 
them  they  might,  if  they  liked,  resumetheir 
own  grievances  again.  Every  one  gladly 
accepted  the  permission,  and  Patience 
helped  them  to  take  up  their  own  bundle, 
and  bear  it  without  murmuring. — Addi- 
son, The  Spectator  (1711,  1712,  1714). 

Mountains  {Prince  of  German), 
Schneekoppe  (5235  feet),  in  Eastern 
Prussia. 

Mourning.  In  Colman's  Heir-at-Law 
(1797),  every  character  is  in  mourning : 
the  Dowlases  as  relatives  of  the  deceased 
lord  Duberly ;  Henry  Morland  as  heir 
of  lord  Duberly  ;  Steadfast  as  the  chief 
friend  of  the  family ;  Dr.  Pangloss  as 
a  clergyman  ;  Caroline  Dormer  for  her 
father  recently  buried ;  Zekiel  and  Cicely 
Homespun  for  the  same  reason  ;  Kenrick 
for  his  deceased  master. — James  Smith, 
Memoirs  (1840). 

Mourning  Bride  {The),  a  drama 
by  W.  Congreve  (1697).  "The  mourn- 
ing bride"  is  Alme'ria  daughter  of  Manuel 
king  of  Grana'da,  and  her  husband  was 
Alphonso  prince  of  Valentia.  On  the  day 
of  their  espousals  they  were  shipwrecked, 
and  each  thought  the  other  had  perished  ; 
but  they  met  together  in  the  court  of 
Granada,  where  Alphonso  was  taken  cap- 
tive under  the  assumed  name  of  Osmyn. 
Osmyn,    having    effected    his     escape, 


the 

ow^^H 
an^^H 

1 


marched  to  Granada  at  the  head  of  an 
army,  found  the  king  dead,  and  "the 
mourning  bride  "  became  his  joyful  wife, 

Mouse-Tower  {The),  on  the  Rhine. 
It  was  here  that  bishop  Hatto  was  de- 
voured by  mice.     (See  Hatto,  p.  429.) 

*^*  Mauth  is  a  toll  or  custom  house, 
and  the  mauth  or  toll-house  for  collecting 
duty  on  corn  being  very  unpopular,  gave 
rise  to  the  tradition. 

Moussa,  Moses. 

Mo-wbray  {Mr.  John),  lord  of  the 
manor  of  St.  Ronan's. 

Clara  Mowbray,  sister  of  John  Mo 
bray.       She    was    betrothed    to    Frai 
Tyrrel,  but  married  Valentine  Bulmer 
Sir  W.    Scott,   St.  Eonan's   Well  (tim^ 
George  III.). 

Mowbray  {Sir  Miles),  a  dogmati 
self-opinionated  old  man,  who  fancied  he 
could  read  character,  and  had  a  natural 
instinct  for  doing  the  right  thing ;  but  he 
would  have  been  much  wiser  if  he  had 
paid  more  heed  to  the  proverb,  "  Mind 
your  own  business  and  not  another's." 

Frederick  Mowbray,  his  eldest  son,  a 
young  man  of  fine  principle,  and  greatly 
liked.  His  "first  love"  was  Clara  Mid- 
dleton,  who,  being  poor,  married  the  rich 
lord  Ruby.  His  lordship  soon  died,  leav- 
ing all  his  substance  to  his  widow,  who 
bestowed  it  with  herself  on  Frederi 
Mowbray,  her  first  and  only  love. 

David   Mowbray,   younger  brother 
Frederick.      He  was  in  the  navy,  an 
was  a  fine  open-hearted,  frank,  and  honest 
British  tar. 

Lydia  Mowbray,  sister  of  Frederick  and 
David,  and  the  wife  of  Mr.  Wrangle. —     | 
R.  Cumberland,  First  Love  (1796). 

Mow'cher  {Miss),  a  benevolent  little 
dwarf,  patronized  by  Steerforth.  She  is 
full  of  humour  and  comic  vulgarity. 
Her  chief  occupation  is  that  of  hair- 
dressing. — C.  Dickens,  David  Copperf 
(1849). 

Mo"Vsris,  the  bridegroom  of  snow,  who 
wooed  and  won  a  beautiful  bride,  but  at 
dawn  melted  in  the  sun.  The  bride 
hunted  for  him  night  and  day,  but  never 
saw  him  more. — American-Indian  Ler/end, 

Mowis.  the  bridegroom  of  snow,  who  won  and  wedded  • 

maiden. 
But  wlien  the  morning  came,  arose  and  passed  from  the 

wigwam. 
Fading  and  melting  away,  and  dissolving  into  the  sun- 

siiine. 
Till  slie  beheld  him  no  more,  tho'  she  followed  far  into 

the  forest. 

Longfellow.  Evangeline,  il.  4  (1S49). 


rno 


MOZAIDE. 


669 


MUDJEKEEWIS. 


Mozaide  (2  syL),  the  Moor  who  be- 
friended Vasco  de  Gama  when  he  first 
landed  on  the  Indian  continent. 

The  Moor  attends,  Mozaide,  whose  zealous  care 
To  Gaina's  eyes  revealed  each  treacherous  snare. 

Camoens,  LuHad,  ix.  (1509). 

Mozart  (Tlie  English),  sir  Henry- 
Bishop  (1780-1855). 

Mozart  (The  Italian),  Cherubini  of 
Florence  (1760-1842). 

Much,  the  miller's  son,  the  bailiff  or 
*'acater"  of  Kobin  Hood.     (See  Midge.) 

Eobyn  stode  in  Bernysdale, 

And  lened  hym  to  a  tree  ; 
And  by  hyni  stode  Lytell  Johan, 

A  good  yenian  was  he ; 
And  also  dyde  good  Scathelock, 

And  Much  the  miller's  sone. 
Bitson,  Jtobin  Sood  lialladt,  I.  1  (1594). 

Much,  the  miller's  son,  iu  the  morris- 
dance.  His  feat  was  to  bang,  with  an 
inflated  bladder,  the  heads  of  gaping 
spectators.  He  represented  the  fool  or 
jester. 

Mucli   Ado  about  Nothing,  a 

1   comedy  by  Shakespeare  (1600).      Hero, 

the  daughter  of  Leonato,  is  engaged  to  be 

married  to  Claudio  of  Aragon  ;  but  don 

John,  out  of  hatred  to  his  brother  Leonato, 

^   determines  to  mar  the  happiness  of  the 

lovers.     Accordingly,  he  bribes  the  wait- 

^  ing-maid  of  Hero  to  dress  in  her  mistress's 

I  clothes,  and  to  talk  with  him  by  moon- 

\  light  from  the  chamber  balcony.      The 

'  villain  tells  Claudio  that  Hero  has  made 

\  an  assignation  with  him,  and  invites  him 

'  to  witness  it.     Claudio  is  fully  persuaded 

that  the  woman  he   sees   is   Hero,   and 

when  next  day  she  presents  herself  at 

the  altar,  he  rejects  her  with  scorn.     The 

I  priest  feels  assured  there  is  some  mistake, 

»  so  he  takes  Hero  apart,  and  gives  out  that 

!  she  is  dead.      Then  don  John  takes  to 

flight,     the    waiting-woman     confesses, 

Claudio  repents,  and  by  way  of  amend- 

I  nient    (as    Hero    is    dead)    promises    to 

I  marry  her  cousin,  but  this  cousin  turns 

j  out  to  be  Hero  herself. 

i      *jf*  A  similar  tale  is  told  by  Ariosto  in 

this  Orlando  Furioso,  v.  (1516). 

Another  occurs  in  the  Faeri/  Queen,  by 
[Spenser,  bk.  ii.  4,  38,  etc.  (1590). 
1  George  Turbervil's  Geneura  (1576)  is  still 
(  more  like  Shakespeare's  tale.  Belleforest 
( and  Bandello  have  also  similar  talcs  (see 
Ifist,  xviii.). 

Mucklebacket  {Saunders),  the  old 
;  fisherman  at  Musselcrag. 
.     Old  Elspeth  Mucklebacket,   mother  of 
1;  Saunders,  and  formerly  servant  to  lady 
alenallan. 


Maggie  Mucklebacket,  wife  of  Saunders. 

Steenie  Mucklebacket,  eldest  son  of 
Saunders.     He  is  drowned. 

Little  Jennie  Mucklebacket,  Saunders's 
child. — Sir  W. .  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Mucklethrift  {Bailie),  ironmonger 
and  brazier  of  Kippletringan,  in  Scotland, 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Muckle"WTath  (ffabukkuk),  a  fanatic 
preacher. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Mucklewrath  (John),  smith  at  Caim- 
vreckan  village. 

Dame  Mucklewrath,  wife  of  John.  A 
terrible  virago. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Muck-worm  (Sir  Penurious),  the 
miserly  old  uncle  and  guardian  of  Ar- 
bella.  He  wants  her  to  marry  squire 
Sapskull,  a  raw  Yorkshire  tike  ;  but  she 
loves  Gaylove,  a  young  barrister,  and,  of 
course,  Mu(;kworm  is  outwitted. — Carey, 
The  Honest  Yorkshireman  (1736). 

Mudarra,  son  of  Gon^alo  Bustos  de 
Salas  dc  Lara,  who  murdered  his  uncle 
Kodri'go  while  hunting,  to  avenge  the 
death  of  his  seven  half-brothers.  The 
tale  is,  that  Rodrigo  Velasquez  invited 
his  seven  nephews  to  a  feast,  when  a  fray 
took  place  in  which  a  Moor  was  slain ; 
the  aunt,  who  was  a  Moorish  lady,  de- 
manded vengeance,  whereupon  the  seven 
boys  were  allured  into  a  ravine  and 
cruelly  murdered.  Mudarra  was  the  son 
of  the  same  father  as  "the  seven  sons 
of  Lara,"  but  not  of  the  same  mother. 
— Romance  of  the  Eleventh  Century. 

Muddle,  the  carpenter  under  captain 
Savage  and  lieutenant  O'Brien. — Captain 
Marry  at,  Peter  Simple  (1833). 

Muddlewiek  (Triptolemus),  in 
Charles  XIL,  an  historical  drama  by 
J.  K.  Planche  (1826). 

Mudjekee'wis,  the  father  of  Hia- 
watha, and  subsequently  potentate  of  the 
winds.  He  gave  all  the  winds  but  one 
to  his  children  to  rule ;  the  one  he  re- 
served was  the  west  wind,  which  he  him- 
self ruled  over.  The  dominion  of  the 
winds  was  given  to  Mudjekeewis  becauise 
he  slew  the  great  bear  called  the  Mishe- 
Mokwa. 

Thus  was  slain  the  Mlshd-Mokwa  .  . 
"  Honour  be  to  Mudjekeewis  ! 
Henceforth  he  shall  be  the  west  wind. 


MUG. 


670 


MULMUTIUS. 


And  hereafter,  e'en  for  ever. 
Shall  he  hold  supreme  dominion. 
Over  all  the  winds  of  heaven." 

Longrellow,  HiaiecUha,  ii.  (ISad). 

Mug  {Matthew)^  a  caricature  of  the 
duke  of  Newcastle. — S.  Foote,  Tlie  Mayor 
of  Garratt  (1763). 

Mugello,  the  giant  slain  by  Averardo 
de  Medici,  a  commander  under  Charle- 
magne. This  giant  Avielded  a  mace  from 
which  hung  three  balls,  which  the  Medici 
adopted  as  their  device. 

*^*  They  have  been  adopted  by  pawn- 
brokers as  a  symbol  of  their  trade. 

Muggins  {Dr.),  a  sapient  physician, 
who  had  the  art  "to  suit  his  physic  to 
his  patients'  taste  ; "  so  when  king  Artax- 
aminous  felt  a  little  seedy  after  a  night's 
debauch,  the  doctor  prescribed  to  his 
majesty  "  to  take  a  morning  whet." — W. 
B.  Rhodes,  Bombastes  Furioso  (1790). 

Muhldenau,  the  minister  of  Marien- 
dorpt,  and  father  of  Meeta  and  Adolpha. 
When  Adolpha  was  an  infant,  she  was 
lost  in  the  siege  of  Magdeburg ;  and 
Muhldenau,  having  reason  to  suppose  that 
the  child  was  not  killed,  went  to  Prague 
in  search  of  her.  Here  Muhldenau  was 
seized  as  a  spy,  and  condemned  to  death. 
Meeta,  hearing  of  his  capture,  walked  to 
Prague  to  beg  him  off,  and  was  introduced 
to  the  governor's  supposed  daughter,  who, 
in  reality,  was  Meeta's  sister  Adolpha. 
Rupert  Roselheim,  who  was  betrothed  to 
Meeta,  stormed  the  prison  and  released 
Muhldenau. — S.  Knowles,  The  Maid  of 
Mariendorpt  (1838). 

Mulatto,  a  half-caste.  Strictly  speak- 
ing, Zambo  is  the  issue  of  an  Indian  and 
a  Negress  ;  Mulatto,  of  a  Whiteman  and  a 
Negress  ;  Terzeron,  of  a  Whiteman  and  a 
Mulatto  woman ;  Quadroon,  ofaTerzeron 
and  a  White. 

Mul'ciber,  Vulcan,  who  was  black- 
smith, architect,  and  god  of  fire. 

In  Ausonian  land 
Men  called  him  Mulciber ;  and  how  he  fell 
From  heaven,  they  fabled,  thrown  by  angry  Jove 
Sheer  o'er  the  crystal  battlements  ;  from  morn 
To  noon  he  fell,  from  ntwn  to  dewv  eve, 
A  summer's  day ;  and  with  the  setting  sun 
Dropt  from  the  zenith  like  a  falling  star, 
On  Lemnos,  the  iEgeau  ile. 

Milton,  J'aradUe  Lost,  739,  etc.  (1665). 

Muley  Bugentuf,  king  of  Morocco, 
a  blood-and-thunder  hero.  He  is  the 
chief  character  of  a  tragedy  of  the  same 
name,  by  Thomas  de  la  Fuenta. 

Iji  the  first  act,  the  king  of  Morocco,  by  way  of  re- 
creation, shot  a  hundred  Moorish  slaves  witli  arrows  •  in 
the  second,  he  beh&ided  thirty  Portuguese  officers, 
prisoners  of  war ;  and  in  the  third  and  hist  act,  Muley 
niad  with  his  wives,  set  fire  with  his  own  hand  to  a 
detached  palace,  in  whidj  they  were  shut  up,  and  reduced 


them  all  to  ashes.  .  .  .  This  conflagration,  accompanied 
with  a  thousand  shrieks,  closed  the  piece  in  a  very  divert- 
ing  manner.— Lesage,  Gil  /Has,  ii.  9  (1715). 

Mull  Sack.  John  Cottington,  in  the 
time  of  the  Commonwealth,  was  so  called, 
from  his  favourite  beverage.  John 
Cottington  emptied  the  pockets  of  Oliver 
Cromwell  when  lord  protector ;  stripped 
Charles  II.  of  £1600  ;  and  stole  a  Avatch 
and  chain  from  lady  Fairfax. 

♦^*  Mull  sack  is  spiced  sherry  negus. 

MuUa's  Bard,  Spenser,  author 
the  Faery  Queen.  The  Mulla,  a  tributaf 
of  the  Blackwater,  in  Ireland,  flowed  clc 
by  the  spot  where  the  poet's  house  stoc 
He  was  born  and  died  in  London  (155| 
1599). 

...  it  irks  n»c  while  I  write, 
As  erst  the  b.ird  of  Mulla's  silver  stream. 
Oft  as  he  told  of  deadly  dolorous  plight 
Sighed  as  he  sung,  and  did  in  tears  indite. 

Shenstone,  The  Schoolmittress  (1758). 

Mulla.  Thomas  Campbell,  in  his  poem 
on  the  Spanish  Parrot,  calls  the  island  of 
Mull  "Mulla's  Shore." 

Mullet  (Professor),  the  "most  re- 
markable man"  of  North  America.  He 
denounced  his  own  father  for  voting  on 
the  wrong  side  at  an  election  for  presi- 
dent, and  wrote  thunderbolts,  in  the  form 
of  pamphlets,  under  the  signature  of 
"  Suturb "  or  lirutus  reversed.- 
Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Mul'mutine  Laws,  the  code 
Dunvallo  Mulmutius,  sixteenth  king  of  the 
Britons  (about  B.C.  400).  This  code  was 
translated  by  Gildas  from  British  itito 
Latin,  and  by  Alfred  into  English.  The 
Mulmutine  laws  obtained  in  this  country 
till  the  Conquest.— HolinshSd,  History  of 
England,  etc.,  iii.  1  (1577). 

Mulmutius  made  our  laws. 
Who  was  the  first  of  Britain  which  did  put 
His  brows  witliiu  a  golden  crown,  and  call'd 
Himself  a  kkng. 

Shakespeare,  Cymbeline,  act  iii.  so.  1  (1606) 

Mulmutius  {Dunvcallo),  son  of 
Cloten  king  of  Cornwall.  "  He  excelled 
all  the  kings  of  Britain  in  valour  and 
gracefulness  of  person."  In  a  battle 
fought  against  the  allied  Welsh  and 
Scotch  armies,  Mulmutius  tried  the  very 
scheme  which  Yirgil  {^neid,  ii.)  says 
was  attempted  by  ^neas  and  his  com- 
panions—that is^  they  dressed  in  the 
clothes  and  bore  the  arms  of  the  enemy 
slain,  and  thus  disguised  committed  very 
great  slaughter.  Mulmutius,  in  his  dis- 
guise, killed  both  the  Cambrian  and 
Albanian  kings,  and  put  the  allied  araj' 
to  thorough  rout.— Geoffrey,  British  Hi&' 
tory^  ii.  17. 


MULTON. 


671 


MUSCAKOL. 


Mulmutius  this  land  in  such  estate  maintained 
As  Ills  grciit  belsire  Brute. 

Drayton,  PolyolMon,  viii.  (1612). 

Multon  {Sir  Thomas  de),  of  Gilsland. 
He  is  lord  de  Vaux,  a  crusader,  and 
master  of  the  horse  to  king  Richard 
I.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Mumblassen  {Master  Michael),  the 
old  herald,  a  dependent  of  sir  Hugh 
Robsart. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Mumbo  Jumbo,  an  African  bogie, 
hideous  and  malignant,  the  terror  of 
>vomen  and  children. 

Mumps  {Tib),  keeper  of  the 
"Mumps  Ha'  ale-hous',''  on  the  road  to 
Charlie's  Hope  farm. — Sir  \V.  Scott,  Guy 
Mannerimj  (time,  George  II.). 

Munchau'sen  {The  baron),  a  hero 
of  most  marvellous  adventures. — Rudolf 
Erich  Raspe  (a  German,  but  storekeeper 
of  the  Dolcoath  mines,  in  Cornwall,  1792). 

*i*  The  name  is  said  to  refer  to 
Hieronymus  Karl  Friedrich  von  MUnch- 
hausen,  a  German  officer  in  the  Russian 
army,  noted  for  his  marvellous  stories 
(1720-1797).  It  is  also  supposed  to  be  an 
implied  satire  on  the  travellers'  tales  of 
baron  de  Tott  in  his  Memoires  sur  les 
Turcs  et  Tartares  (1784),  and  those  of 
James  Bruce  "The  African  Traveller" 
in  his  Travels  to  Discover  the  Sources  of 
the  Nile  (1790). 

Munchausen  {The  baron).  The  French 
baron  Munchausen  is  represented  by  M. 
de  Crac,  the  hero  of  a  French  operetta. 

Mu'nera,  daughter  of  Pollente  the 
Saracen,  to  whom  he  gave  all  the  spoils 
he  could  lay  his  hands  on.  Munera  was 
beautiful  and  rich  exceedingly  ;  but  Talus, 
having  chopped  oif  her  golden  hands  and 
silver  feet,  tossed  her  into  the  moat. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  2  (1696). 

Mungo,  a  black  slave  of  don  Diego. 

Dear  heart,  what  a  terrible  life  am  I  led  ! 

A  dog  has  a  better  dat's  sheltered  and  fed  .  .  . 

Mungo  here,  Mungo  dere, 

Mungo  even-where  .  .  . 
Me  wish  to  de  Lord  me  was  dead. 

kl.  Bickerstatr,  The  Padlock  (1768). 

Murat  {The  Russian),  Michael  Milo- 
radowitch  (1770-1820). 

Murdstone  {Edward),  the  second 
husband  of  Mrs.  Copperfield.  His  cha- 
racter was  "firmness,"  that  is,  an  un- 
bending self-will,  which  rendered  the 
young  life  of  David  intolerably  wretched. 

Jane  Murdstone,  sister  of  Edward,  as 
hard  and  heartless  as  her  brother.    Jane 


Murdstone  became  the  companion  of  Dora 
Spenlow,  and  told  Mr.  Spenlow  of  David's 
love  for  Dora,  hoping  to  annoy  David. 
At  the  death  of  Mr.  Spenlow,  Jane  re- 
turned to  live  with  her  brother. — Dickens, 
David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Murray  or  Moray  ( ITie  bonnie  earl 
of),  James  Stuart,  the  "  Good  Regent," 
a  natural  son  of  James  V.  of  Scotland  by 
Margaret  daughter  of  John  lord  Erskine. 
He  joined  the  reform  party  in  1556,  and 
went  to  France  in  1661  to  invite  Mary 
queen  of  Scots  to  come  and  reside  in 
her  kingdom.  He  was  an  accomplice  in 
the  murder  of  Rizzio,  and  during  the 
queen's  imprisonment  was  appointed 
regent.  According  to  an  ancient  ballad, 
this  bonny  earl  "was  the  queen's  love," 
i.e.  queen  Anne  of  Denmark,  daughter  of 
Frederick  II.,  and  wife  of  James  I.  of  Eng- 
land. It  is  said  that  James,  being  jealous 
of  the  handsome  earl,  instigated  the  earl 
of  Huntly  to  murder  him  (1531-1670). 

Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Tlie 
Monastery  and  The  Abbot  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Murray  {John),  of  Broughton,  secre- 
tary to  Charles  Edward,  the  Young  Pre- 
tender. He  turned  king's  evidence,  and 
revealed  to  Government  all  the  circum- 
stances which  gave  rise  to  the  rebellion, 
and  the  persons  most  active  in  its  organi- 
zation. 

If  crimes  like  these  hereafter  are  forgiven, 
Judas  and  Murnty  both  may  go  to  heaven. 

Jacobite  Itelict,  U.  374. 

MUS8BUS,  the  poet  (b.c.  1410),  author 
of  the  elegant  tale  of  Leander  and  Hero. 
Virgil  places  him  in  the  Elysian  fields, 
attended  by  a  vast  multitude  of  ghosts, 
Musaeus  being  taller  by  a  head  than  any 
of  them  {^neid,  vi.  677). 

Swarm  ...  as  the  infernal  spirits 

On  sweet  Musjeus  when  he  came  to  hell. 

C.  Marlowe,  Dr.  Favstut  (1590). 

Muscadins  of  Paris,  Paris  exqui- 
sites, who  aped  the  London  cockneys  in  the 
first  French  Revolution.  Their  dress  was 
top-boots  with  thick  soles,  knee-breeches, 
a  dress-coat  with  long  tails  and  high  stiff 
collar,  and  a  thick  cudgel  called  a  con- 
stitution. It  was  thought  John  Bull-like 
to  assume  a  huskiness  of  voice,  a  dis- 
courtesy of  manners,  and  a  swaggering 
vulgarity  of  speech  and  behaviour. 

Cockneys  of  London  I  Muscadins  of  Paris  ! 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  viii.  124  (1824). 

Mus'carol,  king  of  flies,  and  father 
of  Clarion  the  most  beautiful  of  the  race. 
— Spenser,  Muiopotmos  or  The  Butterjiy's 
Fate  (1690). 


MUSE. 


672 


MUSIDORA. 


Muse  {T}ie  Tenth),  Marie  Lejars  de 
Gournay,  a  French  writer  (1586-1(345). 

Antoinette  Deshoulieres  ;  also  called 
"  The  French  Calliope."  Her  best  work 
is  an  allegory  called  Les  Moutons  (1633- 
16!t4). 

Mdlle.  Scude'ri  was  preposterously  so 
called  (1607-1701). 

Also  Delphine  Gay,  afterwards  Mde. 
Eniile  de  Girardin.  Her  nom  de  plume 
was  "  viconte  de  Launay."  Be'ranger 
sang  of  "  the  beauty  of  her  shoulders," 
and  Chateaubriand  of  "the  charms  of 
her  smile"  (1804-1855). 

Muse-Mother,  Mnemos'yne,  god- 
dess of  memory  and  mother  of  the  Muses. 

Memory, 
That  sweet  Muse-mother. 
E.  B.  Browning,  Prometheus  Bound  (1850). 

Muses  (Symbols  of  the). 

Cal'liope'  [Kdl'.lj/.d.py'],  the  epic 
Muse:  a  tablet  and  stylus,  sometimes  a 
scroll. 

Clio,  Muse  of  history :  a  scroll,  or 
open  chest  of  books. 

Eu'ato,  Muse  of  love  ditties  :  a  lyre. 

EuTER'rfi,  Muse  of  lyric  poetry:  a 
flute. 

Melpom'enS,  Muse  of  tragedy:  a 
tragic  mask,  the  club  of  Hercules,  or  a 
sword.  She  wears  the  cothurnus,  and 
her  head  is  wreathed  with  vine  leaves. 

Pol'yhym'.xia,  Muse  of  sacred  poetry : 
sits  pensive,  but  has  no  attribute,  because 
deity  is  not  to  be  represented  by  any 
visible  symbol. 

TEursic'HOufi  [Terp.sick'.o.ry'],  Muse 
of  choral  song  and  dance :  a  lyre  and  the 
plectrum. 

Thali'a,  Muse  of  comedy  and  idvllic 
poetry  :  a  comic  mask,  a  shepherd's  staff, 
or  a  wreath  of  ivy. 

Uran'ia,  Muse  of  astronomy :  carries 
a  staff  pointing  to  a  globe. 

Museum  (A  Walking),  Longlnus, 
author  of  a  work  on  The  Sublime  (213- 
^7o). 

Musgrave  {Sir  Richard),  the  English 
champion  who  fought  with  sir  William 
J)eloraine  the  Scotch  champion,  to  de- 
cide by  combat  whether  young  Scott,  the 
heir  of  Branksome  Hall,  sh.nild  become 
the  page  of  king  Edward  or  be  delivered 
up  to  his  mother.  In  the  combat,  sir 
hicliard  was  slain,  and  the  boy  was 
dthvered  over  to  his  mother.— Sir  W 
Scott,  Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel  (1805). 

Musgrave  (Sir  Miles),  an  officer  in  the 
kings  servuce  under  the  earl  of  lilont- 


rose. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose 
(time,  Charles  I.). 

Music.  Amphion  is  said  to  havo 
built  the  walls  of  Thebes  by  the  music 
of  his  lyre.  Rium  and  the  capital  of 
Arthur's  kingdom  were  also  built  to 
divine  music.  The  city  of  Jericho  was 
destroyed  by  music  (Joshua  vi.  20). 

They  were  building  still,  seeing  the  city  was  built 
To  music. 

Tennyson. 

Music  and  Men  of  Genius.  Hume,  Dr. 
Johnson,  sir  W.  Scott,  Robert  Peel,  and 
lord  Byron  had  no  ear  for  music,  and 
neither  vocal  nor  instrumental  music 
gave  them  the  slightest  pleasure.  To  tho 
poet  Rogers  it  gave  actual  discomfort. 
Even  the  harmonious  Pope  preferred  the 
harsh  dissonance  of  a  street  organ  to 
Handel's  oratorios. 

Music  (Father  of),  Giovanni  Battista 
Pietro  Aloisio  da  Palestri'na  (1529-1594). 

Music  (Father  of  Greek),  Terpander  Cfl. 
B.C.  676). 

Music  and  Madness.  Persons 
bitten  by  the  tarantula  are  said  to  be 
cured  bv  music. — See  Burton,  Anatomy 
of  Melancholy,  a.  2  (1624). 

Music's  First  Martyr.  MenaphoB 
says  that  when  he  was  in  Thessaly  he  sa>i[ 
a  youth  challenge  the  birds  in  music 
and  a  nightingale  took  up  the  challenge^ 
For  a  time  the  contest  was  uncertain; 
but  then  the  youth, "  in  a  rapture,"  playi 
so  cunningly,  that  the  bird,  despairing^ 
"  down  dropped  upon  his  lute,  and  brake 
her  heart." 

***  This  beautiful  tale  by  Strada  (it 
Latin)  has  been  translated  in  rhyme 
by  R.  Crashaw.  Versions  have  beei 
given  by  Ambrose  Philips,  and  othersj 
but  none  can  compare  with  the  exquisit 
relation  of  John  Ford,  in  his  drama 
entitled  I'he  Lover's  Melancholy  (1628). 

Music  hath  Charms  to  soothe 
the  stubborn  breast. — Congreve,  The 
Mourning  Bride,  i.  1  (1697). 

If  Music  be  the  Food  of  Lovk,  play  on ; 
Give  nie  excess  of  it. 
Shakespeare,  Twelfth  Night,  act  1.  sc.  1  (1614). 

Musical  Small-Coal  Man,  Thos. 
Britton,  who  used  to  sell  small  coals, 
and  keep  a  musical  club  (1654-1714). 

Musicians     (Prince     of),    Giovanni. 
Battista    Pietro    Aloisio    da  Palestri'r 
(1529-1594). 

Musidora,  the  dame  du  ca;ur  of 
Damon.  Damon  thought  her  coyness 
was  scorn ;   but  one  day  he  caught  her 


MUSIDORUS. 


673 


MY  LITTLE  ALL. 


bathing,  and  his  delicacy  on  the  occasion 
BO  enchanted  her  that  she  at  once  ac- 
cepted his  proffered  love. — Thomson, 
Seasons  ("Summer,"  1727). 

Musido'rus,  a  hero  whose  exploits 
are  told  by  sir  Philip  Sidnej'^,  in  his 
Arcadia  (1581). 

Musketeer,  a  soldier  armed  with  a 
musket,  but  specially  applied  to  a  com- 
pany of  gentlemen  who  were  a  mounted 
guard  in  the  service  of  the  king  of 
France  from  1661. 

They  formed  two  companies,  the  grey 
and  the  black ;  so  called  from  the  colour 
of  their  hair.  Both  were  clad  in  scarlet, 
and  hence  their  quarters  were  called  the 
Maison  rowje.  In  peace  they  followed 
the  king  in  the  chase  to  protect  him  ;  in 
war  they  fought  either  on  foot  or  horse- 
back. They  were  suppressed  in  1791  ; 
restored  in  1814,  but  only  for  a  few 
months ;  and  after  the  restoration  of 
Louis  XVIII.,  we  hear  no  more  of  them. 
Many  Scotch  gentlemen  enrolled  them- 
selves among  these  dandy  soldiers,  who 
went  to  war  with  curled  hair,  white 
gloves,  and  perfumed  like  milliners. 

*^*  A.  Dumas  has  a  novel  called  The 
Three  Musketeers  (1844),  the  first  of  a 
series  ;  the  second  is  Twenttj  Years  After- 
wards; and  the  third,  Viconte  de  Bragc- 
lonne. 

Muslin,  the   talkative,    impertinent, 

intriguing   suivantc  of    Mrs.    Lovemore. 

Mistress  Muslin  is  sweet  upon  William 

1     the  footman  ;  and  loves  cards. — A.  Mur- 

;     phj'^.  The  Way  to  Keep  Him  (1760). 

.  Mussel,  a  fountain  near  the  waterless 
I  sea,  which  purges  from  transgression. 
!;  So  called  because  it  is  contained  in  a 
\     hollow  stone  like  a  mussel-shell.     It  is 

mentioned  by  Prester  John,  in  his  letter 
';  to  Manuel  Comnenus  emperor  of  Con- 
j  stantinople.  Those  who  test  it  enter  the 
I  water,  and,  if  they  are  true  men,  it  rises 
I    till  it  covers  their  heads  three  times. 

Mus'tafa,  a  poor  tailor  of  China, 
father  of  Aladdin,  killed  by  illness 
;  brought  on  by  the  idle  vagabondism  of 
j  his  son. — Arabian  Nights  ("Aladdin  and 
the  "Wonderful  Lamp  "). 

Mutton,  a  courtezan,  sometimes 
called  a  "laced  mutton."  "Mutton 
Lane,"  in  Clerkenwell,  was  so  called 
because  it  was  a  suburra  or  quarter  for 
harlots.  The  courtezan  was  called  a 
"Mutton"  even  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
III.,  for  Bracton  speaks  of  them  as  oves. 
—De  Legibus,  etc.,  ii,  (1569). 
29 


3futton  ( Who  Stole  the)  i  This  was  a 
common  street  jeer  flung  on  policemen 
when  the  force  was  first  organized,  and  rose 
thus  :  The  first  case  the  force  had  to  deal 
with  was  the  thief  of  a  leg  of  mutton ; 
but  they  wholly  failed  to  detect  the  thief, 
and  the  laugh  turned  against  them. 

Mutton  -  Eating  King  (The)^ 
Charles  II.  of  England  (16o0,  1659- 
1685). 

Here  lies  osr  mutton-eating  king. 
Whose  word  no  man  relies  on  ; 

He  never  said  a  foolish  thing. 
And  never  did  a  wise  on'. 

Earl  of  Rochester. 

Mutual  Triend  (Our),  a  novel  by 
Charles  Dickens  (1864).  The  "mutual 
friend"  is  Mr.  Boffin  "the  golden  dust- 
man," who  was  the  mutual  friend  of 
John  Harmon  and  of  Bella  Wilfer.  The 
tale  is  this  :  John  Harmon  was  supposed 
to  have  been  murdered  by  Julius  Hand- 
ford  ;  but  it  was  Ratford,  who  was 
murdered  b}"^  Rogue  Riderhood,  and  the 
mistake  arose  from  a  resemblance  be- 
tween the  two  persons.  By  his  father's 
will,  John  Harmon  was  to  marry  Bella 
Wilfer ;  but  John  Harmon  knew  not  the 
person  destined  by  his  father  for  his 
wife,  and  made  up  his  mind  to  dislike 
her.  After  his  supposed  murder,  he 
assumed  the  name  of  John  Rokesmith, 
and  became  the  secretary  of  Mr.  Boffin 
"  the  golden  dustman,"  residuary  legatee 
of  old  John  Harmon,  by  which  he  became 
possessor  of  £100,000.  Boffin  knew 
Rokesmith,  but  concealed  his  knowledge 
for  a  time.  At  Bofiin's  house,  John  Har- 
mon (as  Rokesmith)  met  Bella  Wilfer, 
and  fell  in  love  with  her.  Mr.  Boftin,  in 
order  to  test  Bella's  love,  pretended  to 
be  angr}'^  with  Rokesmith  for  presuming 
to  love  i3ella  ;  and  as  Bella  married  him, 
he  cast  them  both  off  "  f or  a  time,"  to 
live  on  John's  earnings.  A  babe  was 
born,  and  then  the  husband  took  the 
young  mother  to  a  beautiful  house,  and 
told  her  he  was  John  Harmon,  that  the 
house  was  their  house,  that  he  was 
the  possessor  of  £100,000  through  the 
disinterested  conduct  of  their  "  mutual 
friend"  Mr.  Boffin;  and  the  young  couple 
live  ha[)pily  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bofiin,  in 
wealth  and  luxury. 

My-Book  (Dr.).  Dr.  John  Aber- 
ne'thy  (1765-1830)  was  so  called,  because 
he  used  to  say  to  his  patients,  "  Read  my 
book"  (On  Surgical  Observations). 

My  Little  All. 

I  was  twice  burnt  out,  and  lost  my  little  all  both  times. 
—Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1  (17?9}. 

2  X 


MYREBEAU. 


674 


XADGETT. 


Mjrrebeau  {Le  sieure  de),  one  of  the 
committee  of  the  states  of  Burgundy. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Mjn:*©,  a  statuary  of  Eleu'thSras,  who 
carved  a  cow  so  true  to  nature  that  even 
bulls  mistook  it  for  a  living  animal.  (See 
Horse  Painted.) 

Z'en  Myro's  statues,  which  for  art  surpass 
All  others,  once  were  but  a  shapeless  mass. 

Ovid,  Art  of  Love,  iiL 

Myrob'alan  Comfits  (Greek,  muron 
lalanon,  "myrrh  fruit"),  dried  fruits  of 
various  kinds,  sometimes  used  as  pur- 
gatives. The  citrins  resemble  the  French 
"  prunes  de  Mirabelle  ; "  the  belerins  have 
a  noyau  flavour ;  the  indls  are  acidulated. 
There  are  several  other  varieties. 

She  is  sweeter  to  me  than  the  myrabolan  [sic]  comfit. 
W.  Beckford,  Vathek  (1786). 

Myrra,  an  Ionian  slave,  and  the  be- 
loved concubine  of  Sardanapa'lus  the 
Assyrian  king.  She  roused  him  from  his 
indolence  to  resist  Arba'ces  the  Mede, 
who  aspired  to  his  throne,  and  when  she 
found  his  cause  hopeless,  induced  him  to 
mount  a  funeral  pile,  which  she  fired  with 
her  OAvn  hand,  and  then  springing  into 
the  flames  she  perished  with  the  tyrant. — 
Byron,  Sardanapalus  (1819). 

At  once  brave  and  tender,  enamoured  of  her  lord,  yet 
yearning  to  be  free;  worshipping  at  once  her  distant 
land  and  the  soft  barbarian.  .  .  .  The  heroism  of  this 
fjiir  Ionian  is  never  above  nature,  yet  always  on  the 
higiiest  verge.  The  proud  melancholy  that  mingles  with 
her  chaiiuter,  recalling  her  fatherland  ;  her  warm  and 
generous  love,  without  one  tinge  of  self ;  her  passionate 
desire  to  elevate  the  nature  of  Sardanapa  Ins,— are  the 
result  of  the  purest  sentiment  and  the  noblest  art.— Ed- 
ward Lytton  Bulwer  (lord  Lytton). 

Mysie,  the  female  attendant  of  lady 
Margaret  Bellenden  of  the  Tower  of  Til- 
lietudlem.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Mysie,  the  old  housekeeper  at  "Wolf's 
Crag  Tower.  — Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride  of 
Lammermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

Mysis,  the  scolding  wife  of  Sile'no, 
and  mother  of  Daph'ne  and  Nysa.  It  is 
to  Mysis  that  Apollo  sings  that  popular 
song,  "Pray,  Goody,  please  to  moderate 
the  rancour  of  your  tongue"  (act  i.  3). 
'  -Kane  O'Hara,  Midas  (1764). 

Mysterious  Husband  {The),  a 
tragedy  by  Cumberland  (1783).  Lord 
Davenant  was  a  bigamist.  His  first  wife 
was  Marianne  Dormer,  whom  he  forsook 
m  three  months  to  marry  Louisa  Travers. 
Marianne,  supposing  her  husband  to  be 
dead,  married  lord  Davenant's  son  ;  and 
Miss  Dormer's  brother  was  the  betrothed  of 
the  second  lady  Davenant  before  her  mar- 


riage with  his  lordship,  but  was  told  that 
he  had  proved  faithless  and  had  married 
another.  The  report  of  lord  Davenant'g 
death  and  the  marriage  of  captain  Dormer 
were  both  false.  When  the  villainy  of 
lord  Davenant  could  be  concealed  no 
longer,  he  destroyed  himself. 


W. 


K"ab,  the  fairy  that  addressed  Orpheus 
in  the  infernal  regions,  and  oiFered  hira 
for  food  a  roasted  ant,  a  flea's  thigh, 
butterflies'  brains,  some  sucking  mites,  a 
rainbow  tart,  etc.,  to  be  washed  down  with 
dew-drops  and  beer  made  from  seven 
barleycorns — a  very  heady  liquor. — King, 
Orpheus  and  Eurydice  (1730-1805). 

Nab-man  {The),  a  sheriff's  officer. 

Old  Dornton  has  sent  the  uab-man  after  him  at  last 
—Guy  Mannering,  ii.  3. 

*^*  This  is  the  dramatized  version  of 
sir  W.  Scott's  novel,  by  Terry  (1816). 

Nacien,  the  holy  hermit  who  intr 
duced  Galahad  to  the  "  Siege  Peri lou 
the  only  vacant  seat  in  the  Kound  Tabl| 
This  seat  was  reserved  for  the  knight  wj 
was  destined  to  achieve  the  quest  of 
holy  graal.  Nacien  told  the  king 
his  knights  that  no  one  but  a  virg 
knight  could  achieve  that  quest. — Sir ' 
Malory,  History  of  Trince  Arthur, 
(1470). 


a  to  j 

ense  i 
lord 

ated  i 


!N"adab,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Ak 
lorn  and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for  lord 
Howard,  a  profligate,  who  laid  claim  to 
great  piety.  As  Nadab  offered  incense 
with  strange  fire  and  was  slain,  so 
Howard,  it  is  said,  mixed  the  consecrat^ 
wafer  with  some  roast  apples  and  su  ~ 
— Pt.  i.  (1681). 

Wa'dalet,    a    peculiar  peal   rung 
Christmas-time  by  the  church  bells  of 
Languedoc. 

Christmas  is  come  ...  a  coming  which  is  announced  on 
all  sides  of  us  ...  by  our  charming  nadalet. — Comhill 
Magazine  (Eug6nie  de  Gu^rin,  1863). 

Nadgett,  a  man  employed  by  Mon- 
tague Tigg  (manager  of  the  "  Anglo- 
Bengalee  Company ")  to  make  private 
inquiries.  He  was  a  dried-up,  shrivelled 
old  man.  Where  he  lived  and  how  he 
lived,  nobody  knew  ;  but  he  was  always 


Hi 


NAG'S  HEAD  CONSECRATION.     675 


NAMES  OF  TERROR. 


to  be  seen  waiting  for  some  one  who  never 
appeared ;  and  he  would  glide  along  ap- 
parently taking  no  notice  of  any  one. — 
C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Nag's    Head    Consecration,   a 

scandal  perpetuated  by  Pennant  on  the 
dogma  of  "apostolic  succession."  The 
"  high-church  clergy  "  assert  that  the 
ceremony  called  holy  orders  has  been 
transmitted  without  interruption  from 
the  apostles.  Thus,  the  apostles  laid 
hands  on  certain  persons,  who  (say  they) 
became  ministers  of  the  gospel ;  these 
persons  "ordained"  others  in  the  same 
manner ;  and  the  succession  has  never 
been  broken.  Pennant  says,  at  the  Re- 
formation the  bishops  came  to  a  fix. 
There  was  only  one  bishop,  viz.,  Anthony 
Kitclien  of  Llandaff,  an,d  Bonner  would 
not  allow  him  to  perform  the  ceremony. 
In  this  predicament,  the  fourteen  candi- 
dates for  episcopal  ordination  rummaged 
up  Story,  a  deposed  bishop,  and  got  him 
to  "  lay  hands  "  on  Parker,  as  archbishop 
of  Canterbury.  As  it  would  have  been 
profanation  for  Story  to  do  this  in  a 
cathedral  or  church,  the  ceremony  was 
performed  in  a  tavern  called  the  Nag's 
Head,  corner  of  Friday  Street,  Cheapside. 
Strype  refutes  this  scandalous  tale  in  his 
Life  of  Archbishop  Farher,  and  so  does 
Dr.  Hook  ;  but  it  will  never  be  stamped 
out. 

Na^gleton  (Mr.  and  Mrs.),  types  of 
a  nagging  husband  and  wife.  They  are 
for  ever  jangling  at  trifles  and  wilful 
misunderstandings. — Punch  (1864-5). 

Naked  Bear  ( The) .  Hush  I  the  naked 
hear  will  hear  you  I  a  threat  and  reproof  to 
unruly  children  in  North  America.  The 
naked  bear,  saj^s  the  legend,  wiis  larger 
and  more  ferocious  than  any  of  the  species. 
It  was  quite  naked,  save  and  except  one 
spot  on  its  back,  where  was  a  tuft  of 
white  hair. — Heckewelder,  Transactions 
cfthe  American  Phil.  Soc,  iv.  260. 

Thus  the  wrinkled  old  Nokomia 

Nursed  the  little  Hiawatha, 

Rocked  him  in  his  linden  cradle, 

Stilled  his  fretful  w.iil  by  saying, 

"  Hush  1  the  naked  bear  will  get  thee  1 " 

Longfellow,  Viawalha,  iil.  (1855). 

***  Even  to  the  present  hour  the  threat, 
"  I'll  see  3'our  naked  nose ! "  is  used 
occasionally  in  England  to  quiet  fretful 
and  unruly  children.  I  have  myself 
heard  it  scores  of  times. 

Nakir',  Nekir,  or  Nakeer.    (See 

MONKEK   AND   NaKIU.) 

Nala«  a    legendary  king    of    India, 


noted  for  his  love  of  Damayanti,  and  his 
subsequent  misfortunes.  This  legendary 
king  has  been  the  subject  of  numerous 
poems. 

*^*  Dean  Milman  has  translated  into 
English  the  episode  from  Wxq  Mahabharata, 
and  W.  Yates  has  translated  the  Nalodaija 
of  the  great  Sanskrit  poem. 

Nama,  a  daughter  of  man,  beloved 
by  the  angel  Zaraph.  Her  wish  was  to 
love  intensely  and  to  love  holily,  but  as 
she  fixed  her  love  on  a  seraph,  and  not 
on  God,  she  was  doomed  to  abide  on 
earth,  "unchanged  in  heart  and  frame," 
so  long  as  the  earth  endureth  ;  but  at  the 
great  consummation  both  Nama  and  her 
seraph  will  be  received  into  those  courts 
of  love,  where  "love  never  dieth."  — 
Moore,  Loves  of  the  Angels,  ii.  (1822). 

Namancos,  Numantia,  a  town  of 
Old  Castile,  in  Spain.  Milton  says  the 
"guarded  mount  looks  towards  Naman- 
cos," that  is,  the  fortified  mount  called 
St.  Michael,  at  the  Land's  End,  faces  Old 
Castile.— Milton,  Lycidas,  161  (1638). 

Namby  {Major),  a  retired  officer, 
living  in  the  suburbs  of  London.  He 
had  been  twice  married  ;  his  first  wife 
had  four  children,  and  his  second  Avife 
three.  Major  Namby,  though  he  lived 
in  a  row,  always  transacted  his  domestic 
affairs  by  bawling  out  his  orders  from 
the  front  garden,  to  the  annoyance  of  his 
neighbours.  He  used  to  stalk  half-way 
down  the  garden  path,  with  his  head  high 
in  the  air,  his  chest  stuck  out,  and  flour- 
ishing his  military  cane.  Suddenly  he 
would  stop,  stamp  with  one  foot,  knock 
up  the  hinder  brim  of  his  hat,  begin  to 
scratch  the  nape  of  his  neck,  wait  a 
moment,  then  wheel  round,  look  at  the 
first-floor  window,  and  roar  out,  "  Ma- 
tilda !  "  (the  name  of  his  wife)  "  don't  do 
so-and-so  ;"  or  "  Matilda!  do  so-and-so." 
Then  would  he  bellow  to  the  servants  to 
buy  this,  or  not  to  let  the  children  eat 
that,  and  so  on. — Wllkie  Collins,  Pray 
Employ  Major  Namby  (a  sketch). 

Name.  To  tell  one's  name  to  an  enemy 
about  to  challenge  you  to  combat  was 
deemed  by  the  ancient  Scotch  heroes  a 
mark  of  cowardice  ;  because,  if  the  pre- 
decessors of  the  combatants  had  shown 
hospitality,  no  combat  could  ensue.  Hence 
"to  tell  one's  name  to  an  enemy"  was  an 
ignominious  synonym  of  craven  or  coAvard. 

"  I  have  been  renowned  in  battle,"  faid  Cless'annnor, 
"but  I  never  told  my  name  to  a  foe." — Ossian,  Carthon. 

Names  of  Terror.    The  following, 


NAMf:S  OF  TERROR. 


67( 


NANCY  OF  THE  VALE. 


amongst  others,  have  been  employed  as 
bogie-names  to  frighten  children  with  : — 

Attila  was  a  bogie-name  to  the  latter 
Romans. 

Bo  or  Boh,  son  of  Odin,  was  a  fierce 
Gothic  captain.  His  name  was  used  by 
his  soldiers  when  they  would  fight  or 
surprise  the  enemy. — Sir  William  Temple. 

***  Warton  tells  us  that  the  Dutch 
scared  their  children  with  the  name  of 
Boh. 

BoxAPARTE,  at  the  close  of  the 
eighteenth  and  beginning  of  the  nine- 
teenth centuries,  was  a  name  of  terror  in 
Europe. 

Corvi'nus  (Mathias),  the  Hungarian, 
was  a  scare-name  to  the  Turks. 

LiLis  or  LiLn  H  was  a  bogie-name  used 
by  the  ancient  Jews  to  unruly  children. 
The  rabbinical  writers  tell  us  that  Lilith 
was  Adam's  wife  before  the  creation  of 
Eve.  She  refused  to  submit  to  him,  and- 
became  a  horrible  night-spectre,  especi- 
ally hostile  to  young  children. 

LuNSFORD,  a  name  employed  to  frighten 
children  in  England.  Sir  Thomas  Luns- 
ford,  governor  of  the  Tower,  was  a  man 
of  most  vindictive  temper,  and  the  dread 
of  every  one. 

Made  children  with  your  tones  to  run  for't, 
As  bad  as  Bloody-bones  or  Lunsford. 

S.  Buder,  Uudibras,  ui.  2,  line  1112  (1678). 

Narses  (2  syl.)  was  the  name  used  by 
Assyrian  mothers  to  scare  their  children 
with. 

The  name  of  Narses  Mas  the  formidable  sound  with 
which  the  Assyrian  mothers  were  accustomed  to  terrify 
their  infants.— Gibbon,  Decline  and,  Fall  of  the  Roman 
Mmpire,  viii.  219  (1776-88). 

Rawkead  and  Bloody-bones  were 
at  one  time  bogie-names  to  children. 

Servants  awe  children  and  keep  them  in  subjection  by 
telling  them  of  Kawhead  and  Bloody-bones.— Locke. 

Richard  I.,  "  Coeur  de  Lion."  This 
name,  says  Camden  {Remains),  was  em- 
fjloyed  by  the  Saracens  as  a  "name  of 
dread  and  terror." 

His  tremendous  name  was  employed  by  the  Syrian 
mothers  to  silence  their  infants ;  and  if  a  horse  suddenly 
Btarteil  from  the  way,  his  rider  was  wont  to  exclaim, 

Dost  thou  think  king  Richard  is  in  the  busli  ?  "—Gibbon, 
Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  xi.  146  (1776-88). 

Sebastian  ( Dom),  a  name  of  terror 
once  used  by  the  Moors. 

Nor  shall  Sebastian's  formidable  name 
Be  longer  used  to  still  the  crying  babe. 

Cryden,  Don  Sebastian  (1690). 

Talbot  (John),  a  name  used  in  France 
in  tcrrorcm  to  unruly  children. 

They  in  France  to  feare  their  young  children crye,  "The 
lalliot  commethr— Hall,  CAronirfc«  (ISiU 

Here  (said  they)  is  the  terror  of  the  French, 
The  scarecrow  that  affrights  our  children  so 
Shakespeare,  1  Jfenrj/  VI.  act  i.  so.  4  (1589). 


Is  this  the  Talbot  so  much  feared  abroad. 
That  with  his  name  the  mothers  still  their  babes? 
Shakespeare,  1  Henry  VI.  act  iv.  sc.  5  (is>i<9). 

Tamerlane,  a  name  used  by  the  Per- 
sians in  terrorem. 

Tarquin,  a  name  of  terror  in  Roman 
nurseries. 

The  nurse,  to  still  her  child,  will  tell  my  story. 
And  fright  her  crying  babe  with  Tarquin's  name. 

Shakespeare,  Rape  of  Lucrece  (1394). 

(See  also  Naked  Bear.) 

Namo,  duke  of  Bavaria,  and  one  of 
Charlemagne's  twelve  paladins. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1616). 

ISTaniou'na,  an  enchantress.  Though 
first  of  created  beings,  she  is  still  as 
young  and  beautiful  as  ever. — Persian 
Mythology. 

Namous,  the  envoy  of  Mahomet  in 
paradise. 

Nancy,  servant  to  Mrs.  Pattypan.  A 
pretty  little  flirt,  who  coquets  with  Tim 
Tartlet  and  young  Whimsey,  and  helps 
Charlotte  Whimsey  in  her  "love  aiFairs.", 
—James  Cobb,  The  First  Floor  (1756- 
1818). 

Nancy,    a   poor   misguided  girl,   who 
really  loved  the  villain  Bill  Sikes  (1  syl.) 
In   spite   of  her   surroundings,   she   had 
still   some   good  feelings,    and   tried   to 
prevent  a  burglary  planned  by  Fagin  an^ 
his  associates.      Bill   Sikes,  in  a  fit  o: 
passion,  struck  her  twice  upon  the  fac 
with  the  butt-end  of  a  pistol,  and  she  fell 
dead    at    his    feet. — C.   Dickens,    Olive," 
Twist  (1837). 

Nancy,  the  sailor's  fancy.      At  half-] 
past  four  he  parted  from  her ;  at  eighi 
next  morn  he  bade  her  adieu.     Next  da 
a  storm  arose,  and  when  it  lulled  th 
enemy  appeared  ;  but  when  the  fight  w; 
hottest,  the  jolly  tar  "put  up  a  praye: 
for  Nanc5%" — Dibdin,  Sea  Songs  ("'Twi 
post  meridian  half-past  four,"  1790). 

Nancy  (3fiss),  Mrs.  Anna  Oldfield 
celebrated  actress,  buried  in  Westminster 
Abbey..  She  died  in  1730,  and  lay  in 
state,  attended  by  two  noblemen.  Mrs. 
Oldfield  was  buried  in  a  "  very  fine 
Brussels  lace  head-dress,  a  new  pair  of 
kid  gloves,  and  a  robe  with  lace  ruffles 
and  a  lace  collar."     (See  Narcissa.) 

!N"ancy  Da^wson,  a  famous  actress, 
who  took  London  by  storm.  Her  father 
was  a  poster  in  Clare  Market  (1728-1767) 

Her  easy  mien,  her  shape  so  neat. 
She  foots,  she  trips,  she  looks  so  sweet ; 
I  die  for  Nancy  Dawson. 

Nancy   of  the  Vale,   a  village 


I 


NANNIE. 


C77    NAPOLEON  AND  TALLEYRAND. 


maiden,  who  preferred  Strephon  to  the 
gay  lordlings  who  sought  her  hand  in 
marriage. — ^Shenstone,  A  Ballad  (1654). 

Wannie,  INIiss  Fleming,  daughter  of 
a  fanner  in  the  parish  of  Tarbolton,  in 
Ayrshire.     Immortalized  by  R.  Burns. 

Nan'tolet,  father  of  Rosalura  and 
Lillia-Bianca. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
IVie  Wild-goose  Chase  (ICS'i). 

Napoleon  I.,  called  by  the  Germans 
**  kaiser  Klas"  (q.v.). 

"M"  is  curiously  coupled  with  the 
history  of  Napoleon  I.  and  III.  (See 
M.,  p.  583.) 

The  following  is  a  curious  play  on  the 
word  Napoleon : — 

NapoIeAii   apoledn  pole/^n      oledn        leOn  eOn 

XupoUon  ApoUyon  citlet  dettroj/ing  a-lion  going-about 
6u. 
being.    That  b : 
K«poleon-Apolly-on  [being]  is  a  lion  going  about  destroy- 
ing ciUea. 

Chauvinism,  Napoleon  idolatry.  Chau- 
vin  is  a  blind  idolator  of  Napoleon  I.,  in 
Scribe's  drama  entitled  Soldat  Laboureur. 

The  picture  of  Napoleon  galloping  up 
the  Alps  on  a  rampant  war-charger,  is  by 
David.  The  war-horse  is  a  poetical 
representation  of  a  patient  mule  trudging 
wearily  up  the  steep  ascent.  The  cocked 
hat  and  cut-away  coat,  which  the  emperor 
wore  on  gala  days,  are  poetical  repre- 
sentations of  the  fur  cap  pulled  over  his 
ears,  and  the  thick  great  coat,  "  close- 
buttoned  to  the  chin,"  during  his  passage 
over  the  mountains. 

Napoleon  III.    His  Nicknames. 

Abrnknbero  {Comte  dC).  So  he  called  himself  after 
Ills  escape  from  the  fortress  of  Hant. 

Badinciukt.  the  nauie  of  the  man  he  shot  in  his 
BouloKtie  escapade. 

BotsTKAPA,  a  compound  of  BoiiOogne).  Strafsbourg], 
an<l  Pa(ris],  the  places  of  his  noted  escapades. 

GuusBEC  So  called  from  the  rather  unusual  size  of 
his  nose. 

Man  of  December.  So  called  because  December  was 
ilia  month  of  glory.  Thus,  he  was  elected  president 
December  U,  1848;  made  his  coup  d'itat  December  2, 
ISAl :  and  was  created  emperor  December  2,  185:2. 

Man  of  Skdan.  So  called  because  at  Sedan  he  sur- 
rendered his  sword  to  the  liing  of  Prussia  (September, 
1870). 

Uatipole,  same  as  the  West  of  England  Rantipolk, 
a  harum-scarum,  half  idiot,  lialf  msulcap.  I  myself  in 
18S6  saw  a  man  forbidden  to  remain  a  single  nigltt  in 
Paris,  because  lie  addressed  his  dog  as  "  Ratiiwle."  We 
were  dining  at  U>e  sjuue  talde. 

Thk  LirrLR.  Victor  Hu^o  (rave  hhn  this  title;  but 
the  hatred  of  Hugo  to  Napoleon  wiis  a  monomania. 

Vkkhukl,  the  name  uf  his  supposed  father. 

Number  2.  The  second  of  the  month 
was  Louis  Napoleon's  day.  It  was  also 
one  of  the  days  of  his  uncle,  the  other 
being  the  fiftee'nth. 

The  coup  d'etat  was  December  2  ;  he 
was   made  emperor  December  2,  1852 ; 


the  Franco-Prussian  war  opened  at  Saar- 
briick,  August  2,  1870 ;  he  surrendered 
his  sword  to  William  of  Prussia,  Septem- 
ber 2,  1870. 

Napoleon  I.  was  crowned  December  2, 
1804  ;  and  the  victory  of  Austerlitz  was 
December  2,  1805. 

Numerical  Curiosities.  1.  1809,  the 
last  year  of  Napoleon's  glory;  the  next 
year  was  that  of  his  downfall.  As  a 
matter  of  curiosity,  it  may  be  observed  that 
if  the  day  of  his  birth,  or  the  day  of  the 
empress's  birth,  or  the  date  of  the  capi- 
tulation of  Paris,  be  added  to  that  of  the 
coronation  of  Napoleon  III.,  the  result 
always  points  to  1869.  Thus,  he  was 
crowned  1852  ;  he  was  bora  1808  ;  the 
empress  Euge'nie  was  born  1826 ;  the 
capitulation  of  Paris  was  1871.   Whence; 

1853  1353     coronation. 


1853 
1) 

8  »    birth  of 
0  f  Napoleon. 


i} 


birth  of        8  1  capitulation 
iiug^nie.        7  r    of  Paris. 


2.  1870,  the  year  of  his  downfall.  By 
adding  the  numerical  values  of  the  birth- 
date  either  of  Napoleon  or  Euge'nie  to  the 
date  of  the  marriage,  we  get  their  fatal 
year  of  1870.  Thus,  Napoleon  was  born 
1808;  Eugenie,  1826;  married,  1853. 

1853  1853     year  of  nuuriage. 

8  I    birth  of  8  I  birth  of 

0  (Mapoleoii.  8  (  Eug6uie. 

8J  6) 


3.  Empereur.  The  votes  for  the  presi- 
dent to  be  emperor  were  7,119,791  ;  those 
against  him  were  1,119,000.  If,  now, 
the  numbers  7il979r/ni9  be  written  on  a 
piece  of  paper,  and  held  up  to  the  light, 
the  reverse  side  will  show  the  word 
empereur.  (The  dash  is  the  dividing 
mark,  and  forms  the  long  stroke  of  the 
"p.") 

Napoleon  and  Talleyrand.  Na- 
poleon I.  one  day  entered  a  roadside  inn, 
and  called  for  breakfast.  There  was 
nothing  in  the  house  but  eggs  and  cider 
(which  Napoleon  detested).  "  What 
shall  we  do  ? "  said  the  emperor  to 
Talleyrand.  In  answer  to  this,  the 
grand  chambellan  improvised  the  rhymes 
following : — 

Le  bon  rol  Dagobert 
Aiiuait  le  l>oii  vin  au  dessert. 

Le  grand  St.  Eloi 

Lui  dit,  "O  mon  rol. 

Le  droit  rduni 

L'a  Wen  renchdrL" 
"Sh  blent"  lui  dit  le  rol  .  .  . 

But  he  could  get  no  fiirther.    \Vhereupo« 


NAPOLEON  OF  THE  DRAMA.      678 


NATIONAL  CONVENTION. 


Napoleon  himself  instantly  capped  the 
line  thus : 

"  Je  boirai  du  cidre  avec  toi." 

Chapus,  Dieppe,  etc.  (1853). 
Onr  royal  master  Dagobert 
Good  wine  loved  at  hU  dessert. 

But  St.  Eloi 

Once  said,  "  Moii  roi. 

We  iiere  prepare 

No  dainty  fiare." 
"  Well,"  cried  tiie  king,  "  so  let  it  be. 
Cider  to-day  we'll  drink  witii  thee." 

ITapoleon  of  the  Drama.  Alfred 
Bunn,  lessee  of  Drury  Lane  Theatre 
(1819-1826)  was  so  called;  and  so  was 
Kobert  William  EUiston,  his  predecessor 
(1774-1826,  died  1831). 

Napoleon  of  Mexico,  the  emperor 

Augusto  Iturbide  (1784-1824). 

Napoleon    of   Oratory,   W.   E. 

Gladstone  (1809-        ). 

Napoleon  of  Peace,  Louis  Phil- 
lippe  of  France  (1773,  reigned  1830-1848, 
died  1850). 

Narcissa,  meant  for  Elizabeth  Lee, 
the  step-daughter  of  Dr.  Young.  In 
Night  ii.  the  poet  says  she  was  clan- 
destinely buried  at  Montpellier,  because 
she  was  a  protestant. — Dr.  Young,  Night 
Tlwwjhts  (1742-6). 

Narcissa,  Mrs.  Oldfield,  the  actress, 
who  insisted  on  being  rouged  and  dressed 
in  Brussels  lace  when  she  was  "laid  out." 
(See  Nancy.) 

"  Odious !    In  woollen  ?    Twould  a  saint  provoke  1 " 
Were  the  last  words  that  poor  Narcissa  spoke. 
"  No,  let  a  charming  chintz  and  Brussels  lace 
Wrap  my  cold  limbs  and  shade  my  lifeless  face  ; 
One  would  not,  sure,  be  frightful  when  one's  dead  I 
And,  Betty,  give  this  cheek  a  little  retl." 

Pope,  Moral  Essays,  i.  (1731). 

Narcissus,  a  flower.  According  to 
Grecian  fable.  Narcissus  fell  in  love  with 
his  own  reflection  in  a  fountain,  and, 
having  pined  away  because  he  could  not 
kiss  it,  was  changed  into  the  flower  which 
bears  his  name. — Ovid,  Metamorphoses, 
iu.  346,  etc. 

_  Echo  was  in  love  with  Narcissus,  and 
died  of  grief  because  he  would  not  return 
her  love. 

Narcissus  fair, 
As  o  er  the  fabled  fountain  hanging  still. 

Thomson,  Seasons  ("  Spring,"  1728). 

***  Gluck,  in  1779,  produced  an  opera 
called  Echo  et  Narcisse. 

Narren-Schiff  ("  the  ship  of  fools  "), 
a  satirical  poem  in  German,  by  Brandt 
(1491),  lashing  the  follies  and  vices  of 
the  period.  Brandt  makes  knowledge 
of  one's  self  the  beginning  of  wisdom  • 
maintains  the  equality  of  man ;  and  speaks 
of  life  as  a  brief  passage   only.      The 


book  at  one  time  enjoyed  unbounded 
popularity. 

Narses  (2  syl.),  a  Roman  general 
against  the  Goths  ;  the  terror  of  children. 

The  name  of  Narses  was  the  formidable  sound  with 
which  the  Assyriiui  niothers  were  accustomed  to  terrify 
their  infants.— Gibbon,  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Jioman 
Empire,  viii.  219  (1776-88). 

Narses,  a  domestic  slave  of  Alexius 
Comnenus  emf>eror  of  Greece. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Count  Jiobe7't  of  Paris  (time, 
Kutus). 

Naso,  Ovid,  the  Roman  poet,  whose 
full  name  was  Publius  Ovidius  Naso. 
(Naso  means  "nose.")  Hence  the  pun 
of  Holofernes  : 

And  why  Naso,  but  for  smelling  out  the  odoriferous 
flowers  of  fancy  ?— Shakespeare,  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act 
iv.  sc.  2  (1594). 

Nathaniel  (Sir),  the  grotesque  curate 
of  Holofernes.  —  Shakespeare,  Love's 
Labour's  Lost  (1594). 

Nathos,  one  of  the  three  sons  of 
Usnoth  lord  of  Etha  (in  Argyllshire), 
made  commander  of  the  Irish  army  at 
the  death  of  Cuthullin.  For  a  time  he 
propped  up  the  fortune  of  the  youthful 
Cormac,  but  the  rebel  Cairbar  increased 
in  strength  and  found  means  to  murder 
the  young  king.  The  army  under  Nathos 
then  deserted  to  the  usurper,  and  Nathos 
with  his  two  brothers  was  obliged  to 
quit  Ireland.  Dar'-Thula,  the  daughter 
of  Colla,  went  with  them  to  avoid  Cairbar, 
who  persisted  in  oifering  her  his  love. 
The  wind  drove  the  vessel  back  to  Ulster, 
where  Cairbar  lay  encamped,  and  the 
three  young  men,  being  overpowered,  were 
slain.  As  for  Dar-Thula,  she  was  pierced 
with  an  arrow,  and  died  also. — Ossian, 
Dar-l^hula. 

Nation    of     Gentlemen. 
Scotch  were  so  called  by  George  IV., 
when  he  visited  Scotland  in  1822. 

Nation    of   Shopkeepers. 

English  were  so  called  by  Napoleon  1 

National    Assembly.      (1) 

French  deputies  which  met  in  the  j'^ear 
1789.  The  states-general  was  convened, 
but  the  clergy  and  nobles  refused  to  sit  in 
the  same  chamber  with  the  commons,  so 
the  commons  or  deputies  of  the  tiers  etat 
withdrew,  constituted  themselves  into  a 
deliberative  body,  and  assumed  the  name 
of  the  Asserriblee  Nationale.  (2)  The 
democratic  French  parliament  of  1848, 
consisting  of  900  members  elected  by 
manhood  suifrage,  was  so  called  also. 

National  Convention,  the  French 


NATTY  BUMPPO. 


679 


NEGUS. 


parliament  of  1792.  It  consisted  of  721 
uiembers,  but  was  reduced  first  to  600, 
then  to  bOO.  It  succeeded  the  National 
Assembly. 

Natty  Bumppo,  called  "Leather- 
Htockings."  He  appears  in  five  of  F. 
Cooper's  novels :  (1)  The  Deerslai/er ; 
(2)  The  Pathfinder;  (3)  "The  Hawk- 
eye,"  in  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans  ;  (4) 
"Natty  Bumppo,"  in  The  Pioneers;  and 
(5)  "  the  Trapper,"  in  The  Frairie,  in 
which  he  dies. 

Nature    Abhors    a    Vacuum. 

This  was  an  axiom  of  the  peripatetic 
philosophy,  and  was  repeated  by  Galileo, 
as  an  explanation  of  the  rise  of  water 
for  about  thirty-two  feet  in  wells,  etc. 

Nausic'aa  ('1  syL),  daughter  of 
Alcinous  king  of  the  Phoea'cians,  who 
conducted  Ulj^saes  to  the  court  of  her 
father  when  he  was  shipwrecked  on  the 
coast. 

Nausicaa,  as  she  had  gone  down  through  the  orchards 
and  the  olive  gardens  t«  the  sea,  holding  the  golden  cruse 
of  oil  in  one  hand,  with  her  feet  bare  so  that  she  might 
wade  in  the  waves,  and  iu  her  eyes  the  great  soft  wonder 
that  must  have  come  there  when  Odysseus  awoke. — Ouida, 
Ariadne,  L  10. 

Navigation  (The  Father  of),  don 
Henrique  duke  of  Viseo,  the  greatest 
man  that  Portugal  has  produced  (1394- 
1460). 

Navigation  (The  Father  of  British  In- 
land), Francis  Egerton,  duke  of  Bridge- 
water  (1736-1803). 

Naviget  Anticyram  (Horace,  Sat., 
ii.  3,  166),  Anticyra,  in  Thessaly,  famous 
for  hellebore,  a  remedy  for  madness ; 
hence,  when  a  person  acted  foolishly,  he 
was  told  to  go  to  Anticyra,  as  we  should 
say,  "  to  get  his  simples  cut." 

Naxiau  Groves.  Naxos  (now 
Naxia),  an  island  of  the  ^Egean  Sea  or 
the  Archipelago,  was  noted  for  it.%  wines. 

.  .  .  fair  Baccantes, 
Wild  from  Naxian  groves. 

Longfellow,  Drinking  Song. 

Neaera,  a  fancy  name  used  by  Horace, 
Virgil,  and  TibuUus,  as  a  synonym  of 
sweetheart. 

To  sport  with  Amaryllis  in  the  shade, 
Or  with  the  tangles  of  Neaera's  hair. 

MUton,  Lycidas  (1638). 

Neal'liny  (4  syL),  a  suttee,  the  young 
widow  of  Ar'valan  son  of  Keha'ma.— 
Southey,  Curse  of  Kehama,  i.  11  (1809). 

Nebuchadnezzar  {Ne-hoch-ad-ne- 
Tzarl^  in  Russian,  means  "there  is  no 
God  but  the  czar."— M.  D.,  Notes  and 
Queries  (21st  July,  1877). 


Necessity.  Longfellow,  in  Tlie  Way- 
side Inn  (18G3),  says  the  student : 

Quoted  Horace,  where  he  sings 
The  dire  Necessity  of  things. 
That  drives  into  the  roof  sublime 
Of  new-built  houses  of  the  great. 
The  adamantine  nails  of  Fata. 

He  refers  to  : 

Si  figit  adamantines 

Sumniis  verticibus  dira  Kecessitas 

Clavos. 

0de9,  ilL  24. 

Neck.  Calig'ula  the  Roman  emperor 
used  to  say,  "  Oh  that  the  Roman  people 
had  but  one  neck,  that  I  might  cut  it  ofl: 
at  a  blow  !  " 

I  love  the  sex,  and  sometimes  would  reverse 
The  tyranfs  wish,  that  "  mankind  only  had 
One  neck,  which  he  with  one  fell  stroke  might  pierce." 
Byron,  Bon  Jwm,  vi.  a?  (1824). 

Neck  or  Nothing,  a  farce  by  Gar- 
rick  (1766).  Mr.  Stockwell  promises  to 
give  his  daughter  in  marriage  to  the  son 
of  sir  Harry  Harlowe  of  Dorsetshire, 
with  a  dot  of  £10,000  ;  but  it  so  happens 
that  the  young  man  is  privately  married. 
The  two  servants  of  Mr.  Belford  and  sir 
Harry  Harlowe  try  to  get  possession  of 
the  money,  by  passing  off  Martin  (Bel- 
ford's  servant)  as  sir  Harry's  son  ;  but  it 
so  happens  that  Belford  is  in  love  with 
Miss  Stockwell,  and  hearing  of  the  plot 
through  Jenny,  the  young  lady's-maid, 
arrests  the  two  servants  as  vagabonds, 
and  old  Stockwell  gladly  consents  to  his 
marriage  with  Nancy,  and  thinks  himself 
well  out  of  a  terrible  scrape. 

Nectaba'nus,  the  dwarf  at  the  cell 
of  the  hermit  of  Engaddi. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  'Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Nectar,  the  beverage  of  the  gods. 
It  was  white  as  cream,  for  when  Heb§ 
spilt  some  of  it,  the  white  arch  of  heaven, 
called  the  Milky  Way,  was  made.  The 
food  of  the  gods  was  ambrosia. 

Ned  (Zr/mgr),  "the  chimney-sweeper 
of  Savoy,"  that  is,  the  duke  of  Savoy, 
who  joined  the  allied  army  against  France 
in  the  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession. — 
Dr.  Arbuthnot,  History  of  John  Bull 
(1712). 

Negro'ni,  a  princess,  the  friend  of 
Lucrezia  di  Borgia.  She  invited  the 
notables  who  had  insulted  the  Borgia  to 
a  banquet,  and  killed  them  with  poisoned 
wine. — Donizetti,  Lucrezia  di  Borgia 
(an  opera,  1834). 

Ne'gus,  sovereign  of  Abyssinia. 
Erco'co  or  Erquico  on  the  Red  Sea  marks 
the  north-east  boundary  of  this  empire. 


NEHEMIAH  HOLDENOUGH. 


680 


NEPENTHE. 


The  empire  of  Negus  to  his  utmost  port, 
Ercoco. 

Milton,  Par(idU^  Lost,  xi.  397  (16G5). 

Nehemiah  HoldeDough,  a  pres- 
byterian  preacher. — Sir  W-  Scott,  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 

Weilson  {Mr.  Christoph^^,  a  surgeon 
at  Glasgow. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Hob  Hoy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Neim'heid  (2  syl.)  employed  four 
architects  to  build  him  a  palace  in 
Ireland ;  and,  that  they  might  rot  build 
another  like  it  or  superior  to  it  for  some 
other  monarch,  had  them  all  secretly 
murdered. — O'Halloran,  History  of  Ire- 
land. 

*^*  A  similar  storj''  is  told  of  N-^man- 
al-A6uar  king  of  Hirah,  who  employed 
Senna'mar  to  build  him  a  palace.  When 
finished,  he  cast  the  architect  headlong 
from  the  highest  tower,  to  prevent  his 
building  another  to  rival  it. — D'Herbelct, 
BibliotUeque  Orientale  (1697). 

Nekayah.,  sister  of  Easselas  prince 
of  Abyssinia.  She  escapes  with  her 
brotlier  from  the  "happy  valley,"  and 
wanders  about  with  him  to  find  what 
condition  or  rank  of  life  is  the  most 
happy.  After  roaming  for  a  time,  and 
finding  no  condition  of  life  free  from  its 
drawbacks,  the  brother  and  sister  resolve 
to  return  to  the  "happy  valley." — Dr. 
Johnson,  Jiasselas  (1769). 

Nell,  the  meek  and  obedient  wife  of 
Jobson  ;  taught  by  the  strap  to  know 
who  was  lord  and  master.  Lady  Love- 
rule  was  the  imperious,  headstrong  bride 
of  sir  John  Loverule.  The  two  women, 
by  a  magical  hocus-pocus,  v.^ere  changed 
for  a  time,  without  any  of  the  four  know- 
ing it.  Lady  Loverule  was  placed  with 
Jobson,  who  soon  brought  down  her  tur- 
bulent temper  with  the  strap,  and  when 
she  was  reduced  to  submission,  the  two 
women  were  restored  again  to  their  re- 
spective husbands.— C.  Coffey,  The  Devil 
to  Fay  {17 Si). 

The  merit  of  Mrs.  Clive  [1711-1785]  as  an  actress  first 
•Lowed  itiiulf  ia  "Nell  "  the  cobbler's  wife.— T.  Duvies. 

Nell  {Little)  or  Nelly  Trent,  a 
sweet,  innocent,  loving  child  of  14  sum- 
mers, brought  up  by  her  old  miserly 
grandfather,  who  gambled  away  all  his 
money.  Her  days  were  monotonous  and 
without  youthful  companionship,  her 
evenings  gloomy  and  solitary  ;  there  were 
no  child-sympathies  in  her  dreary  home, 
but  dejection,  despondence  akin  to  mad- 
ness, watchfulness,  suspicion,  and  im- 
becility.   The  grandfather  being  wholly 


ruined  by  gaming,  the  two  went  forth  as 
beggars,  and  ultimately  settled  down  in 
a  cottage  adjoining  a  coimtry  churchyard. 
Here  Nelly  died,  and  the  old  grandfather 
soon  afterwards  was  found  dead  upon  her 
grave.— C.  Dickens,  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop  (1840). 

*^*  The  solution  of  the  grandfather's 
story  is  given  in  ch.  Ixix. 

ISTelly,  the  servant-girl  of  Mrs.  Din- 
mont. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Ilannering 
(time,  George  11.). 

Nelson's  Ship,  the  Victory. 

Now  from  the  fleet  of  the  foemen  past 

Ahead  of  the  Victory, 
A  four-decked  ship,  with  a  flagless  mast. 

An  Anak  of  the  sea. 
His  gaze  on  the  ship  lord  Nelson  cast ; 

"Oh,  oh  !  my  old  friend  1 "  quotii  he. 
"  Since  again  we  have  met,  we  must  all  be  glad 
To  pay  our  respects  to  the  Trinidtui." 
So,  full  on  tlie  bow  of  the  giant  foe. 

Our  gallant  Victory  runs ; 
Tliro'  the  dark'ning  smoke  the  thunder  broke 

O'er  her  deck  from  a  hundred  guns. 

Lord  Lytton,  Ude,  iii.  9  (ISJS). 

Nem'ean  Lion,  a  lion  of  ArgSlis, 
slain  by  Hercules. 

In  this  word  Shakespeare  has  pre- 
s€r\^ed  the  correct  accent :  "  As  hardy  as 
the  Nem'ean  lion's  nerve  "  {Hamlet,  act  i. 
sc.  5) ;  but  Spenser  incorrectly  throws 
the  accent  on  the  second  syllable,  which 
is  e  short :  "  Into  the  great  Neme'an 
lion's  giove  "  {Faery  Queen,  v.  1). 

Er«  NtmSa's  boast  resigned  his  sliaggv  spoils. 

Statius,  The  Thebaid,  1. 

Nem'ei^is,  the  Greek  personification 
of  retribution,    or  that  punishment 
sin  which  sooner  or  later  overtakes 
offender. 

.  .  .  Nid  some  great  Nemesis 
Break  ft^mi  a  dftrkened  future. 

lennyson.  The  Princess,  vi.  (1847J, 

Ne'mo,  the  name  by  which  cap 
Hawdon  was  known  at  Krook's.  He 
once  won  the  love  of  the  future  lady 
Dedlock,  by  whom  he  had  a  child  called 
Esther  Summerson  \  but  he  was  compelled 
to  copy  law-writings  for  daily  bread,  and 
died  a  miserable  death  from  an  overdose 
of  opium. — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House 
(1852). 

Nepen'the  (3  syl.)  or  Nepenthes,  a 
care-dispelling  drug,  which  Polydamna, 
wife  of  Tho'nis  king  of  Egypt  gave  to 
Helen  (daughter  of  Jove  and  Leda).  A 
drink  containing  this  drug  'Vhcxiged 
grief  to  mirth,  melancholy  to  joyfulness, 
and  hatred  to  love."  The  water  of  Ar- 
denne  had  the  opposite  effects.  Homer 
mentions  the  drug  nepenthe  in  his 
Odyssey,  iv.  228. 


J 


NEPHELO-COCCYGIA. 


681 


NESTOR,  ETC. 


That  nepenthes  which  the  wife  of  Thone 

In  Egypt  gave  to  Jove-born  Helena. 

Milton,  Comiis,  675  (1634). 
Nepenthe  is  a  drink  of  sovereign  grace, 

Devisid  by  the  gods  for  to  assuage 
Heart's  grief,  and  bitter  gall  away  to  chase 

Which  stirs  up  anger  and  contentious  rage ; 

Instead  thereof  sweet  peace  and  quietage 
It  doth  establish  in  the  troubled  mind  .  .  . 
And  such  as  drink,  eternal  happiness  do  find. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iv.  a  (1596). 

Neph'elo-Coccyg'ia,  the  cloud- 
land  of  air  castles.  The  word  means 
"  cuckoo  cloudland."  The  city  of  Nephe- 
lo-Coccygia  w^as  built  by  cuckoos  and 
gulls,  and  was  so  fortified  by  clouds 
that  the  gods  could  not  meddle  with  the 
affairs  of  its  inhabitants. — Aristophanes, 
The  Birds. 

*^*  The  name  occurs  also  in  Lucian's 
Verce  llistorice. 

Without  flying  to  Nephelo-Coccygia,  or  to  the  court  of 
queen  Mab.  we  can  meet  with  sharpers,  bullies,  .  .  . 
impudent  debauchees,  and  women  worthy  of  such  par- 
amours. — Macaulay. 

Nep'omuk  or  Wep'omuck  {St. 
John),  canon  of  Prague.  He  was  thrown 
from  a  bridge  in  1381,  and  drowned  by 
order  of  king  Wenceslaus,  because  he 
refused  to  betray  the  secrets  confided  to 
him  by  the  queen  in  the  holy  rite  of  con- 
fession. The  spot  whence  he  was  cast 
into  the  Moldau  is  still  marked  by  a 
cross  with  five  stars  on  the  parapet,  in- 
dicative of  the  miraculous  fianies  seen 
flickering  over  the  dead  body  for  three 
days.  Nepomuk  was  canonized  in  1729, 
and  became  the  patron  saint  of  bridges. 
His  statue  in  stone  usually  occupies  a 
similar  position  on  bridges  as  it  does  at 
Prague. 

Like  St.  John  Nep'omuck  in  stone. 
Looking  down  into  the  stream. 

Longfellow,  The  Uolden  Legend  (1851). 

***  The  word  is  often  accented  on 
the  second  syllable. 

Neptune  (Old  Father),  the  ocean  or 
sea-god. 

Nerestan,  son  of  Gui  Lusignan 
D'Outremer  king  of  Jerusalem,  and 
brother  of  Zara.  Nerestan  was  sent  on 
his  parole  to  France,  to  obtain  ransom  for 
certain  Christians  who  had  fallen  into 
the  hands  of  the  Saracens.  When  Osman, 
the  sultan,  was  informed  of  his  relation- 
ship to  Zara,  he  ordered  all  Christian 
captives  to  be  at  once  liberated  "  without 
money  and  without  price."— A.  Hill, 
Zara  (adapted  from  Voltaire's  tragedy). 
.  Ne'reus  (2  syl.),  father  of  the  water- 
nymphs.  A  very  old  prophetic  god  of 
great  kindliness.  The  scalp,  chin,  and 
breast  of  Nereus  were  covered  with  sea- 
weed instead  of  hair. 


By  hoary  NSreus'  wrinkled  look. 

Milton,  Comus,  871  (1634), 

Weri'ne,  Doto,  and  Nyse,  the 
three  nereids  who  guarded  the  fleet  of 
Vasco  da  Gama.  When  the  treacherous 
pilot  had  run  Vasco 's  ship  upon  a  sunken 
rock,  these  three  sea-nymphs  lifi*d  up 
the  prow  and  turned  it  round. 

The  lovely  NysS  and  NerinS  spring 

With  all  the  vehemence  and  speed  of  wing. 

Camoens,  Lusiad,  ii.  (1569). 

Nerissa,  the  clever  confidential  wait- 
ing-woman of  Portia  the  Venetian  heiress. 
Nerissa  is  the  counterfeit  of  her  mistress, 
with  a  fair  share  of  the  lady's  elegance 
and  wit.  She  marries  Gratiano  a  friend 
of  the  merchant  Anthonio, — Shakespeare, 
The  Merchant  of  Venice  (1698). 

Wero  of  the  Worth,  Christian  II. 
of  Denmark  (1480,  reigned  1534-1558, 
died  1559). 

Wesle  (Blondel  de),  the  favourite 
minstrel  of  Kichard  Coeur  do  Lion 
[Nesle=  iVe^/].— SirW.  Scott,  The  Talis- 
man (time,  Richard  I.). 

Nessus's  Shirt.  Nessos  (in  Latin 
Ncssus),  the  centaur,  carried  the  wife  of 
Hercules  over  a  river,  and,  attempting  to 
run  away  with  her,  was  shot  by  Hercules. 
As  the  centaur  was  dying,  he  told  Dei- 
ani'ra  (5  syl.)  that  if  she  steeped  in  his 
blood  her  husband's  shirt,  she  would  secure 
his  love  for  ever.  This  she  did,  but 
when  Hercules  put  the  shirt  on,  his  body 
suffered  such  agony,  that  he  rushed  to 
mount  Q£ta,  collected  together  a  pile  of 
wood,  set  it  on  fire,  and,  rushing  into  the 
midst  of  the  flames,  was  burnt  to  death. 

When  Creusa  (3  syl.),  the  daughter  of 
king  Creon,  was  about  to  be  married  to 
Jason,  Medea  sent  her  a  splendid  wedding 
robe  ;  but  when  Creusa  put  it  on,  she  was 
burnt  to  death  by  it  in  excruciating  pain. 

Morgan  le  Fay,  hoping  to  kill  king 
Arthur,  sent  him  a  superb  royal  robe. 
Arthur  told  the  messenger  to  try  it  on, 
that  he  might  see  its  effect ;  but  no 
sooner  had  the  messenger  done  so,  than 
he  dropped  down  dead,  "  burnt  to  mere 
coal." — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  75  (1470). 

Eros,  ho  I  the  shirt  of  Nessus  is  upon  me  [i.e.  /  am  in 

agony}. 
Shakespeare,  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  Iv.  so.  10  (1608). 

Nestor  {A),  a  wise  old  man.  Nestor 
of  Pylos  was  the  oldest  and  most  ex- 
perienced of  all  the  Greek  chieftains  who 
went  to  the  siege  of  Troy. — Homer,  Iliad. 

Nestor  of  the  Chemical  Revo- 


NESTOR  OF  EUROPE. 


682 


NEW  WAY,  ETC. 


lution.     Dr.    Black    is    so    called    bj- 
Lavoisier  (1728-1799). 

Nestor  of  Europe,  Leopold  king 
of  Belgium  (1790,  1831-1865). 

Neu'ha,  a  native  of  Toobouai,  one  of 
the  Society  Islands.  It  was  at  Too- 
bouai that  the  mutineers  of  the  Bounty 
landed,  and  Torquil  married  Neuha. 
When  a  vessel  was  sent  to  capture  the 
mutineers,  Neuha  conducted  Torquil  to  a 
secret  cave,  where  they  lay  perdu  till  all 
danger  was  over,  when  they  returned  to 
their  island  home. — Byron,  IVie  Island. 
(The  character  of  Neuha  is  given  in  canto 
ii.  7.) 

Never. 

On  the  Greek  Kalends.  (There  are  no 
Greek  Kalends.)  When  the  Spanish  am- 
bassador announced  in  Latin  the  terms 
on  which  queen  Elizabeth  might  hope  to 
avert  the  threatened  invasion,  her  majesty 
replied : 

Ad  Graecas,  bone  rex,  flent  mandata  calendas. 

On  St.  Tibs's  Eve.  (There  is  no  such 
saint  as  Tibs.) 

On  the  31st  of  June,  1879  (oranv  other 
impossible  date). 

At  latter  Lammas.  (There  is  no  such 
time.)  Fuller  thus  renders  the  speech  of 
the  Spanish  ambassador : 

These  to  you  are-our  commands : 
Send  no  he!x)  to  th'  Netherlands ; 
Of  the  treasure  ta'en  by  Drake 
Kestitution  you  must  make ; 
And  those  abbeys  build  anew 
Which  your  father  overtlirew. 

The  queen's  reply : 

Worthy  king,  know  this  :  Your  will 
At  latter  Lammas  we'll  fulfil 

On  the  year  of  the  coronation  of 
Napoleon  III. 

In  the  reign  of  queen  Dick. 

Once  in  a  blue  moon. 

When  two  Sundays  meet. 

When  the  Yellow  River  runs  clear 
(Chinese). 

In  that  memorable  week  which  had 
three  Thursdays.— Rabelais,  Pantagruel, 

The  year  when  the  middle  of  August 
was  m  May.— Rabelais,  Pantagruel,  ii.  1. 

The  year  of  the  great  medlars,  three  of 
which  would  fill  a  bushel.— Rabelais, 
Pantagruel,  ii.  1. 

At  the  coming  of  the  Cocklicranes 
(3  s.y/.).— Rabelais,  Gargantua,  49. 

Nevers  (Comtede),  to  whom  Valen- 
ti'na  (daughter  of  the  governor  of  the 
Louvre)   was  affiaqced,   and  whom    she 


married  in  a  fit  of  jealousy.  The  count 
having  been  shot  in  the  Bartholomew 
slaughter,  Valentina  married  Raoul  [Jiawl] 
her  first  love,  but  both  were  killed  by  a 
party  of  musketeers  commanded  by  the 
governor  of  the  Louvre. — Meyerbeer, 
Les  Huguenots  (opera,  1836). 

*^*  The  duke  [not  count]  de  Nevers, 
being  asked  by  the  governor  of  the 
Louvre  to  join  in  the  Bartholomew  Mas- 
sacre, replied  that  his  family  con- 
tained a  long  list  of  warriors,  but  not  one 
assassin. 

nSTeville  (Major),  an  assumed  name 
of  lord  Geraldin,  son  of  the  earl  of 
Geraldin.  He  first  appears  as  Mr. 
William  Lovell. 

Mr.  Gei-aldin  Neville,  undo  to  lord 
Geraldin. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Neville  (Miss),  the  friend  and  confidante 
of  Miss  Hardcastle.  A  handsome  co- 
quettish girl,  destined  by  Mrs.  Hard- 
castle for  her  son  Tony  Lumpkin,  but 
Tony  did  not  care  for  her,  and  she 
dearly  loved  Mr.  Hastings  ;  so  Hastings 
and  Tony  plotted  together  to  outwit 
madam,  and  of  course  won  the  day. — O. 
Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to  Conqu£r  (1773). 

Neville  (Sir  Henry),  chamberlain  of 
Richard  Cceur  de  Lion. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

New  Atlantis  (The),  an  imaginary 
island  in  the  middle  of  the  Atlantic. 
Bacon,  in  his  allegorical  fiction  so  called, 
supposes  himself  wrecked  on  this  island, 
where  he  finds  an  association  for  the  cul- 
tivation of  natural  science  and  the  p 
motion  of  arts. — Lord  Bacon,  The  Ni 
Atlantis  (1G26). 

^  *:^*  Called  the  New  Atlantis  to 
tinguish  it  from  Plato's  Atlantis, 
imaginary  island  of  fabulous  charms. 

New   Inn    (The)    or   The    Lig 
Heart,    a    comedy    by    Ben    Jonson 
(1628). 

New  "Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  a 

drama  by  Philip  Massinger  (1625). 
Wellborn,  the  nephew  of  sir  Giles  Over- 
reach, having  run  through  his  fortune 
and  got  into  debt,  induces  lady  Allworth, 
out  of  respect  and  gratitude  to  his  father, 
to  give  him  countenance.  This  induces 
sir  Giles  to  suppose  that  his  nephew  was 
about  to  marry  the  wealthy  dowager. 
Feeling  convinced  that  he  will  then  be 
able  to  swindle  him  of  all  the  dowager's 
propert}^,    as  he  had  ousted  him  out  of 


ind, 
cul- 

] 


NEW  ZEALANDER. 


NEWSPAPERS. 


his  paternal  estates,  sir  Giles  paj-s  his 
nephew's  debts,  and  supplies  him  liberally 
with  ready  mone}^,  to  bring  aboiit  the^ 
marriage  as  soon  as  possible.  Having 
paid  Wellborn' s  debts,  the  overreach- 
ing old  man  is  compelled,  through  the 
treachery  of  his  clerk,  to  restore  the 
estates  also,  for  the  deeds  of  conveyance 
are  found  to  be  only  blank  sheets  of 
parchment,  the  writing  having  been 
erased  by  some  chemical  acids. 

New  Zealander.  It  was  Macaulay 
who  said  the  time  might  come  when 
some  "  New  Zealand  artist  shall,  in  the 
midst  of  a  vast  solitude,  take  his  stand  on 
a  broken  arch  of  London  bridge  to  sketch 
the  ruins  of  St.  Paul's." 

*^*  Shelley  was  before  Macaulay  in 
the  same  conceit. — See  Dedication  of  Feter 
Bell  the  Third. 

Ne^pvrcastle  {Tlie  duchess  of),  in  the 
court  of  Charles  II.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Newcastle  {Tlie  marquis  of),  a  royalist 
in  the  service  of  Charles  I. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

IN'eweastleApotliecary  (T/i^),  Mr. 
Bolus  of  Newcastle  used  to  write  his  pre- 
scriptions in  rhyme.  A  bottle  bearing  the 
couplet,  "  When  taken  to  be  well  shaken," 
was  sent  to  a  patient,  and  when  Bolus  called 
next  day  to  inquire  about  its  effect,  John 
told  the  apothecary  his  master  was  dead. 
The  fact  is,  John  had  shaken  the  sick  man 
instead  of  the  bottle,  and  had  shaken  the 
life  out  of  him. — G.  Colman,  junior. 

Newcome  {Clemency),  about  30 
years  old,  w^ith  a  plump  and  cheerful  face, 
but  tAvisted  into  a  tightness  that  made 
it  comical.  Her  gait  was  very  homely, 
her  limbs  seemed  all  odd  ones  ;  her  shoes 
were  so  self-willed  that  they  never 
wanted  to  go  where  her  feet  went.  She 
wore  blue  stockings,  a  printed  gown  of 
hideous  pattern  and  many  colours,  and  a 
white  apron.  Her  sleeves  were  short, 
her  elbows  always  grazed,  her  cap  any- 
where but  in  the  right  place  ;  but  she 
was  scrupulously  clean,  and  "maintained 
a  kind  of  dislocated  tidiness."  She 
carried  in  her  pocket  "a  handkerchief, 
^  a  piece  of  wax-candle,  an  apple,  an 
I  orange,  a  lucky  penny,  a  cramp-bone, 
1  a  padlock,  a  pair  of  scissors,  a  handful 
of  loose  beads,  several  balls  of  worsted 
and  cotton,  a  needle-case,  a  collection  of 
curl-papers,  a  biscuit,  a  thimble,  a 
Qutmeg-grater,  and  a  few  miscellaneous 


articles."  Clemency  Newcome  married 
Benjamin  Britain,  her  fellow-servant  at 
Dr.  Jeddler's,  and  opened  a  country 
inn  called  the  Nutmeg-Grater,  a  cozy, 
well-to-do  place  as  any  one  could  wish  to 
see,  and  there  were  few  married  people  so 
well  assorted  as  Clemency  and  Ben 
Britain. — C.  Dickens,  The  Battle  of  Life 
(184G). 

NewcoTne  {Colonel),  a  widower,  dis- 
tinguished for  the  moral  beauty  of  his 
life.  He  loses  his  money  and  enters  the 
Charter  House. 

Ciive  Newcome,  his  son.  He  is  in  love 
with  Ethel  Newcome,  his  cousin,  whom 
he  marries  as  his  second  wife. — Thacke- 
ray, The  Newcomes  (1855). 

Newcome  {Johnny),  any  raw  youth 
when  he  first  enters  the  army  or  navy. 

Newgate  Fashion  {To  March), 
two  and  two,  as  the  prisoners  were  at  one 
time  conveyed  to  Newgate  two  and  two 
together. 

FaUtaff.   Must  we  all  march  ? 

Bardolph.  Yea,  two  and  two,  Newgate  fashion.         ; 
Shakespeare,  1  Henry  IV.  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1597). 

Newgate  Fringe,  a  beard  worn  only 
under  the  chin,  as  the  hangman's  rope  is 
fastened  round  the  neck  of  those  about  to 
be  hanged.  Sometimes  called  the  New- 
gate Frill,  and  sometimes  the  Tyburn 
Collar. 

The  Newgate  Knocker,  a  lock  of  hair 
worn  especially  by  costermongers,  twisted 
towards  the  ear.  It  is  supposed  to  re- 
mind one  of  the  knocker  on  the  prison 
door  of  Newgate.  The  cow-lick  is  a  curl 
worn  on  the  temples. 

Newland  {Abraham),  one  of  the 
governors  of  the  Bank  of  England,  to 
whom,  in  the  early  part  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  all  Bank  of  England  notes  were 
made  payable.  A  bank-note  was  called 
an  "Abraham  Newland  ;  "  and  hence  the 
popular  song,  "  I've  of  ten  heard  say,  sham 
Ab'ram  you  may,  but  must  not  sham 
Abraham  Newland." 

Trees  are  notes  issued  from  the  bank  of  nature,  and  as 
current  as  those  payable  to  Abraham  Newland.— G.  Col- 
man, The  Poor  Gentleman,  i.  2  (1802). 

Ne-wspapers  {The  Oldest). 

Stamford  Mercury,  1695.  The  editor 
says  that  No.  6833,  July  7,  1826,  means 
that  the  paper  had  arrived  at  the  6833rd 
week  of  issue,  or  the  131st  year  of  its 
existence. 

Nottingham  Journal,  1710. 

Northampton  Mercury,  1720. 

Gloucester  Journal,  1722. 

***    Chalmers     says     that     the     first 


NEWTON. 


684 


NIBELUNGEN  NOT. 


English  newspaper  was  called  the 
English  Mercury,  1588  ;  but  Mr.  Watts 
has  proved  that  the  papers  so  willed, 
now  in  the  British  Museum,  are  forgeries, 
because  thej'  bear  the  paper-mark  of 
George  I.  The  English  Mercuries  consist 
of  seven  distinct  articles,  three  printed, 
and  four  in  MS. 
Newton. 

Newton  . .  .  <le(;lare<l,  with  all  his  grand  discoveries  recent. 
That  be  liinisclf  felt  Oiily  "like  ayouth 
ricking  uv'.  sl:eUb  by  the  gieat  oi-can,  truth." 

Byron.  Don  Juan.  vii.  5  (1824). 

Newton  discovered  the  prismatic 
colours  of  light,  and  explamed  the 
phenomenon  by  the  emisnion  theory. 

Nature  and  Nature's  laws  I«y  hid  in  night. 
God  said,  "Let  Newton  be  , "  and  all  was  light. 
Pope,  JipUaph,  intended  for  Newton's  Monument  in 
Westmimter  A  bbey  (1727). 

Newton  is  called  by  Campbell  "The 
Priest  of  Nature." — Pleasures  of  Hope,  i. 
(1799). 

Newton   and  the  Apple.    It  is 

said  that  Newton  was  standing  in  the 
garden  of  Mrs.  Conduitt  of  Woolsthorpe, 
in  the  year  1665,  when  an  apple  fell  from 
a  tree  and  set  him  thinking.  From  this 
incident  he  ultimately  developed  his 
theory  of  gravitation. 

When  Newton  saw  an  apple  fall,  lie  found. 
In  that  slight  startle  from  his  contemplation,  .  .  . 
A  mode  of  proving  that  the  earth  turned  round, 
In  a  most  nutulal  whirl  called  gravitiUion. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  x.  1  (1824). 

Nibelung,  a  mythical  king  of  Nibe- 
lungenland  {Norway).  He  had  twelve 
paladins,  all  giants.  Siegfried  \_Se(ie.- 
freed],  prince  of  the  Netherlands,  slew 
the  giants,  and  made  Nibelungenland 
tributary. — Nibelungen  Lied,  iii.  (1210). 

Nibelungen  Hoard,  a  mythical 
mass  of  gold  and  precious  stones,  which 
Siegfried  \_Sege. freed],  prince  of  the 
Netherlands,  took  from  Nibelungenland 
and  gave  to  his  wife  as  a  dowry.  The 
hoard  filled  thirty-six  waggons.  After 
the  murder  of  Siegfried,  Hagan  seized 
the  hoard,  and,  for  concealment,  sank  it 
in  the  "  Khine  at  Lockham,"  intending 
to  recover  it  at  a  future  period,  but 
Hagan  was  assassinated,  and  the  hoard 
was  lost  for  ever. — Nibelungen  Lied,  xix. 

Nibelungen  Lied  [N^e.by-lung.'n 
Iced],  the  German  Iliad  (1210).  It  is 
divided  into  two  parts,  and  thirty-two 
licds  or  cantos.  The  first  part  ends  with 
the  death  of  Siegfried,  and  the  second 
part  with  the  death  of  Kriemhild. 

Siegfried,  the  youngest  of  the  kings 
of  the  Netherlands,  went  to  Worms, 
to     crave    the    hand    of    Kriemhild    in 


marriage.  While  he  was  stiying  with 
Gunther  king  of  Burginidy  (the  lady's 
brother),  he  assisted  him  to  obtain  in 
marriage  Brunhild  queen  of  Issland, 
who  announced  publicly  that  he  only 
should  be  her  husband  who  could  beat 
her  in  hurling  a  spear,  throwing  a  huge 
stone,  and  in  leaping.  Siegfried,  who 
possessed  a  cloak  of  invisibility,  aided 
Gunther  in  these  three  contests,  and 
Bnmhild  became  his  wife.  In  return  tor 
these  services,  Gunther  gave  Siegfried  his 
sister  Kriemhild  in  marriage.  After  a 
time,  the  bride  and  bridegroom  went  to 
visit  Gunther,  when  the  two  ladies  dis- 
puted about  the  relative  merits  of  their 
respective  husbands,  and  Kriemhild,  to 
exalt  Siegfried,  boasted  that  Gunther 
owed  to  him  his  victories  and  his  wife. 
Brunhild,  in  great  anger,  now  employed 
Hagan  to  murder  Siegfried,  and  this  he 
did  by  stabbing  him  in  the  back  while 
he  was  drinking  from  a  brook. 

Thirteen  years  elapsed,  and  the  widow 
married  Etzel  king  of  the  Huns.  After 
a  time,  she  invited  Brunhild  and  Hagan 
to  a  visit.  Hagan,  in  this  visit,  killed 
Etzel's  young  son,  and  Kriemhild  was 
like  a  fury.  A  battle  ensued,  in  which 
GUnther  and  Hagan  were  made  prisoners, 
and  Kriemhild  cut  off  both  their  heads 
with  her  own  hand.  Hildebrand,  hor- 
rified at  this  act  of  blood,  slew  Kriemhild ; 
and  so  the  poem  ends. — Authors  un; 
known  (but  the  story  was  pieced  togel 
by  the  minnesingers). 

*^*  The  Vblsunga  Saga  is  the  Iceland 
version    of  the    Nibelungen    Lied.     This 
saga  has  been  translated  into  English  b 
William  Morris. 

The  Nibelungen  Lied  has  been  ascri 
to  Heinrich  von  Ofterdingen,  a  minni 
singer ;  but  it  certainl}'^  existed  before 
that  epoch,  if  not  as  a  complete  whole, 
in  separate  lays,  and  all  that  Heinrich 
von  Ofterdingen  could  have  done  was  to 
collect  the  floating  lays,  connect  them, 
and  form  them  into  a  complete  story. 

F.  A.  Wolf,  in  1795,  wrote  a  learned 
book  to  prove  that  Homer  did  for  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey  what  Ofterdingen  did 
for  the  Nibelungenlied. 

Eichard  Wagner  composed,  in  1850,  an 
opera  called  Die  Niebclungen. 

Nibelungen  Not,  the  second  part 
of  the  Nibelungen  Lied,  containing  the 
marriage  of  Kriemhild  with  Etzel,  the 
visit  of  the  Burgundians  to  the  court  of 
the  flun,  and  the  death  of  Gunther, 
Hagan,  Kriemhild,  and  others.  This  part 
contains   eighty-three    four-line  stanzas 


un- 

mdflP' 
This 

nne^l 

■forfi       ! 


ler,   j 
)art 
zas  I 

11 


NIBELUNGERS. 


685 


NICKLEBY, 


more  than  the  first  part.  The  number  of 
lines  in  the  two  parts  is  983G  ;  so  that 
the  poem  is  almost  as  long  as  Milton's 
Faradise  Lost. 

Nibelungers,  whoever  possessed 
the  Nibehmgen  hoard.  When  it  was  in 
Norway,  the  Norwegians  were  so  called : 
when  Siegfried  [^Sei^e. freed]  got  the  pos- 
session of  it,  the  Nethcrlandors  were  so 
called  ;  and  when  the  hoard  was  removed 
to  Burgund}-,  the  Burgundians  were  the 
Nibelungers. 

Nic.  Frog,  the  Dutch,  as  a  nation  ; 
as  the  English  are  called  John  Bull. — Dr. 
Arbuthnot,  Histary  of  John  Bull  (1712). 

Wica'nor,  "the  Protospathaire,"  a 
Greek  general.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Count 
Bobert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Nice  {Sir  Courtly),  the  chief  character 
and  title  of  a  drama  by  Croune  (1685). 

Wicholas,  a  poor  scholar,  who  boarded 
with  John,  a  rich  old  miserly  carpenter. 
The  poor  scholar  fell  in  love  with  Alison, 
his  landlord's  young  wife,  who  joined 
him  in  duping  the  foolish  old  carpenter. 
Nicholas  told  John  that  such  a  rain 
would  fall  on  the  ensuing  Monday  as 
would  drown  every  one  in  "less  "than 
an  hour;"  and  he  persuaded  the  old 
fool  to  provide  three  large  tubs,  one  for 
himself,  one  for  his  wife,  and  the  other  for 
his  lodger.  In  these  tubs,  said  Nicholas, 
they  would  be  saved  ;  and  when  the  flood 
abated,  they  would  then  be  lords  and 
masters  of  the  whole  earth.  A  few  hours 
before  the  time  of  the  "flood,"  the  old 
carpenter  went  to  the  top  chamber  of  his 
house  to  repeat  his  pater  nosters.  He  fell 
asleep  over  his  pravers,  and  was  roused 
by  the  cry  of  "Water!  water!  Help! 
help  ! "  Supposing  the  rain  had  come, 
he  jumped  into  his  tub,  and  was  let  down 
by  Nicholas  and  Alison  into  the  street. 
A  crowd  soon  assembled,  were  delighted 
at  the  joke,  and  pronounced  the  old  man 
an  idiot  and  fool.— Chaucer,  Canterbury 
Tales  ("The  Miller's  Tale,"  1388). 

Nicholas,  the  barber  of  the  village  in 
vrhich  don  Quixote  lived.  —  Cervantes, 
Don  Quixote,  I.  (1605). 

Nicholas  (Brother),  a  monk  at  St. 
Mary's  Convent.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Nicholas  (St.),  patron  saint  of  boys, 
parish  clerks,  sailors,  thieves,  and  of 
Aberdeen,  Russia,  etc. 

Nicholas  (St.).     The  legend  is,  that  an 


angel  told  him  a  father  was  so  poor  he 
was  about  to  raise  money  by  the  prostitu- 
tion of  his  three  daughters.  On  hearing 
this,  St.  Nicholas  threw  in  at  the  cottage 
window  three  bags  of  money,  sufficient 
to  portion  each  of  the  three  damsels. 

The  gift 
Of  Nicholas,  which  on  the  maidens  he 
Bounteous  bestowed,  to  save  their  youthful  prime 
Uu  blemished. 

DantS,  Purgatory,  xx.  (1308). 

Nicholas  of  the  Tower  (The), 
the  duke  of  Exeter,  constable  of  the 
Tower. 

He  was  encountered  with  a  shippe  of  warre  apper- 
teinyng  to  the  duke  of  Exeter,  the  constable  of  tlie  Towre 
of  London,  called  I'he  Jficholas  of  thu  Towre.— llaXX, 
Chronicle  (154-2). 

Nicholas's  Clerks,  highwaymen ; 
so  called  by  a  pun  on  the  phrase  Old 
Nick'  and  St.  Nicholas  who  presided  over 
scholars. 

I  think  yonder  come,  prancing  down  the  hill  from 
Kingston,  a  couple  of  St.  Nicliolas's  clerks.— Rowley, 
Match  at  Midnight  (1633). 

St.  Nicholas's  Clerks,  scholars  ;  so  called 
because  St.  Nicholas  was  the  patron  of 
scholars.  The  statutes  of  Paul's  School 
require  the  scholars  to  attend  divine 
service  on  St.  Nicholas's  Day. — Knight, 
Life  of  Bean  Colet,  362  (1726). 

Nickleby  (Nicholas),  the  chief  cha- 
racter and  title  of  a  novel  by  C.  Dickens 
(1838).  He  is  the  son  of  a  poor  country 
gentleman,  and  has  to  make  his  own  way 
in  the  world.  He  first  goes  as  usher  to 
Mr.  Squeers,  schoolmaster  at  Dotheboys 
Hall,  in  Yorkshire  ;  but  leaves  in  dis- 
gust with  the  tyranny  of  Squeers  and 
his  wife,  especially  to  a  poor  boy  named 
Smike.  Smike  runs  away  from  the  school 
to  follow  Nicholas,  and  remains  his 
humble  follower  till  death.  At  Ports- 
mouth, Nicholas  joins  the  theatrical 
company  of  Mr.  Crummies,  but  leaves 
the  profession  for  other  adventures.  He 
falls  in  with  the  brothers  Cherryble,  who 
make  him  their  clerk  ;  and  in  this  post 
he  rises  to  become  a  merchant,  and  ulti- 
mately marries  Madeline  Bray. 

Mrs.  Nickleby,  mother  of  Nicholas,  and 
a  widow.  She  is  an  enormous  talker, 
fond  of  telling  long  stories  with  no  con- 
nection. Mrs.  Nickleby  is  a  weak,  vain 
woman,  who  imagines  an  idiot  neighbour 
is  in  love  with  her  because  he  tosses 
cabbages  and  other  articles  over  the  gar- 
den wall.  In  conversation,  Mrs.  Nickleby 
rides  olf  from  the  main  point  at  every 
word  suggestive  of  some  new  idea.  As 
a  specimen  of  her  sequence  of  ideas, 
take  the  following  example : — "The  name 
began  with  '  B '  and  ended  with  '  g,'  I 


NICNEVEN. 


NIMUE. 


»m  sure.  Perhaps  it  was  Waters "  (p. 
198). 

\*  "The  original  of  'Mrs.  Nickleby,'" 
Bays  John  Foster,  "was  the  mother  of 
Charles  Dickens." — Life  of  Dickens,  iii.  8. 

Kate  Nickleby,  sister  of  Nicholas ; 
beautiful,  pure-minded,  and  loving.  Kate 
works  hard  to  assist  in  the  expenses  of 
housekeeping,  but  shuns  every  attempt 
of  Ralph  and  others  to  allure  her  from 
the  path  of  virgin  innocence.  She  ulti- 
mately marries  Frank,  the  nephew  of  the 
Cheeryble  brothers. 

Ralph  Nickleby,  of  Golden  Square 
(London),  uncle  to  Nicholas  and  Kate. 
A  hard,  grasping  money-broker,  with 
no  ambition  but  the  love  of  saving,  no 
spirit  beyond  the  thirst  of  gold,  and  no 
principle  except  that  of  fleecing  every 
one  who  comes  into  his  power.  This 
villain  is  the  father  of  Smike,  and  ulti- 
mately hangs  himself,  because  he  loses 
money,  and  sees  his  schemes  one  after 
another  burst  into  thin  air. — C.  Dickens, 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

iN'icneven,  a  gigantic  malignant  hag 
of  Scotch  superstition. 

*^*  Dunbar,  the  Scotch  poet,  describes 
her  in  his  Fluting  of  Dunbar  and  Kennedy 
(1508). 

Wicode'mus,  one  of  the  servants  of 
general  Harrison. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commomvealth). 

Nicole  (2  syl.),  a  female  servant  of 
M.  Jourdain,  who  sees  the  folly  of  her 
master,  and  exposes  it  in  a  natural  and 
amusing  manner. — Moliere,  Le  Bourgeois 
Gentilhomme  (1670). 

Night  or  Nox.  So  Tennyson  calls 
sir  Peread,  the  Black  Knight  of  the  Black 
Lands,  one  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept 
the  passages  to  Castle  Perilous. — Tenny- 
son, Idylls  of  the  Xing  ("  Gareth  and 
Lynette ") ;  sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  126  (1470). 

Nightingale  (The),  unknown  in 
Wales,  Ireland,  and  Scotland.  It  does 
not  visit  Cornwall,  nor  even  the  west  of 
Devon,  nor  does  it  cross  the  Trent. 

Nightingale  (The  Arcadian),  an  ass. 

Nightingale  {The  Cambridgeshire),  the 
edible  frog,  once  common  "in  the  fen 
district;  also  called  the  "Whaddon 
organ." 

Nightingale  {The  Fen),  the  edible  frog. 

Nightingale  {The  Italian),  Angelica 
Catala'ni ;  also  called  "The  Queen  of 
Song"  (1782-1849). 


Nightingale  {Tlie  Liege),  the  edible  frog. 

Nightingale  {The  Swedish),  Jenny  Lind, 
afterwards  Mde.  Goldschmidt.  She  ap- 
peared in  London  1847,  and  retired  1851 
(born  1821-        ). 

Nightingale  and  the  Lutist. 
The  talc  is,  that  a  lute-master  challenged 
a  nightingale  in  song.  The  bird,  after 
sustaining  the  contest  for  some  time, 
feeling  itself  outdone,  fell  on  the  lute,  and 
died  broken-hearted. 

*^*  This  tale  is  from  the  Latin  of 
Strada,  translated  by  Richard  CrashaAv, 
and  called  Music's  Duel  (1650).  It  is 
most  beautifully  told  by  John  Ford,  in 
his  drama  entitled  The  Lover's  Melan- 
choli/,  where  Men'aphon  is  supposed  to 
tell  it  to  Ame'thus  (1628). 

Nightingale  and  the  Thorn. 

As  it  fell  upon  a  day 
In  the  merry  month  of  May, 
Sitting  in  a  pleasant  shade 
Which  a  grove  of  myrtles  made- 
Beasts  did  leap,  and  birds  did  sing.  ; 
Trees  did  grow,  and  plants  did  spring. 
Everything  did  banish  moan. 
Save  the  nightingale  alone  ; 
She,  poor  bird,  as  all  forlorn. 
Leaned  her  breast  up-till  a  thorn. 
Richard  Barnfield,  Address  to  the  Nightingale  (1594). 
So  Philomel,  perched  on  an  aspen  sprig. 
Weeps  all  the  night  her  lost  virginity. 
And  sings  her  sad  tale  to  the  merry  twig. 
That  dances  at  such  joyful  mysery. 
Ne  ever  lets  sweet  rest  invade  her  eye ; 
But  leaning  on  a  thorn  her  dainty  chest, 
For  fear  soft  sleep  should  steal  into  her  breast. 
Expresses  in  her  song  grief  not  to  be  expressed. 
Giles  Fletcher.  Christ's  Triumph  over  Death  (1610).  \ 
The  nightingale  that  sings  with  the  deep  thorn. 
Which  fable  places  in  [tic]  her  breast. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vi.  87  (1824).  ; 

Nightmare    of    Europe    {The} 
Napoleon  Bonaparte  (1769,  reigned  18C 
1814,  died  1821). 

Nightshade  {Deadly).  We  are  toM 
that  the  berries  of  this  plant  so  intoxi- 
cated the  soldiers  of  Sweno  the  Danish 
king,  that  they  became  an  easy  prey  to 
the  Scotch,  who  cut  them  to  pieces. 

*45*  Called  "  deadly,"  not  from  its 
poisonous  qualities,  but  because  it  was 
used  at  one  time  for  blackening  the  eyes 
in  mourning. 

Nimrod,  pseudonym  of  Charles  James 
Apperley,  author  of  The  Chase,  The  Hood, 
The  Turf  (1852),  etc. 

Nim'ue,  a  "  damsel  of  the  lake,"  who 
cajoled  Merlin  in  his  dotage  to  tell  her 
the  secret  "whereby  he  could  be  rendered 
powerless ; "  and  then,  like  Delilah,  she 
overpowered  him,  by  "confining  him 
imder  a  stone." 

Then  after  these  quests.  Merlin  fell  in  a  dotage  on 
one  of  the  d^inisels  of  the  lake,  bight  Niuiue,  and  M< 


■Jt 


NINA-THOMA. 


687 


NINON  DE  LENCLOS. 


would  let  her  have  no  rest,  but  always  he  would  be  with 
her  in  every  place.  And  she  made  liim  good  cheer  till 
she  had  learned  of  him  what  she  desired.  .  .  .  And  Mer- 
lin shewed  to  her  in  a  rock,  whereas  Wiis  a  great  won- 
der .  .  .  which  went  under  a  stone.  So  by  her  subtle 
craft,  she  made  Merlin  go  under  that  stone  .  .  .  and  lie 
never  came  out,  for  all  the  craft  that  he  could  do.— Sir 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i^60  (1470). 

It  is  not  unlikely  that  this  name  is  a 
clerical  error  for  Nineve  or  Ninive.  It 
occurs  only  once  in  the  three  volumes. 
(See  Nineve.) 

*^,*  Tennyson  makes  Vivien  the  seduc- 
tive betrayer  of  Merlin,  and  says  she 
enclosed  him  *'  in  the  four  walls  of  a 
hollow  tower;"  but  the  History  says 
"  Nimue  put  him  under  the  stone  "  (pt.  i. 
GO). 

Wina-Thoma,  daughter  of  Tor- 
Thoma  (chief  of  one  of  the  Scandinavian 
islands).  .  She  eloped  with  Uthal  (son  of 
Larthmor  a  petty  king  of  Berrathon,  a 
neighbouring  island) ;  but  Uthal  soon 
tired  of  her,  and,  having  fixed  his  affec- 
tions on  another,  confined  her  in  a  desert 
island.  Uthal,  who  had  also  dethroned 
his  father,  was  slain  in  single  combat  by 
Ossian,  v/ho  had  come  to  restore  the 
deposed  monarch  to  his  throne.  When 
Nina-Thoma  heard  of  her  husband's 
death,  she  languished  and  died,  "for 
though  mo3t  cruelly  entreated,  her  love  for 
Uthal  was  not  abated." — Ossian,  Berra- 
thon. 

Nine.     "It  is  by  nines  that  Eastern 
presents  are  given,  when  they  would  ex- 
tend their  magnificence  to  the  highest 
degree."   Thus,  when  Dakianos  wished  to 
I     ingratiate  himself  with  the  shah, 

!  He  caused  himself  to  be  preceded  by  nine  superb  camels. 
I  The  first  was  loaded  with  nine  suits  of  gold  adorned  with 
I  jewels ;  the  second  bore  nine  sabres,  the  hilts  and  scab- 
i  bards  of  which  were  adorned  with  diamonds ;  upon  the 
i      thu^  camel  were  nine  suits  of  armour ;  the  fourth  had 

nine  suits  of  horse  furniture  ;  the  fiftli  liad  nine  cases  full 
;      of  sapphires ;  the  sixth  had  nine  cases  full  of  rubies  ;  the 

seventh  nine  cases  full  of  emeralds ;  the  eighth  had  nine 

cases  full  of  amethysts  ;  and  the  ninth  had  nine  cases  full 
I      of  diamonds.— Conite  de  Caylus.  Oriental  Talei  ("  Dakia- 

nos  and  the  Seven  Sleepers,"  1743). 

Nine  Gods  {The)  of  the  Etruscans : 

Juno,  Minerva,  and  Tin'ia  {the  three  chief) . 

I    The  other  six  were  Vulcan,  Mars,  Saturn, 

I    Hercules,  Summa'nus,  and  Vedius.    (See 

NOVENSILES.) 
{  Lars  Por'sSna  of  Clusiura, 

By  the  nine  gods  he  swore 
That  the  great  house  of  Tarquin 
Should  suffer  wrong  no  more. 
By  the  nine  gods  he  swore  it. 
And  named  a  tiysting  day  .  ,  , 
To  summon  his  an-ay. 

Lord  Macaulay,  Lays  of  Artyclent  Rome 
("Horatius,"!.,  184^). 

Nine  Orders  of  Angels  {The): 
(1)  Seraphim,  (2)  Cherubim  (m  the  first 
circle)  ;  (3)  Thrones,  (4)   Dominions  (m 


the  second  circle) ;  (5)  Virtues,  (6)  Powers, 
(7)  Principalities,  (8)  Archangels,  (9) 
Angels  {in  the  third  circle). 

In  heaven  above 
The  effulgent  bands  in  triple  circles  move. 

Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xi.  13  (1575). 
Novem  vero  angelorum  ordines  dicimus ;  .  .  .  scimuj 
(1)  Angelos,  (2)  Archangelos,  (3)  Virtutes,  (4)  Potestates, 
(5)  Principatus,  (6)  Dominationes,  (7)  Thronos,  (8)  Cheru- 
bim, (9)  Seraphim.— Gregory,  Ilomili/,  34  (A.D.  aSl). 

Nine  Planets  {The) :  Mercury, 
Venus,  the  Earth,  Mars,  the  Planetoids, 
Jupiter,  Saturn,  Uranus,  and  Neptune. 

*^*  According  to  the  Ptolemaic  system, 
there  are  only  seven  planets,  or  more 
strictly  speaking,  "  planetary  heavens," 
Yiz.,  the  Moon,  Mercury,  Venus,  the  Sun, 
Mars,  Jupiter,  and  Saturn.  Beyond  these 
were  three  other  spheres,  that  of  the  fixed 
stars,  the  primum  mobile,  and  the  em- 
pyrean. This  is  the  system  Dante  follows 
in  his  Paradise. 

Nine  "Worthies  (J7je).  Three  were 
pagans :  Hector,  Alexander,  and  Julius 
Caesar.  Three  were  Jews :  Joshua,  David, 
and  Judas  Maccabaeus.  Three  were 
Christians:  Arthur,  Charlemagne,  and 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon. 

Nine  Worthies  (privy  councillors  to 
William  III.).  Four  were  Whigs: 
Devonshire,  Dorset,  Monmouth,  and 
Edward  Russell.  Five  were  Tories : 
Caermarthen,  Pembroke,  Nottingham, 
Marlborough,  and  Lowther. 

Nine  Worthies  of  London  {The) : 
sir  William  Walworth,  sir  Henry  Prit- 
chard,  sir  William  Sevenoke,  sir  Thomas 
White,  sir  John  Bonham,  Christopher 
Croker,  sir  John  Hawkwood,  sir  Hugh 
Caverley,  and  sir  Henry  Maleverer. 

*^*  The  chronicles  of  these  nine 
worthies  are  written  in  prose  and  verse 
by  Richard  Johnson  (1592),  author  of 
The  Seven  Champions  of  Christendom. 

■  Nineve  (2  syl.),  the  Lady  of  the  Lake, 
in  Arthurian  romance. 

Then  the  Lady  of  the  Lake,  that  was  always  friendly  unto 
king  Arthur,  understood  by  her  subtle  crafts  that  he  was 
like  to  have  been  destroyed ;  and  so  the  Lady  of  the  Lake, 
that  hight  Nineve,  came  into  the  forest  to  seek  sir 
Launcelot  du  Lake.— Sir  T.  Malory,  Uistory  of  Prince 
Arthur,  ii.  57  (1470). 

*^*  This  name  occurs  three  times  in 
the  Morte  d' Arthur — once  as  "  Nimue," 
once  as  "Nineve,"  and  once  as  "Ninive." 
Probably  "Nimue"  {q.v.)  is  a  clerical 
error. 

Ninon  de  Lenclos,  a  beautiful 
Parisian,  rich,  sjjirituelle,  and  an  atheist, 
who  abandoned  herself  to  epicurean  in- 
dulgence, and  preserved  her  charms  to  a 


NIOBE. 


688 


NO  SONG  NO  SUPPER. 


very  advanced  age.  Ninon  de  Lenclos 
renounced  marriage,  and  had  numberless 
lovers.  Her  house  was  the  rendezvous 
of  all  the  most  illustrious  persons  of  the 
period,  as  Moli^re,  St.  Evremont,  Fonte- 
nelle,  Voltaire,  and  so  on  (1615-1705). 

Some  never  grow 
Ugly;  for  instance,  Ninon  de  Lenclos. 

Byioii,  Don  Joan,  v.  98  (1820). 

Niobe  [iVe'.o.6^],  the  beau-ideal  of 
grief.  After  losing  her  twelve  children, 
she  was  changed  into  a  stone,  from  which, 
ran  water. 

*^*  The  group  of  "  Niobe  and  her 
Children"  in  Florence,  discovered  at 
Rome  in  1583,  was  the  work  either  of 
Praxit'eles  or  Scopas. 

She  followed  my  poor  father's  body, 
Like  Niobe,  all  tears. 

Shakespeare,  Uaml^t,  .act  i.  sc.  2  (1596). 

Wiobe  of  Nations  {The).  Rome  is 
BO  called  by  Byron. — Cliilde  Harold,  iv. 
79  (1817). 

!N"ipha'tes  (3  syl.),  a  mountain  on  the 
borders  of  Mesopotamia.  It  was  on  this 
mountain  that  Satan  lighted,  when  he 
came  from  the  sun  to  visit  our  earth. 

.  .  .  tow.ard  the  coast  of  earth  beneath, 
Down  from  the  ecliptic,  sped  with  hoped  success  .  .  . 
Nor  stayed  till  on  Niphates'  top  he  lights. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iii.  739,  etc.  (1665). 

Nipper  (Susan),  generally  called 
"  Spitfire,"  from  her  snappish  disposition. 
She  was  the  nurse  of  FJorence  Dombey, 
to  whom  she  was  much  8tt.ached.  Susan 
Nipper  married  Mr.  Toots  (after  he  had 
got  over  his  infatuation  for  Florence). 

Susan  Nipper  sa»s,  "I  may  wish  to  take  a  voyage  to 
Chaney,  but  I  mayn't  know  how  to  leave  the  London 
Docks."— C.  Dickens,  Jjombey  and,  Son  (1846). 

Nippotate  (4  syl.),  "  a  live  lion 
stuffed  with  straw,"  exhibited  in  a  raree- 
show.  So  called  from  the  body  of  a  tame 
hedgehog  exhibited  by  Old  Harry,  a 
notorious  character  in  London  at'  the 
beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century  (died 
1710). 

Of  monsters  stranger  than  can  be  expi't-ssed, 
Tliere's  NippotatS  lies  amongst  tlie  rest. 

Sutton  MchoUs, 

Niquee  [Ne'.kat/],  the  sister  of  Anas- 
terax,  with  whom  she  lived  in  incest. 
The  fairy  Zorphee  was  her  godmother, 
and  enchanted  her,  in  order  to  break  off 
this  connection.  —  Vasco  de  Lobeira, 
Amadis  de  Gaul  (thirteenth  century). 

Nisroch  [Niz'.ro/i},  "  of  principalities 
the  prince."  A  god  of  the  Assvrians. 
In  the  book  of  Kinfjc  the  "  Seventy  "  call 
him  "Meserach,"  and  in  Isaiah  "  Nasa- 
rach."  Josephns  calls  him  "Araskes." 
One  of  the  rebel  angels  in  Milton's 
■Paradise  Lost.    He  says  : 


Sense  of  pleasure  we  may  well 
Spare  out  of  life,  perhaps,  and  not  repine. 
But  live  content,  which  is  the  calmest  life  ; 
But  pain  is  perfect  misery,  the  worst 
Of  evils,  and,  excessive,  overturns 
All  patience. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost.  vi.  459,  etc.  (1665). 

"Nit,  one  of  the  attendants  of  queen 
Mab. 

Hop,  and  Mop,  and  Drap  so  clear, 
Pip,  and  Trip,  and  Skip,  that  were 
To  Mab  their  sovereign  dear — 

Her  special  maids  of  honour. 
Fib,  and  Tib,  and  Pinck,  and  Pin, 
Tick,  and  Quick,  and  .Jill,  and  Jin, 
Tit,  and  Nit,  and  Wap,  and  Win— 

The  train  that  wait  upon  her. 

Drayton,  Nymphidia  (1568-1631). 

Nixon  (Christal),  agent  to  Mr. 
Edward  Redgauntlet  the  Jacobite. — Sir 
W.    Scott,    Jiedgauntlet    (time,    George 

Nixon  (Martha),  the  old  nurse  of  the 
earl  of  Oxford.— Sir  W.  Scott,  An7ie  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

No  One  (Ccesar  or).  Julius  Ctesar 
said,  "Aut  Ca;sar  aut  nullus."  And 
again,  "  I  would  sooner  be  first  in  a 
village  than  second  at  Rome." 

Milton  makes  Satan  say,  "Better  to 
reign  in  hell  than  serve  in  heaven." 

Jonathan  Wild  used  to  say,  '•  I'd  rather 
stand  on  the  top  of  a  dunghill  than  at  the 
bottom  of  a  hill  in  paradise." 

Tennyson  savs,  "All  in  all  or  not 
SiW:'— idylls  ("■'Vivien"). 

"  Six  thrice  or  three  dice"  (aces  wc 
called  dice,  and  did  not  count). 

No  Song  no  Supper,  a  musi 
drama  by  Prince  Hoare,  F.S.A.  (179i 
Crop  the  farmer  has  married  a  seco 
wife  called  Dorothy,  who  has  an  amiable 
weakness  for  a  rascally  lawyer  named 
landless.  During  the  absence  of 
husband,  Dorothy  provides  a  supper 
Endless,  consisting  of  roast  lamb  and 
cake ;  but  just  as  the  lawyer  sits  down 
to  it,  Crop,  with  Margaretta,  knocks  at 
the  door.  Endless  is  concealed  in  a  sack, 
and  the  supper  is  carried  away.  Pre- 
sently, Robin  the  sweetheart  of  Margaretta 
arrives,  and  Crop  regrets  there  is  nothing 
but  bread  and  cheese  to  offer  him.  Mar- 
garetta now  volunteers  a  song,  the  first 
verse  of  which  tells  Crop  there  is  roast 
lamb  in  the  house,  which  is  accordingly 
produced ;  the  second  verse  tells  him 
there  is  a  cake,  which  is  produced  also  ; 
and  the  third  verse  tells  him  that  Endless 
is  concealed  in  a  sack.  Had  there  been 
no  song  there  would  have  been  no  supp^ 
but  the  song  produced  the  roast  lamb  a 
new  cake. 


I 


NOAH'S  WIFE. 


689 


NORLAND. 


Noah's  Wife,  Waila  (3  si/l.),  who 
endeavoured  to  persuade  the  people  that 
her  liusband  was  distraught. 

The  wife  of  Noah  [iVdXla]  and  the  wife  of  Lot 
[jrrtAe?!*]  were  bolh  unbelievers  .  .  .  aiui  deceived  their 
husbands  .  .  .  and  it  shall  be  aiid  to  them  at  the  last  day, 
"  Enter  ye  into  hell  fire."— Sale/  ^  J  Kordn.  Ixvi. 

Nobbs,  the  horse  of  "  Dr.  Dove  of 
Doncaster."— Southey,  The  Doctor  (1834). 

Noble  (TAe),  Charles  III.  of  Navarre 
(13G1,  1387-1425). 

Soliman,  Tchelihiy  the  Turk  (died 
1410). 

*^*  Khosrou  or  Chosroes  I.  was  called 
"The  Noble  Soul"  (*,  531-579). 

Nodel,  the  lion,  in  the  beast-epic 
called  Reynard  the  Fox.  Nodel,  the  lion , 
represents  the  regal  element  of  Germany ; 
■Isengrin,  the  wolf,  represents  the  baronial 
element  ;  and  Reynard,  the  fox,  the 
Church  element  (1498). 

Noel  (Eusebe),  schoolmaster  of  Bout 
du  Monde.  "His  clothes  are  old  and 
worn,  and  his  manner  vacant  "  (act  i.  2). 
— E.  Stirling,  The  Gold-Mine  or  Miller  of 
Grenoble  (1854). 

Noggs  {Newman),  Ralph  Nickleby's 
clerk.  A  tall  man,  of  middle  age,  with 
two  goggle  eyes  (one  of  which  was 
fixed),  a  rubicund  nose,  a  cadaverous 
face,  and  a  suit  of  clothes  decidedly  the 
worse  for  wear.  He  had  the  gift  of  dis- 
torting and  cracking  his  finger-joints. 
This  kind-hearted,  dilapidated  fellow 
"  kept  his  hunter  and  hounds  once,"  but 
ran  through  his  fortune.  He  discovered 
a  plot  of  old  Ralph,  which  he  confided  to 
the  Cheeryble  brothers,  who  frustrated  it 
and  then  provided  for  Newman.  —  C. 
Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Noko'mis,  mother  of  Weno'nah,  and 

grandmother    of     Hiawatha.       Nikomis 

was  the  daughter  of  the  Moon.     While 

she  was  swinging  one  day,  some  of  her 

i  companions,  out  of  jealousy,  cut  the  ropes, 

■  and  she  fell  to  earth  in  a  meadow.     The 

same  night  her  first  child,  a  daughter, 

'  was  born,  and  was  named  Wenonah. 

Tiiere  among  the  ferns  and  mosses  .  .  . 
Fair  Nokomis  bore  a  daughter, 
And  she  called  her  name  Wenonah. 
[  Longfellow.  Hiawatha,  ili.  (1855). 

I    Non    Mi    Ricordo,     the    usual 

answer  of  the  Italian  courier  and  other 

1  Italian  witnesses  when  on  examination  at 

i  the  trial  of  queen  Charlotte  (the  wife  of 

George  IV.),  in  1820. 

The  Italian  witnesses  often  created  amusement,  when 
:  under  examination,  by  the  trequer.t  answer.  "  Non  mi 
nwrdo."— CaaseU's  Uutory  of  Jingland,    VII.    iv.    16 


"Lord  Flint,"  in  Siich  Things  Are,  by 
Mrs.  Inchbald  (1786),  when"  asked  a 
question  he  wished  to  evade,  used  to 
reply,  "My  people  know,  no  doubt,  but 
I  cannot  recollect." 

"Pierre  Choppard,"  in  The  Courier  of 
Lyons,  by  Edward  Stirling  (1852),  when 
asked  an  ugly  question,  always  answered, 
"  I'll  ask  my  wife,  my  memory's  so 
slippery." 

The  North  American  society  called  the 
"  Know  Nothings,"  founded  in  1853,  used 
to  reply  to  every  question  about  them- 
selves, "I  know  nothing  about  it." 

Nona'cris*  Stream,  the  river 
Styx,  in  Arcadia.  Cassander  says  he 
has  in  a  phial  some  of  this  "horrid 
spring,"  one  drop  of  which,  mixed  with 
wine,  would  act  as  a  deadly  poison.  To 
this  Polyperchon  replies  : 

v    I  know  its  power,  for  I  have  seen  it  tried. 
Pains  of  all  sorts  thro'  every  nerve  and  artery 
At  once  it  scatt«rs, — burns  at  once  and  freezes,— 
Till,  by  extremity  of  torture  forced. 
The  soul  consents  to  leave  her  joyless  home. 

N.  Lee,  Alexander  the  Great,  iv.  1  (1678). 

Nonentity  (JDr.),  a  metaphysician, 
and  thought  by  most  people  to  be  a  pro- 
found scholar.  He  generally  spreads 
himself  before  the  fire,  sucks  his  pipe, 
talks  little,  drinks  much,  and  is  reckoned 
very  good  company.  You  may  know  him 
by  his  long  grey  wig,  and  the' blue  hand- 
kerchief round  his  neck. 

Dr.  Nonentity,  I  am  told,  writes  indexes  to  perfection, 
makes  essays,  and  reviews  any  work  with  a  single  day's 
warning.— Goldsmith,  A  Citizen  of  the  )yorlU,  xxix. 
(175y). 

Nones  and  Ides  (each  1  syl.). 

On  March  the  7th,  June,  July, 
October,  too,  the  Nones  you  spy ; 
Except  in  these,  those  Nones  appear 
On  the  5th  d-iy  of  all  the  year. 
If  to  the  Nones  you  add  an  8, 
Of  all  the  Ides  you'll  find  the  date. 

Hence  we  have  the  15th  for  the  Ides  ot 
March,  June,  July,  and  October ;  and  the 
13th  for  every  other  month. 

Norbert  (Father),  Pierre  Parisot  Nor- 
bert,  the  French  missionary  (1697-1769), 

Norfolk  Street  (Strand),  with 
Arundel,  Surrey,  and  Howard  Streets, 
occupy  the  site  of  the  house  and  grounds 
of  the  Howards  (earls  of  Arundel  and 
Surrey). 

^  Norland  (Lord),  father  of  lady 
Eleanor  Irwin,  and  guardian  of  lady 
Ramble  (Miss  Maria  Wooburn).  He 
disinherited  his  daughter  for  marrying 
against  his  will,  and  left  her  to  starve, 
but  subsequently  relented,  ^.nd  relieved 
her  wants  and  those  of  her  young  hua- 
2  X 


NORMA. 


690 


NORTHERN  WAGGONER. 


band.— Inchbali,   Every    One    has    His 
Fault  (1794). 

Norma,  a  vestal  who  had  been 
seduced,  and  discovers  her  paramour 
trying  to  seduce  a  sister  vestal.  In 
despair,  she  contemplates  the  murder  of 
her  base-born  children. — Bellini,  Norma 
(1831)  ;  libretto  by  Romani. 

Norman,  forester  of  sir  William 
Ashton  lord-keeper  of  Scotland.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Bride  of  Lamniermoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Norman,  a  "  sea-captain,"  in  love 
with  Violet  the  ward  of  lady  Arundel. 
It  turns  out  that  this  Norman  is  her 
ladyship's  son  by  her  first  husband,  and 
heir  to  the  title  and  estates ;  but  lady 
Arundel,  having  married  a  second  hus- 
band, had  a  son  named  Percy,  whom  she 
wished  to  make  her  heir.  Norman's 
father  was  murdered,  and  Norman,  who 
was  born  three  days  afterwards,  was 
brought  up  by  Onslow,  a  village  priest. 
At  the  age  of  14  he  went  to  sea,  and 
became  captain  of  a  man-of-war.  Ten 
years  later,  he  returned  to  Arundel,  and 
though  at  first  his  mother  ignored  him, 
and  Percy  flouted  him,  his  noble  and 
generous  conduct  disarmed  hostility,  and 
he  not  only  reconciled  his  half-brother, 
but  won  his  mother's  affection,  and 
married  Violet,  his  heart's  "  sweet  sweet- 
ing."—  Lord  Lytton,  The  Sea-Captain 
(1839). 

Norman-nan-Ord  or  Norman  of 
the  Hammer,  one  of  the  eight  sons  of 
Torquil  of  the  Oak.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Normandy  {The  Gem  of),  Emma, 
daughter  of  Richard  I.  (died  1052). 

Noma  of  the  Fitful  Head, 
"  The  Reimkennar."  Her  real  name  was 
Ulla  Troil,  but  after  her  seduction  by 
Basil  Mertoun  (Vaughan),  and  the  birth 
of  a  son  named  Clement  Cleveland  (the 
future  pirate),  she  changed  her  name. 
Towards  the  end  of  the  novel.  Noma 
gradually  recovered  her  senses.  She  was 
the  aunt  of  Minna  and  Brenda  Troil. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Pirate  (time,  William 
111.). 

[One]  cannot  fall  to  trace  in  Noma— the  victim  of  re- 
morse and  insanity,  and  tlje  dupe  of  lier  own  imposture, 
her  mind  too  flooded  with  all  the  wild  literature  and 
extmvatmnt  supei-stitions  of  the  north— something  distinct 
from  the  Diniifriesshire  gipsy,  whose  pretensions  to  super- 
natural i>owcrs  are  not  hcyond  those  of  a  Norwood 
i>roi.hetess.— rAe  J'lrate  (intriKlucUon,  18L'l). 

Norris,  a  family   to   whom  Martin 


Chuzzlewit  was  introduced  while  he  was 
in  America.  They  Avere  friends  of  Mr. 
Bevan,  rabid  abolitionists,  and  yet 
hankering  after  titles  as  the  gilt  of  the 
gingerbread  of  life. — C.  Dickens,  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Norris  {Black),  a  dark,  surly  man 
and  a  wrecker.  He  wanted  to  marry 
Marian,  "the  daughter"  of  Robert  (also 
a  wrecker) ;  but  Marian  was  betrothed  to 
Edward,  a  young  sailor.  Robert,  being 
taken  up  for  murder,  was  condemned  to 
death ;  but  Norris  told  Marian  he  would 
save  his  life  if  she  would  promise  to 
marry  him.  Marian  consented,  but  was 
saved  by  the  arrest  of  Black  Norris  for 
murder.  —  S.  Knowles,  The  Daughter 
(1836). 

North.  {Christopher),  pseudonym  of 
John  Wilson,  professor  of  moral  philo- 
sophy, Edinburgh,  editor  of  Blackwood's 
Magazine,  in  which  appeared  the  "Noctes 
Ambrosianje"  (1805-1861). 

North  {Lord),  one  of  the  judges  in  the 
State  trial  of  Geoffrey  Peveril,  Julian, 
and  the  dwarf,  for  being  concerned  in  the 
popish  plot. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

North  Britain,  Scotland. 

North  Britain  {The),  a  radical  periodi- 
cal, conducted  by  John  Wilkes.  The 
celebrated  number  of  this  serial  was  No. 
45,  in  which  the  ministers  are  charged 
"with  putting  a  lie  in  the  king's  mouth." 

Northampton,  a  contraction  of 
North- Avon-town  (Northavonton),  the 
town  on  the  north  of  the  Avon  (Nen). 
As  Drayton  says,  "  Nen  was  Avon 
called. "-^Po/yo/6jon,  xxiii.  (1622). 

Northamptonshire  Poet  {The)^ 

John  Clare  (1793-1864). 

Northern  Harlot  {The),  Elizabeth 
Petrowna,  empress  of  Russia  ;  also  called  ^ 
"  The  Infamous  "  (1709-1761).  j 

Northern  Waggoner,  Ursa  major  | 
or  Charles's  waggon,  a  corruption  of  the 
churl's  waggon.  It  contains  seven  large 
stars,  designated  by  the  Greek  letters 
a,  /3,  y,  6,  e,  C  1.  The  first  four  form  the 
waggon  and  the  rest  the  pole  or  shaft. 
The  driver  of  the  team  is  Bootes 

By  this  the  northern  wagoner  has  set 

His  sevenfold  team  behind  the  steadfast  star  [the  poJt 

That  was  in  ocean  waves  yet  never  wet. 

But  firm  is  fixed,  and  sendeth  light  from  far 

To  all  that  on  the  wide  ileep  wandering  are. 

Spenser,  Faiiry  Queeti,  1.  U.  1  ( 


I 


NORUMBEGA. 


691 


NOTTINGHAM. 


Norumbe'ga,  a  province  of  North 
America. 

Now  from  the  north 
Of  Norumbega  and  tlie  Samoed  shore  .   .  . 
Boreas  and  C:jBcias,  and  Argestes  loud, 
And  Thrascias  rend  the  wo(xls.  and  seas  upturn. 

Milton,  Paradise  lost,  \.  695  (1665). 

*^*  **  Samoed  shore,"  the  shore  con- 
tiguous to  the  frozen  ocean;  "Boreas," 
north  wind  ;  "  Csecias,"  north-west  wind; 
"Argestes,"  north-east  wind;  "Thras- 
cias," wind  from  Thrace. 

Norval  (Old),  a  shepherd,  who  brings 
up  lady  Randolph's  son  (Douglas)  as  his 
own.  He  was  hidden  at  birth  in  a  basket, 
because  sir  Malcolm  (her  father)  hated 
Douglas,  whom  she  had  privately  mar- 
ried. The  child  being  found  by  old 
Norval,  was  brought  up  as  his  own,  but 
the  old  man  discovered  that  the  foundling 
was  "sir  Malcolm's  heir  and  Douglas's 
son."  When  18  years  old,  the  foster-son 
;  saved  the  life  of  lord  Randolph.  Lady 
Randolph  took  great  interest  in  the  young 
man,  and  when  old  Norval  told  her  his 
tale,  she  instantly  perceived  that  the 
young  hero  was  in  fact  her  own  son. 

i  Pathos  rendered  the  voice  of  William  Bensley  [1733- 
1817]  in  "Old  Norval"  rugged  as  well  as  repulsive;  and 

f  he  never,  as  t<J  his  feet,  either  stood  or  walked  with  the 
oharacter  of  age.  His  helpless  action  had  a  character  of 
restrained  vigour;  he  implored  pity  in  the  noisy  shout 

I    of  defiance. — Boaden. 

Young  Norval,  the  infant  exposed,  and 
j   brought  up  by  the  old  shepherd  as  his 
j   own  son.     He  turned  out  to  be  sir  Mal- 
colm's heir.     His  mother  was  lady  Ran- 
dolph,  and  his  father  lord  Douglas,  her 
'  first   husband.       Young  Norval,   having 
saved  the  life   of    lord   Randolph,   was 
'■  given  b}'^  him  a  commission  in  the  army. 
Glenalvon,  the  heir-presumptive  of  lord 
•  Randolph,  hated  the  new  favourite,  and 
'  persuaded  his  lordship   that  the  young 
man  was  too  familiar  with  ladj'  Randolph. 
Being  waylaid,  Norval  was  attacked,  slew 
Glenalvon,  but  was  in  turn  slain  by  lord 
Randolph.     After  the   death  of  Norval, 
■  lord  Randolph  discovered  that  he   had 
:  killed  the  son  of  his  wife  by  a  former 
marriage.     The  mother,  in  her  distrac- 
I  tion,  threw  herself  headlong  from  a  lofty 
'  precipice,  and  lord  Randolph  went  to  the 
'  war  then  raging  between  Denmark  and 
I  Scotland.— J.  Home,  Douglas  (1757). 

(This  was  a  favourite  character  with 
jJohnKemble,  1767-1823.) 

'  Henry  Johnston  selected  "Young  Norval"  for  his 
maiden  part.  His  youthful  form  and  handsome  expres- 
sive countenance  won  for  him  universal  approbation. 
,  Previously  tlie  young  shepherd  had  been  dressed  in  the 
I  .rews  and  Scotch  jacket ;  but  when  Johnston  appeared  in 
full  Highland  costume,  kilt,  breastplate,  shield,  claymore, 
;  iiiil  bonnet,  the  whole  house  rose  en  masse,  and  «uch  a 
I  reception  was  never  witnessed  within  the  walls  of  a 
Jrovmcial  theatre  before.— W.  Donaldson,  Jiccollectiom. 


Norway  (The  Fair  Maid  of),  Mar- 
garet, granddaughter  of  Alexander  HI. 
of  Scotland.  She  died  (1290)  of  sea- 
sickness on  her  passage  from  Nonvay  to 
Scotland.  Her  father  was  Eric  II.  king 
of  Norway,  and  her  mother  was  Margaret 
only  daughter  of  Alexander  III. 

2Srose  (Golden),  Tycho  Brahe,  the 
Danish  astronomer.  Having  lost  his  nose 
in  a  duel  with  one  Passberg,  he  adopted 
a  golden  one,  and  attached  it  to  his  face 
by  a  cement  which  he  carried  about  with 
him. 

That  eminent  man  who  had  a  golden  nose,  Tycho 
Brahe,  lost  his  nose  in  a  duel,  and  a  golden  one  was 
supplied,  which  gave  him  the  appearance  of  a  wiziird.— 
Marryat,  Jutland  and  the  Danish  Jslei,  305. 

Nosebag  (Mrs.),  wife  of  a  lieutenant 
in  the  dragoons.  She  is  the  inquisitive 
travelling  companion  of  Waverley  when 
he  travels  by  stage  to  London. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Nosey  (Play  up)  I  This  exclamation 
was  common  in  our  theatres  in  the  days 
of  Macklin,  etc.  M.  Nozay  was  the 
leader  of  the  orchestra  in  Covent  Garden 
Theatre. 

*^*  Some  persons  affirm  that  "  Old 
Nose}''"  was  Cervetto,  the  violoncello 
player  at  Drury  Lane  (1753),  and  say 
that  he  was  so  called  from  his  long  nose. 

Napoleon  III.  was  nicknamed  Grosbeo 
("  Nosey"). 

Nosnot-Boeai  [^Bo'.hj],  prince  of 
purgatory. 

Sir,  1  last  night  received  command 
To  see  you  out  of  Fairy-land 
Into  the  realm  of  Nosnot-Bocai. 

King,  Orpheus  and  Eurydice. 

Nostrada'mus  (Michael),  an  as- 
trologer of  the  sixteenth  century,  who 
published  an  annual  Almanac  and  a  Re^ 
cueil  of  Prophecies,  in  verse  (1503-156G). 

Nostrada'mus  of  Portugal,  Gon- 
9alo  Annes  Bandarra,  a  poet-cobbler, 
whose  career  was  stopped,  in  1656,  by  the 
Inquisition. 

Nottingham  (The  countess  of),  a 
quondam  sweetheart  of  the  earl  of  Essex, 
and  his  worst  enemy  when  she  heard  that 
he  had  married  the  countess  of  Rutland. 
The  queen  sent  her  to  the  Tower  to  ask 
Essex  if  he  had  no  petition  to  make,  and 
the  earl  requested  her  to  take  back  a  ring, 
which  the  queen  had  given  him  as  a  pledge 
of  mercy  in  time  of  need.  As  the  coun- 
tess oixt  of  jealousy  forbore  to  deliver  it, 
the  earl  was  executed.  —  Henry  Jones, 
The  Earl  of  Essex  (1745). 


NOTTINGHAM  LAMBS. 


692 


NOURONIHAR. 


Nottingham  Lambs  {The),  the 
Nottingham  roughs. 

Nottingham  Poet  {The),  Philip 
James  Bailey,  the  author  of  Festus,  etc. 
(1816-        ). 

No'tUS,  the  south  wind ;  Afer  is  the 
south-west  wind. 

Notus  and  Afer,  black  with  thundrous  clouds. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  x.  702  (1665). 

Ifoukhail,  the  angel  of  day  and 
night. 

The  d.ay  and  night  are  trusted  to  my  care.  I  hold  the 
day  in  my  right  hand,  and  the  night  in  my  left;  and  I 
maintain  the  just  equiUl>rium  between  tlieni,  for  if  either 
were  to  overbalance  the  otlier,  tlie  universe  would  either 
be  consumed  by  the  heat  of  the  .<un,  or  would  perish  with 
the  cold  of  darkness.— Com te  de  Caylus,  Oriental  Taltti 
("  History  of  Abdal  Motiillab,"  1743). 

!N"oiiman  {Sidl),  an  Arab  who  married 
Amine,  a  verj^  beautiful  woman,  who  ate 
her  rice  with  a  bodkin.  Sidi,  wishing  to 
know  how  his  wife  could  support  life  and 
health  without  more  food  than  she  par- 
took of  in  his  presence,  watched  her 
narrowly,  and  discovered  that  she  was  a 
ghoul,  who  went  by  stealth  every  night 
and  feasted  on  the  fresh-buried  dead. 
When  Sidi  made  this  discovery,  Amine 
changed  him  into  a  dog.  After  he  was 
restored  to  his  normal  shape,  he  changed 
Amine  into  a  mare,  which  every  day  he 
rode  almost  to  death. — Arabian  Nights 
("History  of  Sidi  Nouman"). 

Your  majesty  knows  that  ghoul-x  of  either  sex  are 
demons  which  wander  about  the  fields.  They  commonly 
inhabit  ruinous  buildings,  whence  they  issue  suddenly  on 
unwary  travellers,  whom  they  kill  and  devour.  If  they 
fail  to  meet  with  travellers,  they  go  by  night  into  burving- 
grounds,  and  dig  up  dejid  bodies,  on  which  they  feed. — 
•'History  of  Sidi  Nouman." 

Noureddin,  son  of  Khacan  (vizier 
of  Zinebi  king  of  Balsora).  He  got 
possession  of  the  "  beautiful  Persian  " 
purchased  for  the  king.  At  his  father's 
death  he  soon  squandered  away  his  patri- 
mony in  the  wildest  extravagance,  and 
fled  with  his  beautiful  slave  to  Bagdad. 
Here  he  encountered  Haroun  Alraschid 
in  disguise,  and  so  jdeased  the  caliph, 
that  he  was  placed  in  the  number  of 
those  courtiers  most  intimate  with  his 
majesty,  who  also  bestowed  on  him  so 
plentiful  a  fortune,  that  he  lived  with  the 
"beautiful  Persian"  in  affluence  all  the 
rest  of  his  life. — Arabian  Niijhts  ("Nou- 
reddin  and  the  Beautiful  Persian"). 

Nour'eddin'  Ali,  younger  son  of 
the  vizier  of  Egypt.  "He  was  possessed 
of  as  much  merit  as  can  fall  to  the  lot  of 
man."  Having  quarrelled  with  his  elder 
brother,  he  travelled  to  Baso'ra,  where  he 
married  the  vizier's  daughter,  and  suc- 
ceeded his  father-in-law  in  office.    A  son 


was  born  to  him  in  due  time,  and  on  the 
very  same  day  the  wife  of  his  elder 
brother  had  a  daughter.  Noureddin 
died  Avhen  his  son  was  barely  twenty  and 
unmarried. — Arabian  Nights  ("Noureddin 
Ali,"  etc.). 

Nourgehan's  Bracelet.  Nourge- 
han  emperor  of  the  Moguls  had  a  brace- 
let which  had  the  property  of  discovering 
poison,  even  at  a  considerable  distance. 
When  poison  was  anywhere  near  the 
wearer,  the  stones  of  the  bracelet  seemed 
agitated,  and  the  agitation  increased  as 
the  poison  approached  them. — Comte  de 
Caylus,  Oriental  Tales  ("The  Four  Talis- 
mans," 1743). 

Nour'jahad,  a  sleeper,  like  Kip 
van  Winkle,  Epimen'ides,  etc.  (See 
Sleepers.) 

Nouijeham  {''light  of  the  world"). 
So  the  sultana  Noumiahal  was  subse- 
quently called. — T.  Moore,  Lalla  Rookh 
("The  Light  of  the  Haram,"  1817). 

Nonrmahal'  {The  sultana),  i.e. 
"  Light  of  the  Haram,"  afterwards  called 
Nourjehan  ("light  of  the  world").  She 
was  for  a  season  estranged  from  the  sul- 
tan, till  he  gave  a  grand  banquet,  at  which 
she  appeared  in  disguise  as  a  lute-player 
and  singer.  The  sultan  was  so  enchanted 
with  her  performance,  that  he  exclaimed, 
"  If  Nourmahal  had  so  played  and  sung, 
I  could  forgive  her  all ; "  whereupon  the 
sultana  threw  off  her  mask,  and  Selim 
"cauc:ht  her  to  his  heart." — T.  Moore, 
LalUi'Eookh  ("The  Light  of  the  Haram," 
1817). 

Nouron'ihar,  daughter  of  the  emii 
Fakreddin  ;  a  laughing,  beautiful  girl, 
full  of  fun  and  pretty  mischief,  dotingly 
fond  of  Gulchenrouz,  her  cousin,  a  boy  of 
13.  She  married  the  caliph  Vathek,  with 
whom  she  descended  into  the  abyss  of 
Eblis,  whence  she  never  after  returned  to 
the  light  of  day. 

The  trick  she  played  Bababalouk  was 
this  :  Vathek  the  caliph  was  on  a  visit  to  j 
Fakreddin  the  emir',  and  Bababalouk  bis 
chief  eunuch  intruded  into  the  bath-room, 
where  Nouronihar  and  her  damsels  were 
bathing.  Nouronihar  induced  the  old 
eunudi  to  rest  himself  awhile  on  the  | 
swing,  when  the  girls  set  it  going  with  I 
all  their  might.  The  cords  broke,  the 
eunuch  fell  into  the  bath,  the  girls  made| 
off  with  their  lamps,  and  left  the  meddk' 
some  old  fool  to  flounder  about 
morning,  when  assistance  came,  but 


tillj 

11 


NOUROUNNIHAR. 


693 


NUMBER  NIP. 


before  he  was  half  dead. — W.  Beckford, 

Vathek  (1784). 

Nouroun'nihar,  niece  of  a  sultan 

of  India,  who  had  three  sons  all  in  love 

with  her.     The  sultan  said  he  would  give 

her  to  him  who,  in  twelve  months,  gave 

him   the    most    valuable   present.      The 

three  princes  met  in  a  certain  inn  at  the 

expiration  of  the  time,  when  one  prince 

looked    through  a  tube,    which   showed 

Nourounnihar    at    the    point  of    death ; 

:    another  of  the  brothers   transported  all 

three  instantaneously  on  a  magic  carpet  to 

the  princess's   chamber ;    and  the   third 

I    brother  gave  her  an  apple  to  smell   of, 

j    which  ettected  an  instant  cure.     It  was 

impossible    to    decide    which    of    these 

presents  was  the  most  valuable  ;  so  the 

sultan  said  he  should  have  her  who  shot 

an  arrow  to  the  greatest  distance.    .The 

1   eldest  (Houssain)  shot  first ;  Ali  overshot 

!   the  arrow  of  his  elder  brother ;  but  that 

j   of  the  youngest  brother  (Ahmed)  could 

I  nowhere  be  found.      So   the  award  was 

j  given  to  Ali. — Arabian  Nights  ("Ahmed 

i   and  Pari-Banou"). 

j       Novel  (Father  of  the  English) .    Henry 
j!  Fielding  is  so  called  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(1707-1754). 

I  Wovember  or  JBlot-monath,  i.e. 
I  "blood  month,"  meaning  the  month  in 
i  which  oxen,  sheep,  and  swine  were 
[  slaughtered,  and  afterwards  salted  down 
[  for  winter  use.   Some  idea  may  be  formed 


of  the  enormous  stores  provided,  from 
I  the  fact  that  the  elder  Spencer,  in  1327, 
;  when  the  season  was  over,  had  a  suri)lus, 
j:  in  May,  of  "80  salted  beeves,  500  bacons, 
i;  and    600  muttons."     In   Chichester  the 

October  fair  is  called  "  Slo-fair,"  i.e. 
i  the  fair  when  beasts   were   sold  for  the 

slaughter  of  Blot-month  (Old   English, 

sle'an  sldh,  "  to  slaughter  "). 

j  Woven'dial  Ashes,  the  ashes  of 
(the  dead  just  consigned,  or  about  to  be 
I  consigned,  to  the  grave.  The  Romans 
■  kept  the  body  seven  days,  burnt  it  on  the 
i  eighth,  and  buried  the  ashes  on  the 
i  ainth. 

f  A  Noven'dial  holiday,  nine  days  set 
^ipart  by  the  Romans,  in  expiation  of  a 
[  jhower  of  stones. 

I.  Noven'siles  (4  syl.),  the  nine  Sabine 
?ods :  viz.,  Hercules,  Romulus,  Escu- 
apius,   Bacchus,    A:neas,   Vesta,    Santa, 

1  .'ortuna,  and  Fides  or  Faith.  (See  Nink 
jOds  of  the  Etruscans.) 

Novit  {Mr.  NichU)   the  lawyer  of  the 


old  laird  of  Dumbiedikes. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Heart  of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

IQ"ovius,-the  usurer,  famous  for  tho 
loudness  of  his  voice. 

...  at  hie  si  pluustra  ducenta 
ConcHrrantqne  foro  trla  funera  magna  sonabit 
Cornua  quod  viucatque  tubas. 

Horace,  Satires,  i.  6. 
These  people  seem  to  be  of  the  race  of  Novius,  that 
Roman  banker,  whose  voice  exieeded  the  noise  of  carmen. 
— Lesage,  Gil  Bias,  vii.  l.J  (1735). 

Wow-now  (Old  Anthony),  an  itine- 
rant fiddler.  The  character  is  a  skit  on 
Anthony  Munday,  the  dramatist.— Chettle, 
KindhearVs  Dream  (1592). 

Nuath  (2  syl.),  father  of  Lathmou 
and  Oith'ona  {q.v.). — Ossian,  Oithon/i. 

Nubbles  [Mrs.),  a  poor  widow  woman, 
who  was  much  given  to  going  to  Little 
Bethel. 

Christopher  or  Kit  NvMes,  her  son,  tho 
servant  in  attendance  on  little  Nell, 
whom  he  adored.  After  the  death  of 
little  Nell,  Kit  married  Barbara,  a  fellow- 
servant. — C.  Dickens,  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop  (1840). 

Nudio'si,  small  stones,  which  pre- 
vent the  sight  of  those  who  carry  them 
about  their  person  from  waxing  dim. 
They  will  even  restore  the  sight  after  it 
is  lost  or  impaired.  The  more  these 
stones  are  gazed  on,  the  keener  will  be 
the  gazer's  vision.  Prester  John,  in  his 
letter  to  Manuel  Comne'nus  emi)eror  of 
Constantinople,  says  they  are  found  in 
his  country. 

Nugget.     The  largest  ever  found  : 

1.  The  Sarah  Sands  nugget,  found  at 
Ballarat.  It  weighed  130  lbs.  troy  or 
1560  oz.  This,  at  £4  per  ounce,  would 
be  worth  £6240. 

2.  The  Blanche  Barkly  nugget,  dug  up 
at  Kingower.  It  weighed  145  lbs.,  and 
was  worth  £6960. 

3.  The  Welcome  nugget,  found  at  Bal- 
larat. It  weighed  184  lbs.,  and  was  sold 
for  £10,000.  This  was  the  largest  ever 
found. 

*^*  The  first  nugget  was  discovered  in 
New  South  Wales,  in  1851  ;  the  next  in 
Victoria,  in  1852.  The  former  of  these 
two  weighed  a  hundredweight,  and  wajt 
purchased  of  a  shepherd  for  £10. 

Nulla  Fides  Fronti. 

Tliere  is  no  art 
To  find  the  mind's  construction  in  the  face. 

Slialiespeare,  Macbeth,  act  i.  sc.  4  (ItfOG). 

Number  Nip,  tlie  name  of  tho 
gnome  king  of  the  Giant  Mountains.— 
Musaeus,  Popular  Tales  (1782). 


NUMBERS. 


694 


NUTSHELL. 


*^*  Miiseeus  was  a  German,  uncle  of 
Kotsebue  (died  1788). 

Numbers.  The  symbolism  of  the 
first  thirteen  numbers : 

1  symbolizes  the  unity  of  the  Godhead. 

'i  symbolizes  the  hypostatic  uuioii  of  Christ 

3  symbolizes  the  Trinity. 

4  ^mbolizes  the  Evanijelists. 

0  symbolizes  the  five  wounds  (two  iu  the  hands,  two  In 
the  feet,  and  one  in  the  side). 

6  is  the  number  of  sin. 

7  is  that  of  the  gifts  of  the  Spirit  (Rev.  i.  12).    Seven 

times  Christ  spoke  on  the  cross. 

8  is  the  number  of  the  beatitudes  [ytatt.  v.  3-11). 

9  is  the  number  of  the  orders  of  angels  (j.o.). 

10  is  the  number  of  the  commaiiduieats. 

11  apostles  after  the  loss  of  Judas. 

12  the  original  apostolic  college 

13  the  complete  apostolic  college,  after  the  call  of  St 

PauL 

Nun,  the  fish  on  which  the  faithful 
feed  in  paradise.  The  lobes  of  its  liver 
will  suffice  for  70,000  men.  The  ox 
provided  for  them  is  called  Balam. 

Nun's  Tale  {The),  the  tale  of  the 
cock  and  the  fox.  One  day,  dan  Russell, 
the  fox,  came  into  the  poultry-yard,  and 
told  Master  Chanteclere  he  could  not 
resist  the  pleasure  of  hearing  him  sing, 
for  his  voice  was  so  divinely  ravishing. 
The  cock,  pleased  with  this  flattery,  shut 
his  eyes,  and  began  to  crow  most  lustily ; 
whereupon  dan  Russell  seized  him  by  the 
throat,  and  ran  off  with  him.  When 
they  got  to  the  wood,  the  cock  said  to 
the  fox,  "  I  would  recommend  you  to  eat 
me  at  once,  for  I  think  I  can  hear  your 
pursuers."  "I  am  going  to  do  so,"  said 
the  fox  ;  but  when  he  opened  his  mouth 
to  reph',  off  flew  the  cock  into  a  tree, 
and  while  the  fox  was  deliberating  hoAV 
he  might  regain  his  prey,  up  came  the 
farmer  and  his  men  with  scythes,  flails, 
and  pitchforks,  with  which  they  de- 
spatched the  fox  without  mercy.— Chau- 
cer, Canterburi/  Tales  (1388). 

***  This  fable  is  one  of  those  by  Marie 
of  France,  called  Don  Coc  mid  Don 
Werpil. 

Nun's  Tale  (The  Second).  This  is  the 
tale  about  Maxime  and  the  martyrs 
Valirian  and  Tiburcd.  The  prefect  oT^- 
dered  Maxime  (2  syl.)  to  put  Valirian 
and  Tiburce  to  death,  because  they 
refused  to  worship  the  image  of  Jupiter  ; 
but  Maxime  showed  kindness  to  the  two 
Christians,  took  them  home,  became  con- 
verted, and  Avas  baptized.  When  Valirian 
and  Tiburce  were  put  to  death,  Maxime 
declared  that  he  saw  angels  come  and 
carry  them  up  to  heaven,  whereupon  the 
prefect  caused  him  to  be  beaten  to  death 
M'ith  whips  of  lead.— Chaucer,  Canter- 
bury Tales  (1388). 

*^*  This  tale  is  very  similar  to  that 


of  St.  Cecilia  in  the  Legenda  Aurea.     See 
also  Acts  xvi.  25-34. 

Nupkins,  mayor  of  Ipswich,  a  man 
who  has  a  most  excellent  opinion  of 
himself,  but  who,  in  all  magisterial 
matters,  really  depends  almost  entirely 
on  Jinks,  his  half-starved  clerk.— C. 
Dickens,  The  J^ickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Nushlca  (i.e.  'Uookr'),  the  cry  of 
young  men  and  maidens  of  North  Ameri- 
can Indian  tribes  when  they  find  a  red 
ear  of  maize,  the  symbol  of  wedlock. 

And  whene'er  some  lucky  maiden 
Found  a  red  ear  in  the  hulking,  .  .  . 
"  Nushka  1 "  cried  they  altogether  ; 
"  Nushka  I  you  shall  have  a  sweetheart. 
You  shall  have  a  handsome  husband  !  '* 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  xiii.  (1855). 

Nut-Brown  Maid  {The),  the  maid 
wooed  by  the  "  banished  man."  The 
"banished  man"  describes  to  her  the 
hardships  she  would  have  to  undergo  if 
she  married  him  ;  but  finding  that  she 
accounted  these  hardships  as  nothing 
compared  with  his  love,  he  revealed 
himself  to  be  an  earl's  son,  with  large 
hereditary  estates  in  Westmoreland,  and 
married  her. — Percy,  Eeliqties,  II. 

This  ballad  is  based  on  the  legendary 
history  of  lord  Henry  Clifford,  called  ' '  The 
Shepherd  Lord."  It  was  modernized  by 
Prior,  who  called  his  version  of  the  story 
Henry  and  Emma.  The  oldest  form  of 
the  ballad  extant  is  contained  in  Arnolde's 
Chronicle  (1502). 

Nutshell  {The  Iliad  in  a).  George 
P.  Marsh  tells  us  he  had  seen  the  Avhole 
Koran  in  Arabic  inscribed  on  a  piece  of 
parchment  four  inches  wide  and  half  aa 
inch  in  diameter.  In  any  photographer's 
shop  may  be  seen  a  page  of  the  I'itnes 
newspaper  reduced  to  about  an  inch  long, 
and  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  breadth,  , 
or  even  to  smaller  dimensions.  Charles  | 
Toppan,  of  New  York,  engraved  on  a 
plate  one-eighth  of  an  inch  square  12,000 
letters.  The  Iliad  contains  501,930  letters, 
and  would,  therefore,  require  forty-two 
such  plates,  both  sides  being  used.  Huet, 
bishop  of  Avranches,  wrote  eighty  verses 
of  the  Iliad  on  a  space  equal  to  that  occn- 
pied  by  a  single  line  of  this  dictionary. 
Thus  written,  2000  lines  more  than  the 
entire  Iliad  might  be  contained  in  one 
page.  The  Toppan  engraving  would  re- 
quire only  one  of  these  columns  for  the 
entire  Iliad. 

So  that  Avhen  Pliny  {Natural  History, 
vii.  21)  says  the  whole  Iliad  was  written 
on  a  parchment  which  might  be  put  intc 
a  nutshell,  we  can  credit  the  possibility 


di 


NYM. 


695 


OATHS. 


as,  by  the  Toppan  process,  the  entire  Iliad 
mi^ht  be  en|;raved  on  less  than  half  a 
column  of  this  dictionary,  provided  both 
sides  were  used.     (See  Iliad,  p.  4G8.) 

Nym,  corporal  in  the  army  under 
captain  sir  John  Falstaff,  introduced  in 
The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  and  in 
Henry  F.,  but  not  in  Henry  IV.  It 
seems  that  lieutenant  Peto  had  died,  and 
given  a  step  to  the  officers  under  him. 
Thus  ensign  Pistol  becomes  lieutenant, 
corporal  Bardolph  becomes  ensign,  and 
Nym  takes  the  place  of  Bardolph.  He 
is  an  arrant  rogue,  and  both  he  and 
Bardolph  are  hanged  {Henry  F.).  The 
word  means  to  "  pilfer." 

It  would  be  difficult  to  give  any  other  reply  save  that  of 
corporal  Nvm — it  was  the  author's  humour  or  caprice. — 
Sir  W.  Scott. 

Nymphid'ia,  a  mock-heroic  by 
Drayton.  The  fairy  Pigwiggen  is  so 
gallant  to  queen  Mab  as  to  arouse  the 
jealousy  of  king  Oberon.  One  day, 
coming  home  and  finding  his  queen 
absent,  Oberon  vows  vengeance  on  the 
gallant,  and  sends  Puck  to  ascertain  the 
whereabouts  of  Mab  and  Pigwiggen.  In 
the  mean  time,  Nymphidia  gives  the 
queen  warning,  and  the  queen,  with  all 
her  maids  of  honour,  creep  into  a  hollow 
nut  for  concealment.  Puck,  coming  up, 
sets  foot  in  the  enchanted  circle  which 
Nymphidia  had  charmed,  and,  after 
stumbling  about  for  a  time,  tumbles  into 
a  ditch.  Pigwiggen  seconded  by  Tomalin, 
encounters  Oberon  seconded  by  Tom 
I  Thuni,  and  the  fight  is  "  both  fast  and 
,  furious."  Queen  Mab,  in  alarm,  craves 
I  the  interference  of  Proserpine,  who  first 
i  envelopes  the  combatants  in  a  thick 
i  smoke,  which  compels  them  to  desist ; 
and  then  gives  them  a  draught  "to  as- 
I  Buage  their  thirst."  The  draught  was 
I  from  the  river  Leth6  ;  and  immediately 
j  the  combatants  had  tasted  it,  they  forgot 
loot  only  the  cause  of  the  quarrel,  but 
\  3ven  that  they  had  quarrelled  at  all. — M. 
1  Drayton,  Nymphidia  (1593). 

'j  Ifysa,  daughter  of  Sileno  and  Mys'is, 
i  ind  sister  of  Daphne.  Justice  Mi'das  is 
I  n  love  with  her  ;  but  she  loves  Apollo, 

ler  father's  guest.— Kane  O'Hara,  Midas 

1764). 

I  Nyse,  Doto,  and  Neri'nd,  the 
jitiree  nereids  who  went  before  the  fleet 
I  f  Vasco  da  Gania.  When  the  treacherous 
\  ilot  steered  the  ship  of  Vasco  towards  a 
pinken    rock,   these    three    sea-nymphs 

fted  up  the  prow  and  turned  it  round. — 

amoens,  Lusiad,  ii.  (1569). 


O. 


O  (Our  Lady  of).  The  Virgin  Mary 
is  so  called  in  some  old  Roman  rituals, 
from  the  ejaculation  at  the  beginning  of 
the  seven  anthems  preceding  the  Mag^ 
nifcat,  as:  "O  when  will  the  day  ar- 
rive .  .  .  ?"  "Owhen  shall  I  see  .  .  .  ?" 
"  O  when  .   .  .  ?  "  and  so  on. 

Oak.  The  Romans  gave  a  crown  of 
oak  leaves  to  him  who  saved  the  life  of  a 
citizen. 

To  a  cruel  war  I  sent  him ;  from  whence  he  returned, 
his  brows  bound  with  oali.— Shakespeare,  Coriolanm, 
act  i.  sc.  3  (1(509). 

Oakly  {Major),  brother  to  Mr.  Oakly, 
and  uncle  to  Charles.  He  assists  his 
brother  in  curing  his  "jealous  wife." 

Mr.  Oakly,  husband  of  the  "jealous 
wife."  A  very  amiable  man,  but  de- 
ficient in  that  strength  of  mind  which 
is  needed  to  cure  the  idiosyncrasy  of 
his  wife ;  so  he  obtains  the  assistance 
of  his  brother,  the  major. 

Mrs.  Oakly,  "  the  jealous  wife  "  of  Mr. 
Oakly.  A  woman  of  such  suspicious 
temper,  that  every  remark  of  her  husband 
is  distorted  into  a  proof  of  his  infidelity. 
She  watches  him  like  a  tiger,  and  makes 
both  her  own  and  her  husband's  life 
utterly  wretched. 

Charles  Oakly,  nephew  of  the  major. 
A  fine,  noble-spirited  young  fellow,  who 
would  never  stand  by  and  see  a  womjtn 
insulted  ;  but  a  desperate  debauchee  and 
drunkard.  He  aspires  to  the  love  of 
Harriot  Russet,  whose  influence  over  him 
is  sufficiently  powerful  to  reclaim  him. — 
George  Colman,  The  Jealous  Wife  (1761). 

Oates  {Dr.  I'itus),  the  champion  of 
the  popish  plot. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Forth  came  the  notorious  Dr.  Oates,  rustling  in  the  full 
silken  canonicals  of  priesthood,  for  .  .  .  he  affected  no 
small  dignity  of  exterior  decoration  and  deportment.  .  .  . 
His  exterior  was  portentou.s.  A  fleece  of  white  periwig 
sliowed  a  most  uncouth  visage,  of  great  length,  having  tl>« 
mouth  .  .  .  placed  in  the  very  centre  of  the  countenance, 
and  exiiibiting  to  the  astonislied  s|>ectator  as  mucii  chin 
below  as  there  was  nose  and  brow  above  it.  His  pronun- 
ciation was  after  a  conceited  fashion  of  his  own,  in  wliicU 
he  accented  the  vowels  in  a  manner  altogether  peculiar 
to  himself.— Ch.  xli. 

Oaths. 

John  Perrot,  a  natural  son  of  Henry 
VIII.,  was  the  first  to  employ  the  pro- 
fane oath  of  God's  Wounds,  which  queen 
Elizabeth  adopted,  but  the  ladies  of  he» 
court  minced  and  softened  it  into  z(mncl*  , 
and  zouterkins. 


OBADDON. 


696 


OBERTHAL. 


William  the  Conqueror  swore  bj-^ 
the  Splendour  of  God. 

William  Rukus,  by  St.  Luke's  face. 

King  JoHX,  by  God's  Tooth. 

Henry  Vlll.,  by  God's  Wounds. 

Charles  II.,  by  Odsfsh  [God's  Flesh], 

Louis  XI.  of  France,  by  God's  Easter, 

Charles  VIII.  of  France,  by  God's 
Zk/ht. 

Louis  XII.,  by  T/ie  Devil  take  me 
(Dkible  m'emporte). 

The  chevalier  Bayard,  by  God's  Holy- 
day. 

Francois  I.  used  for  asseveration.  On 
the  word'  of  a  gentleman. 

Henry  III.  of  England,  when  he  con- 
firmed *'  Magna  Charta,"  used  the  ex- 
pression, On  the  word  of  a  yentlenian,  a 
king,  and  a  knight. 

Earl  of  Angus  (reign  of  queen  Mary), 
when  incensed,  used  to  say.  By  the  might 
of  God,  but  at  other  times  his  oath  was 
By  St.  Bride  of  Dowjlas.  —  Godscroft, 
275. 

St.  Winfred  or  Boni'face  used  to 
swear  by  St.  Feter's  tomb. 

In  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  fancy  oaths 
were  the  fashion.  (For  specimens,  see 
FOPPINGTON,  p.  346.) 

The  most  common  oath  of  the  ancient 
Romans  was  By  Hercules  !  for  men ;  and 
By  Castor  1  for  women. 

Viri  per  BercuJem,  niulieres  per  Ccutorem,  utrique  per 
/'o/Zucem  jurare  soliti.— Gellius,  Abodes  Atticm,  ii.  6. 

Obad'don,  the  angel  of  death.  This 
is  not  the  same  angel  as  Abbad'ona,  one 
of  the  fallen  angels  and  once  the  friend 
of  Ab'diel  (bk.  vi.). 

My  n.ime  is  Ephod  Obaddon  or  Sevenfold  Revenge.  I 
nin  an  angel  of  destruction.  It  was  I  who  destroyed  the 
first-born  of  Egypt.  It  Wiis  I  who  slew  the  army  of  Sen- 
nacherib.—Klopstock,  The  Memiah,  xiii.  (1771). 

Obadi'ah,  "  the  foolish  fat  scullion  " 
m  Sterne's  novel  of  Tristram  Shandu 
(1759).  -^ 

Obadi'ah,  clerk  to  justice  Day.  A  nin- 
compoop, fond  of  drinking,  but  with  just 
a  shade  more  brains  than  Abel  Day,  who 
is  "a  thorough  ass"  (act  i.  1).  —  T. 
Knight,  The  Honest  Thieves  (died  1820). 

This  farce  is  a  mere  rechauffe'  of  T/ie 
Committee  (1670),  a  comedy  by  the  Hon. 
sir  R.  Howard,  the  names  and  much  of 
the  conversation  being  identical.  Colonel 
Blunt  IS  called  in  the  farce  "captain 
Manl}'." 

..  ntZ'^  ^'^i^:^*'  ""^  ^^"^  *«"  Munden  [1758-1832]  in 
OUidmh.  in  TheCommUtee  or  J/onest  Thieves;  if  not. 
they  are  to  be  pitied.-Mrs.  C.  Mathews,  Tea-Table  Talk. 
Munden  was  one  night  playing  "Obadiah."  and  Jack 
Johnstone^j^s  Teapue,"  wus  plying  bin,  with  liquor  from 
«  black  bottle.  The  grimaces  of  Munden  Mere  so  irre- 
■atibly  comical,  that  not  oidy  did  the  house  shriek  with 


laughter,  but  Johnstone  himself  was  too  convulsed  to 
proceed.  Wiien  "Obadiah"  was  Iwrne  oil',  he  shouted, 
•■  Where's  the  villain  that  filled  that  Ixjttle?  Lamp  oil  I 
lamp  oil !  every  drop  of  it ! "  The  fact  is,  the  projierty- 
man  had  given  the  bottle  of  lam|)  oil  instead  of  the  bottle 
tilled  with  sherry  and  water.  Johnstone  a^ked  Munden 
why  he  had  not  given  him  a  hint  of  the  mistjike,  and 
Munden  replied,  "There  was  stich  a  glorious  roar  at  the 
faces  I  made,  that  I  had  not  the  heart  to  spoil  it. " — 
Theatrical  A  necdotits. 

Obadiah  Prim,  a  canting,  knavish 
hypocrite  ;  one  of  the  four  guardians  of 
Anne  Lovely  the  heiress.  Colonel  Feign- 
well  personates  Simon  Pure,  and  obtains 
the  Quaker's  consent  to  his  marriage  with 
Anne  Lovely. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Wife  (1717). 

Obermann,  the  impersonation  of 
high  moral  worth  without  talent,  and 
the  tortures  endured  by  the  consciousness 
of  this  defect. — Etienne  Pivert  de  Sen'- 
ancour,  Obermann  (1804). 

Oberon,  king  of  the  fairies,  quarrelled 
with  his  wife  Titania  about  a  "change- 
ling" which  Obfron  wanted  for  a  page, 
but  Titania  refused  to  give  up.  Oberon, 
in  revenge,  anointed  her  eyes  in  sleep 
with  the  extract  of  "  Love  in  Idleness," 
the  eifect  of  which  was  to  make  the 
sleeper  in  love  with  the  first  object 
beheld  on  waking.  Titania  happened 
to  see  a  country  bumpkin,  whom  Puck 
had  dressed  up  with  an  ass's  head. 
Oberon  came  upon  her  while  she  was 
fondling  the  clown,  sprinkled  on  her  an 
antidote,  and  she  was  so  ashamed  of  her 
folly  that  she  readily  consented  to  give 
up  the  boy  to  her  spouse  for  his  page. — 
Shakespeare,  Midsummer  Night's  Dreo 
(1592). 

Oberon  the  Pay,  king  of  Mommu* 
a  humpty  dwarf,  three  feet  high,  of 
angelic  face.  He  told  sir  Huon  tl 
the  Ladj'  of  the  Hidden  Isle  {Cephalo 
married  Neptanebus  king  of  Egypt 
whom  she  had  a  son  named  Alexan 
"the  Great."  Seven  hundred  years  later 
she  had  another  son,  Oberon,  by  Julius 
Caesar,  who  stopped  in  Cephalonia  on 
his  waj'  to  Thessaly.  At  the  birth  of 
Oberon,  the  fairies  bestowed  their  gifts 
on  him.  One  was  insight  into  men's 
thoughts,  and  another  was  the  power  of 
transporting  himself  instantaneously  to 
any  place.  At  death,  he  made  Huon  his 
successor,  and  was  borne  to  paradise. — 
Hu^i  de  Bordeaux  (a  romance). 

Oberthal  {Count),  lord  of  Dordrecht, 
near  the  Meuse.     When  Bertha,  one  of 
his   vassals,  asked   permission  to  marry 
John  of  Leyden,  the  count  withheld  ' 
consent,  as  he  designed  to  make  Bertha' 


I    01 
10^;    r 


Try- 
his 

il 


OBI. 


697 


OCTAVIAN. 


his  mistress.  This  drove  John  into  re- 
bellion, and  he  joined  the  anabaptists. 
The  count  was  taken  prisoner  by  Gio'na, 
a  discarded  servant,  but  was  liberated  by 
John.  When  John  was  crowned  prophet- 
king,  the  count  entered  the  banquet-hall 
to  arrest  him,  and  perished  with  him  in 
the  flames  of  the  burning  palace. — Meyer- 
beer, Le  Proplicte  (opera,  1849). 

Obi.  Amon^  the  negroes  of  the  West 
Indies,  "  Obi"  is  the  name  of  a  magical 
power,  supposed  to  affect  men  with  all 
the  curses  of  an  "  evil  eye." 

Obi-Woman  {An)^  an  African  sor- 
ceress, a  worshipper  of  Mumbo  Jumbo. 

Obi'dah,  a  young  man  who  meets 
with  various  adventures  and  misfortunes 
allegorical  of  human  life. — Dr.  Johnson, 
Tlie  Rainbler  (1750-2). 

Obid'icut,  the  fiend  of  lust,  and  one 
of  the  five  which  possessed  "  poor  Tom." 
— Shakespeare,  King  Lear,  act  iv.  sc.  1 
(1605). 

O'Brallaghan  {Sir  Callaghan),  "a 
wild  Irish  soldier  in  the  Prussian  army. 
His  military  humour  makes  one  fancy  he 
was  not  only  born  in  a  siege,  but  that 
Bellona  had  been  his  nurse.  Mars  his 
schoolmaster,  and   the   Furies  his  play- 

I  fellows"  (act  i.  1).  He  is  the  successful 
suitor  of  Charlotte  Goodchild. — Macklin, 

1    Love  a-la-mode  (1759). 

{       O'Brien,  the  Irish  lieutenant  under 
I    captain  Savage. — Captain  Marrj'at,  Peter 
Simple  {183S). 

Observant  Friars,  those  friars 
}  who  observe  the  rule  of  St.  Francis  :  to 
I  abjure  books,  land,  house,  and  chapel, 
i  to  live  on  alms,  dress  in  rags,  feed  on 
I  scraps,  and  sleep  anywhere. 

Obsid'ian  Stone,  the  lapis  Ohsidia'- 
[  nus  of  Pliny  (Nat.  Hist.,  xxxvi.  67  and 
\  xxxvii.  76).  A  black  diaphanous  stone, 
I  discovered  by  Obsidius  in  Ethiopia. 

For  with  Obsidian  stone  'twas  chiefly  lined. 
Sir  W.  Diiveiiaiit,  Gondibert,  ii.  6  (died  1668). 

Obstinate,  an  inhabitant  of  the  City 
I  of  Destruction,  who  advised  Christian  to 
i  return  to  his  family,  and  not  nm  on  a 
I  wild-goose  chase.  —  Bunyan,  Filgrim's 
^Progress,  i.  (1G78). 

!    Obstinate  as  a  Breton,  a  French 
proverbial  phrase. 
Occasion,  the  mother  of  Furor ;  an 
I  "igly,  wrinkled  old  hag,  lame  of  one  foot. 
Her  head  was  bald  behind,  but  in  front 
she  had  a  few  hoarj'  locks.     Sir  Guyon 
30 


seized  her,  gagged  her,  and  bound  her.— 
Spenser,  Faiirg  Queen,  ii.  4  (1590). 

Oce'ana,  an  ideal  republic,  on  the 
plan  of  Plato's  Atlantis.  It  represents 
the  author's  notion  of  a  model  com- 
monwealth.— James  Harrington,  Oceana 
(1656). 

Ochiltree  {OldEdie),  a  king's  bedes- 
man or  blue-gown.  Edie  is  a  garrulous, 
kind-hearted,  wandering  beggar,  who 
assures  Mr.  Lovel  that  the  supposed  ruins 
of  a  Roman  camp  is  no  such  thing.  Tlie 
old  bedesman  delighted  "to  daunder 
down  the  burnsides  and  green  shaws." 
He  is  a  well-drawn  character. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Antiquarg  (time,  George  III.). 

Ocnus  ( 27ie  Pope  of),  profitless  labour. 
Ocnus  is  represented  as  twisting  with 
unwearied  diligence  a  rope,  which  an  ass 
eats  as  fast  as  it  is  made.  The  allegory 
signifies  that  Ocnus  worked  hard  to  earn 
money,  which  his  wife  spent  by  her  ex- 
travagance. 

Octa,  a  mountain  from  which  the 
Latin  poets  say  the  sun  rises. 

Octave  (2  sgl.),  the  son  of  Argante 
(2  syl.).  During  the  absence  of  his 
father.  Octave  fell  in  love  with  Hya- 
cinthe  daughter  of  Ge'ronte,  and  married 
her,  supposing  her  to  be  the  daughter 
of  signior  Pandolphe  of  Tarentum.  His 
father  wanted  him  to  marry  the  daughter 
of  his  friend  Ge'ronte,  but  Octave  would 
not  listen  to  it.  It  turned  out,  however, 
that  the  daughter  of  Pandolphe  and  the 
daughter  of  Geronte  were  one  and  the 
same  person,  for  Ge'ronte  had  assumed 
the  name  of  Pandolphe  while  he  lived  in 
Tarentum,  and  his  wife  and  daughter 
stayed  behind  after  the  father  went  to 
live  at  Naples. — Molifere,  Les  Fourberies 
de  Scapin  (1671). 

*#*  In  the  English  version,  called  The 
Cheats  of  Scapin,  by  Thomas  Otway, 
Octave  IS  called  "Octavian,"  Argante 
is  called  "Thrifty,"  Hyacinthe  is  called 
"  Clara,"  and  Ge'ronte  is  "  Gripe." 

Octavian,  the  lover  of  Floranthe. 
He  goes  mad  because  he  fancies  that 
Floranthe  loves  another ;  but  Roque,  a 
blunt,  kind-hearted  old  man,  assures  him 
that  doiia  Floranthe  is  true  to  him,  and 
induces  him  to  return  home.  — Colman 
the  younger,    2'he  Mountaineers  (1793). 

Octavian,  the  English  form  of  "  Octave  " 
(2  syl.),  in  Otway 's  Cheats  of  Scapin, 
(See  Octave.) 


OCTAVIO. 


ODYSSEY. 


Octa'Tio,  the  supposed  husband  of 
Jacintha.  This  Jacintha  was  at  one  time 
contracted  to  don  Henrique,  but  Violante 
(4  syl.)  passed  for  don  Henrique's  wife. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  I'he  Spanish 
Curate  (1622). 

Octavio,  the  betrothed  of  donna  Clara. 
— Jephson,  Two  Strings  to  your  Bow 
(1792). 

Octer,  a  sea-captain  in  the  reign  of 
king  Alfred,  who  traversed  the  Norwegian 
mountains,  and  sailed  to  the  Dwina  in 
the  north  of  Russia. 

The  Saxon  swaying  all,  in  Alfred's  powerful  reign, 
Our  EngUsh  Octer  put  a  fleet  to  sea  again. 

Drayton,  IMtlyolbion,  xix.  (1622). 

O'Cutter  {Captain)^  a  ridiculous 
Irish  captain,  befriended  by  lady  Free- 
love  and  lord  Trinket.  He  speaks  with 
a  great  brogue,  and  interlards  his  speech 
with  sea  terms. — George  Colman,  The 
Jealous  Wife  (1761). 

Oe'ypus,  son  of  Podalirius  and 
Astasia,  noted  for  his  strength,  agility, 
and  beauty.  Ocypus  used  to  jeer  at  the 
gout,  and  the  goddess  of  that  disease 
caused  him  to  suffer  from  it  for  ever. — 
Lucian. 

Oda,  the  dormitory  of  the  sultan's 
seraglio. 

It  was  a  spacious  chamber  (Oda  is 

The  Turkish  title),  and  ranged  round  the  wall 

Were  couches. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vi.  51  (1824). 

Odalisque,  in  Turkey,  one  of  the 
female  slaves  in  the  sultan's  harem 
(odalik,  Arabic,  "a  chamber  companion," 
oda,  "a  chamber"). 

He  went  forth  with  the  lovely  odalisques. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vi.  '2D  il824). 

Odd  Numbers.  Among  the 
Chinese,  heaven  is  odd,  earth  is  even ; 
heaven  is  round,  earth  is  square.  The 
numbers  1,  3,  6,  7,  9,  belong  to  yang 
("heaven");  but  2,  4,  6,  8,  10,  belong 
to  yin  ("earth").— Rev.  Mr.  Edkins. 

Ode  {Prince  of  the),  Pierre  de  Ronsard 
(1524-1585). 

Odoar,  the  venerable  abbot  of  St. 
Fehx,  who  sheltered  king  Roderick  after 
his  dethronement.  —  Southey,  HodericL 
Last  of  the  Goths,  iv.  (1814). 

***  Southey  sometimes  makes  the 
word  Odoar'  [O'.dor^,  and  sometimes 
O  doar  (3  syl.),  e.g. : 

Odoar',  the  venerable  abbot,  sat  (2  gyl ) 
Odow'  and  Urban  eyed  him  while  he  spake.  *.     . 
The  lady  Adosinda.  O  doar  cried  (8  xi/l ) 
lell  him  in  O'doar's  name  the  hour  fa  oome't ' 


,  a  pseu- 
in  Black- 


O'Doh'erty  (Sir  Morgan) 
donvm  of  W.  Maginn,  LL.D., 
wood's  Magazine  (1819-1842). 

O'Donohue's  White  Horses. 
The  boatmen  of  Killamey  so  call  those 
waves  which,  on  a  windy  day,  come 
crested  with  foam.  The  spirit  of 
O'Donohue  is  supposed  to  glide  over  the 
lake  of  Killamey  every  May-day  on  his 
favourite  white  horse,  to  the  sound  of 
unearthly  music. 

Odori'co,  a  Biscayan,  to  whom  Zer- 
bi'no  commits  Isabella.  He  proves  a 
'traitor,  and  tries  to  defile  her,  but  is 
interrupted  in  his  base  endeavour. 
Almonio  defies  him  to  single  combat, 
and  he  is  delivered  bound  to  Zerbino, 
who  condemns  him,  in  punishment,  to 
attend  on  Gabrina  for  twelve  months,  as 
her  'squire.  He  accepts  the  charge,  but 
hangs  Gabrina  on  an  elm,  and  is  himself 
hung  by  Almonio  to  the  same  tree. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Odour  of  Sanctity.    To  die  "in 

the  odour  of  sanctity  "  did  not  mean 
simply  in  "  good  repute."  It  was  a 
prevalent  notion  that  the  dead  body  of 
a  saint  positively  emitted  a  sweet- 
smelling  savour,  and  the  dead  body  of 
the  unbaptized  an  offensive  smell. 

Then  he  smote  off  his  head  ;  and  therewithal!  came  a 
stench  out  of  the  body  when  the  soul  departed,  so  that 
there  might  nobody  abide  tlie  savour.  So  was  tlie  corpse 
had  away  and  buried  in  a  wood,  because  he  was  a  panim. 
.  .  .  Then  the  haughty  prince  said  unto  sir  Paliniedes, 
"  Here  have  ye  seen  this  day  a  great  miracle  by  sir  Corsa- 
brin,  what  savour  there  was  when  the  soul  departed  from 
the  body,  therefore  we  require  you  for  to  take  the  holy 
baptism  upon  you  [that  when  you  die,  you  may  die  in  the 
odour  of  sanctity,  and  not,  like  sir  Corsabrit>,  in  the  dis- 
odour  of  the  unbaptized]."— Sir  T.  Malory,  Miitoru  of 
J^ince  Arthur,  ii.  133  (1470). 

When  sir  Bors  and  his  fellows  came  to  sir  Launcelot'g 
bed,  they  found  him  stark  dead,  .  .  .  and  the  sweetest 
savour  about  him  that  ever  they  snielled.  [I'his  wti»  tite 
odour  of  sanctity.}— History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  175. 

Odours  for  Food.  Pkitarch, 
Pliny,  and  divers  other  ancients  tell  us 
of  a  nation  in  India  that  lived  only  upon 
pleasing  odours.  Democ'ritos  lived  for 
several  days  together  on  the  mere  effluvia 
of  hot  bread.— Dr.  John  Wilkins  (1614- 
1672). 

O'DovsTd  {Cornelius),  the  pseudonym 
of  Charles  James  Lever,  in  Blackwood's 
Magazine  (1809-1872). 

Odyssey.  Homer's  epic,  recording 
the  adventures  of  Odysseus  ( Ulysses)  in 
his  voyage  home  from  Troy: 

Book  I.  The  poem  opens  in  the  island 
of  Calypso,  with  a  complaint  against 
Neptune  and  Calypso  for  preventi^  the 
return  of  Odj'sseus  (3  syl.)  to  IthacJiJ. 


ODYSSEY. 


699 


OFFA'S  DYKE. 


II.  Telemachos,  the  son  of  Odysseus, 
starts  in  search  of  his  father,  accom- 
panied by  Pallas  in  the  guise  of  Mentor. 

III.  Goes  to  Pylos,  to  consult  old 
Kestor,  and 

IV.  Is  sent  by  him  to  Sparta ;  where 
he  is  told  by  Menelaos  that  Odysseus  is 
detained  in  the  island  of  CaljT^ST). 

V.  In  the-ertah  tim^, "Odysseus  leaves 
the  island,  and,  being  shipwrecked,  is  cast 
on  the  shore  of  Phajacia, 

VI.  AVhere  Nausicaa,  the  king's 
daughter,  finds  him  asleep,  and 

VII.  Takes  him  to  the  court  of  her 
father  Alcinoos,  who 

VIII.  Entertains  him  hospitablj'. 

IX.  At  a  banquet,  Odysseus  relates  his 
adventures  since  he  started  from  Troy. 
Tells  about  the  Lotus-eaters  and  the 
Cyclops,  witlfTiis  adventures  in  the  cave 
of  Polyphemos.     He  tells  how 

X.  The  wind-god  gave  him  the  winds 
in  a  bag.  In  the  island  of  Circe,  he  says, 
his  crew  were  changed  to  swine,  but 
Mercury  gave  him  a  herb  called  Moly, 
which  disenchanted  them. 

XI.  He  tells  the  king  how  he  de- 
scended into  hadys  ;  "* 

XII.  Gives  an  account  of  the  svrens :  of 
Scyll;t--and  Chary bdis^  and  £)£  his  being 
cast  on  the  island  ot  L'alvpso. 

XIII.'AlClPf>63  skives  Odvsseus  a  ship 
which  o«nvcys  hmi  to  Ithaca,  where  he 
assumcslhii.XU5ffl»t>c  -uf  a  btj^gUT; — 

XIV.  And  is  lodgedin_thfi_liauafi»  of 
EumoDOS,  n_fTJjlif]il  (,>ld"donTr^t>ir 

XV.  Telemachos,  having  returned  to 
Ithaca,  is  lodged  in  the  same  house, 

XVI.  And  ^jgcomes"^  knoAvn  to  his 
father. 

XVII.  Odysseus  goes  to  his  palace,  is 
recognized  bY  his  dog  ArgosT  but 

XVIII.  The  beggar  Iros  insults  him, 
and  Odysseus  breaks  his  jaw-bone. 

XIX.  \Vhi1ph3thirig)  tliP  rptiirnp|f^  mnn- 

arch  is  recognized  by  a  scar  on  his  leg ; 

XX.  And  Vhen  he  eutefs~hi3  palace, 
becomes  aft  eye-witness  fcTThe  disorders 
of  ^the  coiju-t,  and  toThe  way  in  which 

XXI . "Penelope  isjf'sTprpfl  by  sinhnra. 
To    excuse   herself.  "PenelopA   \c•'^^>i    Tior 


suitors  h5  ofalygh^tn5e"her  husband  who 
can  bend  Odysseus 's  bow."  None  can  do 
so  but  the  stranger.  Who  bends  it  with 
ease.  Concealment  is  no  longer  possible 
or  desirable-^ 

XXII.  He  falls  on  the  suitors  hip  and 
thigh  ;  ^ ■ 

XXIII.  Is  recognized  by  his  wife  ; 

XXIV.  Visits  his  old  father  Laertes  ; 
kad  the  poem  ends. 


CBa'grian  Harpist  {The),  Or- 
pheus son  of  QLa'gros  and  Cal'li5pe. 

.  .  .  can  no  lesse 
Tame  the  fierce  walkers  of  the  wildernesse, 
Than  that  CEagrian  harpist,  for  whose  lay 
Tigers  with  hunger  pined  and  left  their  prey. 
Wni.  Browne,  Britannia'*  Pastorals,  v.  (IBIJ). 

CB'dipos  (in  Latin  (Edipus),  son  of 
La'ius  and  Jocasta.  The  most  mournful 
tale  of  classic  story. 

*^*  This  tale  has  furnished  the  subject 
matter  of  several  tragedies.  In  Greek 
we  have  (Edipus  Tyrannus  and  CEdipus  at 
Colonus,  by  Soph'ocles,  In  French, 
(Edlpe,  by  Corneille  (1659) ;  (Edijoe,  by 
Voltaire  (1718)  ;  (Edipe  chez  Admete,  by 
J.  F.  Ducis  (1778)  ;  (Edipe  Hoi  and  QJdipe 
a  Colone,  by  Che'nier ;  etc.  In  English, 
(Edipus,  by  Dryden  and  Lee. 

(Eno'ne  (3  sijL),  a  nymph  of  mount 
Ida,  who  had  the  gift  of  prophecy,  and 
told  her  husband,  Paris,  that  his  voyage 
to  Greece  would  involve  him  and  his 
country  (Troy)  in  ruin.  When  the  dead 
body  of  old  Priam's  son  was  laid  at  her 
feet,  she  stabbed  herself. 

Hither  came  at  noon 
Mournful  (Knond,  wandering  forlorn 
Of  Paris,  once  her  playmate  on  the  hills  [rda\. 

Tennyson,  (A'none. 

*jf*  Kalkbrenner,  in  1804,  made  this 
the  subject  of  an  opera. 

CEno'pian,  father  of  Mer'ope,  to 
whom  the  giant  Orion  made  advances. 
Oi^nopian,  imwilling  to  give  his  daughter 
to  him,  put  out  the  giant's  eyes  in  a 
drunken  fit. 

Orion  .  .  . 
Reeled  as  of  yore  beside  the  sea, 
When  blinded  by  Qi.nopion. 

Longfellow,  The  Occupation  of  Orion, 

CEte'an  Knight  (rA(?).  Her'culesis 
so  called,  because  he  burnt  himself  to 
death  on  mount  Qita  or  Qitjea,  in  Thessaly. 

So  also  did  that  great  CEtean  knight 
For  his  love's  sake  his  lion's  skin  undighL 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  8  (1596). 

OfiFa/king  of  Mercia,  was  the  son  of 
Thingferth,  and  the  eleventh  in  descent 
from  Woden.  Thus:  Woden,  (1)  his  son 
Wihtlag,  (2)  his  son  Wiermund,  (3)  Offa 
—I..  (4)  Angeltheow,  (5)  Eomjer,  (6)  Icel, 
iTTTybba,  (8)  Osmod,  (9)  Enwulf,  (10) 
Thingferth,  (11)  Offa,  whose  son  was 
Egfert  who  died  within  a  jear  of  his 
father.  His  daughter,  Eadburga,  married 
Bertric  king  of  the  West  Saxons  ;  and 
after  the  death  of  her  husband,  she  went 
to  the  court  of  king  Charlemagne.  Offa 
reigned  thirty-nine  years  (755-794). 

OfEa's  Dyke,  a  dyke  from  Beachley 
to  Flintshire,  repaired  by  Offa  king  of 


O'FLAHERTY. 


700 


OINA-MORUL. 


Mercia,  and  used  as  a  rough  boundary  of 
his  territory.     Asser,  however,  says  : 

There  was  in  Mercia  (a.d.  855)  a  certain  valiant  king 
who  was  feared  by  all  the  kings  and  neighbouring  states 
jiround.  His  name  was  Offa.  He  it  was  who  had  the  great 
rampart  made  from  sea  to  sea  l)etweeu  Britain  and  Mercia. 
~l.ife  of  Alfred  (ninth  century). 

Offa.  ...  to  keep  the  Britons  back, 
:   Cast  up  that  mighty  mound  of  eighty  miles  in  length, 

Athwart  from  sea  to  se.a. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  ix.  (1612). 

O'Flaherty  (Dennis),  called  "  major 
O'Flaherty."  A  soldier,  says  he,  is  "  no 
livery  for  a  knave,"  and  Ireland  is  "not 
the  country  of  dishonour."  The  major 
pays  court  to  old  lady  Rusport,  but  when 
he  detects  her  dishonest  purposes  in  brib- 
ing her  lawyer  to  make  away  with  sir 
Oliver's  will,  and  cheating  Charles  Dudley 
of  his  fortune,  he  not  only  abandons  his 
suit,  but  exposes  her  dishonestv. — Cum- 
berland, The  West  Indian  (1771). 

O^,  king  of  Basan.  Thus  saith  the 
rabbis : 

ITie  height  of  his  stature  was  23,033  cubits  [nearly  six 
tnttesj.  He  used  to  drink  water  from  the  clouds,  and 
toast  fish  by  holding  them  Ijefore  the  orb  of  the  sun.  He 
asked  Noah  to  take  him  into  the  ark,  but  Noah  would 
not  When  the  flood  was  at  its  deepest,  it  did  not  reach 
to  the  knees  of  this  giant  Og  lived  3000  years,  and  then 
\iai-  he  slain  by  the  hand  of  Moses. 

Moies  was  himself  ten  cubits  in  stature  {fifteen  feet], 
and  he  took  a  spe.ir  ten  cubits  long,  and  threw  it  tea 
cubits  high,  and  yet  it  only  reached  tlie  heel  of  Og.  ,  .  . 
Wlien  dciid,  his  body  reached  as  far  as  the  river  Nile,  in 
Egypt 

Ug's  mother  was  En.ic,  a  daughter  of  Adam.  Her  fingers 
were  two  cubits  long  [one  yard],  and  on  each  finger  she 
h.id  two  sharp  nails.  She  was  devoured  by  wild  beasts.— 
Maracci. 

In  the  satire  of  Absalom  and  Achitophel, 
by  Dryden  and  Tate,  Thomas  Shadwell, 
who  was  a  very  large  man,  is  called 
"Og." 

O'gier  the  Dane,  one  of  the  pala- 
dins of  the  Charlemagne  epoch.  When 
100  years  old,  Morgue  the  fay  took 
him  to  the  island  of  Av'alon,  "hard  by 
the  terrestrial  paradise ;"  gave  him  a 
ring  which  restored  him  to  ripe  manhood, 
a  crown  which  made  him  forget  his  past 
life,  and  introduced  him  to  king  Arthur. 
Two  hundred  years  afterwards,  she  sent 
him  to  defend  France  from  the  paynims, 
who  had  invaded  it ;  and  having  routed 
the  invaders,  he  returned  to  Avalon  again. 
— Ogier  le  Danois  (a  romance). 

In  a  pack  of  French  cards,  Ogier  the 
Dane  is  knave  of  spades.  His  exploits 
are  related  in  the  Chansons  de  Gcste  ;  he  is 
introduced  by  Ariosto  in  Orlando  Furioso, 
and  by  Morris  in  his  Earthly  Paradise 
("  August"). 

%foVs  Swords,  Curtana  ("the cutter") 
and  Sauvagine. 

Ogier's  Jlorse,  Papillon. 


O^le  (Miss),  friend  of  Mrs.  Racket ; 
she  13  very  jealous  of  young  girls,  and 
even  of  Mrs.  Racket,  because  she  was 
some  six  years  her  junior. — Mrs.  Cowley, 
The  Belle's  Stratagem  (1780). 

O'gleby  (Lord),  an  old  fop,  vain 
excess,    but    good-natured   withal,    am 
quite  the  slave  of  the  fair  sex,  were  the; 
but  young  and  fair.     At  the  age  of  70, 
his  lordship  fancied  himself  an  Adonis, 
notwithstanding  his  qualms  and  his  rheu 
matism.     He   required   a   great  deal   o; 
"  brushing,  oiling,  screwing,  and  winding! 
up   before  he  appeared  in  public,"  but, 
when  fully  made  up,  was  game  for  the 
part  of  "  lover,  rake,  or  fine  gentleman." 
Lord  Ogleby  made  his  bow   to    Fanny 
Sterling,  and  promised   to  make  her 
countess  ;  but  the  young  l^dy  had  beeq 
privately  married  to  Lovewell  for  four 
months. — Colnian  and  Garrick,  The  Cla 
destine  Mari'iage  (1766). 

No  one  could  deliver  such  a  dialogue  as  is  found  ii 
"lord  Oglehy"  and  in  "sir  Peter  Teazle"  [School  fo 
Scindal,  SlieridanJ  with  such  point  as  Thomas  Kini 
[1730-1805J.— ii/e  of  Sheridan. 

O'gri,  giants  who  fed  on  human  fles 

O'Groat  (John),  with  his  two  brothe 
Malcolm  and  Gavin,  settled  in  Caithne 
in  the  reign~of  James  lY.     The  famili 
lived  together  in  harmony  for  a  time,  an 
met  once  a  year  at  John's  house.    On  on 
occasion  a  dispute  arose  about  precedenc 
— who  was  to  take  the  head  of  the  tabl 
and  who  was  to  go  out  first.     The  ol 
man  said  he  would  settle  the  question  ai 
the  next  annual  muster ;  accordingly  he 
made  as  many  doors  to  his  house  as  there 
were  families,  and  placed  his  guests  at  a 
round  table. 

*^*  The  legend  is  sometimes  told  some- 
what differently  (see  p.  498). 

Oig  M'Combich  (Robin)  or  M'Gre- 
gor,  a  Highland  drover,  who  quarrels 
with  Harry  Wakefield  an  English  drover, 
about  a  pasture-field,  and  stabs  him. 
Being  tried  at  Carlisle  for  murder,  Robin 
is  condemned  to  death. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George  III.), 

Oina-Morul,  daughter  of  Mal- 
Orchol  king  of  Fuarfed  (a  Scandinavian 
island).  Ton-Thormod  asked  her  in  mar- 
riage, and  being  refused  by  the  father, 
made  war  upon  him.  Fiugal  sent  his  son 
Ossian  to  the  aid  of  Mal-Orchol,  and  he 
took  Ton-Thormod  prisoner.  The  king 
'now  offered  Ossian  his  daugliter  to  wife, 
but  the  warrior-bard  discovered  that  the 
lady  had  given  her  heart  to  Ton-Thormod  j 
whereupon    he   resigned   his  claim 


and    I 


OITHONA. 


701 


OLD  GLORY. 


brought  about  a  happy  reconciliation. — 
Ossian,  Oina-Morul. 

Oith'ona,  daughter  of  Nuath,  be- 
trothed to  Gaul  son  of  Morni,  and  the 
day  of  their  marriage  was  fixed  ;  but 
before  the  time  arrived,  Fingal  sent  for 
Gaul  to  aid  him  in  an  expedition  against 
the  Britons.  Gaul  promised  Oithona,  if 
he  survived,  to  return  by  a  certain  day. 
Lathmon,  the  brother  of  Oithona,  was 
called  away  from  home  at  the  same  time, 
to  attend  his  father  on  an  expedition  ;  so 
the  damsel  was  left  alone  in  Dunlathmon. 
It  was  now  that  Dunrommath  lord  of 
Uthal  (one  of  the  Orkneys)  came  and 
carried  her  off  by  force  to  Trom'athon,  a 
desert  island,  where  he  concealed  her  in 
a  cave.  Gaul  returned  on  the  day  ap- 
pointed, heard  of  the  rape,  sailed  for 
Trom'athon,  and  found  the  lady,  who 
told  him  her  tale  of  Avoe ;  but  scarcely 
had  she  ended  when  Dunrommath  entered 
the  cave  with  his  followers.  Gaul  in- 
stantly fell  on  him,  and  slew  him.  While 
the  battle  was  raging,  Oithona,  arrayed 
as  a  warrior,  rushed  into  tlie  thickest  of 
the  fight,  and  Av^as  slain.  When  Gaul  had 
cut  off  the  head  of  Dunrommath,  he  saw 
what  he"  thought  a  youth  dying  of  a 
wound,  and  taking  off  the  helmet,  per- 
ceived it  was  Oithona.  She  died,  and 
Gaul  returned  disconsolate  to  Dunlath- 
mon.— Ossian,  Oithona. 

O.  K.,  all  correct. 

"You  are  quite  safe  now.  and  we  shall  be  off  in  a 
minute,"  sjiys  Hiirry.  "  The  door  is  locked,  and  tlie  guard 
O.  K."— B.  H.  Buxton,  Jennie  of  the  Prince  t,  iii.  302. 

Okba,  one  of  the  sorcerers  in  the  cares 
of  Dom-Daniel  "under  the  roots  of  the 
ocean."  It  was  decreed  by  fate  that  one 
of  the  race  of  Hodei'rah  (3  s_y/.)  would 
be  fatal  to  the  sorcerers  ;  so  Okba  was 
sent  forth  to  kill  the  whole  race  both 
root  and  branch.  He  succeeded  in  cutting 
off  eight  of  them,  but  Thal'aba  contrived 
to  escape.  Abdaldar  was  sent  to  hunt 
down  the  survivor,  but  was  himself  killed 
by  a  simoom. 

"Curse  on  thee,  Okba  !  "  Khawla  cried.  .  .  . 
"  Okba,  wert  thou  weak  of  lieart? 
Okba,  wert  thou  blind  of  eye  t 
Thy  fate  and  ours  were  on  the  lot  .  .  . 
Thou  hast  let  slip  the  reins  of  Destiny. 
Curse  thee,  curse  thee,  Okba ! " 

Southey,  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  ii.  7  (1797). 

O'Kean     {Lieutenant),     a    quondam 
admirer  of   Mrs.    Margaret  Bertram    of 
,  Singleside. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Manner- 
ing  (time,  George  II.). 

I  Olave,  l-rother  of  Noma,  and  grand- 
I  father  of  Minna  and  Brenda  Troil. — Sir 
if  W.  Scott,  T/ie  Firate  (time,  William  III.). 


Old  Age  restored  to  Youth. 
The  following  means  are  efficacious  : — 

The  fontainc  de  jouvence,  "  cui  fit  rajo- 
venir  la  gent ;  "  the  fountain  of  Bi'mini ; 
the  river  of  juvescence  at  the  foot  of 
Olympus  ;  the  dancing  water,  presented 
by  prince  Chery  to  Fairstar ;  the  broth  of 
Medea,  etc. 

W^e  are  also  told  of  grinding  old  men 
into  young.  Ogier,  at  100  years  old,  was 
restored  to  the  vigour  of  manhood  by  a 
ring  given  him  by  Morgue  the  fay.  And 
Hebe  had  the  power  of  restoring  youth 
and  beauty  to  whom  she  chose. 

Old  Bags.  John  Scott,  lord  Eldon  ; 
so  called  because  he  carried  home  with 
him  in  sundry  bags  the  cases  pending  his 
judgment  (1751-1838). 

Old  Bona  Fide  (2  syL),  Louis  XIV. 
(1638,  1643-1715). 

Old  Curiosity  Shop  {The),  a  tale 
by  C.  Dickens  (1840).  An  old  man, 
having  run  through  his  fortune,  opened 
a  curiosity  shop  in  order  to  earn  a  living, 
and  brought  up  a  granddaughter,  named 
Nell  [Trent],  14  years  of  age.  The  child 
was  the  darling  of  the  old  man,  but 
deluding  himself  with  the  hope  of  making 
a  fortune  by  gaming,  he  lost  everything, 
and  went  forth,  with  the  child,  a  beggar. 
Their  wanderings  and  adventures  are 
recounted  till  they  reach  a  quiet  country 
village,  where  the  old  clergyman  gives 
tliem  a  cottage  to  live  in.  Here  Nell  soon 
dies,  and  the  grandfather  is  found  dead 
upon  her  grave.  The  main  character 
next  to  Nell  is  that  of  a  lad  named  Kit 
[Nubbles],  employed  in  the  curiosity 
shop,  who  adored  Nell  as  "an  angel." 
This  boy  gets  in  the  service  of  Mr.  Gar- 
land, a  genial,  benevolent,  well-to-do 
man,  in  the  suburbs  of  London ;  but 
Quilp  hates  the  lad,  and  induces  Brass,  a 
solicitor  of  Bevis  Marks,  to  put  a  £5 
bank-note  in  the  boy's  hat,  and  then 
accuse  him  of  theft.  Kit  is  tried,  and 
condemned  to  transportation,  but  the 
villainy  being  exposed  by  a  girl -of -all- 
work  nicknamed  "The  Marchioness," 
Kit  is  liberated  and  restored  to  his  place, 
and  Quilp  drowns  himself. 

Old  Cutty  Soames  (1  syl),  the 
fairy  .of  the  mine. 

Old  Fox  {The),  marshal  Soult ;  so 
called  from  his  strategic  abilities  and 
never-failing  resources  (1769-1851). 

Old  Gib.,  Gibraltar  Rock. 

Old  Glory,  sir  Francis  Burdett ;  so 


OLD  GIB. 


702 


OLD  MORTALITY. 


called  by  the  radicals,  because  at  one 
time  he  was  their  leader.  In  his  latter 
vears  sir  Francis  joined  the  tories  (1770- 
1844). 

Old  Grog,  admiral  Edward  Vernon  ; 
so  called  from  his  wearing  a  grogram 
coat  in  foul  weather  (1684-1757). 

Old  Harry,  the  devil.  The  Hebrew 
seirim  ( ' '  hairy  ones")  is  translated ' '  devils" 
in  Lev.  x\u.  7,  probably  meaning  "he- 
goats." 

Old  Hickory.  General  Andrew 
Johnson  was  so  called  in  1813.  He  was 
first  called  "Tough,"  then  "Tough  as 
Hickory,"  then  "Hickory,"  and  lastly 
"  Old  Hickory." 

Old  Humphrey,  the  pseudonym 
of  George  Mogridge  of  London  (died 
1854). 

Old  Maid  (The),  a  farce  by  Murphy 
(1761).  Miss  Harlow  is  the  "old  maid," 
aged  45,  living  with  her  brother  and  his 
bride  a  beautiful  young  woman  of  23. 
A  young  man  of  fortune,  having  seen 
them  at  Ranelagh,  falls  in  love  with  the 
younger  lady;  and,  inquiring  their  names, 
is  told  they  are  "  Mrs.  and  Miss  Harlow." 
He  takes  it  for  granted  that  the  elder 
lady  is  the  mother,  and  the  younger  the 
daughter;  so  asks  permission  to  pay  his 
addresses  to  "Miss  Harlow."  The  re- 
quest is  granted,  but  it  turns  out  that  the 
young  man  meant  Mrs.  Harlow,  and  the 
worst  of  the  matter  is,  that  the  elder 
spinster  was  engaged  to  be  married  to 
captain  Cape,  but  turned  him  off  for  the 
younger  man;  and,  when  the  mistake 
was  discovered,  was  left  like  the  last  rose 
of  summer  to  "pine  on  the  stem,"  for 
neither  felt  inclined  to  pluck  and  wear 
the  flower. 

Old  Maids,  a  comedy  by  S.  Knowles 
(1841).  The  "old  maids"  are  lady 
Blanche  and  lady  Anne,  two  voung  ladies 
who  resolve  to  die  old  maids.  Their 
resolutions,  however,  are  but  ropes  of 
sand,  for  lady  Blanche  falls  in  love  with 
colonel  Blount,  and  lady  Anne  with  sir 
Philip  Brilliant. 

Old  Man  (An),  sir  Francis  Bond 
Head,  bart.,  who  published  his  Bubbles 
from  the  Brunnen  of  Nassau  under  this 
signature  (1793-        ). 

Old  Man  Eloquent  {The),  Isoc'- 
rates  the  orator.  The  defeat  of  the 
Athenians  at  Cheronae'a  had  such  an  effect 
on  his  spirits,  that  he  languished  and 
died  within  four  days,  in  the  99th  year 
of  his  age.  "^ 


.  .  .  that  dishonest  victory 
At  Cheronaa,  fatal  to  liberty, 
Killed  with  report  that  Old  Man  Eloquent. 

Milton,  Honiiet,  ix. 

Old  Man  of  Hoy  {The),  a  tall  pillar 
of  old  red  conglomerate  in  the  island  of 
Hoy.  The  softer  parts  have  been  washed 
away  by  the  action  of  the  waves. 

Old  Man  of  the  Mountains, 
Hassan-ben-Sabah,  sheik  al  Jebal ;  also 
called  subah  of  Nishapour,  the  founder 
of  the  band  (1090).  Two  letters  are 
inserted  in  Rj^mer's  Fccdera  by  Dr.  Adam 
Clarke,  the  editor,  said  to  be  written  by 
this  sheik. 

Aloaddin,  "prince  of  the  Assassins" 
(thirteenth  century). 

Old  Man  of  the  Sea  {The),  a  mon- 
ster which  contrived  to  get  on  the  back  of 
Sindbad  the  sailor,  and  refused  to  dis- 
mount. Sindbad  at  length  made  him 
drunk,  and  then  shook  him  off. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Sindbad  the  Sailor,"  fifth 
voyage). 

Old  Man  of  the  Sea  {The),  Phorcus. 
He  had  three  daughters,  with  only  one 
eye  and  one  tooth  between  'em. — Greek 
Mythology. 

Old  Manor-House  {The),  a  novel 
by  Charlotte  Smith.  Mrs.  Rayland  is  the 
lady  of  the  manor  (1793). 

Old  Moll,  the  beautiful  daughter 
John  Overie  or  Audery  (contracted  in 
Overs)  a  miserly  ferryman.  "  0 
Moll "  is  a  standing  toast  with  the  pari 
officers  of  St.  Mary  Overs'. 

Old  Mortality,  the  best  of  Scott' 
historical  novels  (1816).  Morton  is  th 
best  of  his  young  heroes,  and  serves  as 
an  excellent  foil  to  the  fanatical  and 
gloomy  Burley.  The  two  classes  of 
actors,  viz.,  the  brave  and  dissolute 
cavaliers,  and  the  resolute  oppressed 
covenanters,  are  drawn  in  bold  relief. 
The  most  striking  incidents  are  the 
terrible  encounter  with  Burley  in  his 
rocky  fastness  ;  the  dejection  and  anxiety 
of  Morton  on  his  return  from  Holland ; 
and  the  rural  comfort  of  Cuddie  Head- 
rigg's  cottage  on  the  banks  of  the  Clyde, 
with  its  thin  blue  smoke  among  the 
trees,  "showing  that  the  evening  meal 
was  being  made  ready." 

Old  Mortality  always  appeared  to  me  the  "  Marmion  " 
of  Scott's  novels.— Chambers,  English  Literature,  ii.  687. 

Old  Mortality,  an  itinerant  antiquary, 
whose  craze  is  to  clean  the  moss  from 
gravestones,  and  keep  their  letters  and 
effigies  in  good  condition. — Sir  W.  Sco*t 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 


iL 


OLD  NOLL. 


703 


OLINDO. 


*^*  The  prototype  of  "  Old  Mortality  " 
was  Robert  Patterson. 

Old  Noll,  Oliver  Cromwell  (1599- 
IG08). 

Old  Noirs  Fiddler,  sir  Roger  Lestrange, 
who  played  the  bass-viol  at  the  musical 
parties  held  at  John  Kingston's  house, 
where  Oliver  Cromwell  was  a  constant 
guest. 

Old  Ro"Wley,  Charles  II. ;  so  called 
from  his  favourite  race-horse  (1630, 
1660-1685). 

*^*  A  portion  of  Newmarket  race- 
course is  Btill  called  "  Rowley  mile." 

Old  Stone,  Henry  Stone,  statuary 
and  painter  (died  1653). 

Old  Tom,  cordial  gin.  So  called 
from  Tom  Chamberlain  (one  of  the  firm 
of  Messrs.  Hodges'  gin  distillery),  who 
first  concocted  it. 

Oldboy  (Colonel),  a  manly  retired 
officer,  fond  of  his  glass,  and  not  averse 
to  a  little  spice  of  the  Lothario  spirit. 

Lad;/  Mar>j  Oldboy,  daughter  of  lord 
Jessamy  and  wife  of  the  colonel.  A 
sickly  nonentity,  "  ever  complaining,  ever 
having  something  the  matter  with  her 
head,  back,  or  legs."  Afraid  of  the 
slightest  breath  of  wind,  jarred  by  a  loud 
voice,  and  incapable  of  the  least  ex- 
ertion. 

Diana  Oldboy,  daughter  of  the  colonel. 
She  marries  Harman. 

Jessamy,  son  of  the  colonel  and  lady 
Mary.  An  insufferable  prig. — Bicker- 
staff,  Lionel  and  Clarissa. 

Oldbuck  {Jonathan),  the  antiquary, 
devoted  to  the  study  and  accumulation 
of  old  coins  and  medals,  etc.  He  is 
sarcastic,  irritable,  and  a  woman-hater ; 
but  kind-hearted,  faithful  to  his  friends, 
and  a  humorist.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Tlie 
Antiquary  (time  George  III.). 

An  excellent  temper,  with  a  slight  degree  of  subacid 
humour;  learning,  wit,  and  drollery,  the  more  poignant 
that  tliey  were  a  little  marked  by  the  peculiarities  of  an 
old  bachelor;  a  soundness  of  thought,  rendered  more 
forcible  by  an  occasional  quaintness  of  expression.— these 
Were  the  qualities  in  whicli  the  creature  of  my  imagina- 
tion resembled  my  benevolent  and  excellent  old  friend. 
-Sir  W.  Scott. 

The  merit  of  The  Antiquary  as  a  novel  rests  on  the 
inimitable  delineation  of  Oldbuck,  that  model  of  black- 
letter  and  Koman-canip  antiquaries,  whose  oddities  and 
conversation  are  rich  and  racy  as  any  of  the  old  crusted 
port  that  John  of  the  Giniel  might  have  held  in  his 
monastic  cellars.— Chambers,  English  Literature,  ii.  586. 

Oldcastle  (Sir  John),  a  drama  by 
Anthony  Munday  (1600).  This  play 
appeared  with  the  name  of  Shakespeare 
on  the  title-page. 

Oldworth,    of   Oldworth   Oaks,    a 


wealthy  squire,  liberally  educated,  verj' 
hospitable,  benevolent,  humorous,  and 
whimsical.  He  brings  up  Maria  "  the 
maid  of  the  Oaks  "  as  his  ward,  but  she 
ishis  daughter  and  heiress. — J.  Burgoyne, 
I'he  Maid  of  the  Oaks  (1779). 

Olifant,  the  horn  of  Roland  or 
Orlando.  This  horn  and  the  sword 
"  Durinda'na "  were  buried  with  the 
hero.  Turpin  tells  us  in  liis  Chronicle 
that  Charlemagne  heard  the  blare  of  this 
horn  at  the  distance  of  eight  miles. 

Olifant  (Basil),  a  kinsman  of  lady 
Margaret  Bellenden,  of  the  Tower  of 
Tillietudlem.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mor- 
tality (time,  Charles  II.). 

Olifaunt  (Lord  Nigel),  of  Glenvar- 
loch.  On  going  to  court  to  present 
a  petition  to  James  I.,  he  aroused  the 
dislike  of  the  duke  of  Buckingham. 
Lord  Dalgarno  gave  him  the  cut  direct, 
and  Nigel  struck  him,  but  was  obliged  to 
seek  refuge  in  Alsatia.  After  various 
adventures,  he  married  Margaret  Rjimsay, 
the  watchmaker's  daughter,  and  obtained 
tlie  title-deeds  of  his  estates. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Fortunes  of  Niyel  (time,  James 

Olim'pia,  the  wife  of  Bireno,  uncom- 
promising in  love,  and  relentless  in  hate. 
— Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Olim'pia,  a  proud  Roman  lady  of  high 
rank.  When  Rome  was  sacked  by  Bour- 
bon, she  flew  for  refuge  to  the  high  altar 
of  St.  Peter's,  where  slie  clung  to  a  golden 
cross.  On  the  advance  of  certain  soldiers 
in  the  armj'^  of  Bourbon  to  seize  her,  she 
cast  the  huge  cross  from  its  stand,  and  as 
it  fell  it  crushed  to  death  the  foremost 
soldier.  Others  then  attempted  to  seize 
her,  when  Arnold  dispersed  them  and 
rescued  the  lady  ;  but  the  proud  beauty 
would  not  allow  the  foe  of  her  country  to 
touch  her,  and  flung  herself  from  the  high 
altar  on  the  pavement.  Apparentlj'  life- 
less, slie  was  borne  off  ;  but  whether  she 
recovered  or  not  we  are  not  informed,  as 
the  drama  was  never  finished. — Byron, 
The  Deformed  Transformed  (1821). 

Olindo,  the  lover  of  Sophronia.  Ala- 
dine  king  of  Jerusalem,  at  the  advice 
of  his  magicians,  stole  an  image  of  the 
Virgin,  and  set  it  up  as  a  palladium  in 
the  chief  mosque.  During  the  night  it  was 
carried  off,  and  the  king,  unable  to  dis- 
cover the  thief,  ordered  all  his  Christian 
subjects  to  bo  put  to  death.  To  prevent 
this  massacre,  Sophronia  delivered  up  her- 


OLTPHANT. 


ro4 


OLIVIA. 


self  as  the  perpetrator  of  the  deed,  and 
Olindo,  hearing  thereof,  went  to  the  king 
and  declared  Sophronia  innocent,  as  he 
himself  had  stolen  the  image.  The  king 
commanded  both  to  be  put  to  death,  but 
bv  the  intercession  of  Clorinda  they  were 
both  set  free. — Tasso,  Je7'usalem  Delivered, 
ii.  (1575). 

Oliphant  or  Ollypliant,  the  twiii- 
brother  of  Argan'te  the  giantess.  Their 
father  was  Typha^us,  and  their  mother 
Earth. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  7,  11 
(1590). 

Olive,  emblem  of  peace.  In  Greece 
and  Rome,  those  who  desired  peace  used 
to  carry  an  olive  branch  in  their  hand 
(see  Gen.  viii.  11). 

Peace  sitting  under  her  olive,  and  slurring  the  days  gone 
by, 

Tennyson,  Maud,  I.  i.  9  (1855). 

Olive  Tree  (TAt'),emblepi  of  Athens, 
in  memory  of  the  famous  dispute  between 
Miner\'a  (the  patron  goddess  of  Athens) 
and  Neptune.  Both  deities  wished  to 
found  a  city  on  the  same  spot ;  and 
referring  the  matter  to  Jove,  the  king  of 
gods  and  men  decreed  that  the  privilege 
should  be  granted  to  whichever  would 
bestow  the  n\ost  useful  gift  on  the  future 
inhabitants.  Neptune  struck  the  earth 
with  his  trident,  and  forth  came  a  war- 
horse  ;  IMinerva  produced  an  olive  tree, 
emblem  of  peace  ;  and  Jove  gave  the  ver- 
dict in  favour  of  Minerva. 

Oliver,  the  elder  son  of  sir  Rowland 
de  Boys  [Bicor'],  left  in  charge  of  his 
younger  brother  Orlando,  whom  he  hated 
and  tried  indirectly  to  murder.  Orlando, 
finding  it  impossible  to  live  in  his 
brother's  house,  fled  to  the  forest  of 
Arden,  where  he  joined  the  society  of 
the  banished  duke.  One  morning,  he 
saw  a  man  sleeping,  and  a  serpent  and 
lioness  bent  on  making  him  their  prey. 
He  slew  both  the  serpent  and  the  lioness, 
and  then  found  that  the  sleeper  was  his 
brother  Oliver.  Oliver's  disposition  from 
this  moment  imderwent  a  complete 
change,  and  he  loved  his  brother  as  much 
as  he  had  before  hated  him.  In  the 
forest,  the  two  brothers  met  Rosalind 
and  Celia.  'j'he  former,  who  was  the 
daughter  of  the  banished  duke,  married 
Orlando  ;  and  the  latter,  who  was  the 
diiughtcr  of  the  usurping  duke,  married 
Oliver.— Shakespeare,  As  You  Like  It 
(1598). 

Oliver   and  Rowland,   the  two 


chief  paladins  of  Charlemagne.     Shake- 
speare makes  the  duke  of  Alen^on  say: 

Froissart,  a  countryman  of  ours,  records, 
En>,'land  all  Olivers  and  Kowlands  bred 
During  tlie  time  Edward  the  Third  did  reign. 

1  JJcnr}f  rj.  act  i.  sc.  2  (1.^89). 

Oliver^s  Horse,  Ferrant  d'Espagne. 
Olive?'' s  Sword,  Haute-claire. 

Oliver  le  Dain  or  Oliver  le  Diahle, 
court  barber,  and  favourite  minister  of 
Louis  XI.     Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  Quentin  Durward  and  Anne  of  Geier"\ 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Oliv'ia,  a  rich  countess,  whose  love 
was  sought  by  Orsino  duke  of  Illyria  ;1 
but  having  lost  her  brother,  Olivia  lived] 
for  a  time  in  entire  seclusion,  and  in  n( 
wise  reciprocated    the    duke's    love ;  in] 
consequence  of  which  Viola  nicknamed] 
her  "  Fair  Cruelty."     Strange  as  it  maj 
seem,  Olivia  fell  desperately  in  love  wit" 
Viola,   who  was  dressed  as  the  duke's] 
page,   and   sent  her  a  ring.     Mistaking 
Sebastian  (Viola's  brother)  for  Viola,  shS 
married  him  out  of  hand. — ShakespeareJ 
2'u-elfth  Night  (1614). 

Never  were  Shalsespeare's  words  more  finely  given  tha 
by  Miss  M.  Tree  1180-2-1S6-2]  in  the  speech  to  "  Olivia."  h 
ginning,  "  Make  me  a  willow  cabin  at  thy  gate."— Talfour 
(1821). 

Olivia,  a  female  Tartuffe  (2  syl.),  am 
consummate  hypocrite  of  most  unblushing 
effrontery. — Wycherly,  The  Flain  Leak 
(1G77). 

The  due  de  Montausier  was  the  protc 
type  of  Wycherly 's  "Mr.  Manly"  th« 
"plain  dealer,"  and  of  Moliere's  "Misai 
thrope." 

Olivia,  daughter  of  sir  James  Wood-^ 
ville,  left  in  charge  of  a  mercenar  ' 
wretch,  who,  to  secure  to  himself  hei 
fortune,  shut  her  up  in  a  convent  in  Paris. 
She  was  rescued  by  Leontine  Croaker, 
brought  to  England,  and  became  his 
bride. — Goldsmith,  Tlie  Good-natured 
Man  (1768). 

Olivia,  the  tool  of  Ludovico.  She 
loved  Vicentio,  but  Vicentio  was  plighted 
to  Evadne  sister  of  Colonna.  Ludovico 
induced  Evadne  to  substitute  the  king's 
miniature  for  that  of  Vicentio,  Avhich  she 
Avas  accustomed  to  wear.  When  Vicentio 
returned,  and  found  P^vadne  with  the 
king's  miniature,  he  believed  what  Ludo- 
vico had  told  him,  that  she  was  the 
king's  wanton,  and  he  cast  her  off.  Olivia 
repented  of  her  duplicity,  and  explained 
it  all  to  Vicentio,  whereby  a  reconcilia- 
tion took  place,  and  Vicentio  married 
his  troth-plighted    lady   "more    sinned 


'I 


OLIVIA. 


70B 


OMAWHAWS. 


against  than  sinning." — Shiel,  Evadne  or 
The  Statue  (1820). 

Olivia,  "the  rose  of  Aragon,"  was  the 
daughter  of  Ruphi'no,  a  peasant,  and 
bride  of  prince  Alonzo  of  Aragon.  The 
king  refused  to  recognize  the  marriage, 
and,  sending  his  son  to  the  army,  com- 
pelled the  cortez  to  pass  an  act  of  divorce. 
This  brought  to  a  head  a  general  revolt. 
The  king  Avas  dethroned,  and  Almagro 
made  regent.  Almagro  tried  to  make 
Olivia  marry  him  ;  ordered  her  father  to 
the  rack,  and  her  brother  to  death.  Mean- 
while the  prince  returned  at  the  head  of 
his  arnij',  made  himself  master  of  the  city, 
put  down  the  revolt,  and  had  his  mar- 
riage duly  recognized.  Almagro  took 
poison  and  died. — S.  Knowles,  The  Rose 
o/^ra^on  (1842). 

Olivia  [Primrosk],  the  elder  daugh- 
ter of  the  vicar  of  Wakefield.  She  was 
a  sort  of  Hebe  in  beauty,  open,  sprightly, 
and  commanding.  Olivia  Primrose 
"wished  for  many  lovers,"  and  eloped 
with  squire  Thornhill.  Her  father  went 
in  search  of  her,  and,  on  his  return  home- 
ward, stopped  at  a  roadside  inn,  called 
the  Harrow,  and  there  found  her  turned 
out  of  the  house  by  the  landlady.  It  was 
ultimately  discovered  that  she  was  legally 
married  to  the  squire. — Goldsmith,  Vicar 
of  Wakefield  (1765). 

Olivia  de  Zuniga,  daughter  of  don 
Csesar.  She  fixed  her  heart  on  having 
i  Julio  de  Melessina  for  her  husband,  and 
i  80  behaved  to  all  other  suitors  as  to  drive 
them  away.  Thus  to  don  Garcia,  she 
I  pretended  to  be  a  termagant ;  to  don 
;  Vincentio,  who  was  music  mad,  she  pro- 
;  fessed  to  love  a  Jew's-harp  above  every 
.  other  instrument.  At  last  Julio  appeared, 
I  and  her  "bold  stroke"  obtained  as  its 
I  reward  "the  husband  of  her  choice." — 
I  Mrs.  Cowley,  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Hus- 
\  band  (1782). 

i     Olla,  bard  of  Cairbar.     These  bards 

i acted  as  heralds. — Ossian. 
Ol'lapod    (Cornet),    at   the    Galen's 
Head.     An  eccentric  country  apothecary, 
"a  jumble  of  physic  and  shooting."  Dr. 
Ollapod  rs  very  fond  of  "  wit,"  and  when 
f  le  has  said  what  he  thinks  a  smart  thing, 
;  le  calls  attention  to  it,  with  "He!  he! 
le  !  "  and  some  such  expression  as,  "  Do 
.'ou  take,  good  sir  ?  do  you  take  ?  "    P>ut 
vhen  another  says    a    smart  thing,  he 
[itters,   and  cries,   "That's   well!    that's 
js'ery  well !     Thank  you,  good  sir,  I  owe 
f 'ou  one  I  "    He  is  a  regular  rattle ;  de^ 


tails  all  the  scandal  of  the  village  ;  boasts 
of  his  achievements  or  misadventures  ; 
is  very  mercenary,  and  wholly  without 
principle. — G.  Colman,  The  Foor  Gentle- 
man (1802). 

*^*  This  character  is  evidently  a  copy 
of  Dibdin's  "doctor  Pother"  in  The 
Farmer's  Wife  (1780). 

Ol'lomand,  an  enchanter,  who  pcr- 
siiaded  Ahu'bal,  the  rebellious  brother  of 
Misnar  sultan  of  Delhi,  to  try  by  bribery 
to  corrupt  the  troops  of  the  sultan.  By 
an  unlimited  supply  of  gold,  he  soon 
made  himself  master  of  the  southern  pro- 
vinces, and  Misnar  marched  to  give  him 
battle.  Ollomand,  with  5000  men,  went 
in  advance  and  concealed  his  company  in 
a  forest ;  but  Misnar,  apprized  thereof  by 
spies,  set  fire  to  the  forest,  and  Ollo- 
mand was  shot  by  the  discharge  of  his 
own  cannons,  fired  spontaneously  by  the 
flames  :  "  For  enchantment  has  no  power 
except  over  those  who  are  first  deceived 
by  the  enchanter." — Sir  C.  Morell  [J. 
Ridley],  Tales  of  the  Genii  ("The  En- 
chanter's Tale,"  vi.,  1751). 

Olof  (Sir),  a  bridegroom  who  rode 
late  to  collect  guests  to  his  wedding.  On 
his  ride,  the  daughter  of  the  erl  king 
met  him,  and  invited  him  to  dance  a 
measure,  but  sir  Olof  declined.  She  then 
oifered  him  a  pair  of  gold  spurs,  a  silk 
doublet,  and  a  heap  of  gold,  if  he  would 
dance  with  her ;  and  when  he  refused  to 
do  so,  she  struck  him  "  with  an  elf- 
stroke."  On  the  morrow,  when  all  the 
bridal  party  was  assembled,  sir  Olof  was 
found  dead  in  a  wood. — A  Danish  Legend 
(Herder). 

Olympia,  countess  of  Holland  and 
wife  of  Bire'no.  Being  deserted  by 
Bireno,  she  was  bound  naked  to  a  rock  by 
pirates,  but  was  delivered  by  Orlando, 
who  took  her  to  Ireland,  where  she  mar- 
ried king  Oberto  (bks.  iv.,  v.). — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Olym'pia,  sister  to  the  great-duke  of 
Muscovia. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Loyal  Subject  (1618). 

Olympus,  of  Greece,  was  on  the 
confines  of  Macedonia  and  Thessal}'. 
Here  the  court  of  Jupiter  was  held. 

Olympus,  in  the  dominions  of  Prester 
John,  was  "three  daj-s'  journey  from 
paradise."  This  Olympus  is  a  corrupt 
form  of  Alumbo,  the  same  as  Columbo, 
in  Ceylon. 

Omawhaws  lOm'.a.waws']  or  Om'- 
2  z 


OMBRELIA. 


706    ORACLE  OF  THE  HOLY  BOTTLE. 


ahas,  an  Indian  tribe  of  Dacota  (United 

States). 

0  chief  of  the  mighty  Omawhaws ! 

Longfellow,  To  the  J}riving  Cloud. 

Ombre'lia,  the  rival  of  Smilinda  for 
the  love  of  Sharper;  "strong  as  the 
footman,  as  the  master  sweet." — Pope, 
Eclogues  ("  The  Basset  Table,"  1716). 

One  Side.  All  on  one  side,  like  the 
Bridijenorth  election.  Bridgenorth  was  a 
pocket  borough  in  the  hands  of  the  Apley 
family. 

One  Thing  at  a  Time.  This  was 
De  Witt's  great  maxim. 

Tlie  famous  De  Witt,  being  asl^ed  how  he  was  able  to 
desi>iitch  tliat  multitude  of  aflfairs  in  which  he  was  en- 
gaged, replied,  that  his  whole  art  consisted  in  doing  one 
thing  at  a  iim&.—Sijectator  ("Art  of  Growing  Rich"). 

O'Neal  (Shan),  leader  of  the  Irish 
insurgents  in  1667.  Shan  O'Neal  was 
notorious  for  profligacy. 

Onei'za  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Moath 
a  well-to-do  Bedouin,  in  love  with 
Thal'aba  "the  destroyer"  of  sor- 
cerers. Thalaba,  being  raised  to  the  office 
of  vizier,  married  Oneiza,  but  she  died 
on  the  bridal  night. — Southey,  Tlialaha 
the  Destroyer,  ii.,  vii.  (1797). 

Oneyda  Warrior  {The),  Outalissi 
{q.v.). — Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming 
(1809). 

Only  (The),  Johann  Paul  Friedrich 
Richter,  called  by  the  Germans  Der  Ein- 
zif/e,  from  the  unique  character  of  his 
writings. 

Not  without  reason  have  his  panegyrists  named  him 
Jean  Paul  dcr  Einzige,  "Jean  Paul  the  Onlv,"  ...  for 
surely,  in  the  whole  circle  of  literature,  we  look  in  vain 
for  his  parallel.— Carlyle. 

*iic*  The  Italians  call  Bernardo  Accolti, 
an  Italian  poet  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
"  Aretino  the  Only  "  or  L'  Unico  Aretino. 

Open,  Ses'ame  (3  syl.) !  the  magic 
words  which  caused  the  cave  door  of  the 
"forty  thieves"  to  open  of  itself.  "Shut, 
Sesame  ! "  were  the  words  which  caused  it 
to  shut.  Sesame  is  a  grain,  and  hence 
Cassim,  when  he  forgot  the  word,  cried, 
"Open,  Wheat!"  "Open,  Rye!"  "Open, 
Barley  ! "  but  the  door  obeyed  no  sound 
but  "Open,  Sesame !  "—7lra6/an  Nights 
("  Ali  Baba  or  the  Forty  Thieves  "). 

Opening  a  handkerchief.  In  which  he  had  a  sample  of 
sesame,  he  showed  it  me,  and  inquired  how  much  a  large 
iweasure  of  the  grain  was  worth.  ...  I  told  him  that. 
a.x'ordmg  lo  tl»e  present  price,  it  would  be  wortli  one 
hundred  drachms  of  silver.— ^mJian  mghu  ("The 
Christian  Merchant's  Story  "), 

Ophelia,  the  young,  beautiful,  and 
pious  daughter  of  Polo'nius  lord  chamber- 
lain to  the  king  of  Denmark.    Hamlet 


fell  in  love  with  her,  but,  finding  marriage 
inconsistent  with  his  views  of  vengeance 
against  "his  murderous,  adulterous,  and 
usurping  uncle,"  he  affected  madness ; 
and  Ophelia  was  so  wrought  upon  by  his 
strange  behaviour  to  her,  that  her  intellect 
gave  way.  In  an  attempt  to  gather 
flowers  from  a  brook,  the  branch  of  a  tree 
she  was  holding  snapped,  and,  falling 
into  the  water,  she  was  drowned. — Shake- 
speare, Hamlet  (1696). 

Tate  Wilkinson,  speaking  of  Mrs. 
Cibber  (Dr.  Arne's  daughter,  1710-1766), 
says:  "Her  features,  figure,  and  singing, 
made  her  the  best  '  Ophelia '  that  ever 
appeared  either  before  or  since." 

Ophiuehus  {^Of  .i.u' .kus'],  the  con- 
stellation Serpentarius.  Ophiuehus  is  a 
man  who  holds  a  serpent  (Greek,  ophis) 
in  his  hands.  The  constellation  is  situated 
to  the  south  of  Hercules ;  and  the  prin- 
cipal star,  called  "Ras  Alhague,"  is  in 
the  man's  head.  (Ras  Alhague  is  from 
the  Arabic,  rds-al-hawwdj  "the  serpent- 
charmer's  head.") 

Satan  stood 
Unterrifled,  and  like  a  comet  burned, 
That  fires  the  length  of  Ophiuehus  huge 
In  the  Arctic  sky. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  11.  709,  etc.  (1665). 

Ophiu'sa,  island  of  serpents  near 
Crete  ;  called  by  the  Romans  Colubra'ria, 
The  inhabitants  were  obliged  to  quit  it, 
because  the  snakes  were  so  abundant. 
Milton  refers  to  it  in  Paradise  Lost,  x. 
628  (1666). 

Opium-Eater  ( The  English), Thomas 
de  Quincey,  who  published  Confessions  of 
an  English  Opium-Eater  (1845). 

O.  P.  Q.,  Robert  Merry  (1755-1798) ;    { 
object  of  Gifford's  satire  in  the  Baviad    | 
and  Maeviad,  and  of  Byron's  in  his  English 
Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers.     He  married 
Miss  Brunton,  the  actress. 

And  Merry's  metaphors  appear  anew, 
Clisiined  to  tlie  signature  of  O.  P.  Q. 
Byron,  English  Bards  and  Hcotch  lieviewer*  (1809). 

Oracle  (To  Work  the),  to  raise  money 
by  some  dodge.     The  "  Oracle  "  was  a  | 
factory  established  at  Reading,  by  John  , 
Kendrick,  in  1624.     It  was  designed  for  \ 
returned  convicts,  and  any   one  out  of  | 
employment.     So  Avhen  a  workman  "had 
no  work  to  do,"  he  would  say,  "I  must 
go  and  work  the  Oracle,"  i.e.  1  must  go  to  | 
the  Oracle  for  work. 

Oracle  of  the  Church  (The),  St. 
Bernard  (1091-1153). 

Oracle  of  the  HolyBottle  (The), 
an  oracle  sought  for  by  Rabelais,  to  solve 


ORACLE  OF  THE  SIEVE,  ETC.      707 


OREADES. 


the  knotty  point  "  whether  Panurge  (2 
syl.)  should  marry  or  not."  The  question 
had  been  put  to  sibyl  and  poet,  monk  and 
fool,  philosopher  and  witch,  but  none 
could  answer  it.  The  oracle  was  ultimately 
found  in  Lantern-land. 

Tliis,  of  course,  is  a  satire  on  the 
celibacy  of  the  clergy  and  the  withhold- 
ing of  the  cup  from  the  laity.  Shall  the 
clergy  marry  or  not  ? — that  was  the  moot 
point ;  and  the  "  Bottle  of  Tent  Wine," 
or  the  clergy,  who  kept  the  bottle  to  them- 
selves, alone  could  solve  it.  The  oracle 
and  priestess  of  the  bottle  were  both  called 
Bachuc  (Hebrew for  "bottle"). — Rabelais, 
Fantag'ruel,  iv.,  v.  (1545). 

Oracle  of  the  Sieve  and  Shears 

(The),  a  method  of  divination  known  to 
the  Greeks.  The  modus  operandi  in  the 
Middle  Ages  was  as  follows : — The  points 
of  a  pair  of  shears  were  stuck  in  the  rim 
of  a  sieve,  and  two  persons  supported  the 
shears  with  their  finger-tips.  A  verse  of 
the  Bible  was  then  read  aloud,  and  while 
the  names  of  persons  suspected  were  called 
over,  the  sieve  was  supposed  to  turn  when 
the  right  name  was  suggested.  (See  Key 
AND  Bible,  p.  509.) 

Searching  for  things  lost  with  a  sieve  and  shears.— Ben 
Jonson,  AlchemUt,  i.  1  (1610). 

Oracle  of  Truth,  the  magnet. 

And  by  the  oracle  of  truth  below. 
The  wondrous  magnet,  guides  the  wayward  prow. 
Fiilconer,  The  Shipwreck,  il.  2  (1756). 

Orange  {Prince  of),  a  title  given  to 
the  heir-apparent  of  the  king  of  Holland. 
"  Orange "  is  a  petty  principality  in  the 
territory  of  Avignon,  in  the  possession  of 
the  Nassau  family. 

Orania,  the  lady-love  of  Am'adis  of 
Gaul.— Lobeira,  Amadis  of  Gaul  (four- 
teenth century). 

Orator  Henley,  the  Rev.  John 
Henley,  who  for  about  thirty  years  de- 
livered lectures  on  theological,  political, 
and  literary  subjects  (1692-1756). 

*^c*  Hogarth  has  introduced  him  into 
several  of  his  pictures  ;  and  Pope  says  of 
him: 

Imbround  with  native  bronze,  lo  I  Henley  stands, 
Tuning  his  voice,  and  balancing  his  hands. 
How  fluent  nonsense  trickles  from  his  tongue ! 
How  sweet  the  periods,  neither  .said  nor  sung  I  .  .  . 
Oh,  great  restorer  of  the  good  old  stage, 
Preuiher  at  once  and  zany  of  thy  age  I 
Oh,  worthy  thou  of  Egj  pfs  wise  abodes ; 
A  decent  priest  where  monkeys  were  the  gods  I 

The  Dunciad,  iii.  199,  etc.  (1742). 

Orator  Hunt,  the  great  demagogue 
:u  the  time  of  the  Wellington  and  Peel 
administration.  Henry  Hunt,  M.P.,  used 
to  wear  a  grey  hat,  and  these  hats  were 


for  the  time  a  badge  of  democratic  prin- 
ciples, and  called  "radical  hats"  (1773- 
1835). 

Orbaneja,  the  painter  of  Ube'da,  who 
painted  so  preposterously  that  he  inscribed 
under  his  objects  what  he  meant  them 
for. 

Orbaneja  would  paint  a  cock  80  wretchedly  designed, 
that  he  was  obliged  to  inscril)e  under  it,  "lliia  is  a  cock." 
—Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II.  i.  3  (1615). 

Orbilius,  the  schoolmaster  who  taught 
Horace.  The  poet  calls  him  "the  flogger  " 
(plagosus). — Lp.,  ii.  71. 

*j*  The  Oroilian  Stick  is  a  birch  rod 
or  cane. 

Ordeal  (A  Fiery),  a  sharp  trial  or 
test.  In  England  there  were  anciently 
two  ordeals — one  of  water  and  the  other 
of  fire.  The  water  ordeal  was  for  the 
laity,  and  the  fire  ordeal  for  the  nobility. 
If  a  noble  was  accused  of  a  crime,  he  or 
his  deputy  was  tried  by  ordeal  thus  :  He 
had  either  to  hold  in  his  hand  a  piece  of 
red-hot  iron,  or  had  to  walk  blindfold  and 
barefoot  over  nine  red-hot  ploughshares 
laid  lengthwise  at  unequal  distances.  If 
he  passed  the  ordetil  unhurt,  he  was  de- 
clared innocent ;  if  not,  he  was  accounted 
guilty.  This  method  of  punishment  arose 
from  the  notion  that  "  God  would  defend 
the  right,"  even  by  miracle,  if  needs  be. 

Ordigale,  the  otter,  in  the  beast-epic 
of  Beynard  the  FoXy  i.  (1498). 

Ordovi'ces  (4  syl.),  people  of  Ordo- 
vicia,  that  is,  Flintshire,  Denbighshire, 
Merionethshire,  Montgomeryshire,  Car- 
narvonshire, and  Anglesey.  (In  Latin 
the  i  is  short :   Ordovlces.) 

The  Ordortces  now  which  North  Wales  people  be. 
Druyton.J'olyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Or'dovies  (3  syl.),  the  inhabitants  of 
North  Wales.  (In  Latin  North  Wales  is 
called  Ordovic'ia.) 

Beneath  his  [AgHcoIa's]  fatal  sword  the  Ordovles  to  fall 
(Inhabiting  the  west),  those  people  last  of  all 
.  .  .  withstood. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  vili.  (1612). 

Or'ead  (3  syl.),  a  mountain-nymph. 
Tennyson  calls  "Maud"  an  oread,  be- 
cause her  hall  and  garden  were  on  a  hill. 

I  see  my  Oread  coming  down. 

Maud,  I.  xvi.  1  (1855). 

Oread.    Echo  is  so  called. 

Ore'ades  (4  syl.)  or  O'reads  (3  syl.)^ 
mountain-nymphs. 

Ye  Cambrian  [Welsh]  shepherds  then,  whom  these  our 

mountains  please. 
And  ye  our  fellow-nymphs,  ye  light  Oreildds. 

Drayton,  Polyollnoii,  ix.  (1012). 


ORELIO. 


ro8 


ORIANA. 


Orel'io,  the  favourite  horse  of  king 
Koderick  the  last  of  the  Goths. 

'Twas  Orelio 
On  which  he  rode,  Rwlerick's  own  battle-horse, 
Wlio  from  his  master's  haud  had  wont  to  feed, 
And  with  a.  glad  docility  obey 
His  voice  familiar. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xxv.  (1814). 

Ores'tes  (3  syl.),  son  of  Agamemnon, 
betrothed  to  Hermi'one  (4  si/L)  daughter 
of  Menala'os  (4  si/l.)  king  of  Sparta.  At 
the  downfall  of  Troy,  Menalaos  promised 
llermione  in  marriage  to  Pyrrhos  king 
of  Epiros,  but  Pyrrhos  fell  in  love  with 
Androm'ache  the  Avidow  of  Hector,  and 
his  captive.  An  embassy,  led  by  Orestes, 
was  sent  to  Epiros,  to  demand  that  the 
son  of  Andromache  should  be  put  to 
death,  lest  as  he  grew  up  he  might  seek 
to  avenge  his  father's  death.  Pyrrhos 
refused  to  comply.  In  this  embassage, 
Orestes  met  Hermione  again,  and  found 
her  pride  and  jealousy  aroused  to  fury  by 
the  slight  offered  her.  She  goaded  Orestes 
to  avenge  her  insults,  and  the  ambassadors 
fell  on  Pyrrhos  and  murdered  him.  Her- 
mione- when  she  saw  the  dead  body  of 
the  king  borne  along,  stabbed  herself, 
and  Orestes  went  raving  mad. — Ambrose 
Philips,  21ie  Distressed  Mother  (1712). 

All  the  parts  in  which  I  ever  saw  [W.  C.  Macreadyl, 
Buih  as  "  Orestes,"  "  Mirandola,"  "  William  Tell."  "  Rob 
Roy,"  and  "  Claude  Melnotte,"  he  certainly  had  made  his 
own.— Kev.  F.  Young.  Life  of  C.  At.  Young. 

Orfeo  and  Heuro'dis,  the  tale  of 
Orpheus  and  Eurydice,  Avith  the  Gothic 
machinery  of  elves  and  fairies. 

*^*  GlUck  has  an  opera  called  Orfeo ; 
the  libretto,  by  Calzabigi,  based  on  a  dra- 
matic piece  by  Poliziano  (1764). 

Orgari'ta,  "the  orphan  of  the  Frozen 
Sea,"  heroine  of  a  drama.  (See 
Maktiia.) — Stirling,  27ie  Orphan  of  the 
Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Or'ffilus,  the  betrothed  lover  of 
Pcnthe'a,  by  the  consent  of  her  father ; 
but  at  the  death  of  her  father,  her  brother 
Ith'ocles  compelled  her  to  marry  Bass'anes, 
whom  she  hated.  Ithocles  was  about  to 
marry  the  princess  of  Sparta,  but  a  little 
before  the  event  w  as  to  take  place,  Pen- 
thea  starved  herself  to  death,  and  Orgilus 
was  condemned  to  death  for  murdering 
Ithocles. — John  Ford,  The  Broken  Heart 
(1633). 

Orgoglio  [Or.goy.yol,  a  hideous 
giant,  as  tall  as  three  men,  son  of  Earth 
and  Wind.  Finding  the  Red  Cross 
Knight  at  the  fountain  of  Idleness,  he 
beats  him  with  a  club,  and  makes  him 
his  slave.  Una  informs  Arthur  of  it,  and 
Arthur  liberates  the  knight  and  slays  the 


giant  (Bev.  xiii.  5,  7,  with  Dan.  vii.  21, 
22). — Spenser,  Faert/  Queen,  i.  (I.o90). 

*^*  Arthur  first  cut  off  Org  jglio's  left 
arm,  i.e.  Bohemia  was  cut  off  first  from 
the  Church  of  Rome  ;  then  he  cut  off  the 
giant's  ri(jht  leg,  i.e.  England. 

Orgon,  brother-in-law  of  Tartuffe 
(2  st/7.).  His  credulity  and  faith  in 
Tartuffe,  like  that  of  his  mother,  can 
scarcely  be  shaken  even  by  the  evidence 
of  his  senses.  He  hopes  against  hope, 
and  fights  every  inch  of  ground  in  defence 
of  the  religious  hypocrite. — Moliere, 
Tartuffe  (1664). 

Oria'na,  daughter  of  Lisuarte  king 
of  England,  and  spouse  of  Am'adis  of 
Gaul  (bk.  ii.  6).  The  general  plot  of  this 
series  of  romance  bears  on  this  marriage, 
and  tells  of  the  thousand  and  one  obstacles 
from  rivals,  giants,  sorcerers,  and  so  on, 
which  had  to  be  overcome  before  the 
consummation  could  be  effected.  It  is 
in  this  imity  of  plot  that  the  Amadis 
series  differs  from  its  predecessors — the 
Arthurian  romances,  and  those  of  the 
paladins  of  Charlemagne,  which  are 
detached  adventures,  each  complete  in 
itself,  and  not  bearing  to  any  common, 
focus. — Amadis  de  Gaul  (fourteenth  cc 
tury). 

*^*  Queen  Elizabeth  is  called 
peerless  Oriana,"  especially  in  the  ml 
drigals  entitled  The  Triumphs  of  Oriat 
(1601).  Ben  Jonson  applies  the  name 
the  queen  of  James  I.  (Oriens  Anna). 

Oria'na,  the  nursling  of  a  lioness,  avU 
whom  Esplandian  fell  in  loA'e,  and  f^ 
Avhom  he  underwent  all  his  perils 
exploits.  She  Avas  the  gentlest,  fairel 
and  most  faithful  of  her  sex. — Lobeii 
Amadis  of  Gaul  (fourteenth  century). 

Orian'a,  the  fair,  brilliant,  and  wit 
"chaser"  of  the  "wild  goose"  Miral 
to  whom  she  is  betrothed,  and  whose  Avife 
she  ultimatelv  becomes. — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The'  Wild-goose  Chase  (1652). 

Orian'a,  the  ward  of  old  Mirabel,  and 
bound  by  contract  to  her  guardian's  son 
Avhom  she  loA-es ;  but  young  Mirabel 
shilly-shallies,  till  he  gets  into  trouble 
Avith  Lamorce  (2  syl.),  and  is  in  danger 
of  being  murdered,  Avhen  Oriana,  dressed 
as  a  page,  rescues  him.  He  then  declares 
that  his  "  inconstancy  has  had  a  lesson," 
and  he  marries  the  lady. — G.  Farquhar, 
The  Inconstant  (1702). 

Orian'a,  in  Tennyson's  ballad  so  called, 
"stood  on  the  castle  wall,"  to  see  her 
spouse,  a  Norland  chief,  light.    A  foe- 


ORIANDE. 


709 


ORION. 


man  went  between  "the  chief  and  the 
wall,"  and  discharged  an  arrow,  which, 
glancing  aside.,  pierced  the  lady's  heart 
and  killed  her.  The  ballad  is  the  lamen- 
tation of  the  spouse  on  the  death  of  his 
bride  (1830). 

O'riande  (3  syL),  a  fay  who  lived 
at  Kosefleur,  and  brought  up  Maugia 
d'Aygremont.  When  her  protei^e  grew 
up,  she  loved  him,  "  d'un  si  grand  amour, 
qu'elle  doute  fort  qu'il  ne  se  departe 
d'avccques  elle." — Romance  de  Maugis 
cTAi/gremont  et  de  Vivian  son  Frere. 

O'riel,  a  fairy,  whose  empire  lay  along 
the  banks  of  the  Thames,  when  king 
Oberon  held  his  court  in  Kensington 
Gardens. — Tickell,  Kensington  Gardens 
(1686-1740). 

Oriflamme,  the  banner  of  St. 
Denis.  When  the  counts  of  Vexin  be- 
came possessed  of  the  abbey,  the  banner 
passed  into  their  hands,  and  when,  in 
1082,  Philippe  I.  united  Vexin  to  the 
crown,  the  oriflamme  or  sacred  banner 
belonged  to  the  king.  In  1119  it  was 
first  used  as  a  national  banner.  It  con- 
sists of  a  crimson  silk  Hag,  mounted  on  a 
gilt  staff  {un  glaive  tout  durd'oh  est  atachie 
une  haniere  veniwilie).  The  loose  end  is 
cut  into  three  wavy  Vandykes,  to  represent 
tongues  of  flame,  and  a  silk  tassel  is  hung 
at  each  cleft.  In  war,  the  display  of  this 
standard  indicates  that  no  quarter  will  be 
given.  The  English  standard  of  no 
quarter  was  the  *'  burning  dragon." 
^  Raoul  de  Presle  says  it  was  used  in  the 
time  of  Charlemagne,  being  the  gift  of 
the  patriarch  of  Jerusalem.  We  are  told 
that  all  infidels  were  blinded  who  looked 
on  it.  Froissart  saj's  it  was  displayed 
at  the  battle  of  Rosbecq,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  VI.,  and  "  no  sooner  was  it  un- 
furled, than  the  fog  cleared  away,  and 
the  sun  shone  on  the  French  alone." 

I  have  not  reared  tlie  Oriflamme  of  death. 

.  me  it  belioves 
To  spare  the  fallen  foe. 

Southey,  Joan  of  Arc,  viii.  621,  etc.  (1837). 

Origilla,  the  lady-love  of  Gryphon 
brother  of  Aquilant ;  but  the  faithless  fair 
one  took  up  with  Martano,  a  most  im- 
pudent boaster  and  a  coward.  Being  at 
Damascus  during  a  tournament  in  which 
Gryphon  was  the  victor,  Martano  stole 
the  armour  of  Gryphon,  arrayed  himself 
in  it,  took  the  prizes,  and  then  decamped 
with  the  lady.  Aquilant  happened  to  see 
)  them,  bound  them,  and  took  them  back 
to  Daniaj:cus,  where  Alartano  was  hanged, 
and  the  lady  kept  in  bondage  for  the 


judgment  of   Lucina. — Ariosto,    Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Orillo,  a  magician  and  robber,  who 
lived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nile.  He  was 
the  son  of  an  imp  and  fairy.  When  any 
one  of  his  limbs  was  lopped  off,  he  had  the 
power  of  restoring  it ;  and  when  his  head 
was  cut  oif,  he  could  take  it  up  and 
replace  it.  When  Astolpho  encountered 
this  magician,  he  was  informed  that  his 
life  lay  in  one  particular  hair ;  so  instead 
of  seeking  to  maim  his  adversary,  As- 
tolpho cut  oif  the  magic  hair,  and  the 
magician  fell  lifeless  at  his  feet. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Orinda  "the  incomparable,"  Mrs. 
Katherine  Philipps,  who  lived  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.  and  died  of  small- 
pox. 

*^*  Her  praises  were  sung  by  Cowley, 
Dryden,  and  others. 

We  allowed  you  beauty,  and  we  did  submit  .  .  . 
Ah,  cruel  sex,  will  you  depose  us  too  in  wit? 
Orinda  does  in  that  too  reign. 

Cowley,  On  OHnda't  Poeins  (1(547). 

O'riole  (3  syL).  The  "  Baltimore  bird  " 
is  often  so  called  in  America  ;  but  the 
oriole  is  of  the  thrush  family,  and  the 
Baltimore  bird  is  a  starling.  Its  nest  is 
a  pendulous  cylindrical  pouch,  some  six 
inches  long,  usually  suspended  from  two 
twigs  at  the  extremity  of  a  branch,  and 
therefore  liable  to  swing  backwards  and 
forwards  by  the  force  of  the  wind.  Hence 
Longfellow  compares  a  child's  swing  to 
an  oriole's  nest. 

.  .  .  like  an  oriole's  nest, 
From  which  the  laughing  birds  have  t.aken  wing ; 
By  thee  abandoned  hangs  thy  vacant  swing. 

Longfellow,  To  a  Child. 

Ori'on,  a  giant  of  great  beauty,  and 
a  famous  hunter,  who  cleared  the  island 
of  Chios  of  wild  beasts.  WTiile  in  the 
island,  Orion  fell  in  love  with  Merope, 
daughter  of  king  OEnop'ion  ;  but  one  day, 
in  a  drunken  fit,  having  ofi'ered  her 
violence,  the  king  put  out  the  giant's  eyes 
and  drove  him  from  the  island.  Orion 
WP.S  told  if  he  would  travel  eastwards, 
and  expose  his  sockets  to  the  rising  sun, 
he  would  recover  his  sight.  Guided  by 
the  sound  of  a  Cyclops'  hammer,  he 
reached  Lemnos,  where  Vulcan  gave  him 
a  guide  to  the  abode  of  the  sun.  In  due 
time,  his  sight  returned  to  him,  and  at 
death  he  Avas  made  a  constellation.  The 
lion's  skin  was  an  enil>lein  of  the  wild 
beasts  which  he  slew  in  Chios,  and  the 
club  was  the  instrument  he  employed  for 
the  purpose. 


ORION. 


710 


ORLANDO  FURIOSO. 


He  [Orion] 
Reeled  as  of  yore  beside  the  sea. 

When,  blinded  by  CEnopion, 
He  sought  the  blacksmith  at  his  forge, 
And,  climbing  up  the  mountain  gorge. 
Fixed  his  blank  eyes  upon  the  sun. 

Longfellow,  The  OccuUation  of  Orion. 

Orion  and  the  Blacksmith.  The  refer- 
ence is  to  the  blacksmith  mentioned  in 
the  preceding  article,  whom  Orion  took 
on  his  back  to  act  as  guide  to  the  place 
w^here  the  rising  sun  might  be  best  seen. 

Orion's  Dogs  were  Arctophonns  ("  the 
bear-killer")  and  Ptoophagos  ("the 
glutton  of  Ptoon,"  in  Boeotia). 

Orion's  Wife,  Side. 

Ori'on.  After  Orion  has  set  in  the 
west,  Auriga  (the  Charioteer)  and  Gem'ini 
(Castor  and  Pollux)  are  still  visible. 
Hence  Tennyson  says: 

.  .  .  the  Charioteer 
And  stnrry  Gemini  hang  like  glorious  crowns 
Over  Orion's  grave  low  down  in  the  west. 

Maud,  III.  vi.  1  (1855). 

Ori'on,  a  seraph,  the  guardian  angel  of 
Simon  Peter. — Klopstock,  The  Messiah, 
iii.  (1748). 

Orith'yia  or  Orith'ya,  daughter  of 
Erectheus,  carried  off  by  Boreas  to 
Thrace. 

Such  dalliance  as  alone  the  Xorth  wind  hath  with  her, 
Oritliya  not  enjoyed,  from  [;  to]  Thrace  wlien  he  her  took. 
And  in  his  saily  plumes  the  trembling  virgin  shook. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  x.  (1612). 

Phineas  Fletcher  calls  the  word 
«  Orithy'a." 

None  knew  mild  zephyrs  from  cold  Eurus'  mouth. 
Nor  Orithay^  lover's  violence  \Xorth  wind]. 

Purple  Island,  1.  (1633). 

Orlando,  the  younger  son  of  sir 
Rowland  de  Boys  [Bwor] .  At  the  death 
of  his  father,  he  was  left  under  the  care 
of  his  elder  brother  Oliver,  who  was 
charged  to  treat  him  well ;  but  Oliver 
hated  him,  wholly  neglected  his  educa- 
tion, and  even  tried  by  many  indirect 
means  to  kill  him.  At  length,  Orlando 
fled  to  the  forest  of  Arden',  where  he  met 
Rosalind  and  Celia  in  disguise.  They 
had  met  before  at  a  wrestling  match, 
when  Orlando  and  Rosalind  fell  in  love 
with  each  other.  The  acquaintance  was 
renewed  in  the  forest,  and  ere  many  days 
had  passed  the  two  ladies  resumed  their 
proper  characters,  and  both  were  married, 
Rosalind  to  Orlando,  and  Celia  to  Oliver 
the  elder  brother.— Shakespeare,  As  You 
Like  It  (1598). 

Orlando  (in  French  Roland,  q.v.),  one 
of  the  paladins  of  Charlemagne,  whose 
nephew  he  was.  Orlando  was  confiding 
and  loyal,  of  great  stature,  and  possessed 
unusual  strength.    He  accompanied  his 


uncle  into  Spain,  but  on  his  return  waa 
waylaid  in  the  valley  of  Roncesvalles  (in 
the"  Pyrenees)  by  the  traitor  Ganelon,  and 
perished  with  all  his  army,  A.i>.  778. 
His  adventures  are  related  in  Turpin's 
Chronigue ;  in  the  Chanson  de  Roland, 
attributed  to  The'roulde.  He  is  the  hero 
of  Bojardo's  epic,  Orlando  Innamorato  ; 
and  of  Ariosto's  continuation,  called  Or- 
lando Furioso  ("Orlando  mad").  Robert 
Greene,  in  1594,  produced  a  drama  which 
he  called  Tlie  History  of  Orlando.  Rhode's 
farce  of  Bomhastes  Furioso  (1790)  is  a 
burlesque  of  Ariosto's  Orlando  Furioso. 

Orlando's  Ivory  Horn,  Olifant,  once  the 
property  of  Alexander  the  Great.  Its 
bray  could  be  heard  for  twenty  miles. 

Orlando's  Horse,  Brigliadoro  ("golden 
bridle  "). 

Orlando's  Sword,  Durinda'na  or  Duran- 
dana,  which  once  belonged  to  Hector,  is 
"  preserved  at  Rocamadour,  in  France ; 
and  his  spear  is  still  shown  in  the  cathe- 
dral of  Pa'via,  in  Italy." 

Orlando  was  of  middling  stature,  broad-shouldered, 
crooked-legged,  brown-visaged,  red-bearded,  and  had 
much  hair  on  his  body.  He  talked  hut  little,  and  had  a 
very  surly  .-vspect,  although  he  w.as  j)erfectly  good- 
humoured. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II.  l.  1  (1615). 

Orlando's  Vulnerable  Part.   Orlando  was 
invulnerable    except  in  the  sole    of  hi 
foot,  and  even  there  nothing  could  woun^ 
him  but  the  point  of  a  large  pin  ;   so  ti 
when  Bernardo  del  Carpio  assailed  hii 
at  Roncesvalles,  he  took  him  in  his  ar 
and  squeezed  him  to  death,  in  imitatic 
of  Hercules,  who  squeezed  to  death 
giant  Antje'us  (3  syl.). — Cervantes,  Ho 
Quixote,  II.  ii.  13  (iG15). 

Orlando  Furioso,  a  continuatic 
of  Bojardo's  story,  with  the  same  hei 
Bojardo  leaves  Orlando  in  love  wit 
Angelica,  whom  he  fetched  from  Catha^ 
and  brought  to  Paris.  Here,  says  Ariosto, 
Rinaldo  fell  in  love  with  her,  and,  to 
prevent  mischief,  the  king  placed  the 
coquette  under  the  charge  of  Namus  ;  but 
she  contrived  to  escape  her  keeper,  and 
fled  to  the  island  of  Ebuda,  where  Rogcro 
found  her  exposed  to  a  sea-monster,  and 
liberated  her.  In  the  mean  time,  Orlando 
went  in  search  of  his  lady,  was  decoyed 
into  the  enchanted  castle  of  Atlantes,  but 
was  liberated  by  Angelica,  Avho  again  suc- 
ceeded in  effecting  her  escape  to  Paris. 
Here  she  arrived  just  after  a  great  battle 
between  the  Christians  and  pagans,  and, 
finding  Medora  a  Moor  wounded,  took 
care,  of  him,  fell  in  love  with  hiiv, 
and  .eloped  with  him  to  Cathnv.  When 
Orlando  found  himself  jilted,  he  was 
driven  mad  with  jealousy  and   rage,    or 


ORLANDO  INNAMORATO. 


711 


ORMUS. 


rather  his  wits  were  taken  from  him 
for  three  months  by  way  of  punishment, 
and  deposited  in  the  moon.  Astolpho 
went  to  the  moon  in  Elijah's  chariot, 
and  St.  John  gave  him  "the  lost  wits" 
in  an  urn.  On  reaching  France,  Astol- 
pho bound  the  madman,  then,  holding 
the  urn  to  bis  nose,  the  wits  returned 
to  their  nidus,  and  the  hero  was  himself 
again.  After  this,  the  siege  was  con- 
tinued, and  the  Christians  were  wholly 
successful.  (See  Ohlando  Ixnamokato.) 
— Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (151G). 

*^*  This  romance  in  verse  extends  to 
forty-six  cantos.  Iloole,  in  his  translation, 
has  compressed  the  fortj'-six  cantos  into 
twenty-four  books ;  but  Rose  has  retained 
the  original  number.  The  adventures  of 
Orland  J,  under  the  French  form  "  Roland," 
are  related  by  Turpin  in  his  Chronicle, 
and  by  The'roulde  in  his  Chanson  de 
Roland. 

*^*  The  true  hero  of  Ariosto's  romance 
is  Rogcro,  and  not  Orlando.  It  is  with 
Rogero's  victory  over  Rodomont  that  the 
poem  ends.     Tne  concluding  lines  are : 

Then  at  full  stretch  he  [Rogero]  raised  his  aim  above 
The  furious  Rodomont,  and  tlie  weapon  drove 
Tlirice  in  his  gaping  throat— so  ends  the  strife, 
And  leaves  secure  Rogero's  fame  and  life. 

Orlando  Innamora'to,  or  Orlando 
in  love,  in  three  books,  by  count  Bojardo 
of  Scandiano,  in  Italy  (1495).  Bojardo 
supposes  Charlemagne  to  be  warring 
against  the  Saracens  in  France,  under  the 
walls  of  Paris.  He  represents  the  city 
to  be  besieged  by  two  intidel  hosts — one 
under  Agramante  emperor  of  Africa,  and 
the  other  under  Gradasso  king  of  Serica'na. 
His  hero  is  Orlando,  whom  he  supposes 
(though  married  at  the  time  to  Aldabella) 
to  be  in  love  with  Angelica,  a  fascinating 
coquette  from  Cathay,  whom  Orlando 
had  brought  to  France.  (See  Oulanoo 
Fuuioso.) 

*^*  Berni  of  Tuscany,  in  1538,  published 
a  burlesque  in  verse  on  the  same  subject. 

Orleans,  a  most  passionate  innamo- 
rato,  in  love  with  Agripy'na. — Thomas 
Dekker,  Old  Fortunatus  (1600). 

Orleans  tallis  "  pure  Biron  and  Romeo ;  "  lie  5s  almos't  as 
poetical  i\s  they,  quite  as  philosophical,  oliljr  a  little 
madder.— C.  Lamb. 

("Biron,"  in  Shakespeare's  Love's 
Labour's  Lost;  "Romeo,"  in  his  Romeo 
and  Juliet.) 

Orleans  (Gaston  duke  of),  brother  of 
Louis  XIII.  He  heads  a  conspiracy  to 
assassinate  Richelieu  and  dethrone  the 
king.  If  the  plot  had  been  successful, 
Gaston  was  to  hare  been  made  regent ; 


but  the  conspiracy  was  discovered,  and 
the  duke  was  thwarted  in  his  ambitious 
plans. — Lord  L}i;ton,  Richelieu  (1839). 

Orleans  [Louis  duo  d'),  to  whom  the 
princess  Joan  (daughter  of  Louis  XI.)  is 
affianced. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin  JDur- 
ward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Orlick  {Dolge),  usually  called  "Old 
Orlick,"  though  not  above  live  and  twenty, 
journeyman  to  Joe  Gargerj',  blacksmith. 
Obstinate,  morose,  broad-shouldered, 
loose-limbed,  swarthy,  of  great  strength, 
never  in  a  hurrj'^,  and  always  slouching. 
Being  jealous  of  Pip,  he  allured  him  to  a 
cave  in  the  marshes,  bound  him  to  a 
ladder,  and  was  about  to  shoot  him,  when, 
being  alarmed  by  approaching  steps,  he 
fled.  Subsequently,  he  broke  into  Mr. 
Pumbleehook's  house,  was  arrested,  and 
confined  in  the  county  jail.  This  surly, 
ill-conditioned  brute  was  in  love  with 
Biddy,  but  Biddy  married  Joe  Gargery. 
— C.  Dickens,  Great  Expectations  (1860). 

Orloff  Diamond  {TIlc),  the  third 
largest  cut  diamond  in  the  world,  set  in 
the  top  of  the  Russian  sceptre.  The  weight 
of  this  magnificent  diamond  is  194  carats, 
and  its  size  is  that  of  a  pigeon's  egg.  It 
was  once  one  of  the  eyes  of  the  idol  Sher- 
ingham,  in  the  temple  of  Brahma  ;  came 
into  the  hands  of  the  shah  Nadir  ;  was 
stolen  by  a  French  grenadier  and  sold  to 
an  English  sea-captain  for  £2000 ;  the 
captain  sold  it  to  a  Jew  for  £12,000  ;  it 
next  passed  into  the  hands  of  Shafras  ; 
and  in  1775,  Catherine  II.  of  Russia  gave 
for  it  £90,000.     (See  Diamonds.) 

Or'mandine  (3  syl.),  the  necro- 
mancer who  threw  St.  David  into  an 
enchanted  sleep  for  seven  years,  from 
which  he  was  reclaimed  by  St.  George. — 
R.  Johnson,  l^ke  Seven  Champions  of 
Christendom,  i.  9  (1617). 

Orme  (Victor),  a  poor  gentleman  in 
love  with  Elsie. — Wybert  Reeve,  Parted. 

Ormond  (The  duke  of),  a  privy 
councillor  of  Charles  II.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Ormston  (Jock),  a  sheriff's  officer  at 
Fairport. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Ormus  (Wealth  of),  diamonds.  The 
island  Ormus,  in  the  Persian  Gulf,  is  a 
mart  for  these  precious  stones. 

High  on  a  throne  of  royal  state,  which  far 
Outshone  tlie  wealth  of  Ormus. 

Maton.  Paradue  Lost,  il  1  {1665). 


ORNITHOLOGY. 


712.       ORPHEUS  AND  EURYDICE. 


Ornithorogy  (:rA(?  Father  of),  George 
Edwards  (1693-1773). 

Oroma'zes  (4  syl.),  the  principle  of 
good  in  Persian  mythology.  Same  as 
Yezad  {q.v.). 

Oroonda'tes  (5  syl.),  only  son  of  a 
Scythian  king,  whose  love  for  Statira 
(widow  of  Alexander  the  Great)  led  him 
into  numerous  dangers  and  difficulties, 
which,  however,  he  surmounted.  —  La 
Calprenede,  Cassandra  (a  romance). 

Oroono'ko  (Prince),  son  and  heir  of 
the  king  of  Angola,  and  general  of  the 
forces.  He  was  decoyed  by  captain 
Driver  aboard  his  ship  ;  his  suite  of 
twenty  men  were  made  drunk  with  rum  ; 
the  ship  weighed  anchor ;  and  the  prince, 
with  all  his  men,  were  sold  as  slaves  in 
one  of  the  West  Indian  Islands.  Here 
Oroonoko  met  Imoin'da  (3  syL),  his 
wife,  from  whom  he  had  been  separated, 
and  Avho  he  thought  was  dead.  He 
headed  a  rising  of  the  slaves,  and  the 
lieutenant-governor  tried  to  seduce  Imoin- 
da.  The  result  was  that  Imoinda  killed 
herself,  and  Oroonoko  (3  syl.)  slew  first 
the  lieutenant-governor  and  then  himself. 
Mrs.  Aphra  liehn  became  acquainted 
with  the  prince  at  Surinam,  and  made 
the  story  of  his  life  the  basis  of  a  novel, 
which  Thomas  Southern  dramatized 
(1696). 

Jack  Bannister  [1760-1836]  began  his  career  in  tragedy. 
.  .  .  Garrick  .  .  .  asked  him  wliat  character  he  wished 
to  play  next.  "  Wliy,"  said  Bannister,  "  I  was  thinking 
of  ' Oroonoko.'  "  "Eh,  eh  !  "  exclaimed  David,  staring  at 
Bannister,  who  was  very  thin  ;  "you  will  look  as  much  like 
'  Oroonoko '  as  a  chimney-sweeper  iu  consumptioa." — T. 
Campbell. 

Orozem'bo,  a  brave  and  dauntless 
old  Peruvian.  When  captured  and 
brought  before  the  Spanish  invaders, 
Orozembo  openly  defied  them,  and  re- 
fused to  give  any  answer  to  their  ques- 
tions (act  i.  1).  —  Sheridan,  Pizarro 
(altered  from  Kotzebue,  1799). 

Orpas,  once  archbishop  of  Sev'ille. 
At  the  overthrow  of  the  Gothic  kingdom 
in  Spain,  Orpas  joined  the  Moors  and 
turned  Moslem.  Of  all  the  renegades 
"the  foulest  and  the  falsest  wretch  was 
he  that  e'er  renounced  his  baptism."  He 
wished  to  marry  Florinda,  daughter  of 
count  Julian,  in  order  to  secure  "her 
wide  domains ; "  but  Florinda  loathed  him. 
In  the  Moorish  council,  Orpas  advised 
Abulcacem  to  cut  off  count  Julian, 
"whose  power  but  served  him  for  fresh 
treachery,  false  to  Roderick  first,  and  to 
the  caliph  now."  This  advice  was  acted 
on ;    but  as  the  villain    left    the    tent, 


Abulcacem  muttered  to  himself,  "  Look 
for  a  like  reward  thyself ;  that  restless 
head  of  wickedness  in  the  grave  will 
brood  no  treason." — Southey,  Roderick, 
etc.,  XX.,  xxii.  (1814). 

Orpliaii  of  Cliina,  a  drama  by 
Murphy.  Zaphimri,  the  sole  survivor 
of  the  royal  race  of  China,  was  committed 
in  infancy  to  Zamti,  the  mandarin,  that 
he  might  escape  from  the  hand  of  Ti'- 
murkan',  the  Tartar  conqueror.  Zamti 
brought  up  Zaphimri  as  his  son,  and  sent 
Hamet,  his  real  son,  to  Corea,  where  he  was 
placed  under  the  charge  of  Morat.  Twenty 
years  afterwards,  Hamet  led  a  band  of 
insurgents  against  Timurkan,  was  seized, 
and  ordered  to  be  put  to  death  under 
the  notion  that  he  was  "the  orphan  of 
China."  Zaphimri,  hearing  thereof,  went 
to  the  Tartar  and  declared  that  he,  not 
Hamet,  was  the  real  prince ;  whereupon 
Timurkan  ordered  Zamti  and  his  wife 
Mandane,  with  Hamet  and  Zaphimri, 
to  be  seized.  Zamti  and  Mandane  were 
ordered  to  the  torture,  to  wring  from  them 
the  truth.  In  the  interim,  a  party  of 
insurgent  Chinese  rushed  into  the  palace, 
killed  the  king,  and  established  "  the 
orphan  of  China"  on  the  throne  of  his 
fathers  (1759). 

Orphan    of    the    Frozen    Sea, 

Martha,  the  daughter  of  Ralph  de  Lascours 
(captain  of  the  Uran'ia)  and  his  wife 
Louise.  The  crew  having  rebelled,  the 
three,  with  their  servant  Bar'abas,  were 
cast  adrift  in  a  boat,  which  ran  on  an 
iceberg  in  the  Frozen  Sea.  Ralph  thought 
it  was  a  small  island,  but  the  iceberg 
broke  up,  both  Ralph  and  his  wife  were 
drowned,  but  Rarabas  and  Martha  escaped, 
Martha  was  taken  by  an  Indian  tribCj 
which  brought  her  up  and  named  h 
Orgari'ta  ("  withered  wheat  "),  from  h 
white  complexion.  In  Mexico  she  m 
with  her  sister  Diana  and  her  grand 
mother  Mde.  de  Theringe  (2  syl.),  an 
probably  married  Horace  de  Brienne. 
Stirling,  Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea  (1856 

Orphan  of  the  Temple,  Marie 
Therese  Charlotte  duchesse  d'Angouleme, 
daughter  of  Louis  XVI.  ;  so  called  from 
the  Temple,  where  she  was  imprisoned. 
She  was  called  "  The  Modern  Antig'one  " 
by  her  uncle  Louis  XVIII. 

Orpheus.     (For  a  parallel  fable,  see 

W^AINAMOINEN.) 

Orpheus  and  Eurydiee  (4  syl.)i 
Gluck's  best  opera  (Orfeo).  Libretto  b) 
Calzabigi,  who  also  wrote  for  GlUck  the 


id. 

I 


^ 


ORPHEUS  OF  HIGHWAyMEN.     713 


ORTHODOXY. 


libretto  of  Alcesfe  (1767).  King  pro- 
duced an  English  version  of  Orpheus  and 
Uurydice. 

*^*  The  t,ale  is  introduced  by  Pope  in 
his  St.  Cecilia's  Ode. 

Of  Orpheus  now  no  more  let  poets  tcH, 
To  bright  Cecilia  greater  power  is  given : 

His  numbers  raised  a  shade  from  hell, 
Hers  lift  the  soul  to  heaven. 

Pope,  Si.  Cecilia's  Day  (1709). 

Orpheus  of  Highwaymen,  John 
Gay,  author  of  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1688- 
1732). 

Orpheus    of  the    Green    Isle 

{The),  Furlough  O'Carolan,  poet  and 
musician  (1670-1738). 

Or'raca  {Queen),  wife  of  Atfonso  IT. 
The  legend  says  tliat  five  friars  of  Mo- 
rocco went  to  her,  and  said,  "  Three  things 
we  prophesj'-  to  you  :  (1)  we  five  shall 
all  suffer  martyrdom  ;  (2)  our  bodies  will 
be  brought  to  Coimbra ;  and  (3)  which- 
ever sees  our  relics  first,  you  or  the  king, 
will  die  the  same  day."  When  their 
bodies  were  brought  to  Coimbra,  the  king 
told  queen  Orraca  she  must  join  the  pro- 
cession with  him.  She  pleaded  illness,  but 
Affonso  replied  the  relics  would  cure  her  ; 
BO  they  started  on  their  journey.  As  they 
were  going,  the  queen  told  the  king  to 
Bpeed  on  before,  as  she  could  not  travel 
BO  fast ;  so  he  speeded  on  with  his  retinue, 
and  started  a  boar  on  the  road.  "  Follow 
him ! "  cried  the  king,  and  they  went 
after  the  boar  and  killed  it.  In  the  mean 
time,  the  queen  reached   the  procession, 

\  fully  expecting  her  husband  had  joined 
it  long  ago ;  but,  lo !  she  beheld  him  riding 
up  with  great  speed.  That  night  the 
king  was  aroused  at  midnight  with  the 
intelligence  that  the  queen  was  dead. — 
Southey,  Queen  Orraca  (1838)  ;  Francisco 
Manoel  da  Esperan9a,  Histoiria  Serajica 
(eighteenth  century). 
Orrock  (Tv^gie),  a  sheriff's  officer  at 

'   Fairport.— Sir  W.  Scott,   The  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Orsin,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  rabble 
rout  that  attacked  Hudibras  at  the  bear- 
baiting.— S.  Butler,  Hudibras  (1663). 

*#*  The  prototype  of  this  rabble  leader 
was  Joshua  Gosling,  who  kept  the  Paris 
Bear-Garden,  in  Southwark. 

Orsi'ni  {Maffio),  a  young  Italian 
loblenian,  whose  life  was  saved  by 
(ionna'ro  at  the  battle  of  Rim'ini.  Orsini 
became  the  fast  friend  of  Gennaro,  but 
both  were  poisoned  by  the  princess  Neg'- 
roni  at  a  banquet. — Donizetti,  Lucrezia 
di  Borgia  (opera,  1834). 


Orsi'no,  duke  of  lUyria,  who  sought 
the  love  of  Olivia  a  rich  countess  ;  but 
Olivia  gave  no  encouragement  to  his 
suit,  and  the  duke  moped  and  pined, 
leaving  manly  sports  for  music  and  other 
effeminate  employments.  Viola  entered 
the  duke's  service  as  a  page,  and  soon 
became  a  great  favourite.  When  Olivia 
married  Sebastian  (Viola's  brother),  and 
the  sex  of  Viola  became  known,  the  duke 
married  her  and  made  her  duchess  of 
Illyria.  —  Shakespeare,  Twelfth  Night 
(1614). 

Orson,  twin-brother  of  Valentine, 
and  son  of  Bellisant.  The  twin-brothers 
were  born  in  a  wood  near  Orleans,  and 
Orson  was  carried  off  by  a  bear,  which 
suckled  him  with  its  cubs.  When  he 
grew  up,  he  became  the  terror  of  France, 
and  was  called  "  The  Wild  Man  of  the 
Forest."  Ultimately,  he  was  reclaimed 
by  his  brother  Valentine,  overthrew  the 
Green  Knight,  and  married  Fezon  daugh- 
ter of  the  duke  of  Savary,  in  Aquitaine.— 
Valentine  and  Orson  (fifteenth  century). 

Orson  and  Ellon.  Young  Orson 
was  a  comely  young  farmer  from  Taun- 
ton, stout  as  an  oak,  and  very  fond  of 
the  lasses,  but  he  hated  matrimony,  and 
used  to  say,  "  the  man  who  can  buy  milk 
is  a  fool  to  keep  a  cow."  While  still  a 
lad,  Orson  made  love  to  Ellen,  a  rustic 
maiden  ;  but,  in  the  fickleness  of  youth, 
forsook  her  for  a  richer  lass,  and  Ellen 
left  the  village,  wandered  far  away,  and 
became  waiting-maid  to  old  Boniface 
the  innkeeper.  One  day,  Orson  hap- 
pened to  stop  at  this  very  inn,  and  Ellen 
waited  on  him.  F'ire  years  had  passed 
since  they  had  seen  each  other,  and  at 
first  neither  knew  the  other.  When,  how- 
ever, the  facts  were  known,  Orson  made 
Ellen  his  wife,  and  their  marriage  feast 
was  given  by  Boniface  himself. — 'I'eter 
Pindar  [Dr.  Wolcot],  Orson  and  Ellen 
(1809). 

Ortel'lius  {Abraham),  a  Dutch  geo- 
grapher, who  published,  in  1570,  his 
Tlicatrum  Orbis  Terras  or  Universal 
Geography  (1527-1598). 

I  more  could  tell  to  prove  the  place  our  own. 
Than  by  his  spacious  maps  are  by  Ortellius  shown. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  vi.  (1612). 

Orthodoxy.  When  lord  Sandwich 
said,  "he  did  not  know  the  difference 
between  orthodoxy  and  heterodoxy," 
Warburton  bishop  of  Gloucester  replied, 
"  Orthodoxy,  my  lord,  is  my  doxy,  and 
heterodoxy  is  another  man's  doxy," 


ORTHODOXY. 


714 


O'SHANTER. 


Orthodoxy  {The  Father  of),  Athanasius 
(296-373). 

Orthrus,  the  two-headed  dog  of 
Euryt'ion  the  herdsman  of  Gerj'^on'eo. 
It  was  the  progeny  of  Typha'on  and 
Echidna. 

With  bis  two-headed  dogge  that  Orthrus  hight, 
Ortlirus  begotten  by  great  Typhaon 
And  foule  Echidna  in  the  house  of  Night. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  10,  10  (1596). 

Ort"wine  (2  s,y/.)»  knight  of  Metz, 
sister's  son  of  sir  Hagan  of  Trony,  a 
liurgundian.  —  The  Nihelungen  Lied 
(eleventh  century). 

Or'ville  (Lord),  the  amiable  and 
devoted  lover  of  Evelina,  whom  he  ulti- 
mately marries. — Miss  Burney,  Evelina 

(1778). 

Osbaldistone  (Mr.),  a  London  mer- 
chant. 

Frank  Osbaldistone,  his  son,  in  love 
with  Diana  Vernon,  whom  he  marries. 

Sir  Hildebrand  Osbaldistone,  of  Os- 
baldistone Hall,  uncle  of  Erank,  his 
heir. 

His  Sons  were :  Percival,  "  the  sot ;  " 
Thoruoliif,  "the  bully;"  John,  "the 
gamekeeper;"  Richard,  "the  horse- 
jockey;"  Wilfred,  "the  fool;"  and 
Rashleigh,  "  the  scholar,"  a  perfidious 
villain,  killed  by  Rob  Roy.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Bob  Boy  (time,  George  I.). 

Bob  Boy  Macgregor  was  dramatized  by 
Pocock. 

Osborne  (Mr.),  a  hard,  money- 
loving,  purse-proud,  wealthy  London 
merchant,  whose  only  gospel  was  that 
"according  to  Mammon."  He  was  a 
widower,  and  his  heart  of  hearts  was 
to  see  his  son,  captain  George,  marry  a 
rich  mulatto.  While  his  neighbour 
Sedley  was  prosperous,  old  Sedley  en- 
couraged the  love-making  of  George  and 
Miss  Sedley  ;  but  when  old  Sedley 
failed,  and  George  dared  to  marrj'  the 
bankrupt's  daughter,  to  whom  he  was 
engaged,  the  old  merchant  disinherited 
him.  Captain  George  fell  on  the  field  of 
Waterloo,  but  the  heart  of  old  Osborne 
wojild  not  relent,  and  he  allowed  the 
widow  to  starve  in  abject  poverty.  He 
adopted,  however,  the  widow's  son, 
George,  and  brought  him  up  in  absurd 
luxury  and  indulgence.  A  more  de- 
testable cad  than  old  Sedley  cannot  be 
imagined. 

Alaria  and  Jane  Osborne,  daughters  of 
the  merchant,  and  of  the  same  mould. 
M.-iria  married  Frederick  Bullock,  a 
banker's  son. 


Captain    George    Osborne,   son  of   the 
merchant ;  selfish,  vain,  extravagant,  and 
self-indulgent.      He     was     engaged    to 
Amelia  Sedley  while  her  father  was  in 
prosperity,  and  captain  Dobbin  induced! 
him  to  marry  her  after  the  father  was 
made  a  bankrupt.     Happily,  George  feUl 
on  the  field  of  Waterloo,  or  one  would] 
never  vouch  for  his  conjugal  fidelity .- 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

Oscar,  son  of  Ossian  and  grandson  ol 
Fingal.     He  was   engaged   to   Malvi'na,' 
daughter  of  Toscar,  but  before  the  day  of 
marriage  arrived,  he  was  slain  in  Ulster^ 
fighting  against  Cairbar,  who  had  treacher-« 
ously  invited  him  to  a  banquet  and  then| 
slew    him,   a.d.   296.     Oscar    is    repre 
sented  as  most  brave,  warm-hearted,  anc 
impetuous,  most  submissive  to  his  father,] 
tender    to     Malvina,    and    a    universa 
favourite. 

"  O  Oscar,"  said  Fingal,  "  bend  the  strong  in  arm,  bu 
spare  the  feeble  hand.    Be  thou  a  stream  of  many  tii" 
against  the  foes  of  thy  people,  but  lilte  tlie  gale  tl 
moves  the  grass  to  those  wiio  aslt  thine  aid.  .  .  .  Nev 
searcli  for  battle,  nor  shun  it  when  it  comes." 
nngal,  iii. 

Cakbar  shrinks  before  Oscar's  sword.    He  creeps 
darliness  behind  a  stone.    He  lifts  tlie  speiir  in  secre 
he  pierces  Oscar's  side.    Oscar  falls  forward  on  his  sliieh 
liis  knee  sustains  the  chief,  but  still  the  spear  is  in  I 
hand.    See  !  gloomy  Cairbar  falls.    The  steel  pierced  I 
forehead,  and  divided  his  red  hair  behind.     He  Lay  like  I 
shattered  rock  .  .  .  but  never  more  shall  Oscar  arise.- 
Ossian,  Temora,  i. 

Oscar  Boused  from  Sleep.  "Ca-o! 
took  up  a  huge  stone  and  hurled  it  on  the" 
hero's  head.  The  hill  for  three  miles 
round  shook  with  the  reverberation  of  the  I 
blow,  and  the  stone,  rebounding,  rolled 
out  of  sight.  Whereon  Oscar  awoke,  and 
told  Caolt  to  reserve  his  blows  for 


I 


Gun  thog  Caoilte  a  chlach,  nach  gin, 
Agus  a  n'  aighai'  chiean  gun  bhuail ; 
> ,  /        Tri  mil  an  tullocb  gun  chrL 

Gaelic  Romancet, 

Os'ewald  (3  syl.),  the  reeve,  of  "the 
carpenteres  craft,"  an  old  man. — Chaucer, 
Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

Ose"way  (Dame),  the  ewe,  in  th^ 
beast-epic  of  Beynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

O'Shanter  (Tarn),  a  farmer,  who, 
returning  home  from  Ayr  very  late  and 
well-soaked  with  liquor,  had  to  pass  the 
kirk  of  AUoway.  Seeing  it  was  illumi- 
nated, he  peeped  in,  and  saw  there  the 
witches  and  devils  dancing,  while  old 
Clootie  was  blowing  the  bagpipes.  Tarn 
got  so  excited  that  he  roared  out  to  one 
of  the  dancers,  "  Weel  done,  Cutty  Sark  ! 
Weel  done  !  "  In  a  moment  all  was  dark. 
Tarn  now  spurred  his  "  grey  mare  Meg  " 


OSIRIS. 


715 


OSSEO. 


to  the  top  of  her  speed,  while  all  the 
fiends  chased  after  him.  The  river  Doon 
was  near,  and  Tarn  just  reached  the 
middle  of  the  bridge  when  one  of  the 
witches,  whom  he  called  Cutty  Sark, 
touched  him  ;  but  it  was  too  late — he  had 
passed 'ihe  middle  of  the  stream,  and  was 
out  of  the  power  of  the  crew.  Not  so 
his  mare's  tail — that  had  not  yet  passed 
the  magic  line,  and  Cutty  Sark,  clinging 
thereto,  dragged  it  off  with  an  infernal 
wrench. — R.  Burns,  Tarn  O'Shanter. 

Osi'ris,  judge  of  the  dead,  brother 
and  husband  of  Isis.  Osiris  is  identical 
with  Adonis  and  Thammuz.  All  three 
represent  the  sun,  six  months  above 
the  equator,  and  six  months  below  it. 
Adonis  passed  six  months  with  Aphro- 
dite in  heaven,  and  six  months  with 
PersephSne  in  hell.  So  Osiris  in  heaven 
was  the  beloved  of  Isis,  but  in  the  land 
of  darkness  was  embraced  by  Nepthys. 

Osi'ris,  the  sun  ;  Isis,  the  moon. 

They  [the  prients]  wore  rich  mitres  shaped  like  the  moon. 
To  siiow  that  Isis  dotli  the  moon  portend, 
Like  as  Osiris  signifies  the  sun. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  7  (1596). 

Osman,  sultan  of  the  East,  the  great 
conqueror  of  the  Christians,  a  man  of 
most  magnanimous  mind  and  of  noble 
generosity.  He  loved  Zara,  a  young 
Christian  captive,  and  was  by  her  beloved 
with  equal  ardour  and  sincerity.  Zara 
was  the  daughter  of  Lusignan  d'Outremer, 
a  Christian  king  of  Jerusalem  ;  she  was 
taken  prisoner  by  Osman's  father,  with  her 
elder  brother  Nerestan,  then  four  years 
old.  After  twentj' years'  captivity,  Neres- 
tan was  sent  to  France  for  ransom,  and 
on  his  return  presented  himself  before 
the  sultan,  who  fancied  he  perceived  a 
sort  of  intimacy  between  the  young  man 
and  Zara,  which  excited  his  suspicion 
and  jealousy.  A  letter,  begging  that 
Zara  would  meet  him  in  a  "  secret 
passage"  of  the  seraglio,  fell  into  the 
sultan's  hands,  and  confirmed  his  sus- 
picions. Zara  went  to  the  rendezA-ous, 
where  Osman  met  her  and  stabbed  her  to 
the  heart.  Nerestan  was  soon  brought 
before  him,  and  told  hini  he  had  mur- 
dered his  sister,  and  all  he  wanted  of  her 
was  to  tell  her  of  the  death  of  her  father, 
and  to  bring  her  his  dying  benediction. 
Stung  with  remorse,  Osman  liberated  all 
his  Christian  captives,  and  then  stabbed 
himself.— Aaron  Hill,  Zara  (1735). 

*.^*  This  tragedy  is  an  English  adapta- 
tion of  Voltaire's  Zaire  (1733). 

Osmand,    a    necromancer   who,  by 


enchantment,  raised  up  an  army  to  resist 
the  Christians.  Six  of  the  champions 
were  enchanted  by  Osmand,  but  St. 
George  restored  them.  Osmand  tore  off 
his  hair  in  which  lay  his  spirit  of 
enchantment,  bit  his  tongue  in  two,  em- 
bowelled  himself,  cut  off  his  arms,  and 
died. — R.  Johnson,  Seven  Champions  of 
Christendom,  i.  19  (1617). 

Osmond,  an  old  Varangian  guard. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of  Faris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Osmyn,  alias  Alphoxso,  son  of 
Anselmo  king  of  Valentia,  and  husband 
of  Alme'ria  daughter  of  Manuel  king  of 
Grana'da.  Supposed  to  have  been  lost  at 
sea,  but  in  reality  cast  on  the  African 
coast,  and  tended  by  queen  Zara,  who 
falls  in  love  with  him.  Both  are  taken 
captive  by  Manuel,  and  brought  to 
Granada.  Here  Manuel  falls  in  love 
with  Zara,  but  Zara  retains  her  passionate 
love  for  Alphonso.  Alphonso  makes  his 
escape,  returns  at  the  head  of  an  army  to 
Granada,  finds  both  the  king  and  Zara 
dead,  but  Almeria  being  still  alive  be- 
comes his  acknowledged  bride. — W, 
Congreve,  The  Mournimj  Bride  (1697). 

*^*  "  Osman  "  was  one  of  John  Kem- 
ble's  characters,  Mrs.  Siddons  taking  the 
role  of  "Zara." 

Osnaburghs,  the  cloths  so  called ; 
a  corruption  of  Osnabriick,  in  Hanover, 
where  these  coarse  linens  were  first  pro- 
duced. 

Osprey.  When  fish  see  the  osprey, 
the  legend  says,  they  are  so  fascinated 
that  they  "  swoon,"  and,  turning  on  their 
backs,  yield  themselves  an  easy  prey  to 
the  bird.  Rattlesnakes  exercise  the  same 
fascination  over  birds. 

The  osprey  .  .  .  the  fish  no  sooner  do  espy, 

But  .    .   .  turning  their  bellies  up,  as  .tho'  their  death 

they  saw, 
Tliey  at  his  pleasure  lie,  to  stuff  his  gluttonous  maw. 

Drayton,  PolyolHon,  xxv.  (1622). 

Osrick,  a  court  fop,  contemptible  for 
his  affectation  and  finical  dandyism.  He 
is  made  umpire  by  king  Claudius,  when 
Laertes  and  Hamlet  "play"  with  rapiers 
in  "friendly"  combat.— Shakespeare, 
Hamlet  (1596). 

Osse'o,  son  of  the  Evening  Star,  whose 
wife  was  O'weenee.  In  the  Northland 
there  were  once  ten  sisters  of  surpassing 
beauty;  nine  married  beautiful  young 
husbands,  but  the  youngest,  named 
Oweenee,  fixed  her  affections  on  Osseo, 
who  was  "  old,  poor,  and  ugly,"  but 
"  most    beautiful    within,"     All    being 


OSSIAN. 


71G 


OTRANTO. 


invited  to  a  feast,  the  nine  set  upon  their 
youngest  sister,  taunting  her  for  having 
married  Osseo  ;  but  forthwith  Osseo 
leaped  into  a  fallen  oak,  and  was  trans- 
formed to  a  most  handsome  young  man, 
his  wife  to  a  very  old  woman,  "  wrinkled 
and  ugly,"  but  his  love  changed  not. 
Soon  another  change  occurred  :  Oweenee 
resumed  her  former  beauty,  and  all  the 
sisters  and  their  husbands  were  changed 
to  birds,  who  were  kept  in  cages  about 
Osseo's  wigwam.  In  due  time  a  son  was 
born,  and  one  day  he  shot  an  arrow  at 
one  of  the  caged  birds,  and  forthwith  the 
nine,  with  their  husbands,  were  changed 
to  pygmies. 

From  the  story  of  Osseo 

Let  [t«J  learn  the  fate  of  jesters. 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  xii.  (1855). 

Ossian,  the  warrior-bard.  He  was 
son  of  Fingal  (king  of  Morven)  and  his 
first  wife  Kos-crana  (daughter  of  Cormac 
king  of  Ireland). 

His  wife  was  Evir- Allen,  daughter  of 
Branno  (a  native  of  Ireland) ;  and  his  son 
was  Oscar. 

Ostrich  (7%e)  is  said,  in  fable,  not  to 
brood  over  her  eggs,  but  to  hatch  them  by 
gazing  on  them  intently.  Both  birds  are 
employed,  for  if  the  gaze  is  suspended 
for  only  one  moment,  the  eggs  are  addled. 
— Vanslebe. 

(This  is  an  emblem  of  the  ever- 
watchful  eye  of  Providence.) 

Such  a  look  .  .  . 
The  mother  ostrich  fixes  on  her  egg, 
Till  that  intense  affection 
Kindles  its  light  of  life. 
Southey,  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  ilL  24  (1797). 

Ostrich  Egg.  Captain  F.  Bumaby 
saw  an  ostrich  egg  hung  by  a  silver  chain 
from  the  ceiling  of  the  principal  mosque 
of  Sivas,  and  was  told  it  was  a  warning 
to  evil-doers. 

The  ostrich  alwayg  looks  at  the  eggs  she  lays,  and  breaks 
those  that  are  bad.  So  Gkid  will  break  evU-doere  as  the 
ostrich  her  worthless  eggs.— Burnaby,  On  Horseback 
Utrotigh  Aria  Minor,  xxix.  (1877). 

Os"wald.,  steward  to  Goneril  daugh- 
ter of  king  Lear.— Shakespeare,  Xing 
Lear  (1605). 

Oswald,  the  cup-bearer  to  Cedric  the 
Saxon,  of  Rotherwood.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Jvanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Oswald  (Prince),  being  jealous  of 
Gondibert,  his  rival  for  the  love  of 
Rhodalind  (the  heiress  of  Aribert  king 
of  Lombardy),  lieaded  a  faction  against 
him.  A  battle  was  imminent,  but  it  was 
determined  to  decide  tlie  quarrel  by  four 
combatants  on  each  side.    In  this  com- 


bat, Oswald  was  slain  by  Gondibert. — Sir 
W.  Davenant,  Gondibert,  i.  (died  1668). 

Othel'lo,  the  Moor,  commander  of 
the  Venetian  army.  lago  was  his  ensign 
or  ancient.  Desdemona,  the  daughter  of 
Brabantio  the  senator,  fell  in  love  with 
the  Moor,  and  he  married  her  ;  but  lago, 
by  his  artful  villainy,  insinuated  to  him 
such  a  tissue  of  circumstantial  evidence 
of  Desdemona's  love  for  Cassio,  that, 
Othello's  jealousy  being  aroused, 
smothered  her  with  a  pillow,  and  the 
killed  himself.  —  Shakespeare,  Othello 
(1611). 

The  fiery  openness  of  Othello,  magnanimous,  guilele 
and  credulous,  Iwundless  in  his  confidence,  ardent  in  1 
affection,  inflexible  in  his  resolution,  and  obdurate  in  his 
revenge.  .  .  .  The  gradual  progress  which  lago  makes  in 
the  Moor's  conviction,  and  the  rircmnstances  which  he 
employs  to  inflame  him,  are  so  artfully  natural  .  .  .  that 
we  caiinot  but  pity  him.— Dr.  Johnson. 

*^*  The  story  of  this  tragedy  is  taken 
from  the  novelletti  of  Giovanni  Giraldi 
Cinthio  (died  1573). 

Addison  says  of  Thomas  Betterton 
(1635-1710)  :  "  The  wonderful  agony 
which  he  appeared  in  when  he  examined 
the  circumstance  of  the  handkerchief  in 
the  part  of  '  Othello,'  and  the  mixture 
of  love  that  intruded  on  his  mind  at  the 
innocent  answers  of  '  Desdemona,'  .  .  . 
were  the  perfection  of  acting."  Donald- 
son, in  his  Recollections,  says  that  Spran- 
ger  Barry  (1719-1777)  was  the  beau-ideal 
of  an  "Othello;"  and  C.  Leslie,  in 
Autobioqraphy ,  savs  the  same  of  Edmur 
Kean  (1787-1833)1 

Otho,  the  lord  at  whose  board  cou 
Lara  was  recognized  by  sir  Ezzelin. 
duel  was  arranged  for  the  next  day,  ai 
the  contending  parties  were  to  meet 
lord  Otho's  hall.  When  the  time 
meeting  arrived,  Lara  presented  himse 
but  no  sir  Ezzelin  put  in  his  appearance 
whereupon  Otho,  vouching  for  th' 
knight's  honour,  fought  with  the  count, 
and  was  wounded.  On  recovering  from 
his  wound,  lord  Otho  became  the  invete- 
rate enemy  of  Lara,  and  accused  him 
openly  of  having  made  away  with  sir 
Ezzelin.  Lara  made  himself  very  popular, 
and  headed  a  rebellion  ;  but  lord  Otho 
opposed  the  rebels,  and  shot  him. — Byron, 
Lara  (1814). 

Otnit,  a  legendary  emperor  of  Lom- 
bardy, who  gains  the  daughter  of  the 
Boldan  for  wife,  by  the  help  of  Elberich 
the  dwarf.  —  The  Meldenbuch  (twelfth 
century). 

Otranto  (Tancrcd  prince  of),  a  ci 
sader. 


1 


OTRANTO. 


717 


OVERREACH. 


Ernest  of  Otranto,  page  of  the  prince 
of  Otranto. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  jRobert 
of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Otranto  ( The  Castle  of),  a  romance  by- 
Horace  Walpole  (1709). 

O'Trig^er  (Sir  Litems),  a  fortune- 
hunting  Irishman,  ready  to  fight  every 
one,  on  any  matter,  at  any  time. — 
Sheridan,  The  Rivals  (1775). 

"Sir  Lucius  O'Trigger,"  '■Callaglian  O'Brallaghan," 
"major  O'Flalierty,"  "Teaffue,"  and  " Dennis  Bnilgrud- 
dery"were  portrayed  by  Jack  Joluistone  [1750-18'i8J  in 
most  exquisite  colours.— r/te  New  Monthly  Magazine 
(18-29). 

*^*  "Callaghan  O'Brallaghan,"  in  Love 
a-la-mode{Mn.ck\\n) ;  "major  O' Flaherty," 
in  The  West  Indian  (Cumberland)  ; 
"Teague,"  in  The  Committee  (Hon.  sir 
R.  Howard);  "Dennis  Brulgruddery," 
in  John  Bull  (Colman). 

Otta'vio  (Don),  the  lover  of  donna 
Anna,  whom  he  was  about  to  make  his 
wife,  when  don  (iiovanni  seduced  her 
and  killed  her  father  (the  commandant 
of  the  city)  in  a  duel. — Mozart,  Don 
Giovanni  (opera,  1787). 

Otto,  duke  of  Normandv,  the  victim 
of  Rollo  called  "The  Bloody  Brother." 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Bloody 
Brother  (1639). 

Ot'uel  (Sir),  a  haughty  and  pre- 
sumptuous Saracen,  miraculously  con- 
verted. He  was  a  nephew  of  Ferragus 
or  Ferracute,  and  married  a  daughter  of 
Charlemagne. 

Ouida,  an  infantine  corruption  of 
Louisa.  The  full  name  is  Louise  de  la 
Rame'e,  authoress  of  Under  Two  Flags 
(1867),  and  many  othe"r  novels. 

Ouran'abad,  a  monster  represented 
as  a  fierce  fl.>'ing  hydra.  It  belongs  to 
the  same  class  as  (1)  the  liakshc,  whose 
ordinary  food  was  serpents  and  dragons  ; 
(2)  the  Soham,  which  had  the  head  of  a 
horse,  four  eyes,  and  the  body  of  a  fiery 
dragon ;  (3)  the  Syl,  a  basilisk,  with 
human  face,  but  so  terrible  that  no  eye 
could  look  on  it  and  live  ;  (4)  the  Ejder. 
— Richardson's  Dictionarij  ("  Persian  and 
Arabic  "). 

In  his  hand,  wlilch  thunder  had  blasted,  he  [Eblu\ 
swayed  tlo  iron  sceptre  that  causes  the  monster  ourana- 
bad.  tlie  afrits,  and  all  the  ixjwersof  the  abyss  to  tremble. 
— W.  Beckford,  Va'.hek  (178e). 

Outalissi,  eagle  of  the  Indian  tribe 
of  Oney'da,  the  death-enemies  of  the 
Hurons.  When  the  Hurons  attacked  the 
fort  under  the  command  of  Waldcgrave 
(2  S(//.),  a  general  massacre  was  made,  in 
:  which  Waldegrave  and  his  wife  were 
Blain.     But  Mrs.  Waldegrave,  before  she 


died,  committed  her  boy  Henry  to  the 
charge  of  Outalissi,  and  told  him  to  place 
the  child  in  the  hands  of  Albert  of  Wy'- 
oming,  her  friend.  This  Outalissi  did. 
After  a  lapse  of  fifteen  years,  one  Brandt, 
at  the  head  of  a  mixed  army  of  British 
and  Indians,  attacked  Oneyda,  and  a 
general  massacre  was  made  ;  but  Outa- 
lissi, wounded,  escaped  to  Wyoming, 
just  in  time  to  give  warning  of  the 
approach  of  Brandt.  Scarcely  was  this 
done,  when  Brandt  arrived.  Albert  and 
his  daughter  Gertrude  were  both  shot, 
and  the  whole  settlement  was  extirpated. 
— Campbell,  Gerti'vde  of  Wyominj  (1809). 

Outis  (Greek  for  "  nobody "),  a 
name  assumed  by  Odysseus  ( [Ilysses)  in 
the  cave  of  Polypheme  (3  si/l.).  When 
the  monster  roared  with  pain  from  the 
loss  of  his  eye,  his  brother  giants  de- 
manded who  was  hurting  him.  "  Outis  " 
(Nobodi/),  thundered  out  Polypheme,  and 
his  companions  left  him. — Homer,  Odys- 
sey. 

Outram  (Lance),  park-keeper  to  sir 
Geoffrev  Peveril. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril 
of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Over  the  Hills  and  Far  A^vay, 

— Farquhar,  The  liecruitiny  Officer  (1705), 

Overdees  (Rowley),  a  highwayman. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

O'verdo  (Justice),  in  Ben  Jonson's 
Bartholomew  Fair  (1614). 

Overdone  (Mistress),  a  bawd. — 
Shakespeare,  Measure  for  Measure  (1603). 

Overreach  (Sir  Giles),  Wellbom's 
uncle.  An  unscrupulous,  hard-hearted 
rascal,  grasping  and  proud.  He  ruined 
the  estates  both  of  Wellborn  and  All- 
worth,  and  by  overreaching  grew  enor- 
mously rich.  His  ambition  was  to  see 
his  daughter  Margaret  marry  a  peer ; 
but  the  overreacher  was  overreached. 
Thinking  Wellborn  was  about  to  marry 
the  rich  dowager  AUworth,  he  not  only 
paid  all  his  debts,  but  supplied  his  pre- 
sent wants  most  liberally,  under  the 
delusion  "if  she  prove  his,  all  that  is  hers 
is  mine."  Having  thus  done,  he  finds 
that  lady  Allworth  does  not  marry  Well- 
born but  lord  Lovell.  In  regard  to 
Margaret,  fancying  she  was  sure  to  marry 
lord  Lovell,  he  gives  his  full  consent  to 
her  marriage  ;  but  finds  she  returns  from 
church  not  lady  Lovell  but  Mrs.  All- 
worth. — Massinger,  A  New  Way  to  Fau 
Old  Debts  (1628). 


OVERS. 


718 


OX 


*^*  The  prototype  of  "sir  Giles  Over- 
reach" was  sir  Giles  Mompesson,  a  usurer 
outlawed  for  his  misdeeds. 

WI.en  Kemble  played  "sir  Giles  Overreach,"  he  was 
nnxioiis  to  represent  the  part  as  Henderson  [1747-1785] 
bad  done  it,  and  wrote  to  Mrs.  Inchbald  to  know  "  what 
kind  of  a  hat  Mr.  Henderson  wore ;  what  kind  of  wig, 
cravat,  ruffles,  cloUies,  stockings  witli  or  without  clocks, 
square  or  round-toed  shoes.  I  shall  l>e  uneasy  if  1 
have  not  an  idea  of  his  dress,  even  to  the  shape  of  his 
buckles  and  wliat  rings  he  wore  on  his  liands.  Morose- 
ness  and  cruelty  seem  the  groundwork  of  this  monstrous 
figure ;  but  1  am  at  a  loss  to  know  whether,  in  copying  it, 
I  should  draw  the  lines  that  express  his  courtesy  to  lord 
Level  f«tcl  with  an  exaggerated  strength  or  not.  .  .  ." 
Mrs.  Inchbald's  answer  is  unfortunately  lost.— W.  C. 
Kussell,  Representative  Actors. 

I  saw  Kemble  play  "  sir  Giles  Overreach  "  last  night ; 
but  he  came  not  within  a  hundred  miles  of  G.  F.  Cooke 
[1756-181-2 j.  whose  terrible  visage,  and  short,  abrujit  utter- 
ance, gave  a  reality  to  that  atrocious  character.  Kemble 
Wiis  too  handsome,  too  plausible,  and  too  smooth. — Sir 
W.  Scott. 

Overs  (John),  a  ferryman,  who  used 
to  ferry  passengers  from  Southwark  to 
the  City,  and  accumulated  a  considerable 
hoard  of  money  by  his  savings.  On  one 
occasion,  to  save  the  expense  of  board, 
he  simulated  death,  expecting  his  ser- 
vants Avould  fast  till  he  was  buried  ;  but 
they  broke  into  his  larder  and  cellar,  and 
held  riot.  When  the  old  miser  could 
bear  it  no  longer,  he  started  up,  and  be- 
laboured his  servants  right  and  left ;  but 
one  of  them  struck  the  old  man  with  an 
oar,  and  killed  him. 

Ilary  Overs,  the  beautiful  daughter  of 
the  ferryman.  Her  lover,  hastening  to 
tmvn,  was  thrown  from  his  horse,  and 
died.  She  then  became  a  nun,  and 
founded  the  church  of  St.  Mary  Overs'  on 
the  site  of  her  father's  house. 

Overton  (Colonel),  one  of  Cromwell's 
officers.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Ovid  (The  French),  Du  Bellav ;  also 
called  "The  Father  of  Grace  and  Ele- 
gance" (1524-1660). 

Ovid  and  Corinna.  Ovid  dis- 
guises, under  the  name  of  Corinna,  the 
flaughter  of  Augustus,  named  Julia,  noted 
for  her  beauty,  talent,  and  licentiousness. 
Some  say  that  Corinna  was  Livia  the  wife 
of  Augustus.— .4mor.,  i.  5. 

So  was  her  heavenly  body  comely  raised 

On  two  (aire  columnes ;  those  that  Ovid  praised 

In  Julias  horrowed  name. 

Ovo.  Ab  ovo  usque  ad  mala  ("from 
the  egg  to  the  apple"),  from  the  beginning 
to  the  end  of  a  feast  or  meal.  The  Romans 
began  their  entertainments  -with  eggs,  and 
ended  with  fruits.— Horace,  Sat.,  i.  3,  6  ; 
Cicero,  Fam.,  ix.  20. 

O'wain  (Sir),  the  Irish  knight  of  king 
Stephen's  court,  who  passed  through  St. 
Patrick's  purgatory  by  way  of  penance. 


—Henry  of  Saltrey,  The  Descent  of  Owain 
(1153). 

O'weenee,  the  youngest  of  ten  sis- 
ters, all  of  surpassing  beauty.  She  married 
Osseo,  who  was  "  old,  poor,  and  ugly," 
but  "most  beautiful  within."  (SeeOssKO.) 
— Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  xii.  (1855). 

O'Wen  (Sam),  groom  of  Darsie  Latimer, 
i.e.  sir  Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  HI.). 

Owen,  confidential  clerk  of  Mr.  Os- 
baldistone,  senior. — Sir  W.  Scott,  lidf 
Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Owen  (Sir)  passed  in  dream  through 
St.  Patrick's  purgatory.  He  passed  the 
convent  gate,  and  the  warden  placed  him 
in  a  coffin.  When  the  priests  had  sung 
over  him  the  service  of  the  dead,  they 
placed  the  coffin  in  a  cave,  and  sir  Owen 
made  his  descent.  He  came  first  to  an 
ice  desert,  and  received  three  warnings 
to  retreat,  but  the  warnings  were  not 
heeded,  and  a  mountain  of  ice  fell  on 
him.  "Lord,  Thou  canst  save ! "  he  cried 
as  the  ice  fell,  and  the  solid  mountain  be- 
came like  dust,  and  did  sir  Owen  no  harm. 
He  next  came  to  a  lake  of  fire,  and  a 
demon  pushed  him  in.  "  Lord,  Thou 
canst  save  !  "  he  cried,  and  angels  carried 
him  to  paradise.  He  woke  with  ecstasy, 
and  found  himself  lying  before  the  cavern's 
mouth. — R.  Southey,  St.  Patrick's  Pur- 
gatory (from  the  Fabliaux  of  Mon.  le 
Grand). 

Owen  Meredith,  Robert  Bulwer 
Lytton,  afterwards  lord  Lytton,  son  of 
the  poet  and  novelist  (1831-        ). 

Owl  (The),   sacred  to   Minerva, 
the  emblem  of  Athens. 

Owls  hoot  in  Bb  andcb,  or  in  Fjf  and  Ab. 
G.  White,  Jfatural  History  of  Selbornt,  xlv.  (1789). 

Owl  a  Baker's  Daughter  (The 
Our  Lord  once  went  into  a  baker's  shop 
to  ask  for  bread.  The  mistress  instantly 
put  a  cake  in  the  oven  for  Him,  but  the 
daughter,  thinking  it  to  be  too  large, 
reduced  it  to  half  the  size.  The  dongh, 
however,  swelled  to  an  enormous  bulk, 
and  the  daughter  cried  out,  "Heugh! 
heugh  !  heugh  !  "  and  was  transformed 
into  an  owl. 

Well,  God  'ield  you  1    They  say  the  owl  was  a  bakert 
daughter. — Shakespeare,  Hamlet  (15l»6). 

Ox  (The  Dumb),  St.  Thomas  Aqui'nas; 
so  named  by  his  fellow-students  on  ac 
count  of  his  taciturnity  (1224-1274) 

An  ox  once  spoke  as  learned  men  deliver.— Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Hife,  iii.  1  (1640). 

Ox.     The  black  ox  hath  trod  on  hisfi 


I  of 

i 


las; 
ac- 

mont 
1640). 

11 


OXFORD. 


719 


he  has  married  and  is  hen-pecked  ;  cala- 
mity has  befallen  him.  The  black  ox  was 
sacrificed  to  the  infernals,  and  was  con- 
sequently held  accursed.  When  Tusser 
gays  the  best  way  to  thrive  is  to  get 
married,  the  objector  says  : 

Why,  then,  do  folk  this  proverb  put, 
"  The  black  ox  near  trod  on  thy  foot," 
It  that  way  were  to  thrive? 

Wiving  and  Thriving,  Ivii.  (1557). 
The  black  oxe  had  not  trode  on  his  or  her  foote ; 
But  ere  his  branch  of  blesse  could  reach  any  roote, 
The  flowers  so  faded,  that  in  fifteen  weekes 
A  man  might  copy  the  change  in  the  cheekes 
Both  of  the  poore  wretch  and  his  wife. 

Heywood  (1646). 

Oxford  (John  earl  of),  an  exiled  Lan- 
castrian. He  appears  with  his  son  Arthur 
as  a  travelling  merchant,  under  the  name 
of  Philipson. 

*^*  The  son  of  the  merchant  Philipson 
is  sir  Arthur  de  Vere. 

The  countess  of  Oxford,  wife  of  the  earl. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Oxford  ( TIte  young  earl  of),  in  the  court 
of  queen  Elizabeth. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenil- 
worth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Oxford  Boat  Crew,  dark  blue. 
Cambridge  boat  crew,  light  blue. 

***  Oxford  Blues,  the  Royal  Horse 
Guards. 

Oxford  University,  said  to  have 
been  founded  by  king  Alfred,  in  886. 

.  .  .  religious  Alfred  .  .  . 
Renownfed  Oxford  built  to  Apollo's  learned  brood ; 
And  on  the  hallowed  bank  of  Isis'  goodly  flood. 
Worthy  tlie  glorious  arts,  did  gorgeous  bowers  provide. 
Drayton,  PolyotUon,  xl.  (1613). 

Oyster.  Pistol  says,  '*The  world's 
mine  oyster,  which  I  with  sword  will 
open."  He  alludes  to  the  proverb,  "The 
mayor  of  Northampton  opens  oysters  with 
his  dagger,"  for,  Northampton  being  some 
eighty  miles  from  the  sea,  oysters  were 
so  stale  before  they  reached  the  town 
(before  railroads  or  even  coaches  were 
known),  that  the  "mayor"  would  be 
I  loth  to  bring  them  near  his  nose. 

:  Oysters.  Those  most  esteemed  by 
J!  tiie  Romans  were  the  oysters  of  Cyzicum, 
in  Bithynia,  and  of  Lucrinum,  in  Apulia, 
I  upon  the  Adriatic  Sea.  The  best  in 
I  Britain  used  to  be  the  oysters  of  Walfleet, 
i  near  Colchester. 

Think  you  our  oysters  here  unworthy  of  your  praise  ! 
Pure  Walfleet  ...  as  excellent  as  those  .  .  . 
The  C)zic  shells,  or  those  on  the  Lucrinian  coast. 

Drayton,  Po'yolbion,  xix.  (1622). 

*#*  The    oysters    most    esteemed    by 

I  Englishmen  arc   the  Whitstable,    which 

fetch  a  fabulous  price.    Colchester  oysters 

i  {natives)  in  1878  were  sold  at  4s.  a  dozen. 


Ozair  (2  sgl.),  a  prophet.  One  day, 
riding  on  an  ass  by  the  ruins  of  Jerusa- 
lem, after  its  destruction  by  the  Chal- 
deans, he  doubted  in  his  mind  whether 
God  could  raise  the  city  up  again. 
Whereupon  God  caused  him  to  die,  and 
he  remained  dead  a  hundred  years,  but 
was  then  restored  to  life.  He  found  the 
basket  of  figs  and  cruse  of  wine  as  fresh 
as  when  he  died,  but  his  ass  was  a  mass 
of  bones.  While  he  still  looked,  the  dry 
bones  came  together,  received  life,  and 
the  resuscitated  ass  began  to  bray.  The 
prophet  no  longer  doubted  the  power  of 
God  to  raise  up  Jerusalem  from  its  ruins. 
— Al  Koran,  ii.  (Sale's  notes). 

*^*  This  legend  is  based  on  Neh.  ii. 
12-20. 


P. 


P.  Placentius  the  dominican  wrote  a 
poem  of  253  Latin  hexameters,  called 
Pugna  Porconim,  every  Avord  of  which 
begins  with  the  letter  p  (died  1548).  It 
begins  thus : 

Plaudite,  Porcelli,  porcoruin  pigra  propago 
Progreditur  .  .  .  etc. 

There  was  one  composed  in  honour  of 
Charles  le  Chauve,  e\*ery  word  of  which 
began  with  c. 

The  best-known  alliteratire  poem  in 
English  is  the  following : — • 

An  Austrian  army,  awfully  an-ayed. 

Boldly  by  battery  besieged  Bel;;rade. 

Cossack  commanders,  cannonading,  come. 

Dealing  destruction's  deviutating  doom ; 

Every  endeavour  engineers  essay 

For  fame,  for  fortune,  forming  furious  fray. 

Gaunt  gunners  grapple,  giving  gashes  good 

Heaves  high  his  hea<i  heroic  hardihood. 

Ibraham,  Islam,  Ismael,  imps  in  ill. 

Jostle  John  Jarovlitz,  Jem,  Joe,  J:tck,  Jill ; 

Kick  kindling  Kutusoflf,  kings'  kinsmen  kill; 

Labour  low  levels  loftiest,  longest  lines ; 

Men  march  'mid  moles,  'mid  mounds,  'mid  murderoua 

mines. 
Now  nightfall's  nigh,  now  needful  nature  nods, 
Opposed,  opposing,  overcoming  odds. 
Poor  peasants,  partly  purchased,  partly  pressed, 
Quite  quaking,  "Quarter!  Quarter!"  quickly  quest. 
Reason  returns,  recalls  redundant  rage, 
Siives  sinking  soldiers,  softens  signiors  sage. 
Truce,  Turkey,  truce !  truce,  treacherous  Tartar  train  I 
Unwise,  unjust,  unmerciful  Ukraine ! 
Vanish,  vile  vengeance  !  vanish,  victory  vain! 
Wisdom  wails  war— wails  warring  words.     What  were 
Xerxes,  XantippS,  Ximenes,  Xavier  1 
Yet  Yassy's  youtli,  ye  yield  your  youthful  yest. 
Zealously,  zanies,  zealously,  zeal's  zest. 
From  H.  Soutligate,  Mant/  Thoughts  on  Many  Thing*. 

Tusser  has  a  poem  of  twelve  lines,  in 
rhyme,  every  word  of  which  begins  with 
t.  The  subject  is  on  Thriftiness  (died 
1580). 


FS. 


720 


PAGE. 


P's  {The  Five),  William  Oxberry, 
printer,  poet,  publisher,  publican,  and 
player  (1784-1824). 

Pache  (/.  Nicolas),  a  Swiss  by  birth. 
He  was  minister  of  war  in  1792,  and 
maire  de  Paris  1793.  Pache  hated  the 
Girondists,  and  at  the  fall  of  Danton  was 
imprisoned.  After  his  liberation,  he 
retired  to  Thym-le-Moutiers  (in  the 
Ardennes),  and  died  in  obscurity  (1740- 
1823). 

Swiss  Pache  sits  sleek-headed,  frugal,  the  wonder  of  his 
own  ally  for  humility  of  mind.  ...  Sit  there,  Tartuffe, 
till  wanted.— Carlyle. 

Pacific  (The),  Amadeus  VIII.  count 
of  Savoy  (1383,  1391-1439,  abdicated 
and  died  1451). 

Frederick  III.  emperor  of  Germany 
(1415,  1440-1493). 

Olaus  III.  of  Norway  (*,  1030-1093). 

Pac'olet,  a  dwarf,  "full  of  great 
sense  and  subtle  ingenuity."  He  had  an 
enchanted  horse,  made  of  wood,  with 
which  he  carried  off  Valentine,  Orson, 
and  Clerimond  from  the  dungeon  of 
FerrSgus.  This  horse  is  often  alluded  to. 
"  To  ride  Pacolet's  horse  "  is  a  phrase  for 
going  very  fast. —  Valentine  and  Orson 
(fifteenth  century). 

Pacolet,  a  familiar  spirit. — Steele,  The 
Tatler  (1709). 

Pacolet  or  Nick  Strumpfer,  the  dwarf 
servant  of  Noma  **of  the  Fitful  Head." 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Pirate  (time,  William 
III.). 

Pacomo  {St.),  an  Egyptian,  who  lived 
in  the  fourth  centur3\  It  is  said  that  he 
could  walk  among  serpents  unhurt ;  and 
when  he  had  occasion  to  cross  the  Nile, 
he  was  carried  on  the  back  of  a  crocodile. 

The  hermit  fell  on  his  knees  before  an  image  of  St. 
Pacomo,  which  was  ghied  to  the  wall.— Lesage,  Gil  Bias, 
It.  9  (1724). 

^  Pacto'lus  (now  called  Bagoidy),  a 
river  of  Lydia,  in  Asia  Minor,  which  was 
said  to  flow  over  golden  sand.  _ 

Pad'alon,  the  Hindu  hell,  under  the 
earth.  It  has  eight  gates,  each  of  which 
is  guarded  by  a  gigantic  deity.  Described 
by  Southey,  in  cantos  xxii.,  xxiii.  of  The 
Curse  of  Kehama  (1809). 

Paddington  {Harry),  one  of  Mac- 
heath's  gang  of  thieves.  Peachum  de- 
scribes him  as  a  "poor,  petty-larceny 
rascal,  without  the  least  genius.  That 
fellow,"  he  says,  "though  he  were  to  live 
for  six  months,  would  never  come  to  the 
gallows  with  credit"  (act  i.  1). — Gay, 
Tlie  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 


Paddington  Pair,  a  public  execu- 
tion. Tyburn  is  in  the  parish  of  Pad- 
dington. Public  executions  were  abolished 
in  18G8. 

Paddy,  an  Irishman.  A  corruption 
of  Padhrig,  Irish  for  Patrick. 

Padlock  {The),  a  comic  opera  by 
Bickerstaff.  Don  Diego  (2  syL),  a 
wealthy  lord  of  60,  saw  a  country  maiden 
named  Leonora,  to  whom  he  took  a  fancy, 
and  arranged  with  the  parents  to  take 
her  home  with  him  and  place  her  undci 
the  charge  of  a  duenna  for  three  months, 
to  see  if  her  temper  was  as  sweet  as  her 
face  was  pretty;  and  then  either  "to 
return  her  to  them  spotless,  or  make  her 
his  lawful  wife."  At  the  expiration  of 
the  time,  the  don  went  to  arrange  with 
the  parents  for  the  wedding,  and  locked 
up  his  house,  giving  the  keys  to  Ursula 
the  duenna.  To  make  surance  doubly 
sure,  he  put  a  padlock  on  the  outer  door, 
and  took  the  key  with  him.  Leander, 
a  young  student  smitten  with  the  damsel, 
laughed  at  locksmiths  and  duennas,  and, 
having  gained  admission  into  the  house, 
was  detected  by  don  Diego,  Avho  returned 
unexpectedly.  The  old  don,  being  a  man 
of  sense,  at  once  perceived  that  Leander 
was  a  more  suitable  bridegroom  than  him^ 
self,  so  he  not  only  sanctioned  the  alliam 
but  gave  Leonora  a  handsome  weddi 
dowry  (1768). 

Psean,  the  physician  of  the  immorti 

Peea'na,  daughter  of  Corflambo, 
as  ever  yet  saw  living  eye,"  but 
loose  of  life  and  eke  too  light."    Paeana 
fell  in  love  with  Amias,  a  captive  in  her      ^ 
father's  dungeon ;  but  Amias  had  no  heart      i 
to  give  away.  When  PlacTdas  was  brought 
captive  before  Paeana,  she  mistook  him 
for  Amias,  and  married  him.     The  poet     ! 
adds,  that  she  thenceforth  so  reformed  her     | 
ways  "that  all  men  much  admired  the 
change,  and  spake  her  praise." — Spenser, 
Faory  Queen,  iv.  9  (1596). 

Pagan,  a  fay  who  loved  the  princess 
Imis  ;  but  Imis  rejected  his  suit,  as  she 
loved  her  cousin  Philax.  Pagan,  out  of 
revenge,  shut  them  up  in  a  superb  crystal 
palace,  which  contained  every  delight 
except  that  of  leaving  it.  In  the  course 
of  a  few  years,  Imis  and  Philax  longed 
as  much  for  a  separation  as,  at  one  time, 
thev  wished  to  be  united.  —  Comtesse 
D'Aunov,  Fairy  Tales  ("Palace  of  Ke 
venge,"''l682). 


Page    {Mr.),   a  gentleman  living 


M 


PAGE. 


721    PAINTERS'  CHARACTERISTICS. 


Windsor.  When  sir  John  FalstafE  made 
love  to  Mrs.  Page,  Page  himself  assumed 
the  name  of  Brook,  to  outwit  the  knight. 
Sir  John  told  the  supposed  Brook  his 
whole  "  course  of  wooing,"  and  hovT 
nicely  he  was  bamboozling  the  husband. 
On  one  occasion,  he  says,  "  I  was  carried 
out  in  a  buck-basket  of  dirty  linen  before 
the  very  eyes  of  Page,  and  the  deluded 
husband  did  not  know  it."  Of  course, 
sir  John  is  thoroughly  outwitted  and 
played  upon,  being  made  the  butt  of  the 
whole  village. 

Mrs.  Page,  wife  of  Mr.  Page,  of  Wind- 
sor. When  sir  John  Falstalf  made  love 
to  her,  she  joined  with  Mrs.  Ford  to  dupe 
him  and  punish  him. 

Anne  Page,  daughter  of  the  above,  in 
love  with  Fenton.  Slender  calls  her 
"  the  sweet  Anne  Page." 

William  Page,  Anne's  brother,  a  school- 
boj'.  —  Shakespeare,  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor  (1696). 

Page  (Sir  Francis),  called  "  The  Hang- 
ing Judge"  (1G61-1741). 

Slander  and  poison  dread  from  Delia's  rage ; 
Hard  words  or  hanging  if  your  judge  be  Page. 

Pope. 

Paget  (The  lady),  one  of  the  ladies 
of  the  bedchamber  in  queen  Elizabeth's 
court. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Keniiwortk  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Painted  Chamber  (The),  an  apart- 
ment in  the  old  Royal  Palace  of  West- 
minster, the  walls  of  which  were  painted 
chietlj^  with  battle-scenes,  in  six  bands, 
somewhat  similar  to  the  Bayeaux  ta- 
pestry. 

Painted  Mischief,  playing  cards. 

There  are  plenty  of  ways  of  gambling  .  .  .  without 
recourse  to  tlie  "  painted  mischief,"  whicix  was  not  in- 
vented for  the  benefit  of  king  Charles  VI.  of  France. — 
Daily  Xcws,  March  8,  187». 

Painter  of  Nature.  Remi  Belleau, 
one  of  the  Pleiad  poets,  is  so  called  (1628- 
1577). 

The  Shepheardes  Calendar,  by  Spenser, 
is  largely  borrowed  from  Belleau's  Song 
of  April, 

Painter  of  the  Graces,  Andrea 
Appiani  (1764-1817). 

I     Painters. 

'     A  Bee.     Quintin    Matsys,   the   Dutch 

■  painter,   painted  a  bee  so*  well  that  the 

artist  Mandyn  thought  it  a  real  bee,  and 

proceeded    to    brush    it   away   with  his 

handkerchief  (1460-1629). 
A  Cow.     Myro  carved  a  cow  so  true 

to  nature  that  bulls  mistook  it  for  a  living 

animal  (b.c.  4o1). 
31 


A  Curtain.     Parrhasios  painted  a  cur- 
tain so  admirably  that  even  Zeuxis,  the. 
artist,  mistook  it  for  real  drapery  (b.c, 
400). 

A  Fly.  George  Alexander  Stevens  says, 
in  his  Lectures  on  Heads  : 

I  have  heard  of  a  connoisseur  who  was  one  day  in  an 
auction-room  where  there  was  an  inimituble  piece  of 
painting  of  fruits  and  flowers.  The  connoisseur  would 
not  give  his  ojiinion  of  the  picture  till  he  had  first  ex- 
amined the  catalogue;  and  finding  it  was  done  by  an 
Englishman,  he  pulled  out  his  eye-glass.  "Oh,  sir," 
says  he,  "tliose  English  fellows  have  no  more  idea  of 
genius  than  a  Dutch  skipper  has  of  dancing  a  cotillion. 
The  do^  has  spoiled  a  fine  piece  of  cjviivas;  he  is  worse 
than  a  Harp  Alley  sign-post  dauber.  There's  no  keeping, 
no  perspective,  no  foreground.  Why,  there  now,  the 
fellow  has  actually  attempted  to  paint  a  fly  upon  that 
rosebud.     Why,  it  is  no  more  like  a  fly  than  1  am  like 

; "  but,  as  he  approaciied  his  finger  to  the  picture, 

the  fly  flew  away  (177-2). 

Grapes.  Zeuxis  (2  syl.),  a  Grecian 
painter,  painted  some  grapes  so  well  that 
birds  came  and  pecked  at  them,  thinking 
them  real  grapes  (li.c.  400). 

A  Horse.  Apelles  painted  Alexander's 
horse  Bucephalos  so  true  to  life  that 
some  mares  came  up  to  the  canvas  neigh- 
ing, under  the  supposition  that  it  was  a 
real  animal  (about  B.C.  334). 

A  Man.  Velasquez  painted  a  Spanish 
admiral  so  true  to  life  that  when  king 
Felipe  IV.  entered  the  studio,  he  mis- 
took the  painting  for  the  man,  and 
began  reproving  the  supposed  officer  for 
neglecting  his  duty,  in  wasting  his  time 
in  the  studio,  when  he  ought  to  have  been 
with  his  fleet  (1590-lGGO). 

Accidental  effects  in  painting. 

Apelles,  being  at  a  loss  to  paint  the 
foam  of  Alexander's  horse,  dashed  his 
brush  at  the  picture  in  a  fit  of  annoyance, 
and  did  by  accident  what  his  skill  had 
failed  to  do  (about  B.C.  334). 

The  same  tale  is  told  of  Protog'enes, 
who  dashed  his  brush  at  a  picture,  and 
thus  produced  "  the  foam  of  a  dog's 
mouth,"  which  he  had  long  been  trying 
in  vain  to  represent  (about  B.C.  332). 

Painters  (Prince  of).  Parrhasios  and 
Apelles  are  both  so  called  (fourth  century 

B.C.). 

Painters'  Characteristics. 

Angelo  (Michael) :  an  iron  frame, 
strongly  developed  muscles,  and  an  ana- 
tomical display  of  the  human  figure. 
The  iEschylos  of  painters  (1474-15G4). 

Carracci  :  eclectic  artists,  who  picked 
out  and  pieced  together  parts  taken  from 
Correggio,  Raphael,  Titian,  and  other 
great  artists.  If  Michael  Angelo  is  the 
./Eschylos  of  artists,  and  Raphael  the 
Sophocles,  the  Carracci  may  be  called 
tile  Euripides  of  painters.  I  know  not 
3  ▲ 


PAINTERS'  CHARACTERISTICS.    722 


PALAMEDES. 


ifrhy  in  England  the  name  is  spelt  with 
only  one  7-. 

CoKKEGGio  :  known  by  his  wonderful 
foreshortenings,  his  magnificent  light  and 
shade.  He  is,  however,  very  monotonous 
(1494-1534). 

Crome  (John) :  an  old  woman  in  a  red 
cloak  M^alking  up  an  avenue  of  trees 
(1769-1821). 

David:  noted  for  his  stiff,  drj^,  pedantic, 
•'highly  classic  "  style,  according  to  the 
interpretation  of  the  phrase  by  the  French 
in  the  first  Revolution  (1748-1826). 

Dolce  {Carlo)  :  famous  for  his  Ma- 
donnas, which  are  all  finished  with  most 
extraordinary  delicacy  (1616-1686). 

Domenichi'no  :  famed  for  his  fres- 
coes, correct  in  design,  and  fresh  in 
colouring  (1581-1641). 

GuiDO :  his  speciality  is  a  pallid  or 
bluish-complexioned  saint,  with  saucer  or 
uplifted  eyes  (1574-1642). 

Holbein:  characterized  by  bold  relief, 
exquisite  finish,  force  of  conception,  deli- 
cacj'  of  tone,  and  dark  background 
(1498-1554). 

Lorraine  {Claude) :  a  Greek  temple 
on  a  hill,  with  sunny  and  highly  finished 
classic  scenery.  Aerial  perspective  (1600- 
1682). 

MuRiLLO :  a  brown-faced  Madonna 
(1618-1682). 

Ommeganck  :  sheep  (1775-1826). 

TKnuGiNO  {Pietro)  :  known  by  his 
narrow,  contracted  figures  and  scrimpy 
drapery  (1446-1524). 

PoussiN  :  famous  for  his  classic  style. 
Reynolds  says :  "  No  works  of  any 
modern  have  so  much  the  air  of  antique 
painting  as  those  of  Poussin "  (1593- 
1665). 

Poussin  {Gaspar) :  a  landscape  i)ainter, 
the  very  opposite  of  Claude  Lorraine.  He 
seems  to  have  drawn  his  inspiration  from 
Hervey's  Meditations  Among  the  Tombs, 
Blair's  Grave,  Young's  Night  Thoughts, 
and  liurton's  Amitomy  of  Melancholy 
(1613-1676). 

Raphael  :  the  Sophocles  of  painters. 
Angelo's  figures  are  all  gigantesque  and 
ideal,  like  those  of  iEschylos.  Raphael's 
are  perfect  human  beings'  (1483-1520). 

Reynolds  :  a  portrait-painter.  He 
presents  his  portraits  in  6a/  ?nasque,  not 
always  suggestive  either  of  the  rank  or 
cliaracter  of  the  person  represented. 
There  is  about  the  same  analogy  between 
Watteau  and  Rej'nolds,  as  between 
Claude  Lorraine  and  Gaspar  Poussin 
(1723-1792). 

KosA    {Saivator) :     dark,    inscrutable 


pictures,  relieved  by  dabs  of  palette- 
knife.  He  is  fond  of  savage  scenery, 
broken  rocks,  wild  caverns,  blasted 
heaths,  and  so  on  (1615-1673). 

RuKENS  :  patches  of  vermiilion  dabbed 
about  the  human  figure,  wholly  out  of 
harmonv  with  the  rest  of  the  colouring 
(1577-1640), 

Steen  (Jan)  :  an  old  woman  peeling 
vegetables,  with  another  old  woman 
looking  at  her  (1636-1679). 

TiNTORETTi:  full  of  wild  fantastical 
inventions.  He  is  called  "  The  Lightning 
of  the  Pencil  "  (1512-1594). 

Titian  :  noted  for  his  broad  shades 
of  divers  gradations  (1477-1576). 

Veronese  {Paul)  :  noted  for  his  great 
want  of  historical  correctness  and  elegance 
of  design  ;  but  he  abounds  in  spirited 
banquets,  sumptuous  edifices,  brilliant 
aerial  spectres,  magnificent  robes,  gaud, 
and  jewellery  (1530-1588). 

Watteau  :  noted  for  his  fetes  galantes, 
fancy-ball  costumes,  and  generally  gala- 
day  figures  (1684-1721). 

The  colouring  of  Titian,  the  expression  of  Bubens,  the 
grace  of  Raphael,  the  purity  of  Doinenicbino,  the  correg- 
gioscity  of  Correggio,  the  learning  of  Poussin,  tiie  airs  of 
Guido,  the  taste  of  the  Carrachi  [sic],  the  grand  contour 
of  Angclo,  ...  the  brilliant  truth  of  a  Watteau,  the_ 
touching  grace  of  a  Reynolds.— Sterne. 

Paix  des  Dames  {La),  the  trea 
of  peace  concluded  at  Cambray  in  152 
between  Francois  I.  of  France  and  Ki 
V.  emperor  of  Germany.  So  called 
cause  it  was  mainly  negotiated  by  Lot 
of  Savoy  (mother  of  the  French  kinjj 
and  Margaret  the  emperor's  aunt. 

Paladore,  a  Briton  in  the  service 
the  king  of  Lombardy.  One  day,  in" 
boar-hunt,  the  boar  turned  on  the  prin- 
cess Sophia,  and,  having  gored  her  horse 
to  death,  was  about  to  attack  the  lady, 
but  was  slain  by  the  young  Briton. 
Between  these  two  young  people  a  strong 
attachment  sprang  up ;  but  the  duke 
Bire'no,  by  an  artifice  of  false  imper- 
sonation, induced  Paladore  to  believe  that 
the  princess  was  a  wanton,  and  had  the 
audacity  to  accuse  her  as  such  to  the 
senate.  In  Lombardy,  the  punishment 
for  this  offence  was  death,  and  the  prin- 
cess was  ordered  to  execution.  Paladore, 
having  learned  the  truth,  accused  the 
duke  of  villainy.  They  fought,  and 
Bireno  fell.  The  princess,  being  cleared 
of  the  charge,  married  Paladore. — Robert 
Jephson,  The  Law  of  Lombardy  (1779). 

Palame'des  (4  syL),  son  of  Nan- 
plios,  was,  according  to  Suidas,  the  in- 
ventor of  dice.     (See  Alea.) 

Tabula  nomen  ladl :  banc  PalamedSs  ad  Gneci  exerdlai 


PALAMEDES. 


723 


PALINODE. 


delectatlonera  magna  eruditione  atque  ingenio  invenit 
Tuljula  eiiim  est  niuiulus  terrestris,  duodeiiarius  numerus 
est  Zodiaois,  ipsa  vero  area  et  septcni  in  ea  graiia  sunt 
septem  ste'.lae  plaiietarum.  Turrls  est  altitudo  coeli,  ex 
(jiia  omnibus  bona  et  uiala  rependuntur.— Suifias  (Wolfs 
trans. ). 

Palame'des  (Sir),  a  Saracen,  who 
adored  Isolde  the  wife  of  king  Mark  of 
Cornwall.  Sir  Tristrem  also  loved  the 
same  lady,  who  was  his  aunt.  The  two 
"lovers"  fought,  and  sir  Palaracdes, 
being  overcome,  was  compelled  to  turn 
Christian.  He  was  baptized,  and  sir 
Tristrem  stood  his  sponsor  at  the  font. — 
Thomas  of  Erceldoune,  called  "  The 
Rhymer,"  Sir  Tristrem  (thirteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Palame'des  of  Lombardy,  one 

of  the  allies  of  the  Christian  army  in  the 
first  crusade.  He  was  shot  by  Corinda 
with  an  arrow  (bk.  xi.). — Tasso,  Jeru- 
salem Delivered  (1575). 

Pal'amon  and  Arcite  (2  s.y/.),  two 
young  Theban  knights,  who  fell  into  the 
hands  of  duke  Theseus  (2  syL),  and  were 
by  him  confined  in  a  dungeon  at  Athens. 
Here  they  saw  the  duke's  sister-in-law 
Emily,  with  whom  both  fell  in  love. 
When  released  from  captivity,  the  two 
knights  told  to  the  duke  their  tale  of 
love  ;  and  the  duke  promised  that  which- 
ever prov^ed  the  victor  in  single  combat, 
should  have  Emily  for  his  prize.  Arcite 
prayed  to  Mars  "for  victory,"  and  Pala- 
mon  to  Venus  that  he  might  "obtain 
the  lady,"  and  both  their  prayers  were 
granted.  Arcite  won  the  victory,  ac- 
cording to  his  prayer,  but,  being  thrown 
from  his  horse,  died ;  so  Palamon,  after 
all,  "  won  the  ladj',"  though  he  did  not 
win  the  battle. — Chaucer,  Canterbury 
Tales  ("  The  Knight's  Tale,"  1388). 

This  tale  is  taken  from  the  Le  Teseide 
of  Boccaccio. 

The  Black  Horse,  a  drama  by  -John 
Fletcher,  is  the  same  tale.  Richard 
Edwards  has  a  comedy  called  Paloemon 
andArcyte  (1566). 

Pale  (The)  or  The  English  Pale, 
a  part  of  Ireland,  including  Dublin, 
Meath,  Carlow,  Kilkenny,  and  Louth. 

Pale  Paces.  So  the  American 
Indians  call  the  European  settlers. 

Pale'raon,  son  of  a  rich  merchant. 
He  fell  in  love  with  Anna,  daughter  of 
Albert  master  of  one  of  his  father's 
ships.  The  purse-proud  merchant,  in- 
d:gnant  at  this,  tried  every  means  to 
.^nduce  his  son  to  abandon  such  a  "mean 
connection,"  but  without  avail ;  so  at 
last  he  sent  him  in  the  Britannia  (Albert's 


ship)  "in  charge  of  the  merchandise." 
The  ship  was  wrecked  near  cape  Colonna, 
in  Attica ;  and  although  Palemon  es- 
caped, his  ribs  were  so  broken  that  lie 
died  almost  as  soon  as  he  reached  the 
shore. 

A  gallant  youth,  Palemon  yras  his  name, 
Charged  with  tlie  conmierce  liither  also  come; 
A  father's  stern  resentment  doomed  to  prove. 
He  came,  the  victim  of  unhappy  love. 

Falconer,  The  Shipwreck,  L  2  (1766). 

Pale'mon  and  Lavinia,  a  poetic 
version  of  Boaz  and  Ruth.  "  The  lovely 
young  Lavinia"  went  to  glean  in  the 
fields  of  young  Palemon  "  the  pride  of 
swains  ; "  and  Palemon,  falling  in  love 
with  the  beautiful  gleaner,  both  wooed 
and  won  her. — Thomson,  Tlw  Seasons 
("Autumn,"  1730). 

Pales  (2  syl.),  god  of  shepherds  and 
their  flocks. — Roman  Mythology. 

Pomona  loves  the  orchard  ; 
And  Liber  loves  tlie  vine  ; 
And  Paies  loves  the  straw-buHt  shed, 
Warm  with  the  breath  of  kine. 
Lord  Macauiay,  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome  ("  Propbecjr 
of  Capys,"  1842). 

Pal'inode  (3  syl.),  a  shepherd  in 
Spenser's  Eclogues.  In  eel.  v.  Palinode 
represents  the  catholic  priest.  He  in- 
vites Piers  (w^ho  represents  the  protestant 
clergj")  to  join  in  the  fun  and  pleasures 
of  May.  Piers  then  warns  the  young 
man  of  the  vanities  of  the  world,  and 
tells  him  of  the  great  degeneracy  of 
pastoral  life,  at  one  time  simple  and 
frugal,  but  now  discontented  and  licen- 
tious. He  concludes  with  the  fable  of 
the  kid  and  her  dam.  The  fable  is  this  : 
A  mother-goat,  going  abroad  for  the  day, 
told  her  kid  to  keep  at  home,  and  not  to 
open  the  door  to  strangers.  She  had  not 
been  gone  long,  when  up  came  a  fox, 
with  head  bound  from  "  headache,"  and 
foot  bound  from  "gout,"  and  carrying  a 
ped  of  trinkets.  The  fox  told  the  kid 
a  most  piteous  tale,  and  showed  her  a 
little  mirror.  The  kid,  out  of  pity  and 
vanity,  opened  the  door  ;  but  while  stoop- 
ing over  the  ped  to  pick  up  a  little  bell, 
the  fox  clapped  down  the  lid,  and  carried 
her  off. 

In  eel.  vii.  Palinode  is  referred  to  by 
the  shepherd  Thomalin  as  "  lording  it 
over  God's  heritage,"  feeding  the  sheep 
with  chaff,  and  keeping  for  himself  the 
grains. — Spenser,  Shepheardes  Calendar 
(1572). 

Pal'inode  (3  syl.),  a  poem  in  recanta- 
tion of  a  calumny.  Stesich'orcs  wrote  a 
bitter  satire  against  Helen^  for  which  her 
brothers.  Castor  and  Pollux,  plucked  out 
his  eyes.    When,  however,  the  poet  xe- 


PALINURUS. 


724 


PAOIYRENE. 


canted,   his  sight  was   restored  to  him 
again. 

The  bard  who  libelled  Helen  In  his  song, 
Recanted  after,  and  redressed  the  wrong. 

Ovid,  Art  of  Love,  ill. 

Horace's  Ode,  xvi.  i.  is  a  palinode. 
Samuel  Butler  has  a  palinode,  in  Avhich 
he  recanted  what  he  said  in  a  previous 
poem  of  the  Hon.  Edward  Howard. 
Dr.  Watts  recanted  in  a  poem  the  praise 
he  had  previously  bestowed  on  queen 
Anne. 

Paiinu'ruSj  the  pilot  of  Mne'as. 
Palinurus,  sleeping  at  the  helm,  fell  into 
the  sea,  and  was  drowned.  The  name 
is  employed  as  a  generic  word  for  a 
steersman  or  pilot,  and  sometimes  for  a 
chief  minister.  Thus,  prince  Bismarck 
may  be  called  the  palinurus  of  William 
emperor  of  Germany  and  king  of  Prussia. 

More  had  she  spoke,  but  yawned.    All  nature  nod.s  .  ,  . 
Een  Palinurus  nodded  at  the  lielm. 

Pope,  The  Duticiad,  iv.  614  {1742). 

Palisse  (Xa),  a  sort  of  M.  Prud- 
homme  ;  a  pompous  utterer  of  truisms 
and  moral  platitudes. 

Palla'dio  {Andrea),  the  Italian  clas- 
sical architect  (1518-1580). 

The  Encjlish  Falladio,  Inigo  Jones 
(1573-1G53). 

Palla'dium. 

Of  Ceylon,  the  delada  or  tooth  of 
Buddha,  preserved  in  the  Malegawa 
temple  at  Kandj'.  Natives  guard  it  with 
great  jealous)',  from  a  belief  that  who- 
ever possesses  it,  acquires  the  right  to 
govern  Ceylon.  When,  in  1815,  the 
English  obtained  possession  of  the  tooth, 
the  Cej'lonese  submitted  to  them  without 
resistance. 

Of  Eden  Hall,  a  drinking-glass,  in 
the  possession  of  sir  Christopher  Mus- 
grave,  bart.,  of  Edenhall,  Cumberland. 

Of  Jerusalem,^  Aladine  king  of  Jeru- 
salem stole  an  image  of  the  Virgin,  and 
set  it  up  in  a  mosque,  that  she  might  no 
longer  protect  the  Christians,  but  become 
the  palladium  of  Jerusalem.  The  image 
was  rescued  by  Sophronia,  and  the  city 
taken  by  the  crusaders. 

Of  Meg'ara,  a  golden  hair  of  king 
Nisus.  Scylla  promised  to  deliver  the 
city  into  the  hands  of  Minos,  and  cut  oif 
the  talismanic  lock  of  her  father's  head 
while  he  was  asleep. 

Of  Iloim,  the  ancfie  or  sacred  buckler 
v/hich  Numa  said  fell  from  heaven,  and 
was  guarded  by  priests  called  Salii. 

Of  Scotland,  the  great  stone  of  Scone, 
near    Perth,    which    waa    removed    by 


Edward  I.  to  Westminster,  and  is  still 
there,  preserved  in  the  coronation  chair. 

Of  Troi/,  a  colossal  wooden  statue  of 
Pallas  Minerva,  which  "fell  from 
heaven."  It  was  carried  off  by  the 
Greeks,  by  whom  the  city  was  taken 
and  burned  to  the  ground. 

Pallet,  a  painter,  in  Smollett's  novel 
of  Pereip'ine  Pickle  (1751). 

The  absurdities  of  Pallet  are  painted 
an  inch  thick,  and  by  no  human  pos- 
sibility could  such  an  accumulation  of 
comic  disasters  have  befallen  the  cha- 
racters of  the  tale. 

Palm  Sunday  {Sad),  March  29, 
1461,  the  day  of  the  battle  of  Towton, 
the  most  fatal  of  any  domestic  war  ever 
fought.  It  is  said  that  37,000  English- 
men fell  on  this  day. 

Whose  banks  received  the  blood  of  many  thousand  men. 
On  "sad  Palm  Sunday"  slain,   that  Towton  field  we 

call  .  .  . 
The  bloodiest  field  betwixt  the  White  Rose  and  the  Red. 
Drajton,  Polyolbion,  xxviii.  (1622). 

Parmerin  of  England,  the  hero 
and  title  of  a  romance  in  chivalry.  There 
is  also  an  inferior  one  entitled  Pahnerin 
de  Oliva. 

The  next  two  books  were  Palmerin  de  Ol'iva  and 
Pahnerin  of  England.     "The  fonner,"  said  the  cur^j 
"  slifill  be  torn  in  pieces  and  burnt  to  tlie  last  emberj 
but  Palmerin  of  England  shall  be  preserved  as  a  reliqa 
of  antiquity,  and  pLiced  in  such  a  cliest  as  Alexand 
found  amongst  the  spoils  of  Darius,  and  in  wliich 
kept  tlie  writings  of  Homer.    This  same  book  is  valuab 
for  two  things  :  first,  for  its  own  especial  excellency, 
next,   because   it    is    the   production    of  a    Portugue 
monarch,  famous  for  his  literary  talents.    The  adve 
tures  of   the  castle  of   Miraguarda  therein    are  fine 
imagined,  the  style  of  com])osition  is  natural  and  eb 
gant.  and  the  utmost  decorum  is  preserved  throughout.*" 
Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  1. 1.  6  (1605). 

Palmi'ra,  daughter  of  Alcanor  chi 
of  Mecca.  She  and  her  brother  Zaph 
were  taken  captives  in  infancy,  an 
brought  up  by  Mahomet.  As  they  gre' 
in  years,  they  fell  in  lore  with  each 
other,  not  knowing  their  relationship ; 
but  when  Mahomet  laid  siege  to  ]\Iecca, 
Zaphna  was  appointed  to  assassinate  Alca- 
nor, and  was  himself  afterwards  killed 
b}'  poison.  Mahomet  then  proposed  mar- 
riage to  PalmTra,  but  to  prevent  such 
an  alliance,  she  killed  herself. — James 
Miller,  Mahomet  the  Impostor  (1740). 

Palmyra  of  the  Deccan,  Bija- 
pur,  in  the  Poonah  district. 

Palmjrraof  the  North,  St.  Peters- 
burg. 

PaPmyrene  {The),  Zenobia  queen 
of  Palmvra,  who  claimed  the  title  of 
"  Queen  of  the  East."  She  was  defeated 
by  Aurelian,  and  taken  prisoner  (a.d. 
273).     Longinus  lived  at  her  court,  aud 


■it 


PALOMIDES. 


725 


PANCASTE. 


was    put   to    death    on   the  capture   of 
Zenobia. 

The  Palmyrene  that  fouRht  Aurelian. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  ii.  (ISl?). 

Pal'omides  (Sir),  son  and  heir  of 
sir  Astlabor.  His  brothers  were  sir  Safire 
and  sir  Se^war'ides.  He  is  always  called 
the  Saracen,  meaning  "unchristened." 
Next  to  the  three  great  knights  (sir  Laun- 
celot,  sir  Tristram,  and  sir  Lamorake),  he 
was  the  strongest  and  bravest  of  the 
fellowship  of  the  Round  Table.  Like  sir 
Tristram,  he  was  in  love  with  La  Belle 
Isond  wife  of  king  Mark  of  Cornwall ;  but 
the  lady  favoured  the  love  of  sir  Tristram, 
and  only  despised  that  of  the  Saracen 
knight.  After  his  combat  with  sir  Tris- 
tram, sir  Palomides  consented  to  be  bap- 
tized by  the  bishop  of  Carlisle  (pt.  iii.  28). 

lie  was  well  made,  cleanly,  and  bigly,  and  neither  too 
young  nor  too  old.  And  though  he  was  not  christened, 
yet  be  believed  in  the  best  manners,  and  was  faithful  and 
true  of  his  promise,  and  also  well  conditioned.  He  made 
a  vow  that  he  would  never  be  christened  unto  the  time 
that  he  achieved  the  beast  Glatisaint.  .  .  .  And  also  he 
avowed  never  to  t<ake  full  cliristendoni  unto  the  time  that 
be  had  done  seven  battles  within  the  lists.— Sir  T.  Malory, 
flittorff  of  Prince  AHhur,  iL  149  (1470). 

Pam,  Henry  John  Temple,  viscount 
Palmerston  (1784-1865). 

Pam'ela.  Lady  Edward  Fitzgerald  is 
Bo  called  (*-1831). 

Pam'ela  [Andrews],  a  simple,  un- 
sophistical  country  girl,  the  daughter  of 
two  aged  parents,  and  maidservant  of  a 
rich  young  squire,  called  B,  who  tries  to 
seduce  her.  She  resists  every  temptation, 
and  at  length  marries  the  young  squire  and 
reforms  him.  Pamela  is  very  pure  and 
modest,  bears  her  afflictions  with  much 
meekness,  and  is  a  model  of  maidenly 
prudence  and  rectitude.  The  story  is  told 
in  a  series  of  letters  which  Pamela  sends 
to  her  parents. — S.  Richardson,  Pamela  or 
Virtm  Rewarded  (1740). 

The  pure  and  modest  character  of  the  English  maiden 
[PameLi]  is  so  well  maintained,  .  .  .  her  sorrows  and 
afllictions  are  borne  with  so  ntuch  meekness ;  her  little 
intervals  of  hope  .  .  .  break  in  on  her  troubles  so  much 
like  the  specks  of  blue  sky  through  a  cloudy  atmosphere, 
—that  tlie  whole  recollection  is  soothing,  tranquillizing, 
and  doubtless  edifying.— Sir  W.  Scott 

Pamela,  is  a  work  of  much  humbler  pretensions  than 
Clarissa  I/arlowe.  ...  A  simple  country  girl,  whom  her 
master  attempts  to  seduce,  and  afterwiu-ds  marries.  .  .  . 
The  wardrobe  of  poor  Pamela,  her  gown  of  siid-coloured 
Btuff,  and  her  round-eared  caps ;  her  various  attempts  at 
escape,  and  the  conveyance  of  her  letters;  the  hateful 
character  of  Mrs.  Jewkes,  and  the  fluctuating  pas.sions  of 
her  master  before  the  better  part  of  his  nature  obtains 
ascendancy,- tnese  are  all  touched  with  tlie  hand  of  a 
maiter.— Chambers,  English  Literature,  ii.  161. 

Pope  calls  the  word  "  Pamela :  " 

The  gods,  to  curse  Pamela  with  her  prayers. 
Gave  the  gilt  coach  and  dapi)led  Flanders  mares, 
The  shining  rolies,  rich  jewels,  beds  of  state, 
And,  to  complete  her  bliss,  a  fool  for  mate. 
She  glares  in  balls,  front  boxes,  and  the  ring, 
A  vain,  unquiet,  glittering,  wretched  thing; 


Pride,  pomp,  and  state,  but  reach  her  outward  part,— 
She  sighs,  and  is  no  duchess  at  lier  heart. 

EpiUlet  ("  To  Mrs.  Blount,  with  the  Work 
ofVoiture,"  170a). 

Pami'na  and  Tami'no,  the  two 

lovers  who  were  guided  by  "  the  magic 
flute"  through  all  worldly  dangers  to 
the  knowledge  of  divine  truth  (or  the 
mvsteries  of  Isis). — Mozart,  Die  Zauber- 
flSte  (1790). 

Pamphlet  (Mr.),  a  penny-a-liner. 
His  great  wish  was  "  to  be  taken  up  for 
sedition."  He  writes  on  both  sides,  for, 
as  he  says,  he  has  "  two  hands,  ambo 
dexter.^' 

"  Time  has  been,"  he  says,  "  when  I  could  turn  a  penny 
by  an  earthquake,  or  live  upon  a  jail  distemper,  or  dine 
upon  a  bloody  murder ;  but  now  that's  all  over — nothing 
will  do  now  but  ro.isting  a  minister,  or  telling  the  people 
they  are  ruined.  The  people  of  England  are  never  so 
happy  iu  when  you  tell  them  they  are  ruined."- Murphy, 
The  Cpholsterei ,  ii.  1  (1758). 

Pan,  Nature  personified,  especially 
the  vital  crescent  power  of  nature. 

Universal  Pan, 
Knit  wit>,  the  Graces  and  the  Hours  In  dance. 
Led  on  the  eteriud  spring. 

Milt-jn  ParadUe  Lost,  iv.  266,  etc  (1665). 

Pan,  in  Spenser's  eel.  iv.,  is  Henry  VIIL, 
and  "Syrinx  "  is  Anne  Boleyn.  In  eel. 
V.  "  Pan  "  stands  for  Jesus  Christ  in  one 
passage,  and  for  God  the  Father  in 
another. — Spenser,  Shepheardes  Calendar 
(1572). 

Pan  {The  Great),  Francois  M.  A.  do 
Voltaire;  also  called  *'The  Dictator  of 
Letters"  (1694-1778). 

Panacea.  Prince  Ahmed's  apple  or 
apple  of  Samarcand  (see  p.  45).  The 
balsam  of  Fierabras  (see  p.  75).  The 
Promethean  unguent  rendered  the  body 
invulnerable.  Aladdin  s  ring  was  a  pre- 
servative against  all  ills  that  flesh  is  heir 
to  (see  p.  16).  Then  there  were  the  Youth 
Restorers.  And  the  healers  of  wounds, 
such  as  Achilles's  spear,  also  called  "The 
Spear  of  Telephus  "  (see  p.  4)  ;  Gilbert's 
sword  (see  p.  382)  ;  and  so  on. 

Pancaste  (3  s\jl.)  or  Campaspe,  one 
of  the  concubines  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
Apelles  fell  in  love  with  her  while  he 
was  employed  in  painting  the  king  of 
Macedon,  and  Alexander,  out  of  regard  to 
the  artist,  gave  her  to  him  for  a  wife. 
Apelles  selected  for  his  "Venus  Ri.sing 
from  the  Sea"  (usually  called  "Venus 
AnadyomSne")  this  beautiful  Athenian 
woman,  together  with  Phryue  another 
courtezan. 

*^5*  Phryng  was  also  the  academy 
figure  for  the  "  Cnidian  Venus  "  of  Praxi- 
teles. 


PANCKS. 


726 


PANDORA. 


Pancks,  a  quick,  short,  eager,  dark 
man,  with  too  much  *'  Avay."  Redressed  in 
black  and  rusty  iron  grey  ;  had  jet-black 
beads  for  eyes,  a  scrubby  little  black 
chin,  wiry  black  hair  striking  out  from 
his  head  in  prongs  like  hair-pins,  and  a 
complexion  that  was  very  dingy  by 
nature,  or  very  dirty  by  art,  or  a  com- 
pound of  both.  He  had  dirty  hands,  and 
dirty,  broken  nails,  and  looked  as  if  he 
had  been  in  the  coals.  He  snorted  and 
sniffed,  and  puifed  and  blew,  and  was 
generally  in  a  perspiration.  It  was  Mr. 
Pancks  who  "  moled  out"  the  secret  that 
Mr.  Dorrit,  imprisoned  for  debt  in  the 
Marshalsea  prison,  was  heir-at-law  to  a 
great  estate,  which  had  long  lain  un- 
claimed, and  was  extremely  rich  (ch. 
XXXV.).  Mr.  Pancks  also  induced  Clen- 
nam  to  invest  in  Mcrdle's  bank  shares,  and 
demonstrated  by  figures  the  profit  he 
would  realize ;  but  the  bank  being  a 
bubble,  the  shares  were  worthless. — C. 
Dickens,  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Pancraee,  a  doctor  of  the  Aristotelian 
school.  He  maintained  that  it  was  im- 
proper to  speak  of  the  '■^  form  of  a  hat," 
because  form  "est  la  disposition  ex- 
t<^'rieure  des  corps  qui  sont  anime's,"  and 
therefore  we  should  say  the  ^^ figure  of  a 
hat,"  because  figure  "est  la  disposition 
exte'rieure  des  corps  qui  sont  inanime's  ; " 
and  because  his  adversary  could  not  agree, 
he  called  him  "  un  ignorant,  un  igno- 
rantissime,  ignorantifiant,  et  ignorantifie  " 
(sc.  viii.). — Moliere,  Le  MatHage  Force 
(1G64). 

Pancras  (The  earl  of),  one  of  the 
skilful  companions  of  Barlow  the  famous 
archer;  another  was  called  the  "Marquis 
of  Islington  ;  "  while  Barlow  himself  was 
mirthfully  created  by  Henry  VIII.  "Duke 
of  Shoreditch." 

Pancras  (St.),  patron  saint  of  children, 
martyred   by  Diocletian  at  the  age  of 

14  (a.d.  304). 

Pan'darus,  the  Lycian,  one  of  th^ 
allies  of  Priam  in  the  Trojan  war.  He  is 
drawn  under  two  widely  different  charac- 
ters :  In  classic  story  he  is  depicted 
as  an  admirable  archer,  slain  by 
Diomed,  and  honoured  as  a  hero-god 
in  his  own  country ;  but  in  mediasval 
romance  he  is  represented  as  a  despicable 
pimp,   insomuch  that  the   word  pander 

15  derived  from  his  name.  Chaucer  in 
his  Troilus and Cresseide,  and  Shakespeare 
in  his  drama  of  Troilus  and  Cressida, 
represent  him  as  procuring  for  Troilus  the 
good  graces  of  Cressid,  and  in  Mu<;h  Ado 


about    Nothing,   it    is   said  that  Troilus 
"  was  the  first  employer  of  pandars." 

Let  all  pitiful  goers-between  be  called  to  the  world's  end 
after  my  name;  call  them  all  "  Paiulars."  Let  all  con. 
stant  men  be  "Troiluses,"  all  false  women  "Cressirts."— 
Shakespeare,  Troiliu  and  CretHda,  act  iii.  sc.  2  (1602). 

Pandemo'nium,  "  the  high  capital 
of  Satan  and  his  peers."  Here  the 
infernal  parliament  was  held,  and  to  this 
council  Satan  convened  the  fallen  angels 
to  consult  with  him  upon  the  best  method 
of  encompassing  the  "fall  of  man," 
Satan  ultimately  undertook  to  visit  the 
new  world ;  and,  in  the  disguise  of  a 
serpent,  he  tempted  Eve  to  eat  of  the 
forbidden  fruit. — Milton,  Paradise  Lost, 
ii.  (1665). 

Pandi'on,  king  of  Athens,  father  of 
Procne  and  Philome'la. 

None  take  pity  on  thy  pain  ; 
Senseless  trees,  they  cannot  hear  thee ; 
Ruthless  bears,  they  will  not  cheer  thee ; 
King  Pandion  he  is  deaii ; 
All  thy  friends  are  lapped  in  lead. 
Richard  Barnfield,  Address  to  the  ifiyhtingale  (1594). 

Pandolf  [Sir  Harry),  the  teller  of 
whole  strings  of  stories,  which  he  re- 
peats at  every  gathering.  He  has  also 
a  stock  of  bon-mots.  "  Madam,"  said 
he,  "  I  have  lost  by  you  to-day."  "  How, 
so,  sir  Harry  ?  "  replies  the  lady.  "  Whyj 
madam,"  rejoins  the  baronet,  "  I  havf 
lost  an  excellent  appetite."  "  This  is  th(| 
thirty-third  time  that  sir  Harry  hat 
been  thus  arch." 

We  are  constantly,  after  supper,  entertained  with 
Glastonbury  Thorn.    When  we  have  wondered  at  that  | 
little,  "Father,"  saith  the  son,  "let  us  have  the  Spirit, 
the  Wood."    After  th.it,  "  Now  tell  us  how  you  served  f 
robber."    "Alack!"  saith  sir  Harry,  with  a  smile, 
have  almost  forgotten  that ;  but  it  is  a  pleasant  con 
to  be  sure;"  and  accordingly  he  tells  that  and  twentymo 
in  the  same  order  over  and  over  again.— Kichard  Steele.J 

Pandolfe  (2  si/L),  father  of  Lelie.- 
Moliere,  VEtourdi  (1653). 

Pando'ra,  the  "  all-gifted  woman.' 
So  called  because  all  the  gods  bestowc ' 
some  gift  on  her  to  enhance  her  charms. 
Jove  sent  her  to  Prometheus  for  a  wife, 
but  Hermes  gave  her  in  marriage  to  his 
brother  Epime'theus  (4  syl.).  It  is  said 
that  Pandora  enticed  the  curiosity  of 
Epimetheus  to  open  a  box  in  her  pos- 
session, from  which  flew  out  all  the  ills 
that  flesh  is  heir  to.  Luckily  the  lid  was 
closed  in  time  to  prevent  the  escape  of 
Hope. 

More  lovely  than  Pandora,  whom  the  gods 
Endowed  with  all  their  gifts,  ...  to  the  unwiser  son 
Of  Japhet  brought  by  Hermfis,  she  insnared 
Mankind  with  her  fair  looks,  to  be  avenged 
On  him  [Prometheus]  who  had  stole  Jove's  .  .  .  ni». 
Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  714,  etc.  (1665). 

*^*  "Unwiser    son"  is    a   Latinism,     i 
and  means  "not  so  wise  as  he  should     I 


PANDOSTO. 


727       PANTAGRUELIAN  LAWSUIT. 


have  been  ;  "  so  audacior,  timidior,  vehe- 
mentior,  iracundior,  etc. 

Pandosto  or  The  Triumph  of  Time, 
a  tale  by  Robert  Greene  (1588),  the  quarry 
of  th«  plot  of  The  Winter's  Tale  by 
Shakespeare. 

Panel  [The),  by  J.  Kemble,  is  a 
modified  version  of  Bickerstaff's  comedy 
T/s  Weir  Us  no  Worse.  It  contains  the 
popular  quotation  : 

Perhaps  it  was  right  to  dissemble  your  lore ; 
But  why  do  you  kick  me  downstairs  ? 

Pangloss  {Dr.  Peter),  an  LL.D.  and 
A.S.S.  He  began  life  as  a  mufiin-maker 
in  Milk  Alley.  Daniel  Dowlas,  when  he 
was  raised  from  the  chandler's  shop  in 
Gosport  to  the  peerage,  employed  the 
doctor  "to  lam  him  ito  talk  English;" 
and  subsequently  made  him  tutor  to  his 
son  Dick,  with  a  salary  of  £300  a  year. 
Dr.  Pangloss  was  a  literary  prig  of 
ponderous  pomposity.  He  talked  of  a 
"locomotive  morning,"  of  one's  "  spon- 
sorial  and  patronymic  appellations,"  and 
so  on  ;  was  especially  fond  of  quotations, 
to  all  of  which  he  assigned  the  author, 
as  "Lend  me  your  ears.  Shakespeare. 
Hem!"  or  '^  Verbum  sat.  Horace. 
Hem  !  "  He  also  indulged  in  an  affected 
"He!  he!"— G.  Colmau,  The  Heir-at- 
Law  (1797). 

A.S.S.  stands  for  Artium  Socictatis 
Socius  ("  Fellow  of  the  Society  of  Arts  "). 

Pangloss,  an  optimist  philosopher.  (The 
word  means  "AH  Tongue.") — Voltaire, 
Candide. 

Panjam,  a  male  idol  of  the  Oroungou 
tribes  of  Africa  ;  his  wife  is  Aleka,  and  his 
priests  are  called  panjans.  Panjam  is 
the  special  protector  of  kings  and  govern- 
ments. 

Panjandrum  (The  Grand),  any  vil- 
lage potentate  or  Brummagem  magnate. 
The  word  occurs  in  S.  Foote's  farrago  of 
J      nonsense,   which  he    wrote  to    test  the 
I      memory  of  old  Macklin,  who  said  in  a 
\      lecture  "  he  had  brought  his  own  memory 
\     to  such  perfection  that  he   could  learn 
anything  by  rote  on  once  hearing  it." 

'  He  was  the  Qreat  Panjandrum  of  the  place. — Percy 

f       Fitzgerald. 

***  The  squire  of  a  village  is  the 
Grand  Panjandrum,  and  the  small  gentry 
the  Picninnies,  Joblillies,  and  Garyulies. 

Foote's  nonsense  lines  are  these  : 

So  she  went  into  the  garden  to  cut  a  cabbage  leaf  to 
make  an  apple  pie  ;  and  at  the  same  time  a  great  she- 
liear.  couiing  up  the  street,  pops  its  head  into  the  shop. 
'  What!  no  soap?"  So  he  died,  and  slie  very  impru- 
dently married  the  barber ;  and  there  were  present  the 


Picninnies,  and  the  Joblillies,  and  the  Garyulies,  and  the 
Grand  Panjandrum  himself,  with  the  little  round  button 
at  top,  and  they  all  fell  to  pLiying  the  game  of  catch  M 
catch  can,  till  the  gunpowder  ran  out  at  tlie  heel  of  their 
boots.— S.  Foote,  The  Quarterly  Jteview,  xcv.  516,  517 
(1854). 

Pan'ope  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  nereids. 
Her  "  sisters "  are  the  sea-nymphs. 
Panope  was  invoked  by  sailors  in  storms. 

Sleek  Panope  with  all  her  sisters  played. 

Milton,  Lycidoi,  95  (1638). 

Pantag'ruel',  king  of  the  Dipsodes 
(2  syl.),  son  of  Gargantua,  and  last  of 
the  race  of  giants.  His  mother  Badebec 
died  in  giving  him  birth.  His  paternal 
grandfather  was  named  Grangousier. 
Pantagruel  was  a  lineal  descendant  of 
Fierabras,  the  Titans,  Goliath,  Poly- 
pheme  (3  syl.),  and  all  the  other  giants 
traceable  to  Chalbrook,  who  lived  in 
that  extraordinary  period  noted  for  its 
"  week  of  three  Thursdays."  The  word 
is  a  hybrid,  compounded  of  the  Greek 
panta  ("all")  and  the  Hagarene  word 
gruel  ("thirsty  ").  His  immortal  achiere- 
ment  was  his  "  quest  of  the  oracle  of  the 
Holy  Bottle." — Rabelais,  Gargantua  and 
Pantagruel,  ii.  (1533). 

Pantag'rtiel's  Course  of  Study, 

Pantagruel's  father,  Gargantua,  said  in 
a  letter  to  his  son  : 

"  I  intend  and  insist  that  you  learn  all  languagei 
perfectly ;  first  of  all  Greek,  in  Quintilian's  method ; 
then  Latin,  then  Hebrew,  then  Arabic  and  Chaldee.  I 
wish  you  to  form  your  style  of  Greek  on  the  model  of 
Plato,  and  of  Latin  on  that  of  Cicero.  Let  there  be  no 
history  you  have  not  at  your  fingers'  ends,  and  study 
tlioroughly  cosmography  and  geography.  Of  liberal  arts, 
such  as  geometry,  mathematics,  and  music,  I  gave  you 
a  taste  when  not  above  five  years  old,  and  I  would  have 
you  now  master  them  fully.  Study  astronomy,  but  not 
divination  and  judicial  astrology,  which  I  consider  mere 
vanities.  As  for  civil  law,  I  would  have  thee  know  the 
digests  by  heart.  You  should  also  have  a  perfect  know- 
ledge of  the  works  of  Nature,  so  that  there  is  no  sea, 
river,  or  smallest  stieam,  which  you  do  not  know  for 
what  fish  it  is  noted,  whence  it  proceeds,  and  whither  it 
directs  its  course ;  all  fowls  of  the  air,  all  shrubs  and 
trees  whether  forest  or  orchard,  all  herljs  and  flowers, 
all  metals  and  stones,  should  be  mastered  by  you.  Fail 
not  at  the  same  time  most  carefully  to  peruse  the  Tal- 
mudists  and  Cabalists,  and  be  sure  by  frequent  anatomies 
to  gain  a  perfect  knowledge  of  that  other  world  called 
the  microcosm,  which  is  man.  Master  all  these  in  your 
young  days,  and  let  nothing  be  superficial ;  as  you  grow 
into  manhood  you  must  learn  chivalry,  warfare,  and  field 
manoeuvres." — Rabelais,  Pantagruel,  ii.  8  (1533). 

Pantag'ruel's  Tongue.  It  formed 
shelter  for  a  whole  army.  His  throat  and 
mouth  contained  whole  cities. 

Then  did  they  [the  army]  put  themselves  in  close 
order,  and  stood  as  near  to  each  other  as  they  could,  and 
Pantagruel  put  out  his  tongue  half-way,  and  covered  theni 
all,  as  a  hen  doth  her  chickens.— liabelais,  Pantagruel,  ii. 
32  (1533). 

Pantagruelian  Lawsuit  (The). 
This  was  between  lord  Busqueue  and 
lord  Suckfist,  who  pleaded  their  own 
cases.  The  writs,  etc.,  were  as  much  as 
four  asses  could  carry.  After  the 
plaintiff  had  etated  his  case,  and  the  de- 


PANTAGRUELION. 


728 


PAPER  KING. 


fendant  had  made  his  reply,  Pantagruel 
gave  judgment,  and  the  two  suitors  were 
both  satisfied,  for  no  one  understood  a 
word  of  the  pleadings,  or  the  tenor  of 
the  verdict. — Rabelais,  Fantajruel,  ii. 
(1533). 

Pantagruelion,  a  herb  (hemp), 
symbolical  of  persecution.  Rabelais 
says  Pantag'ruel'  was  the  inventor  of  a 
certain  use  for  which  this  herb  served. 
It  was,  he  says,  exceedingly  hateful  to 
felons,  who  detested  it  as  mwcli  as 
straugle-v/eed. 

Tlie  figure  and  shape  of  the  leaves  of  pantagruelion 
are  uot  much  unlike  those  of  tlie  ash  tree  or  tlie  agrimony  ; 
indeed,  the  herb  Is  so  like  the  etipatorio  that  many 
herbiilists  have  called  it  the  domestic  eiipatorio,  and 
sometimes  the  euimtorio- Is  called  the  wiM  patitagrue- 
l»o«.— llobelais,  I'autaijriuU,  etc.,  iii.  4S)  (1545). 

Pantaloon.  In  the  Italian  comedy, 
//  Fantalo'ne  is  a  thin,  emaciated  old 
man,  and  the  only  character  that  acts  in 
slippers. 

The  sixth  age  shifts 
Into  the  lean  and  slippered  Pantaloon. 
Shakespeare,  At  I'ou  Like  It,  act  ii.  sc  7  (1600). 

Panther  (The),  symbol  of  pleasure. 
When  Dante  began  the  ascent  of  fame, 
this  beast  met  him,  and  tsied  to  stop  his 
further  progress. 

Scarce  the  ascent 
Besan,  when  lo  I  a  panther,  nimble,  light. 
And  covered  with  a  speckled  skin,  appeared, 
.  .  .  and  strove  to  check  my  on  want  going. 

Dante.  Bell.  i.  (1300). 

Panther  (The  Spotted),  the  Church  of 
England.  The  "  milk-white  doe  "  is  the 
Church  of  Rome. 

The  xianther,  s.ire  the  noblest  next  the  hind. 
The  fairest  creature  of  the  spotted  kind ; 
Oh.  could  her  inborn  stains  be  wa.shed  away. 
She  were  too  good  to  be  a  beast  of  prey. 

Drydeu,  Ttie  Hind  and  the  Panther,  1.  (1687). 

Panthino,  servant  of  Anthonio  (the 
father  of  Protheus,  one  of  the  two  heroes 
of  the  play). — Shakespeare,  Two  Gen- 
tlemen of  Verona  (1594). 

Pan  ton,  a  celebrated  punster  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II. 

And  Panton  waging  harmless  war  with  words. 

Dryden,  Macflecknoe  (1682). 

Pantschatantra,  a  collection  of 
Sanskrit  fables. 

Panurge,  a  young  man,  handsome 
and  of  good  stature,  but  in  very  ragged 
apparel  when  Pantag'ruel'  first  nKit  him 
on  the  road  leading  from  Charenton 
IJridge.  Pantagruel,  pleased  with  his 
person  and  moved  with  pity  at  his  dis- 
tress, accosted  him,  when  Panurge  replied, 
first  in  German,  then  in  Arabic,  then  in 
Italian,  then  in  Biscayan,  then  in  Bas- 
Breton,  then  in  Low  Dutch,  then  in 
Spanish.    Finding  that  Pantagruel  knew 


none  of  these  languages,  Panurge  tried 
Danish,  Hebrew,  Greek,  I^atin,  with  no 
better  success.  *'  Friend,"  said  the 
prince,  "can  j^ou  speak  French?" 
"Right  well,"  answered  Panurge,  "for 
I  was  bom  in  Touraine,  the  garden  of 
France."  Pantagruel  then  asked  him  if 
he  would  join  his  suite,  which  Panurge 
most  gladly  consented  to  do,  and  became 
the  fast  friend  of  Pantagruel.  His  great 
forte  was  practical  jokes.  Rabelaij 
describes  him  as  of  middle  stature,  with 
an  aquiline  nose,  very  handsome,  and 
always  monej-lgss.  Pantagruel  made 
him  governor  of  Salmygondin. — Rabelais, 
Pantagruel,  iii.  2  (1545). 

Panurge  throughout  is  the  iiavovpfia  {"  the  wisdom  "). 
i.e.  the  cunning  of  the  human  annual— the  understand- 
ing, as  the  faculty  of  means  to  purposes  without  ultimate 
ends,  in  the  most  comprehensive  sense,  and  includinj^ 
art,  sensuous  fancy,  and  all  the  passiojis  of  the  under- 
standing.—Coleridge. 

Panyer*s  Alley  (London).  So  called 
from  a  stone  built  into  the  wall  of  one 
of  the  houses.  The  stone,  on  which  is 
rudely  chiselled  a  pannier  surmounted  by 
a  boy,  contains  this  distich  : 

When  you  have  sought  the  city  round. 
Yet  still  this  is  the  highest  ground. 

Panza    (Sancho),    of    Adzpetia,    the 
'squire  of   don  Quixote  de   la   Mancha ; 
"a  little  squat  fellow,  with  a  tun  belly 
and  spindle  shanks  "   (pt.  I.  ii.  1).      He 
rides  an  ass  named  Dapple.     His  sotmd 
common  sense  is  an  excellent  foil  to  the 
knight's  craze.     Sancho  is  very  fond  o: 
eating  and  drinking,  is  always  asking  t 
knight  when  he  is  to  be  put  in  possessioi 
of  the  island  he  promised.     He  salts  hi 
speech  with  most  pertinent  proverbs,  an 
even  with  wit  of  a  racy,  though  som 
times    of   rather  a   vulgar  savour. — Ce: 
vantes,  Don  Quixote  (1G05). 

*^*  The  wife  of  Sancho  is  call 
"Joan  Panza"  in  pt.  I.,  and  "  Tere 
Panza"  in  pt.  II.  "  My  father's  name 
she  says  to  Sancho,  "was  Cascajo,  am 
I,  by  being  your  wife,  am  now  callei 
Teresa  Panza,  though  by  right  I  shoul 
be  called  Teresa  Cascajo"  (pt.  II.  i.  6). 

Pao'lo  (2  syl.),  the  cardinal  brother  of 
count  Guido  Franceschi'ni,  who  advised 
his  bankrupt  brother  to  marry  an  heiress, 
in  order  to  repair  his  fortune. 

When  brother  Paolo's  energetic  shake 
Should  do  the  rdics  justice. 
R.  Browning.   The  Ring  and  the  Book,  ii  409. 

Paper  King  {The),  John  Law,  pro- 
jector of  the  Mississippi  Bubble  (1G71- 
1729). 

Tne  basis  of  Law's  project  was  the  idea  that  pap« 
money  may  be  multiplied  to  any  extent,  provided  tUr 
be  security  iu  fixed  stock.— Rich. 


1 


PAPHIAN  MIMP. 


729 


PARADISE. 


Paphian  Mimp,  a  certain  plie  of 
the  lips,  considered  needful  for  "the 
highly  genteel."  Lady  Emily  told  Miss 
Alscrip  "the  heiress"  that  it  was 
acquired  by  placing  one's  self  before  a 
looking-glass,  and  repeating  continually 
the  words  "  nimini  pimini ;  "  "  when  the 
lips  cannot  fail  to  take  the  right  plie." — 
General  Burgoyne,  The  Heiress^  iii.  2 
(1781). 

(C.  Dickens  has  made  Mrs.  General 
tell  Amy  Dorrit  that  the  pretty  plie  is 
given  to  the  lips  by  pronouncing  the 
words,  "  papa,  potatoes,  poultry,  prunes, 
and  prism.") 

Papillon,  a  broken-down  critic,  who 
earnea  four  shillings  a  week  for  reviews 
of  translations  "without  knowing  one 
syllable  of  the  original,"  and  of  "books 
which  he  had  never  read."  He  then 
turned  French  valet,  and  got  well  paid. 
He  then  fell  into  the  service  of  Jack 
Wilding,  and  was  valey,  French  marquis, 
or  anything  else  to  suit  the  whims  of  that 
young  scapegrace. — S.  Foote,  The  Liar 
(1761). 

Papimany,  the  kingdom  of  the 
Papimans.  Any  priest-ridden  country, 
as  Spain.  Papiman  is  compounded  of 
two  Greek  words,  papa  mania  ("pope- 
madness  "). — Rabelais,  Pantagruel.  iv.  45 
(1545). 

^  Papy'ra,  goddess  of  printing  and 
literature  ;  so  called  from  papyrus,  a 
substance  once  used  for  books,  before 
the  invention  of  paper. 

Till  to  astonished  realms  Papyra  taught 
To  paint  iti  mystic  colours  sound  and  thought, 
With  Wisdom's  voice  to  print  the  page  sublime. 
And  mark  in  adamant  the  steps  of  Time. 

Darwin,  Lovet  of  the  PlanU,  ii.  (1781). 

f  Pa'quin,    Pekin,    a    royal    city    of 

1  China.      Milton    says  :     "  Paquin     [the 

':  thronel  of  Sinaean  kings." — Paradise  Jjost, 

[  xi.  390  (1665). 

j  Paracelsus  is  said  to  have  kept  a 
I  small  devil  prisoner  in  the  pommel  of  his 
I     sword.     He  favoured  metallic  substances 

for  medicines,  while  Galen  preferred 
I    herbs.     His    full    name    was    Philippus 

Aure'olus  Theophrastus   Paracelsus,    but 

his  family  name  was  Bombastus  (1491}- 

1541). 

Paracelsus,  at  the  age  of  20,  thinks 
P  knowledge  the  summum  bonum,  and  at  the 
advice  of  his  two  friends,  Festus  and 
Michal,  retires  to  a  seat  of  learning  in 
quest  tliereof.  Eight  years  later,  being 
dissatisfied,  he  falls  in  with  Aprile,  an 


Italian  poet,  and  resolves  to  seek  the 
summum  bonum  in  love.  Again  he  fails, 
and  finall}'  determines  "to  know  and  to 
enjoy." — R.  Browning,  Paracelsus. 

Par'adine  (3  syL),  son  of  Astolpho, 
and  brother  of  Dargonet,  both  rivals  for 
the  love  of  Laura.  In  the  combat 
provoked  by  prince  Oswald  against 
Gondibert,  which  was  decided  by  four 
combatants  on  each  side,  Hugo  "  tho 
Little  "  slew  both  the  brothers. — Sir  Wm. 
Davenant,  Gondibert,  i.  (died  1668). 

Paradisa'ica  (^^  the  fruit  of  para- 
dise ").  So  the  banana  is  called.  The 
Mohammedans  aver  that  the  "  forbidden 
fruit "  was  the  banaca  or  Indian  fig,  and 
cite  in  confirmation  of  this  opinion  that 
our  first  parents  used  fig  leaves  for  their 
covering  after  their  fall. 

Paradise,  in  thirty-three  cantos,  by 
Dante  (1311).  Paradise  is  separated 
from  Purgatory  by  the  river  Lethe  ;  and 
Dante  was  conducted  through  nine  of 
the  spheres  by  Beatrice,  who  left  him  in 
the  sphere  of  "  unbodied  light,"  under  the 
charge  of  St.  Bernard  (canto  xxxi.). 
The  entire  region  is  divided  into  ten 
spheres,  each  of  which  is  appropriated 
to  its  proper  order.  The  first  seven 
spheres  are  the  seven  planets,  viz.  (1) 
the  Moon  for  angels,  (2)  Mercury  for 
archangels,  (3)  Venus  for  virtues,  (4)  the 
Sun  for  powers,  (5)  Mars  for  principalities, 
(6)  Jupiter  for  dominions,  (7)  Saturn  for 
thrones.  The  eighth  sphere  is  that  of 
the  fix§i_fitara_far  the  T!herubim  ;  the 
ninth  is  the  primum  mobile  for  the 
seraphim  ;  and  the  tenth  is  the  empyre'an 
for  the  Virgin  Mary  and  the  triune  deitv. 
Beatrice,  with  Rachel,^  Sarah,  Juditli, 
Rebecca,  and  Ruth,  St.  Augustin,  St. 
Francis,  St.  Benedict,  and  others,  were 
enthroned  in  Venus  the  sphere  of  the 
virtues.  The  empyrean,  he  says,  is  a 
sphere  of  "unbodied  light,"  "bright 
eflluence  of  bright  essence,  uncreate." 
This  is  what  the  Jews  called  "the 
heaven  of  the  heavens." 

Paradise  was  placed,  in  the  legendary 
maps  of  the  Middle  Ages,  in  Ceylon ; 
but  Mahomet  placed  it  "in  the  seventh 
heaven."  The  Arabs  have  a  tradition 
that  when  our  first  parents  were  cast  out 
of  the  garden,  Adam  fell  in  the  isle  of 
Ceylon,  and  Eve  in  Joddah  (the  port  of 
Mecca). — Al  Koran,  ii. 

Paradise  of  Central  Africa,  Fatiko. — 
Sir  S.  Baker,  JSivploration  of  the  Niit 
Sources  (1866), 


PARADISE  OF  FOOLS. 


r30 


PARADISE  REGAINED 


Paradise  of  Bohemia,  tlie  district  round 
Leitmeritz. 

The  Dutch  Paradise,  the  province  of 
Gelderland,  in  South  Holland. 

The  Portuguese  Paradise,  Cintra,  north- 
west of  Lisbon. 

Paradise  of  Fools  (Limbus  Fatu- 
orum),  the  limbo  of  all  vanities,  idiots, 
madmen,  and  those  not  accountable  for 
their  ill  deeds. 

Then  might  ye  see 
Cowls,  hoods,  and  habits,  with  their  wearers,  tost 
An<l  fluttered  into  rags ;  then  relics,  beads, 
Indulgences,  flispenses,  pardons,  bulls. 
The  sport  of  winds  :  all  these,  npwhirled  aloft. 
Fly  .  .  .  into  a  limbo  large  and  broad,  since  called 
'•  The  Paradise  of  Fools," 

MUton,  ParadUe  Lost,  iii.  489  (1665). 

Paradise  and  the  Pe'ri.  A  peri 
was  told  she  woi^'d  '•;■<;  admitted  into 
heaven  if  she  .Tould  bring  thither  the 
gift  most  acceptable  to  the  Almighty. 
She  first  brought  a  drop  of  a  young 
patriot's  blood,  shed  on  his  country's 
behalf  ;  but  the  gates  would  not  open 
for  such  an  offering.  She  next  took 
thither  the  last  sigh  of  a  damsel  who  had 
died  nursing  her  betrothed,  who  had 
been  stricken  by  the  plague  ;  but  the 
gates  would  not  open  for  such  an  offer- 
ing. She  then  carried  up  the  repentant 
tear  of  an  old  man  converted  by  the 
prayers  of  a  little  child.  All  heaven 
rejoiced,  the  gates  were  flung  open,  and 
the  peri  was  received  with  a  joyous 
welcome. — T.  Moore,  Lalla  Rookh 
("  Second  Tale,"  1817). 

Paradise  Lost.  Satan  and  his 
crew,  still  suffering  from  their  violent 
expulsion  out  of  heaven,  are  roused  by 
Satan's  telling  them  about  a  "  new  cre- 
ation ; "  and  he  calls  a  general  council 
to  deliberate  upon  their  future  operations 
(bk.  i.).  The  council  meet  in  the  Pan- 
demonium hall,  and  it  is  resolved  that 
Satan  shall  go  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  to 
this  "new world"  (bk.'ii.).  The  Almighty 
sees  Satan,  and  confers  with  His  Son 
about  man.  He  foretells  the  Fall,  and 
arranges  the  scheme  of  man's  redemp- 
tion. Meantime,  Satan  enters  the  orb 
of  the  sun,  and  there  learns  the  route  to 
the  "new  world"  (bk.  iii.).  On  enter- 
ing Paradise,  he  overhears  Adam  and 
Eve  talking  of  the  one  prohibition  (bk. 
iv.).  Raphael  is  now  sent  down  to  warn 
Adam  of  his  danger,  and  he  tells  him 
who  Satan  is  (bk.  v.)  ;  describes  the  war 
in  heaven,  and  expulsion  of  the  rebel 
angels  (bk.  vi.).  The  angel  visitant 
goes  on  to  tell  Adam  why  and  how  this 
world  was  made  (bk.  vii.) ;   and  Adam 


tells  Raphael  of  his  own  experience 
(bk.  viii.).  After  the  departure  of 
Raphael,  Satan  enters  into  a  serpent, 
and,  seeing  Eve  alone,  speaks  to  her. 
Eve  is  astonished  to  hear  the  serpent 
talk,  but  is  informed  that  it  had  tasted 
of  "the  tree  of  knowledge,"  and  had 
become  instantly  endowed  with  both 
speech  and  wisdom.  Curiosity  induces 
Eve  to  taste  the  same  fruit,  and  she 
persuades  Adam  to  taste  it  also  (bk.  ix.). 
Satan  now  returns  to  hell,  to  tell  of  his 
success  (bk.  x.).  Michael  is  sent  to 
expel  Adam  and  Eve  from  the  garden 
(bk.  xi.)  ;  and  the  poem  concludes  with 
the  expulsion,  and  Eve's  lamentation 
(bk.  xii.).— Milton  (1G65). 

Paradise  Lost  was  first  published  by 
Matthias  Walker  of  St.  Dunstan's.  He 
gave  for  it  £5  doAvn  ;  on  the  sale  of 
1300  copies,  he  gave  another  £5.  On 
the  next  two  impressions,  he  gave  other 
like  sums.  For  the  four  editions,  he 
therefore  paid  £20.  The  agreement  be- 
tween Walker  and  Milton  is  preser\'ed 
in  the  British  Museum. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  the  wages 
of  an  ordinary  workman  was  at  the  time 
about  3c?.  a  day,  and  we  now  give  35. ; 
so  that  the  price  given  was  equal  to  about 
£250,  according  to  the  present  value  of 
money.  Goldsmith  tells  us  that  the 
clergyman  of  his  "  deserted  village"  was 
"  passing  rich  "  with  £40  a  year  =  £500 
present  value  of  money. 


m 

i 


Paradise  Regained,  in  four  bool 
The    subject   is  the  Temptation.     E 
being    tempted,    lost    paradise ;    Ch: 
being  tempted,  regained  it. 

Book  I.  Satan  presents  himself  as 
old  peasant,  and,  entering  into  convei 
tion  with  Jesus,  advises  Him  to  satisfy 
His  hunger  by  miraculously  converting 
stones  into  bread.  Jesus  gives  the 
tempter  to  know  that  He  recognizes  him, 
and  refuses  to  follow  his  suggestion.  _ 

II.  Satan  reports  progress  to  nis  minis- 
ters, and  asks  advice.  He  returns  to  the 
wilderness,  and  offers  Jesus  wealth,  as 
the  means  of  acquiring  power ;  but  the 
suggestion  is  again  rejected. 

III.  Satan  shows  Jesus  several  of  the 
kingdoms  of  Asia,  and  points  out  to 
Him  their  military  power.  He  advises 
Him  to  seek  alliance  with  the  Parthians, 
and  promises  his  aid.  He  says  by  such 
alliance  He  might  shake  off  the  Roman 
yoke,  and  raise  the  kingdom  of  David 
to  a  first-class  power.  Jesus  rejects  ' 
counsel,  and  tells  the  tempter  that 


VIU 

the 
the 

II 


PARAGUAY. 


731 


PARIDEL. 


Jews  were  for  tlie  present  under  a  cloud 
for  their  sins,  but  that  the  time  would 
come  when  God  would  put  forth  His 
hand  on  their  behalf. 

IV.  Satan  shows  Jesus  Rome,  with  all 
its  greatness,  and  says,  *'  I  can  easily 
dethrone  Tiberius,  and  seat  Thee  on  the 
imperial  throne."  He  then  shows  Him 
Athens,  and  says,  "  I  will  make  Thee 
master  of  their  wisdom  and  high  state 
of  civilization,  if  Thou  wilt  fall  down 
and  worship  me."  "Get  thee  behind 
Me,  Satan  !  "  was  the  indignant  answer  ; 
and  Satan,  finding  all  his  endeavours 
useless,  tells  Jesus  of  the  sufferings 
prepared  for  Him,  takes  Him  back  to 
the  wilderness,  and  leaves  Him  there  ; 
but  angels  come  and  minister  unto  Him. 
—Milton  (1671). 

Paraguay  (A  Tale  of),  by  Southey, 
m  four  cantos  (1814).  The  small-pox, 
having  broken  out  among;st  the  Guaranis, 
carried  off  the  whole  tribe  except  Quiara 
and  his  wife  Monngma,  who  then  mi- 
grated from  the  fatal  spot  to  the  Mondai 
woods.  Here  a  son  (Yeruti)  and  after- 
wards a  daughter  (Mooma)  were  born ; 
but  before  the  birth  of  the  latter,  the 
father  was  eaten  by  a  jaguar.  When  the 
children  were  of  a  youthful  age,  a  Jesuit 
priest  induced  the  three  to  come  and  live 
at  St.  Jofichin  (3  syl.)  ;  so  they  left  the 
wild  woods  for  a  city  life.  Here,  in  a 
few  months,  the  mother  flagged  and 
died.  The  daughter  next  drooped,  and 
soon  followed  her  mother  to  the  grave. 
The  son,  now  the  only  remaining  one  of 
the  entire  race,  begged  to  be  baptized, 
received  the  rite,  cried,  "Ye are  come  for 
me !    I  am  ready ;  "  and  died  also. 

ParalleL  "None  but  thyself  can 
be  thy  parallel,"  from  The  Doxiblc  False- 
hood, by  Theobald  (1721).  Massinger, 
in  The  Duke  of  Milan,  iv.  3  (1662), 
makes  Sforza  say  of  Marelia : 

Her  goodness  does  disdain  comparison, 
And,  but  herself,  admits  no  parallel. 

Pare  aux  Cerfs  {''the  deer  park"), 
a  mansion  in  Versailles,  to  which  girls 
were  inveigled  for  the  licentious  pleasure 
of  Louis  XV.     An  Alsatia. 

Boulogne  may  b«  proud  of  being  tlie  pare  aux  cerfi 
to  tliose  wliom  remorseless  greed  drives  from  tlieir  island 
nom^.—Huturday  lleview. 

Par'cinus,  a  young  prince  in  love 
with  his  cousin  Irolit'a,  but  beloved  by 
Az'ira.  The  fairy  Danamo  was  Azira's 
mother,  and  resolved  to  make  Irolita 
marry  the  fairy  Brutus ;  but  Parcinus, 
:  »ided    by    the    fairy    Favourable,    sur- 


mounted all  obstacles,   married  Irolita, 
and  made  Brutus  marry  Azira. 

Parcinus  had  a  noble  air,  a  delicate  sliape.  a  fine  head 
of  hair  admirably  white.  ...  He  did  everything  well, 
danced  and  sang  to  iierfection,  and  gained  all  the  prizes 

at    tournaments,    whenever  he    contended  for    them. 

Comtesse  D" Annoy,  Fairy  J  ales  {"  Perfect  Love,"  1682). 

Par'dalo,  the  demon-steed  given  to 
Iniguez  Guerra  by  his  gobelin  mother,  that 
he  might  ride  to  Toledo  and  liberate  his 
father,  don  Diego  Lopez  lord  of  Biscay, 
who  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the 
Moors. — Spanish  Stori/. 

Par'diggle  (Mrs.),  a  formidable 
lad}',  who  conveyed  to  one  the  idea  "  of 
wanting  a  great  deal  of  room."  Like 
Mrs.  Jellyby,  she  devoted  herself  to  the 
concerns  of  Africa,  and  made  her  family 
of  small  boys  contribute  all  their  pocket 
money  to  the  cause  of  the  Borrioboola 
Gha  mission. — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House 
(1853). 

Pardoner's  Tale  (The),  in  Chaucer's 
Canterbury  Tales,  is  "  Death  and  the 
Rioters."  Three  rioters  agree  to  hunt 
down  Death,  and  kill  him.  An  old  man 
directs  them  to  a  tree  in  a  lane,  where, 
as  he  said,  he  had  just  left  him.  On 
reaching  the  spot,  they  find  a  rich 
treasure,  and  cast  lots  to  decide  who  is 
to  go  and  buy  food.  The  lot  falls  on  the 
youngest,  and  the  other  two,  during  his 
absence,  agree  to  kill  him  on  his  return. 
The  rascal  *ent  to  buy  food  poisons  the 
wine,  in  order  to  secure  to  himself  the 
whole  treasure.  Now  comes  the  catas- 
trophe :  The  two  set  on  the  third  and 
slay  him,  but  die  soon  after  of  the  poi- 
soned wine  ;  so  the  three  rioters  find  death 
imder  the  tree,  as  the  old  man  said, 
paltering  in  a  double  sense  (1388). 

Parian  Chronicle,  a  register  of 
the  chief  events  in  the  history  of  ancient 
Greece  for  1318  years,  beginning  with 
the  reign  of  Cecrops  and  ending  with 
the  archonship  of  Dioguetus.  It  is  one 
of  the  Arundelian  Marbles,  and  was 
found  in  the  island  of  Paros. 

Parian  Verse,  ill-natured  satire ; 
so  called  from  Archil'ochus,  a  native  of 
Paros. 

Pari-Ba'nou,  afairj^who  gave  prince 
Ahmed  a  tent,  which  would  fold  into  so 
small  a  compass  that  a  lady  might  carrv 
it  about  as  a  toy,  but,  when  spread,  ft 
would  cover  a  whole  army. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Prince  Ahmed  and  Pari- 
Banou"). 

Paridel  is  a  name  employed  in  the 


PAKTDEL. 


r32 


PARISMENOS. 


Punciad  for  an  idle  libertine — rich, 
young,  and  at  leisure.  The  model  is  sir 
Paridel,  in  the  Faery  Qticen. 

Thee,  too,  my  Paridel,  she  marked  thee  there. 
Stretched  on  th.e  nick  of  a  too-easy  chair, 
Aud  heard  thy  everlasting  yawn  confess 
The  pains  and  penalties  of  idleness. 

Pope,  The  Dvnciud,  iv.  341  (1742). 

Far'idel  (Sir),  descendant  of  Paris, 
"whose  son  was  Parius  who  settled  in 
Paros,  and  left  his  kingdom  to  his  son 
Par'idas,  from  whom  Paridel  descended. 
Having  gained  the  hospitality  of  Mal- 
becco,  sir  Paridel  eloped  with  his  wife 
Dame  Hel'inore  (3  si/L),  bnt  soon  quitted 
her,  leaving  her  to  go  whither  she  would. 
*'So  had  he  served  many  another  one" 
(bk.  iii.  10).  In  bk,  iv.  1  sir  Paridel  is 
discomfited  by  sir  Scudamore. — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  iii.  10 ;  iv.  1  (1590,  1596). 

*„,*  "Sir  Paridel"  is  meant  for  Charles 
Nevil,  sixth  and  last  of  the  Nevils  earls 
of  Westmoreland.  He  joined  the  Nor- 
thumberland rebellion  of  1569  for  the 
restoration  of  Mary  queen  of  Scots  ;  and 
when  the  plot  failed,  made  his  escape  to 
the  Continent,  where  he  lived  in  poverty 
and  obscurity.  The  earl  was  quite  a 
Lothario,  whose  delight  was  to  win  the 
love  of  women,  and  then  to  abandon 
them. 

Paris,  a  son  of  Priam  and  Hecuba, 
noted  for  his  beauty.  He  married  Oinone, 
daughter  of  Cebren  the  river-god.  Sub- 
sequently, during  a  visit  to  Menelaos 
king  of  Sparta,  he  eloped  with  queen 
Helen,  and  this  brought  about  the  Trojan 
war.  Being  wounded  by  an  arrow  from 
the  bow  of  Philoctetes,  he  sent  for  his 
wife,  who  hastened  to  him  with  reme- 
dies ;  but  it  was  too  late — he  died  of  his 
wound,and  CEnone  hungherself .—  Homer, 
Jliad. 

Paris  was  appointed  to  decide  which 
of  the  three  goddesses  (Juno,  Pallas,  or 
Minerva)  was  the  fairest  fair,  and  to 
which  should  be  awarded  the  golden 
apple  thrown  "to  the  most  beautiful." 
The  three  goddesses  tried  by  bribes  to 
obtain  the  verdict:  Juno  promised  him 
dominion  if  he  would  decide  in  her 
favour  ;  Minerva  promised  him  wisdom  ; 
but  Venus  said  she  would  find  him  the 
most  beautiful  of  women  for  wife,  if  he 
allotted  to  her  the  apple.  Paris  handed 
the  apple  to  Venus. 

Not  Cytherea  from  a  fairer  swain 
Keceived  her  apple  on  the  Trojan  plain. 

Falconer,  The  Hhipvn-eck,  i  3  (1756). 

Par'is,  a  yoimg  nobleman,  kinsman  of 
pnnce  E&'calus  of  Verona,  and  the  un- 


successful suitor  of  his  cousin  Juliet.— 
Shakespeare,  Romeo  and  Juliet  (1598). 

FaiHs.  The  French  say,  II  n'y  a  que 
Paris  ("  there  is  but  one  city  in  the 
world  worth  seeing,  and  that  is  Paris"). 
The  Neapolitans  have  a  similar  phrase. 
Voir  Naples  et  mourir. 

Paris  of  Japan,  Osaka,  south-west  of 
Miako. — Gibson.  Gallery  of  Geographu, 
926  (1872). 

Little  Paris.  Brussels  is  so  called.  So 
is  the  "  Galleria  Vittorio  Emanuele  "  of 
Milan,  on  account  of  its  brilliant  shops, 
its  numerous  cafes,  and  its  general  gaiety. 

Paris  (Notre  Dame  de),  by  Victor  Hugo 
(1831).      (See  Esmeralda  and  Quasi- 

MODO.) 

Paris  Garden,  a  bear-garden  on  the 
south  bank  of  the  Thames ;  so  called  from 
Robert  de  Paris,  whose  house  and  garden 
were  there  in  the  time  of  Kichard  K. 

Do  yon  take  the  court  for  Paris  Garden  !— Shakespeare, 
nenry  VIII.  act  v.  sc.  4  (1601). 

Parisina,  wife  of  Azo  chief  of  Fef- 
rara.  She  had  been  betrothed  before  her 
marriage  to  Hugo,  a  natural  son  of  Azo, 
and  after  Azo  took  her  for  his  bride,  the 
attachment  of  Parisina  and  Hugo  coi 
tinned,  and  had  freer  scope  for  indu] 
gence.  One  night,  Azo  heard  Parisina  i 
sleep  confess  her  love  for  Hugo,  whe 
upon  he  had  his  son  beheaded,  an 
though  he  spared  the  life  of  Parisina, 
one  ever  knew  what  became  of  her, 
Byron,  Parisina  (1816). 

Such  is  Byron's  version ;  but  histo 
says  Niccolo  HI.  of  Ferrara  (Byroi 
"  Azo  ")  had  for  his  second  wifeParisi 
Malatesta,  who  showed  great  aversion 
Ugo,  a  natural  son  of  Niccolo,  whom 
greatly  loved.  One  day,  with  the  hope 
of  lessening  this  strong  avftraion,  he  sent 
Ugo  to  escort  her  on  a  journey,  and  the 
two  fell  in  love  with  each  other.  After 
their  return,  the  affection  of  Parisina  and 
Ugo  continued  unabated,  and  a  servant 
named  Zoe'se  (3  syl.)  having  told  the 
marquis  of  their  criminal  intimacy,  he 
had  the  two  guilty  ones  brought  to  open 
trial.  They  were  both  condemned  to 
death,  Ugo  was  beheaded  first,  then 
Parisina.  Some  time  after,  Niccolo  mar- 
ried a  third  wife,  and  had  several  chil- 
dren.— Frizzi,  History  of  Ferrara. 

Parisme'nos,  the  hero  of  the  second 
part  of  Parismus  (q.v.).  This  part  con- 
tains the  adventurous  travels  of  Paris- 
menos,  his  deeds  of  chivalry,  and  love 
for  the  nrincess  Angelica,  "  the  Lady 


ive 


PARISMUS. 


733 


PAROLLES. 


the    Golden    Tower." — Emanuel    Foord, 
Farismenos  (1598). 

Paris'mus,  a  valiant  and  renowned 
prince  of  Bohemia,  the  hero  of  a  romance 
BO  called.  This  "history"  contains  an 
account  of  his  battles  against  the  Per- 
sians, his  love  for  Laurana,  daughter  of 
the  king  of  Thessaly,  and  his  strange 
adventures  in  the  Desolate  Island.  The 
second  part  contains  the  exploits  and 
love  affairs  of  Parisme'nos. — Emanuel 
Foord,  Parismus  (1598). 

Pariza'de  (4  syL),  daughter  of 
Khrosrou-schah  sultan  of  Persia,  and 
sister  of  Bahman  and  Perviz.  These 
three,  in  infancy,  were  sent  adrift,  each  at 
the  time  of  birth,  through  the  jealousy 
of  their  two  maternal  aunts,  who  went  to 
nurse  the  sultana  in  her  confinement ;  but 
they  were  drawn  out  of  the  canal  by  the 
superintendent  of  the  sultan's  gardens, 
who  brought  them  up.  Parizade  rivalled 
her  brothers  in  horsemanship,  archery, 
running,  and  literature.  One  day,  a 
devotee  who  had  been  kindly  entreated 
by  Parizade,  told  her  the  house  she  lived 
in  wanted  three  things  to  make  it  per- 
fect:  (1)  the  talking  bird,  (2)  the  singing 
tree,  and  (3)  the  gold-coloured  water. 
Her  two  brothers  went  to  obtain  these 
treasures,  but  failed.  Parizade  then  went, 
and  succeeded.  The  sultan  paid  them  a 
visit,  and  the  talking  bird  revealed  to 
him  the  story  of  their  birth  and  bringing 
up.  When  the  sultan  heard  the  infamous 
tale,  he  commanded  the  two  sisters  to  be 
put  to  death,  and  Parizade,  with  her  two 
brothers,  were  then  proclaimed  the  lawful 
children  of  the  sultan. — Arabian  Nights 
("The  Two  Sisters,"  the  last  story). 

***  The  story  of  Chery  and  Fairstar, 
by  the  comtesse  D'Aunoy,  is  an  imita- 
tion of  this  tale ;  and  introduces  the 
"green  bird,"  the  "singing  apple," 
and  the  "  dancing  water." 

Parley.  "  If  ye  parley  with  the  foe, 
you're  lost." — Arden  of  Fever  sham,  iii.  2 
(1592)  ;  recast  by  Geo.  Lillo  (1739). 

^  Parley  {Peter),  Samuel  Griswold  Good- 
rich, an  American.  Above  seven  millions 
of  his  books  were  in  circulation  in  1859 
(1793-1860). 

*^t*  Several  piracies  of  this  popular 
name  have  appeared.  Thus,  S.  Kettell  of 
America  pirated  the  name  in  order  to  sell 
under  false  colours ;  Darton  and  Co.  issued 
a  Peter  Parley's  AnnwU  (1841-1855) ;  Sim- 
kins,  a  Peter  Parley's  Life  of  Paul  (1845)  5 
Bogue,  a  Peter  Parley's  Visit  to  London^ 


etc.  (1844)  ;  Tegg,  several  works  under 
the  same  name  ;  Hodson,  a  Peter  Parlev's 
Bible  Geographij  (1839) ;  Clements,  a  Peter 
Parlev's  Child's  First  Step  (1839)1  None 
of  which  works  were  by  Goodrich,  the 
real  "  Peter  Parley." 

William  Martin  was  the  writer  of 
Barton's  "  Peter  Parley  series."  George 
Mogridge  wrote  several  tales  under  the 
name  of  Peter  Parley.  How  far  such 
"false  pretences"  are  justifiable,  public 
opinion  must  decide. 

Parliament  (The  Black),  a  parlia- 
ment held  by  Henry  VIII.  in  Bridewell. 

(For  Addled  parliament,  Barebone's 
parliament,  the  Devil's  parliament,  the 
Drunken  parliament,  the  Good  parlia- 
ment, the  Long  parliament,  the  Mad 
parliament,  the  Pensioner  parliament, 
the  Rump  parliament,  the  Running  par- 
liament, the  Unmerciful  parliament,  the 
Useless  parliament,  the  Wonder-making 
parliament,  the  parliament  of  Dunces, 
see  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  667.) 

Parnassus  (in  Greek  Pamassos), 
the  highest  part  of  a  range  of  mounbiins 
north  of  Delphi,  in  Greece,  chief  seat  of 
Apollo  and  the  Muses.  Called  by  poets, 
"double-headed,"  from  its  two  highest 
summits,  'PithOr'Sa  and  Lycore'a.  On 
Lycorea  was  the  Corycian  cave,  and 
hence  the  Muses  are  called  the  Corycian 
nymphs. 

Conquer  the  severe  ascent 
Of  high  Pariiiissua. 
Akeuside,  Pleas-ums  0/ Imagination,  i,  (1744). 

Parnassus  of  Japan,  Fusiyama  ("rich 
scholar's  peak"). — Gibson,  Gallery  of 
Geography,  921  (1872). 

Parnelle  (Mde.),  the  mother  of  Mon. 
Orgon,  and  an  ultra-admirer  of  Tartulfe, 
whom  she  looks  on  as  a  saint.  In  the 
adaptation  of  Moliere's  comedy  by  Isaac 
Bickerstaff,  Mde.  Parnelle  is  called  "  old 
lady  Lambert;"  her  son,  "sir  John  Lam- 
bert;" and  Tartuffe,  "Dr.  Cantwell." — 
Moliere,  Tartuffe  (1664) ;  Bickerstaff,  The 
Hypocrite  (1768). 

*^*  The  Nonjuror,  by  Gibber  (1706), 
was  the  quarry  of  Bickerstaff's  play. 

Parody  (Father  of),  Hippo'nax  of 
Ephesus  (sixth  century  B.C.). 

Parol'les  (3  syl.),  a  boastful, 
cowardly  follower  of  Bertram  count  of 
Rousillon.  His  utterances  are  racy 
enough,  but  our  contempt  for  the  man 
smothers  our  mirth,  and  we  cannot  laugh. 
In  one  scene  the  bully  is  taken  blindfold 
among  his   old  acquaintances,   who  he 


PARPAILLONS. 


734        PARTHENOPE  OF  NAPLES. 


is  led  to  suppose  are  his  enemies,  and  he 
vilifies  their  characters  to  their  faces  in 
most  admired  foolery. — Shakespeare, 
Airs  Well  that  Ends  Well  (1598). 

He  [Dr.  Parr]  was  a  mere  Parolle*  in  a  pedagogue's 
Wig. — Noctei  AmbrosiancB, 

(For  similar  tongue-doughty  heroes,  see 
IJasilisco,   Bessus,   13i.uff,    Bobadil, 

BoiiOUGHCLIFF,    BrAZEN,    FlASH,     PiS- 

TOL,  Pyrgo  Polinices,  Scaramouch, 
Thraso,  Vincent  de  la  Rosa,  etc.) 

Parpaillons  (King  of  the),  the  father 
of  Gargamelle  "a  jolly  pug  and  well- 
mouthed  wench "  who  married  Gran- 
gousier  *'in  the  vigour  of  his  age,"  and 
became  the  mother  of  Gargantua. — 
Rabelais,  Gargantua,  i.  3  (1533). 

Parr  ( Old) .  Thomas  Parr,  we  are  told, 
lived  in  the  reign  of  ten  sovereigns.  He 
married  his  second  wife  when  he  was  120 
years  old,  and  had  a  child  by  her.  He 
was  a  husbandman,  born  at  Salop,  in 
1483,  and  died  1635,  aged  152. 

Parricide  (The  Beautiful),  Beatrice 
Cenci,  who  is  said  to  have  murdered  her 
father  for  the  incestuous  brutality  with 
which  he  had  treated  her  (died  1599). 

Shelley  has  a  tragedy  on  the  subject, 
called  The  Cenci  (1819). 

Parsley  Peel,  the  first  sir  Robert 
Peel.  So  called  from  the  great  quantity 
of  printed  calico  with  the  parsley-leaf 
pattern  manufactured  by  him  (1760- 
1830). 

Parson  Adams,  a  simple-minded 
countr)''  clergyman  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  At  the  age  of  50  he  was  pro- 
vided with  a  handsome  income  of  £23  a 
year  (nearly  £300  of  our  money). — Field- 
ing, Joseph  Andrews  (1742). 

Timothy  Burrell,  Esq.,  in  1715,  be- 
queathed to  his  nephew  Timothy,  the 
sum  of  £20  a  year,  to  be  paid  during  his 
residence  at  the  university,  and  to  be  con- 
tinued to  him  till  he  obtained  some  pre- 
ferment worth  at  least  £30  a  year.— 
Sussex  Archceological  Collections,  iii.  172. 

Goldsmith  says  the  clergyman  of  his 
"deserted  village"  was  "passing"  or 
exceedingly  rich,  for  he  had  £40  a  year 
(equal  to  £500  now).  In  Norway  and 
Sweden,  to  the  present  day,  the  clergy 
are  paid  from  £20  to  £40  a  year,  and  in 
France,  £40  is  the  usual  stipend  of  the 
working  clergy. 

Parson  Bate,  a  stalwart,  choleric, 
sporting  parson,  editor  of  the  Morning 


Fast  in  the  latter  half  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  He  was  afterwards  sir  Henry 
Bate  Dudley,  bart. 

When  sir  Henry  Bate  Dudley  was  appointed  an  Irish 
dean,  a  young  lady  of  Dublin  said,  "  Ocii !  how  I  long  to 
see  our  dane  I  They  say  .  .  .  he  fights  lilie  an  angel."— 
CatseU's  Magazine  ("London  Legends,"  iii.). 

Parson  Runo  (A),  a  simple-minded 
clergyman,  wholly  unacquamted  with  the 
world  ;  a  Dr.  Primrose,  in  fact.  It  is  a 
Russian  household  phrase,  having  its 
origin  in  the  singular  simplicity  of  the 
Lutheran  clergy  of  the  Isle  of  Runo. 

Parson  TruUiber,  a  fat  clergyman, 
slothful,  ignorant,  and  intensely  bigoted. 
— Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews  (1742). 

Parsons  (Walter),  the  giant  porter 
of  king  James  I.  (died  1622).— Fuller, 
Worthies  (1662). 

Parsons'  Kaiser  (The),  Karl  IV. 
of  Germany,  who  was  set  up  by  pope 
Clement  VI.,  while  Ludwig  IV.  was  still 
on  the  throne.  The  Germans  called  the 
pope's  protege',  ^^pfaffen  kaiser." 

Parthe'nia,  the  mistress  of  ArgSlus. 
—Sir  Philip  Sidney,  Arcadia  (1580). 

Parthen'ia,  Maidenly  Chastity  personi- 
fied. Parthenia  is  sister  of  Agnei'a 
(3  syl.)  or  wifely  chastity,  the  spouse  o^ 
Encra'tes  or  temperance.  Her  attenda  ~ 
is  Er'ythre  or  modesty.  (Greek, 
thSnia,  "  maidenhood.") — Phineas  Flet 
cher.  The  Purple  Island,  x.  (1633). 

Partlien'oi)e  (4   syl.),  one  of 
three  syrens.     She  was  buried  at  NapU 
Naples  itself  was  anciently  called  Pa 
thenope,   which   name  was  changed 
Neap'olis  ("the  new  city")  by  a  color 
of  Cumaeans. 

By  dead  Parthenope's  dear  tomb. 

Milton,  Comus,  879  (16a4).J 
Loitering  by  the  sea 
That  laves  the  passionate  shores  of  suf  c  Parthenopfi. 
Lord  Lytton,  Ode,  iii.  2  (1839). 

(The  three  syrens  were  Parthen'ope, 
Ligea,  and  Leucos'ia  not  Levx^oth'ea,  q.v.) 

Parthen'ope  (4  syl.),  the  damsel  beloved 
by  prince  Volscius. — Duke  of  Bucking- 
ham, The  Rehearsal  (1671). 

Parthen'ope  of  Naples,  San- 
nazaro  the  Neapolitan  poet,  called  "  The 
Christian  Virgil."  Most  of  his  poems 
were  published  under  the  assumed  name 
of  Actius  Sincerus  (1458-1530). 

At  last  the  Muses  .  .  .  scattered  .  .  . 

Their  blooming  wreaths  from  fair  Valclusa's  bowers  [1 

trarch] 
To  Arno\n'<nt4  and  Boccaccio]  .  .  .  and  the  si 
Of  sof  IParthenope. 

Akeuside,  i'leuiures  qf  Jmijittation,  ii.  (17441 


PARTHENOPEAN  REPUBLIC.       735 


PASSAMONTE. 


Parthenope'an  Republic,  Naples 
(1799). 

Partington  (Mrs.),  an  old  lady  of 
amusing  affectations  and  ridiculous  blun- 
ders of  speech.  Sheridan's  "Mrs.  Mala- 
prop"and  Smollett's  "Tabitha  Bramble" 
are  similar  characters. — B.  P.  Shillaber 
(an  American  humorist). 

I  do  not  mean  to  be  disrespectful ;  but  the  attempt  of 
the  lords  to  stop  the  progress  of  reform  reminds  me  very 
forcibly  of  the  great  storm  of  Sidmouth,  and  the  conduct 
of  the  excellent  Mrs.  Partington  on  that  occasion.  In  the 
winter  of  18-24,  there  set  in  n  great  flood  upon  that  town  ; 
the  tide  rose  to  an  incredible  height ;  the  waves  ruslied  in 
upon  the  houses;  and  everything  was  threatened  with 
destruction.  In  the  midst  of  this  sublime  storm,  Dame 
Partington,  who  lived  upon  tlie  beach,  was  seen  at  the 
door  of  her  house  with  mop  and  pattens,  trundling  her 
mop,  squeezing  out  the  sea-water,  and  vigorously  pushitig 
away  tl-.e  Atlantic  Ocean.  The  Atlantic  was  roused ;  Mrs. 
Partington's  spirit  was  up ;  but  I  need  not  tell  you  that 
the  contest  Wiis  unequal.  The  Atlantic  beat  Mrs.  Part- 
ington. She  was  excellent  at  a  slop  or  puddle,  but  should 
never  have  meddled  witli  a  tempest.  —  Sydney  Smith 
(speech  at  Taunton,  1831). 

Partlet,  the  hen,  in  "The  Nun's 
Priest's  Tale,"  and  in  the  famous  beast- 
epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). — Chaucer, 
Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

Sister  Partlet  with  her  hooded  head,  the 
cloistered  community  of  nuns  ;  the 
Roman  Catholic  clergy  being  the  "  barn- 
door fowls." — Dryden,  Hind  and  Panther 
(1687). 

Partridge.  Talus  was  changed  into 
a  partridge. 

Partridge,  cobbler,  quack,  astrologer, 
and  almanac-maker  (died  1708).  Dean 
Swift  wrote  an  elegy  on  him. 

Here,  fire  feet  deep,  lies  on  his  back, 
A  cobler,  starmonger,  and  quack, 
Wlio,  to  the  stars  in  pure  good  will, 
Does  to  his  best  look  upward  still. 
Weep  all  you  customers  that  use 
His  pills,  his  almanacs,  or  shoes. 

Partridge,  the  attendant  of  Tom  Jones, 
as  Strap  is  of  Smollett's  "  Roderick  Ran- 
dom." Faithful,  shrewd,  and  of  child-like 
simplicity.  He  is  half  barber  and  half 
schoolmaster.  His  excitement  in  the 
play-house  when  he  went  to  see  Garrick 
in  "Hamlet"  is  charming.  —  Fielding, 
The  History  of  Tom  Jones  (1749). 

The  humour  of  Smollett,  although  genuine  and  hearty, 
Is  coarse  and  vulgar.  He  wa.s  superficial  where  Fielding 
showed  deep  insight;  but  he  had  a  rude  conception  of 
generosity  of  which  Fielding  seems  incapable.  It  is  owing 
to  this  that  "Strap"  is  superior  to  "  Partridge." — Hozlitt, 
(Jomic  Writers. 

Partridge's  Day  (Saint),  September 
1,  the  first  day  of  partridge  shootir.g. 
So  August  12  is  called  "  St.  Grouse's 
Day." 

Parvenue.  One  of  the  O'Neals, 
being  told  that  Barrett  of  Castlemone  had 
only  been  400  years  in  Ireland,  replied, 


"  I  hate  the  upstart,  which  can  only  look 
back  to  yesterday." 

Parviz  C"^ victorious''^),  surname  of 
Khosrou  II.  of  Persia.  He  kept  15,000 
female  musicians,  6000  household  officers, 
20,500  saddle-mules,  960  elephants,  200 
slaves  to  scatter  perfumes  when  he  went 
abroad,  and  1000  sekabers  to  water  the 
roads  before  him.  His  horse,  Shibdiz, 
was  called  "the  Persian  Bucephalus." 

The  reigns  of  Khosrou  I.  and  II.  were 
the  golden  period  of  Persian  history. 

Parzival,  the  hero  and  title  of  a  metri- 
cal romance,  by  Wolfram  v.  Eschenbach. 
Parzival  was  brought  up  by  a  widowed 
mother  in  solitude,  but  when  grown  to 
manhood,  two  wandering  knights  per- 
suaded him  to  go  to  the  court  of  king 
Arthur.  His  mother,  hoping  to  deter 
him,  consented  to  his  going  if  he  would 
wear  the  dress  of  a  common  jester.  This 
be  did,  but  soon  achieved  such  noble 
deeds  that  Arthur  made  him  a  knight 
of  the  Round  Table.  Sir  Parzival  went 
in  quest  of  the  holy  graal,  which  wag 
kept  in  a  magnificent  castle  called  Graal- 
burg,  in  Spain,  built  by  the  royal  priest 
Titurel.  He  reached  the  castle,  but 
having  neglected  certain  conditions,  was 
shut  out,  and,  on  his  return  to  court,  the 
priestess  of  Graal-burg  insisted  on  his 
being  expelled  the  court  and  degraded 
from  knighthood.  Parzival  then  led  a 
new  life  of  abstinence  and  self-abnega- 
tion, and  a  wise  hermit  became  his  in- 
structor. At  length  he  reached  such  a 
state  of  purity  and  sanctity  that  the 
priestess  of  Graal-burg  declared  him 
worthy  to  become  lord  of  the  castle 
(1205). 

*^*  This,  of  course,  \^  an  allegory  of 
a  Christian  giving  up  everything  in  order 
to  be  admitted  a  priest  and  king  in  the 
city  of  God,  and  becoming  a  fool  in  order 
to  learn  true  wisdom  (see  1  Cor.  iii.  18). 

Pasquin,  a  Roman  cobbler  of  the 
latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century,  whose 
shop  stood  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the 
Braschi  palace  near  the  Piazza  Navoni. 
He  was  noted  for  his  caustic  remarks  and 
bitter  sayings.  After  his  death,  a  muti- 
lated statue  near  the  shop  was  called  by 
his  name,  and  made  the  repository  of  all 
the  bitter  epigrams  and  satirical  verses  of 
the  city  ;  hence  called  pasquinades  (3  syl.). 

Sir  Archy  M 'Sarcasm — the  common  Pasquin  of  the  town. 
— C.  Macklin,  Love  d-la-mode,  L  1  (1779). 

Passamonte  (Gines  de),  the  galley- 
slave  set  free  by  don  Quixote.  He  re- 
turned the  favour  by  stealing  Sancho'a 


PASSATORE. 


736 


PATAGONIANS. 


wallet  and  ass.  Subsequently  he  re- 
appeared as  a  puppet-showman.  —  Cer- 
vantes, Don  Quixote  (1605-15). 

Passatore  {II),  a  title  assumed  by 
Belli'no,  an  Italian  bandit  chief,  who 
died  1851. 

Passe-Iiourdaud  (3  syL),  a  great 
rock  near  Poitiers,  where  there  is  a  very 
narrow  hole  on  the  edge  of  a  precipice, 
through  which  the  university  freshmen 
are  made  to  pass  to  "  matriculate"  them. 
(Passe-Lourdaud  means  "lubber-pass.") 

The  same  is  done  at  Mantua,  where  the 
freshmen  are  made  to  pass  under  the  arch 
of  St.  Longinus. 

Passeryon,  a  young  foundling 
brought  up  by  Morgan  la  Fe'e.  He  was 
detected  in  an  intrigue  with  Morgan's 
daughter.  The  adventures  of  this  amorous 
youth  are  related  in  the  romance  called 
rerceforest,  iii. 

Passetreul,  the  name  of  sir  Tris- 
tram's horse. 

Passe-tyme  of  Plesure,  an  alle- 
gorical poem  in  forty-six  capitulos  and 
in  seven-line  stanzas,  by  Stephen  Hawes 
(1506).  The  poet  supposes  that  while 
Graunde  Amoure  was  walking  in  a 
meadow,  he  encountered  Fame,  "en- 
uyroned  with  tongues  of  fyre,"  who  told 
him  about  La  bell  Pucell,  a  ladye  fair, 
living  in  the  Tower  of  Musike,  and  then 
departed,  leaving  him  under  the  charge 
of  Gouernaunce  and  Grace  who  conducted 
him  to  the  Tower  of  Doctrine.  Coun- 
tenaance,  the  portress,  showed  him  over 
the  tOAver,  and  lady  Science  sent  him  to 
Gramer.  Afterwards  he  was  sent  to 
Logyke,  Kethorike,  Inuention,  Aris- 
metrike,  and  Musike.  In  the  Tower  of 
Musike  he  met  La  bell  Pucell,  pleaded  his 
love,  and  was  kindly  entreated  ;  but  they 
were  obliged  to  part  for  the  time  being, 
while  Graunde  Amoure  continued  his 
**  passe-tyme  of  plesure."  On  quitting  La 
bell  Pucell,  he  went  to  Geometrye,  and 
then  to  Dame  Astronomy.  Then,  leaving 
the  Tower  of  Science,  he  entered  that 
of  Chyualry.  Here  Mynerue  introduced 
him  to  kyng  Melyzyus,  after  which  he 
went  to  the  temple  of  Venus,  who  sent  a 
letter  on  his  behalf  to  La  bell  Pucell. 
Meanwhile,  the  giant  False  Report  (or 
Godfrey  Gobilyue),  met  him,  and  put  him 
to  great  distress  in  the  house  of  Correction, 
but  Perceueraunce  at  length  conducted 
him  to  the  manour-house  of  Dame  Com- 
fort. After  sundry  trials,  Graunde 
Amoure  married  La  bell  Pucell,  and,  after 


many  a  long  day  of  happiness  and  love, 
was  arrested  by  Age,  who  took  him  before 
Policye  and  Auarice.  Death,  in  time, 
came  for  him,  and  Remembraunce  wrote 
his  epitaph. 

Paston  Letters,  letters  chiefly 
written  to  or  by  the  Paston  family,  in 
Norfolk.  Charles  Knight  calls  them 
"an  invaluable  record  of  the  social 
customs  of  the  fifteenth  century."  Two 
volumes  appeared  in  1787,  entitled 
Original  Letters  Written  During  the  lieigns 
of  Henry  VI.,  Edward  IV.,  and  Richard 
III.,  by  Various  Persons  of  Rank.  Three 
extra  volumes  were  subsequently  printed. 

Some  doubt  has  been  raised  respecting 
the  authenticity  of  these  letters. 

Pastor  Fi'do  (//),  a  pastoral  by 
Giovanni  Battista  Guari'ni  of  Ferrara 
(1585). 

Pastoral  Romance  ( Tlie  Father  of), 
Honore  d'Urfe  (1567-1625). 

Pastorella,  the  fair  shepherdess  (bk. 
vi.  9),  beloved  by  Cory  don,  but  "neither 
for  him  nor  any  other  did  she  care  a  whit." 
She  was  a  foundling,  brought  up  by  the 
shepherd  Melibee.      When   sir  Calidorc 
(3  syl.)  was  the  shepherd's  guest,  he  fell 
in  love  with  the  fair  foundling,  who  re 
turned  his  love.     During  the  absence 
sir  Calidore    in    a    hunting   expedition^ 
Pastorella,   with   Melibee  and  Corydor 
were  carried   off  by  brigands.     Melibe 
was  killed,  Cory  don  effected  his  escape 
and  Pastorella  was  wounded.     Sir  Cali'^ 
dore    went    to    rescue   his    shepherdess 
killed  the  brigand  chief,   and    brou^" 
back  the  captive  in  safety  (bk.  vi.  li)| 
He  took  her  to  Belgard  Castle,  and 
turned  out  that  the  beautiful  foundlin| 
was  the  daughter  of   lady  Claribel  an^ 
sir    Bellamour   (bk.  vi.    12).  —  Spensei 
Faery  Q^ieen,  vi.  9-12  (1596). 

"Pastorella"  is  meant  for  France 
Walsingham,  daughter  of  sir  Francis 
Walsingham,  whom  sir  Philip  Sidney 
("sir Calidore")  married.  After  Sidney's 
death,  the  widow  married  the  earl  of 
Essex  (the  queen's  favourite).  Sir  Philip 
being  the  author  of  a  romance  called 
Arcadia,  suggested  to  the  poet  the  name 
Pastorella. 

Patago'nians.  This  word  means 
"  large  foot,"  from  the  Spanish  patagdn 
("a  large,  clumsy  foot ").  The  Spaniards 
so  called  the  natives  of  this  part  of  Soutl 
America,  from  the  unusual  size  of  thi 
human  foot-prints  in  the  sand.    It  ftp* 


PATAMBA. 


737 


PATRIARCHS. 


pears  that  these  foot-prints  were  due  to  a 
larf^e  clumsy  shoe  worn  by  the  nativt'f*. 
and  were  not  the  impressions  of  naked 
feet. 

Patam'ba,  a  city  of  the  Az'tecas, 
south  of  Missouri,  utterly  destroyed  by 
earthquake  and  overwhelmed. 

Tlie  tempest  Is  abroad.    Fierce  from  the  north 
A  wind  uptears  the  lake,  whose  lowest  depths 
Rock,  while  convulsions  shake  the  solid  eurth. 
Wliei-e  is  Pataniba?  .  .  .  The  niiglity  lake 
Hath  burst  its  bounds,  and  yon  wide  viUley  roars, 
A  troubled  sea,  before  the  rolling  storm. 

Southey,  Madoe  (1805). 

Patch,  the  clever,  intriguing  waiting- 
iroman  of  Isabinda  daughter  of  sir 
Jealous  Traffick.  As  she  was  handing  a 
love-letter  in  cipher  to  her  mistress,  she 
let  it  fall,  and  sir  Jealous  picked  it  up. 
He  could  not  read  it,  but  insisted  on 
knowing  what  it  meant.  "  Oh,"  cried  the 
ready  wit,  "it  is  a  charm  for  the  tooth- 
ache ! "  and  the  suspicion  of  sir  Jealous 
was  diverted  (act  iv.  2).— Mrs.  Centlivre, 
Tke  Busij  BocUj  {iH)^). 

Patch  (Clause),  king  of  the  beggars. 
He  died  in  1730,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Bampfylde  Moore  Carew. 

Patche  (1  sijL),  cardinal  Wolsey's 
jester.  When  the  cardinal  felt  his  favour 
giving  way,  he  sent  Patche  as  a  gift  to 
the  king,  and  Henry  Vlll.  considered 
the  gift  a  most  acceptable  one. 

We  call  one  Patche  or  Cowlson,  whom  we  see  to  do  a 
thing  foolishly,  because  these  two  in  tlieir  time  were 
notable  fools.— Wilson,  Art  of  Khetorique  (1553). 

Patched-up  Peace  {The),  a  treaty 
of  peace  between  the  due  d'Orle'ans  and 
John  of  Burgundy  (1409). 

***    Sometimes     the    treaty    between 
Charles  IX.  and  the  huguenots,  concluded 
I  at  Longjumeau  in  15G8,  is  so  called  {La 
Paix  Fourre'e). 

Patelin    (2    s\jl.),    the    hero    of   an 

f  ancient   French   comedy.      He   contrives 

i  to  obtain  on  credit  six  ells  of  cloth  from 

William  Josseaume,  by  artfully  praising 

the    tradesman's    father.       Any    subtle, 

crafty  fellow,   who    entices   by   flattery 

and  insinuating  arts,  is  called  a  Patelin. 

—P.  Blanchet,  L'Avocat  Fatelin  (1459- 

'  1519). 

On  lui  .-.ttribue,  m.tis  i  tort,  la  farce  de  L'A  vorat  Patelin, 

qui  est  plus  ancienne  que  lui.  —  Bouillet,   Dictionary 

iniueriel  d' UiUoire,  etc.,  art.  "  BUanchet."* 

Consider,  sir,  I  pray  yo.i.  how  the  noble  Patelin,  having 

\  a  mind  to  exUil  to  llie  liiii-d  iiaavens  the  father  of  Willi:ini 

I  Jossejiume,  said  no  more  than  this  :  he  did  lend  his  goods 

'  freely  to  those  who  were  desirous  of  Uieni. — Kabeluis, 

J'uiitiii/riiel,  iii.  4  (1546). 

*if*  D.  A.  de  Brueys  reproduced  this 
comedy  in  1706. 


Pater  Patrum.  St.  Gregory  of 
Nvssa  is  so  called  by  the  council  of 
Nice  (332-395). 

Paterson  (Pate),  serving  -  boy  to 
Bryce  Snailsfoot  the  pedlar. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Pathfinder  (T/w),  Natty  Bumppo; 
also  called  "The  Deerslayer,"  "The 
Hawk-eye,"  and  "The  Trapper." — 
Fenimore  Cooper  (five  novels  called  77«? 
Pathjinder,  The  Pioneers,  The  Deerslayer, 
The  Last  of  the  Mohicans,  and  The 
Prairie. 

Pathfinder  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  (The),  major-general  John 
Charles  Fremont,  who  conducted  four 
exploring  expeditions  across  the  Rocky 
Mountains  in  1842. 

Patience  and  Shxiffle  the 
Cards. 

In  the  mean  time,  as  Durandartfi  says  in  the  cave  of 
Montesi'nos,  "Patience  and  shuffle  the  cards."— Lord 
Byron. 

Patient  Griselda  or  Grisildis, 
the  wife  of  Wautier  marquis  of  Saluces. 
Boccaccio  says  she  was  a  poor  country 
lass,  who  became  the  wife  of  Gualtiere 
marquis  of  Saluzzo.  She  was  robbed  of 
her  children  by  her  husband,  reduced  to 
abject  poverty,  divorced,  and  commanded 
to  assist  in  the  marriage  of  her  husband 
with  another  woman  ;  but  she  bore  every 
affront  patiently,  and  without  complaint. 
— Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales  ("The 
Clerk's  Tale,"  1388);  Boccaccio,  De- 
cameron, X.  10  (1352). 

The  tale  is  allegorical  of  that  text, 
"The  Lord  gave,  and  the  Lord  hath 
taken  away ;  blessed  be  the  name  of  the 
Lord  "  {Job  i.  21). 

Patient  Man.  "  Beware  the  fury 
of  a  patient  man." — Dryden,  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  i.  (1681). 

Patin,  brother  of  the  emperor  of 
Rome.  He  fights  with  Am'adis  of  Gaul, 
and  has  his  horse  killed  under  him. — 
Vasco  de  Lobeira,  Ainadis  of  GaiU  (thir- 
teenth century). 

Patison,  licensed  jester  to  sir  Thos. 
More.  Hans  Holbein  has  introduced 
this  jester  in  his  famous  picture  of  the 
lord  chancellor. 

Patriarch  of  Dorchester,  John 
"White  of  Dorchester,  a  puritan  divine 
(1574-1048). 

Patriarchs  (Th*/  Last  of  the).     So 
Christopher    Casby     of     Bleeding-he  arf- 
3  B 


PATRICK. 


738 


PATRON. 


Tard  was  called.  '*  So  grey,  so  slow,  so 
quiet,  so  ini  passionate,  so  very  bumpy  m 
the  head,  that  patriarch  was  the  word 
for  him."  Painters  implored  him  to  be 
a  model  for  some  patriarch  they  designed 
to  paint.  Philanthropists  looked  on  him 
as  famous  capital  for  a  platform.  He 
liad  once  been  town  agent  in  the  Circum- 
locution Office,  and  was  well-to-do. 

His  face  had  a  bloom  on  it  lilce  ripe  wall-fruit,  and  his 
blue  eves  seemed  to  be  the  eyes  of  wisdom  and  virtue. 
His  whole  face  teemed  with  the  look  of  benignity.  No- 
body could  say  where  the  wisdom  was,  or  where  tlie  virtue 
was,  or  where  the  benignity  w.is,  but  they  seemed  to  bo 
somewhere  about  him.  ...  He  wore  a  long  wide-skirted 
bottle-green  coat,  and  a  bottle-green  pair  of  trousers,  and 
a  bottle-green  waistcoat.  The  patriarchs  were  not  dressed 
In  bottle-green  bromlcloth,  and  yet  his  clothes  looked 
patruirchaL — C.  Dickens,  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Patrick,  an  old  domestic  at  Shaw's 
Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Patrick  (St.),  the  tutelar  saint  of 
Ireland.  Born  at  Kirk  Patrick,  near 
Dumbarton.  His  baptismal  name  was 
*'  Succeath"  ("  valour  in  war"),  changed 
by  Milcho,  to  whom  he  was  sold  as  a 
slave,  into  "Cotharig"  (four  families  or 
four  masters,  to  whom  he  had  been  sold). 
It  was  pope  Celestine  who  changed  the 
name  to  "Patricius,"  when  he  sent  him 
to  convert  the  Irish. 

Certainly  the  most  marvellous  of  all 
the  miracles  ascribed  to  the  saints  is  that 
recorded  of  St.  Patrick.  "  He  swam 
across  the  Shannon  with  his  head  in  his 
mouth  !  " 

St.  Patrick  and  kin;/  O'Neil.  One  day, 
the  saint  set  the  end  of  his  crozier  on 
the  foot  of  O'Neil  king  of  Ulster,  and, 
leaning  heavily  on  it,  hurt  the  king's 
foot  severely ;  but  the  royal  convert 
showed  no  indication  of  pain  or  annoy- 
ance whatsoever. 

A  similar  anecdote  is  told  of  St.  Areed, 
who  went  to  show  the  king  of  Abyssinia 
a  musical  instrument  he  had  invented. 
His  majesty  rested  the  head  of  his  spear 
on  the  saint's  foot,  and  leaned  with  both 
his  hands  on  the  spear  while  he  listened 
to  the  music.  St.  Areed,  though  his  great 
toe  was  severely  pierced,  showed  no  sign 
of  pain,  but  went  on  playing  as  if  nothing 
was  the  matter. 

St.  Pattnck  and  the  Serpent.  St. 
Patrick  cleared  Ireland  of  vermin.  One 
old  serpent  resisted,  but  St.  Patrick 
overcame  it  by  cunning.  He  made  a 
box,  and  invited  the  serpent  to  enter  in. 
The  serpent  insisted  it  was  too  small ; 
and  so  high  the  contention  grew  that  the 
serpent  got  into  the  box  to  prove  that 
ho    was    right,   whereupon    St.   Patrick 


slammed  down  the  lid,  and  cast  the  box 
into  the  sea. 

This  tradition  is  marvellously  like  an 
incident  of  the  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments. A  fisherman  had  drawn  up  a  box 
or  vase  in  his  net,  and  on  breaking  it 
open  a  genius  issued  therefrom,  and 
threatened  the  fisherman  with  immediate 
destruction  because  he  had  been  enclosed 
so  long.  Said  the  fisherman  to  tlie  genius, 
"  I  wish  to  know  whether  you  really 
were  in  that  vase."  "  I  certainly  was," 
answered  the  genius.  "  I  cannot  believe 
it,"  replied  the  fisherman,  "for  the  vase 
could  not  contain  even  one  of  your  feet." 
Then  the  genius,  to  prove  his  assertion, 
changed  into  smoke,  and  entered  into 
the  vase,  saying,  "  Now,  incredulous 
fisherman,  dost  thou  believe  me  ?  "  But 
the  fisherman  clapped  the  leaden  cover 
on  the  vase,  and  told  the  genius  he  was 
about  to  throw  the  box  into  the  sea,  and 
that  he  would  build  a  house  on  the  spot 
to  warn  others  not  to  fish  up  so  wicked 
a  genius. — Arabian  Nights  ("  The  Fisher- 
man," one  of  the  early  tales). 

*^*  St.  Patrick,  I  fear,  had  read  the 
Arabian  Nights,  and  stole  a  leaf  from  the 
fisherman's  book. 

St.  Patrick  a  Gentleman. 


Oh,  St.  Patrick  was  a  gentleman. 
Who  came  of  dacent  people.  .  , 


This  song  was  written  by  Mesi 
Bennet  and  Toleken,  of  Cork,  and 
first  sung  by  them  at  a  masquerade  in 
1814.  It  was  afterwards  lengthened  for 
Webbe,  the  comedian,  who  made  it 
popular. 

St.  Patrick's  Purgatory,  lough  Derg, 
in  Ireland.  At  the  end  of  the  fifteenth 
century,  the  purgatory  of  lough  Derg 
was  destroyed,  by  order  of  the  pope,  on 
St.  Patrick's  Day,  1497. 

Calderon  has  a  drama  entitled  The 
Purgatory  of  St.  Patrick  (1600-1681). 

Patriot  King  (The),  Henry  St. 
John  viscount  Bolingbroke  (1678-1751). 
He  hired  Mallet  to  traduce  Pope  after 
his  decease,  because  the  poet  refused  to 
give  up  certain  copies  of  a  work  which 
the  statesman  wished  to  have  destroyed; 

Write  as  if  St.  John's  soul  could  still  inspire, 
And  do  from  hate  what  Mallet  did  for  hire. 
Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Iteviewers  {1809). 

Patriot  of  Humanity.  So  Byron 
calls  Henry  Grattan  (1750-1820).— 2>o» 
Jtian  (preface  to  canto  vi.,  etc.,  1824). 

Patron  (The),  a  farce  by  S.  Foote 
(1764).  The  patron  is  sir  Thomas  Lofty, 
called  by    his  friends,    "  sharp-judging 


PATTEJT. 


PAUL. 


Adriel,  the  Muse's  friend,  himself  a 
Muse,"  but  by  those  who  loved  him  less, 
"the  modern  Midas."  Books  without 
number  were  dedicated  to  him,  and  the 
writers  addressed  him  as  the  "  British 
PoIIio,  Atticus,  the  Maecenas  of  Eng- 
land, protector  of  arts,  paragon  of  poets, 
arbiter  of  taste,  and  sworn  appraiser  of 
Apollo  and  the  Muses."  The  plot  is  very 
simple:  Sir  Thomas  Lofty  has  written  a 
pJay  called  Robinson  Crusoe,  and  gets 
fcichard  Bever  to  stand  godfather  to  it. 
The  play  is  damned  past  redemption, 
and,  to  sooths  Bever,  sir  Thomas  allows 
him  to  marry  his  niece  Juliet. 

Horace  Walpole,  earl  of  Orford,  is  the 
original  of  "  sir  Thomas  Lofty  "  (1717- 
17i>7). 

Patten,  according  to  Gay,  is  so  called 
j     frj>m   Patty,   the   pretty  daughter  of    a 

Lincolnshire  farmer,  with  whom  the 
I  village  blacksmith  fell  in  love.  To  save 
'  her  from  wet  feet  when  she  went  to  milk 
I    th«  cows,  he  mounted  her  clogs  on  an 

iron  eke. 

1  The  patten  now  supports  each  frugal  dame, 

I  Which  from  the  blue-eyed  Patty  takes  its  name. 

Gay,  Trivia,  i.  (1712). 

(Of  course,  the  word  is  the  French 
.  pittin,  "  a  skate  or  high-heeled  shoe," 
I    from  the  Greek,  patein,  "  to  walk.") 

j  Pattieson  {Mr.  Peter),  in  the  intro- 

I  duction  of  The  Heart  of  Midlothian,  by  sir 

I  W.  Scott,  and  again  in  the  introduction 
of  The  Bride  of  Latmnermoor.     He  is  a 

[  hypothetical  assistant  teacher  at  Gander- 

ii  cleuch,  and  the  feigned   author  of    The 

\  Tales  of  Mi/  Landlord,  which  sir  Walter 

I  Scott  pretends  were  published  by  Jede- 

1  diah  Cleishbothani,   after  the  death  of 

i  Pattieson. 

1  Patty,  "the  maid  of  the  mill," 
daughter  of  Fairfield  the  miller.  She 
was  brought  up  by  the  mother  of  lord 
Aimworth,  and  was  promised  by  her 
father  in  marriage  to  Farmer  Giles  ;  but 
she  refused  to  marry  him,  and  became 
the  bride  of  lord  Aimworth.  Patty  was 
very  clever,  very  pretty,  very  ingenuous, 

\  and  loved  his  lordship  to  adoration.— 
Bickerstaff,  The  Maid  of  the  Mill  (1765). 

I      Pattypan     {Mrs.),    a   widow    who 
;  keeps  lodgings,  and  makes  lore  to  Tim 
(  Tartlet,  to  whom  she  is  ultimately  en- 
gaged. 

By  all  accounts,  she  is  just  as  loving  now  as  she  was 

i^TsL  ■^^*''*  *«**•— ''ames  Cobb,   The  rirtt  Floor,  1.   2 
Patullo    {Mrs.),   waiting-woman  to 


lady    A.shton. — Sir  W.   Scott,    Bride   of 
Lammermoor  (time,  William  HI.), 

Pau-Pnk-Keewls,  a  cunning  mis- 
chief-maker, who  taught  the  North 
American  Indians  the  game  of  hazard,  and 
stripped  them  by  his  winnings  of  all 
their  possessions.  In  a  mad  freak,  Pau- 
Puk-Keewis  entered  the  wigwam  of 
Hiawatha,  and  threw  everything  into 
confusion  ;  so  Hiawatha  resolved  to  slay 
him.  Pau-Puk-Keewis,  taking  to  flight, 
prayed  the  beavers  to  make  him  a  beaver 
ten  times  their  own  size.  This  they  did  ; 
but  when  the  other  beav^ers  made  their 
escape  at  the  arrival  of  Hiawatha,  Pau- 
Puk-Keewis  was  hindered  from  getting 
away  by  his  great  size  ;  and  Hiawatha 
slew  him.  His  spirit,  escaping,  flew 
upwards,  and  prayed  the  storm-fools  to 
make  him  a  "  brunt"  ten  times  their  own 
size.  This  was  done,  and  he  was  told 
never  to  look  downwards,  or  he  would 
lose  his  life.  When  Hiawatha  arrived, 
the  "brant"  could  not  forbear  looking 
at  him  ;  and  immediately  he  fell  to 
earth,  and  Hiawatha  transformed  him 
into  an  eagle. 

Now  in  winter,  when  the  snowflakes 
Whirl  in  eddies  round  the  lodges.  .  .  . 
"There,"  tliey  cry,  "comes  Pau-Puk-Keewis; 
He  is  dancing  tliro'  tlie  village. 
He  is  gathering  in  his  harvest." 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  xviL  (1855). 

Paul,  the  love-child  of  Margaret,  who 
retired  to  port  Louis,  in  the  Mauritius, 
to  bury  herself,  and  bring  up  her  only 
child.  Hither  came  Mde.  de  la  Tour,  a 
widow,  and  was  confined  of  a  daughter, 
whom  she  named  Virginia.  Between 
these  neighbours  a  mutual  friendship 
arose,  and  the  two  children  became  play- 
mates. As  they  grew  in  years,  their 
fondness  for  each  other  developed  into 
love.  When  Virginia  was  15,  her 
mother's  aunt  adopted  her,  and  begged 
she  might  be  sent  to  France  to  finish 
her  education.  She  was  above  two  years 
in  France  ;  and  as  she  refused  to  marry  a 
count  of  the  "aunt's"  providing,  she 
was  disinherited,  and  sent  back  to  her 
mother.  When  within  a  cable's  length 
of  the  island,  a  hurricane  dashed  the 
ship  to  pieces,  and  the  dead  body  of 
Virginia  was  thrown  upon  the  shore. 
Paul  drooped  from  grief,  and  within  two 
months  followed  her  to  the  grave. — 
Bernardin  de  St.  Pierre,  Paid  et  Virgine 
(1788). 

In  Cobb's  dramatic  version,  Paul's 
mother  (Margaret)  is  made  a  faithful 
domestic  of  Virginia's  parents.   Virginia's 


PAUL. 


740 


PAULINE. 


mother  dies,  and  commits  her  infant 
daughter  to  the  care  of  Dominique,  a 
faithful  old  negro  servant,  and  Paul  and 
Virginia  are  brought  up  in  the  belief  that 
they  are  brother  and  sister.  When  Vir- 
ginia is  15  years  old,  her  aunt  Leonora 
de  Guzman  adopts  her,  and  sends  don 
Antonio  de  Guardes  to  bring  her  to  Spain, 
and  make  her  his  bride.  She  is  taken  by 
force  on  board  ship  ;  but  scarcely  has  the 
ship  started,  when  a  hurricane  dashes  it 
on  rocks,  and  it  is  wrecked.  Alhambra, 
a  runaway  slave,  whom  Paul  and  Virginia 
had  befriended,  rescues  Virginia,  who  is 
brought  to  shore  and  married  to  Paul ; 
but  Antonio  is  drowned  (1766-1818). 

Paul  (Father),  Paul  Sarpi  (1552-1628). 

Paul  (St.).  The  very  sword  which  cut 
off  the  head  of  this  apostle  is  preserved 
at  the  convent  of  La  Lisla,  near  Toledo,  in 
Spain.  If  any  one  doubts  the  fact,  he 
may,  for  a  gratuity,  see  a  '*  copper  sword, 
twenty-five  inches  long,  and  three  and 
a  half  broad,  on  one  side  of  which  is  the 
word  Mucuo  ('a  sword'),  and  on  the  other 
PAULUS  .  .  .  CAPiTE."  Cau  anything  be 
more  convincing  ? 

Paul  (Hie  Second  St.),  St.  Remi  or 
Pemigius,  "The  Great  Apostle  oi  the 
French."  He  was  made  bishop  of  Rheims 
when  only  22  j'ears  old.  It  was  St.  Remi 
who  baptized  Clovis,  and  told  him  that 
henceforth  he  must  worship  what  he 
hitherto  had  hated,  and  abjure  what  he 
had  hitherto  adored  (439-635). 

*^*  The  cruse  employed  by  St.  Remi 
in  the  baptism  of  Clovis  was  used  through 
the  French  monarchy  in  the  anointing  of 
all  the  kings. 

Paul  Pry,  an  idle,  inquisitive, 
meddlesome  fellow,  who  has  no  occupa- 
tion of  his  own,  and  is  for  ever  poking  his 
nose  into  other  people's  affairs.  He 
alwa3^s  comes  in  with  the  apology,  "I 
hope  I  don't  intrude." — John  Poole,  Paul 
Prij. 

Thomas  Hill,  familiarly  called  "Tommy 
Hill,"  was  the  original  of  this  character, 
and  also  of  "  Gilbert  Gurney,"  by  Theo- 
dore Hook.  Planche  says  of  Thomas 
Hill : 

His  tpecialiti  was  the  accurate  Information  he  could  im- 
part on  all  the  petty  details  of  the  domestic  economy  of 
his  friends,  the  contents  of  tlieir  wardrobes,  their  paiitiies, 
the  number  of  pots  of  preserve  in  their  store-closets,  and 
of  the  table-napkins  in  their  linen-presses,  the  dates  of 
their  births  and  marriages,  the  amounts  of  their  trades- 
men's bills,  and  whetlier  paid  weekly  or  quarterly.  He 
had  been  on  tlie  press,  and  whs  connected  with  the  Morn.' 
ing  Chronicle.  He  used  to  drive  Mathews  crazy  by  ferret- 
ing out  his  whereabouts  wlien  he  left  London,  and  popping 
the  iufonnatiou  iu  s(>me  paper. —/iVco/Zectiotw,  i.  131-2. 


Paul's  Pigeons,  the  boys  of  St. 
Paul's  School,  London. 

Paul's  Walkers,  loungers  who  fre- 
quented the  middle  of  St  Paul's  in  the 
time  of  the  Commonwealth,  as  they  did 
Bond  Street  during  the  regency. — See 
Ben  Jonson's  Even/  Man  mit  of  His 
Humour  (1599),  and  Harrison  Ainsworth's 
Old  St.  Paul's  (1843). 

Pauletti  (The  lady  Erminia),  ward 
of  Master  George  Heriot  the  king's  gold- 
smith.— Sii  W.  Scott,  The  Fortunes  of 
Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Pauli'na,  the  noble-spirited  wife  of 
Antig'onus  a  Sicilian  lord,  and  the  kind 
friend  of  queen  Hermi'one.  When  Her- 
mione  gave  birth  in  prison  to  a  daughter, 
Paulina  undertook  to  present  it  to  king 
Leontes,  hoping  that  his  heart  would  be 
softened  at  the  sight  of  his  infant 
daughter  ;  but  he  commanded  the  child  to 
be  cast  out  on  a  desert  shore,  and  left 
there  to  perish.  The  child  was  drifted 
to  the  "coast"  of  Bohemia,  and  brought 
up  by  a  shepherd,  who  called  it  Perdita. 
Florizel,  the  son  of  king  Polixgnes,  fell 
in  love  with  her,  and,  fled  with  her  to 
Sicil}^,  to  escape  the  vengeance  of  the 
angry  king.  The  fugitives  being  intro- 
duced to  Leontes,  it  was  soon  discover 
that  I'erdita  was  the  king's  daughter,  an 
Polixenes  consented  to  the  union  he  hj 
before  forbidden.  Paulina  now  invit 
Leontes  and  the  rest  to  inspect  a  famo^ 
statue  of  Hermione,  and  the  stat 
turned  out  to  be  the  living  queen  hersel 
—Shakespeare,  The  Winter's  Tale  (1604 

Paulina  is  clever,  generous,  strong-minded,  and  wann» 
hearted,  fearless  in  asserting  the  truth,  firm  i»-4iet,sense 
of  right,  enthusL-istic  in  all  her  alfections,  quick  in 
thouglit,  resolute  in  word,  and  energetic  in  action,  but. 
heedless,  hot-tempered,  impatient,  loud,  bold,  voluble 
and  turbulent  of  tongue.— Mrs.  Jameson. 

Pauline,  "The  Beauty  of  Lyons," 
daughter  of  Mon.  Deschappelles,  a  Ly- 
onese  merchant ;  "as  pretty  as  Venus  and 
as  proud  as  Juno."  Pauline  rejected  the 
suits  of  Beauseant,  Glavis,  and  Claude 
Melnotte ;  and  the  three  rejected  lovers 
combined  on  vengeance.  To  this  end, 
Claude,  who  was  a  gardener's  son,  pre- 
tended to  be  the  prince  Como,  and  Pauline 
married  him,  but  was  indignant  when 
she  discovered  the  trick  which  had  been 
played  upon  her.  Claude  left  her  and 
entered  the  French  army,  where  in  two 
years  and  a  half  he  rose  to  the  rank  of 
colonel.  Returning  to  Lyons,  he  found 
his  father-in-law  on  the  eve  of  bank- 
ruptcy, and  Pauline  about  to  be  sold  to 
Beauseant    for    money    to    satisfy    iJi* 


PAULINE. 


741 


PEACE. 


creditors.  Being  convinced  that  Pauline 
really  loved  him,  Claude  paid  the  money 
required,  and  claimed  the  lady  as  his 
loving  and  grateful  wife. — Lord  L.  B. 
Lytton,  The  Lady  of  Lyons  (1838). 

Pauline  {Mademoiselle)  or  Monxa 
Paula,  the  attendant  of  lady  Enninia 
Pauletti  the  goldsmith's  ward. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Fortunes  of  Niyel  (time,  James 
L). 

Pauli'nus  of  York  christened  10,000 
men,  besides  Avomen  and  their  children, 
in  one  single  day  in  the  Swale.  (Al- 
together some  60,000  souls,  i.e.  104  every 
minute,  6250  every  hour,  supposing  he 
worked  eight  hours  without  stopping.) 

When  the  Saxons  first  received  the  Christian  faith, 
Paulinus  of  old  York,  the  zealous  bisliop  then, 
In  Swale's  nbundaiil  sti  eani  christened  ten  thousand  men, 
With  women  and  their  bal)eii,  a  number  more  beside, 
Upon  one  happy  day. 

Drayton,  PoJyolMon,  xxviiL  (1622). 

Paulo,  the  cardinal,  and  brother  of 

coxmt  Guido  Franceschi'ni.     He  advised 

the  count  to  repair  his  bankrupt  fortune 

I  by  marrying  an  heiress. — R.  13rowning, 

I   The  liiny  and  the  Book. 

Paupiah,  the  Hindu  steward  of  the 
British  governor    of    Madras. — Sir    W. 
\  Scott,    The    Surgeon's    Daughter    (time, 
1,  George  XL). 

I      Pausa'nias   (TVtc  .^nf/s/t),  William 
[  Camden  (1551-1623). 

i         Borne  village  Camden  that  with  dauntless  breast 

I         The  little  tyrants  of  tlie  field  withstood. 

I  Gniy,  Sleffy  (1749). 

;     Pauvre    Jacques.     When    Marie 

Antoinette  had  her  artificial  Swiss  village 

;  in  the  "  Little  Trianon,"  a  Swiss  girl  was 

',  brought    over  to   heighten   the   illusion. 

I  She  was  observed  to  pine,  and  was  heard 

to  sigh  out,  pauvre  Jacques  !    This  little 

romance  pleased  the  queen,  who  sent  for 

Jacques,    and  gave   the  pair   a   wedding 

■  portion ;  while  the  marchioness  de  Tra- 

'■  vanct    wrote    the     song  called     Pauvre 

\  Jacques,  which  created  at  the  time  quite 

I  a  sensation.    The  first  and  last  verses  run 

|!  thus : 

'  Pauvre  Jacques,  quat.d  j'et-\ls  pr6s  de  toi, 

'  Jo  ne  Rentals  pas  ma  iiiis6rt) ; 

Mais  t  present  qii'j  tu  vis  loin  de  mol, 
Je  manciue  de  tout  sur  la  terre. 

Poor  Jack,  while  I  was  ne;ir  to  thee. 

T'.io'  poor,  ni)  bliss  wiis  unalloyed  ; 
But  now  thou  dwell'st  so  far  from  nie. 

The  world  appe;irs  a  lonesome  void. 

Pa'via  {Battle  of).  Francois  I.  of 
'France  is  said  to  liave  written  to  his 
mother  these  words  after  the  loss  of  this 
battle:    "Madame,  tout  est  perdu  hers 


I'honncur ; "  but  what  he  really  wrote 
was :  "  Madame  .  .  .  de  toutes  choses  ne 
m'est  demeure'  pas  que  I'honneur  et  la 
vie." 

And  with  a  noble  siege  revolted  Pavia  toolt. 

Drayton,  Polyolblon,  xvUi.  (1613). 

Pavilion    of    prince     Ahmed. 

This  pavilion  was  so  small  that  it  miglit 
be  held  and  covered  by  the  hand,  and 
yet  so  large  when  pitched  that  a  whole 
army  could  encamp  beneath  it.  Its  size, 
however,  was  elastic,  being  always  pro- 
portionate to  the  army  to  be  covered  by 
it. — Arabian  Nights  ("Ahmed  and  Pari- 
Banou"). 

Pavilion  (Meinheer  Hermann),  the 
syndic  at  Lioge  [Le-aje]. 

Mother  Mabel  Pavilion,  wife  of  mein- 
heer Hermann. 

Trudchen  or  Gertrude  Pavilion,  their 
daughter,  betrothed  to  Hans  Glover. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Qucntin  Durward  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Pawkins  {Major),  a  huge,  heavy  man, 
"  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  age." 
He  was  a  great  politician  and  great  pa- 
triot, but  generally  under  a  cloud,  wholly 
owing  to  his  distinguished  genius  for 
bold  speculations,  not  to  say  "  swindling 
schemes."  His  creed  M'as  "to  run  a 
moist  pen  slick  through  everything,  and 
start  afresh." — C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuz- 
zlewit  (1844). 

Pawnbrokers'  Balls.  Every  one 
knows  that  these  bulls  are  the  arms  of 
the  Medici  family,  but  it  is  not  so  well 
known  that  they  refer  to  an  exploit  of 
Averardo  de  Medici,  a  commander  under 
Charlemagne.  This  bold  warrior  slew 
the  giant  Mugello,  whose  club  he  bore  as 
a  trophy.  This  mace  or  club  had  three 
iron  bails,  which  the  family  adopted  as 
their  device. — Roscoe,  Life  of  Lorenzo 
de'  Afedici  (17 QG). 

Paynim  Harper  {TIw),  referred  to 
by  Tennyson  in  the  Last  Tournament^ 
was  Orpheus. 

Swine,  goats,  rams,  and  gees© 
Trooped  round  a  paynim  harper  once,  .  .  . 
Tlien  were  s*ine,  goats,  asses,  geese 
The  wiser  fools,  seeing  thy  paynim  Ijard 
Had  such  a  mastery  of  his  mystery 
That  he  could  harp  his  wife  up  out  of  helL 

Tennyson,  The  Lust  Tournament  (1839). 

Peace  {Prince  of),  don  Manuel  Godoy, 
born  at  Badajoz.  '  So  culled  because  he 
concluded  the  "  peace  of  Basle  "  between 
the  French  and  Spanish  nations  in  1795 
(1767-1851). 

Peace  {The  Father  of),  Andrea  Doiia 
(1469-1560). 


PEACE. 


742 


PECKSNIFF. 


Peace  {TJie  Perpetual),  a  peace  con- 
cluded between  England  and  Scotland, 
a  few  vears  after  the  battle  of  Flodden 
Field  (January  24,  1502). 

Peace  (The  Surest  Way  to).  Fox, 
afterwards  bishop  of  Hereford,  said  to 
Henry  VIII.,  The  surest  way  to  peace  is 
a  constant  preparation  for  war.  The 
Romans  had  the  axiom,  Si  vis  pacem, 
para  helium.  It  was  said  of  Edgar,  sur- 
named  *'the  Peaceful,"  king  of  England, 
that  he  preserved  peace  in  those  turbulent 
times  "  by  being  abvays  prepared  for 
war"  (reigned  959-975). 

Peace  at  any  Price.  Me'zeray 
says  of  Louis  XII.,  that  he  had  such 
detestation  of  war,  that  he  rather  chose  to 
lose  his  duchy  of  Milan  than  burden  his 
subjects  with  a  war-tax. — Hlstoire  de 
France  (1643). 

Peace  of  Antal'cidas,  the  peace 
concluded  by  Antalcidas  the  Spartan  and 
Artaxerxes  (b.c.  387). 

Peace  of  God,  a  peace  enforced  by 
the  clergy  on  the  barons  of  Christendom, 
to  prevent  the  perpetual  feuds  between 
baron  and  baron  (1035). 

Peace  to  the  Souls.    (See  Morna.) 

Peach'um,  a  pimp,  patron  of  a  gang 
of  thieves,  and  receiver  of  their  stolen 
goods.  His  house  is  the  resort  of  thieves, 
pickpockets,  and  villains  of  all  sorts.  He 
betrays  his  comrades  when  it  is  for  his 
own  benefit,  and  even  procures  the  arrest 
of  captain  Macheath. 

The  quarrel  between  Peachum  and  Lockit  was  an  allusion 
to  a  personal  collision  between  Walpole  and  his  colleague 
lord  Townsend. — R.  Chambers,  English  Literature,  i.  571. 

Mrs.  Peachum,  wife  of  Peachum.  She 
recommends  her  daughter  Polly  to  be 
"  somewhat  nice  in  her  deviations  from 
virtue." 

Polly  Peachum,  daughter  of  Peachum. 
(See  Polly.) — J.  Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opera 
(1727). 

Pearl.  It  is  said  that  Cleopatra 
B-wallowed  a  pearl  of  more  value  than  the 
whole  of  the  banquet  she  had  provided  in 
hcnonr  of  Antony.  This  she  did  when 
she  drank  to  his  health.  The  same  sort 
of  f-xtravagant  folly  is  told  of  ^>sopus 
son  of  Clodius  Jisopus  the  actor  (Horace, 
Satire,  ii.  3). 

A  similar  act  of  vanity  and  folly  is 
ascribed  to  sir  Thomas  Gresham,  Avhen 
queen  Elizabeth  dined  at  the  City  banquet, 
after  her  visit  to  the  Royal  Exchange. 


Here  £15,000  at  one  clap  goes 

Instead  of  sugfir ;  Gresliam  drinks  the  pearl 

Unto  his  queen  and  mistress. 

Tliomas  Hejwood. 

Pearson  {Captain  Gilbert),  officer  in 
attendance  on  Cromwell. — Sir  \V.  Scott, 
Woodstock  (time.  Commonwealth). 

Peasant-Bard  {The),  Robert  Burns 
(1859-1796). 

Peasant-Painter  of  Sweden, 
Horberg.  His  chief  paintings  are  altar- 
pieces. 

The  altar-piece  painted  by  HfSrberp. 
Longfellow,  The  Children  of  the  Lord's  Supper. 

Peasant-Poet  of  Tforthampton- 
Shire,  John  Clare  (1793-1864). 

Peasant  of  the  Danube  (The), 
Louis  Legendre,  a  member  of  the  French 
National  Convention  (1755-1797)  ;  called 
in  French  Le  Paysan  du  Danube,  from  his 
"  ^oquence  sauvage." 

Peasants*  War  {The),  a  revolt  of 
the  German  peasantry  in  Swabia  and 
Franconia,  and  subsequently  in  Saxony, 
Thuringia,  and  Alsace,  occasioned  by  the 
oppression  of  the  nobles  and  the  clergy 
(1500-1525). 

Peau  de  Chagrin,  a  story  by 
Balzac.  Tlie  hero  becomes  possessed  of 
a  magical  wild  ass's  skin,  which  yields 
him  the  means  of  gratifying  every  wish  ; 
but  for  every  wish  thus  gratified  the  skin 
shrank  somewhat,  and  at  last  vanished, 
having  been  wished  entirely  away.  Life 
is  a  peau  d'ane,  for  every  vital  act 
diminishes  its  force,  and  when  all  its 
force  is  gone,  life  is  spent  (1834). 

Peck'sniff,  "  architect  and  land  s 
veyor,"  at  Salisbury.  He  talks  homi 
even  in  drunkenness,  prates  about 
beauty  of  charity,  and  duty  of  forgi 
ness,  but  is  altogether  a  canting  humb 
and  is  ultimately  so  reduced  in  position 
that  he  becomes  "a  drunken,  begging, 
squalid,  letter-Avriting  man,"  out  at 
elbows,  and  almost  shoeless.  Pecksniff's 
specialit)^  was  the  "sleek,  smiling,  crawl- 
ing abomination  of  hypocrisy." 

If  ever  man  combined  within  himself  all  the  mild 
qualities  of  the  Iamb  with  a  considerable  touch  of  the 
dove,  and  not  a  dsish  of  the  crocodile,  or  the  least  possible 
suggestion  of  the  very  mildest  seasoning  of  tlie  seri>ent. 
that  man  was  Mr.  Pecksniff,  "the  messenger  of  peace. 
— Ch.  iv. 

Charity  and  Mercy  Pecksniff,  the  two 
daughters  of  the  "architect  and  land 
sur\^eyor."  Charity  is  thin,  ill-natured 
and  a  shrew,  eventually  jilted  by  a  weak 
young  man,  who  really  loves  her  sister. 
Mercy  Pecksniff,  usually  called  "Merry  ' 


Its 

I 


DWO 

and 
red, 
eak 
ter. 

y,"   ... 

Ii 


PEDANT. 


743     PEEPING  TOM  OF  COVENTRY. 


is  pretty  and  true-hearted ;  though  flippant 
and  foolish  as  a  girl,  she  becomes  greatly- 
toned  down  by  the  troubles  of  her  married 
life. — C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit 
(1843). 

Pedant,  an  old  fello-vv  set  up  to  per- 
sonate Vincentio  in  Shakespeare's  comedy 
called  The  Taming  of  the  Shrew  (1695). 

Pedre  (Don),  a  Sicilian  nobleman, 
who  has  a  Greek  slave  of  great  beauty, 
named  Isidore  (3  syL).  This  slave  is 
loved  by  Adraste  (2  si/L),  a  French 
gentleman,  who  gains  access  to  the  house 
under  the  guise  of  a  portrait-painter. 
He  next  sends  his  slave  Zaide  to  com- 
plain to  the  Sicilian  of  ill-treatment,  and 
don  Pedre  volunteers  to  intercede  on  her 
behalf.  At  this  moment  Adraste  comes 
up,  and  demands  that  Zaide  be  given  up 
to  deserved  chastisement.  Pedre  pleads 
for  her,  Adraste  appears  to  be  pacilied, 
and  Pedre  calls  for  Zaide  to  come  forth. 
Isidore,  in  the  veil  of  Zaide,  comes  out, 
and  Pedre  says,  "There,  take  her  home, 
and  use  her  well."  "  I  will  do  so,"  says 
Adraste,  and  leads  off  the  Greek  slave. — 
Moliere,  Le  Sicilien  ou  IJ Amour  Peintre 
(1667). 

Pedrillo,  the  tutor  of  don  Juan. 
After  the  shipwreck,  the  men  in  the  boat, 
being  wholly  without  provisions,  cast  lots 
to  know  which  should  be  killed  as  food 
for  the  rest,  and  the  lot  fell  on  Pedrillo, 
but  those  who  feasted  on  him  most 
ravenously  went  mad. 

His  tutor,  the  licentiate  Pedrillo, 
I  Who  several  languages  did  understand. 

1  Byron,  Von  Juan,  u.  25 ;  see  76-79  (1819). 

>  Pe'dro,  "the  pilgrim,"  a  noble  gentle- 
i  man,  servant  to  Alinda  (daughter  of  lord 
•■  Alphonso). — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
i  Pilgrim  (1621). 

Pedro     (Don),    prince     of    Aragon. — 
Shakespeare,   Much  Ado    about   Nothing 
\  (1600). 

[;  Pedro  (Don),  father  of  Leonora.— R. 
I  Jephson,  Two  Strings  to  your  Bow  (1792). 

Pedro  (Don),  a  Portuguese  nobleman, 
father  of  donna  Violante.— Mrs.  Cent- 
jlivre,  The  Wonder  (1714). 

t  Pedro  (Dr.),  whose  full  name  was  Dr. 
;  jPedro  Rezio  de  Aguero,  court  physician 
I  in  the  island  of  Barataria.  He  carried  a 
tvrhalebone  rod  in  his  hand,  and  whenever 
!»ny  dish  of  food  was  set  before  Sancho 
(Panza  the  governor,  he  touched  it  with 
[tiis  wand,  that  it  might  be  instantly  re- 
inoved,  as  unfit  for  the  governor  to  eat. 


Partridges  were  "forbidden  by  Ilippoc'- 
rates,"  olla  podridas  were  "most  ])er- 
nicious,"  rabbits  were  "a  sharp-haired 
diet,"  veal  might  not  be  touched,  but  "a 
few  wafers  and  a  thin  slice  or  two  of 
quince  "  might  not  be  harmful. 

The  governor,  being  served  with  some  beef  hashed  with 
onions,  .  .  .  fell  to  with  niore  avidity  than  if  he  bail  been 
set  down  to  Milan  godwits,  Roman  pheasants.  Sorrento 
veal.  Moron  partridges,  or  green  geese  of  Lavajos ;  and 
turning  to  Dr.  Pedro,  he  said,  "  Look  you,  sigiior  doctor, 
I  want  no  dainties,  ...  for  I  have  been  always  used  to 
lieef,  bacon,  pork,  turnips,  and  onions." — Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  II.  iii.  10,  12  (1615). 

Peebles  (Peter),  the  pauper  litigant. 
He  is  vain,  litigious,  hard-hearted,  and 
credulous;  a  liar,  a  drunkard,  andapauper. 
His  "ganging  plea"  is  Hogarthian  comic. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 

Peecher  (Miss),  a  schoolmistress,  in 
the  flat  country  where  Kent  and  Surrey 
meet.  "Small,  shining,  neat,  methodical, 
and  buxom  was  Miss  Peecher ;  cherry- 
cheeked  and  tuneful  of  voice.  A  little 
pincushion,  a  little  hussif,  a  little  book, 
a  little  work-box,  a  little  set  of  tables  and 
weights  and  measures,  and  a  little  woman, 
all  in  one.  She  could  write  a  little  essay 
on  any  subject  exactly  a  slate  long,  and 
strictly  according  to  rule.  If  Mr.  Bradley 
Headstone  had  proposed  marriage  to  her, 
she  Avould  certainly  have  replied  '  yes,' 
for  she  loved  him  ; "  but  Mr.  Headstone 
did  not  love  Miss  Peecher — he  loved  Lizzie 
Hexam,  and  had  no  love  to  spare  for  any 
other  woman. — C.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual 
Friend,  ii.  1  (1864). 

Peel  -  the  -  C  ause  way  ( Old) ,  a 
smuggler. — Sir  W.  Scott,  liedgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Peeler  (Sir),  any  crop  which  greatly 
impoverishes  the  ground.  To  peel  is  to 
impoverish  soil,  as  "oats,  rj'e,  barley, 
and  grey  wheat,"  but  not  peas  (xxxiii.  51). 

Wheat  doth  not  well. 
Nor  after  sir  Peeler  he  loveth  to  dwell. 

T.  Tusser,  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Husbandry,  xviu.  12  (1557). 

Peelers,  the  constabularj-^  of  Ireland, 
appointed  under  the  Peace  Preservation 
Act  of  1814,  proposed  by  sir  Robert  Ped. 
The  name  was  subsequently  given  to  the 
new  police  of  England,  who  are  also  called 
"  Bobbies  "  from  sir  Robert  Peel. 

Peep-o'-Day  Boys,  Irish  insur- 
gents of  1784,  who  prowled  about  at  day- 
break, searching  for  arms. 

Peeping    Tom     of    Coventry. 

Lady  Godiva  earnestly  besought  her  hus- 
band (Leofric  earl  of  Mercia)  to  relieve 


PEERAGE  OF  THE  SAINTS. 


■44 


PEGGOTTY. 


the  men  of  Coventry  of  their  grievous 
oppressions.  Leofric,  annoyed  at  her  im- 
portunity, told  her  he  would  do  so  when 
she  had  ridden  on  horseback,  naked, 
through  the  town.  The  countess  took  him 
at  his  word,  rode  naked  through  the  town, 
and  Leofric  was  obliged  to  grant  the  men 
of  Coventry  a  charter  of  freedom. — 
Dugdale. 

Rapin  says  that  the  countess  com- 
manded all  persons  to  keep  within  doors 
and  away  from  windows  during  her  ride. 
One  man,  named  Tom  of  Coventry,  took  a 
peep  of  the  lady  on  horseback,  but  it  cost 
him  his  life. 

*^*  Tennyson,  in  his  Godiva,  has  re- 
produced this  story. 

Peerage  of  the  Saints.    In  the 

preamble  of  the  statutes  instituting  the 
Order  of  St.  Michael,  founded  by  Louis 
XL  in  1469,  the  archangel  is  styled  "  my 
lord,"  and  created  a  knight.  The  apostles 
had  been  already  ennobled  and  knighted. 
We  read  of  "the  earl  Peter,"  "count 
Paul,"  "the  baron  Stephen,"  and  so  on. 
Thus,  in  the  introduction  of  a  sermon 
upon  St.  Stephen's  Day,  we  have  these 
lines : 

Enteiides  toutes  a  chest  sermon, 

Et  clair  et  lai  tules  environ  ; 

Contes  vous  vueille  la  pation 

De  St.  Estieul  le  baron. 
The  apostles  were  gentlemen  of  bloude,  and  manye  of 
them  descended  from  that  worthy  conqueror  Judas  Mac- 
kal)cus,  tliough,  through  the  tract  of  time  and  persecu- 
tion of  wars,  poverty  oppressed  the  kindred,  and  they 
were  constrayned  to  senrile  works.  Christ  was  also  a 
gentleman  on  the  mother's  side,  and  might,  if  He  had 
esteemed  of  the  vayiie  glorye  of  this  world,  have  borne 
coat  armour.— rAe  Blazon  0/  Gentrie  (quarto). 

Peerce  (1  st/L),  a  generic  name  for  a 
farmer  or  ploughman.  Piers  the  plow- 
man is  the  name  assumed  by  Robert  or 
William  Langland,  in  a  historico-satirical 
poem  so  called. 

And  yet.  my  priests,  pray  you  to  God  for  Peerce  ,  .  . 
And  if  you  have  a  "  pater  noster  "  spare, 
Then  shal  you  pray  for  saylers. 

G.  Ga.scoigne,  The  Steele  Glas  (died  1577). 

Peery  (Paul),  landlord  of  the  Ship, 
Dover. 

Mrs.  Peery,  Paul's  wife. — G.  Colman, 
Ways  and  Means  (1788). 

Peery  bingle  {John),  a  carrier, 
"lumbering,  slow,  and  honest;  heavy, 
but  light  of  spirit ;  rough  upon  the  sur- 
face, but  gentle  at  the  core ;  dull  without, 
but  quick  Avithin ;  stolid,  but  so  good. 
O  mother  Nature,  give  thy  children 
the  true  poetry  of  heart  that  hid  itself  in 
this  poor  carrier's  breast,  and  we  can  bear 
to  have  them  talking  prose  all  their  life 
long !  " 

Mrs.  \_Mary1  Peeryhingle^  called  by  her 


husband  "Dot."  She  was  a  little  chubby, 
cheery,  young  wife,  very  fund  of  her 
husband,  and  very  proud  of  her  baby  ; 
a  good  housewife,  who  deliglited  in 
making  the  house  snug  and  cozy  for 
John,  when  he  came  home  after  his  day's 
work.  She  called  him  "a  dear  old 
darling  of  a  dunce,"  or  "  her  little 
^oosie."  She  sheltered  Edward  Plummer 
in  her  cottage  for  a  time,  and  got  into 
trouble ;  but  the  marriage  of  Edward 
with  May  Fielding  cleared  up  the  mystery, 
and  John  loved  his  little  Dot  more  fondly 
than  ever. — C.  Dickens,  The  Cricket  on 
the  Hearth  (1845). 

Peg.  Drink  to  your  peg.  King  Edgar 
ordered  that  "  pegs  should  be  fastened 
into  drinking-horns  at  stated  distances, 
and  whoever  drank  be3'-ond  his  peg  at  one 
draught  should  be  obnoxious  to  a  severe 
punishment." 

I  had  lately  a  peg-tankard  in  my  hand.  It  had  on  the 
inside  a  row  of  eight  pins,  one  above  another,  from  bottom 
to  top.  It  held  two  quarts,  so  that  there  was  a  gill  of 
liquor  between  peg  and  peg.  Whoever  drank  short  of  his 
pin  or  beyond  it,  was  obliged  to  drink  to  the  next,  and  so 
on  till  the  tankard  was  drained  to  the  bottom. — Sharpe, 
History  of  the  Kings  of  England. 

Peg-a-Ramsey,  the  heroine  of  an 
old  song.  Percy  says  it  was  an  indecen^ 
ballad.  Shakespeare  alludes  to  it  in  " 
Twelfth  Niijht,  act  ii.  sc.  3  (1614). 

James  I.  had  been  much  struck  with  the  beauty  i 
embarrassment  of  the  pretty  Peg-a-Ramsey,  as  he 
her.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

Peg'asus,  the  winged  horse  of  th 
Muses.  It  was  caught  by  Bellerophoi 
who  mounted  thereon,  and  destroyed  tl 
Chimajra ;  but  when  he  attempted 
ascend  to  heaven,  he  was  thrown  froii 
the  horse,  and  Pegasus  mounted  alone 
the  skies,  where  it  became  the  constella 
tion  of  the  same  name. 

To  break  Pegasus' s  neck,  to  write  halting 
poetry. 

Some,  free  from  rhyme  or  reason,  rule  or  check. 
Break  Priician's  head,  and  Pegasus's  neck. 

Pope.  The  Jiunciad.  iii.  161  (1728). 

*^*  To  "break  Priscian's  head"  is  to 
write  bad  grammar.  Priscian  was  a  great 
grammarian  of  the  fifth  century. 

Pegg  (Katharine),  one  of  the  mistresses 
of  Charles  II.  She  was  the  daughter  of 
Thomas  Pegg,  Esq.,  of  Yeldersey,  in 
Derbyshire. 

Peggot'ty  (Clara),  servant-girl  of ' 
Mrs.  Copperlield,  and  the  faithful  old 
nurse  of  David  Copperfield.  Her  name 
"Clara"  was  tabooed,  because  it  was 
the  name  of  Mrs.  Copperfield.  Clara 
Peggotty  married  Barkis  the  carrier. 

Being   very  plump,  whenever   she  made  any   little 


''      i 

I 


PEGGY. 


r45 


PELLEAS. 


exertion  after  she  was  dressed,  some  of  the  buttons  ou  the 
back  of  her  gown  Hew  off. — Ch.  ii. 

DarCel  Peggotti/,  brother  of  David 
Copperfield's  nurse.  Daa'el  was  a  Yar- 
mouth fisherman.  His  nephew  Ham 
Peggotty,  and  his  brother-in-law's  child 
•'little  Em'ly,"  lived  with  him.  Dan'el 
himself  was  a  bachelor,  and  a  Mrs.  Gum- 
midge  (widow  of  his  late  partner)  kept 
house  for  him.  Dan'el  Peggotty  was  most 
tender-hearted,  and  loved  little  Em'ly 
with  all  his  heart. 

Ham  Peggotty,  nephew  of  Dan'el  Peg- 
gotty of  Yarmouth,  and  son  of  Joe, 
Dan'el's  brother.  Ham  was  in  love  with 
little  Em'ly,  daughter  of  Tom  (Dan's 
brother-in-law)  ;  but  Steerforth  stepped 
in  between  them,  and  stole  Em'ly  away. 
Ham  Peggotty  is  represented  as  the  very 
beau-ideal  of  an  uneducated,  simple- 
minded,  honest,  and  warm-hearted  fisher- 
man. He  was  drowned  in  his  attempt  to 
rescue  Steerforth  from  the  sea. 

Etfi'lg  Peggottg,  "daughter  of  Dan's 
brother-in-law  Tom.  She  was  engaged 
to  Ham  Peggotty  ;  but  being  fascinated 
with  Steerforth,  ran  off  with  him.  She 
was  afterwards  reclaimed,  and  emigrated 
to  Australia  with  Dan'el  and  Mrs.  Gum- 
midge. — C.  Dickens,  David  Copperfield 
(1849). 

Peggy,  grandchild  of  the  old  widow 
Maclure  a  covenanter.  —  Sir  W.  Scott, 
Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Peggy,  the  laundry-maid  of  colonel 
Mannering  at  Woodbume. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Peggy  [Thrift],  the  orphan  daugh- 
ter of  sir  Thomas  Ihrift  of  Hampshire, 
t  and  the  ward  of  Moody,  who  brings  her 
(  up  in   perfect   seclusion  in  the  country. 
\  When   Moody  is  50  and  Peggy  19,  the 
i  guardian  tries  to  marry  her;  but  "the 
country  girl "  outwits  him,  and  marries 
Belville,  a  young  man  of  more  suitable 
age.     Peggy  calls  her  guardian  "Bud." 
-  She  is  very  simple  but  sharp,  ingenuous 
"but   crafty,    lively    and    girlish.  —  The 
\Country     Girl    (Garrick,     altered    from 
|Wycherly's  Country  Wife,  1675). 

|i  Mrs.  Jordan  fl762-1816J  made  her  first  appearance  in 
-ondon  at  Dniry    Lane  in  1785.     The    character    slie 

I  selected  was  "Peggy,"  her  success  was  immediate,  her 
ailary  doubled,  and  she  was  allowed  two  benefits.— W.  C. 
-iussell,  Jiepreientative  Actors. 

Pegler     (Afrs.),     mother    of    Josiah 

i'Bounderby,  Esq.,  banker  and  mill-owner, 
;alled  "The  Bully  of  Humility."  The 
ion  allows  the  old  woman  £30  a  year  to 
veep  ^out  of  sight.— C.  Dickens,  Bard 
rimes  (1854). 
32 


Pek'uah,  the  attendant  of  princess 
Nekayah,  of  the  "happy  valley."  She 
accompanied  the  princess  in  her' wander- 
ings, but  refused  to  enter  the  great 
pyramid,  and,  while  the  princess  was 
exploring  the  chambers,  was  carried  off 
by  some  Arabs.  She  was  afterwards 
ransomed  for  200  ounces  of  gold. — Dr. 
Johnson,  Rasselas  (1759). 

Pelay'o  {Prince),  son  of  Favira, 
founder  of  the  Spanish  monarchy  after 
the  overthrow  of  Roderick  last  'of  the 
Gothic  kings.  He  united,  in  his  own 
person,  the  royal  lines  of  Spain  and  of 
the  Goths. 

In  him  the  old  Iberian  blood. 
Of  royal  and  remotest  ancestry 
From  undisputed  source,  flowed  undeflled . .  . 
He,  too,  of  Chindusuintlio's  regal  line 
Sole  remnant  now,  drew  after  him  the  love 
Of  all  true  Goths. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  viii.  (1814). 

Pelham,  the  hero  of  a  novel  by  lord 
Lytton,  entitled  Pelham  or  The  Adven- 
tures of  a  Gentleman  (1828). 

Pelham  {M.),  one  of  the  many  aliases 
of  sir  R.  Phillips,  under  which  he  pub- 
lished The  Parent's  and  Tutor's  First 
Catechism.  In  the  preface  he  calls  the 
writer  authoress.  Some  of  his  other 
names  are  Rev.  David  Blair,  Rev.  C.  G. 
Clarke,  Rev.  J.  Goldsmith. 

Pe'lian  Spear  {The),  the  lance  of 
Achilles  which  wounded  and  cured  Te'- 
lephos.  So  called  from  Peleus  the  father 
of  Achilles. 

Such  was  the  cure  the  Arcadian  hero  found — 
The  Pelian  spear  tliat  wounded,  made  him  sound. 
Ovid,  Remedy  of  Love. 

Peli'des  (3  syL),  Achilles,  son  of 
Peleus  (2  syl.),  chief  of  the  Greek 
warriors  at  the  siege  of  Troy. — Homer, 
Iliad. 

When,  like  Pelidfes,  bold  beyond  control, 
Homer  raised  high  to  heaven  the  loud  impetuous  song. 
Beattie,  Tlie  Minstrel  (1773-4). 

Pe'lion  {^^ mud-sprung''''),  one  of  the 
frog  chieftains. 

A  spear  at  Pelion,  Troglodytes  cast 
The  missive  spear  witliin  the  bosom  past 
Death's  salile  shades  the  fainting  frog  surround. 
And  life's  red  tide  runs  ebbiug  from  tlie  wound. 
Parnell,  Battle  of  the  Progs  and  Mice,  iii.  (about  1712). 

Pell  {Solomon),  an  attorney  in  the 
Insolvent  Debtors'  court.  He  has  the 
very  highest  opinions  of  his  own  merits, 
and  by  his  aid  Tony  Weller  contrives  to 
get  his  son  Sam  sent  to  the  Elect  for  debt, 
that  he  may  be  near  Mr.  Pickwick  to 
protect  and  wait  upon  him. — C.  Dickens, 
The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Pelleas  {Sir),  lord  of  many  isles,  and 


PELLEGRIN. 


746 


PEN. 


noted  for  his  great  muscular  strength. 
He  fell  in  love  with  lady  Ettard,  but  the 
lady  did  not  return  his  love.  Sir  Gaw'ain 
promised  to  advocate  his  cause  with  the 
lady,  but  played  him  false.  Sir  Pelleas 
caught  them  in  unseemly  dalliance  with 
each  other,  but  forbore  to  kill  them. 
By  the  power  of  enchantment,  the  lady 
•was  made  to  dote  on  sir  Pelleas  ;  but  the 
knight  would  have  nothing  to  say  to  her, 
BO  she  pined  and  died.  After  the  lady 
Ettard  played  him  false,  the  Damsel  of 
the  Lake  "rejoiced  him,  and  they  loved 
together  during  their  whole  lives." — Sir 
T.  Malorj^,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i. 
79-82  (1470). 

*^*  Sir  Pelleas  must  not  be  con- 
founded with  sir  Pelles  {q.v.). 

Pellegrin,  the  pseudonym  of  Lemotte 
Fouque  (1777-1843). 

Pelles  {Sir),  of  Corbin  Castle,  "king 
of  the  foragn  land  and  nigh  cousin  of 
Joseph  of  Arimathy."  He  was  father  of 
sir  Eliazar,  and  of  the  lady  Elaine  who 
fell  in  love  with  sir  Launcelot,  by  whom 
she  became  the  mother  of  sir  Galahad 
"  who  achieved  the  quest  of  the  holy 
graal."  This  Elaine  was  not  the  "lily 
maid  of  Astolat." 

While  sir  Launcelot  was  visiting  king 
Pelles,  a  glimpse  of  the  holy  graal  was 
vouchsafed  them : 

For  when  they  went  into  the  castle  to  take  their  re- 
past .  .  .  there  came  a  dove  to  the  wiinlnw,  and  in  her 
hill  was  a  little  censer  of  gold,  and  there  withall  was  such 
a  savour  as  though  all  the  spicery  of  the  wond  had  been 
there  .  .  .  and  a  damsel,  passing  fair,  bare  a  vessel  of  gold 
between  her  hands,  and  thereto  the  king  kneeled  de- 
voutly and  said  his  prayers.  .  .  .  "Oh  mercy  I"  said  sir 
Launcelot,  "what  may  this  mean?"  .  .  .  "This,"  said 
the  king,  "  is  the  holy  Sancgreall  which  ye  have  seen." — 
Sir  T.  Malory,  UUtory  of  J'rince  Arthur,  ill.  2  (1470). 

Pellinore  (Sir),  king  of  the  Isles 
and  knight  of  the  Round  Table  (pt.  i.  67). 
He  was  a  good  man  of  power,  was  called 
"  The  Knight  with  the  Stranger  Beast," 
and  slew  king  Lot  of  Orkeney,  but  was 
himself  slain  ten  years  afterwards  by  sir 
Gawaine  one  of  Lot's  sons  (pt.  i.  35). 
Sir  Pellinore  (3  syl.)  had,  by  the  wife  of 
Aries  the  cowherd,  a  son  named  sir  Tor, 
who  was  the  first  knight  of  the  Round 
Table  created  by  king  Arthur  (pt.  i.  47, 
48)  •,  one  daughter,  Elein,  by  the  Lady  of 
Rule  (pt.  iii.  10)  ;  and  three  sons  in  lawful 
wedlock  :  sir  Aglouale  (sometimes  called 
Aglavale,  probably  a  clerical  error),  sir 
Lamorake  Domar  (also  called  sir  Lamorake 
de  Galis),  and  sir  Percivale  de  Galis  (pt.  ii. 
108).  The  widow  succeeded  to  the  throne 
(pt.  iii.  10).— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Prince  At-thur  (1470). 


Milton  calls  the  name  "  Pellenore  "  (2 

syL). 

Fair  damsels,  met  in  forests  wide 
By  knights  of  Logres  or  of  Lyones, 
Lancelot,  or  Pelleas,  or  Pellenore. 

Milton. 

Pelob'ates  (4  syl.),  one  of  the  frog 
champions.  The  word  means  "mud- 
wader."  In  the  battle  he  flings  a  heap 
of  mud  against  Psycarpax  the  Hector 
of  the  mice,  and  half  blinds  him ;  but 
the  warrior  mouse  heaves  a  stone  "  whose 
bulk  would  need  ten  degenerate  mice  of 
modern  days  to  lift,"  and  the  mass,  falling 
on  the  "  mud-wader,"  breaks  his  leg. — 
Pamell,  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,  iii. 
(about  1712). 

Pel'ops'  Shoulder,  ir'^ry.  The 
tale  is  that  Demeter  ate  the  shoulder  of 
Pelops  when  it  was  served  up  by  Tan'- 
talos  for  food.  The  gods  restored  Pelops 
to  life  by  putting  the  dismembered  body 
into  a  caldron,  but  found  that  it  lacked 
a  shoulder ;  whereupon  Demeter  sup- 
plied him  with  an  ivory  shoulder,  and 
all  his  descendants  bore  this  distinctive 
mark. 

N.B. — It  will  be  remembered  that 
Pythag'oras  had  a  golden  thigh. 

Your  forehead  high. 
And  smooth  as  Pelops'  shoulder. 
John  Fletcher,  The  FaUhful  Shepherdess,  ii.  1  (1810 

Pelo'rus,   Sicily ;   strictly  speakii 
the  north-east  promontory  of  that  islan 
called  Capo  di  Fero,  from  a  pharos 
lighthouse    to    Poseidon,    which    oi 
stood  there. 

So  reels  Pelo'rus  with  convulsive  throes. 
When  in  his  veins  the  burning  earthquake  glows; 
Hoarse  thro'  his  entrails  roars  th'  infernal  flame. 
And  central  thunders  rend  his  groaning  frame. 

Falconer,  The  Shipwreck,  iL  4  (1756). 

Pelos,  father  of  Physigna'thos  king 
of  the  frogs.  The  word  means  "  mud." 
— Pamell,  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mix 
(about  1712).  ~ 

Pembroke  (The  earl  of),  uncle 
sir  Aymer  de  Valence. — Sir  W.  Scol 
Castle  Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Pembroke  {The  Rev.  Mr.),  chaplain  at 
Waverley  Honour. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wa- 
verley  (time,  George  II.). 

Pen,  Philemon  Holland,  translator- 
general  of  the  classics.  Of  him  was  the 
epigram  written  : 

Holland,  with  his  translations  doth  so  fill  us. 
He  will  not  let  Stietonius  be  Trajiquillxt*. 

(The  point  of  which  is,  of  course,  that 
the  name  of  the  Roman  historian  was 
C.  Suetonius  Tranquillus.) 

Ma'-iy  of  these  translations  were  writter. 


i 


PENDENNIS. 


747 


PENLAKE. 


from  beginning  to  end  with  one  pen,  and 
hence  he  himself  wrote  : 

With  one  sole  pen  I  writ  this  book. 

Made  of  a  grey  goose-quill ; 
A  pen  it  was  when  it  I  took, 

Aud  a  pen  1  leave  it  still. 

Pendennis  (Arthur),  pseudonym  of 
W.  M.  Thackeray  in  T/ie  Newcomes 
(1854). 

Pendennis,  a  novel  by  Thackeray 
(1849),  in  which  much  of  his  own  history 
and  experience  is  recorded  with  a  nove- 
list's licence.  Pendennis  stands  in  relation 
to  Thackeray  as  David  Copperfield  does  to 
Charles  Dickens. 

Arthur  Pendennis,  a  young  man  of 
ardent  feelings  and  livelj'  intellect,  but 
self-conceited  and  seltish.  He  has  a 
keen  sense  of  honour,  and  a  capacity  for 
loving,  but  altogether  he  is  not  an  at- 
tractive character. 

Laura  Pendennis.  This  is  one  of  the 
best  of  Thackeray's  characters. 

Major  Pendennis,  a  tuft-hunter,  who 
fawns  on  his  patrons  for  the  sake  of 
wedging  himself  into  their  society. — 
History  of  Pendennis,  published  origin- 
ally in  monthly  parts,  beginning  1849. 

Pendrag'on,  probably  a  title  mean- 
ing "  chief  leader  in  war."  Dragon  is 
Welsh  for  a  "  leader  in  war,"  and  pen  for 
"  head  "  or  "  chief."  The  title  was  given 
to  Uther,  brother  of  Coustans,  and  father 
of  prince  Arthur.  Like  the  word  "  Pha- 
raoh," it  is  used  as  a  proper  name  with- 
out the  article. — Geoffrey  of  Monmouth, 
Chron.,  vi.  (1142). 

Once  I  read, 
That  stout  Pendragon  in  his  litter,  sick. 
Came  to  the  field,  and  vanquishM  his  foes. 
Shakespeare,  1  Henry  VI.  act  iii.  sc.  2  (1539). 

Penel'ope's  Web,  a  work  that 
never  progresses.  Penelope,  the  wife  of 
Ulysses,  being  importunated  by  several 
suitors  during  her  husband's  long  ab- 
sence, made  reply  that  she  could  not 
marry  again,  even  if  Ulysses  were  dead, 
till  she  had  finished  weaving  a  shroud 
for  her  aged  father-in-law.  Every  night 
she  pulled  out  what  she  had  woven 
during  the  day,  and  thus  the  shroud 
made  no  progress  towards  completion. — 
Greek  Mythology. 

The  French  say  of  a  work  "never 
ending,  still  beginning,"  c^est  i'ouvrage  de 
Penelope. 

Penerophon,  the  beggar  loved  by 
king  Cophetua.  Shakespeare  calls  the 
name  Zenelophon  in  Love's  Labour's 
Lost,  act  iv.  sc.  1  (1594).— Percy,  JRc- 
liques,  I.  ii.  6  (1765). 


Penelva  (The  Exploits  and  Adven- 
tures of),  part  of  the  series  called  Le 
Roman  des  Pomans,  pertaining  to  "  Am'- 
adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was  added  by 
an  anonymous  Portuguese  (fifteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Penfeather  (Lady  Penelope),  the 
lady  patroness  at  the  Spa. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
St.  Eonan's  \Yell  (time,  George  III.). 

Pengwern  (The  Torch  of),  prince 
Gwenwyn  of  Powvs-land. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Peng'Winion  (Mr.),  from  Cornwall ; 
a  Jacobite  conspirator  with  Mr.  Red- 
gauntlet. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Bedgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Peninsular  War  (The),  the  war 
carried  on  by  sir  Arthur  Wellosley 
against  Napoleon  in  Portugal  and  Spain 
(1808-1814). 

Southey  wrote  a  History  of  the  Penin- 
sular War  (1822-32). 

Penitents  of  Love  (Fraternity  of 
the),  an  institution  established  in  Langue- 
doc  in  the  thirteenth  century,  consisting 
of  knights  and  esquires,  dames  and 
damsels,  whose  object  was  to  prove  the 
excess  of  their  love  by  bearing,  with 
invincible  constancy,  the  extremes  of 
heat  and  cold.  They  passed  the  greater 
part  of  the  day  abroad,  wandering  about 
from  castle  to  castle,  wherever  they  were 
summoned  by  the  inviolable  duties  of 
love  and  gallantry  ;  so  that  many  of  these 
devotees  perished  by  the  inclemency  of 
the  weather,  and  received  the  crown  of 
martyrdom  to  their  profession.  —  See 
Warton,  History  of  English  Poetry 
(1781). 

Pen'lake  (Richard),  a  cheerful  man, 
both  frank  and  free,  but  married  to 
Rebecca  a  terrible  shrew.  Rebecca 
knew  if  she  once  sat  in  St.  Michael's 
chair  (on  St.  Michael's  Mount,  in  Corn- 
wall), that  she  would  rule  her  husband 
ever  after ;  so  she  was  very  desirous  of 
going  to  the  mount.  It  so  happened  that 
Richard  fell  sick,  and  both  vowed  to 
give  six  marks  to  St.  Michael  if  he  re- 
covered. Richard  did  recover,  and  they 
visited  the  shrine ;  but  while  Richard 
was  making  the  offering,  Rebecca  ran  to 
seat  herself  in  St.  Michael's  chair ;  but 
no  sooner  had  she  done  so,  than  she  fell 
from  the  chair,  and  was  killed  in  the 
fall. — Southey,  St.  MichaeVs  Chair  (a 
ballad,  1798). 


PENNILESS. 


748 


PEONIA. 


Penniless  {The)^  Maximilian  I. 
emperor  of  Germany  (1459,  1493-1519). 

Penny  (Jock),  a  highwayman. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George 
II.). 

Penruddock  {Roderick),  a.  "philo- 
sopher," or  rather  a  recluse,  who  spent 
ihis  time  in  reading.  By  nature  gentle, 
Bcind-hearted,  and  generous,  but  soured 
'by  wrongs.  Woodville,  his  trusted 
friend,  although  he  knew  that  Arabella 
was  betrothed  to  Roderick,  induced  her 
father  to  give  his  daughter  to  himself, 
the  richer  man  ;  and  Roderick's  life  was 
blasted.  Woodville  had  a  son,  who  re- 
duced himself  to  positive  indigence  by 
gambling,  and  sir  George  Penruddock 
was  the  chief  creditor.  Sir  George  dying, 
all  his  property  came  to  his  cousin  Rode- 
rick, who  now  had  ample  means  to  glut 
his  revenge  on  his  treacherous  friend ;  but 
his  heart  softened.  First,  he  settled  all 
*'  the  obligations,  bonds,  and  mortgages, 
covering  the  whole  Woodville  property," 
on  Henry  Woodville,  that  he  might  marry 
Emily  Tempest ;  and  next,  he  restored  to 
Mrs.  Woodville  "her  settlement,  which, 
in  her  husband's  desperate  necessity,  she 
had  resigned  to  him  ;  "  lastly,  he  sold 
all  his  own  estates,  and  retired  again  to 
a  country  cottage  to  his  books  and  soli- 
tude.— Cumberland,  The  Wheel  of  Fortune 
(1779). 

Who  has  seen  J.  Kemhie  (1757-1823]  in  "  Penrud- 
dock," and  not  shed  tears  from  the  deeiiest  sources  t  His 
tenderly  jtuttiiig  away  the  sou  of  his  treacherous  friend, 
.  .  .  examining  his  countenance,  and  then  exclaiming,  in 
a  voice  wliiclj  developed  a  tliousand  mysterious  feelings, 
"Yon  are  very  like  your  mother ; "  was  sufficient  to  stamp 
his  excellence  in  the  pathetic  line  of  acting.— Mrs.  B. 
Trench,  Jiemaiiis  (1822). 

Pentap'olin,  "with  the  naked  arm," 
king  of  the  Garaman'teans,  Avho  always 
went  to  battle  with  his  right  arm  bare. 
Alifanfaron  emperor  of  Trap'oban  wished 
to  marry  his  daughter,  but,  being  re- 
fused, resolved  to  urge  his  suit  by  the 
sword.  When  don  Quixote  saw  two 
flocks  of  sheep  coming  along  the  road 
in  opposite  directions,  he  told  Sancho 
Panza  they  were  the  armies  of  these  two 
puissant  monarchs  met  in  array  against 
each  other.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I. 
iii.  4  (IGOo). 

Pentecote  Vivante  (La),  cardinal 
Mezzofanti,  Avho  was  the  majter  of  fifty 
or  lifty-eight  languages  (1774-1849). 

Penthe'a,  sister  of  Ith'oclcs,  be- 
trothed to  Or'gilus  bv  the  consent  of  her 
father.^  At  the  dejith  of  her  father, 
Ithocles  compelled  her  to  marry  Bass'- 


anes  whom  she  hated,  and  she  starred 
herself  to  death. — John  Ford,  T/i^  Broken 
Heart  (1633). 

Penthesile'a,  queen  of  the  Amazons, 
slain  by  Achilles.  S.  Butler  calls  the 
name  "  Penthes'ile." 

And  laid  about  in  fight  more  busily 
Than  th'  AmazonLan  dame  Penthesile. 

S.  Cutler,  Uadibrat. 

Pen'theus  (3  syl.),  a  king  of  Thebes, 
who  tried  to  abolish  the  orgies  of 
Bacchus,  but  was  driven  mad  by  the 
otfended  god.  In  his  madness  he  climbed 
into  a  tree  to  witness  the  ritos,  and  being 
descried  was  torn  to  pieces  by  the  Bac- 
chantes. 

As  when  wild  Pentheus,  grown  mad  with  fear. 

Whole  troops  of  hellish  hags  about  him  spies. 

Giles  Fletcher,  ChrUt's  Triumph  over  J)eath  (1610). 

Pen'theus    (2    sifL),  king    of    Thebea,] 
resisted  the  introduction  of  the  worship 
of  Dyoni'sos  (Bacchus)  into  his  kingdom*,J 
in  consequence  of  which  the  Bacchante! 
pulled    his   palace  to    the  ground,   anc 
Pentheus,  driven  from  the  throne,  was  tor 
to  pieces  on  mount  Cithaeron  by  his  o\ 
mother  and  her  two  sisters. 

He  the  fate  [may  ling] 
Of  soljer  Pentheus. 

Akenside,  J/ffmn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

Pentweazel  {Alderman),  a  rich  Citj 
merchant  of  Blowbladder  Street.     He 
wholly  submissive  to  his  wife,  whom  h« 
always  addresses  as  "Chuck." 

Mrs.  Pentweazel,  the  alderman's  wife 
very  ignorant,  very  vain,  and  very  coal 
ceitedly  humble.     She  was  a  Griskin  bj 
birth,    and    "  all    her    family    by    th(i 
mother's    side    were    famous'  for'  the 
eyes."     She    had    an    aunt    among    th^ 
beauties  of  Windsor,  "a  perdigious  fin^ 
woman.     She  had  but  one  eye,  but  thj 
was  a  piercer,  and  got  her  three  husbanc 
We  was  called  the  gimlet  family."    Mr 
Pentweazel   says  her  first  likeness  wi 
done  after  "  Venus  de  Medicis  the  sist€ 
of  Mary  de  Medicis." 

Sakey  Pentweazel,  daughter  of  th« 
alderman,  recently  married  to  Mr.  Depirty 
Dripping  of  Candlewick  Yard. 

Carel  Pentweazel,  a  schoolbo}',  who  had 
been  imder  Dr.  .Jerks,  near  Doncaster,  for 
two  years  and  a  quarter,  and  had  learnt 
all  As  in  Frcesenti  by  heart.  The  terms  of 
this  school  were  £10  a  year  for  food, 
books,  board,  clothes,  and  tuitiou.- 
Foote,  Taste  (1753). 

Peon'ia  or  Pseon'ia,  Macedonia; 
called  from  P^on  son  of  Endyinion. 

Made  Miicedon  first  stoop,  then  Thessiily  and  Ttioww  i 
His  soldiers  there  enriched  with  all  Peonia's  spoil. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  Tiii.  (1611). 


of 

Dd,  ( 

i 


PEOPLE. 


r49 


PERDITA. 


People  {Man  of  the),  Charles  James 
Fox  (1749-1806). 

Pepin  ( William),  a  White  friar  and 
most  famous  preacher  at  the  beginning 
of  the  sixteenth  century.  His  sermons, 
in  eight  vohimea  quarto,  formed  the 
grand  repertory  of  the  preachers  of  those 
times. 

Qui  nescit  Pepinare,  nescit  praedicare.— iVooerfi, 

Pepper  Gate,  a  gate  on  the  east 
side  of  the  city  of  Chester.  It  is  said 
that  the  daughter  of  the  mayor  eloped, 
and  the  mayor  ordered  the  gate  to  be 
closed.  Hence  the  proverb,  When  your 
daughter  is  stolen,  close  Pepper  Gate ;  or 
in  other  words,  Lock  the  stable  door  when 
the  steed  is  stolen. — Albert  Smith,  Chris- 
topher Ihdpole,  i. 

Pepperpot  (Sir  Peter),  a  West 
Indian  epicure,  immensely  rich,  con- 
ceited, and  irritable. — Foote,  The  Patron 
(17G4). 

PeppOTS.  (See  White  Horse  of 
THE  Peppkrs.) 

Peps  (Dr.  Parker),  a  court  physician 
who  attended  the  first  Mrs.  Dombey  on 
her  death-bed.  Dr.  Peps  always  gave  his 
patients  (by  mistake,  of  course),  a  title, 
to  impress  them  with  the  idea  that  his 
practice  was  exclusively  confined  to  the 
apper  ten  thousand. — C.  Dickens,  Dombeij 
arid  Son  (1846). 

Perceforest  (King),  the  hero  of  a 
prose  romance  "  in  Greek."  The  MS. 
18  said  to  have  been  found  by  count 
William  of  Hainault  in  a  cabinet  at 
**Burtimer"  Abbey,  on  the  Humber ; 
and  in  the  same  cabinet  was  deposited  a 
crown,  which  the  count  sent  to  king 
Edward.  The  MS.  was  turned  into 
Latin  by  St.  Landelain,  and  thence  into 
French  under  the  title  of  La  Tres  Elegante 
Lelicieux  Mellijiue  et  Tres  Plaisante  Hys- 
toire  du  Tres  Noble  Roy  Perceforest 
(printed  at  Paris  in  1528). 

(Of  course,  this  pretended  discovery  is 
only  an  invention.  An  analysis  of  the 
romance  is  given  in  Dunlop's  History  of 
Fiction.) 

He  was  called  "  Perceforest"  because 
he  dared  to  pierce,  almost  alone,  an  en- 
chanted/or^si,  where  women  and  children 
were  most  evilly  entreated.  Charles  IX. 
of  France  was  especially  fond  of  this 
romance. 

Perch,  messenger  in  the  house  of 
Mr.  Dombey,  merchant,  whom  he  adored, 
and  plainly  showed  by  his  manner  to  the 


great  man:  "You  are  the  light  of  my 
eyes,"  "  You  are  the  breath  of  my  soul." 
— C.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Perche  Notary  (A),  a  lawyer  who 
sets  people  together  by  the  ears,  one 
who  makes  more  quarrels  than  contracts. 
The  French  proverb  is,  Notaire  du  Perche, 
qui  passe  plus  d'echalliers  que  de  contrat. 

Le  Perche,  qui  se  trouve  partageS  entre  les  dipartements 
de  rOrne  et  d'Eure-et-Loir,  est  un  contrde  fort  boisi-e, 
dans  laquelle  la  plupart  des  champs  $oiit  eiitourds  do 
haies,  dans  lesquelles  sont  ni<inag(^es  certaincs  ouvertures 
propres  k  donner  piissat^e  aux  pietoiis  seulenteut,  et  que 
i'ou  nornme  echalliert. — Bilaire  le  Gai. 

Percinet,  a  fairy  prince,  in  love  with 
Graciosa.  Tlie  prince  succeeds  in  thwart- 
ing the  malicious  designs  of  Grognon,  the 
step-mother  of  the  lovely  princess. — 
Percinet  and  Graciosa  (a  fairy  tale). 

Percival  (Sir),  the  third  son  of  sir 
Pellinore  king  of  Wales.  His  brothers 
were  sir  Aglavale  and  sir  Lamorake 
Dornar,  usually  called  sir  Lamorake  de 
Galis  (Wales).  Sir  Tor  was  his  half- 
brother.  Sir  Percival  caught  a  sight  of 
the  holy  graal  after  his  combat  with 
sir  Ector  de  Maris  (brother  of  sir  Launce- 
lot),  and  both  were  miraculously  healed 
by  it.  Cretien  de  Troyes  wrote  the 
Roman  de  Perceval  (before  1200),  and 
Menessier  produced  the  same  story  in  a 
metrical  form.     (See  Parzival.) 

Sir  Percivale  had  a  glimmering  of  the  Sancgreall  and  of 
the  maiden  tliat  bare  it,  for  he  was  perfect  and  clean. 
And  forthwith  they  were  both  as  whole  of  limhand  hide 
as  ever  they  were  in  then:  Ufe  diiys.  "  Oil  mercy  ! "  said  sir 
Percival,  "what may  this  mean?"  ..."  I  wot  well,"  said 
sir  Ector  ...  "it  is  the  holy  vessel,  wherein  is  a  part  of 
the  holy  blood  of  our  blessed  Saviour ;  but  it  may  uot  be 
seen  but  by  a  perfect  man."— Pt.  iii.  14. 

Sir  Percival  was  with  sir  Bors  and  sir 
Galahad  when  the  visible  Saviour  went 
into  the  consecrated  wafer  which  was 
given  to  them  by  the  bishop.  This  is 
called  the  achievement  of  the  quest  of 
the  holy  graal  (pt.  iii.  101,  102).— Sir 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
(1470). 

Percy  Arundel  lord  Ashdale, 
son  of  lady  Arundel  by  her  second 
husband.  A  hot,  fiery  youth,  proud  and 
overbearing.  When  grown  to  manhood, 
a  "  sea-captain,"  named  Norman,  made 
love  to  Violet,  lord  Ashdale's  cousin. 
The  young  "Hotspr.r"  was  indignant 
and  somewhat  jealous,  but  discovered 
that  Norman  Avas  the  son  of  lady  Arundel 
by  her  first  husband,  and  the  heir  to  the 
title  and  estates.  In  the  end,  Norman 
agreed  to  divide  the  property  equally, 
but  claimed  Violet  for  his  bride. — Lord 
Lytton,  The  Sea- Captain  (1839). 

Per'dita,  the  daughter  of  the  queca 


PERDITA. 


750 


PEREGRINE. 


Hermione,  born  in  prison.  Her  father, 
king  Leontes,  commanded  the  infant  to  be 
cast  on  a  desert  shore,  and  left  to  perish 
there.  Being  put  to  sea,  the  vessel  was 
driven  by  a  storm  to  the  "coast"  of 
Bohemia,  and  the  infant  child  was 
brought  up  by  a  shepherd,  who  called  its 
name  Perdlta.  Flor'izel,  the  son  of  the 
Bohemian  king,  fell  in  love  with  Perdita, 
and  courted  her  under  the  assumed  name 
of  Doricles  ;  but  the  king,  having  tracked 
his  son  to  the  shepherd's  hut,  told  Perdita 
that  if  she  did  not  at  once  discontinue 
this  foolery,  he  would  command  her  and 
the  shepherd  too  to  be  put  to  death. 
Florizel  and  Perdita  now  fled  from 
Bohemia  to  Sicily,  and  being  introduced 
to  the  king,  it  was  soon  discoTcred  that 
Perdita  was  Leontes's  daughter.  The 
Bohemian  king,  having  tracked  his  son 
to  Sicily,  arrived  just  in  time  to  hear  the 
news,  and  gave  his  joyful  consent  to  the 
union  which  he  had  before  forbidden. 
—Shakespeare,  The  Winter's  Tale  (1604). 

Fer'dita,  Mrs.  Mary  Robinson  (bom 
Darby),  the  victim  of  George  IV.  while 
prince  of  Wales.  She  first  attracted  his 
notice  while  acting  the  part  of  "Perdita," 
and  the  prince  called  himself  "Flori- 
zel." George  prince  of  Wales  settled  a 
pension  for  life  on  her,  £500  a  year  for 
herself,  and  £200  a  year  for  her  daughter. 
She  caught  cold  one  winter,  and,  losing 
the  use  of  her  limbs,  could  neither  walk 
nor  stand  (1768-1799,  not  1800  as  is  given 
usually). 

She  was  unquestionably  very  beautiful,  but  more  so  in 
the  face  than  In  the  figure ;  and  she  had  a  remarkable 
facility  in  adapting  her  deportment  to  dress.  .  .  .  To-day 
she  was  a  paytanne  with  a  straw  hat  tied  at  the  back  of 
her  head  .  .  .  yesterday  she  had  been  the  dressed  belle 
of  Hyde  Park,  trimmed,  powdered,  patched,  painted  to 
the  utmost  power  of  rouge  and  white  lead  ;  to-morrow 
she  would  be  the  cravated  Amazon  of  the  riding-house ; 
but  be  sh°e  what  she  might,  the  bats  of  the  fasliionablo 
I>ronienaders  swept  the  ground  as  she  passed.  Whei.  she 
rode  forth  in  her  high  phaeton,  three  candidates  and  her 
husband  were  outriders.— Mrs.  Hawkins,  Memoirs  (1800). 

Perdrix,     toujours      Perdrix ! 

Walpole  tells  us  that  the  confessor  of  one 
of  the  French  kings,  having  reproved  the 
monarch  for  his  conjugal  infidelities,  was 
asked  what  dish  he  liked  best.  The  con- 
fessor replied,  "  Partridges ; "  and  the  king 
had  partridges  served  to  him  every  day, 
till  the  confessor  got  quite  sick  of 'them. 
"Perdrix,  toujours  perdrix!"  he  would 
exclaim,  as  the  dish  was  set  before  him. 
After  a  time,  the  king  visited  him,  and 
hoped  his  favourite  dish  had  been  sup- 
plied him.  "  Mais  oui,"  he  replied, 
"toujours  perdrix,  toujours  perdrix!" 
"  Ah,  ah  I "  said  the  amorous  monarch, 


"  and  one  mistress  is  all  very  well,  but 
not  perdrix,  toxijours  perdrix  !  "  —  See 
Notes  and  Queries,  337,  October  23,  1869. 

The  story  is  at  least  as  old  as  the  Cent 
Noiivelles  Nouvelles,  compiled  between 
1450-1461,  for  the  amusement  of  the 
dauphin  of  France,  afterwards  Louis  XI. 
(Notes  and  Queries,  November  27,  1869). 

*^*  Farquhar  parodies  the  French  ex- 
pression into,  "  Soup  for  breakfast,  Boup 
for  dinner,  soup  for  supper,  and  soup  for 
breakfast  again." — Farquhar,  The  Incon- 
stant, iv.  2  (1702). 

Pere  Duchesne  (Le),  Jacques 
Rene'  Hel^ert  ;  so  called  from  the  Pere 
Duchesne,  a  newspaper  of  which  he  was 
the  editor  (1755-1794). 

Peread  (Sir),  the  Black  Knight  of 
the  Black  Lands.  Called  by  Tennyson, 
"  Night "  or  "  Nox."  He  was  one  of  the 
four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages  to 
Castle  Perilous,  and  was  overthrown  by 
sir  Gareth. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  126  (1470)  ;  Tennyson, 
Idylls  ("Garetb  and  Lynette"). 

Peredur  (Sir),  son  of  Evrawc,  called 
"sir  Peredur  of  the  Long  Spear,"  one  of 
the  knights  of  the  Round  Table.  He  was 
for  many  years  called  "  The  Dumb 
Youth,"  from  a  vow  he  made  to  speak 
to  no  Christian  till  Angharad  of  the 
Golden  Hand  loved  him  better  than  she 
loved  any  other  man.  His  great  achieve- 
ments were  :  (1)  the  conquest  of  the  Black 
Oppressor,  "  Avho  oppressed  every  on( 
and  did  justice  to  no  one;  (2)  killii 
the  Addanc  of  the  Lake,  a  monster  thi 
devoured  daily  some  of  the  sons  of  t 
king  of  Tortures  :  this  exploit  he  wi 
enabled  to  achieve  by  means  of  a  stone 
which  kept  him  invisible  ;  (3)  slaying 
the  three  hundred  heroes  privileged  to 
sit  round  the  countess  of  the  Achieve- 
ments :  on  the  death  of  these  men,  the 
seat  next  the  countess  was  freely  given 
to  him ;  (4)  the  achievement  of  the 
Mount  of  Mourning,  where  was  a  serpent 
with  a  stone  in  its  tail  which  would  give 
inexhaustible  wealth  to  its  possessor: 
sir  Peredur  killed  the  serpent,  but  gave 
the  stone  to  his  comimniou,  earl  Etlym  of 
the  east  country.  These  exploits  over, 
sir  Peredur  lived  fourteen  j-ears  with  the 
empress  Cristinobyl  the  Great. 

Sir  Peredur  is  the  Welsh  name  for  sir 
Perceval  of  Wales.  —  The  Mabinoyion 
(from  the  Red  Book  of  Hergest,  twelfth 
century). 

Per'egrine  (3  syl.)^  a   sentimental 


»n^^H 

1 


li 


PEREGRINE  PICKLE. 


751       PERICLES  PRINCE  OF  TYRE. 


prig,  v.-ho  talks  by  the  book.  At  the  age 
of  l5,  he  runs  away  from  home,  and  Job 
Thornberry  lends  him  ten  guineas,  "  the 
first  earnings  of  his  trade  as  a  brazier." 
After  thirty  years'  absence,  Peregrine  re- 
turns, just  as  the  old  brazier  is  made 
a  bankrupt  "  through  the  treachery  of  a 
friend."  He  tells  the  bankrupt  that  his 
loan  of  ten  guineas  has  by  honest  trade 
grown  to  10,000,  and  thest  he  returns  to 
Thornberry  as  his  own  by  right.  It  turns 
out  tliat  Peregrine  is  the  eldest  brother  of 
sir  Simon  Rochdale,  J. P.,  and  when  sir 
Simon  refuses  justice  to  the  old  brazier. 
Peregrine  asserts  his  right  to  the  estate, 
etc.  At  the  same  tim&,  he  hears  that  the 
ship  he  thought  was  wrecked  has  come 
safe  into  port,  and  has  thus  brought  him 
£100,000.— G.  Colman,  junior,  John  Bull 
(1805). 

Peregrine  Pickle,  the  hero  and 
title  of  a  novel  by  Smollett  (1751).  Pere- 
grine Pickle  is  a  savage,  ungrateful 
spendthrift,  fond  of  practical  jokes,  and 
suffering  with  evil  temper  the  misfortunes 
brought  on  himself  by  his  own  wilful- 
ness. 

Peregri'nus  Proteus,  a  cynic  phi- 
losopher, born  at  Parium,  on  the  Helles- 
pont. After  a  youth  spent  in  debauchery 
and  crimes,  he  turned  Christian,  and,  to 
obliterate  the  memory  of  his  youthful  ill 
practices,  divided  his  inheritance  among 
the  people.  Ultimately  he  burned  him- 
self to  death  in  public  at  the  Oh'mpic 
games,  a.d.  165.  Lucan  has  held  up  this 
immolation  to  ridicule  in  his  Death  of 
Peregrinus ;  and  C.  M.  Wieland  has  an 
historic  romance  in  German  entitled 
Feregrinus  Proteus  (1733-1813). 

Per'es  (Gil),  a  canon,  and  the  eldest 
brother  of  Gil  Bias's  mother.  Gil  was 
a  little  punchy  man,  three  feet  and  a  half 
high,  with  his  head  sunk  between  his 
shoulders.  He  lived  well,  and  brought 
tip  his  nephew  and  godchild  Gil  Bias. 
•'  In  so  doing,  Peres  taught  himself  also 
to  read  his  breviary  without  stumbling." 
He  was  the  most  illiterate  canon  of  the 
whole  chapter.  —  Lesage,  Gil  Bias,  i. 
f     (1715). 

I  Perez  {Michael},  the  "copper  captain," 
t  a  brave  Spanish  soldier,  duped  into 
marrying  Estifania,  a  servant  of  intrigue, 
I  who  passed  herself  oif  as  a  lady  of 
I  property.  Being  reduced  to  great  ex- 
^  tremities,  Estifania  pawned  the  clothes 
and  valuables  of  her  husband  ;  but  these 
"  valuables  ''  were  but  of  little  worth— a 
]ewel  which  sparkled  as  the  "light  of  a 


dark  lanthorn,"  a  "  chain  of  whitings' 
eyes  "  for  pearls,  and  as  for  his  clothes, 
she  tauntingly  says  to  her  husband  : 

Put  these  and  them  [hit  jewels]  on,  and  you're  a  man  of 

copper, 
A  copper,  copper  captain. 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  ItuJe  a  Wife  and 
Have  a  H'</e  (IWO). 

Perfidious  Albion.  Great  Britain 
was  so  called  by  Napoleon  I. 

Peri,  plu.  Peris,  gentle,  fairy-like 
beings  of  Eastern  mythology,  offspring 
of  the  fallen  angels,  and  constituting  a 
race  of  beings  between  angels  and  men. 
They  direct  with  a  wand  the  pure-minded 
the  way  to  heaven,  and  dwell  in  Shadu'- 
kiam'  and  Am'bre-abad,  two  cities  subject 
to  Eblis. 

Are  the  peries  coming  down  from  their  spheres  ? 

W.  Becltford,  Vathek  (1786). 

Pe'richole,  the  heroine  of  Offen- 
bach's comic  operetta.  She  is  a  street 
singer  of  Lima,  in  Peru. 

Perichole  (La),  the  chere  amie  of  the 
late  viceroy  of  Peru.  She  was  a  foreigner, 
and  gave  great  offence  by  calling,  in  her 
bad  Spanish,  the  creole  ladies  pericholas, 
which  means  "  flaunting  and  bedizened 
creatures."  They,  in  retaliation,  nick- 
named the  favourite  La  Perichole. 

Pericles,  the  Athenian  who  raised 
himself  to  royal  supremacy  (died  }j.c. 
429).  On  his  death-bed  he  overheard  his 
friends  recalling  his  various  merits,  and 
told  them  they  had  forgotten  his  greatest 
praise,  viz.,  that  no  Athenian  through  his 
administration  had  had  to  put  on  mourn- 
ing, i.e.  he  had  caused  no  one  to  be  put 
to  death. 

Pericles  was  a  famous  man  of  warre  .  .  . 

Yet  at  his  death  he  rather  did  rejoice 

In  cleniencie.   ...   "Be  still,"  quoth  he,   "you  grave 

Athenians  " 
(Who  whisperM  and  told  his  valiant  acts) ; 
"You  have  forgot  my  greatest  glorie  got : 
For  yet  by  me  nor  mine  occasion 
Was  never  sene  a  mourning  garment  worn." 

G.  Gascoigne,  The  Steele  Glas  (died  1577). 

Per'icles    prince    of    Tyre,    a 

voluntary  exile,  in  order  to  avert  the 
calamities  which  Anti'ochus  emperor 
of  Greece  vowed  against  the  Tyrians. 
Pericles,  in  his  wanderings,  first  came  to 
Tarsus,  which  he  relieved  from  famine, 
but  was  obliged  to  quit  the  city  to  avoid 
the  persecution  of  Antiochus.  He  was  then 
shipwrecked,  and  cast  on  the  shore  of 
Pentap'olis,  where  he  distinguished  him- 
self in  the  public  games,  and  being  in- 
troduced to  the  king,  fell  in  love  with 
the  princess  Thais'a  and  married  her. 
At  the  death  of  Antiochus,  he  returned  to 
Tyre  ;  but  his  wife,  supposed  to  be  dead 


PERIGORT. 


752 


PERIWINKLE. 


in  giving  birth  to  a  daughter  (Marina), 
was  thrown  into  the  sea.  Pericles  en- 
trusted his  infant  child  to  Cleon  (governor 
of  Tarsus)  and  his  wife  Dionysia,  who 
brought  her  up  excellently  well  till  she 
became  a  young  Avonian,  when  Dionysia 
employed  a  man  to  murder  her;  and  when 
Pericles  came  to  see  her,  he  was  shown 
a  splendid  sepulchre  which  had  been 
raised  to  her  honour.  On  his  return 
home,  the  ship  stopped  at  Metaline,  and 
Marina  was  introduced  to  Pericles  to 
divert  his  melancholy.  She  told  him  the 
tale  of  her  life,  and  he  discovered  that 
she  was  his  daughter.  Marina  was  now 
betrothed  to  Lysim'achus  governor  of 
Metaline ;  and  the  party,  going  to  the 
shrine  of  Diana  of  Ephesus  to  return 
thanks  to  the  goddess,  discovered  the 
priestess  to  be  Thaisa,  the  wife  of  Pericles 
and  mother  of  Marina.  —  Shakespeare, 
Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

*^*  This  is  the  story  of  Ismene  and 
Ismenias,  by  Eustathius.  The  tale  was 
known  to  Gower  by  the  translation  of 
Godfre}'  Viterbo. 

Perigort  (Cardinal).  Previous  to  the 
battle  of  Poitiers,  he  endeavours  to  nego- 
tiate terms  with  the  French  king,  but  the 
only  terms  he  can  obtain,  he  tells  prince 
Edward,  are : 

Tliat  to  the  castles,  towns,  and  plunder  ta'en, 
And  offered  now  by  you  to  be  restored. 
Your  royal  person  with  a  hundred  knights 
Are  to  be  added  prisoners  at  discretion. 
Shirley,  Edward  the  Black  Prince,  iv.  2  (1640). 

Per'igot  (the  t  pronounced,  so  as  to 
rhyme  with  not),  a  shepherd  in  love 
with  Am'oret ;  but  the  shepherdess  Ama- 
rillis  also  loves  him,  and,  by  the  aid  of 
the  Sullen  Shepherd,  gets  transformed 
into  the  exact  likeness  of  the  modest 
Amoret.  By  her  wanton  conduct,  she 
disgusts  Perigot,  who  casts  her  off ;  and 
by  and  by,  meeting  Amoret,  whom  he 
believes  to  be  the  same  person,  rejects 
her  with  scorn,  and  even  wounds  her 
with  intent  to  kill.  Ultimately  the  truth 
is  discovered  by  Cor'in  "the  faithful 
shepherdess,"  and  the  lovers,  being  re- 
conciled, are  married  to  each  other. — 
John  Fletcher,  The  Faithful  Shepherdess 
(1610). 

Periklym'enos,  son  of  Neleus  (2 
syl.).  He  had  the  power  of  changing  his 
form  into  a  bird,  beast,  reptile,  or  insect. 
As  a  bee,  he  perched  on  the  chariot  of 
Herakles  (Hercules),  and  was  kilkd. 

Peril'los,  of  Athens,  made  a  brazen 
bull  for  Phal'aris  tyrant  of  Agrigentum, 


intended  for  the  execution  of  criminals. 
They  were  to  be  shut  up  in  the  bull, 
and  the  metal  of  the  bull  was  to  be  made 
red  hot.  The  cries  of  the  victims  inside 
were  so  reverberated  as  to  resemble  the 
roarings  of  a  gigantic  bull.  Phalaris 
made  the  first  experiment  by  shutting  up 
the  inventor  himself  in  his  own  bull. 

What's  a  protector  T 
A  tragic  actor,  Csesar  in  a  clown ; 
He's  a  brass  farthing  stamped  with  a  crown  ; 
A  bladder  blown  with  other  breaths  puffed  full ; 
Kot  a  Perillus,  but  PerrUus'  bull. 
John  Cleveland,  A  Definition  o/ a  iVotector  (died  1659). 

Perilous  Castle.  The  castle  of 
lord  Douglas  was  so  called  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  I.,  because  the  good  lord 
Douglas  destroyed  several  English  garri- 
sons stationed  there,  and  vowed  to  be 
revenged  on  any  one  who  dared  to  take 
possession  of  it.  Sir  W.  Scott  calls  it 
"  Castle  Dangerous "  in  his  novel  so 
entitled. 

*^*  In  the  storv  of  Gareth  and  Linet, 
the  castle  in  wli^ch  Liones  was  held 
prisoner  by  sir  Ironside  the  Red  Knight 
of  the  Red  Lands,  was  called  Castle 
Perilous.  The  passages  to  the  castle 
were  held  by  four  knights,  all  of  whom 
sir  Gareth  overthrew  ;  lastly  he  conquered 
sir  Ironside,  liberated  the  lady,  and 
married  her. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  i.  120-153  (1470). 

Perimo'nes  (Sir),  the  Red  Knight, 
one  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the 
passages  to  Castle  Perilous.  He  was 
overthrown  by  sir  Gareth.  Tennyson  calls 
him  "Noonday  Sun" or  "Meridies." — Sir 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthtr,  i. 
129  (1470);  Tennyson,  Idylls  ("Gareth 
and  Lynette"). 

Per'ion,  king  of  Gaul,  father  of 
Am'adis  of  Gaul.  His  "exploits  and 
adventures  "  form  part  of  the  series  called 
Le  Roman  des  Romans.  This  part  was 
added  by  Juan  Diaz  (fifteenth  century). 

♦^t*  It  is  generally  thought  that  "Gaul 
in  this  romance  is  tiie  same  as  Galis. 
is,  "Wales." 


1 

m);     ] 


Perissa,  the  personification  of 
travagance,  step-sister  of  Elissa  {mei 
ness)  and  of  Medi'na  (the  golden  mean) ; 
but  they  never  agreed  in  any  single  thing. 
Perissa's  suitor  is  sir  Huddibras,  a  man 
"  more  huge  in  strength  than  wise  in 
works."  (Greek,  jo<?rjs6os,  "extravagant,^ 
perissotes,  "  excess.")  —  Spenser,  Fi  " 
Queen,  ii.  2  (1590). 

Per'i"winkle  (Mr.),  one  of  the  four 
guardians  of  Anne  Lovely  the  heiress. 


PERKER. 


763 


PERSEUS. 


He   is    a   "  silly,    half-witted    virtuoso, 

positive  and  surly ;  fond  of  everything 

antique  and  foreign  ;   and  wears  clothes 

of  the  fashion  of  the  last  century.     Mr. 

Periwinkle    dotes    upon    travellers,    and 

believes   more   of    sir    John    Mandeville 

than  of  the  Bible"  (act  i.  1).     Colonel 

Feignwell,  to  obtain  his  consent  to  his 

marriage  with    Mr.    Periwinkle's  ward, 

disguised  himself  as  an  Egyptian,   and 

passed  himself  off  as  a  great  traveller. 

I     His  dress,   he   said,    *'  belonged    to    the 

j     famous  Claudius   Ptolemeus,  who   lived 

in  the  year  135."     One  of  his  curiosities 

was  polufiosboio,   "part  of  those  waves 

which  bore  Cleopatra's  vessel,  when  she 

went  to  meet  Antony."     Another  was  the 

i     moros  musphunon,  or  girdle  of  invisibility. 

I    His  trick,  however,   miscarried,  and  he 

\    then  personated  Pillage,  the  stevvard  of 

i    Periwinkle's  father,  and  obtained   Peri- 

1    winkle's  signature  to  the  marriage  by  a 

i    fluke. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  A  Bold  Stroke  for 

a  Wife  (1717). 

1  Perker  (Mr.),  the  lawyer  employed 
for  the  defence  in  the  famous  suit  of 
"  Bardell  v.  Pickwick  "  for  breach  of 
promise.  —  C.  Dickens,  The  Pickwick 
Papers  (1836). 

Perkin  Warbeck,  an  historic  play 
or  "chronicle  history,"  by  John  Eord 
(1635). 

Pemelle  [Madame),  mother  of  Orgon ; 
a  regular  vixen,  who  interrupts  every  one, 
without  waiting  to  hear  what  was  to  have 
been  said  to  her.  —  Molifere,  Tartuffe 
(1664). 

Peronella,  a  pretty  country  lass,  who 
:  changes  places  with  an  old  decrepit  queen. 

Peronella  rejoices  for  a  time  in  the 
\  idolatry  paid  to  her  rank,  but  gladly 
\  resumes  her  beauty,  youth,  and  rags. — 

A  Fairy  Tale. 

Perrette   and   Her  Milk-Pail. 

!  Perrette,   carrying   her   milk-pail   well- 
■  poised  upon  her  head,  began    to  specu- 
late on  its   value.     She  would  sell  the 
milk    and    buy  eggs  ;    she    would    set 
;  the  eggs  and  rear  chickens  ;  the  chickens 
I  ihe  would  sell  and  buy  a  pig ;    this  she 
i  would  fatten  and  change  for  a  cow  and 
jialf,  and  would  it  not  be    delightful  to 
iiee  the  little  calf  skip  and  play?     So 
[  raying,  she  gave  a  skip,  let  the  milk-pail 
'all,  and  all  the  milk  ran  to  waste.     "  Le 
\  ait  tombe.     Adieu,  veau,  veche,  cochon, 
;ouve'e,"  and  poor  Perrette  "  va  s'cxcuser 
I  son    mari,    en    grand    danger    d'etre 
1  )atue," 


Quel  esprit  ne  bat  la  campagne  f 
Qui  lie  fait  ch&tenu  en  Espague  t 
Picrocliole  [q.v.],  Pyrriius,  la  laitifcre,  enfin  toua, 
Autaiit  les  sages  que  les  fous.  .  .  . 
Quelque  accident  fait-il  que  je  rentre  en  moi-mSme ; 
Je  suis  Gros-Jean  conime  devant. 
Lafontaine, Fables  ("La  Laitidre  et  le  Pot  au  Lait,"  1668). 

(Dodsley  has  this  fable,  and  makes 
his  milkmaid  speculate  on  the  gown 
she  would  buy  with  her  money.  It 
should  be  green,  and  all  the  young 
fellows  would  ask  her  to  dance,  but  she 
would  toss  her  head  at  them  all — but  ah  ! 
in  tossing  her  head  she  tossed  over  her 
milk-pail.) 

*^,*  Echephron,  an  old  soldier,  related 
this  fable  to  the  advisers  of  king  Picro- 
chole,  when  they  persuaded  the  king  to 
go  to  war:  A  shoemaker  bought  a 
ha'p'orth  of  milk ;  this  he  intended  to 
make  into  butter,  and  with  the  money 
thus  obtained  he  would  buy  a  cow.  The 
cow  in  due  time  would  have  a  calf,  the 
calf  was  to  be  sold,  and  the  man  when 
he  became  a  nabob  would  marry  a 
princess ;  only  the  jug  fell,  the  milk  was 
spilt,  and  the  dreamer  went  supperless  to 
bed. — Rabelais,  Gargantua,  i.  33  (1533). 

In  a  similar  day-dream,  Alnaschar  in- 
vested all  his  money  in  a  basket  of  glass- 
ware, which  he  intended  to  sell,  and  buy 
other  wares,  till  by  barter  he  became  a 
princely  merchant,  when  he  should 
marry  the  vizier's  daughter.  Being 
offended  with  his  wife,  he  became  so 
excited  that  he  kicked  out  his  foot, 
smashed  all  his  wares,  and  remained 
wholly  pennyless.  —  Arabian  Nights 
("The  Barber's  Fifth  Brother"). 

Perrin,  a  peasant,  the  son  of  Thibaut. 
— Molifere,  Le  Me'decin  MalgreLui  (1666). 

Persaunt  of  India  [Sir),  the 
Blue  Knight,  called  by  Tennyson 
"  Morning  Star  "  or  "  Phosphbrus."  One 
of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages 
to  Castle  Perilous.  Overthrown  by  sir 
Gareth. — Sir  T.  Malory,  Histoi-y  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  131  (1470)  ;  Tennyson,  Idylls 
("  Gareth  and  Lynette"). 

*^*  It  is  manifestly  a  blunder  to  call 
the  Blue  Knight  "Morning  Star"  and 
the  Green  Knight  "  Evening  Star."  The 
old  romance  makes  the  combat  with  the 
"Green  Knight"  at  dawn,  and  with  the 
"Blue  Knight"  at  sunset.  The  error 
arose  from  not  bearing  in  mind  that  our 
forefathers  began  the  day  with  the  pre- 
ceding eve,  and  ended  it  at  sunset. 

Perseus  \_Per.suce'],  a  famous  Argive 
hero,  whose  exploits  resemble  those  of 
Hercules,  and  hence  he  was  called  "The 
Argive  Herculeg," 

3  o 


PERSIAN  CREED. 


754 


PETER. 


The  best  work  of  Benvennuto  Cellini 
is  a  bronze  statue  of  Perseus,  in  the 
Lop:gia  del  Lanzi,  of  Florence. 

Perseus' s  Horse,  a  ship.  Perseus,  having 
cut  off  Medusa's  head,  made  the  ship  Fe- 
(jase,  the  swiftest  ship  hitherto  known,  and 
generally  called  "Perseus's  flying  horse." 

Tlie  thick-ribbed  bark  thro'  liquid  mountains  cut  .  .  . 
Like  Perseus'  horse. 
Shakespeare,  Troilut  and  Cressida,  act  i.  sc,  3  (1602). 

Persian  Creed  (The).  Zoroaster 
supposes  there  are  two  gods  or  spirit- 
principles — one  good  and  the  other  evil. 
The  good  is  Yezad,  and  the  evil  Ahriman. 

Les  mages  reconnaissaient  deux  principes,  un  bon  et 
un  niauvais  :  le  iireniier,  auteur  de  tout  bien  ;  et  I'atitre, 
auteur  de  tout  mal.  ...  lis  nonimaient  le  Iwn  priiicipe 
"  Yezad"  ou  *'  Yezdam,"  ce  que  les  Grecs,  out  traduit  par 
Oromazet ;  et  le  mauvais  "Ahriman,"  en  Grec  ^riman- 
♦»»«.— Noel,  Diet,  de  la  Fable,  art.  "  Arimane." 

And  that  same  .  .  .  doctrine  of  the  Persian 
Of  the  two  principles,  but  leaves  beliind 
As  many  doubts  as  any  other  doctrine. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiii.  41  (1824). 

Perth  (The  Fair  Maid  of),  Catharine 
or  Katie  Glover,  "  universally  acknow- 
ledged to  be  the  most  beautiful  j'oung 
woman  of  the  city  or  its  vicinity." 
Catharine  was  the  daughter  of  Simon 
Glover  (the  glover  of  Perth),  and 
married  Henry  Smith  the  armourer. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

Pertinax   {Sir),     (See    MacSyco- 

PHANT.) 

Pertolope  {Sir),  the  Green  Knight. 
One  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the 
passages  to  Castle  Perilous.  He  was 
overthrown  by  sir  Gareth.  Tennyson 
calls  him  "  Evening  Star  "or  "Hesperus." 
• — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  127  (1470)  ;  Terinyson,  Idylls 
("  Gareth  and  Lynette"). 

*^*  It  is  evidently  a  blunder  to  call 
the  Green  Knight  "  Evening  Star "  and 
the  Blue  Knight  "  Morning  Star."  In  the 
original  tale  the  combat  with  the  "  Green 
Knight "  was  at  dawn,  and  with  the 
*' Blue  Knight"  at  sunset.  The  error 
arose  from  not  recollecting  that  day  began 
in  olden  times  with  the  preceding  eve, 
and  ended  at  sunset, 

Perviz  {Prince),  son  of  the  sultan 
Khrosrou-schar  of  Persia.  At  birth  he 
was  taken  away  by  the  sultana's  sisters, 
and  set  adrift  on  a  canal,  but  was  rescued 
and  brought  up  by  the  superintendent  of 
the  sultan's  gardens.  When  grown '  to 
manhood,  "the  talking  bird"  told  the 
sultan  that  Perviz  was  his  son,  and  the 
young  prince,  with  his  brother  and 
sister,  were  restored  to  their  rank  and 


position  in  the  empire  of  Persia. — 
Arabian  Nights  ("  The  Two  Sisters,"  the 
last  tale). 

Prince  Perviz' s  String  of  Pearls.  ^Yhen 
prince  Perviz  went  on  his  exploits,  he 
gave  his  sister  Parizade  a  string  of  pearls, 
saying,  "  So  long  as  these  pearls  move 
readily  on  the  string,  you  will  know  that 
I  am  alive  and  well ;  but  if  they  stick 
fast  and  will  not  move,  it  will  signify 
that  I  am  dead." — Arabian  Nights  ("  The 
Two  Sisters,"  the  last  tale). 

*^t*  Birtha's  emerald  ring,  and  prince 
Bahman's  knife  gave  similar  warnings. 
(See  BiKTHA  and  Bahmax.) 

Peseec'ola,  the  famous  swimmer 
drowned  in  the  pool  of  Charj'bdis.  The 
tale  tells  us  how  Pescecola  dived  once 
into  the  pool  and  came  up  safe  ;  but  king 
Frederick  then  threw  into  the  pool  a 
golden  cup,  which  Pescecola  dived  for, 
and  was  never  seen  again. — Schiller,  T/i« 
Diver  (1781). 

Pest  {Mr.),  a  barrister.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Pet,  a  fair  girl  with  rich  brown  hair 
hanging  free  in  natural  ringlets.  A 
lovely  girl,  Avith  a  free,  frank  face,  and 
most  wonderful  eyes — so  large,  so  soft,  so 
bright,  and  set  to  perfection  in  her  kind^ 
good  face.  She  was  round,  and  frea 
and  dimpled,  and  spoilt,  most  charming 
timid,  most  bewitchingly  self-willed, 
was  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Meagles, 
married  Henry  Gowan. — C.  Dickc 
Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Petaud  {King)',  king  of  the  beggar 

"  It  is  an  old  saying,"  replied  the  abb^  Haet,  "  P^ 
being  derived  from  tlie  Latin  j>eio,  '1  beg."' — Ai 
Christi,  ii. 

The  court  of  king  Petaud,  a  disorderly 
assembly,  a  place  of  utter  confusion,  a 
bear-garden. 

On  n'y  respecte  rien,  chacun  y  parle  haut, 
Et  c'est  tout  justement  la  cour  du  roi  Petaud. 
Molifere,  Tartuffe,  i.  1  (1 
La  cour  du  roi  Petaud,  oil  chacun  est  maitre.- 


Petella,  the  waiting-woman  of  Rosa- 
lura  and  Lillia-Bianca,  the  two  daughters 
of  Nantolet. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Wild-goose  Chase  (1G52). 

Peter,  the  stupid  son  of  Solomon 
butler  of  the  count  Wint^rsen.  He  gro- 
tesquely parrots  in  an  abridged  form 
whatever  his  father  says.  Thus :  Sol. 
"We  are  acquainted  with  the  reverence 
due  to  exalted  personages."  Pet.  "  Yes, 
we  are  acquainted  with  exalted  per- 
sonages."     Again:      Sol.    "Extremely 


PETER. 


755 


PETIT  PERROQUET. 


Borry  it  is  not  in  ray  power  to  entertain 
your  lordship."  FH. "  Extremely  sorry." 
Sol.  "Your  lordship's  most  obedient, 
humble,  and  devoted  servant."  Pet. 
*'  Devoted  servant." — Benjamin  Thomp- 
son, Tlie  Stranger  (1797). 

Peter,  the  pseudonym  of  John  Gibson 
Lockhart,  in  a  work  entitled  Peter's 
Letters  to  his  Kinsfolk  (1819). 

Peter  {Lord),  the  pope  of  Rome. — 
Dean  Swift,  Tale  of  a  Tub  (1704). 

Peter  Botte,  a  steep,  almost  per- 
pendicular "mountain"  in  the  Mauritius, 
more  than  2800  feet  in  height.  It  is  so 
called  from  Peter  Botte,  a  Dutch  sailor, 
who  scaled  it  and  fixed  a  flaj?  on  its  sum- 
mit, but  lost  his  life  in  coming  down. 

Peter  Parley,  the  nom  de  plume  of 
Samuel  G.  Goodrich,  an  American,  whose 
books  for  children  had  an  enormous  cir- 
culation in  the  middle  of  the  nineteenth 
century  (1793-1860). 

The  name  was   pirated   by  numerous 

Persons.  Darton  and  Co.,  Simkins,  Bo{i;ue, 
'egg,  Hodson,  Clements,  etc.,  brought 
out  books  under  the  name,  but  not  written 
by  S.  G.  Goodrich. 

Peter  Peebles,  a  litigious,  hard- 
hearted drunkard,  noted  for  his  lawsuit. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Redijauntlet  (time,  George 
III.). 

Peter  Pindar,  the  pseudonym  of 
Dr.  John  Wolcot,  of  Dodbrooke,  Devon- 
shire (1738-1819). 

Peter  Plymley's  Letters,  attri- 
buted to  the  Rev.  Sydney  Smith  (1769- 
1845). 

Peter  Porcupine,  William  Cobbett, 
when  he  was  a  tory.  lie  brought  out 
Peter  Porcupine''s  Gazette,  The  Porcupine 
Papers,  etc.  (1762-1835). 

Peter  Wilkins,  the  hero  of  a  tale 
of  adventures,  by  Robert  Pultock,  of 
Clifford's  Inn.  llis  "flying  women" 
(gawreys)  suggested  to  Southey  the 
"glendoveer"  in  The  Curse  of  Kehama. 

Peter  of  Provence  and  the 
Pair  Magalo'na,  the  chief  characters 
of  a  French  romance  so  called.  Peter 
comes  into  possession  of  Merlin's  wooden 
horse. 

Peter    the    Great    of    Egypt, 

kMehemet  Ali  (1768-1848). 

I  Peter  the  Hermit,  a  gentleman  of 
|A.mien3,  who  renounced  the  military  life 
I'Eor  the  religious.    He  preached  up  the 


first  crusade,  and  put  himself  at  the  head 
of  100,000  men,  all  of  whom,  except  a 
few  stragglers,  perished  at  Nicea. 

He  is  introduced  by  Tasso  in  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1675)  ;  and  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Count  Robert  of  Paris,  a  novel  laid  in  the 
time  of  Rufus.  A  statue  was  erected  to 
him  at  Amiens  in  1854. 

Peter  the  Wild  Boy,  a  savage 
discovered  in  November,  1725,  in  the 
forest  of  Hertswold,  Hanover.  He 
walked  on  all  fours,  climbed  trees  like  a 
monkey,  ate  grass  and  other  herbage. 
Efforts  were  made  to  reclaim  him,  but 
without  success.  He  died  February, 
1785. 

Peter's  Gate  (-S"^.),  the  gate  of  pur- 
gatory, guarded  by  an  angel  stationed 
there  by  St.  Peter.  Virgil  conducted 
Dante  through  hell  and  purgatory,  and 
Beatrice  was  his  guide  through  the 
planetary  spheres.  Dante  says  to  the 
Mantuan  bard : 

.  .  .  lead  me, 
That  I  St.  Peter's  gate  may  view  .  .  . 
Onward  he  [Kiryi/J  moved,  I  close  his  steps  pursued. 
Dante,  Bell,  i.  (1300). 

Peterborough,  in  Northampton- 
shire ;  so  called  from  Peada  (son  of 
Pendar  king  of  Mercia),  who  founded 
here  a  monastery  in  the  seventh  century. 
In  1541  the  monastery  (then  a  mitred 
abbe}'^)  was  converted  by  Henry  VIII. 
into  a  cathedral  and  bishop's  see.  Before 
Peada's  time,  Peterborougli  was  a  village 
called  Medhamsted. — See  Drayton,  Poly- 
olbion,  xxiii.  (1622). 

Peterloo  {The  Field  of),  an  attack  of 
the  military  on  a  reform  meeting  held  in 
St.  Peter's  Field,  at  Manchester,  August 
16,  1819. 

Peterson,  a  Swede,  who  deserts  from 
Gustavus  Vasa  to  Christian  II.  king  of 
Denmark. — H,  Brooke,  Gustavus  Vasa 
(1730). 

Petit  Andre,  executioner.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Petit  Perroquet,  a  king's  gardener, 
with  whom  the  king's  daughter  fell  in 
love.  It  so  happened  that  a  prince  was 
courting  the  lady,  and,  being  jealous  of 
Petit  Perroquet,  said  to  the  king  that  the 
young  man  boasted  he  could  bring  hither 
Tartaro's  horse.  Now  Tartaro  Avas  a 
Iiuge  giant  and  a  cannibal.  Petit  Perro- 
quet, however,  inade  himself  master  of 
the  horse.  The  prince  next  told  the  king 
that  the  young  gardener  boasted  he  could 


PETO. 


756 


PEYERIL. 


get  possession  of  the  giant's  diamond. 
This  he  also  contrived  to  make  himself 
master  of.  The  prince  then  told  the  king 
that  the  young  man  boasted  he  could  bring 
hither  the  giant  himself ;  and  the  way  he 
accomplished  the  feat  was  to  cover  him- 
self first  with  hone}',  and  then  with 
feathers  and  horns.  Thus  disguised,  he 
told  the  giant  to  get  into  the  coach  he 
was  driving,  and  he  drove  him  to  the 
king's  court,  and  then  married  the  prin- 
cess.— Rev.  W,  Webster,  Sasqtxe  Legends 
(1877). 

Pe'to,  lieutenant  of  "captain"  sir 
John  Falstaff's  regiment.  Pistol  was  his 
ensign  or  ancient,  and  Bardolph  his  cor- 
poral.— Shakespeare,  1  and  2  Henry  IV. 
(1597-8). 

Petcw'ker  {Miss  Henrietta)^  of  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Drury  Lane.  She  mar- 
ries Mr.  Lillyvick,  the  collector  of  water- 
rates,  but  elopes  with  an  officer. — C. 
Dickens,  Nicholas  Nicldehy  (1838). 

Petrarch  {Tlie  English).  Sir  Philip 
Sidney  (1554-1586)  is  so  called  by  sir 
Walte'r  Raleigh. 

Petrarch  and  Laura.    Laura  was 

a  lady  of  Avignon,  the  wife  of  Hugues 
de  Sade,  ne'e  Laura  de  Noves,  the  mistress 
of  the  poet  Petrarch.  (See  Laura  and 
Petrakch.) 

Petrarch  of  Spain,  Garcilaso  de 
la  Vega,  born  at  Toledo  (1530-1568,  or 
according  to  others,  1503-1636). 

Petrified  City  {The),  Ishmonie,  in 
Upper  Egypt.  So  called  from  the  num- 
ber of  statues  seen  there,  and  tradi- 
tionally said  to  bemen,  women,  children, 
and  dumb  animals  turned  into  stone. — 
Kircher,  Mundus  Subterraneus  (1664). 

Petro'nius  (C.  or  T.),  a  kind  of 
Roman  "beau  Brummell "  in  the  court 
of  Nero.  He  was  a  great  voluptuary  and 
profligate,  whom  Nero  appointed  Arbiter 
EleganticB,  and  considered  nothing  comme 
il  faut  till  it  had  received  the  sanction  of 
this  dictator-in-chief  of  the  imperial 
pleasures.  Tigellinus  accused  him  of 
treason,  and  Petronius  committed  suicide 
by  opening  his  veins  (a.d.  66). 

Behold  the  new  Petronius  of  the  day, 
Tlie  arbiter  of  pleasure  and  of  play. 
Byron,  £nglish  BarUn  and  Scotch  Kcviewen  (1809). 

Petruccio  =  Pe.truch'.e.o,  governor 
of  Bologna.—Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Chances  (1620). 

Petru'chio,  a  gentleman  of  Vero'na, 
who  undertakes   to   tame  the   haughty 


Katharina,  called  "  the  Shrew."  He 
marries  her,  and  without  the  least  per- 
sonal chastisement  reduces  her  to  lamb- 
like submission.  Being  a  fine  compound 
of  bodily  and  mental  vigour,  with  plenty 
of  wit,  spirit,  and  good-nature,  he  rules 
his  subordinates  dictatorially,  and  shows 
he  will  have  his  own  way,  whatever  the 
consequences. — Shakespeare,  Taming  of 
the  Shrew  (1594). 

C.  Leslie  says  Henry  Woodward  (1717- 
1777)  was  the  best  "Petruchio,"  "  Coj 
per    Captain,"     "  captain    Flash,"    and 
"Bobadil." 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher  wrote  a  comedj 
called  The  Tamer  Tamed,  in  whicl 
Petruchio  is  supposed  to  marry  a  secont 
wife,  by  whom  he  is  hen-pecked  (1647). 

Petticoat  Lane,  Whitechapel,  w« 
previously  called    "  Hog  Lane,"  and 
now  called  "  Middlesex  Street." 

Petty  Cury,  in  Cambridge,  is  no 
petit  e'cune,  but  "  parva  cokeria  ;  " />6^<« 
curarg,  from  curare,  "to  cook  or  cui 
meat." 

Pet'ulant,  an  "odd  sort  of  smal 
wit,"  "without  manners  or  breeding,' 
In  controversy  he  would  bluntly  contr 
diet,  and  he  neA'er  spoke  the  trut 
"When  in  his  "club,"  in  order  to 
thought  a  man  of  intrigue,  he  would  stea 
out  quietly,  and  then  in  disguise  retur 
and  call  for  himself,  or  leave  a  letter  io 
himself.  He  not  unfrequently  mist 
impiidence  and  malice  for  wit,  and  look( 
upon  a  modest  blush  in  woman  as  a  mar 
of  "guilt  or  ill-breeding." — W.  Con 
greve,  'The  Way  of  the  World  {1700). 

Peu-a-Peu.  So  George  IV.  calk 
prince  Leopold.  Stein,  speaking  of  the 
prince's  vacillating  conduct  in  reference 
to  the  throne  of  Greece,  says  of  him, 
"  He  has  no  colour,"  i.e.  no  fixed  plan  of 
his  own,  but  is  blown  about  by  every 
wind. 

Peveril  {William),  natural  son  of 
William  the  Conqueror,  and  ancestor  of 
Peveril  of  the  Peak. 

Sir  Geoffrey  Peveril,  a  cavalier,  called 
"  Peveril  of  the  Peak." 

Lady  Margai^et  Peveril,  wife  of  sif^ 
Geoffrey. 

Julian  Peveril,  son  of  sir  Geoffrey;  H 
love  with  Alice  Bridgenorth.  He  vtaA 
named  by  the  author  after  Julian  Young^ 
son  of  the  famous  actor. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II. ). 

"Whom  is  he  called  after?"  said  Scott.  "It  is  a  faiwiT 
name,"  said  Young ;  "  in  memoriam  of  his  mother,  Jult* 


PEVERIL  OF  THE  PEAK. 


757 


PHARAOH. 


Ann."  "  Well,  it  is  a  capital  nanie  for  a  novel,  1  must 
say,"  he  replied.  In  the  very  next  novel  by  the  author  of 
Waverlej/,  the  hero's  name  is  "Julian,"  I  allude,  of 
course,  to  Peueril  of  the  Peak.— 3.  Young,  Memoirs,  91. 

Peveril  of  the  Peak,  the  longest 
of  all  sir  W.  Scott's  novels,  and  the  most 
heavy  (1823). 

Phaedra,  daughter  of  Minos,  and 
wife  of  Theseus.     (See  Phedre.) 

Fhcedra,  waiting-woman  of  Alcme'na 
(wife  of  Amphit'ryon).  A  type  of  venality 
of  the  lowest  and  grossest  kind.  Phaedra 
is  betrothed  to  judge  Gripus,  a  stupid 
magistrate,  ready  to  sell  justice  to  the 
highest  bidder.  Neither  Phaidra  nor 
Gripus  forms  any  part  of  the  dramatis 
personoB  of  Molibre's  Amphitryon  (1668). 
— Dryden,  Amphitryon  (1690). 

PhaBdria,  the  impersonation  of 
wantonness.  She  is  handmaid  of  the 
enchantress  Acrasia,  and  sails  about  Idle 
Lake  in  a  gondola.  Seeing  sir  Guy  on, 
she  ferries  him  across  the  lake  to  the 
floating  island,  where  he  is  set  upon  by 
Cymoch'les.  Phaedria  interposes,  and 
ferries  air  Guyon  (the  Knight  Tem- 
perance) over  the  lake  again. — Spenser, 
FaSry  Queen,  ii.  (1596). 

Pha'eton  (3  syl.),  son  of  Helios  and 
Clymene.  He  obtained  leave  to  drive  his 
father's  sun-car  for  one  day,  but  was 
overthrown,  and  nearly  set  the  world  on 
fire.  Jove  or  Zeus  (1  syl.)  struck  him 
with  a  thunderbolt  for  his  presumption, 
and  cast  him  into  the  river  Po. 

j      Phal'aris,  tyrant  of  Agrigentum,  in 

;   Sicily.    When  Perillos,  the  brass-founder 

of  Athens,  brought  to  him  a  brazen  bull, 

and  told  the  tyrant  it  was  intended  for 

the   punishment   of    criminals,    PhalSris 

inquired  into   its   merits.     Perillos   said 

the  victim  was  to  be  enclosed  in  the  bull, 

and  roasted  alive,  by  making  the  figure 

red    hot.     Certain    tubes  were    so    con- 

.  structed  as   to  make  the  groans   of  the 

I  victim  resemble  the  bellowings  of  a  mad 

I  bull.    The  tyrant  much  commended  the 

I  ingenuity,  and  ordered  the  invention  to 

I  be  tried  on  Perillos  himself. 

I     Letters  of  Fhalaris,  certain  apocrj'phal 

[letters  ascribed  to  Phalaris  the  tyrant, 

[and  published  at   Oxford,   in   1718,    by 

f  Charles  Boyle.      There  was  an  edition  in 

1777  by  Walckenaer  ;  another  in  1823  by 

I  J.  H.  Schaifer,  with  notes  by  Boyle  and 

'  >thers.      Bcntley    maintained    that    the 

otters    were    forgeries,    and    no    doubt 

ientley  was  right. 


Phallas,  the  horse  of  Heraclius. 
(Greek,  phalios,  "  a  grey  horse.") 

Phantom  Ship  (The),  Carlmilhan 
or  Carmilhan,  the  phantom  ship  on  which 
the  kobold  of  the  Cape  sits,  when  he 
appears  to  doomed  vessels. 

.  .  .  that  phantom  shifx,  whose  form 
Shoots  like  a  meteor  thro'  the  storm  .  .  . 
And  well  the  doomed  spectators  know 
lis  harbinger  of  wreck  and  woe. 

Sir  W.  Scott,  Hokeby.  ii.  11  (1812). 

Pha'on,  a  young  man  who  loved 
Claribel,  but,  being  told  that  she  was 
unfaithful  to  him,  watched  her.  He  saw, 
as  he  thought,  Claribel  holding  an  assig- 
nation with  some  one  he  supposed  to  be  a 
groom.  Returning  home,  he  encountered 
Claribel  herself,  and  "with  wrathful! 
hand  he  slew  her  innocent."  On  the  trial 
for  murder,  "the  lady"  was  proved  to 
be  Claribel's  servant.  Phaon  would  have 
slain  her  also,  but  while  he  was  in  pur- 
suit of  her  he  was  attacked  by  Furor. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  4,  28,  etc. 
(1590). 

*^*  Shakespeare's  Much  Ado  about 
Nothing  is  a  similar  story.  Both  are 
taken  from  a  novel  by  Belleforest,  copied 
from  one  by  Bandello.  Ariosto,  in  his 
Orlando  Furioso,  has  introduced  a  similar 
story  (bk.  v.),  and  Turbervil's  Geneura  is 
the  same  tale. 

Pharamond,  king  of  the  Franks, 
who  visited,  incognito,  the  court  of  king 
Arthur,  to  obtain  by  his  exploits  a  i)lace 
among  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table. 
He  was  the  son  of  Marcomir,  and  father 
of  Clodion. 

Calprenede  has  an  heroic  romance  so 
called,  which  (like  his  Cleopatra  and 
Cassandra)  is  a  Roman  de  Longue  Haleine 
(1612-1666). 

Phar'amond,  prince  of  Spain,  in  the 
drama  called  Philaster  or  Love  Lies  a- 
hleeding,  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher 
(date  uncertain,  probably  about  1662). 

PharsLOh,  the  titular  name  of  all  the 
Egyptian  kings  till  the  time  of  Solomon, 
as  the  Roman  emperors  took  the  titular 
name  of  Caesar.  After  Solomon's  time, 
the  titular  name  Pharaoh  never  occurs 
alone,  but  only  as  a  forename,  as  Pharaoh 
Necho,  Pharaoh  Hophra,  Pharaoh  Shi- 
shak.  After  the  division  of  Alexander's 
kingdom,  the  kings  of  Egypt  were  all 
called  Ptolemy,  generally  with  some  dis- 
tinctive aftername,  as  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphos,  Ptolemy  Euergetes,  Ptolemy 
Philopator,  etc. — Selden,  Titles  of  Honour ^ 
V.  60  (1614). 


PHAKAOH. 


768 


PHARSALIA. 


Pharaohs  before  Solomon  (mentioned  in 
the  Old  Testament) : 

1.  Pharaoh  conteniporarj'with  Abraham 
(Gen.  xii.  15).  I  think  this  wasOsirtesen 
I.  (dynasty  xii.). 

2.  The  good  Pharaoh  who  advanced 
Joseph  (Gen.  xii.).  I  think  this  was 
Apophis  (one  of  tlie  Hyksos). 

3.  The  Pharaoh  who  ^'knew  not  Joseph" 
(Exod.  i.  8).  I  think  this  was  Amen'- 
ophis  I.  (dynasty  xviii.).  The  king  at 
the  flight  of  Moses,  I  think,  was  Thoth- 
xnesll. 

4.  The  Pharaoh  drowned  in  the  Red 
Sea.  As  this  was  at  least  eighty  years 
after  the  persecutions  began,  probably 
this  was  another  king.  Some  say  it  was 
Menephthes  son  of  Ram'eses  II.,  but  it 
seems  quite  impossible  to  reconcile  the 
account  in  Exodus  with  any  extant  his- 
torical account  of  Egvpt  (Exod.  xiv.  28). 
(?)  Was  it  Thothmes  III.  ? 

r>.  The  Pharaoh  who  protected  Hadad 
(1  Kings  xi.  19). 

6.  The  Pharaoh  whose  daughter  Solomon 
married  (1  Kings  iii.  1 ;  ix.  16).  I  think 
this  was  Psusennes  I.  (dynasty  xxi.). 

Pharaohs  after  Solomon's  time  (men- 
tioned in  the  Old  Testament) : 

1.  Pharaoh  Shishak,  who  warred  against 
Rehoboam  (1  Kings  xiv.  25,  26  ;  2  Chron. 
xii.  2). 

2.  The  Pharaoh  called  "So"  king  of 
Egypt,  with  whom  Hoshea  made  an  alli- 
ance (2  Kings  xvii.  4). 

3.  The  Pharaoh  who  made  a  league  with 
He/ekiah  against  Sennacherib.  He  is 
called  Tirhakah  (2  Kings  xviii.  21 ;  xix. 
9). 

4.  Pharaoh  Necho,  who  warred  against 
Josiah  (2  KiTigs  xxiii.  29,  etc.). 

5.  Pharaoh  Hophra,  the  ally  of  Zede- 
kiah.  Said  to  be  Pharaoh  Apries,  who 
was  strangled,  B.C.  669-525  (Jer.  xii  v. 
80). 

♦^*  Bunsen's  solution  of  the  Egyptian 
dynasties  cannot  possibly  be  correct. 
Pharaohs  noted  in  romance  : 

1.  Cheops  or  Suphis  I.,  who  built  the 
great  pyramid  (dynasty  iv.). 

2.  Cephrenes  or  Suphis  II.  his  brother, 
who  built  the  second  pyramid. 

3.  Mencheres,  his  successor,  who  built 
the  most  beautiful,  though  not  the  largest, 
of  the  pyramids. 

4.  Memnon  or  A-menophis  III.,  whose 
musical  statue  is  so  celebrated  (dynasty 
xviii.). 

5.  Sethos  I.  the  Great,  whose  tomb  was 
discovered  by  Belzoni  (dynasty  xix.). 

G.  Sethos  II.,  called  "Proteus,"  who 


detained  Helen  and  Paris  in  Egypt  (dy- 
nasty xix.). 

7.  Phuoris  or  ThuSris,  who  Bent  aid  to 
Priam  in  the  siege  of  Troy. 

8.  Rampsinltus  or  Ramescs  Neter,  tlie 
miser,  mentioned  by  Herodotos  (dynasty 

XX.). 

9.  Osorthon  IV.  (or  Osorkon),  the 
Egyptian  Hercules  (dynasty  xxiii.). 

Pharaoh's  Daughter.  The  daugh- 
ter of  Pharaoh  who  brought  up  Moses 
was  Bathia. 

Bathia,  the  daughter  of  Pharaoh,  came  attended  hy  her 
maidens,  and  entering  the  water  she  chiinced  to  see  the 
box  of  bulrushes,  and,  pitying  the  infant,  she  rescued  him 
from  deatlx. — The  Talmtid,  vi. 

Pharaoh's  "Wife,  Asia  daughter  of 
Mozahem.  Her  husband  cruelly  tor- 
mented her  because  she  believed  in  Moses. 
He  fastened  her  hands  and  feet  to  four 
stakes,  and  laid  a  millstone  on  her  as  she 
lay  in  the  hot  sun  with  her  face  upwards ; 
but  angels  shaded  off  the  sun  with  their 
wings,  and  God  took  her,  without  dying, 
into  paradise. — Sale,  Al  Koran,  Ixvi. 
note. 

Among  women,  four  have  been  perfect :  Asia,  wife  of 
Pharaoli ;  Mary,  daughter  of  Inir^  ;  Khadljali,  daughter 
of  Khowailed,  Mahomet's  first  wife;  and  F&tima,  JIa- 
hoinefs  daughter. — Attributed  to  Mahomet. 

♦*♦  There  is  considerable  doubt  re- 
specting the  Pharaoh  meant — whether  tke 
Pharaoh  whose  daughter  adopted  Moses, 
or  the  Pharaoh  who  was  drowned  in  the 
Red  Sea.  The  tale  suits  the  latter  king  far 
better  than  it  does  the  first. 

Pharian  Fields,  Egypt;  so  call 
from  Pharos,  an  island  on  the  Egyptiai 
coast,  noted  for  its  lighthouse. 

And  passed  from  Pharian  fields  to  CanaSn  land. 

Miltou.  Pialm  cxiv.  (i023). 

Pharsa'lia  (T/ie),  a  Latin  epic  in 
ten  books,  by  Lucan,  the  subject  being 
the  fall  and  death  of  Pompey.  It  opens 
with  the  passage  of  Caesar  across  the 
Rubicon.  This  river  formed  the  boundary 
of  his  province,  and  his  crossing  it  was 
virtually  a  declaration  of  war  (bk.  i.). 
Pompey  is  appointed  by  the  senate 
general  of  the  army  to  oppose  him  (bk. 
v.)  ;  Caesar  retreats  to  Thessaly  ;  Pompey 
follows  (bk.  vi.),  and  both  prepare  for 
war.  Pompey,  being  routed  in  the  battle 
of  Pharsalia,  flees  (bk.  vii.),  and  seeking 
protection  in  Egypt,  is  met  by  Achillas 
the  Egyptian  general,  who  murders  hiui, 
cuts  ofl:"  his  hetid,  and  casts  his  body  into 
the  sea  (bk.  viii.).  Cato  leads  tlie  residue 
of  Pompey's  army  to  Gyrene,  in  Africa 
(bk.ix.) ;  and Ctesar,  in  pursuitof  Pompey, 
landing  at  Alexandria,  is  hospitablyen^" 


"m 


1 


PHEASANT. 


r59 


PHILANDER. 


tained  by  Cleopatra  (bk.  x.).  While  here, 
he  tarries  in  luxurious  dalliance,  the 
palace  is  besieged  by  Egyptians,  and 
Caesar  with  difficulty  escapes  to  Pharos. 
He  is  closely  pursued,  hemmed  in  on  all 
sides,  and  leaps  into  the  sea.  With  his 
imperial  robe  held  between  his  teeth, 
his  commentaries  in  his  left  hand,  and 
his  sword  in  his  right,  he  buffets  with  the 
waves.  A  thousand  javelins  are  hurled 
at  him,  but  touch  him  not.  He  swims 
for  empire,  he  swims  for  life  ;  'tis  Caesar 
and  his  fortunes  that  the  waves  bear  on. 
He  reaches  his  fleet ;  is  received  by  his 
soldiers  with  thundering  applause.  The 
stars  in  their  courses  fought  for  Caesar. 
The  sea-gods  were  with  him,  and  Egypt 
with  her  host  was  a  by-word  and  a 
ecorn. 

*^*  Bk.  ix.  contains  the  account  of 
the  African  serpents,  by  far  the  most 
celebrated  passage  of  the  whole  poem. 
The  following  is  a  pretty  close  translation 
of  the  serpents  themselves.  It  would 
have  occupied  too  much  room  to  give 
their  onslaught  also  : — 

Here  all  the  serpent  deadly  brood  appears : 
First  the  dull  Asp  its  swelling  neck  uprears ; 
The  huge  Henior'rh  .is,  vampire  of  the  blood; 
Chersy'ders,  that  xtoUute  both  field  and  flood ; 
The  Water-seri)ent,  tyrant  of  the  lake  ; 
The  hooded  Cobra;  and  the  Plantain  snake; 
Hei-e  with  distended  jaws  the  Prester  strays ; 
And  Seps,  whose  bite  both  flesh  and  bone  decays ; 
The  Amphisbicna  with  ita  double  head, 
One  on  the  neck,  and  one  of  tail  instead  ; 
The  horned  Cerast6s  ;  and  the  Hamniodyte, 
Whose  sandy  hue  might  balk  the  keenest  sight ; 
A  feverish  thirst  betrays  the  Dipsas'  ating ; 
The  ScytiUa,  its  slough  that  casts  in  spring ; 
The  Natrix  here  the  crystal  stream  iJoUutes ; 
Swift  thro'  the  air  the  venomed  Javelin  shoots ; 
Here  the  Pareas,  moving  on  its  tail, 
Marks  in  the  sand  its  progress  by  iti  trail ; 
The  speckled  Cenchris  darts  its  devious  way, 
Its  skin  with  spots  as  Tlielmn  marble  gay ; 
The  hissing  Sibila ;  and  Basilisk, 
With  whom  no  living  thing  its  life  would  risk. 
Where'er  it  moves  none  else  would  dare  remain, 
Tyrant  alike  and  terror  of  the  plain. 

E.C.  B. 

In  this  battle  Pompey  had  45,000 
legionaries,  7000  horse,  and  a  large 
[;  number  of  auxiliaries.  Caesar  had  22,000 
j  legionaries,  and  1000  horse.  Pompey 's 
t  battle  cry  was  Hercules  invicttis !  That 
>  of  Caesar  was  Venus  victrix  !  Caesar  won 
!    the  battle. 

[  Pheasant.  So  called  from  Phasis,  a 
stream  of  the  Black  Sea. 

1  There  was  formerly  at  the  fort  of  Poti  a  preserve  of 
pheasants,  which  birds  derive  their  European  name  from 
tlie  rivtfr  Phasis  (the  present  Kion).— Lieut. -General  Mon- 

1     teitli. 

i  Phebe  (2  syL),  a  shepherdess  beloved 
by  the  shepherd  Silvius.  While  Rosalind 
was  in  boy's  clothes,  Phebe  fell  in  love 
with  the  stranger,  and  made  a  proposal 


of  marriage ;  but  when  Rosalind  ap- 
peared in  her  true  character,  and  gave 
her  hand  to  Orlando,  Phebe  was  content 
to  accept  her  old  love  Silvius. — Shake- 
speare, As  You  Like  It  (1600). 

Phedre  (or  Ph^dka),  daughter  of 
Minos  king  of  Crete,  and  wife  of  The- 
seus. She  conceived  a  criminal  love  for 
Hippolytos  her  step-son,  and,  being  re- 
pulsed by  him,  accused  him  to  her  hus- 
band of  attempting  to  dishonour  her. 
Hippolytos  was  put  to  death,  and  Phaedra, 
wrung  with  reraorso,  strangled  herself. 

This  has  been  made  the  subject  of  tra- 
gedy by  Eurip'ides  in  Greek,  Sen'eca  in 
Latin,  Racine  in  French  (1677).  "Phedre" 
was  the  great  part  of  Mdlle.  liachel  j 
she  first  appeared  in  this  character  in 
1838. 

(Pradon,  under  the  patronage  of  the 
duchesse  de  Bouillon  and  the  due  de 
Nevers,  produced,  in  1677,  his  tragedy  of 
Pliedre  m  opposition  to  that  of  Racine. 
The  duke  even  tried  to  liiss  down 
Racine's  play,  but  the  public  judgment 
was  more  powerful  than  the  duke  ;  and 
while  it  pronounced  decidedly  for  Ita- 
cine's  clief  d'aeuvre,  it  had  no  tolerance 
for  Pradon's  production.) 

Phelis  "the  Fair,"  the  wife  of  sir 
Guy  earl  of  Warwick. 

Phid'ias  {T7ie  French),  (1)  Jean 
Goujon  ;  also  called  "  The  Correggio  of 
Sculptors."  He  was  slain  in  the  St. 
Bartholomew  Massacre  (1510-1572).  (2) 
J.  B.  Pigalle  (1714-1785). 

Phil  (Little),  the  lad  of  John  Davies 
the  old  fisherman. — Sir  W.  Scott,  lied- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Philaminte  (3  syl.),  wife  of  Chry- 
sale  the  bourgeois,  and  mother  of  Ar- 
mande,  Henriette,  Ariste,  and  Belise. — 
Moliere,  Les  Femines  Savantes  (1672). 

Philan'der,  of  Holland,  was  a  guest 
at  the  house  of  Arge'o  baron  of  Servia, 
and  the  baron's  wife  Gjibri'na  fell  in  love 
with  him.  Philander'fled  the  house,  and 
Gabrina  told  her  husband  he  had  abused 
her,  and  had  fled  out  of  fear  of  him. 
He  was  pursued,  overtaken,  and  cast 
into  a  dungeon.  One  day,  Gabrina 
visited  him  there,  and  asked  him  to 
defend  her  against  a  wicked  knight. 
This  he  undertook  to  do,  and  Gabrina 
posted  him  in  a  place  where  he  could 
make  his  attack.  Philander  slew  the 
knight,  but  discovered  that  it  was  Argeo. 
Gabrina  now   declared  she  would  give 


PHILANDER. 


760 


PHILIPPE  EGALITE. 


him  up  to  justice,  unless  he  married  hpr  ; 
and  Philander,  to  save  his  life,  did  sc. 
But  in  a  very  short  time  the  infamous 
woman  tired  of  her  toy,  and  cut  him  off 
by  poison. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(1510). 

Philan'der,  a  male  coquet ;  so  called 
from  Philander  the  Dutch  knight,  men- 
tioned above,  who  coquetted  with  Ga- 
brina.  To  "  philander  "  is  to  wanton  or 
make  licentious  love  to  a  woman ;  to 
toy. 

Yes,  I'll  baste  you  together,  you  and  your  Philander. 
— W.  Coiigreve,  Ttte  Way  of  thu  Hortd  (1700). 

Philan'der,  prince  of  Cyprus,  passion- 
ately in  love  with  the  princess  Ero'ta. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  2'he  Laws  of 
Candy  (1647). 

Philanthropist  (The),  John  How- 
ard (1726-1790). 

Philario,  an  Italian,  at  whose  house 
Posthu'mus  made  his  silly  wager  with 
lachimo.  (See  Posthumus.) — Shake- 
speare, Cjjmbeline  (1605). 

Fhila'rio,  an  Italian  improvisatore, 
who  remained  faithful  to  Fazio  even  in 
disgrace. — Dean  Milman,  Fazio  (1815). 

Philaster  (Prince),  heir  to  the  crown 
of  Messi'na.  Euphra'sia,  who  was  in 
love  with  Philaster,  disguised  herself  as 
a  boy,  and  assuming  for  the  nonce  the 
name  of  Bellario.  entered  the  prince's 
service.  Philaster,  who  was  in  love  with 
the  princess  Arethu'sa,  transferred  Bel- 
lario to  her  service,  and  then  grew  jealous 
of  Arethusa's  love  for  the  young  page. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Philaster  or  Love 
Lies  a-bleedimj  (?  1622). 

There  is  considerable  resemblance  be- 
tween Euphrasia  and  "  Viola  "  in  Twelfth 
Night  (Shakespeare,  1614). 

Philax,  cousin  of  the  princess  Imis. 
The  fay  Pagan  shut  them  up  in  the 
"Palace  of  Revenge,"  a  superb  crystal 
palace,  containing  every  delight  except 
the  power  of  leaving  it.  In  the  course 
of  a  few  years,  Imis  and  Philax  longed 
as  much  for  a  separation  as  at  one  time 
they  had  wished  for  a  union. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("Palace  of  Re- 
venge," 1682). 

Phile'mon  (3  syL),  an  aged  rustic, 
who,  with  his  wife  Baucis,  hospitably  re- 
ceived Jupiter  and  Mercury,  after  every 
one  else  had  refused  to  receive  them. 
The  gods  sent  an  inundation  to  destroy 
tlie  inhospitable  people,  but  saved 
Baucis   and    Philemon,    and    conrerted 


their  cottage  into  a  magnificent  temple. 
At  their  own  request,  the  aged  couple 
died  on  the  same  day,  and  were  changed 
into  two  trees,  which  stood  before  the 
temple. — Greek  Mythology. 

Philinte  (2  syL),  friend  of  Alceste 
(2  syL). — Moliere,  Le  Misanthrope  (1660). 

Philip,  father  of  William  Swidger. 
His  favourite  expression  was,  "  Lord, 
keep  my  memory  green.  I  am  87." — C. 
Dickens,  The  Haunted  Man  (1848). 

Philip,  the  butler  of  Mr.  Peregrine 
Lovel ;  a  hypocritical,  rascally  servant, 
who  pretends  to  be  most  careful  of  liia 
master's  property,  but  who  in  reality 
wastes  it  most  recklessly,  and  enriches 
himself  with  it  most  unblushingly. 
Being  found  out,  he  is  summarily  dis- 
missed.— Rev.  J.  Townle}',  High  Life 
Below  Stairs  (1759). 

Philip  (Father),  sacristan  of  St.  Mary's. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monastery  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Philip  Augustus,  king  of  France, 
introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Talis- 
man (time,  Richard  I.). 

Philip  IsTye,  brought  up  for  the 
Anglican  Church,  but  became  a  presby- 
terian,  and  afterwards  an  independent. 
He  was  noted  for  the  cut  of  his  beard. 

This  reverend  brother,  like  a  goat. 
Did  wftir  a  tail  upon  his  throat  . 
But  set  in  such  a  curious  frame. 
As  if 'twere  wrouglit  in  filograui,' 
And  cut  so  even,  as  if 't  had  been 
Drawn  with  a  pen  upon  his  chin. 
S.  Butler,  On  Philip  Aye'«  Thanksgiving  Beard  (1652). 

Philip   Quarl,  a    castaway  sailor,j 
who    becomes    a    hermit.       His    "man 
Friday  "  is  a  chimpanzee.— P/»V?J9  Quarh 
(1727). 

Philip's  Four  Daughters.  W4 
are  told,  in  Acts  xxi.  9,  that  Philip  th<| 
deacon  or  evangelist  had  four  daughter 
which  did  prophesy. 

Helen,  the  mother  of  great  Constantine, 
Kor  yet  St  Philip's  daughters,  were  like  thee  iJoan 
Arc\. 

Shakespeare,  1  nenry  VI.  act  1.  sc.  2  (1589). 

Philippe,  a  parched  and  haggard 
wretch,  infirm  and  bent  beneath  a  pile 
of  years,  j-et  shrewd  and  cunning,  greedy 
of  gold,  malicious,  and  looked  on  by  the 
common  people  as  an  imp  of  darkness. 
It  was  this  old  villain  who  told  Thanc- 
mar  that  the  provost  of  Bruges  was  the 
son  of  a  serf  on  Thancmar's  estates. — S. 
Knowles,  The  Provost  of  Pruges  (1830). 

Philippe  Egalite  (4  syL),  Louis 
Philippe  duo  d'Orleans  (1747-1793). 


PHILIPSON. 


761     PHILOSOPHER  OF  WIMBLEDON. 


Philipson  {The  elder),  John  earl  of 
Oxford,  an  exiled  Lancastrian,  who  goes 
to  France  disj^uised  as  a  merchant. 

Arthur  Fhicipson,  sir  Arthur  de  Vere, 
son  of  the  earl  of  Oxford,  whom  he 
iLCConipanies  to  the  court  of  king  Rene 
of  Provence. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Phil'isides  (3  syL),  sir  Philip  Sidney 
(1654-1586). 

It  was  the  harp  of  Phil'isides,  now  dead.  .  .  , 

And  now  in  heaven  a  sign  it  doth  appear, 

The  Harp  well  known  beside  the  Northern  Bear. 

Spenser.  I'he  Jiuitu  of  Time  (1591). 

*^*  Phtlilp]  Sidlney},  with  the  Greek 
termination,  makes  Phili-sides.  Bishop 
Hall  calls  the  word  Phil-is' -ides  :  "Which 
sweet  Philis'ides  fetched  of  late  from 
.  France." 

Philistines,  the  vulgar  rich,  the 
pretentiously  genteel  not  in  "society," 
the  social  snobs,  distinguished  for  their 
much  iewellery  and  loud  linerj'. 

Demonstrative  and  offensive  whiskers,  which  are  the 
speciiU  inlieritance  of  tlie  British  i'hilistines. — Mrs. 
Oliphunt,  I'hcebe,  Junr.,  i.  2. 

Phillips  (Jessie),  the  title  and  chief 
character  of  a  novel  by  Mrs.  TroUope, 
the  object  being  an  attack  on  the  new 
poor-law  system  (1843). 

Phillis,  a  drama  written  in  Spanish 
by  Lupercio  Leonardo  of  Argensola. — 
Cervantes,  Don  Quixote  (1605-15). 

Phillis,  a  pastoral  name  for  a  maiden. 

Where  Corydon  and  Thjreis,  met. 
Are  at  their  savoury  dinner  set. 
Of  lierbs  and  oUier  country  messes. 
Which  the  neat-handed  Phillis  dresses. 

Milton,  L' Allegro  (1638). 

Phillis,  "the  Exigent,"  asked  "  Damon 
thirty  sheep  for  a  kiss  ; "  next  day,  she 
promised  him  "  thirty  kisses  for  a 
sheep ; "  the  third  day,  she  would  have 
given  "thirty  sheep  for  a  kiss;"  and 
the  fourth  day,  Damon  bestowed  his 
kisses  for  nothing  on  Lizette. — C.  Riviere 
Dufresny,  La  Coquette  de  Village  (1715). 

Philo,  a  Pharisee,  one  of  the  Jewish 

Banhedrim,  who  hated  Caiaphas  the  high 

i  priest  for  being  a  Sadducee.     Philo  made 

''  a  vow  in   the    judgment  hall,    that  he 

would    take    no    rest     till     Jesus     was 

numbered  with  the  dead.     In  bk.  xiii.  he 

commits  suicide,  and  his  soul  is  carried 

I  to  hell  by  Obaddon  the  angel  of  death. — 

,  Klopstock,  'The  Messiah,  ir.  (1771). 

Philoc'lea,  that  is,  lady  Penelopg 
Devereux,  with  whom  sir  Philip  Sidney 
was  in  love.    The  lady  married  another, 


and  sir  Philip  transferred  his  affections 
to  Frances  Walsingham,  eldest  daughter 
of  sir  Francis  Walsingham. 

Philocte'tes  (4  syl.),  one  of  the 
Argonauts,  who  was  wounded  in  the 
foot  while  on  his  way  to  Troy.  An 
oracle  declared  to  the  Greeks  that  Troy 
could  not  be  taken  "without  the  arrows 
of  Hercules,"  and  as  Hercules  at  death 
had  given  them  to  Philoctetes,  the 
Greek  chiefs  sent  for  him,  and  he  re- 
paired to  Troy  in  the  tenth  and  last  year 
of  the  siege. 

All  dogs  have  their  day,  even  rabid  ones.  Sorrowful, 
Incurable  Philoctetit  Marat,  witiiout  whom  Troy  oannot 
be  taken. — Carlyle. 

Philomel,  daughter  of  Pandion 
king  of  Attica.  She  was  converted  into 
a  nightingale. 

And  the  mute  Silence  hist  along, 
'Less  Philomel  will  deign  a  soug 
In  her  sweetest,  saddest  plight. 
Smoothing  the  rugged  brow  of  night.  .     . 
Sweet  binl,  Uiat  shunn'st  the  noise  of  folly, 
Most  musical,  most  melancholy. 

Mdton,  11  Penseroso  (1638). 

Philosopher  (The).  Marcus  Aure- 
lius  Antoninus,  the  Roman  emperor,  was 
so  called  by  Justin  Martyr  (121, 161-180). 

Leo  VI.  emperor  of  the  East  (866, 
886-911). 

Porphyry,  the  Neoplatonist  (223-304). 

Alfred  or  Alured,  surnamed  "Angli- 
cus,"  was  also  called  "  The  Philosopher" 
(died  1270). 

Philosopher  of  China,  Confucius 
(B.C.  551-479). 

Philosopher  of  Ferney,  Voltaire, 
who  lived  at  Ferney,  near  Geneva,  for 
the  last  twenty  years  of  his  life  (1694— 
1778). 

Philosopher    of  Malmesbury, 

Thomas  Hobbs,  author  of  Leviathan. 
He  was  bom  at  Malmesbury  (1588 
1679). 

Philosopher  of  Persia  {The\ 
Abou  Ebn  Sina  of  Shiraz  (died  1037). 

Philosopher     of    Sans    Souci, 

Frederick  the  Great  of  Prussia  (1712, 
1740-1786). 

♦^*  Frederick  elector  of  Saxony  waa 
called  "The  Wise"  (1463,  1544-1.554). 

Philosopher  of  Wimbledon 
{The),  John  Home  Tooke,  author  of  the 
Diversions  of  Pur  ley.  He  lived  at 
Wimbledon,  near  London  (1736-1812). 

(For  the  philosophers  of  the  different 
Greek  sects,  as  the  Cynic,  Cyrenaic, 
Eleac,  Eleatic,    Epicurean,    Haraclitian, 


PHILOSOPHERS. 


•62 


PHLEGETHON. 


Ionic,  Italic,  Megaric,  Peripatetic,  Sceptic, 
Socratic,  Stoic,  etc.,  see  Dictionary  of 
Fhrase  and  Fable,  680-1.) 

Philosophers   {The  Five  English)  : 

(1)  Roger  Bacon,  author  of  Opus  Majus 
(1214-1292);  (2)  sir  Francis  Bacon, 
author  of  Novum  Organum  (1561-1626) ; 

(3)  the  Hon.  Robert  Boyle  (1627-1691)  ; 

(4)  John  Locke,  author  of  a  treatise 
on  the  Human  Understanding  and  Innate 
/cfeas  (1632-1704) ;  (5)  sir  Isaac  Newton, 
author  of  Frincip'ia  (1642-1727). 

Philosopher's  Stone  (The),  a  red 
powder  or  amalgam,  to  drive  off  the 
impurities  of  baser  metals.  The  word 
stone,  in  this  expression,  does  not  mean 
the  mineral  so  called,  but  the  substratum 
or  article  employed  to  produce  a  certain 
effect.     (See  Elixir  Vit^.) 

Philosophy  (The  Father  of),  (1) 
Albrecht  von  Haller  of  Berne  (1708-1777). 

(2)  Roger  Bacon  is  also  so  called  (1214- 
1292). 

Philosophy  {The  Father  of  Inductive), 
Francis  Bacon  lord  Verulam  (1561-1626). 

Philosophy  {The  Father  of  Roman), 
Cicero  the  orator  (b.c.  106-43). 

Philosophy  {The  Nursing  Mother  of). 
Mde.  de  Boufflers  was  so  called  by 
Marie  Antoinette. 

Phil'ostrate  (3  syl.),  master  of  the 
revels  to  Theseus  (2  syl.)  king  of  Athens. 
— Shakespeare,  Midsummer  NighVs Dream 
(1592). 

Philo'tas,  son  of  Parmenio,  and 
commander  of  the  Macedonian  cavalry. 
He  was  charged  with  plotting  against 
Alexander  the  Great.  Being  put  to  the 
rack,  he  confessed  his  guilt,  and  was 
stoned  to  death. 

The  king  may  doom  me  to  a  thousand  tortures. 
Ply  me  with  fire,  and  rack  me  like  PhUotas, 
Ere  1  will  stoop  to  idolize  his  pride. 

N.  Lee,  AUxander  the  Grtat,  1.  1  (1678). 

Philot'ime  (4  syl.,  *'  love  of  glory  "), 
daughter  of  Mammon,  whom  the  money- 
god  offers  to  sir  Guyon  for  a  wife  ;  but 
the  knight  declines* the  honour,  saying 
he  is  bound  by  love-voAvs  to  another. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  7  (1590). 

Philot'imus,  Ambition  personified. 
(Greek,  philo-thnos,  "ambitious,  covetous 
of  honour.")— Phineas  Fletcher,  The 
Purple  Island,  viii.  (1633). 

Philot'imus,  steward  of  the  house  in 
the  suite  of  Gargantua.— Rabelais,  Gar- 
gantua,  i,  18  (1533). 


Philpot  {senior),  an  avaricious  old 
hunks,  and  father  of  George  Philpot. 
The  old  City  merchant  cannot  speak  a 
sentence  without  bringing  in  something 
about  money.  "He  wears  square-toed 
shoes  with  little  tiny  buckles,  a  brown 
coat  with  small  brass  buttons.  ...  His 
face  is  all  shrivelled  and  pinched  with 
care,  and  he  shakes  his  bead  like  a 
mandarin  upon  a  chimney-piece"  (act 
LI). 

When  I  was  very  young,  I  performed  the  part  of  "Old 
Philpot,"  at  Brighton,  with  great  success,  and  next  evening 
I  was  introduced  into  a  club-room,  full  of  company.  On 
hearing  my  name  announced,  one  of  the  g?enUemen  laid 
down  his  pipe,  and,  takin*;  up  his  glass,  said,  "  Here's  to 
your  health,  young  gentleman,  and  to  your  father's  too. 
I  hiid  the  pleasure  of  seeing  him  last  night  in  the  part  of 
*  Philpot,'  and  a  very  nice  clever  old  gentleman  he  is.  I 
hope,  young  sir,  you  may  one  day  be  as  good  an  actor  ai 
your  worthy  father."— Munden. 

George  Philpot,  The  profligate  eon  of 
old  Philpot,  destined  for  Maria  Wilding, 
but  the  betrothal  is  broken  off,  and  Maria 
marries  Beaufort.  George  wants  to 
pass  for  a  dashing  young  blade,  but  is 
made  the  dupe  of  every  one.  "  Bubbled 
at  play  ;  duped  by  a  girl  tc  whom  he 
paid  his  addresses  ;  cudgelled  by  a  rake ; 
laughed  at  by  his  cronies  ;  snubbed  by 
his  father ;  and  despised  bv  everv  one." 
—Murphy,  The  Citizen  (1757  or  1761). 

Philtra,  a  lady  of  large  fortune,  be- 
trothed to  Bracidas ;  but,  seeing  the 
fortune  of  Am  Idas  daily  increasing,  and 
that  of  Bracidas  getting  smaller  and 
smaller,  she  forsook  the  declining  fortune 
of  her  first  lover,  and  attached  herself  to 
the  more  prosperous  younger  brother. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  4  (1596). 

Phineus  [Fi'.nuce],  a  blind  sooth- 
sayer, who  was  tormented  by  the  harpies. 
Whenever  a  meal  was  set  before  him,  the 
harpies  came  and  carried  it  off,  but  the 
Argonauts  delivered  him  from  these  pests 
in  return  for  his  information  respecting 
the  route  they  were  to  take  in  order  to 
obtain  the  golden   fleece.     (See    Tibk- 

SIAS.) 

Tiresias  and  Phineus,  prophets  old. 

Milton.  Paradise  Lost,  iu.  36  (16»). 

Phiz,  the  pseudonym  of  Hablot  K. 
Browne,  who  illustrated  the  Pickwick 
Papers  (1836),  Nicholas  Nickleby,  and 
most  of  Charles  Dickens's  works  of  fic- 
tion. He  also  illustrated  the  Abbotsford 
edition  of  the  Wavcrley  Novels. 

Phleg'ethon  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  five 
rivers  of  hell.  The  word  means  the 
"  river  of  liquid  fire."  (Greek,  phligo, 
"  I  burn.")    The  other  rivers  are  Styx, 


"^4'/% 


PHLEGRIAN  SIZE. 


763 


i2/I5^iTr! 


PHRAOKTES. 


Ach'cron,   Cocy'tus,   and   Lc'the.      (See 
Sttx.) 

Fierce  Phlegethon, 
Whoso  waves  of  torrent  ftre  inflame  with  rage. 

Milton,  Paradite  Lost,  il.  680  (1665). 

Phleg'rian  Siae,  gigantic.  Phlegra 
or  the  Phlejjrae'an  plain,  in  MAcedon,  is 
where  the  giants  attacked  the  gods,  and 
were  defeated  by  Herctiles.  Drayton 
makes  the  diphthong  ce  a  short  t : 

Wliose  only  love  surprised  those  of  the  Phlegrian  sire, 

The  Tltaiiois,  that  once  agitinst  high  heaven  durst  rise. 

folyomon,  vi.  (1612). 

Phobbs.  Captain  and  Mrs.  Phobbs, 
with  Mfs.  major  Phobbs  a  widow,  sister- 
in-hiw  to  the  captain,  in  Lend  Me  Five 
Shillings,  by  J.  M.  Morton. 

Pho'cion,  husband  of  Euphra'sia 
"the  Grecian  daughter." — A.  Murphy, 
2%e  Grecian  Daughter  (1772). 

Pho'cyas,  general  of  the  Syrian  army 
in  the  siege  of  Damascus.  Phocyas  was 
in  love  with  Eudo'cia,  daughter  of  Eu'- 
menes  the  governor,  but  when  he  asked 
the  governor's  consent,  Eumenes  sternly 
refused  to  give  it.  After  gaining  several 
battles,  Phocyas  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Arabs,  and  consented  to  join  their 
army  to  revenge  himself  on  Eumenes. 
The  Arabs  triumphed,  and  Eudocia  was 
taken  captive,  but  she  refused  to  wed  a 
traitor.  Ultimately,  Phocyas  died,  and 
Eudocia  entered  a  convent. — John  Hughes, 
Siege  of  Damascus  (1720). 

Phoebus,  the  sun-god.  Phcsbe  (2 
.  fy/.),  the  moon-goddess. — Greek  Mytho- 
■  iogy. 

rhoebus's  Son.  Pha'iJton  obtained  per- 
il mission  of  his  father  to  drive  the  sun-car 
.  for  one  day,  but,  unable  to  guide  the 
horses,  they  left  their  usual  track,  the  car 
was  overturned,  and  both  heaven  and 
earth  were  threatened  with  destruction. 
Jupiter  struck  Phaeton  with  his  thunder- 
bolt, and  he  fell  headlong  into  the  Po. 

.  .  .  like  Ph(3ebus'  fayrest  childe, 
,     Tliat  did  presume  his  father's  fiery  wayne. 

And  ilaniing  mouths  of  steeds  unwonted  wUde. 

Thro'  hl^est  heaven  witli  weaker  hand  to  rayne ;  .  .  . 

He  leaves  the  welkin  way  most  beaten  playne, 
.    And,  wrapt  witli  whlrUng  wheels,  inflames  the  skyen 

IWlth  fire  not  made  to  bume,  but  favrely  for  to  sliyue. 
Spenser,  Faery  queen,  i.  4,  10  (1590). 
Phcebus.   Gaston  de  Foix  was  so  called, 
!rom  his  great  beauty  (1488-1612). 
.    Phcebus    (Captain),    the    betrothed    of 
fileur  de  Marie.     He  also  entertains   a 
j  »ase  love  for  Esmeralda,  the   beautiful 
■ipsy  girl. — Victor  Hugo,  Notre  Dame  de 
^aris  (1831). 

Phosnix  (The)  is  said  to  live  500  (or 


m^- 


1000)  years,  when  it  makes  a  nest 
spices,  bums  itself  to  ashes,  and  comes 
forth  with  renewed  life  for  another  simi- 
lar period.  There  never  was  but  one 
phoenix. 

The  bird  of  Arabye  .  ,  .  Can  never  dye. 

And  yet  there  is  none,  But  only  one, 

A  phenix.  .  .  .  Plinni  showmh  al  In  his  Story  IfaturaU 

What  he  doth  finde  Of  the  phenix  Vinde. 

J.  Skelton,  Philip  Sparow  (time,  Henr7  VIII.). 

PhcBnix  Theatre  (The),  now  called 
Drury  Lane. 

PhOBnix  Tree,  the  rasin,  an  Arabian 
tree.  Floro  says  :  "  There  never  was  but 
one,  and  upon  it  the  phoenix  sits." — 
Dictionary  (1598). 

Pliny  thinks  the  tree  on  which  the 
phoenix  was  supposed  to  perch  is  the 
date  tree  (called  m  Greek  phoinix),  adding 
that  "the  bird  died  with  the  tree,  and 
revived  of  itself  as  the  tree  revived." — 
Nat.  Hist.,  xiii.  4. 

Now  I  win  believe 
That  there  are  unicorns ;  that  in  Arabia 
There  is  one  tree,  the  phoenix'  throne :  one  phoenix 
At  this  hour  reigning  'here. 

Shakespeare,  Tin  Temvett.  act  ill.  sc.  3  (1609). 

Phorcus,  "the  old  man  of  the  sea." 
He  had  three  daughters,  with  only  one 
eye  and  one  tooth  between  'em. — Greek 
Mythology. 

This  is  not  "  the  old  man  of  the  sea" 
mentioned  in  the  Arabian  Nights  ("  Sind- 
bad  the  Sailor  ") . 

Phor'mio,  a  parasite,  who  is  "all 
things  to  all  men." — Terence,  Phormio. 

Phosphor,  the  lighl>-bringer  or  morn- 
ing star ;  also  called  HespSras,  and  by 
Homer  and  Hesiod  Ileos-plidros. 

Bright  Phosphor,  iresher  for  the  night. 
Sweet  Uesper-Phosphsr,  double  name. 

Tennysson,  In  Memoriam,  cxii.  (1850). 

Phos'phorus,  a  knight  called  by- 
Tennyson  "  Morning  Star,"  but,  in  the 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  "  sir  Persaunt 
of  India  or  the  Blue  Knight."  One  of 
the  four  brothers  who  kept  the  passages 
to  Castle  Perilous.  ■ —  Tennyson,  Idylls 
("  Gareth  and  Lynette  ")  ;  sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  131  (1470). 

*^,*  It  is  evidently  a  blunder  to  call 
the  Blue  Knight  "  Morning  Star  "  and  the 
Green  Knight  "Evening  Star."  In  the 
old  romance,  the  combat  with  the  "Green 
Knight  "  is  at  dawn,  and  with  the  "  TJlue 
Knight "  at  nightfall.  The  error  arcpse 
from  not  bearing  in  mind  that  our  fore- 
fathers began  the  day  with  the  preceding 
eve,  and  ended  it  at  sunset. 

Phraortes  (3  syL),  a  Greek  admiral. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of  Pari* 
(time,  Eufus). 


PHRAT. 


764 


PICCOLINO. 


Phrat,  the  Eu-phrat-es,  now  called 
Forat  or  Frat. 

Phry'ne  (2  syL),  an  Athenian  cour- 
tezan of  surpassing  beauty.  Apelles's 
celebrated  picture  of  "Venus  Anadyo- 
mSne"  was  drawn  from  Phryne,  who 
entered  the  sea  with  hair  dishevelled  for 
a  model.  The  "Cnidian  Venus"  of 
Praxiteles  was  also  taken  from  the  same 
model. 

Some  say  Campaspe  was  the  academy 
figure  of  the  "Venus  Anadyomene." 
Pope  has  a  poem  called  Phryne. 

Phyllis,  a  Thracian  who  fell  in  love 
with  Demoph'oiin.  After  some  months 
of  mutual  affection,  Demophoon  was 
obliged  to  sail  for  Athens,  but  promised 
to  return  within  a  month.  WTien  a 
month  had  elapsed,  and  Demophoon  did 
not  put  in  an  appearance,  Phyllis  so 
mourned  for  him  that  she  was  changed 
into  an  almond  tree,  hence  called  by  the 
Greeks  Phylia.  In  time,  Demophoon  re- 
turned, and,  being  told  the  fate  of  Phyllis, 
ran  to  embrace  the  tree,  which,  though 
bear  and  leafless  at  the  time,  was  instantly 
covered  with  leaves,  hence  called  Phylia 
by  the  Greeks. 

Let  Demophoon  tell 
Why  Phyllis  by  a  fate  untimely  fell. 

Ovid,  Art  of  Love.  ill. 

Phyllis^  a  country  girl  in  Virgil's  third 
and  fifth  Eclogues.  Hence,  a  rustic 
maiden.    Also  spelt  Phillis  {q.v.), 

Phyllis^  in  Spenser's  eclogue  Colin 
ClouVs  Come  Home  Again,  is  lady  Carey, 
wife  of  sir  George  Carey  (afterwards  lord 
Hunsdon,  1596).  Lady  Carey  was  Eliza- 
beth, the  second  of  the  six  daughters  of 
sir  John  Spenser  of  Althorpe,  ancestor  of 
the  noble  houses  of  Spenser  and  Marl- 
borough. 

No  less  praiseworthy  are  the  sisters  three. 
The  honour  of  tlie  noble  family 
Of  which  I  meanest  boast  myself  to  be,  .  .  , 
Phyllis,  Charjllis,  and  sweet  AinarylUs: 
Pliyllis  the  fair  is  eldest  of  the  three. 
Spenser.  Colin  Cluut't  Come  Some  Again  (1594). 

Phyllis  and  Brunetta,  rival 
beauties.  Phyllis  procured  for  a  certain 
festival  some  marvellous  fabric  of  gold 
brocade  in  order  to  eclipse  her  rival,  but 
lirunetta  dressed  the  slave  who  bore  her 
train  in  a  robe  of  the  same  material  and 
cut  in  precisely  the  same  fashion,  while 
Bhe  herself  wore  simple  black.  Phyllis 
died  of  mortification. —  The  Spectator 
(171t,  1712,  1714). 

Phynnodderee,  a  Manx  spirit, 
similar  to  the  Scotch  brownie.  Phyn- 
nodderee is  an  outlawed  fairy,  who  ab- 


sented himself  from  Fairy-court  on  the 
great  lev^e  day  of  the  harvest  moon. 
Instead  of  paying  his  respects  to  king 
Oberon,  he  remained  in  the  glen  of 
Rushen,  dancing  with  a  pretty  Manx 
maid  whom  he  was  courting. 

Physic  a  Farce  is  ( His) .  Si  r  Joh  n 
Hill  began  his  career  as  an  apothecary 
in  St.  Martin's  Lane,  London  ;  became 
author,  and  amongst  other  things  wrote 
farces.     Garrick  said  of  him  : 

For  physic  and  farces,  his  equal  there  scarce  is : 
His  farces  are  physic,  his  physic  a  farce  is. 

Physician  (The  Beloved),  St.  Luke_ 
the  evangelist  (Col.  iv.  14). 

Physicians  (The  prince  of),  Ai 
cenna  the  Arabian  (980-1037). 

Physigna'thos,  king  of  the  frog 
and  son  of  Pelus  ("mud").  Beiri| 
wounded  in  the  battle  of  the  frogs  and 
mice  by  Troxartas  the  mouse  king,  he 
flees  ingloriously  to  a  pool,  "  and  half  in 
anguish  of  the  flight  expires  "  (bk.  iii. 
112).     The  word  means  "puffed  chaps." 

Great  Physignathos  I  from  Pelus'  race. 
Begot  in  fair  Hydroniede's  embrace. 
Parnell,  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Alice,  i.  (about  1712). 

Pibrac  {Seigneur  de),  poet  and  diplo- 
matist, author  of  Cinquante  Quatrains 
(1674).  Gorgibus  bids  his  daughter  to 
study  Pibrac  instead  of  trashy  novels 
and  poetry. 

Lisez-moi,  comme  il  faut,  au  lieu  de  ces  sornettes, 
Les  quatrains  de  Piorac,  et  les  doctes  Tabettet 
Du  conseiller  Matthieu  ;  I'ouvruge  est  de  valeur, .  .  , 
La  Guide  des  p6c/ieur$  est  encore  un  bon  livre. 

Molifire,  Sganarelle,  i.  1  (1660)i 

(Pierre  Matthieu,  poet  and  historij 
wrote  Quatrains  de  la  Vanite  du  Mor, 
1629.) 

Picanninies  (4  syL),  little  childre 
the  small  fry  of  a  village. —  West  In  " 
Negroes. 

There  were  at  the  marriage  the  picanninies  and  i 
Joblilies,  but  not  the  Grand  Panjandrum. — Yonge. 

Picaresco  School  (The),  romances 
of  roguery ;  called  in  Spanish  Gusto 
Picaresco.  Gil  Bias  is  one  of  this  school 
of  novels. 

Pic'atrix,  the  pseudonym  of  a  Span- 
ish monk  ;  author  of  a  book  on  demono- 
logy. 

When  I  was  a  student,  .  .  .  that  same  Rev.  Picatrix  .  . . 
was  wont  to  tell  us  that  devils  did  naturally  fear  the 
bright  flashes  of  swords  as  much  as  lie  feared  tbesplendour 
of  the  sun.— Kabelais,  rantay'ruel,  iii.  '2'i  (1645). 

Piccolino,  an  opera  by  Mens. 
Guiraud  (1875);  libretto  by  MM. 
Sardou  and  Nuittier.  This  opera  waSj 
first  introduced  to  an  English  audience 


PICKEL-IIERRINGE. 


765 


PICTURE. 


in  1879.  The  tale  is  this:  Marthe,  an 
orphan  girl  adopted  by  a  Swiss  pastor, 
is  in  lo\  e  with  Frede'ric  Auvray,  a  young 
artist,  who  "  loved  and  left  his  love." 
Marthe  plods  through  the  snow  from 
Switzerland  to  Rome  to  find  her  young 
artist,  but,  for  greater  security,  puts  on 
boy's  clothes,  and  assumes  the  name  of 
Piccolino.  She  sees  Fri  de'ric,  who  knoAvs 
her  not ;  but,  struck  with  her  beauty, 
makes  a  drawing  of  her.  Marthe  dis- 
covers that  the  faithless  Fre'de'ric  is  pay- 
ing his  addresses  to  Elena  (sister  of  the 
duke  Strozzi).  She  tells  the  lady  her 
love-tale ;  and  Fre'deric,  deserted  by 
Elena,  forbids  Piccolino  (Marthe)  to 
come  into  his  presence  again.  The  poor 
Swiss  wanderer  throws  herself  into  the 
Tiber,  but  is  rescued.  Fre'de'ric  repents, 
and  the  curtain  falls  on-  a  reconciliation 
and  approaching  marriage. 

Pickel-Herringe  (5  syl),  a  popular 
name  among  the  Dutch  for  a  buffoon  ;  a 
corruption  of  picklc-hdrin  ("a  hairy 
sprite"),  answering  to  Ben  Jonson's 
Puck-hairy. 

Pickle  {Peregrine),  a  savage,  un- 
grateful spendthrift,  fond  of  practical 
jokes,  delighting  in  tormenting  others  ; 
but  suffering  with  ill  temper  the  mis- 
fortunes which  resulted  from  his  own 
wilfulness.  His  ingratitude  to  his  uncle, 
and  his  arrogance  to  Hatchway  and 
Pipes,  are  simply  hateful. — T.  Smollett, 
Tlie  Adventures  of  Pereoritie  Pickle 
I    (1751). 

I       Pickwick  {Samuel),  the  cliief  cha- 
I    racter  of  The  Pickwick  Papers,  a  novel 
\   by  C.  Dickens.     He  is  general  chairman 
!    of  the    Pickwick    Club.     A    most   ver- 
dant, benevolent,  elderly  gentleman,  who, 
;   as  member  of  a  club  instituted  "for  the 
i  purpose  of   investigating  the   source   of 
1  the    Hampstead    ponds,"   travels    about 
j  with  three  members  of  the  club,  to  whom 
he  acts  as  guardian   and   adviser.     The 
adventures  they  encounter  form  the  sub- 
ject of  the  Posthumous  Papers  of  the 
Pickwick  Club  (1836). 

The  original  of  Seymour's  picture  of 
*'  Pickwick  "  was  a  Mr.  John  Foster  (not 
the  biographer  of  Dickens,  but  a  friend 
of  Mr.  Chapman's  the  publisher).  He 
lived  at  Richmond,  and  was  "  a  fat  old 
iieau,"  noted  for  his  "drab  tights  and 
ilack  gaiters." 

Pickwickian  Sense  (Tn  a),  an 
nsult  whitewashed.  Mr.  Pickwick  ac- 
uaed  Mr.  Blotton  of  acting  in  "a  vile 


and  calumnious  manner ; "  whereupon 
Mr.  Blotton  retorted  by  calling  Mr. 
Pickwick  "  a  humbug."  But  it  finally 
was  made  to  appear  that  both  had  used 
the  offensive  words  only  in  a  parlia- 
mentary sense,  and  that  each  entertained 
for  the  other  "the  highest  regard  and 
esteem."  So  the  difficulty  was  easily 
adjusted,  and  both  were  satisfied. 

Liiwyers  and  politicians  dally  abuse  each  other  In  a 
Pickwickian  sense.— Bowditch. 

Pic'rochole,king  of  Lerng,  noted  for 
his  choleric  temper,  his  thirst  for  empire, 
and  his  vast  but  ill-digested  projects. — 
Rabelais,  Gargantua,  i.  (1533). 

Supposed  to  be  a  satire  on  Charles  V. 
of  Spain. 

The  rustics  of  Utopia  one  day  asked  the  cake-bakers  of 
Lerii6  to  sell  them  some  cakes.  A  quarrel  ensueil.  and 
king  Picrochole  marched  witli  all  hisarniy  against  Utopia, 
to  extirpate  tlie  insolent  inhabitants.— Bk.  i.  33. 

Picrochole's  Counsellors.  The 
duke  of  Smalltrash,  the  earl  of  Swash- 
buckler, and  captain  Durtaille,  advised 
king  Picrochole  to  leave  a  small  garrison 
at  home,  and  to  divide  his  army  into 
two  parts — to  send  one  south,  and  the 
other  north.  The  former  was  to  take 
Portugal,  Spain,  Italy,  Germany  (but 
was  to  spare  the  Ijfe  of  Barbarossa),  to 
take  the  islands  w  the  Mediterranean, 
the  Morea,  the  Holy  Land,  and  all 
Lesser  Asia.  The  northern  army  was  to 
take  Belgium,  Denmark,  Prussia,  Poland, 
Russia,  Norway,  Sweden,  sail  across  the 
Sandy  Sea,  and  meet  the  other  half  at 
Constantinople,  when  king  Picrochole 
was  to  divide  the  nations  amongst  his 
great  captains.  Echephron  said  he  had 
heard  about  a  pitcher  of  milk  which  was 
to  make  its  possessor  a  nabob,  and  give 
him  for  wife  a  sultan's  daughter;  only 
the  poor  fellow  broke  his  pitcher,  and 
had  to  go  supperless  to  bed.  (See  Boba- 
DiL.) — Rabelais,  Pantagruel,  i.  33  (1533). 

A  shoemaker  bought  a  ha'p'orth  of  milk ;  with  this  he 
intended  to  make  tiutter,  the  butter  was  to  buy  a  cow, 
the  cow  was  to  have  a  calf,  the  calf  wjw  to  be  sold, 
and  tlie  man  to  become  a  nabob  ;  only  the  poor  dreamer 
cracked  the  jug,  spilt  the  milk,  and  had  to  go  supperless 
to  bed.— Pantagruel.  i.  33. 

Picts,  the  Caledonians  or  inhabitants 
of  Albin,  i.e.  northern  Scotland.  The 
Scots  came  from  Scotia,  north  of  Ire- 
land, and  established  themselves  under 
Kenneth  M'Alpin  in  843. 

The  etymology  of  "Picts"  from  the 
Latin  picti  ( ' '  painted  men  ") ,  is  about  equal 
to  Stevens's  etymology  of  the  word 
"  brethren  "  from  tabernacle  "  because 
we  breathe-therein." 

Picture  (The),  a  drama  bjr  Mas- 
singer  (1629).     The  story  ol  this  play 


PICUS. 


m 


PIERRE. 


(like  that  of  the  Twelfth  Night,  by 
Shnkespeare)  is  taken  from  the  novel- 
letti  of  Bandello  of  Piedmont,  who  died 
1655. 

Pi'cus,  a  soothsayer  and  augur  ;  hus- 
band of  Canens.  In  his  prophetic  art 
he  made  use  of  a  woodpecker  (picus),  a 
prophetic  bird  sacred  to  5lars.  Circe  fell 
in  love  with  him,  and  as  he  did  not  re- 
quite her  advances,  she  changed  him  into 
a  woodpecker,  whereby  he  still  retained 
his  prophetic  power. 

.  "  There  is  Picus,"  said  Maryx.  "  What  a  strange  thing 
is  tradition !  Perhaps  it  was  in  this  very  forest  that 
Circfi,  gathering  lier  herbs,  saw  the  bold  friend  of  Mars 
on  his  fiery  courser,  and  tried  to  bewitch  him,  and,  fail- 
ing, metamorphosed  liim  so.  What,  I  wonder,  ever  first 
wedded  that  story  to  the  woodpecker  f "— Guida,  A  riadni, 
1.1L 

Pied  Horses.  Motassem  had 
130,000  pied  horses,  which  he  employed 
to  carry  earth  to  the  plain  of  Catoul ; 
and  having  raised  a  mound  of  sufficient 
height  to  command  a  view  of  the  whole 
neighbourhood,  he  built  thereon  the  roj'al 
city  of  Samarah'. — Khondemyr,  Khelassat 
al  Akhhar  (1495). 

The  Hill  of  the  Pied  Horses,  the  site  of 
the  palace  of  Alkoremmi,  built  by  Mo- 
tassem, and  enlarged  by  Vathek. 

Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin  (3  syl.), 
a  piper  named  Bunting,  from  his  dress. 
He  undertook,  for  a  certain,  sum  of 
money,  to  free  the  town  of  Hamelin,  in 
Brimswick,  of  the  rats  which  infested 
it ;  but  when  he  had  drowned  all  the  rats 
in  the  river  Weser,  the  townsmen  refused 
to  pay  the  sum  agreed  upon.  The  piper, 
in  revenge,  collected  together  all  the 
children  of  Hamelin,  and  enticed  them 
by  his  piping  into  a  cavern  in  the  side 
of  the  mountain  Koppenberg,  which  in- 
stantly closed  upon  them,  and  130  went 
down  alive  into  the  pit  (June  26,  1284). 
The  street  through  which  Bunting  con- 
ducted his  victims  was  Bungen,  and 
from  that  day  to  this  no  music  is  ever 
allowed  to  be  played  in  this  particular 
street. — ^Verstegan,  Restitution  of  Decayed 
Inte(li;jence  (1634). 

Robert  Browning  has  a  poem  entitled 
The  Pied  Piper. 

Erichius,  in  his  Exodus  Hamelensis, 
maintains  the  truth  of  this  legend  ;  but 
Martin  Schoock,  in  his  Fabula  Hcunelensis, 
contends  that  it  is  a  mere  myth. 

"Don't  forget  to  pay  the  piper"  is 
still  a  household  expression  in  common 
use. 

***  Ihe  same  tale  is  told  of  the  fiddler 
of  Braadenbcrg.    The  children  were  led 


to  the  Marienberg,  which  opened  npon 
them  and  swallowed  them  up. 

*^*  When  Lorch  was  infested  wiLli 
ants,  a  hermit  led  the  multitudinous  in- 
sects by  his  pipe  into  a  lake,  where  they 
perished.  As  the  inhabitants  refused  to 
pay  the  stipulated  price,  he  led  their  pigs 
the  same  dance,  and  they,  too,  perished 
in  the  lake. 

Next  year,  a  charcoal-burner  cleared 
the  same  place  of  crickets  ;  and  when 
the  price  agreed  upon  was  withheld,  he 
led  the  sheep  of  the  inhabitants  into  the 
lake. 

The  third  year  came  a  plague  of  rats, 
which  an  old  man  of  the  mountain  piped 
away  and  destroj'ed.  Being  refused  his 
reward,  he  piped  the  children  of  Lorch 
into  the  Tannenberg. 

*^*  About  200  years  ago,  the  people  of 
Ispahan  were  tormented  with  rats,  when 
a  little  dwarf  named  Giouf,  not  above 
two  feet  high,  promised,  on  the  paj-ment 
of  a  certain  sum  of  money,  to  free  the 
city  of  all  its  vermin  in  an  hour.  The 
terms  were  agreed  to,  and  Giouf,  by 
tabor  and  pipe,  attracted  ever^^  rat  and 
mouse  to  follow  him  to  the  river  Zen- 
derou,  where  they  were  all  drowned. 
Next  day,  the  dwarf  demanded  the 
money  ;  but  the  people  gave  him  several 
bad  coins,  which  they  refused  to  change. 
Next  day,  they  saw  with  horror  an  old 
black  woman,  fifty  feet  higli,  standing 
in  the  market-place  with  a  whip  in  her 
hand.  She  was  the  genie  Mergian 
Banou,  the  mother  of  the  dwarf.  For 
four  days  she  strangled  daily  fifteen  of 
the  principal  women,  and  on  the  fifth  day 
led  forty  others  to  a  magic  tower,  into 
which  she  drove  them,  and  they  weie 
never  after  seen  by  mortal  eye. — T.  S. 
Gueulette,  Chinese  Tales  ("History  ni 
Prince  Kader-Bilah,"  1723). 

*^*  The  syrens  of  classic  story  had, 
their  weird  spirit-music,  a  similar 
sistible  influence. 

(Weird   music   is   called  Alpleich 
Elfenseigen.)  j 

Pieria,  a  mountamous  slip  of  land  in  j 

Thessaly.     A  portion  of  the  Mountains  j 

is  called    PiCrus  or  the   Pierian  Moun-  ( 
tain,  the  seat  of  the  Muses. 

Ah  I  will  they  leave  Pieria's  happy  shore. 

To  plough  the  tide  wliere  wintry  tempests  foart 

Falconer,  The  bhipwreck  (1756). 

Pierre  [Peerl,  a  blunt,  bold,  out- 
spoken man,  who  heads  a  conspiracy  to 
murder  the  Venetian  senators,  and  induce! 
Jaflier  to  join  the  gang.    Jaffier  (in  order 


PIERRE. 


(67 


PIGROGROMITUS. 


to  save  his  wife's  father,  Priuli),  reveals 
the  jilot,  under  promise  of  free  pardon ; 
but  tlie  senators  break  their  pledge,  and 
offlerthe  conspirators  to  torture  and  death. 
Jaftier,  being  free,  because  he  had  turned 
"  king's  evidence,"  stabs  Pierre  to  prevent 
bis  being  broken  on  the  wheel,  and  then 
kills  himself. — T.  Otway,  Venice  Pre- 
served (1682). 

John  Kemble  [1757-1833]  could  not  play  "sir  Pertlniix  " 
like  Cooke,  nor  could  Cooke  play  "Pierre"  lilie  Kemble. 
— C.  R.  Leslie,  Autobiography. 

Cliarles  M.  Young's  "  Pierre,"  if  not  bo  lofty,  is  more 
natural  and  soldierly  ttian  Kenible's. — New  Uonthly 
Magazine  (1832). 

Macready's  "  Pierre  "  was  occasionally  too  familuir,  and 
now  and  then  too  loud  ;  but  it  liiul  beauties  of  the  highest 
order,  of  whicli  1  chiefly  remember  liis  passionate  taunt 
of  the  gang  of  conspirators,  and  bis  silent  reproach  to 
"  JiifHer"  by  holding  up  his  manacled  hands,  and  looking 
upon  the  poor  traitor  with  stedfast  sorrow  [1793-1873J.— 
Talfourd. 

Pierre,  a  very  inquisitive  servant  of 
M.  Darlemont,  who  long  suspects  his 
master  has  played  falsely  with  his  ward 
Julio  count  of  Harancour.  —  Thomas 
Holcroft,  The  Deaf  and  Dumb  (1785). 

Pierre  Alphonse  {Rabbi  Molse 
Sephardi),  a  Spanish  Jew  converted  to 
Christianity  in  1062. 

All  stories  that  recorded  are 

By  Pierre  Alfonie  he  knew  by  heart. 

Longfellow,  The  yyagside  Inn  (prelude). 

Pierre  du  Coignet  or  Coig- 
neres,  an  advocate-general  in  the  reign 
of  Philippe  de  Valois,  who  stoutly 
opposed  the  encroachments  of  the  Church. 
The  monks,  in  revenge,  nicknamed  those 
grotesque  figures  in  stone  (called  "gar- 
goyles!'), pierres  du  coignet.  At  Notre 
Dame  de  Paris  there  were  at  one  time 
gargoyles  used  for  extinguishing  torches, 
and  the  smoke  added  not  a  little  to  their 
ugliness. 

You  may  associate  them  with  Master  Pierre  du  Coignet, 
.  ,  .  which  perform  the  ofBce  of  extinguishers. — Rabelais, 
Oargantua  and  Pantagruel  (1533-45). 

Pierrot  [Pe'-<rr-ro],  a  character  in 
French  pantomime,  representing  a  man 
in  stature  and  a  child  in  mind.  He  is 
generally  the  tallest  and  thinnest  man  in 
file  company,  and  appears  with  his  face 
and  hair  thickly  covered  with  flour.  He 
wears  a  white  gown,  with  very  long 
sleeves,  and  a  row  of  big  buttons  down 
the  front.  The  word  means  "  Little 
Peter." 

Piers  and  Palinode,  two  shep- 
herds in  Spenser's  fifth  eclogue,  represent- 
ing the  protestant  and  the  catholic  priest. 

Piers  or  Percy  again  appears  in  eel.  x. 
with  Cuddy,  a  poetic  shepherd.  This 
noble  eclogue  has  for  its  subject  "poetry." 


Cuddy  complains  that  poetry  has  no 
patronage  or  encouragement,  although  it 
comes  by  inspiration.  He  says  no  one 
would  be  BO  qualified  as  Colin  to  sing 
divine  poetrj',  if  his  mind  were  not  so 
depressed  by  disappointed  love. — Spenser, 
The  Shepheardes  Calendar  (1,579). 

Pie'tro  (2  si/L),  the  putative  father 
of  Ponipilia.  This  paternity  was  a  fraud, 
to  oust  the  heirs  of  certain  property 
which  would  otherwise  fall  to  them. — R. 
Browning,  2'he  Ming  and  the  Book,  ii. 
680. 

Pig.  PhaedruB  tells  a  tale  of  a  popular 
actor  who  imitated  the  squeak  of  a  pig. 
A  peasant  said  to  the  audience  tliat  he 
would  himself  next  night  challenge 
and  beat  the  actor.  When  the  night 
arrived,  the  audience  unanimously  gave 
judgment  in  favour  of  the  actor,  saying 
that  his  squeak  was  by  far  the  better 
imitation  ;  but  the  peasant  presented  to 
them  a  real  pig,  and  said,  "  Behold,  what 
excellent  judges  are  j^e ! "  This  is 
similar  to  the  judgment  of  the  connois- 
seur who  said,  "  Why,  the  fellow  has 
actually  attempted  to  paint  a  fly  on  that 
rosebud,  but  it  is  no  more  like  a  fly  than 

I  am  like ;"  but,  as  he  approached  his 

finger  to  the  picture,  the  fly  flew  away. — 
G.  A.  Stevens,  The  Connoisseur  (1754). 

Pigal  (Mons.  de),  the  dancing-master 
who  teaches  Alice  Bridgenorth. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles 

Pigeon  and  Dove  (The).  Prince 
Constantio  was  changed  into  a  pigeon 
and  the  princess  Constantia  into  a  dove, 
because  they  loved,  but  were  always 
crossed  in  love.  Constantio  found  that 
Constantia  was  sold  by  his  mother  for  a 
slave,  and  in  order  to  follow  her  he  was 
converted  into  a  pigeon.  Constantia  was 
seized  by  a  giant,  and  in  order  to  escape 
him  was  changed  into  a  dove.  Cupid 
then  took  them  to  Paphos,  and  they 
became  "examples  of  a  tender  and  sin- 
cere passion  ;  and  ever  since  have  been 
the  emblems  of  love  and  constancy."— 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  The 
Pigeon  and  Dove,"  1682). 

Pigmy,  a  dwarf.     (See  Pygmy.) 

Pigott  Diamond  (The),  brought 
from  India  by  lord  Pigott.  It  weighs 
82^  carats.  In  1818  it  came  into  the 
hands  of  Messrs.  Rundell  and  Bridge. 

Pigrogrom'itus,  a  name  alluded  to 
by  sir  Andrew  Ague-cheek. 


PIGWIGGEN. 


768 


PILGRIM'S  PROGRESS. 


In  Booth  thou  wast  In  very  gracioug  fooling  last  night 
when  thou  spokest  of  Pigronroniltus,  of  the  Vajilan 
pacing  the  equinoctial  of  Queubus.  'Twas  very  Rood, 
riaith.— Siiakespeare,  Twelfth  Night,  act  li.  sc.  3  (1614). 

Pigwi^'gen,  a  fairy  knight,  whose 
amours  with  queen  Mab,  and  furious 
combat  with  Oberon,  form  the  subject  of 
Drayton's  Nympliidia  (1693). 

Pike.  The  best  pike  in  the  world  are 
obtained  from  the  Wyth'am,  in  that 
division  of  Lincolnshire  called  Kesteven 
(in  the  west). 

Yet  for  my  dainty  pike  I  {Wytham]  am  without  compare. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxv.  (1B2J). 

Pike  {Gideon)^  valet  to  old  major 
Bellenden.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Pila'tus  (Mount),  in  Switzerland. 
The  legend  is  that  Pontius  Pilate,  being 
banished  to  Gaul  by  the  emperor 
Tiberius,  wandered  to  this  mount,  and 
flung  himself  into  a  black  lake  a.t  the 
summit  of  the  hill,  being  unable  to 
endure  the  torture  of  conscience  for 
having  given  up  the  Lord  to  crucifixion. 

Pilcrow,  a  mark  in  printing,  to 
attract  attention,  made  thus  ^  or  l!!^^ 

In  husbandry  matters,  where  pilcrow  ye  find. 
That  verse  appertainetli  to  husbandry  kind. 

T.  Tusswr,  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Good 
Uusbandrjf  (1557). 

Pilgrim  Fathers.  They  were 
102  puritans  (English,  Scotch,  and 
Dutch),  who  went,  in  December,  1620, 
in  a  sliip  called  the  Mayfloiocr,  to  North 
America,  and  colonized  Maine,  New 
Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  and 
Connecticut.  These  states  they  called 
'*  New  England."  New  Plymouth  (near 
Boston)  was  the  second  colony  planted 
by  the  English  in  the  New  World. 

Men  In  the  middle  of  life,  austere  and  grave  in  deport- 
ment .  .  . 

God  had  sifted  three  kingdoms  to  find  the  wheat  for  tiiis 
plantine. 
Longftllow,  Courtship  of  Miles  Standlsh,  iv.  (1858). 

Pilgrim — Palmer.  Pilgrims  had 
dwellings,  palmers  had  none.  Pilgrims 
went  at  tlieir  own  charge,  palmers  pro- 
fessed willing  poverty  and  lived  on 
charity.  Pilgrims  might  return  to  a 
secular  life,  palmers  could  not.  Pilgrims 
might  hold  titles  and  follow  trades, 
palmers  were  wholly  "religious"  men. 

Pilgrim  to  Compostella.  Some 
pilgrims  on  their  way  to  Compostella 
stopped  at  a  hospice  in  La  Calzada.  The 
daughter  of  the  innkeeper  solicited  a 
young  Frenchman  to  s[>end  the  night 
with  her,  but  he  refused  ;  so  she  put  in  his 
wallet  a  silver  cup,  and  when  he  was  on 
the  road,  she  accused  him  to  the  alcayde 


of  theft.  As  the  propertj'^  was  found  in 
his  possession,  the  alcayde  ordered  him 
to  be  hung.  His  parents  went  on  their 
way  to  Compostella,  and  returned  after 
eight  days,  but  what  was  their  amaze- 
ment to  lind  their  son  alive  on  the  gibbet 
and  uninjured.  They  went  instantly  to 
tell  the  alcayde ;  but  the  magistrate 
replied,  "  Woman,  you  are  mad !  I 
would  just  as  soon  believe  these  pullets, 
which  I  am  about  to  eat,  are  alive,  as  that 
a  man  who  has  been  gibbeted  eight  days 
is  not  dead."  No  sooner  had  he  spoken 
than  the  two  pullets  actually  rose  up 
alive.  The  alcayde  was  frightened  out 
of  his  wits,  and  was  about  to  rush  out  of 
doors,  when  the  heads  and  feathers  of  the 
birds  came  scampering  in  to  complete  the 
resuscitation.  The  cock  and  hen  were 
taken  in  grand  procession  to  St.  James's 
Church  of  Compostella,  where  they  lived 
seven  years,  and  the  hen  hatched  two 
eggs,  a  cock  and  a  hen,  which  lived  just 
seven  years  and  did  the  same.  This  has 
continued  to  this  day,  and  pilgrims 
receive  feathers  from  these  birds  as  holy 
relics  ;  but  no  matter  how  many  feathers 
are  given  away,  the  plumage  of  the 
sacred  fowls  is  never  deficient. 

Galium  capiunt  et  gallinam,  et  in  ecclesiam  transrenint 
magna  soleninitate.  Quaj  ibi  clnu'^se  res  adniirabiles  et 
Dei  potentiiun  testiflcmtes  observantur,  ubi  septeiinio 
vivunt ;  hunc  eiiim  terininum  Deus  illis  instituit ;  et  in 
fine  septennii  aiitequam  morinntur,  pulluni  relinquunt  et 
pullani  sui  coloris  et  magnitudinis ;  et  hoc  tit  in  ea 
ecclesla  quolil>et  septennio.  Magnse  quoqne  admiratloHi* 
est,  quod  omnes  per  banc  url)em  transeuntes  peretrrini, 
qui  sunt  innumerabiles,  galli  hujus  et  gallinae  piumam 
capiunt,  et  nunquam  illis  pluniae  deficiunt  Hac  EctO 
Tkstor,  propterea  quod  ViDi  et  interfui.— Lucim  Marl- 
neus  Siculus,  Jierum  JUitpanicarum  Scriptores,  iL  806. 

*„t*  This  legend  is  also  seriously 
related  by  bishop  Patrick,  Parable  of  the 
Pilgrims,  xxxv.  430-4.  Udal  ap  Khys 
repeats  it  in  his  Tour  through  Spain  and 
Portugal,  35-8.  It  is  inserted  in  the 
Acta  Sanctorum,  vi.  45.  Pope  Calixtus 
II.  mentions  it  among  the  miracles 
Santiago. 

Pilgrim's  Progress  (T/ie),  by  Jo! 
Bunyan.  Pt.  i.,  1678;  pt.  ii.,  1684. 
This  is  supposed  to  be  a  dream,  and  to 
allegorize  the  life  of  a  Christian,  from 
his  conversion  to  his  death.  His  doubts 
are  giants,  his  sins  a  pack,  his  Bible  a 
chart,  his  minister  Evangelist,  his  con- 
version a  flight  from  the  City  of  De- 
struction, his  struggle  with  besetting  »in» 
a  fight  with  Apollyon,  his  death,  a 
toilsome  passage  over  a  deep  stream,  and 
so  on. 

The  second  part  is  Christiana  and  her 
family    led  by  Greatheart  through  the 


ina 

the  I 

tU8  j 

hn  f 


L 


PILLAR  OF  THE  DOCTORS.        769 


PINDAR. 


tame  road,  to  join  Christian,  who  had 
gone  before. 

Pillar  of  the  Doctors  {La  Colonne 
des  Docteurs),  William  de  Champeaux 
(*-1121). 

Pillars  of  Hercules  (The),  Calpe 
and  Abyla,  two  mountains,  one  in  Europe 
and  the  other  in  Africa.  Calpe  is  now 
called  *'The  Rock  of  Gibraltar,"  and 
Abyla  is  called  "The  Apes'  Hill"  or 
"mount  Hacho." 

Pilot  (The),  an  important  character 
and  the  title  of  a  nautical  burletta  by  E. 
Fitzball,  based  on  the  novel  so  called  by 
J.  Fenimore  Cooper  of  New  York.  "  The 
pilot"  turns  out  to  be  the  brother  of 
colonel  Howard  of  America.  He  hap- 
pened to  be  in  the  same  vessel  which 
was  taking  out  the  colonel's  wife  and  only 
son.  The  vessel  was  wrecked,  but  "the 
pilot"  (whose  name  was  John  Howard) 
saved  the  infant  boy,  and  sent  him  to 
England  to  be  brought  up,  under  the 
name  of  Barnstable.  When  young 
Barnstable  was  a  lieutenant  in  the 
British  navy,  colonel  Howard  seized 
him  as  a  spy,  and  commanded  him  to  be 
hung  to  tlie  yardarm  of  an  American 
i  frigate,  called  the  Alacriti/.  At  this 
■  crisis,  "the  pilot"  informed  the  colonel 
;  that  Barnstable  was  his  own  son,  and  the 
»  father  arrived  just  in  time  to  save  him 
from  death. 

I    Pilpay',  the  Indian  ^Esop.    His  com- 
tpilation  was   in   Sanskrit,    and   entitled 
Pantschatantra. 

It  W.1S  rumoured  he  coiild  say  .  .  . 
All  the  ••  Fables"  of  I'ilpay. 

Longfellow,  The  Wayside  Inn  (prelude). 

Pilum'nus,  the  patron  god  of  bakers 
nd  millers,  because  he  was  the  first 
erson  who  ever  ground  corn. 

Then  there  Wiis  Piluninus,  who  was  the  first  to  make 
eese,  and  becaiue  the  god  of  bakers.— Ouida,  Ariadne, 

\  Pimperlimpimp  (Powder),  a  worth- 
'  ss  nostrum,  used   by   quacks   and  sor- 

rers.     Swift  uses  the  word  in  his  Tale 

a  Tub  (1704). 

his  famous  doctor  [STierfockl  plays  the  Merry 
irew  with  the  world,  and,  like  the  powder  "  Piinper 
imp,"  turns  up  what  trump  the  knave  of  clubs  calls 
—A  Dialogue  between  Ur.  Sherlock  .  .  .  and  Dr. 
et  (ItiiW). 

Pinabello,  son  of  Anselmo  (king  of 
Lganza),  Marphi'sa  overthrew  him, 
I  told  him  he  could  not  wipe  out  the 
grace  till  be  had  unhorsed  a  thousand 
aes  and  a  thousand  knights.  Pinabello 
33 


was     slain     by     Brad'amant. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Pinac,  the  lively  spirited  fellow- 
traveller  of  Mirabel  "the  wild  goose." 
He  is  in  love  with  the  sprightly  Lillia- 
Bianca,  a  daughter  of  Nantolet. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Wild-goose  Chase 
(1652). 

Pinch,  a  schoolmaster  and  conjurer, 
who  tries  to  exorcise  Antiph'olus  (act  iv. 
Bc.  4). — Shakespeare,  Comedy  of  Errors 
(1593). 

Pinch  (Tom),  clerk  to  Mr.  Pecksniff 
"  architect  and  land  surveyor."  Simple 
as  a  child,  green  as  a  salad,  and  honest  as 
truth  itself.  Very  fond  of  story-books, 
but  far  more  so  of  the  organ.  It  was  the 
seventh  heaven  to  him  to  pull  out  the 
stops  for  the  organist's  assistant  at  Salis- 
bury Cathedral;  but  when  allowed,  after 
service,  to  finger  the  notes  himself,  he 
lived  in  a  dream-land  of  unmitigated 
happiness.  Being  dismissed  from  Peck- 
sniff's office,  Tom  was  appointed  Hbrarian 
to  the  Temple  library,  and  his  new 
catalogue  was  a  perfect  model  of  pen- 
manship. 

Ruth  Pinch,  a  true-hearted,  pretty 
girl,  who  adores  her  brother  Tom,  and  is 
the  sunshine  of  his  existence.  She 
marries  John  Westlock. — C.  Dickens, 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Pinchbeck  (Lady),  with  whom  don 
Juan  placed  Leila  to  be  brought  up. 

Olden  she  was — but  had  l)een  very  young ; 
Virtuous  she  was— and  had  been,  1  believe  .  .  • 
She  merely  now  was  amiable  and  witty. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xii.  43,  47  (1884). 

Pinch-wife  (Mr,),  the  town  husband 
of  a  raw  country  girl,  wholly  unpractised 
in  the  waj's  of  the  world,  and  whom  ho 
watches  with  ceaseless  anxiety. 

Lady  Drogheda  .  .  .  watched  her  town  husband  as 
assiduously  as  Mr.  Pinchwife  watched  his  country  wife.— 
Macaulay. 

Mrs.  Pinchwife^  the  counterpart  of 
Moliere's  "Agnes,"  in  his  comedy  en- 
titled L'e'cole  des  Femmes.  Mrs.  Pinch- 
wife is  a  young  woman  wholly  unsophisti- 
cated in  affairs  of  the  heart. — Wvcherly, 
The  Country  Wife  (1675). 

*^*  Garrick  altered  Wycherly's  comedy 
to  The  Country  Girl. 

Pindar  (Peter),  the  pseudonym  of 
Dr.  John  Wolcot  (1738-1819). 

Pindar   (The  British),   Thomas    Gray 
(1716-1771).     On  his  monument  in  West- 
minster Abbev  is  inscribed  these  lines : 
3d 


PINDAR. 


770 


PIPER. 


Ko  more  the  Grecinn  muse  unrfvallefl  reigns ; 

To  Britain  let  the  nations  lionmge  piiy: 
She  felt  a  Homer's  fire  in  Milton's  strains, 

A  Pindar's  rapture  in  the  lyre  of  Gray. 

Pindar  {The  French),  (1)  Jean  Dorat 
(1507-1588)  ;  (2)  Ponce  Denis  Lebrun 
(1719-1807). 

Pindar  {The  Italian),  Gabriello  Chia- 
brera  (1552-1637). 

Pindar  of  England.  Cowley  was 
preposterously  called  by  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  "  The  Pindar,  Horace,  and 
Virgil  of  England."  Posterity  has  not 
endorsed  this  absurd  eulogium  (1618- 
1667). 

Pindar  of  Wakefield  {The), 
George-a-Green,  pinner  of  the  town  of 
Wakefield,  that  is,  keeper  of  the  public 
pound  for  the  confinement  of  estrays. — 
The  History  of  George-a-Green,  Pindar 
of  the  Town  of  Wakefield  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Pindo'rus  and  Aride'us,  the  two 
heralds  of  the  Christian  army,  in  the 
siege  of  Jerusalem. — Tasso,  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1575). 

Pine-Bender  {The),  Sinis,  the 
Corinthian  robber,  who  used  to  fasten  his 
victims  to  two  pine  trees  bent  towards 
the  earth,  and  leave  them  to  be  torn  to 
pieces  by  the  rebound. 

Pinkerton  {Miss),  a  most  majestic 
lady,  tall  as  a  grenadier,  and  most  proper. 
Miss  Pinkerton  kept  an  academy  for 
young  ladies  on  Chiswick  Mall.  She  was 
"the  Semiramis  of  Hammersmith,  the 
friend  of  Dr.  Johnson,  and  the  corres- 
pondent of  Mrs.  Chapone."  This  very 
distinguished  lady  "had  a  Ron' an  nose, 
and  wore  a  solemn  turban."  Amelia 
Sedley  was  educated  at  Chiswick  Mall 
academy,  and  Rebecca  Sharp  was  a  pupil 
teacher  there. — Thackeray,  Vanitu  Fair, 
i.  (1848). 

Pinnit  {Orson),  keeper  of  the  bears. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). ^        ' 

Pinto  {Ferdinand  Mendez),  a  Portu- 
guese traveller,  whose  "voyages"  were 
at  one  time  wholly  discredited,  but  have 
since  been  verified  (1509-1583). 

Ferdinand  Mendez  Pinto  was  but  a  type  of  thee,  thou 
liml  magnitude.— W.  Congreve.  Love  for  Love 

Pious  {The),  Ernst  I.  founder  of 
the  house  of  Gotha  (1601-1674). 

Robert,  son  of  Hugues  Capet  (971, 
996—1031). 

Eric  IX.  of  Sweden  (*,  115^1161). 


Pip,  the  hero  of  Dickens's  novel  called 
Great  Expectations.  His  family  nan»e 
was  Pirrip,  and  his  Christian  name 
Philip.  He  was  enriched  by  a  convict 
named  Abel  Magwitch  ;  and  was  brought 
up  by  Joe  Gargery  a  smith,  whose  wife 
was  a  woman  of  thunder  and  lightning, 
storm  and  tempest.  Magwitch,  having 
made  his  escape  to  Australia,  became 
a  sheep  farmer,  grew  very  rich,  and 
deposited  £500  a  year  with  5lr.  Jaggers, 
a  lawyer,  for  the  education  of  Pip  and  to 
make  a  gentleman  of  him.  Ultimately, 
Pip  married  Estella,  the  daughter  of 
Magwitch,  but  adopted  from  infancy  by 
Miss  Havisham,  a  rich  banker's  daughter. 
His  friend  Herbert  Pocket  used  to  call 
him  "  Handel." — C.  Dickens,  Gi-eat  Ex- 
pectations (1860). 

Pipchin  {Mrs.),  an  exceedingly 
"  well-connected  lady,"  living  at  Brigh- 
ton, Avhere  she  kept  an  establishment  for 
the  training  of  enfants.  Her  "  respect- 
ability "  chiefly  consisted  in  the  circum- 
stance of  her  husband  having  broken  his 
heart  in  pumping  water  out  of  some 
Peruvian  mines  (that  is,  in  having  in- 
vested in  these  mines  and  been  let  in). 
Mrs.  Pipchin  was  an  ill-favoured  old 
woman,  with  mottled  cheeks  and  grey 
eyes.  She  was  given  to  buttered  toast 
and  sweetbreads,  but  kept  her  enfants  on 
the  plainest  possible  fare. — C.  Dickens, 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Pipe  {The  Queen's),  the  dock  kiln  in 
the  centre  of  the  great  east  vault  of  the 
wine-cellars  of  the  London  docks.  This 
kiln  is  the  place  where  useless  and 
damaged  goods  that  have  not  paid  duty 
are  burnt. 

Pipe  and  Dance.  As  you  pipe  J 
must  dance,  I  must  accommodate  myself 
to  your  wishes.  To  "pipe  another 
dance "  is  to  change  one's  bearing,  to 
put  out  of  favour.  J.  Skelton,  speaking 
of  the  clergy,  says  their  pride  no  man  could 
tolerate,  for  they  "would  rule  king  and 
kayser,"  and  "  bryng  all  to  nought ; "  but, 
if  kings  and  nobles,  instead  of  wasting 
their  time  on  hunting  and  hawking, 
would  attend  to  politics,  he  saj's  : 

They  would  pype  you  another  daunce. 

Colyn  Clout  (1460-1529). 

Piper  {Tom),  one  of  the  characters  in 
a  morris-dance. 

So  have  I  seen 
Tom  Piper  stand  upon  our  village  green. 
Backed  with  tlie  May-pole. 

William  Browne,  Shepherd's  Pipe  (1614). 


Piper  {Paddy  the),  an  Irish  piper,  anp- 


PIPER  OF  HAMELIN. 


771  PISISTRATOS  AND  HIS  TWO  SONS 


posed  to  have  been  eaten  by  a  cow. 
Going  along  one  night  during  the 
"troubles,"  he  knocked  his  head  against 
the  body  of  a  dead  man  dangling  fToni 
a  tree.  The  sight  of  the  "  iligant "  boots 
was  too  great  a  temptation  ;  and  as  they 
refused  to  come  oii  without  the  legs, 
Paddy  took  them  too,  and  sought  shelter 
for  the  night  in  a  cowshed.  The  moon 
rose,  and  Paddy,  mistaking  the  moon- 
light for  the  dawn,  started  for  the  fair, 
having  drawn  on  the  boots  and  left  the 
"legs"  behind.  At  daybreak,  some  of 
the  piper's  friends  tvent  in  search  of  him, 
and  found,  to  their  horror,  that  the  cow, 
as  thej'  supposed,  had  devoured  him 
with  the  exception  of  his  legs— clothes, 
bags,  and  all.  They  were  horror-struck, 
and  of  course  the  cow  was  condemned  to 
be  sold;  but  while  driving  her  to  the 
fair,  they  were  attracted  by  the  strains 
of  a  piper  coming  towards  them.  The 
cow  startled,  made  a  bolt,  with  a  view, 
as  it  was  supposed,  of  making  a  meal  on 
another  pijter.  "  Help,  help  ! "  they 
shouted ;  when  Paddy  himself  ran  to 
their  aid.  The  mystery  was  soon  ex- 
plained over  a  drop  of  the  "cratur,"  and 
the  cow  was  taken  home  again. — S. 
Lover,  Legends  and  Stories  of  Ireland 
(1834). 

Piper  of  Hamelin  {The  Pied), 
Bunting,  who  first  charmed  the  rats  of 
Hamelin  into  the  W^eser,  and  then  allured 
the  children  (to  the  number  of  130)  to 
Koppenberg  Hill,  which  opened  upon 
them.    (See  Pied  Piper  of  Hamelin.) 

Piperman,  the  factotum  of  Chalomel 
chemist  and  druggist.  He  was  "  so 
handy  "  tliat  he  was  never  at  his  post ; 
and  being  "  so  handy,"  he  took  ten  times 
the  trouble  of  doing  anything  that  another 
would  need  to  bestow.  For  the  self- 
same reason,  he  stumbled  and  blundered 
about,  muddled  and  marred  everything  he 
touched,  and  being  a  Jack-of-all-trades 
was  master  of  none. 

There  has  been  an  accident  because  I  am  so  handy.  I 
Went  to  the  dairy  at  a  bound,  came  back  at  anotlier,  and 
fell  do\¥n  in  the  open  street,  where  I  sinlt  the  milk.  I  tried 
to  bale  it  up— no  go.  Then  I  ran  back  or  ran  home,  I 
forget  which,  and  left  the  money  somewhere  ;  and  then, 
In  fact,  I  have  been  four  times  to  and  fro,  because  I  am  so 
baiidy.-J.  K.  Ware,  Piperman'*  Predicament. 

Pipes  (Jbm),  a  retired  boatswain's 
mate,  living  with  commodore  Trunnion 
to  keep  the  servants  in  order.  Tom  Pipes 
is  noted  for  his  taciturnity. — Tobias 
Smollett,  The  Adventures  of  Pereqrine 
Pickle  (1751). 

(The  incident  of  Tom  Pipes  concealing 


in  his  shoe  his  master's  letter  to  Emili« 
was  suggested  by  Ovid. 

Cum  possit  .solea  chartas  celare  ligatas, 
Et  viiicto  blandas  sub  pede  ferre  notas. 

Art  of  Love.) 

Pirate  ( The),  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(1821).  In  this  novel  we  are  introduceu 
to  the  wild  sea  scenery  of  the  Shetlands  \ 
the  primitive  manners  of  the  old  udaller 
Magnus  Troil,  and  his  fair  daughters 
Minna  and  Brenda :  lovely  pictures, 
drawn  with  nice  discrimination,  and  most 
interesting. 

*#*  A  udaller  is  one  who  holds  his 
lands  on  allodial  tenure. 

Pirner  (John),  a  fisherman  at  Old  St. 
Ronan's.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Pisa.  The  banner  of  Pisa  is  a  cross 
on  a  crimson  field,  said  to  have  been 
brought  from  heaven  by  Michael  the 
archangel,  and  delivered  by  him  to  St, 
Efeso,  the  patron  saint  of  that  city. 

Pisanio,  servant  of  Posthu'mus. 
Being  sent  to  murder  Imogen  the  wife  of 
Posthumus,  he  persuades  her  to  escape  to 
Milford  Haven  in  boy's  clothes,  and  sends 
a  bloody  napkin  to  Posthumus,  to  make 
him  believe  that  she  has  been  murdered. 
Ultimately,  Imogen  becomes  reconciled 
to  her  husband.  (See  Posthumus.) — 
Shakespeare,  Cymbeline  (1605). 

Pisis'tratos  of  Athens,  being  asked 
by  his  wife  to  punish  with  death  a  young 
man  who  had  dared  to  kiss  their  daughter, 
replied,  "How  shall  we  requite  those  who 
wish  us  evil,  if  we  condemn  to  death  those 
who  love  us  ?  "  This  anecdote  is  referred 
to  by  Dante,  in  his  Purgatory,  xv. — 
Valerius  Maximus,  Memorable  Acts  and 
Sayings,  v. 

Pisis'tratos  and  His  Two  Sons. 

The  history  of  Pisistratos  and  his  two 
sons  is  repeated  in  that  of  Cosmo  de 
Medici  of  Florence  and  his  two  grand- 
sons. It  would  be  difficult  to  find  a  more 
striking  parallel,  whether  we  regard  the 
characters  or  the  incidents  of  the  two 
families. 

Pisistratos  was  a  great  favourite  of  the 
Athenian  populace ;  so  was  Cosmo  de 
Medici  with  the  populace  of  Florence. 
Pisistratos  was  banished,  but,  being  re- 
called by  the  people,  was  raised  to  sove- 
reign power  in  the  republic  of  .Athens  ; 
so  Cosmo  was  banished,  but,  being  recalled 
by  the  people,  Avas  raised  to  supreme 
power  in  the  republic  of  Florence.  Pisis- 
tratos was  just  and  merciful,   a   great 


PISTOL. 


772 


PIZARRO. 


patron  of  literature,  and  spent  large  sums 
of  money  in  beautifying  Athens  with 
architecture  ;  the  same  may  be  said  of 
Cosmo  de  Medici.  To  Pisistratos  we  owe 
the  poems  of  Homer  in  a  connected  form  ; 
and  to  Cosmo  we  owe  the  best  literature 
of  Europe,  for  he  spent  fortunes  in  the 
copying  of  valuable  MSS.  The  two 
fions  of  Pisistratos  were  llipparchos  and 
Ilippias ;  and  the  two  grandsons  of 
Cosmo  were  Guiliano  and  Lorenzo.  Two 
of  the  most  honoured  citizens  of  Athens 
(Harmodios  and  Aristogiton)  conspired 
againstthesons  of  Pisistratos — Hipparchos 
was  assassinated,  but  Hippias  escaped  ;  so 
Francesco  Pazzi  and  the  archbishop  of  Pisa 
conspired  against  the  grandsons  of  Cosmo 
— Guiliano  was  assassinated,  but  Lorenzo 
escaped.  In  both  cases  it  was  the  elder 
brother  who  fell,  and  the  younger  which 
escaped.  Hippias  quelled  the  tumult,  and 
succeeded  in  placing  himself  at  the  head 
of  Athens  ;  so  did  Lorenzo  in  Florence. 

Pistol,  in  The  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor 
and  the  two  parts  of  Henry  IV.,  is  the 
ancitnt  or  ensign  of  captain  sir  John 
Falstaff.  Peto  is  his  lieutenant,  and  Bar- 
dolph  his  corporal.  Peto  being  removed 
(probably  killed),  we  find  in  Henry  F., 
Pistol  is  lieutenant,  Bardolph  ancient,  and 
Nym  corporal.  Pistol  is  also  introduced 
as  married  to  Mistress  Nell  Quickly, 
hostess  of  the  tavern  in  Eastcheap.  Both 
Pistol  and  his  wife  die  before  the  play  is 
over;  so  does  sir  John  Falstaff;  Bardolph 
and  Nym  are  both  hanged.  Pistol  is  a 
model  bully,  wholly  unprincipled,  and 
utterly  despicable;  but  he  treated  his  wife 
kindly,^  and  she  was  certainly  fond  of 
him. — Shakespeare. 

His  [Pistol'i]  courage  is  boastinR,  his  learning  ignorance, 
his  ability  weiikr.ass,  and  his  end  beggary.— Dr.  Lodge. 

(His  end  was  not  "  beggary  ; "  as  host 
of  the  tavern  in  Eastcheap,  he  seems 
much  more  respectable,  and  better  off 
than  before.  Theophilus  Cibber  (1703- 
1758)  was  the  best  actor  of  this  part.) 

PistriSjthe  sea-monster  sent  to  devour 
Androm'cda.  It  had  a  dragon's  head  and 
a  fish's  tail. — Aratus,  Commentaries. 

Pithyrian  [PiMiirryMn],  a  pagan  of 
Antioch.  He  had  one  daughter,  named 
IMara'na,  who  was  a  Christian.  A  young 
dragon  of  most  formidable  character  in- 
fested the  city  of  Antioch,  and  demanded 
a  virgin  to  be  sent  out  daily  for  its  meal. 
The  Antioch'eans  cast  lots  for  the  first 
victim,  and  the  lot  fell  on  Marana,  Avho 
was  led  forth  in  grand  procession  as  the 
victim  of  the  dragon.    Pithyrian,  in  dis- 


traction, rushed  into  a  Christian  church, 
and  fell  before  an  image  which  attracted 
his  attention,  at  the  base  of  which  was 
the  real  arm  of  a  saint.  The  sacristan 
handed  the  holy  relic  to  Pithyrian,  who 
kissed  it,  and  then  restored  it  to  the 
sacristan  ;  but  the  servitor  did  not  observe 
that  a  thumb  was  missing.  Off  ran 
Pithyrian  with  the  thumb,  and  joined  his 
daughter.  On  came  the  dragon,  with  tail 
erect,  wings  extended,  and  mouth  wide 
open,  when  Pithyrian  threw  into  the 
gaping  jaws  the  "  sacred  thumb."  Down 
fell  the  tail,  the  wings  drooped,  the  jaws 
were  locked,  and  up  rose  the  dragon  into 
the  air  to  the  height  of  three  miles,  when 
it  blew  up  into  a  myriad  pieces.  So  the 
lady  was  rescued,  Antioch  delivered  ;  and 
the  relic,  minus  a  thumb,  testifies  the  fact 
of  this  wonderful  miracle. — Southey, 
27ie  Young  Dragon  (Spanish  legend). 

Pitt  Bridge.  Blackfriars  Bridge, 
London,  was  so  called  by  Robert  Mylne, 
its  architect ;  but  the  public  would  not 
accept  the  name. 

Pitt  Diamond  (Tlie)^  the  sixth 
largest  cut  diamond  in  the  world.  It 
weighed  410  carats  uncut,  and  13Gf  carats 
cut.  It  once  belonged  to  Mr.  Pitt,  grand- 
father of  the  famous  earl  of  Chatham, 
The  duke  of  Orleans,  regent  of  Francci 
bought  it  for  £135,000,  whence  it  is  oft 
called  "The  Regent."  The  French 
public  sold  it  to  Treskon,  a  merchant  i 
Berlin.  Napoleon  I.  bought  it  to  ornanif 
his  sword.  It  now  belongs  to  the  king  i 
Prussia.     (See  Diamonds.) 

Pixie-Stools,    toad-stools    for 
fairies  to  sit  on,  when  they  are  tired 
dancing  in  the  fairy-ring. 

Pizarro,  a  Spanish  adventurer,  who 
made  war  on  Atali'ba  inca  of  Pera. 
Elvi'ra,  mistress  of  Pizarro,  vainly  en- 
deavoured to  soften  his  cruel  heart.  Be- 
fore the  battle,  Alonzo  the  husband  of 
Cora  confided  his  wife  and  child  to 
Rolla,  the  beloved  friend  of  the  inca. 
The  Peruvians  were  on  the  point  of 
being  routed,  when  Rolla  came  to  the 
rescue,  and  redeemed  the  day  ;  but  Alonzo 
was  made  a  prisoner  of  war.  Rolla, 
thinking  Alonzo  to  be  dead,  proposed  to 
Cora ;  but  she  declined  his  suit,  and 
having  heard  that  her  husband  had  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards,  she  im- 
plored Rolla  to  set  him  free.  Accordingly, 
he  entered  the  prison  where  Alonzo  was 
confined,  and  changed  clothes  with  him, 
but  Elvira  liberated  him  on  condition  that 


k 


PIZARRO. 


773 


PLAIN  DEALER. 


he  would  kill  Pizarro.  Rolla  found  his 
enemy  slcepinj^  in  hia  tont,  spared  his 
life,  and  made  him  his  friend.  The 
infant  child  of  Cora  beinjr  lost,  Rolla 
recovered  it,  and  was  so  severely  wounded 
in  this  heroic  act  that  he  died.  Pizarro 
was  3lain  in  combat  by  Alonzo  ;  Elvira 
retired  to  a  convent ;  and  the  play  ends 
with  a  grand  funeral  march,  in  which  the 
dead  body  of  Rolla  is  borne  to  the  tomb. 
— Sheridan,  Pizarro  (1814). 

The  seiitiiiients  of  loyalty  uttered  by  "Rolla"  had  so 
good  an  effect,  that  when  the  duke  of  Queensberry  axked 
why  the  stocks  hiid  fallen,  a  stock-jobber  replied,  "Be- 
cause they  have  left  off  playing  Pizarro  at  Drury  Lane." — 
Sheridan's  Memcirs. 

(Sheridan's  drama  of  Pizarro  is  taken 
from  that  of  Kotzebue,  but  there  are 
several  altprations :  Thus,  Sheridan  makes 
Pizarro  killed  by  Alonzo,  which  is  a 
departure  both  from  Kotzebue  and  also 
from  historic  truth.  Pizarro  lived  to 
conquer  Peru,  and  was  assassinated  in  his 
palace  at  Lima  by  the  son  of  his  friend 
Almagro.) 

Pizarro,  "  the  ready  tool  of  fell  Velas- 
quez'   crimes." — R.    Jephson,    Braqanza 

{nn). 

Pizarro,  the  governor  of  the  State  prison 
in  which  Fernando  Floreatan  was  confined. 
Fernando's  young  wife,  in  boj-^'s  attire, 
and  under  the  name  of  Fidelio,  became 
the  servant  of  Pizarro,  who,  resolving  to 
murder  Fernando,  sent  Fidelio  and  Rocco 
(the  jailer)  to  dig  his  grave.  Pizarro 
was  just  about  to  deal  the  fatal  blow-, 
when  the  minister  of  state  arrived,  and 
commanded  the  prisoner  to  be  set  free. 
— Beethoven,  Fidelio  (1791). 

Place'bo,  one  of  the  brothers  of 
January  the  old  baron  of  Lombardy. 
When  January  held  a  family  conclave  to 
know  whether  he  should  marry,  Placebo 
told  him  "to  please  himself,  and  do  as 
he  liked." — Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales 
("The  Merchant's  Tale,"  1388). 

Placid  {Mr.),  a  hen-pecked  husband, 
who  is  roused  at  last  to  be  somewhat 
more  manly,  but  could  never  be  better 
than  "  a  boiled  rabbit  without  oyster 
sauce."    (See  Pliant,  p.  77G.) 

Mrs.  Placid,  the  lady  paramount  of  the 
house,  who  looked  quite  aghast  if  her 
husband  expressed  a  wish  of  his  own,  or 
attempted  to  do  an  independent  act. — 
Inchbald,  Every  One  has  Mis  Fault  (1794). 

Plac'idas,  the  exact  fac-aimile  of  his 
friend  Amias.  Having  heard  of  his 
friend's  captivity,  he  went  to  release 
him,  and  being  detected  in  the  garden, 


was  mistaken  by  Corflambo's  dwarf  for 
Amias.  The  dwarf  went  and  told  Pasa'na 
(the  daughter  of  Corflambo,  "fair  as  ever 
yet  saw  living  eye,  but  too  loose  of  life 
and  eke  of  love  too  light ").  Placidas 
was  seized  and  brought  before  the  lady, 
who  loved  Amias,  but  her  love  was  not 
requited.  When  Placidas  stood  before 
her,  she  thought  he  was  Amias,  and 
great  was  her  delight  to  find  her  love 
returned.  She  married  Placidas,  re- 
formed her  waj-^s,  "  and  all  men  much 
admired  the  change,  and  spake  her 
praise." — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iv.  8,  9 
(1596). 

Plagiary  (Sir  Fretful),  a  play- 
wright, whose  dramas  are  mere  plagiar- 
isms from  "the  refuse  of  obscure 
volumes."  He  pretends  to  be  rather 
pleased  with  criticism,  but  is  sorely  irri- 
tated thereby.  Richard  Cumberland 
(1732-1811),  noted  for  his  vanity  and 
irritability,  was  the  model  of  this  cha- 
racter.— Sheridan,  The  Critic,  i.  1  (1779). 

Herrick,  who  had  no  occasion  to  steal,  has  taken  this 
image  from  Suckling,  and  spoilt  it  in  tl»e  theft.  Like  air 
Fretful  Plagiary,  Herrick  had  not  skill  to  steal  with  taste, 
— K.  Chambers,  Engliih  Literature,  i.  134. 

William  Parsons  [1736-1795]  was  the  original  "sir Fret- 
fill  Plagiary,"  and  from  his  delineation  most  of  our  modern 
actors  have  borrowed  their  idea. — Li/e  of  Hheridan. 

Plague  of  London  (1665).  68,586 
persons  died  thereof. 

Plaids  et  Gieux  sous  TOrmel, 

a  society  formed  by  the  troubadours  of 
Picardy  in  the  latter  half  of  the  tweffth 
century.  It  consisted  of  knights  and 
ladies  of  the  highest  rank,  exercised  and 
approved  in  courtesy,  who  assumed  an 
absolute  judicial  power  in  matters  of  the 
most  delicate  nature  ;  trying,  Avith  the 
most  consummate  ceremony,  all  causes 
in  love  brought  before  their  tribunals. 

This  was  similar  to  the  "Court  of 
Love,"  established  about  the  same  time 
by  the  troubadours  of  Provence. —  Unv- 
versal  Magazine  (March,  1792). 

Plain  (The),  the  level  floor  of  the 
National  Convention  of  France,  occupied 
by  the  Girondists  or  moderate  repub- 
licans. The  red  republicans  occupied 
the  higher  seats,  called  "the  mountain." 
By  a  figure  of  speech,  the  Girondist 
party  was  called  "  the  plain,"  and  the 
red  republican  party  "the  mountain." 

Plain  and  Perspicuous  Doct  or 

{The),  Walter  Burleigh  (1275-1357). 

Plain  Dealer  {The),  a  comedy  by 
William  Wjcherly  (1677). 
The  countess  of  Drogheda  .  . .  Inquired  for  ttao  Plain 


PLANET  OF  LOVE. 


774    PLEASURES  OF  IMAGINATION. 


Dfaler.  "  Madam."  said  Mr.  Fairbeard,  ...  "there  he 
Is  •  v«'shing  Mr.  Wycherly  towards  her.-Cibber.  Uve»  of 
the  foels,  iil.  232. 

(Wycherly  married  the  countess  in 
1680.  She  died  soon  afterwards,  leaving 
him  the  whole  of  her  fortune.) 

Planet  of  Love,  Venus.  So  called 
by  Tennyson,  Maud,  I.  xxii.  2  (1855). 

Plantagenet  (Ladi/  Edith),  a  kins- 
woman of  Richard  I.  She  marries  the 
prince  roval  of  Scotland  (called  sir 
Kenneth  knight  of  the  Leopard,  or 
David  carl  of  Huntingdon).— Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Plantain  or  Planta'go,  the  favour- 
itt  food  of  asses.  It  is  very  astringent, 
and  excellent  for  cuts  and  open  sores. 
Plantain  leaves  bruised,  and  rubbed  on 
the  part  affected,  will  instantly  relieve 
the  pain  and  reduce  the  swelling  occa- 
sioned bv  the  bite  or  sting  of  insects. 
The  Highlanders  ascribe  great  virtues 
to  the  plantain  in  healing  all  sorts  of 
wounds,  and  call  it  slan-lus  ("  the  healing 
plant").— Lightfoot. 

Tlie  bemut  gathers  .  .  .  plantinc  for  a  sore. 

Drayton,  folyolHon,  xiii.  (1613J. 

Plato.  The  mistress  of  this  philo- 
cophcr  was  Archianassa ;  of  Aristotle, 
Hepyllis ;  and  of  Epicurus,  Leontium. 
(See  LovKus,  p.  573.) 

Plato  {The  German),  Friedrich  Hein- 
rich  Jacobi  (1743-1819). 

Plat9  {The  Jewish),  Philo  Judaeus  (fl. 
20-40). 

Plato  {The  Puritan),  John  Howe  (1630- 
1706). 

Plato  and  the  Bees.  It  is  said 
that  when  Plato  was  an  infant,  bees 
settled  on  his  lips  while  he  was  asleep, 
indicating  that  he  would  become  famous 
for  his  "honeyed  words."  The  same 
Btory  is  told  of  Sophocles  also. 

And  as  when  .Plato  did  i"  ttie  cradle  thrive, 

Btes  to  his  lips  brought  honey  from  the  hive  ; 

So  to  this  b<.y[/K)r'»rfonJ  tliey  came — 1  Itiiow  not  whether 

Tlisy  brouglit  or  from  Ins  lips  did  honey  gather. 

W.  Browne,  UrUannuCs  Peatorals,  ii.  (1613). 

Plato  and  Homer.  Plato  greatly 
admired  Homer,  but  excluded  him  from 
Jii&  ideal  republic. 

riato,  'tis  true,  great  Homer  doth  commend. 
Vet  froir.  his  comnion-we.il  did  hiin  exile. 
I«rd  Brooke,  JnquUUion  upon  Fame,  etc.  (1564-1628). 

Plato  and  Poets. 

PfaUo,  anticipaiing  the  Reviewers, 

Froni  hi«  ••republic,"  banislied  without  pity 

XliepoeU. 

Longfellow.  Th«  Poet't  Tale. 


Plato's  Year,  25,000  Julian  years. 

Cut  out  more  work  than  can  l)e  dene 
In  Plato's  year. 

S.  BuUer,  Ilttdibrat,  iii.  1  (1678). 

Platonic  Bodies,  the  five  regular 
geometrical  solids  described  by  Plato, 
all  of  which  are  bounded  by  like,  equal, 
and  regular  planes.  The  four-sided,  the 
six-sided,  the  eight-sided,  the  ten-sided, 
and  the  twenty-sided ;  or  the  square, 
hexagon,  octagon,  decagon,  and  icosa- 
hedron. 

Platonic  Love,  the  innocent  friend- 
ship of  opposite  sexes,  wholly  divested 
of  all  animal  or  amorous  passion. 

The  noblest  kind  of  love  is  love  platonical. 

BjTon,  Don  Juan,  ix.  76  (1824). 

Platonic  Puritan  {The),  John 
Howe,  the  puritan  divine  (1630-1706). 

Plausible  {Counsellor)  and  serjeant 
Eitherside,  two  pleaders  in  2'he  Man  of 
the  World,  by  C.  Macklin  (176-1). 

Pleasant  {Mrs.),  in  The  Parson*8 
Wedding,  by  Tom  Killigrew  (1664). 

Pleasure  {A  New). 

Tis  said  that  Xerxes  offered  a  reward 
To  those  who  could  invent  him  a  new  pleasure. 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  I  108  (1819). 

Pleasures  of  Hope,  a  poem  in  two 
parts,  by  Thomas  Campbell  (1799).  It 
opens  with  a  comparison  between  the 
beauty  of  scenery  and  the  ideal  enchant- 
ments of  fancy  in  which  hope  is  never 
absent,  but  can  sustain  the  seaman  on  his 
watch,  the  soldier  on  his  march,  and 
Byron  in  his  perilous  adventures.  The 
hope  of  a  mother,  the  hope  of  a  prisoner, 
the  hope  of  the  wanderer,  the  grand  hope 
of  the  patriot,  the  hope  of  regenerating 
uncivilized  nations,  extending  liberty, 
and  ameliorating  the  conditioia  of  the 
poor.  Pt.  ii.  speaks  of  the  hope  of 
love,  and  the  hope  of  a  future  stat 
concluding  with  the  episode  of  Conra 
and  Ellenore.  Conrad  was  a  felon,  trans 
ported  to  New  South  Wales,  but,  thou^' 
"  a  martyr  to  his  crimes,  was  true  to  ' 
daughter."  Soon,  he  saj's,  he  shall  retui 
to  the  dust  from  which  he  was  taken ; 

But  not,  my  child,  with  life's  precarious  fire, 
The  immortal  ties  of  Nature  shall  expire ; 
These  shall  resist  the  triumpli  of  decay, 
When  time  is  o'er,  and  worlds  have  passed  aw?ijr. 
Cold  in  the  duat  tliis  perished  heart  may  lie,  _ 
But  that  which  warmed  it  once  shall  never  did— 
Tiiat  spark,  unburied  in  its  mortal  fi-.ime. 
With  living  light,  eternal,  and  the  same. 
Shall  beam  on  Joy's  interminable  yeiirs. 
Unveiled  by  darkness,  unassuaged  by  teM«. 

Pt  U. 

Pleasures    of    Imagination, 
poem  iu  three  books,  by  Akenside  (1744). 


PLEASURES  OF  MEMORY. 


775 


PLEYDELL. 


AIT  the  pleasures  of  imagination  arise 
from  the  perception  of  greatness,  wonder- 
fulness,  or  beauty.  The  beauty  of  great- 
ness— witness  the  pleasure  of  mountain 
scenery,  of  astronomy,  of  infinity.  The 
pleasure  of  what  is  wonderful — witness 
the  delight  of  novelty,  of  the  revelations 
of  science,  of  tales  of  fancy.  The  plea- 
sure of  beauty,  which  is  always  connected 
with  truth — the  beauty  of  colour,  shape, 
and  so  on,  in  natural  objects  ;  the  beauty 
of  mind  and  the  moral  faculties.  Bk. 
ii.  contemplates  accidental  pleasures  aris- 
ing from  contrivance  and  design,  emotion 
and  passion,  such  as  sorrow,  pit}',  terror, 
and  indignation.  Bk.  iii.  Morbid  ima- 
gination the  parent  of  vice ;  the  benefits 
of  a  well-trained  imagination. 

(The  first  book  is  by  far  the  best.  Aken- 
side  recast  his  poem  in  maturer  life,  but 
no  one  thinks  he  improved  it  by  so  doing. 
The  first  or  original  cast  is  the  only  one 
read,  and  parts  of  the  first  book  are  well 
known.) 

Pleasures  of  Memory,  a  poem  in 
two  parts,  by  Samuel  Rogers  (1793).  The 
first  part  is  restricted  to  the  pleasure  of 
memory  afforded  by  the  five  senses,  as 
that  arising  from  visiting  celebrated 
places,  and  that  afforded  by  pictures. 
Pt.  ii.  goes  into  the  pleasures  of  the 
mind,  as  imagination,  and  memory  of  past 
griefs  and  dangers.  The  poem  concludes 
with  the  supposition  that  in  the  life  to 
come  this  faculty  will  be  greatly  en- 
larged. The  episode  is  this :  Florio,  a 
young  sportsman,  accidentally  met  Julia 
in  a  grot,  and  followed  her  home,  when 
her  father,  a  rich  squire,  welcomed  him 
as  his  guest,  and  talked  with  delight  of 
his  younger  days  when  hawk  and  hound 
were  his  joy  of  joj's.  Florio  took  Julia 
for  a  sail  on  the  lake,  but  the  vessel  was 
capsized,  and  though  Julia  was  saved 
from  the  water,  she  died  on  being  brought 
to  shore.  It  was  Florio's  delight  to  haunt 
the  places  which  Julia  frequented : 

Her  charm  around  the  enchantress  Memory  threw, 
A  charm  Uiat  soothes  the  miud  and  sweetens  too. 
Pt.  ii. 

Pleiads  {The),  a  cluster  of  seven 
stars  in  the  constellation  Taurus,  and 
applied  to  a  cluster  of  seven  celebrated 
contemporaries.  The  stars  were  the 
seven  daughters  of  Atlas  :  Maia,  Electra, 
Taygfete  (4  sijl.),  Asterope,  MerSpe, 
Alcyone,  and  Cel6no. 

The  Pleiad  of  Alexandria  consisted  of 
Callimachos,  Apollonios  Rhodios,  Ara- 
tos.  Homer  the  Younger,  Lycophron, 
Nicander,  and  Theocritos.    All  of  Alex- 


andria, in  the  time  of  Ptolemy  Phila- 
delphos. 

The  Pleiad  of  Charlemagne  consisted  of 
Alcuin,  called  "  Alblnus  ; "  Angilbert, 
called  "Homer;"  Adelard,  called 
''Augustine ;"  Riculfe,  called  "  Da- 
majtas  ; "  Vamefrid  ;  Eginhard  ;  and 
Charlemagne  himself,  who  was  called 
"  David." 

The  First  French  Pleiad  (sixteenth  cen- 
tury) :  Ronsard,  Joachim  du  Bellay, 
Antoine  de  Baif,  Remi-BcUeau,  Jodelle, 
Ponthus  de  Thiard,  and  the  seventh  is 
either  Dorat  or  Amadis  de  Jamyn.  All 
under  Henri  III. 

The  Second  French  Pleiad  (seventeenth 
century)  :  Rapin,  Commire,  Larue,  San- 
teuil.  Menage,  Dupc'rier,  and  Petit. 

We  have  also  our  English  clusters. 
There  were  those  born  in  the  second  half 
of  the  sixteenth  century :  Spenser  (1553), 
Dravton(1563),  Shakespeare  and  Marlowe 
(15(54),  Ben  Jonson  (1674),  Fletcher 
(1576),  Massinger  (1585),  Beaumont 
(Fletcher's  colleague)  and  Ford  (158(5). 
Besides  these,  there  were  Tusser  (1515), 
Raleigh  (1552),  sir  Philip  Sidney  (1554), 
Phineas  Fletcher  (1584),  Herbert  (1593), 
and  several  others. 

Another  cluster  came  a  century  later: 
Prior  (1664),  Swift  (1667),  Addison  and 
Congreve  (1672),  Rowe  (1673),  Farqu- 
har  (1678),  Young  (1684),  Gay  and  Pope 
(1688),  Macklin  (1690). 

These  were  born  in  the  latter  half  of  the 
eighteenth  century:  Sheridan  (1751), 
CVabbe  ri754).  Burns  (1759),  Rogers 
(1763),  Wordsworth  (1770),  Scott  (1771), 
Coleridge  (1772),  Southey  (1774),  Camp- 
bell (1777),  Moore  (1779),  Byron  (1788), 
Shell€yandKeble(1792),andKeats(1796). 

Butler  (1600),  Milton  (1608),  and 
Dryden  (1630)  came  between  the  first 
and  second  clusters.  Thomson  (1700), 
Grav  (1717),  Collins  (1720),  Akenside 
(1721),  Goldsmith  (1728),  and  Cowper 
(1731),  between  the  second  and  the  third. 

Pleonec'tes  (4  syl.),  Covetousness 
personified  in  The  Purple  Island,  by 
Phineas  Fletcher  (1633).  "  His  gold  his 
god"  ...  he  "much  fears  to  keep, 
much  more  to  lose  his  lusting."  Fully 
described  in  canto  viii.  (Greek,  pleo- 
nektes,  "covetous.") 

Pleydell  {Mr.  Paulus),  an  advocate 
in  Edinburgh,  shrewd  and  witty.  He 
was  at  one  time  the  sheriff  at  Ellan- 
gowan. 

Mr.  counsellor  Pleydell  was  a  lively,  sharp-looking 
gejitleman,  with  a  professional  shrewdncsi  in  his  era, 
aud,  generally  siieaking,  a  professional  formality  tn  hla 


PLIABLE. 


776 


PLOUSINA. 


nuutner ;  but  this  he  couM  slip  off  on  a  Saturday  evening 
i^n  ...  he  joined  in  the  ancient  pastnue  of  High 
Jiuks.-Sir  W.  Scott,  Ouy  Manr^ring,  xxxix.  (Ume, 
George  II.). 

Pliable,  a  neighbour  of  Christian, 
whom  he  accompanied  as  far  as  the 
"  Slough  of  Despond,"  when  he  turned 
hack.  —  Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i. 
(1G78). 

Pliant  {Sir  Paul),  a  hen-pecked 
husband,  who  dares  not  even  touch  a 
letter  addressed  to  himself  till  my  lady 
lias  read  it  first.  His  perpetual  oath  is 
"  Gadsbud  !  "  He  is  such  a  dolt  that  he 
would  not  believe  his  own  eyes  and  ears, 
if  they  bore  testimony  against  his  wife's 
fidelity  and  continency.  (See  Placid, 
p.  773.) 

Samuel  Foote  [1721-1777]  attempted  the  part  of  "sir 
Paul  Pliant."  hut  notliing  could  be  worse.  However,  the 
people  laughed  heartily,  and  Uiat  l»e  thought  w.is  a  fuU 
approbation  of  his  grotesque  performance.— T.  Davies. 

Lady  Pliant,  second  wife  of  sir  Paul. 
"  She's  handsome,  and  knows  it ;  is  very 
silly,  and  thinks  herself  wise ;  has  a 
choleric  old  husband  "  verj'  fond  of  her, 
but  whom  she  rules  with  spirit,  and  snubs 
'•afore  folk."  My  lady  says,  "  If  one 
has  once  sworn,  it  is  most  unchristian, 
inhuman,  and  obscene  that  one  should 
break  it."  Her  conduct  with  Mr.  Care- 
less is  most  reprehensible. — Congreve, 
The  Double  Dealer  (1694). 

Tho«e  who  remember  the  "lady  Pliant"  of  Margaret 
Woffington  |171*-1760J,  will  recoUect  with  pleasure  her 
jvliiinsical  discovery  of  passion,  and  her  awliwardly  as- 
sumed pniderj'.— T.  Davies. 

puny  {The  German)  or  "Modem 
Plinj^"  Konrad  von  Gesner  of  Zurich, 
whowrote Bistoria Animalium, etc.  (1516- 
1665^ 

Pliny  of  the  East,  Zakarija  ibn 
Muhammed,  sumamed  "  Kazwini,"  from 
Kazwin,  the  place  of  his  birth.  He  is  so 
called  by  De  Sacy  (1200-1283). 

Plon-Plon,  prince  Napoleon  Joseph 
Charles  Bonaparte,  son  of  Jerome  Bona- 
parte by  his  second  wife  (the  princess 
Frederica  Catherine  of  WUrtemberg). 
Plon-plon  is  a  euphonic  corruption  of 
Craint-Plomb  ("fear-bullet"),  a  nickname 
given  to  the  prince  in  the  Crimean  war 
(1864-6). 

Plornish,  plasterer.  Bleeding-heart 
Yard.  He  was  a  smooth-cheeked,  fresh- 
coloured,  sandy-whiskered  man  of  30. 
Long  in  the  legs,  yielding  at  the  knees, 
foolish  in  the  face,  flannel-jacketed  and 
lime-whitened.  He  generally  chimed  in 
conversation  by  echoing  the  words  of  the 
person  speaking.    Thus,  if  Mrs.  Plornish 


said  to  a  visitor.  "Miss  Dorrit  dursn't 
let  him  know ; "  he  would  chime  in, 
"Dursn't  let  him  know."  "Me  and 
Plornish  says,  'Ho!  Miss  Dorrit;'" 
Plornish  repeated  after  his  wife,  "  Ho  ! 
Miss  Dorrit."  "Can  you  employ  Miss 
Dorrit?"  Plornish  repeated  as  an  echo, 
"Employ  Miss  Dorrit V"  (See  Pktek, 
p.  754.) 

Mrs.  Plornish,  the  plasterer's  wife.  Aj 
young  woman,  somewhat  slatternly  iaj 
herself  and  her  belongings,  and  dragged] 
by  care  and  poverty  already  into  wrinkles.! 
She  generally  began  her  sentences  with, | 
"  Well,  not  to  deceive  you."  Thus :  "  Isl 
Mr.  Plornish  at  home?"  "Well,  .sir,  notj 
to  deceive  you,  he's  gone  to  look  for 
job."  "  Well,  not  to  deceive  you,] 
ma'am,  I  take  it  kindly  of  you." — C. 
Dickens,  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Plotting  Parlour  ( The).  At  Whit-I 
tington,  near  Scarsdale,  in  Derbyshire,  igj 
a  farm-house  Avhere  the  earl  of  Devon- 
shire (Cavendish),  the  earl  of  Danbyl 
(Osborne),  and  baron  Delamer  ( Booth )J 
concerted  the  Revolution.  The  room  ir 
which  they  met  is  called  "  The  Plottinj 
Parlour." 

Where  Scaisdale's  cliffs  the  swelling  pastures  bouni^  j 
.  .  .  there  let  the  farmer  hail 
The  sacred  orchard  which  embowers  his  gate. 
And  shew  to  strangers,  passing  down  tlie  vale, 
Wliere  Cav'ndish.  Bootli.  and  Osborne  sat« 
Wlien,  bursting  from  their  country's  cliain,  .  .  . 
They  planned  for  freedom  tliis  her  noblest  reign. 

Akenside.  Ode,  XVIU.  v.  3  (1767).  1 

Plotwell  {Mrs.),  in  Mrs.  Centlivrel 
drama  IVie  Beau's  Duel  (1703). 

Plousina,  called  Hebe,  endowed 
the  fairy  Anguilletta  with  the  gifts 
wit,  beauty,  and  Avealth.  Hebe  still  fe 
she  lacked  something,  and  the  fairy  to 
her  it  was  love.  Presently  came  to  h 
father's  court  a  young  prince  named 
Atiinir,  the  tAVO  fell  in  love  with  each 
other,  and  the  day  of  their  marriage 
was  fixed.  In  the  interval,  Atimir  fell 
in  love  with  Hebe's  elder  sister  Iberia; 
and  Hebe,  in  her  grief,  was  sent  to  the 
Peaceable  Island,  where  she  fell  in  love 
Avith  the  ruling  prince,  and  married 
him.  After  a  time,  Atimir  and  Iberia, 
with  Hebe  and  her  husband,  met  at  the 
palace  of  the  ladies'  father,  Avhen  the 
love  betAveen  Atimir  and  Hebe  re- 
vived. A  duel  Avas  fought  betweeu  the 
young  princes,  in  Avhich  Atimir  was  slain, 
and  the  prince  of  the  Peaceable  Islands 
was  severely  wounded.  Hebe,  coming 
up,  threw  herself  on  Atimir's  SAVord,  and 
the  dead  bodies  of  Atimir  and  Hebe 
were  transformed  into  two  trees  call< 


I 


PLOWMAN. 


777 


POCHET. 


"charms."  —  Comtesse   D'Aunoy,   Fairy 
Tales  ("  Anguilletta,"  1G82). 

Plowman  (Piers),  the  dreamer,  who, 
falling  asleep  on  the  Malvern  Hills, 
Worcestershire,  saw  in  a  vision  pictures 
of  the  corruptions  of  society,  and  par- 
ticularly of  the  avarice  and  wantonness 
of  the  clergy.  This  supposed  vision  is 
formed  into  a  poetical  satire  of  great 
vigour,  fancy,  and  humour.  It  is  divided 
into  twenty  parts,  each  part  being  called 
a  passus  or  separate  vision. — William 
[or  Robert]  Langland,  T/ie  Vision  of  Fiers 
Flowman  (1362). 

Plumdamas  {Mr.  Peter),  grocer. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.). 

Plume  {Captain),  a  gentleman  and 
an  officer.  He  is  in  love  with  Sylvia  a 
wealthy  heiress,  and,  when  he  marries  her, 
gives  up  his  commission. — G.  Farquhar, 
The  Fecruiting  Officer  (1705). 

Plummer  {Caleb),  a  little  old  toy- 
maker,   in    the    employ    of    Gruff    and 
Tackleton,     toy    merchants.       He    was 
spare,  grey-haired,   and  very  poor.      It 
was  his  pride  "to  go  as  close  to  Natur' 
in  his  toys  as  he  could  for  the  money." 
1;      Caleb   Piummer  had   a  blind   daughter, 
I      who    assisted  him   in  toy-making,   and 
i     whom  he   brought  up  under  the  belief 
s     that  he  himself  was  young,  handsome, 
I     and  well  off,  and   that  the  house  they 
I     lived  in  was  sumptuously  furnished  and 
I    quite  magnificent.      Every  calamity   he 
;     smoothed  over,  every  unkind  remark  of 
their  snarling  employer  he  called  a  merry 
jest;  so  that  the  poor  blind  girl  lived  in  a 
;    castle  of  the  air,  "a  bright  little  world 
j    of  her  own."     When  merry  or  puzzled, 
I   Caleb  used  to  sing  something  about  "a 
sparkling  bowl." 

It  would  have  gladdened  the  heart  of  that  inimitable 
creation  of  Charles  Dickens,  "Caleb  Plummer."— Lord  W. 
'   I<6nnox,  Cel«britiet,  il. 

Bertha  Plummer,  the  blind  daughter  of 

'  the  toy-rnaker,  who  fancied  her  poor  old 

'  father  was  a  young  fop,  that  the  sack  he 

',  threw  across  his  shoulders  was  a  hand- 

ssome    blue    great-coat,    and    that    their 

\  wooden  house  was  a  palace.     She  was  in 

i  .ove  with  Tackleton,  the  toy  merchant, 

vhom   she   thought  to  be  a    handsome 

oung  prince  ;  and  when  she  heard  that 

e  was   about  to  many  Slay  Fielding, 

lie  drooped  and  was  like  to   die.     She 

'as  then   disillusioned,    heard    the   real 

lets,  and  said,  "  Why,  oh,  why  did  you 

iceive  me  thus?      Why   did   you    fill 

y  heart  so  full,  and  then  come  like 


death,  and  tear  away  the  objects  of  my 
love?"  However,  her  love  for  her  father 
was  not  lessened,  and  she  declared  that 
the  knowledge  of  the  truth  was  "  sight 
restored."  "It  is  my  sight,"  she  cried. 
"  Hitherto  I  have  been  blind,  but  now 
my  eyes  are  open.  I  never  knew  my 
father  before,  and  might  have  died  with- 
out ever  having  known  him  truly." 

Edward  Flumm£r,  son  of  the  toy-maKer, 
and  brother  of  the  blind  girl.  He  was 
engaged  from  boyhood  to  May  Fielding, 
went  to  South  America,  and  returned  to 
marry  her ;  but,  hearing  of  her  engage- 
ment to  Tackleton  the  toy  merchant, 
he  assumed  the  disguise  of  a  deaf  old 
man,  to  ascertain  whether  she  loved, 
Tackleton  or  not.  Being  satisfied  that 
her  heart  was  still  hiis  own,  he  married 
her,  and  Tackleton  made  them  a  present 
of  the  wedding-cake  which  he  had 
ordered  for  himself. — C.  Dickens,  Tlie 
Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (1845). 

Plush  {John),  any  gorgeous  footman, 
conspicuous  for  his  plush  breeches  and 
rainbow  colours. 

Plutarch  {The  Modern),  Vayer,  bora 
at  Paris.  His  name  in  full  was  Francis 
Vayer  de  la  Mothe  (1586-1672). 

Pluto,  the  god  of  hades. 

Brothers,  be  of  good  cheer,  for  this  night  we  shall  sup 
witli  Pluto.— Leonidas,  To  the  Three  Hundred  at  Ther- 
mopylcB. 

Plutus,  the  god  of  wealth.— C/asstc 

Mythology. 

Within  a  heart,  dearer  than  Plutus'  mine. 
Shakespeare,  Juliut  Ccaar,  act  iv.  sc.  3  (1607). 

Plyinouth  Cloak  {A),  a  cane,  a 
cudgel.  So  called,  says  Ray,  "  because 
we  use  a  staff  in  citerpo,  but  not  when  we 
wear  a  cloak." 

Wellborn.  Uov,  dogj    {RaiHng  hi$  cudgel.) 
Ta/jwell.  Advance  your  Plymouth  cloak. 
There  dwells,  and  within  call.  'J  it  please  your  vorship, 
A  potent  nionarcli,  called  the  constable. 
That  doth  command  a  citadel,  called  the  stocks. 
Massinger,  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Bcbtt,  i.  1  (1628). 

Po  {Trnn),  a  ghost.  (Welsh,  bo,  "a 
hobgoblin.") 

He  now  would  pass  for  spirit  Po. 

S.  Butler,  JIudibrat,  iU.  1  (1678). 

Pocahontas,  daughter  of  Powhatan, 
an  Indian  chief  of  Virginia,  who  rescued 
captain  John  Smith  when  her  father  was 
on  the  point  of  killing  him.  She  subse- 
quently married  John  Kolfe,  and  was 
baptized  under  the  name  of  Rebecca 
(1595-1617). — Old  and  New  London,  ii, 
481  (1876). 

Pochet  (Madame),  the  French  "  Mra. 
Gamp." — Henri  Mounier, 


POCHI  DANARI. 


778 


POETS  OF  ENGLAND. 


Pochi  DaJia'ri  ("the  pennyless"). 
So  the  Italians  call  Maximilian  I.  emperor 
of  Germany  (1459,  1493-1519). 

Pocket  {Mr.  Matthew)^  a  real  scholar, 
educated  at  Harrow,  and  an  honour-man 
at  Cambridge,  but,  having  married  young, 
he  had  to  take  up  the  calling  of  "grinder  " 
and  literary  fag  for  a  living.  IMr. 
Pocket,  when  annoyed,  used  to  run  his 
two  hands  into  his  hair,  and  seemed  as  if 
he  intended  to  lift  himself  by  it.  His 
house  was  a  hopeless  muddle,  the  best 
meals  and  chief  expense  being  in  the 
kitchen.  Pip  was  placed  under  the  charge 
of  this  gentleman. 

Mrs.  Pocket  (Ik'tinda),  daughter  of  a 
City  knight,  brought  up  to  be  an  orna- 
mental nonentity,  helpless,  shiftless,  and 
useless.  She  was  tlie  mother  of  eight 
children,  whom  she  allowed  to  "  tumble 
up  "  as  best  they  could,  under  the  charge 
of  her  maid  Flopson.  Her  husband,  who 
■was  a  })oor  gentleman,  found  life  a  very 
uphill  work. 

JJcrhcrt  Poclict^  son  of  ^Ir.  Matthew 
Pocket,  and  an  insurer  of  ships.  He  was 
a  frank,  easy  young  nan,  lithe  and  brisk, 
but  not  muscular.  There  was  nothing 
mean  or  secretive  about  him.  He  was 
wonderfully  hopeful,  but  had  not  the 
Btuff  to  push  his  Avay  into  wealth.  He 
was  tall,  slim,  and  pale ;  had  a  languor 
which  shewed  itself  even  in  his  briskness  ; 
was  most  amiable,  cheerful,  and  com- 
municative. He  called  Pip  "Handel," 
because  Pip  had  been  a  blacksmith,  and 
Handel  composed  a  piece  of  music  en- 
titled The  Harmonious  Blacksmith.  Pip 
helped  him  to  a  partnership  in  an  agency 
business. 

Sarah  Pockety  sister  of  Matthew  Pocket, 
a  little  dry,  brown,  corrugated  old  woman, 
with  a  small  face  that  might  have  been 
made  of  walnut-shell,  and  a  large  mouth 
like  a  cat's  without  the  whiskers. — C. 
Dickens,  Great  Expectations  (18G0). 

.  Podgers  {The),  lickspittles  of  the 
great.— J.  Holling&head,  The  Birthplace 
of  Pod(jcrs. 

_  Podsna^  {Mr.),  "a  too,  too  smiling 
large  man  Avith  a  fatal  freshness  on  him." 
Mr.  Podsnapiias  "  two  little  light-coloured 
wiry  wingu,  one  on  either  side  of  his 
else  bald  head,  looking  as  like  his  hair- 
brushes as  his  hair."  On  his  forehead 
are  generally  "  little  red  beads,"  and  he 
wears  "a  large  allowance  of  crumpled 
ihirt-collar  up  behind." 

Mrs.  Podsnap,  a  "  fine  woman  for  pro- 
tesBor  Owen :  quantity  of  bone,  neck  and 


nostrils  like  a  rocking-horse,  hard  fea- 
tures, and  majestic  head-dress  in  which 
Podsnap  has  hung  golden  offerings." 

Georgiana  Podsnap,  daughter  of  the 
above;  called  by  her  father  "the  young 
person."  She  is  a  harmless,  inoffensive 
girl,  "always  trying  to  liide  her  elbows." 
Georgiana  adores  Mrs.  Lammle,  and  when 
Mr.  La.mmle  tries  to  marry  the  girl 
to  Mr.  Fledgeby,  Mrs.  Lammle  induces 
Mr.  T\vemlow  to  speak  to  the  father  and 
warn  him  against  the  connection. 

U  may  not  be  so  in  the  gospel  .nccordincj  to  Podsnappery, 
.  .  .  but  it  lias  been  the  truth  since  ttie  founditions  of 
the  universe  were  Lud.— C.  Dickens,  Oar  Mutual  Frietid 
(1864). 

Poem  in  Marble  {A),  the  Taj,  a 
mausoleum  of  white  marble,  raised  in 
Agra  by  shah  Jehan,  to  his  favourite 
shahrina  Moomtaz-i-Mahul,  who  died  ia 
childbirth  of  her  eighth  child.  It  is  also 
called  "  The  Marble  Queen  of  Sorrow." 

Poet  {The   Quaker),  Bernard  Bar 
(1784-1849). 

Poet  Sire  of  Italy,  Dante  Alighier 
(1265-1321). 

Poet  Squab.    John  Dryden  was 
called  by  the  earl  of  Rochester,  on  accoui 
of  his  corpulence  (1G31-1701). 

Poet  of  France  {The),  Pierre  Rod 
sard  (1524-1585). 

Poet  of  Poets,  Percy  Bysshe  Sheik 
(1792-1822). 

Poet  of  the  Poor,  the  Kev.  Geoi 
Grabbe  (1754-1832). 

Poets  ( The  prince  of).  Edmund  Spen- 
ser is  so  called  on  his  monument  in  West- 
minster Abbey  (1553-1598). 

Prince  of  Spanish  Poets.  So  Cervantes 
calls  Garcilaso  de  la  Vega  (150.^-1536). 

Poets  of  Eng-land. 

Addison,  Beaumont,  Elizabeth  Bar- 
rett Browning  !  (Burns  !)  Butler,  Byron, 
Campbell,  Chatterton,  Chaucer,  Colb- 
niDGE,  Collins,  Congreve,  Cowley,  Cow- 
per,  Grabbe,  Drayton,  Dryden !  Fletcher, 
Ford,  Gay,  Goldsmith,  Gray,  Mrs.  He- 
mans,  Herbert,  Herrick,  Hood,  Ben  Jon- 
son  !  Keats,  Keble,  Landor,  Marlowe ! 
Marvel,  Massinger  !  Miltox,  Moore,  Ot- 
way!  Pope!  Prior,  Rogers, Powe, {Soott,) 
Shakespeare,  Shelley!  Shenstone,  South- 
ey,  Spenser,  Thomson,  Waller,  Words- 
worth, Young.  With  many  others  of 
less  celebrity. 

(Those  in  capitals  are  first-class  poets; 
those  in  Roman  type,  second-olass,  the 


k 


POETS'  CORNER. 


779 


POISONERS. 


best  of  which  have  !  after  the  name-, 
those  in  italics  are  third-class  poets  ;  the 
two  in  brackets  are  Scotch.) 

Poets'  Corner,  in  the  south  transept 
of  Westminster  Abbey.  No  one  knows 
who  christened  the  corner  thus.  With 
poets  are  divines,  philosophers,  actors, 
novelists,  architects,  and  critics.  It  would 
have  been  a  glorious  thing  indeed  if  tke 
corner  had  been  set  apart  for  Eugland's 
poets.  But  alas  !  the  deans  of  Westminster 
made  a  market  of  the  wall,  and  hence,  as 
a  memorial  of  British  poets,  it  is  almost 
a  caricature.  Where  is  the  record  of 
Byron,  Ford,  Hemans,  Keats,  lyeble, 
Marlowe,  Massingor,  Pope,  Shelley? 
Where  of  E.  B.  Browning,  Burns,  Chat^ 
terton,  Collins,  Congreve,  Cowper,  Crabbe, 
Gower,  Herbert,  Herrick,  Hood,  Marvel, 
T.  Moore,  Scott,  Shenstone,  Southey, 
and  Waller? 

The  "corner"  contains  a  bust,  statue, 
tablet,  or  monument  to  five  of  our  first- 
rate  poets :  viz.,  Chaucer  (1400), 
Dryden  (1700),  Milton  (1674),  Shake- 
speare (1616),  and  Spenser  (1598)  ;  and 
some  seventeen  of  second  or  third  class 
merit,  as  Addison,  Beaumont  (none  to 
Fletcher),  S.  Butler,  Campbell,  Cowley, 
Cumberland,  Drayton,  Gay,  Gray,  Gold- 
smith, Ben  Jonson,  Macaulay,  Prior  (a 
most  preposterous  affair),  Rowe,  Sheri- 
dan, Thomson,  and  Wordsworth.  And 
also  to  such  miserable  poetasters  as 
Davcnant  ("  Oh  !  rare  sir  William  Dave- 
nant!"),  Mason,  and  Shadwell.  Truly, 
our  Valhalla  is  almost  a  satire  on  our 
taste  and  judgment. 

*^*  Dryden's  monument  was  erected 
by  Sheffield  duke  of  Buckingham. 
Wordsworth's  statue  was  erected  by  a 
public  subscription. 

Poets  of  Licentious  Verses, 
Elephantis,  a  poetess  spoken  of  by 
Martial,  Epigrammata,  xii.  43. 

Anthony  Caraccio  of  Italy  (1630-1702). 

Pietro  Aretino,  an  Italian  of  Arezzo 
(1492-1557). 

Poetry  {The  Father  of),  Orpheus  (2 
•y/.)  of  Thrace. 

Father  of  Dutch  Poetry,  Jakob  Maer- 
lant;  also  called  "The  Father  of  Flemish 
Poetry  •'  (1235-1300). 

Father  of  Enjlish  Poetry,  Geoffrey 
Chaucer  (1328-1400). 

Father  of  Epic  Poetry,  Homer. 

He  compares  Richardson  to  Horaer,  and  predicts  for 
Ws  niemoiy  the  simie  honours  which  are  reudered  to  the 
PMher  of  Epic  Poetry.-Sir  W.  Scott. 

Poetry  —  Prose.      Pope     advised 


Wycherly  "to  convert  his  poetry  into 
prose." 

Po'gram  {Elijah),  one  of  the  "master 
minds  of  America,  and  a  member  of 
congress.  He  was  possessed  with  the 
idea  that  there  was  a  settled  opposition 
in  the  British  mind  against  the  institu- 
tions of  his  "free  enlightened  country." 
— C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Poinder  {George),  a  city  officer. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.). 

Poins,  a  companion  of  sir  John  Fal- 
staff. — Shakespeare,  1  and  2  Henry  IV. 
(1597,  1598). 

The  chronicles  of  that  day  contain  accounts  of  many  a 
mad  prank  which  \lord  Warwick,  Addison's  step-son] 
played  .  .  .  [Iike\  the  lawless  freaks  of  tlie  uiadcap  prince 
and  Poins.— Thackeray. 

Point  a  Moral  or  Adorn  a  Tale. 

Dr.  Johnson,  in  his  Vanity  of  Human 
Wishes  (1749),  speaking  of  Charles  XII. 
of  Sweden,  says : 

He  left  the  name,  at  which  the  world  grew  pale. 
To  point  a  moral  or  adorn  a  tale. 

*#*  Juvenal  said  of  Hannibal :  "  Go, 
madman  ;  hurry  over  the  savage  Alps,  to 
please  the  schoolboys,  and  become  their 
subject  of  declamation." 

Poison.  It  is  said  that  Mithridates 
VI.,  sumamed  "the  Great,"  had  so  forti- 
fied his  constitution,  that  poisons  had  no 
baneful  effect  on  him  (B.C.  131,  120-63). 

Poison-Detectors.  Opal  turns  pale, 
and  Venetian  glass  shivers  at  the  ap- 
proach of  poison.  Peacocks  ruffle  their 
feathers  at  the  sight  of  poison  ;  and  if 
poison  is  put  into  a  liquid  contained  in  a 
cup  of  rhinoceros's  horn,  the  liquid  will 
effervesce.  No  one  could  pass  with 
poison  the  horn  gate  of  GundofCrus, 
Nourgehan  had  a  bracelet,  the  stones  of 
which  seemed  agitated  when  poison 
approached  the  wearer.  Aladdin's  ring 
was  a  preservative  against  every  evil. 
The  sign  of  the  cross  in  the  Middle  Ageg 
was'  looked  upon  as  a  poison-detector, 
(See  Waknihg-Givkrs.) 

Poison  of  Khaibar.  By  this  ia 
meant  the  poison  put  into  a  leg  of  mutton 
by  Zainab,  a  Jewess,  to  kill  Mahomet 
while  he  was  in  the  citadel  of  Kha'xbar. 
Mahomet  partook  of  the  mutton,  and 
suffered  from  the  poison  all  through  life. 

Poisoners  {Secret). 

1.  Of  Ancient  Eoine :  Locusta,  em- 
ployed by  Agrippi'na  to  poison  het 
husband  the   emperor    Claudius.    Nero 


POLEXANDRE. 


rso 


POLLENTE. 


employed    the  same   woman   to   poison 
Britannicus  and  others. 

2.  Of  English  History:  the  countess 
of  Somerset,  who  poisoned  sir  Thomas 
Overbury  in  the  Tower  of  London.  She 
also  poisoned  others. 

Villiers  duke  of  Buckingham,  it  is 
said,  poisoned  king  James  I. 

3.  Of  France :  Lavoisin  and  Lavigoreux, 
French  midwives  and  fortune-tellers. 

Catharine  de  Medicis  is  said  to  have 
poisoned  the  mother  of  Henri  IV.  with  a 
pair  of  wedding-gloves,  and  several 
others  with  poisoned  fans. 

The  marquise  de  Brinvilliers,  a  young 
profligate  Frenchwoman,  was  taught  the 
art  of  secret  poisoning  by  Sainte-Croix, 
who  learnt  it  in  Italy.—  Worldof  Wonders^ 
vii.  203. 

4.  Of  Italy :  Pope  Alexander  VI,  and 
his  children  Caesar  and  Lucrezia  [Borgia] 
were  noted  poisoners  ;  so  were  Hierony- 
ma  Spara  and  Tofa'na. 

Polexan'dre,  an  heroic  romance  by 
Gomberville  (1G32). 

Policy  (Mrs.),  housekeeper  at  Holy- 
rood  Palace.  She  appears  in  the  intro- 
duction.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Ferth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Pol'idore  (3  syl.),  father  of  Valfere. — 
Moliere,  Le  Depit  Amoureux  (1654). 

Polinesso,  duke  of  Albany,  who 
falsely  accused  Geneura  of  incontinency, 
and  was  slain  in  single  combat  by  Ario- 
dantes. — Ariosto,  Orlando  i^wnoso  (1516). 

Polish  Jew  {The),  also  called  The 
Bells,  a  melodrama  by  J.  R.  Ware, 
brought  prominently  into  note  by  the 
acting  of  Henrj^  Irving  at  the  Lyceum. 
Mathis,  a  miller  in  a  small  German  town, 
is  visited  on  Christmas  Eve  by  a  Polish 
Jew,  who  comes  through  the  snow  in  a 
sledge.  After  rest  and  refreshment,  he 
leaves  for  Nantzig,  "four  leagues  off." 
Mathis  follows  him,  kills  him  with  an 
axe,  and  burns  the  body  in  a  lime-kiln. 
He  then  pays  his  debts,  becomes  a  pros- 
perous and  respected  man,  and  is  made 
burgomaster.  On  the  wedding  night  of 
his  only  child,  Annette,  he  dies  of  apo- 
plexy, of  which  he  had  ample  warning 
by  the  constant  sound  of  sledge-bells  in 
his  cars.  In  his  dream  he  supposes  him- 
self put  into  a  mesmeric  sleep  in  open 
court,  when  he  confesses  everything  and 
is  executed  (1874). 

Polixene,  the  name  assumed  by 
Madelon  Gorgibus,  a  shopkeeper's  daugh- 


ter, as  far  more  romantic  and  genteel 
than  her  baptismal  name.  Her  cousin 
Cathos  called  herself  Aminte  (2  syl.). 

"  A-t-on  jamais  parI6,"  asks  Madelon,  "  dans  le  bean 
style,  de  Cathos  ni  de  Madelon  ?  et  ne  ni'avouerez-vous 
pas  que  ce  seroit  assez  dun  de  ces  noms  pour  d^crier  le 
plus  beau  roman  du  nionde." 

"II  est  vrai."  says  Cathos  to  Madelon's  father,  "  et  le 
nom  de  Polixine  .  .  .  et  celui  d'Aniinte  .  .  .  ont  una 
grace  dont  11  faut  que  vous  denieuriez  d'accoid.— Molitre, 
Ltt  PHcieuset  Jiidicules,  5  (1659). 

Polix'enes  (4  syl.),  king  of  Bo- 
hemia, schoolfellow  and  old  companion 
of  Leontes  king  of  Sicily.  AVhile  on  a 
visit  to  the  Sicilian  king,  Leontes  grew 
jealous  of  him,  and  commanded  Camillo 
to  poison  him  ;  but  Camillo  only  warned 
him  of  his  danger,  and  fled  with  him  to 
Bohemia.  Polixenes's  son,  Flor'izel,  fell 
in  love  with  Perdita  the  supposed 
daughter  of  a  shepherd ;  but  the  king 
threatened  Perdita  and  the  shepherd  with 
death  unless  this  foolish  suit  were  given 
up.  Florizel  and  Perdita  now  fled  to 
Sicily,  where  they  were  introduced  to  king 
Leontes,  and  it  was  soon  discovered  that 
Perdita  was  his  lost  daughter.  Polixencs, 
having  tracked  the  fugitives  to  Sicily, 
learned  that  Perdita  was  the  king's  daugh- 
ter, and  joyfully  consented  to  the  union  he 
had  before  forbidden. — Shakespeare,  The 
Winter's  Tale  (1604). 

Poll  Pineapple,  the  bumboat 
woman,  once  sailed  in  seaman's  clothes 
with  lieutenant  Belaye'  (2  syl.),  in  the 
Hot  Cross-Bun.  Jack  tars  generally  greet 
each  other  with  "Messmate,  ho!  what 
cheer?"  but  the  greeting  on  the  Hoi 
Cross-Bun  was  always,  "  How  do  you  di 
my  dear  ?  "  and  never  was  any  oath  moi 
naughty  than  "Dear  me!"  One  da; 
lieutenant  Belaye  came  on  board  a 
said  to  his  crew,  "  Here,  messmates,  is  m 
Avife,  for  I  have  just  come  from  church." 
Whereupon  they  all  fainted ;  and  it 
was  found  the  crew  consisted  of  young 
women  only,  who  had  dressed  like  sailors 
to  follow  the  fate  of  lieutenant  Belaye.— 
S.  Gilbert,  The  Bab  Ballads  (^^  The  hum-' 
boat  Woman's  Story"). 

PoUente  (3  syl.),  a  Saracen,  lord  of 
the  Perilous  Bridge.  When  his  groom 
Guizor  demands  "the  passage-penny" 
of  sir  Artegal,  the  knight  gives  him  a 
"  stunning  blow,"  sajdng,  "Lo!  knave, 
there's  my  hire;"  and  the  groom  falls 
down  dead.  Pollente  then  conies  rushing 
up  at  full  speed,  and  both  he  and  sir 
Artegal  fall  into  the  river,  fighting  most 
desperately.  At  length  sir  Artegal  pre- 
vails and  the  dead  body  of  the  Saracen 


lat 

t 


POLLY. 


181 


POLYDORE. 


is  carried  down  "the  blood-stained 
stream." — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  2 
(1596). 

Upton  conjectures  that  •'PoUente"  is 
intended  for  Charles  IX.  of  France,  and 
his  groom  "  Guizor  "  (lie  says)  means  the 
duke  of  Guise,  noted  for  the  part  he  took 
in  the  St.  Bartholomew  Massacre. 

Polly,  daughter  of  Peachum.  A 
pretty  girl,  who  really  loved  captain 
Macheath,  married  him,  and  remained 
faithful  even  when  he  disclaimed  her. 
When  the  reprieve  arrived,  "  the  captain" 
confessed  his  marriage,  and  vowed  to 
abide  by  Polly  for  the  rest  of  his  life. — 
J.  Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

This  character  ^as  led  to  the  peerage 

three  actresses :  Miss  Fenton  (duchess  of 

■      Bolton),  Miss  Bolton  (lady  Thurlow),  and 

I      Miss  Stephens  (countess  of  Essex). 

\         Mrs.  C.  Mathews  says  of  Miss  Fenton 

(1708-1760)  : 

\  Both  by  siiigiiiK  and  acting,  the  iinprei«ion  she  made  In 

{       "Polly"  was  most  powerful.    .   .  .  Not  a  i>rint-shop  or 

&n-shop  but   exhibited    her   handsome   figure   in    her 

"  Polly's  "  costume,  which  jmssessed  all  tlie  characteristic 

iriniplicity  of  the  modern  Quakeress,  without  one  mere- 
tricious ornament. 
Polo'nius,  a  garrulous  old  chamber- 
lain of  Denmark,  and  father  of  Laer'tes 
and  Ophelia ;   conceited,    politic,  and   a 
,    courtier.     Polonius   conceals  himself,  to 
j    overhear  what  Hamlet  says  to  his  mother, 
ji   and,    making    some    unavoidable   noise, 
startles  the   prince,   who,  thinking  it  is 
the    king  concealed,    rushes   blindly  on 
the  intruder,  and  kills  him  ;  but  finds  too 
'  late  he  has  killed  the  chamberlain,  and 
i;  not  Claudius  as  he  hoped  and  expected. 
1  — Shakespeare,  Hamlet  (1596). 

I      Polonius  is  a  man  bred  in  courts,  exercised  in  business, 
'  ittored   with  observations,  confident  of  his  knowledge, 
I  proud  of  his  eloquence,  and  declining  to  dotage.— I>r. 
Johnson. 

\  It  was  the  great  part  of  William  Mynitt 
1710-1763). 

Soon  after  Munden  retired  from  the  stage,  an  admirer 
aet  him  in  Oovent  Garden.  It  was  a  wet  day,  and  each 
J  arried  an  umbrella.  The  gentleman's  was  an  expensiva 
I  Jk  one,  and  Joe's  an  oki  gingham.  "  So  you  have  left 
jiJe stage,  .  .  .  and  'Polonius,'  'Jemmy  Jumps,'  'Old 
I  ornton,'  and  a  do^en  others  have  left  the  world  with 
I  )U  ?  I  wish  you'd  give  me  some  trifle  by  way  of  memorial, 
runden!"  "Trifle,  sir?  1' faith,  sir,  I've  got  nothing. 
I  ut  hold,  yes,  egad,  suppose  we  exchange  umbrelLos." — 
I  teatrical  Anecdotet. 

Polwarth  (AUck),  a  servant  of 
'averley's.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
ime,  George  II.). 

Polyele'tos  (in  Latin  Polycletus),  a 
ituary  of  Sicyon,  who  drew  up  a  canon 
the  proportions  of  the  several  parts  of 
i  human  body  :  as,  twice  round  the 
imb  is  once  round  the  wrist ;  twice 


round  the  wrist  is  once  round  the  neck  ; 
twice  round  the  neck  is  once  round  the 
waist ;  once  round  the  fist  is  the  length 
of  the  foot ;  the  tAvo  arms  extended  is 
the  height  of  the  body  ;  six  times  the 
length  of  the  foot,  or  eighteen  thumbs,  is 
also  the  height  of  the  body. 

Again,  the  thumb,  the  longest  toe, 
and  the  nose  should  all  be  of  the  same 
length.  The  index  finger  should  mea- 
sure the  breadth  of  the  hand  and  foot, 
and  twice  the  breadth  should  give  the 
length.  The  hand,  the  foot,  and  the 
face  should  all  be  the  same  length.  The 
nose  should  be  one-third  of  the  face ; 
and,  of  course,  the  thumbs  should  be 
one-third  the  length  of  the  hand.  Gerard 
de  Lairesse  has  given  the  exact  measure- 
ments of  every  part  of  the  human  figure, 
according  to  the  famous  statues  of  "  An- 
tinous,"  "Apollo  Belvidere,"  "Her- 
cules," and  "  Venus  de  Medici." 

Polycrates  (4  syl.),  tyrant  of 
Samos.  He  was  so  fortunate  in  every- 
thing, that  Am'asis  king  of  Egypt  ad- 
vised him  to  part  with  something  he 
highly  prized.  Whereupon,  PolycrStes 
threw  into  the  sea  an  engraved  gem  of 
extraordinary  value.  A  few  days  after- 
wards, a  fish  was  presented  to  the  tyrant, 
in  which  this  very  gem  was  found. 
Amasis  now  renounced  all  friendship 
with  him,  as  a  man  doomed  by  the  gods  ; 
and  not  long  after  this,  a  satrap,  having 
entrapped  the  too  fortunate  despot,  put 
him  to  death  by  crucifixion.  (See  Fish 
AND  THE  Ills G.)  —Herodotus,  iii.  40. 

Polyd'amas,  a  Thessalian  athlete  of 
enormous  strength.  He  is  said  to  have 
killed  an  angry  lion,  to  have  held  by  the 
heels  a  raging  bull  and  thrown  it  help- 
less at  his  feet,  to  have  stopped  a  chariot 
in  full  career,  etc.  One  day,  he  attempted 
to  sustain  a  falling  rock,  but  was  killed 
and  buried  by  the  huge  mass. 

Milo  carried  a  bull,  four  years  old,  on 
his  shoulders  through  the  stadiCim  at 
Olympia  ;  he  also  arrested  a  chariot  in 
full  career.  One  day,  tearing  asunder  a 
pine  tree,  the  two  parts,  rebounding, 
caught  his  hands  and  held  him  fast,  in 
which  state  he  was  devoured  by  wolves. 

Polydore  (3  syl.),  the  name  by  which 
Belarius  called  prince  Guidsrius,  wliile 
he  lived  in  a  cave  in  the  Welsh  moun- 
tains. His  brother,  prince  Arvirfigus, 
went  by  the  name  of  Cadwal. — Shake- 
speare, Cymbeline  (1605). 

Pol'ydore  (3  syl.),  brother  of  general 
Memnon,  beloved  by  the  princess  Calls 


POLYDORE. 


782 


POLYPHEME. 


Bister  of  Astorax  king  of  Paphos. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Mad  Lover 
(1618). 

Pol'ydore  (Lord),  son  of  lord  Acasto, 
and  Castalio's  younger  brother.  He 
entertained  a  base  passion  for  his  father's 
ward  Moniuiia  "the  orphan,"  and,  making 
use  of  the  signal  ("three  soft  taps  upon 
the  chamber  door  ")  to  be  used  by  Castalio, 
to  whom  she  was  privately  married,  in- 
dulged his  wanton  love,  Monimia  sup- 
posing him  to  be  her  husband.  When, 
next  day,  he  discovered  that  Monimia  was 
actually  married  to  Castalio,  he  was 
horrified,  and  provoked  a  quarrel  with  his 
brother  ;  but  as  soon  as  Castalio  drew  his 
sword,  he  ran  upon  it  and  was  killed. — 
Thomas  Otway,  The  Orphan  (1680). 

Pol'ydore  (3  syl.)^  a  comrade  of  Ernest 
of  Otranto  (page  of  prince  Tancred). — Sir 


ranto  (pi 

cott,  a 


W.  Scott,   Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time, 
Kufus). 

Polyglot  (Ignatius),  the  master  of 
seventeen  languages,  and  tutor  of  Charles 
Eustace  (aged  24).  Very  learned,  very 
ignorant  of  human  life  ;  most  strict  as  a 
disciplinarian,  but  tender-hearted  as  a 
girl.  His  pupil  has  married  clandestinely, 
but  Polyglot  oifers  himself  voluntarily  to 
be  the  scapegoat  of  the  young  couple, 
and  he  brings  them  off  triumpnantly. — 
J.  Poole,  2'he  Scapegoat. 

Polyglott  (A  Walking),  cardinal Mez- 
zofanti,  who  knew  fifty-eight  different 
languages  (1774-1849). 

Polyolbion  (the  ^^ greatly  blessed"), 
by  Michael  Drayton,  in  thirty  parts, 
called  "songs."  It  is  a  topographi- 
cal description  of  England.  Song 
i.  The  landing  of  Brute.  Song  ii. 
Dorsetshire,  and  the  adventures  of  sir 
Bevis  of  Southampton.  Song  iii.  So- 
merset. Song  iv.  Contention  of  the 
rivers  of  England  and  Wales  respecting 
Lundy — to  which  country  it  belonged. 
Song  V.  Sabrina,  as  arbiter,  decides  that 
it  is  "allied  alike  both  to  England  and 
Wales ; "  Merlin,  and  Milford  Haven. 
■  Song  vi.  The  salmon  and  beavor  of  Twy  ; 
the  tale  of  Sabrina ;  the  druids  and 
bards.  Song  vii.  Hereford.  Song  viii. 
Conquest  of  Britain  by  the  Romans  and 
by  the  Saxons.  Song  ix.  Wales.  Song 
X.  Merlin's  prophecies  ;  Winifred's  well ; 
defenceof  the  "tale  of  Brute"  (1612).  Song 
xi,  Cheshire ;  ijie  religious  Saxon  kings. 
Song  xii.  Shropshire  and  Staffordshire  ; 
the  Saxon  warrior  kings  ;  and  Guy  of 
Warwick.     Song  xiii.  Warwick  ;  Guy  of 


Warwick  concluded.  Song  xiv.  Glou- 
cestershire. Song  XV.  The  marriage  of 
Isis  and  Thame.  Song  xvi.  The  Roman 
roads  and  Saxon  kingdoms.  Song  xvii. 
Surrey  and  Sussex ;  the  sovereigns  of 
England  from  W^illiam  to  Elizabeth. 
Song  xviii.  Kent ;  England's  great  gene- 
rals and  sea-captains  (1613).  Song  xix. 
Essex  and  Suttolk  ;  English  navigators, 
Song  XX.  Norfolk.  Song  xxi.  Ca 
bridge  and  Ely.  Song  xxii.  Buckin 
hamshire,  and  England's  intestine  battl 
Song  xxiii.  Korthamptonshire.  Song 
xxiv.  Rutlandshire ;  and  the  British 
saints.  Song  xxv.  Lincolnshire.  Song 
xxvi.  Nottinghamshire,  Leicestershire, 
Derbyshire ;  with  the  ston'  of  Robin 
Hood.  Song  xxvii.  Lancashire  and  the 
Isle  of  Man.  Song  xxviii.  Yorkshire. 
Song  xxix,  Northumberland.  Song  xxx. 
Cumberland  (1622). 

Pol'ypheme  (3  syL),  a  gigantic 
Cyclops  of  Sicily,  who  fed  on  human 
flesh.  When  Ulysses,  on  his  return  from 
Troy,  was  driven  to  this  island,  he  and 
twelve  of  his  companions  were  seized 
by  Polypheme,  and  confined  in  his  cave, 
that  he  might  devour  two  daily  for  his 
dinner.  Ulysses  made  the  giant  drunk, 
and,  when  he  lay  down  to  sleep,  bored 
out  his  one  eye.  Roused  by  the  pain,, 
the  monster  tried  to  catch  his  tormentoi 
but  Ulysses  and  his  surviving  co: 
panions  made  their  escape  by  clinging 
the  bellies  of  the  sheep  and  rams  wh( 
they  were  let  out  to  pasture  ( Odyssey,  i: 

There  is  a  Basque  legend  told  of 
giant  Tartaro,  who  caught  a  young  mi 
in  his  snares,  and  confined  him  in 
cave  for  dessert.  When,  however,  Tar- 
taro fell  asleep,  the  young  man  made 
the  giant's  spit  red  hot,  bored  out  his  one  ' 
eye,  and  then  made  his  escape  by  fixing 
the  bell  of  the  bell-ram  round  his  neck, 
and  a  sheep-skin  over  his  back.  Tartaro 
seized  the  skin,  and  the  man,  leaving  it 
behind,  made  off. — Basqtie  Legends. 

A  very  similar  adventure  forms  the 
tale  of  Sindbad's  third  voyage,  in  the 
Arabian  Nights.  He  was  shipwrecked 
on  a  strange  island,  and  entered,  with 
his  companions,  a  sort  of  palace.  At 
nightfall,  a  one-eyed  giant  entered,  and 
ate  one  of  them  for  supper,  and  another 
for  breakfast  next  morning.  This  went 
on  for  a  day  or  tAvo,  when  Sindbad  bored 
out  the  giant's  one  eye  with  a  charred 
olive  stake.  The  giant  tried  in  vain  to 
catch  his  tormentors,  but  they  ran  to 
their  rafts;  and  Sindbad,  with  tWf 
others,  contrived  to  escape. 


1 


POLTPHEME  AND  GALATEA.     783  POND  OF  THE  PROPHET. 


♦^*  Homer  was  translated  into  Syriac 
by  Theophilus  Edessenes  in  the  caliphate 
of  Iliirun-ur-Rashid  (a.d.  78G-809). 

Polypheme  and  Galatea.  Polj^- 
pheme  loved  Galatea  the  sea-njnnph  ;  but 
Galatea  had  fixed  her  affections  on  Acis, 
a  Sicilian  shepherd.  The  giant,  in  his 
jealousy,  hurled  a  huge  rock  at  his  rival, 
and  crushed  him  to  death. 

The  tale  of  Polypheme  is  from  Ho- 
mer's Odyssey,  ix.  It  is  also  given 
by  Ovid  in  his  Metamorphoses,  xiv. 
Euripides  introduces  the  monster  in  his 
Cyclops ;  and  the  tragedy  of  Acis  and 
Galatea  is  the  subject  of  Handel's  famous 
opera  so  called. 

(In  Greek  the  monster  is  called  Folu- 
pliemos,  and  in  Latin  Folypfiemus.) 

Polyphe'mus  of  Literature,  Dr. 

Samuel  Johnson  (1709-1784). 

Polyplio'nus  ^^  big-voiced"),  the 
KapSneus  and  most  boastful  of  the  frog 
heroes.  He  was  slain  by  the  mouse 
ArtophSgus  ("the  bread-nibbler"). 

But  great  Artoph.igus  avenged  the  slain,  .  .  . 
And  Polyplionus  dies,  a  frog  renowned 
For  boastful  speech  and  turbulence  of  sound. 
Parnell,  Battle  of  the  tVogs  and  Mice,  ili.  (about  1712). 

Polyphrasticontinomimegalon- 
dulatibn. 

Why  not  wind  up  the  famous  nn'nisterial  declaration 
with  "Konx  Ompax.*'  or  tliat  difficult  expression, 
"polyphrasticontinoniimegaloiidulation  "t — The  Star. 

Polypo'dium  {^^  many -foot"),  al- 
luding to  its  root  furnished  with  nume- 
rous fibres.  Polypodium  used  to  be 
greatly  celebrated  for  its  effect  on  tape- 
worm, and  for  rheum. 

The  hermit 
Here  finds  upon  an  oak  rheum-purging  jxdypode  (3  sgl.). 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Polyx'ena,  a  magnanimous  and 
most  noble  woman,  wife  of  Charles 
Emmanuel  king  of  Sardinia  (who  suc- 
ceeded to  the  crown  in  1730). — R.  Brown- 
ing, King  Victor  and  King  Charles,  etc. 

Pombod'ita,  hocus  -  pocus  -  land. 
When  any  one  tells  an  incredible  story, 
we  might  say  to  him,  "Perhaps  you  are 
a  native  of  Pombodita,  where  elephants 
are  driven  through  the  eyes  of  needles." 

Cum  aliquls  incrcdibllia  narrat,  respondent,  "  Forte  ex 
Pombodita  tu  es.  ubi  traducunt  elephantem  per  foramen 
Bcus.— Pole,  SynoptU  Criticorum. 

It  may  l)e  that  Uiou  art  of  Pumbeditha,  where  they  can 
Bring  an  elepliant  through  the  eyo  of  a  needle. — Light- 
aot  (.,1  Jnwuh  I'rowrb). 

***  Ever}'  one  will  call  to  mind  the  use 
made  of  this  Jewish  proverb  by  our  Lord, 
when  the  "rich  ruler,"  being  told  to  sell 
ill  he  had  for  the  benefit  of  the  poor, 


"went    away    sorrowful." — Luke   xviii. 
18-2.') ;  Mark  x.  22. 

Pomegranate  Seed.  '\\Tien  Per- 
seph'one  was  in  hades,  whither  Pluto 
had  carried  her,  the  god,  foreknowing 
that  Jupiter  would  demand  her  release, 
gathered  a  pomegranate,  and  said  to  her, 
"Love,  eat  with  me  this  parting  day  of 
the  pomegranate  seed ; "  and  she  ate. 
Demeter,  in  the  mean  time,  implored 
Zeus  {Jupiter)  to  demand  Persephone's 
release ;  and  the  king  of  Olympus  pro- 
mised she  should  be  set  at  liberty,  if  she 
had  not  eaten  anything  during  her  deten- 
tion in  hades.  As,  however,  she  had 
eaten  pomegranate  seeds,  her  return  was 
impossible. 

Low  laughs  the  dark  king  on  his  throne— 
"  I  gave  her  of  pomegranate  seeds  "... 
And  chant  the  maids  of  Enna  still— 
"  0  fateful  flower  beside  the  rill. 
The  daffodil,  the  daffodil."    (See  Dapfodii.) 
Jean  Ingelow,  Periephone. 

Pompey,  a  clown  ;  servant  to  Mrs. 
Overdone  (a  bawd). — Shakespeare,  Mea- 
sure for  Measure  (1603). 

Pompey  the  Great  was  killed  by 
Achillas  and  Septimius,  the  moment  the 
Egyptian  fishing-boat  reached  the  coast. 
Plutarch  tells  us  they  threw  his  head  into 
the  sea.  Others  say  his  head  was  sent 
to  Caesar,  who  turned  from  it  with  horror, 
and  shed  a  flood  of  tears.  Shakespeare 
makes  him  killed  by  "savage  islanders" 
(2  Henry  VI.  act  iv.  sc.  1,  1598). 

Pom.pil'ia,  a  foundling,  the  putative 
daughter  of  Pietro  (2  syl.).  She  married 
count  Guido  Franceschini,  who  treated 
her  so  brutally  that  she  made  her  escape 
under  the  protection  of  a  young  priest 
named  Caponsacchi.  Pompilia  subse- 
quently gave  birth  to  a  oon,  but  was  slain 
by  her  husband. 

The  babe  hjid  been  a  find  i'  the  filth-heap,  sir, 

Oatcli  from  the  kennel.    There  was  found  at  Ilome, 

Down  in  the  deepest  of  our  social  dregs, 

A  woman  who  professed  the  wanton's  trade  .  .  . 

She  sold  this  babe  eight  months  before  its  birth 

To  our  Violante  (3  »yl.),  Pietro's  honest  spouse,  .  .  • 

Partly  to  please  old  Pietro, 

Partly  to  cheat  the  rightful  heirs,  agapo 

For  that  same  principal  of  the  usitfruct. 

It  vexed  him  he  must  die  and  leave  behind. 

U.  Browning,  The  Jiinff  and  the  Hook,  ii.  557,  etc. 

Ponce  de.Leon,  the  navigator  who 
went  in  search  of  the  Fontaine  de  Jouvence, 
"  cui  fit  rajovenir  la  gent."  He  sailed  in 
two  ships  on  this  "  voyage  of  discoveries," 
in  the  sixteenth  century. 

Like  Ponce  de  L<Son,  he  wants  to  go  ofT  to  the  Anti. 
po<16s  in  search  of  that  Fontaine  de  Jouvetice  which 
was  fabled  to  give  a  man  Ijack  his  youth. —  Vera,  130. 

Pond  of  the  Prophet  (The),  a 
well  of  life,  from  which  all  the  blessed 


m 


PONENT  WIND. 


784 


POPE-FIGS. 


will  drink  before  they  enter  paradise. 
The  water  is  whiter  than  milk,  and  more 
fragrant  than  musk. 

Po'nent  Wind  {TJie),  the  west  wind, 
or  wind  from  the  sunset.  Lev'ant  is  the 
cast  wind,  or  wind  from  the  sunrise. 

Forth  rush  the  Levant  and  the  Ponent  winds. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  x.  704  (1665). 

PongO,  a  cross  between  "  a  land-tiger 
and  a  sea-shark."  This  terrible  monster 
devastated  Sicily,  but  was  slain  by  the 
three  sons  of  St.  George.— R.  Johnson, 
The  Seven  Champions,  etc.  (1617). 

Ponoe'rates  (4  syL),  the  tutor  of 
Gargantua. — Rabelais,  Gargantua  (1533). 

Pons  Asino'rum  {^^the  assef 
bridge"),  the  fifth  proposition  bk.  i. 
of  Euclid's  Elements,  too  difficult  for 
"  asses  "  or  stupid  boys  to  get  over. 

Pontius  Pilate's  Body-Guard, 

the  1st  Foot  Regiment.  In  Picardy  the 
J'rench  officers  wanted  to  make  out  that 
they  were  the  seniors,  and,  to  carry  their 
point,  vaunted  that  they  were  on  duty 
on  the  night  of  the  Crucifixion.  The 
colonel  of  the  1st  Foot  replied,  "  If  we 
Lftd  been  on  guard,  we  should  not  have 
slept  at  our  posts  "  (see  Matt,  xxviii.  13). 

Pontoys  (Stephen),  a  veteran  in  sir 
Hugo  de  Lacy's  troop. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Pony  (Mr.  Garland's),  Whisker 
(q.v.). 

Poole  (1  syL),  in  Dorsetshire  ;  once 
"  a  young  and  lusty  sea-born  lass," 
courted  by  great  Albion,  who  had  by 
her  three  children,  Brunksey,  Fursey, 
and  [St.]  Hellen.  Thetis  was  indignant 
that  one  of  her  virgin  train  should  be 
guilty  of  such  indiscretion  ;  and,  to  pro- 
tect iiis  children  from  her  fury,  Albion 
placed  them  in  the  bosom  of  Poole,  and 
then  threw  his  arms  around  them. — M. 
Drayton,  Polyolhion,  ii.  (1612). 

Poor  (Father  of  the),  Bernard  Gilpin 
(1617-1583). 

Poor  Gentleman  (Tlie),  a  comedy 
by  George  Colman  the  /ounger  (1802). 
"  The  poor  gentleman"  is  lieutenant 
Worthington,  discharged  from  the  army 
on  half-pay,  because  his  arm  had  been 
crushed  by  a  shell  in  storming  Gibraltar. 
On  his  half-pay  he  had  to  support  him- 
self, his  daughter  Emily,  an  old  corporal, 
and  a  maiden  sister-in-law.  Having  put 
liis  name  to  a  bill  for  £500,  his  friend 


died  without  effecting  an  insurance,  and 
the  lieutenant  was  called  upon  for  pay- 
ment. Imprisonment  would  have  fol- 
lowed if  sir  Robert  Bramble  had  not 
most  generously  paid  the  money.  With 
this  piece  of  good  fortune  came  another — 
the  marriage  of  his  daughter  Emily  to 
Frederick  Bramble,  nephew  and  heir  of 
the  rich  baronet. 

Poor  John,  a  hake  dried  and  salted. 

Tis  well  thou  art  not  fish  ;  if  thou  hadst  [been],  thou 
hadst  been  Poor  John.— Shakespeare,  Itomeo  and  Juliet, 
act  1.  8C.  1  (1597). 

Poor  Richard,  the  pseudonym  of 
Benjamin  Franklin,  under  which  he 
issued  a  series  of  almanacs,  which  he 
made  the  medium  of  teaching  thrift, 
temperance,  order,  cleanliness,  chastity, 
forgiveness,  and  so  on.  The  maxims  or 
precepts  of  these  almanacs  generally  end 
with  the  words,  "as  poor  Richard  says" 
(begun  in  1732). 

Poor  Robin,  the  pseudonym  of 
Robert  Herrick  the  poet,  under  which  he 
issued  a  series  of  almanacs  (begun  in 
1661). 

Poor  as  Lazarus,  that  is,  the  beg- 
gar Lazarus,  in  the  parable  of  Dives  and* 
Lazarus  (Luke  xvi.  19-31). 

Pope  (To  drink  like  a).  Benedict  XII 
was  an  enormous  eater,  and  such  a  hug< 
wine-drinker  that  he  gave  rise  to  thfl 
Bacchanalian  expression,  Bibdmus  paj 
liter. 

Pope  Changing  His  Name.  Pet 

Hogsmouth,  or,  as  he  is  sometimes  called 
Peter  di  Porca,  was  the  first  pope 
change  his  name.  He  called  himsel 
Sergius  II.  (844-847).  Some  say  M 
thought  it  arrogant  to  be  called  Peter  II. 

Pope-Pig-lands,  protestant  coun- 
tries. The  Gaillardets,  being  shown  the 
pope'f  image,  said,  "  A  fig  for  the  pope!" 
whereupon  their  whole  island  was  put  to 
the  sword,  and  the  name  changed  to 
Pope-fig-land,  the  people  being  called 
"Pope-figs." — Rabelais,  Fantag'ruel,  iv. 
45(1545). 

The  allusion  is  to  the  kingdom  ot 
Navarre,  once  protestant ;  but  in  1612 
it  was  subjected  to  Ferdinand  the  Catho- 
lic. 

Pope-Figs,  protestants.  The  name 
•was  given  to  the  Gaillardets,  for  saying, 
"  A  fig  for  the  pope  !  " 

They  were  made  tributaries  and  slaves  to  the  Paptaoww 
for  saying,  "A  fig  for  the  pope's  image  1"  and  never  after 


Dt 

a 


POPE  JOAN. 


r85 


POPISH  PLOT. 


did  the  poor  wretches  prosper,  hut  every  year  the  devil 
was  at  tlieir  doors,  and  they  were  plagued  with  hail, 
stonns,  famine,  and  all  manner  of  woes  in  punishment  of 
this  sin  of  their  forefathers.— BabelaU,  Pantagruel,  iv. 
45  (1545), 

Pope  Joan,  between  Leo  IV.  and 
Benedict  III.,  and  called  John  [VIII.]. 
The  subject  of  this  scandalous  story  was 
an  English  girl,  educated  at  Cologne, 
who  left  her  home  in  man's  disguise 
with  her  lover  (the  monk  Folda),  and 
went  to  Athens,  where  she  studied  law. 
She  went  to  Kome  and  studied  theology, 
earning  so  great  a  reputation  that,  at  the 
death  of  Leo  IV.,  she  was  chosen  his 
successor.  Her  sex  was  discovered  by 
the  birth  of  a  child  while  she  was  going 
to  the  Lateran  Basilica,  between  the 
Coliseum  and  the  church  of  St.  Cle- 
ment. Pope  Joan  died,  and  was  buried, 
without  honours,  after  a  pontificate  of 
two  years  and  five  months  (863-866). — 
Marianus  Scotus  (who  died  1086). 

The  story  is  given  most  fully  by 
Martinus  Polonus,  confessor  to  Gregory 
X.,  and  the  tale  was  generally  believed 
till  the  Reformation.  There  is  a  German 
miracle-play  on  the  subject,  called  The 
Canonization  of  Pope  Joan  (1480).  David 
Blondel,  a  Calvinist  divine,  has  written  a 
book  to  confute  the  tale. 

The  following  note  contains  the  chief 
points  of  interest: — 

Anastasius  the  librarian,  is  the  first  to 
mention  such  a  pope,  a.d.  886,  or  thirty 
years  after  the  death  of  Joan. 

Marianus  Scotus,  in  his  Chronicle,  says 
she  reigned  two  years  five  months  and 
four  days  (863-856).  Scotus  died  1086. 
j  Sigebert  de  Gemblours,  in  his  Chronicle, 
[  -epeats  the  same  story  (1112). 
'  Otto  of  Freisingen  and  Gotfrid  of  Vi- 
erbo  both  mention  her  in  their  histories. 

Martin  Polonus  gives  a  very  full  ac- 
\  ount  of  the  matter.  He  says  she  went 
\Y  the  name  of  John  Anglus,  and  was 
I  om  at  Metz,  of  English  parents.  While 
|ie  was  pope,  she  was  prematurely  de- 
pered  of  a  child  in  the  street  "  between 
I  e  Coliseum  and  St.  Clement's  Church." 
I  William  Ocham  alludes  to  the  story. 

I  Thomas  de  Elmham  repeats  it  (1422). 

.John  Huss  tells  us  her  baptismal  name 

I  '.8  not  Joan  but  Agnes. 

! Others  insist  that  her  name  was  Gil- 
■ta. 

n  the  Annates  Augustani  (1135),  we 
told  her  papal  name  was  John  VIII., 
'   that  she    it  was  who    consecrated 
is  II.  of  France, 
rguments  in  favour  of  the  allegation 

•  given  by  Spanheim,  Exercit,  de  Fapa 


Fcemina,  ii.  577  ;  in  Lenfant,  Histoire  de 
la  Papesse  Jeanne. 

Arguments  against  the  allegation  are 
given  by  Allatius  or  Allatus,  Confutatio 
FabulcB  de  Johanna  Papissa ;  and  in 
Lequien,  Oriens  Chrtstianus,  iii.  777. 

Arguments  on  both  sides  are  given  in 
Cunningham's  tr.anslation  of  Geiseler, 
Lehrbuch,  ii.  21,  22 ;  and  in  La  Bayle's 
Dictionnaire,  iii.,  art.  *'  Papisse." 

*^.*  Gibbon  says,  "  Two  protestants, 
Blondel  and  Bayle,  have  annihilated  the 
female  pope ;  but  the  expression  is  cer- 
tainly too  strong,  and  even  Mosheim  is 
more  than  half  inclined  to  believe  there 
really  was  such  a  person." 

Pope  of  Philosophy,  Aristotle 
(B.C.  384-322). 

Popes  {Titles  assumed  by).  "Uni- 
versal Bishop,"  prior  to  Gregory  the 
Great.  Gregory  the  Great  adopted  the 
style  of  "  Servus  Servorum  "  (691). 

Martin  IV.  was  addressed  as  "  the 
lamb  of  God  which  takest  away  the  sina 
of  the  world,"  to  which  was  added, 
"  Grant  us  thy  peace  !  "  (1281), 

Leo  X.  was  styled,  by  the  council  of 
Lateran,  "  Divine  Majesty,"  *'  Husband 
of  the  Church,"  "Prince  of  the  Apostles," 
"The  Key  of  all  the  Universe,"  "The 
Pastor,  the  Physician,  and  a  God  pos- 
sessed of  all  power  both  in  heaven  and 
on  earth"  (1513). 

Paul  V.  styled  himself  "Monarch  of 
Christendom,"  "  Supporter  of  the  Papal 
Omnipotence,"  "Vice-God,"  "  Lord  God 
the  Pope"  (1605). 

Others,  after  Paul,  "Master  of  the 
World,"  "Pope  the  Universal  Father," 
"Judge  in  the  place  of  God,"  "Vice- 
gerent of  the  Most  High." — Brady,  Clavis 
Calendaria,  247  (1839). 

The  pope  assumes  supreme  dominion,  not  only  over 
spiritual  but  also  over  temporal  affairs,  styling  himself 
"  Head  of  the  Catholic  or  Universal  Church,  Sole  Arbiter 
of  its  Rights,  and  Sovereign  Father  of  all  the  Kings  of 
the  Earth."  From  these  titles,  he  wears  a  triple  crown, 
one  as  high  priest,  one  as  emperor,  and  the  third  as  king. 
He  also  bears  keys,  to  denote  his  privilege  of  opening 
the  gates  of  heaven  to  all  true  believers.— Brady,  250-1. 

♦^*  For  the  first  five  centuries  the 
bishops  of  Rome  wore  a  bonnet,  like 
other  ecclesiastics.  Pope  Hormisdas 
placed  on  his  bonnet  the  crown  sent  him 
by  Clovis ;  Boniface  VIII.  added  a 
second  crown  during  his  struggles  with 
Philip  the  Fair ;  and  John  XXII.  as- 
sumed the  third  crown. 

Popish   Plot,   a    supposed    Roman 
Catholic  conspiracy  to  massacre  the  pro- 
testants, burn  London,  and  murder  the 
3  s 


POPPY. 


786 


PORTIA. 


king  (Charles  II.).  This  fiction  was  con- 
cocted by  one  Titus  Oates,  who  made  a 
**  good  thing"  by  his  schemes  ;  but  being 
at  last  found  out,  was  pilloried,  whipped, 
and  imprisoned  (1678-9). 

Poppy  (Ned),  a  prosy  old  anecdote- 
teller,  with  a  marvellous  tendency  to 
digression. 

Ned  knew  exactly  •what  parties  huA  for  dinner,  .  .  . 
In  wbat  ditch  his  bay  horse  liart  his  sprain,  .  .  .  and  how 
his  man  John  -uo.  It  was  William— started  a  hare,  .  .  . 
so  tliat  he  never  got  to  tlie  end  of  his  tale.— Kichard 
Steele. 

Porch  (The).  The  Stoics  were  so 
called,  because  their  founder  gave  his 
lectures  in  the  Athenian  stoa  or  porch 
called  "Poe'cile." 

The  successors  of  Socrtttfis  formed  .  .  ;  the  Academy, 
the  Porch,  the  Garden.— Professor  Seeley.  £cce  Homo. 

George  Herbert  has  a  poem  called 
The  Church  Porch  (six-line  stanzas).  It 
may  be  considered  introductory  to  his 
poem  entitled  T/ie  Church  (Sapphic  verse 
and  sundry  other  metres). 

Porcius,  son  of  Cato  of  Utica  (in 
Africa),  and  brother  of  Marcus.  Both 
brothers  were  in  love  with  Lucia ;  but 
the  hot-headed,  impulsive  Marcus,  being 
slain  in  battle,  the  sage  and  temperate 
Porcius  was  without  a  rival. — J.  Addi- 
son, Cato  (1713). 

When  Sheridan  reproduced  Cato,  Wignell,  who  acted 
"  Porcius,"  omitted  the  prologue,  and  began  at  once  with 
tlie  lines,  "The  dawn  is  overcast,  the  morning  lowers  .  .  ." 
•*  Tlie  prologue !  the  prologue  1  *'  shouted  the  audience ; 
and  Wignell  went  on  in  the  same  tone,  as  it'  continuing 
bin  speech : 

Ladiesand  gentlemen,  there  has  not  been 

A  prologue  spoken  to  this  play  for  years 

And  heavily  on  clouds  brings  on  the  day. 

The  great,  th'  important  day,  big  with  tlie  fate 

Of  Cato  and  of  Kome. 

BUtory  of  the  Stage. 

Porcupine  {Peter).  William  Cob- 
bett,  the  politician,  published  The  Jiush- 
tight  under  this  pseudonym  in  1800. 

Pomei'us  (3  syL),  Fornication  per- 
sonified ;  one  of  the  four  sons  of  Anag'- 
nus  {inchastity),  his  brothers  being 
Mae'chus  (adultery),  Acath'arus,  and  Asel'- 
ges  (lasciviousness).  He  began  the  battle 
of  Mansoul  by  encountering  Parthen'ia 
(maidenly  chastity),  but  "the  martial 
maid  "  slew  him  with  her  spear.  (Greek, 
pomeia,  "fornication.") 

In  maids  his  joy ;  now  by  a  maid  defied. 
His  life  lie  lost  and  all  his  former  pride. 
With  women  woukl  he  live,  now  by  a  woman  died. 
Pbineat  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Island,  xl.  (1£33). 

Porphyrius,  in  Dryden's  drama  of 

Tyra7inic  Love. 

Valerim,  daughter  of  Maximin.  having  killed  herself  for 
the  love  of  Porphyrius,  was  on  one  occasion  being  carried 
off  by  the  bearers,  when  she  started  up  and  boxed  one  of 
ttw  beuvn  wt  the  eari,  spying  to  him : 


Hold  I  are  you  mad,  you  damned  confounded  dog? 
I  am  to  rise  and  speak  the  ei>ilogue. 

W.  C.  Russell,  Jtej/reteniative  Actors,  456L 

Porphyro-Genitus  (^^born  in  the 
Porphyra  "),  the  title  given  to  the  kings 
of  the  Eastern  empire,  from  the  apart- 
ments called  Porphj'ra,  set  apart  for  the 
empresses  during  confinement. 

There  he  found  Irene,  the  empress,  in  travail.  In  a 
house  anciently  appointed  for  tlie  empresses  during  child- 
birth. Tliey  call  that  house  "  Pori>hyra,"  whence  the 
name  of  the  Porphyro-fienltl  came  into  the  world. — See 
SeMen,  TUIm  of  Honour,  v.  61  (1614). 

Porrex,  younger  son  of  Gorboduc  a 
legendary  king  of  Britain.  He  drove  his 
elder  brother  Ferrex  from  the  kingdom, 
and,  when  B^errex  returned  with  a  large 
army,  defeated  and  slew  him.  Porrex 
was  murdered  while  "slumbering^  on  his 
careful  bed,"  by  his  own  mother,  who 
"  stabbed  him  to  the  heart  with  a  knife." 
— Thomas  Norton  and  Thomas  Sackville, 
Gorboduc  (a  tragedy,  1561-2). 

Por'sena,  a  legendary  king  of 
Etruria,  who  made  war  on  Rome  to  re- 
store Tarquin  to  the  throne. 

Lord  Macaulay  has  made  this  the  sub- 
ject of  one  of  his  Lays  of  Ancient  Home 
(1842). 

Port'amour,  Cupid's  sheriff's  officer, 
who  summoned  offending  lovers  to 
"Love's  Jud^^ent  Hall."  —  Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  vi.  7  (1696). 

Porteou^  (Captain  John),  an  officer 
of  the  cit}-^  guard.  He  is  hanged  by  the 
mob  (1736). 

Mrs.  Porteous,  wife  of  the  captain. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Portia,  the  wife  of  Pontius  Pilate. 

Portia,     wife     of     Marcus     Brutua.  j 

Valerius    Maximus   says :    "  She,  being  ! 

determined    to    kill    herself,    took    hot  | 

burning  coals  into  her  mouth,  and  kept  | 
her  lips  closed  till  she  Avas  suffocated  by 
.the  smoke." 

"^  With  this  she  [Portid]  fell  distract. 

And,  her  attendants  absent,  swallowed  fire. 
Shakespeare,  Julius  CcBsar,  act  iv.  sc.  3  f»607). 

Por'tia,  a  rich  heiress,  in  love  with 
Bassa'nio  ;  but  her  choice  of  a  husband 
was  restricted  by  her  father's  will  to  the 
following  condition  :  Her  suitors  were  to 
select  from  three  caskets,  one  of  gold, 
one  of  silver,  and  one  of  lead,  and  he 
who  selected  the  casket  which  contained 
Portia's  picture  was  to  claim  her  as  bis 
wife.  Bassanio  chose  the  lead,  and  being 
successful,  became  the  espoused  husband 
It  so  happened  that  Bassanio  had  bor 


PORTLAND  PLACE. 


787 


POTT. 


rowed  3000  ducats,  and  Anthonio,  a 
Venetian  merchant,  was  his  security. 
The  money  was  borrowed  of  Shylock  a 
Jew,  on  these  conditions :  If  the  loan 
w^as  repaid  within  three  months,  only  the 
principal  would  be  required  ;  if  not,  the 
Jew  should  be  at  liberty  to  claim  a  pound 
of  flesh  from  Anthonio's  body.  The  loan 
was  not  repaid,  and  the  Jew  demanded 
the  forfeiture.  Portia,  in  the  dress  of  a 
law  doctor,  conducted  the  defence,  and 
saved  Anthonio  bj'  reminding  the  Jew 
that  a  pound  of  flesh  gave  him  no  drop  of 
blood,  and  that  he  must  cut  neither  more 
nor  less  than  an  exact  pound,  otherwise 
his  life  would  be  forfeit.  As  it  would 
be  plainly  impossible  to  fulfil  these 
conditions,  the  Jew  gave  up  his  claim, 
and  Anthonio  was  saved. — Shakespeare, 
Merchant  of  Venice  (1598). 

PortlandPlace  (London).  Socalled 
from  William  Bentick,  second  duke  of 
Portland,  who  married  Margaret,  only 
child  of  Edward  second  earl  of  Oxford 
and  Mortimer.  From  these  came  Mar- 
garet Street,  Bentick  Street,  Duke  Street, 
Duchess  Street,  and  Portland  Place. 

Portman  Square  (London).  So 
^  called  from  William  Henry  Portman, 
.  owner  of  the  estate  in  which  the  Square 
I  and  Orchard  Street  both  stand. 

'  Portsmouth  (27te  c?r«!A(?ss  o/),  "La 
Belle  Louise  de  Querouaille,"  one  of  the 
mistresses  of  Charles  IL — Sir  \V.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  IL). 

Portuguese  Cid  {The)^  Nunez 
Alvarez  Pereira  (1360-1431). 

Portuguese  Horace  {The),  An- 
tonio Ferreira  (1528-1569). 

Possunt,  quia  Posse  Videntur. 
Fail  not  to  will,  and  you  will  not  fail. — 
^Lrgil,  jEneid,  v.  231. 

Posthu'inus   [Leonatus]    married 

i  raogen,  daughter  of  C3'mbeline  king  of 

1  Britain,  and  was  banished  the  kingdom  for 

i  ife.     He  went  to  Italy,  and  there,  in  the 

J  ouse  of  Philario,  bet  a  diamond  ring  with 

Ijchimo  that  notJiing  could  seduce  the 

I  delity  of  Imogen.     lachimo  accepted  the 

|2t,  concealed  himself  in  a  chest  in  Imo- 

» en's  chamber,  madehimself  master  of  cer- 

■  in  details  and  also  of  a  bracelet,  and  with 

ese  vouchers  claimed  the  ring.     Post- 

imus  now  ordered  his  servant  Pisanio 

inveigle    Imogen    to  Milford    Haven 

der  tlie  promise  of  meeting  her  husband, 

d  t<)  murder  her  on  the   road ;    but 

sanio   told    Imogen  to  assume  boy's 


apparel,  and  enter  the  service  of  the 
Roman  general  in  Britain,  as  a  page.  A 
battle  being  fought,  the  Roman  general, 
lachimo,  and  Imogen  were  among  the 
captives  ;  and  Posthumus,  having  done 
great  service  in  the  battle  on  Cymbeline'a 
behalf,  was  pardoned.  The  Roman 
general  prayed  that  the  supposed  page 
might  be  set  at  liberty,  and  the  king  told 
her  she  might  also  claim  a  boon,  where- 
upon she  asked  that  lachimo  should  state 
how  he  became  possessed  of  the  ring  he 
was  wearing.  The  whole  villainy  being 
thus  exposed,  Imogen's  innocence  Avas 
fully  established,  and  she  was  re-united 
to  her  husband. — Shakespeare,  Cymbeline 
(1605). 

Potage  {Jean),  the  French  "Jack 
Pudding  ;  "  similar  to  the  Italian  "  Maca- 
roni," the  Dutch  "Pickel-herringe,"  and 
the  German  "  Hanswurst."  Clumsy,  gor- 
mandizing clowns,  fond  of  practical  jokes, 
especially  such  as  stealing  eatables  and 
drinkables. 

Pother  {Doctor),  an  apothecary, 
"  city  register,  and  walking  story-book." 
He  had  a  story  a  propos  of  every  remark 
made  and  of  every  incident ;  but  as  he 
mixed  two  or  three  together,  his  stories 
were  pointless  and  quite  unintelligible. 
"  I  know  a  monstrous  good  story  on  tliat 
point.  He!  he!  be  I"  "I'll  tell  you  a 
famous  good  story  about  that,  you  must 
know.  He  !  he  !  he  !  ..."  "I  could 
have  told  a  capital  story,  but  there  was 
no  one  to  listen  to  it.  He  !  he !  he  ! " 
This  is  the  style  of  his  chattering  .  .  . 
"  speaking  professionally — for  anatomy, 
chemistry,  pharmacy,  phlebotomy,  oxy- 
gen, hydrogen,  caloric,  carbonic,  atmos- 
pheric, galvanic.  Ha!  ha!  ha!  Can  tell 
you  a  prodigiously  laughable  story  on 
the  subject.  Went  last  summer  to  a 
watering-place — lady  of  fashion — ^feel 
pulse — not  lady,  but  lap-dog — talk  Latin- 
prescribe  galvanism — out  jumped  Pompey 
plump  into  a  batter  pudding,  and  lay 
like  a  toad  in  a  hole.  Ha !  ha  !  ha  ! " — 
Dibdin,  The  Farmer's  Wife  (1780). 

*^*  Colman's  * '  Ollapod  "  ( 1802)  was  evi- 
dently copied  from  Dibdin's  "doctor 
Pother." 

Potiphar's  "Wife,  Zoleikha  or 
Zulei^ka j  but  some  call  her  Rail. — Sale, 
Al  Koran,  xii.  note. 

Pott  (Mr.),  the  librarian  at  the  Spa. 

Mrs.  Pott,  the  librarian's  wife. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time,  George 
HI.). 


POTTERIES. 


788 


PRASILDO. 


Potteries  {Father  of  the),  Joaiah 
Wedgewood  (1730-1795). 

Pounce  {Mr.  Peter),  in  The  Ad- 
ventures of  Joseph  Andrews,  by  Fielding 
(1742). 

Pound  text  {Peter),  an  "indulged 
pastor"  in  the  covenanters'  army. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

Pourceaugnac  [Poor-sone-t/aA],  the 
hero  of  a  comedy  so  called.  He  is  a 
pompous  country  gentleman,  who  comes 
to  Paris  to  marry  Julie,  daughter  of 
Oronte  (2  syl.)',  but  Julie  loves  Eraste 
(2  syL),  and  this  young  man  plays  off  so 
many  tricks,  and  devises  so  many 
mystifications  upon  M.  de  Pourceaug- 
nac, that  he  is  fain  to  give  up  his  suit. — 
Molifere,  M.  de  Pourceaugnac  (1669). 

Pou  Sto,  the  means  of  doing. 
Archimedes  said,  "Give me  pou  sto  ('a 
place  to  stand  on'),  and  I  could  move  the 
world." 

Who  learns  the  one  pou  tto  whence  after-handa 
May  move  Uie  world. 

Poussin  {The  British),  Richard 
Cooper  (♦-1806). 

Poussin  {Gaspar).  So  Caspar  Dughet, 
the  French  painter,  is  called  (1613-1675). 

Powell  {Mary),  the  pseudonym  of 
Mrs.  Richard  Rathbone. 

Powheid  {Lazarus),  the  old  sexton 
in  Douglas. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle  Dan- 
gerous (time,  Henry  I.). 

Poyning's  Law^,  a  statute  to 
establish  the  English  jurisdiction  in 
Ireland.  The  parliament  that  passed  it 
was  summoned  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
VII.  by  sir  Edward  Poynings,  governor 
of  Ireland  (1495). 

P.  P.,  "Clerk  of  the  Parish,"  the 
feigned  signature  of  Dr.  Arbuthnot, 
subscribed  to  a  volume  of  Memoirs  in 
ridicule  of  Burnet's  History  of  My  Own 
T'iines. 

Those  who  were  placed  around  the  dinner-table  had 
those  feelings  of  awe  with  wliich  P.  P.,  Clerk  of  the  ParUh 
was  oppressed,  when  he  first  uplifted  the  psahu  in  pre- 
sence of  .  .  .  the  wise  Mr.  justice  Freeman,  tlie  good 
lady  Jones,  and  the  great  sir  Thomiis  Tiuby.— Sir  W. 
Scott 

Pragmatic  Sanction.  The  word 
praymaticus  means  "relating  to  State 
affairs,"  and  the  word  sanctio  means  "an 
ordinance  "  or  "  decree."  The  four  most 
famous  statutes  so  called  are  : 

1.  The  Praymatic  Sanction  of  St,  Louis 
(1268),  which  forbade  the  court  of  Rome 
to  levy  taxes  or  collect  subscriptions  in 


France  without  the  express  permission  of 
the  king.  It  also  gave  permission  in 
certain  cases  of  French  subjects  appeal- 
ing from  the  ecclesiastical  to  the  civil 
courts  of  the  realm. 

2.  Tlie  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Bourges, 
passed  by  Charles  VII.  of  France  in 
1438.  By  this  ordinance,  the  power  of 
the  pope  in  France  was  limited  and 
defined.  The  authority  of  the  National 
Council  was  declared  superior  to  that  of 
the  pope.  The  French  clergy  were  for- 
bidden to  appeal  to  Rome  on  any  point 
affecting  the  secular  condition  of  the 
nation ;  and  the  Roman  pontiff  was 
wholly  forbidden  to  appropriate  to  him- 
self any  vacant  living,  or  to  appoint  to 
any  bishopric  or  parish  church  in  France. 

3.  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  kaiser 
Karl  VI.  of  Germany  (in  1713),  which 
settled  the  empire  on  his  daughter,  the 
archduchess  Maria  Theresa,  wife  of 
Fran9ois  de  Loraine.  Maria  Theresa 
ascended  the  throne  in  1740,  and  a 
European  war  was  the  result. 

4.  The  Pragmatic  Sanction  of  Charles 
III.  of  Spain  (1767).  This  was  to  sup- 
press the  Jesuits  of  Spain. 

What  is  meant  emphatically  by  The 
Pragmatic  Sanction  is  the  third  of  these 
ordinances,  viz.,  settling  the  line  of  suc- 
cession in  Germany  on  the  house  of 
Austria. 

Praise  Undeserved, 


Praiae  undeserved  is  scandal  [T  censure]  in  disgoiae. 
Pope,  Imitation*  of  Horace,  i.  413  (l?.'"' 


irdi^' 


Pramnian   Mixture    {The) 
intoxicating  draught ;  so  called  from 
Pramnian    grape,   from    which    it 
made.     Circe  gave  Ulysses  "Pramni 
wine  "  impregnated  with  drugs,  in  a 
to  prevent  his  escape  from  the  island. 

And  for  my  drink  prepared 
The  Pramnian  mixture  in  a  golden  cup. 
Impregnating  (on  my  destruction  bent) 
With  noxious  herbs  Uie  draught. 

Homer,  Odystey.  x.  (Cowper's  trans.). 

Prasildo,  a  Babylonish  nobleman, 
who  falls  in  love  with  Tisbi'na  wife  of 
his  friend  Iroldo.  He  is  overheard  by 
Tisbina  threatening  to  kill  himself,  and,  | 
in  order  to  divert  him  from  his  guilty 
passion,  she  promises  to  return  his  love 
on  condition  of  his  performing  certain 
adventures  v/hich  she  thinks  to  be  im- 
possible. However,  Prasildo  performs 
them  all,  and  then  Tisbina  and  Iroldo, 
finding  no  excuse,  take  poison  to  avoid 
the  alternative.  Prasildo  resolves  to  do 
the  same,  but  is  told  by  the  apothecary 
that  the  "  poison  "  he  had  supplied  was 
a    harmless    drink.      Prasildo  tells  ms 


PRASUTAGUS. 


789 


PRECOCIOUS  GENIUS. 


friend,  Iroldo  quits  the  cotmtry,  and 
Tisbina  marries  Prasildo.  Time  passes 
on,  and  Prasildo  hears  that  his  friend's 
life  is  in  danger,  whereupon  he  starts 
forth  to  rescue  him  at  the  hazard  of  his 
own  life. — Bojardo,  Orlando  Innamorato 
(1495). 

Prasu'tagus  or  PrsBSu'tagus, 
husband  of  lionduica  or  Boadicea  queen 
of  the  Iceni. — Richard  of  Cirencester, 
History,  xxx.  (fourteenth  century). 

Me,  the  wife  of  rich  Prasiitagus ;  me,  the  lover  of  liberty,— 
Me  they  seized,  and  uie  they  tortured  ! 

Tennyson,  Boadicea. 

Prate'fast  (Peter),  who  "in  all  his 
life  spake  no  word  in  waste."  His  wife 
was  Maude,  and  his  eldest  son  Sj^m  Sadie 
Gander,  who  married  Betres  (daughter  of 
Davy  Dronken  Nole  of  Kent  and  his  wife 
Al'yson). — Stephen  Hawes,  The  Fasse- 
tjjme  of  Flesure,  xxix.  (1516). 

Prattle  (Mr.),  medical  practitioner, 
a  voluble  gossip,  who  retails  all  the  news 
and  scandal  of  the  neighbourhood.  He 
knows  everybody,  everybody's  affairs, 
and  everybody's  intentions. — G.  Colman, 
I    Benior,  The  Deuce  is  in  Him  (1762). 

I  Prayer.    Every  Mohammedan  must 

j  pray    live   times   a  day :    at   sunset,   at 

l|  nightfall,  at  daybreak,  at  noon,  and  at 

j;  Asr  or  evensong  (about  three  o'clock). 

'      Pre -Adamite     Kings,     Soliman 

?   Raad,    Soliman    Daki,  and   Soliman    di 

j   Gian  ben  Gian.     The  last-named,  having 

!   chained  up  the  dives  (1  si/l.)  in  the  darlc 

caverns  of  Kaf,  became  so  presumptuous 

.  as  to  dispute  the  Supreme  Power.     All 

t  these  kings  maintained  great  state  [be- 

.  fore  Uie  existence  of  that  contemptible 

i  being  denominated  by  us  "The  Father  of 

':  Mankind  "]  ;  but  none  can  be  compared 

with    the    eminence    of    Soliman    ben 

!  Daoud. 

I  Pre- Adamite  Throne  (T/ie).  It 
l^iis  Vathek's  ambition  to  gain  the  pre- 
Adamite  throne.  After  long  search,  he 
',vas_  shown  it  at  last  in  the  abyss  of 
|!)blis;  but  being  there,  return  was  im- 

tossible,  and  he  remained  a  prisoner 
dthout  hope  for  ever. 
They  reached  at  length  the  hall  [A  rgenlc]  of  great  exten  t, 
id  covered  with  a  lofty  dome.  .  .  .  A  funereal  gloom  pre- 
I  iled  over  it.  Here,  ui»on  two  beds  of  iiicorruptilile 
iiai,  lay  recumbent  tiie  flesliless  forms  of  tlie  pre- 
|1am!te  kingj,  wlio  luJ  once  been  monarchs  of  tlie 
lioleeartb.  .  .  .  At  their  feet  were  inscribed  tlie  events 
J  their  several  reigns,  tlieir  power,  their  pride,  and  tlieir 
,  met.  iThit  was  the  jire-A  damite  thrt.ne,  the  ain- 
lon  c/  the   taliph   rathek.}-W.  Beckford,    VaOiek 

Preacher  (Tfie),  Solomon,  the  son  of 


David,  author  of  T/w  Freaaher  (i.e.  Ih* 

desiastes) . 

Thus  saith  the  Preacher,  "  Nought  beneath  the  sun 
Is  new  ; "  yet  still  from  change  to  change  we  run. 

Byron. 

Preacher  {The  Glorious),  St.  Chrys'os- 
tom  (347-407).  The  name  means  "Golden 
mouth." 

Preacher  {The  Little),  Samuel  de  Ma- 
rets,  protestant  controversialist  (1599- 
1663). 

Preacher  {The  Unfair),  Dr.  Isaac 
Barrow  was  so  called  by  Charles  II., 
because  his  sermons  were  so  exhaustive 
that  they  left  nothing  more  to  be  said  on 
the  subject,  which  was  "unfair"  to  those 
who  came  after  him. 

Preachers  {Tlie  king  of)y  Louis 
Bourdaloue  (1632-1704). 

Precieuses  Ridicules  (Les),  a 
comedy  by  Molicre,  in  ridicule  of  the 
^^ precieuses  "  as  they  were  styled,  form- 
ing the  coterie  of  the  Hotel  de  Rambouil- 
let  in  the  seventeenth  century.  The 
soirees  held  in  this  hotel  were' a  great 
improvement  on  the  licentious  assemblies 
of  the  period  ;  but  many  imitators  made 
the  thing  ridiculous,  because  they  wanted 
the  same  presiding  talent  and  good  taste. 

The  two  girls  of  Moliere's  comedy  are 
Madelon  and  Cathos,  the  daughter  and 
niece  of  Gorgibus  a  bourgeois.  They 
change  their  names  to  Polixbne  and 
Aminte,  which  they  think  more  genteel, 
and  look  on  the  affectations  of  two  flunkies 
as  far  more  distinju^s  than  the  simple 
gentlemanly  manners  of  their  masters. 
However,  they  are  cured  of  their  folly, 
and  no  harm  comes  of  it  (1659). 

Preciosa,  the  heroine  of  Longfellow's 
Spanish  Student,  in  love  with  Victorian 
the  Student, 

Precocious  Genius. 

JoHANN  Philip  Baratier,  a  German, 
at  the  age  of  five  years,  knew  Greek, 
Latin,  and  French,  besides  his  native 
German.  At  nine  he  knew  Hebrew  and 
Chaldaic,  and  could  translate  German  into 
Latin.  At  thirteen  he  could  translate 
Hebrew  into  French,  or  French  into 
Hebrew  (1721-1740). 

*^,*  The  life  of  this  boy  was  written  by 
Formey.  His  name  is  enrolled  in  all 
biographical  dictionaries. 

Christian  Henry  Heixecken,  at 
one  year  old,  knew  the  chief  events  of 
the  Pentateuch  !  !  at  thirteen  months  he 
knew  the  history  of  the  Old  Testament !  ! 
at  fourteen  months  he  knew  the  history 


PRESS.EUS. 


J90 


PRETENDER. 


of  the  New  Testament  ! !  at  two  and  a 
half  years  he  could  answer  any  ordinary 
question  of  history  or  geography  ;  and  at 
three  years  old  knew  French  and  Latin 
as  well  as  his  native  German  (1721- 
1725). 

♦^*  The  life  of  this  boy  was  written 
by  Schoeneich,  his  teacher.  His  name  is 
duly  noticed  in  biographical  dictionaries. 

PressaBUS  (^' eater  of  garliG"),  the 
youngest  of  the  frog  chieftains. 

Then  pious  ardour  young  Pressaeus  brings. 
Betwixt  tlie  fortunes  of  contending  liings  ; 
Lanl(,  liannlessfrog  !  witli  forces  hardly  grown. 
He  darts  the  reed  in  combats  not  liis  own. 
Which,  faintly  tinkling  on  Troxartas'  shield. 
Hangs  at  the  point,  and  drops  upon  the  field. 
Pumell,  Battle  of  the  Progs  and  Alice,  iii.  (about  1712). 

Prest,  a  nickname  given  by  Swift  to 
the  duchess  of  Shrewsbury,  who  was  a 
foreigner. 

Prester  Jolin,  a  corruption  of  Belul 
Giariy  meaning  "precious  stone."  Gian 
(pronounced  zjon)  has  been  corrupted 
into  John,  and  Belul  translated  into 
"precious;"  in  Latin  Johannes  prcciosus 
("precious  John"),  corrupted  into  "Pres- 
byter Joannes."  The  kings  of  Ethiopia 
or  Abyssinia,  from  a  gemmed  ring  given 
to  queen  Saba,  whose  son  by  Solomon 
was  king  of  Ethiopia,  and  was  called 
Melech  with  the  "precious  stone,"  or 
Melech  Gian-Belul. 

JEXhioxtei  re^eni  suum,  quern  nos  vulgo  "  Prete  Gianni" 
cornipte  dicimus,  quatuor  appellant  noniinibus,  quorum 
prinuim  est  "  Bel'il  Gian,"  hoc  e?t  la/M  precioms. 
Ductum  est  auteni  hoc  nomen  ab  annulo  Salomonis  quem 
ille  fillo  ex  regina  Saba,  ut  putaiit  genito,  done  dedisse, 
quove  onines  po^tca  reges  uses  fuisse  describitur.  .  .  . 
Cum  vero  eum  coronant,  appellant  "  Neghuz."  Postremo 
cum  vertice  capitis  in  coronas  modum  abraso,  ungitur  a 
patriarcha,  vocant  "Masiii,"  hoc  est  unctiim.  Hsec 
autem  regise  dignitatis  nomina  omnibus  con)niunia  sunt. 
—Quoted  by  Selden,  from  a  little  aiinal  of  the  Ethiopian 
kings  (1552),  in  his  Titles  of  Honour,  v.  65  (1614). 

*i^*  As  this  title  was  like  the  Egyptian 
Pharaoh,  and  belonged  to  whole  lines  of 
kings,  it  will  explain  the  enormous 
diversity  of  time  allotted  by  different 
writers  to  "  Prester  John." 

Marco  Polo  says  that  Prester  John  was, 
slain  in  battle  by  Jenghiz  Khan ;  ana 
Gregory  Bar-Hebraeus says,  "God  forsook 
him  because  he  had  taken  to  himself  a 
wife  of  the  Zinish  nation,  called  Quara- 
khata." 

Bishop  Jordanus,  in  his  description  of 
the  world,  sets  down  Abyssinia  as  the 
kingdom  of  Prester  John.  Abyssinia 
used  to  be  called  "Middle  India." 

Otto  of  Freisingen  is  the  first  author  to 
mention  him.  This  Otto  wrote  a  chro- 
nicle to  the  date  1156.  He  says  that 
John  was  of  the  family  of  the  Magi,  and 
ruled  over  the  country  of  these  Wise  Men. 


Otto  tells  us  that  Prester  John  had  "  a 
sceptre  of  emeralds." 

Maimonides,  about  the  same  time 
(twelfth  centar>^),  mentions  him,  but  calls 
him  "  Preste-Cuan." 

Before  1241  a  letter  was  addre3,^ed  by 
"Prester  John"  to  Manuel  Comnonus, 
emperor  of  Constantinople.  It  is  pre- 
served in  the  Chronicle  of  Albericus 
Trium  Fontium,  who  gives  for  its  d 
1165. 

Mandeville  calls  Prester  John  a  line 
descendant  of  Ogier  the  Dane.  He  tells 
us  that  Ogier,  with  fifteen  others,  pene- 
trated into  the  north  of  India,  and 
divided  the  land  amongst  his  followers. 
John  was  made  sovereign  of  Teneduc, 
and  was  called  "Prester"  because  he 
Converted  the  natives  to  the  Christian 
faith. 

Another  tradition  says  that  Prester 
John  had  seventy  kings  for  his  vassals, 
and  was  seen  by  his  subjects  only  three 
times  in  a  year. 

In  Orlando  Furioso,  Prester  John  is 
called  by  his  subjects  "  Senapus  king  of 
Ethiopia."  He  was  blind,  and  though  the 
richest  monarch  of  the  world,  he  pined 
with  famine,  because  harpies  flew  off 
with  his  food,  by  way  of  punishment  for 
wanting  to  add  paradise  to  his  empire, 
The  plague,  says  the  poet,  was  to  cei 
"when  a  stranger  appeared  on  a  flyi; 
griffin."  This  stranger  was  Astolpl 
who  drove  the  harpies  to  Cocy't 
Prester  John,  in  return  for  this  sen'ice, 
sent  100,000  Nubians  to  the  aid  of 
Charlemagne.  Astolpho  supplied  this 
contingent  with  horses  by  throwing 
stones  into  the  air,  and  made  transport- 
ships  to  convey  them  to  France  by  casting 
leaves  into  the  sea.  After  the  death  of 
Agramant,  the  Nubians  were  sent  home, 
and  then  the  horses  became  stones  agJUO] 
and  the  ships  became  leaves  (bks.  xvi" 
xix.). 


for  I 
ire.  I 
aw    I 


Pretender  (The  Young),  prm« 
Charles  Edward  Stuart,  son  of  James 
Francis  Edward  Stuart  (called  "The 
Pretender  ").  James  Francis  was  the 
of  James  II.,  and  Charles  Edward  was 
the  king's  grandson. —  Sir  W.  Scott, 
Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Charles  Edward  was  defeated  at  Cullo- 
den  in  1746,  and  escaped  to  the  Con- 
tinent. 


H 

in"  ^ 
mes 
Old 
son 


God  bless  the  king— I  mean  the  "Faith's  Defender; 
Got!  bless— no  harm  in  blessing— the  Pretender. 
Who  that  Pretender  is,  and  who  is  king, 
God  bless  us  all !  that's  quite  another  thing. 

Ascribed  by  sir  W.  Scott  to  John 
Byrom  (in  ScUgauntletj. 


» 


PRETTYMAN. 


791 


PRIMROSE. 


The  mistress  of  Charles  Edward  Stuart 
was  Miss  Walkingshaw. 

I*rettyman  (Prince),  in  love  with 
Cloris.  He  is  sometimes  a  fisherman, 
and  sometimes  a  prince. — Duke  of  Buck- 
in{?ham,  The  Rehearsal  (1671). 

*^*  "Prince  Prettyman"  is  said  to  be 
a  parody  on  "  Leonidas  "  in  Dry  den's 
Marriage  a-la-mode. 

Pri'amus  (Sir),  a  knight  of  the 
Round  Table.  He  possessed  a  phial,  full 
of  four  waters  that  came  from  paradise. 
These  waters  instantly  healed  any  wounds 
which  were  touched  by  them. 

"  My  fijtlier,"  says  sir  Prianius,  "  is  lineally  descended 

of  Alexander  and  of  Hector  by  right  line.     Duke  Josu6 

and  Machabasus  were  of  our  lineage.    I  am  riglit  inlieritor 

>         of  Alexandria,  and  Affrike,  of  oil  tlie  out  isles." 

:  And  Prianius  took  from  bis  page  a  pliial,  full  of  four 

waters  that  came  out  of  paradise  ;  and  with  certjiin  bahn 

f         nointed  he  their  wounds,  and  washed  them  with  that 

j        water,  and  within  an  hour  after,  they  were  both  as  whole 

I        as  ever  they  were. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 

I        Arthur.  L  97  (1470). 

I  Price  (Matilda),  a  miller's  daughter ; 
(  a  pretty,  coquettish  young  woman,  who 
I  marries  John  Browdie,  a  hearty  York- 
shire corn-factor. — C.  Dickens,  Nicholas 
Nicklehy  (1838). 

Pride.  "  Fly  pride,  says  the  peacock," 
proverbial  for  pride.  —  Shakespeare, 
Comedy  of  Errors,  act  iv.  sc.  3  (1593). 

r 

\  Pride  (Sir),  first  a  drayman,  then  a 
!  colonel  in  the  parliamentary  army. — S. 
\   Butler,  Iludibras  (1663-78). 

\      Pride  of  Humility.    AntisthSnes, 

;  the  Cynic,  affected  a  very  ragged  coat ; 

but  SocrStes  said  to  him,  "  Antisthenes, 

I  can  see  your  vanity  peering  through  the 

:  holes  of  your  coat." 

\  Pride's  Purge,  a  violent  invasion  of 
\  parliamentary  rights  by  colonel  Pride,  in 
1 1649.  At  the  head  of  two  regiments  of 
'  soldiers,  he  surrounded  the  House  of 
;  Commons,  seized  forty-one  of  the  mem- 
bers, and  shut  out  160  others.  None 
Iflrere  allowed  into  the  House  but  those 
Inost  friendly  to  Cromwell.  This  fag- 
.  od  went  by  the  name  of  "  the  Rump." 

Pridwin  or  Pkiwen,  prince  Arthur's 
'iield. 

Arthur  placed  a  golden  helmet  upon  his  head,  on  which 
IS  engraven  the  figure  of  a  dragon  ;  and  on  his  shoulders 
<  shield  called  Priwen,  upon  which  the  picture  of  the 
issed  Mary,  mother  of  God,  was  painted ;  then  girding 
his  Caliburn,  which  was  an  excellent  sword,  niaile  in 
i  isle  of  Avalton  ;  he  took  in  his  right  hand  his  lance 
n,  which  was  hanl,  broad,  and  fit  for  slaughter.— 
offrey,  BrUish  History,  ix.  4  (1142), 

Priest  of  Wature,  sir  Isaac  Newton 
542-1727). 


Lo !  Newton,  priest  of  nature,  shines  afar, 
Scans  the  wide  world,  and  numbers  every  star. 

Campbell,  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799), 

Prig,  a  knavish  beggar. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  27ie  Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Prig  (Betsey),  an  old  monthly  nurse, 
"the  frequent  pardner"  of  Mrs.  Gamp; 
equally  ignorant,  equally  vulgar,  equally 
selfish,  and  brutal  to  her  patients. 

"  Betsey,"  said  Mrs.  Gamp,  filling  her  own  glass,  and 
passhig  the  teapot  [of  gin],  "I  will  now  projmge  a  toast: 
'  My  frequent  pardner  Betsey  Prig.' "  "  Which,  altering  th« 
name  to  Siiirah  Gamp,  I  drink,"  said  Mrs.  Prig,  "  with 
love  and  tenderness.'*— C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuztlewit, 
xlix.  (1843). 

Prim'er  (Peter),  a  pedantic  country 
schoolmaster,  who  believes  himself  to  be 
the  wisest  of  pedagogues. — Samuel  Foote, 
The  Mayor  of  Garratt  (1763). 

Primitive  Fathers  (The).  The 
five  apostolic  fathers  contemporary  with 
the  apostles  (viz.,  Clement  of  Rome, 
Barnabas,  Hermas,  Ignatius,  and  Poly- 
carp),  and  the  nine  following,  who  all 
lived  in  the  first  three  centuries  : — Justin, 
Theoph'ilus  of  Antioch,  Irenseus,  Clement 
of  Alexandria,  Cyprian  of  Carthage, 
OrTgen,  Gregory  "Thaumatur'gus,"  Dio- 
nysius  of  Alexandria,  and  Tertullian. 

***  For  the  "Fathers"  of  the  fourth 
and  fifth  centuries,  see  Greek  Church, 
Latin  Church. 

Primrose  (Tlie  Bev.  I)r.  Charles), 
a  clergyman,  rich  in  heavenly  wisdom, 
but  poor  indeed  in  all  worldly  knowledge. 
Amiable,  charitable,  devout,  but  not  with- 
out his  literary  vanity,  especially  on  the 
Whistonian  theory  about  second  mar- 
riages. One  admires  his  virtuous  indig- 
nation against  the  "washes,"  which  he 
deliberately  demolished  with  the  poker. 
In  his  prosperity,  his  chief  "adventures 
were  by  the  fireside,  and  all  his  migrations 
were  from  the  blue  bed  to  the  brown." 

Mrs.  [Deborah']  Primrose,  the  doctor's 
wife,  full  of  motherly  vaoitj',  and  desirous 
to  appear  genteel.  She  could  read  with- 
out much  spelling,  prided  herself  on  her 
housewifery,  especially  on  her  gooseberry 
wine,  and  was  really  proud  of  her  ex- 
cellent husband. 

(She  was  painted  as  "Venus,"  and  the 
vicar,  in  gown  and  bands,  was  presenting 
to  her  his  book  on  "second  marriages," 
but  when  complete  the  picture  was  found 
to  be  too  large  for  the  house.) 

George  Primrose,  son  of  the  vicar.  He 
went  to  Amsterdam  to  teach  the  Dutch 
English,  but  never  once  called  to  mind 
that  he  himself  must  know  something  of 
Dutch  before  this  could  be  done.    Ha 


PRIMUM  MOBILE. 


792 


PRINTED  BOOKS. 


becomes  captain  Primrose,  and  marries 
Miss  Wilmot,  an  heiress. 

(Goldsmith  himself  went  to  teach  the 
French  English  under  the  same  circum- 
stances.) 

Muses  Primrose,  younger  son  of  the 
vicar,  noted  for  his  greenness  and  pe- 
dantry. Being  sent  to  sell  a  good  horse 
at  a  fair,  he  bartered  it  for  a  ^ross  of 
green  spectacles,  with  copper  rims  and 
shagreen  cases,  of  no  more  value  than 
Hodge's  razors  (ch.  xii.). 

Olivia  Primrose,  the  eldest  daughter  of 
the  doctor.  Pretty,  enthusiastic,  a  sort 
of  Hebe  in  beauty.  "  She  wished  for 
many  lovers,"  and  eloped  with  squire 
Thomhill.  Her  father  found  her  at  a 
roadside  inn,  called  the  Harrow,  where 
she  was  on  the  point  of  being  turned  out 
of  the  house.  Subsequently,  she  was  found 
to  be  legally  married  to  the  squire. 

Sophia  Primrose,  the  second  daughter 
of  Dr.  Primrose.  She  was  "soft,  modest, 
and  alluring."  Not  like  her  sister, 
desirous  of  winning  all,  but  fixing  her 
whole  heart  upon  one.  Being  thrown 
from  her  horse  into  a  deep  stream,  she 
was  rescued  by  Mr.  Burchell  (alias  sir 
"William  Thomhill),  and  being  abducted, 
was  again  rescued  by  him.  She  married 
him  at  last. — Goldsmith,  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field  (1766). 

Primum  MoHbile  (T/ie),  a  sphere 
which  revolved  in  twenty-four  hours  from 
east  to  west,  carrying  with  it  the  planets 
and  fixed  stars. 

Here  Is  the  goal  whence  motion  on  his  race 
Starts;  motionless  tb<;  centre,  antl  the  rest 
All  moved  around.     Except  the  soul  divine, 
Place  in  this  lipaven  hath  none  .  .  . 
Measured  itself  by  none,  it  doth  divide 
Motion  to  alL 

Danta,  ParadUe.  xxvii.  (1311). 

Prince  of  Alchemy,  Rudolph  II. 
kaiser  of  Germany;  also  called  "The 
German  Trisraegistus "  (1552,  1576- 
1612). 

Prince  of  Angels,  Michael. 

So  spake  the  prince  of  angels.    To  whom  thus 
The  Adversar>-  [i.e.  Satan]. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  281  (1665). 

.Prince  of  Celestial  Armies, 
Michael  the  archangel. 

Go,  Michael,  of  celestial  armies  prince. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  vi.  44  (1665). 

Prince  of  Darkness,  Satan  (Eph, 
VI.  12).  ^  ^ 

Whom  thus  the  prince  of  darkness  answered  glad : 

Fair  daughter. 
High  proof  ye  now  have  given  to  be  the  race 
Of  Satan  (I  glory  in  the  name)." 

Mjlton,  Paradise  Lost,  x.  383  (1665). 


Prince  of  Hell,  Satan. 


And  with  them  comes  a  third  of  regal  port. 
But  fadetl  splendour  wjui ;  who  by  his  gait 
And  fierce  demeanour  seems  the  prince  of  HelL 

MUton,  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  868  (1665). 


Prince   of 

Christ  {Acts  iii. 


Life, 

15). 


a  title  given    to 


Prince  of  Peace,  a  title  given  to  the 
Messiah  (Isaiah  ix.  6). 

Prince  of  Peace,  don  Manuel  Godoy  of 
Badajoz.  So  called  because  he  concluded 
the  "  peace  of  Basle "  in  1795  between 
France  and  Spain  (1767-1851). 

Prince  of  the  Air,  Satan. 

.  .  .  Jesus  son  of  Mary,  second  Eve, 

Saw  Satan  fall,  lilce  liglittiiug,  down  from  heaven, 

Prince  of  the  air. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  x.  185  (1665). 

Prince  of  the  Devils,  Satan 
(Matt.  xii.  24). 

Prince  of  the  Kings  of  the 
Earth,  a  title  given  to  Christ  (Pev.  i.  5). 

Prince  of  the  Power  of  the 
Air,  Satan  (Eph.  ii.  2). 

Prince  of  the  Vegetable  King- 
dom. The  palm  tree  is  so  called  by 
Linnaeus. 

Prince  of  this  World,  Satan  (John 
xiv.  30). 

Princes.  It  was  prince  Bismarck  the 
German  chancellor  who  said  to  a  courtly 
attendant,  *'  Let  princes  be  princes,  and 
mind  your  own  business." 

Prince's  Peers,  a  term  of  contempt 
applied  to  peers  of  low  birth.  The  phrase 
arose  in  the  reign  of  Charles  VII.  of 
France,  when  his  son  Louis  (afterwards 
Louis  XI.)  created  a  host  of  riff-raff  peers, 
such  as  tradesmen,  farmers,  and  mechanics, 
in  order  to  degrade  the  aristocracy,  and 
thus  weaken  its  influence  in  the  state. 

Printed  Books.  The  first  book  pro- 
duced in  England  was  printed  in  England 
in  1477,  by  William  Caxton  in  the 
Almonry  at  Westminster,  and  was  en- 
titled 2'he  Dictes  and  Sayings  of  t/ie  Phi- 
losophers. 

The  Rer.  T.  Wilson  says  :  "The  press 
at  Oxford  existed  ten  years  before  there 
was  any  press  in  Europe,  except  those  of 
Haarlem  and  Mentz."  The  person  who 
set  up  the  Oxford  press  was  Corsellis, 
and  his  first  printed  book  bore  the  date 
of  1468.  The  colophon  of  it  ran  thus: 
"  Explicit  exposicio  Sancti  Jeronimi  in 
simbolo  apostolorum  ad  papam  laurc- 
cium.  Impressa  Oxonii  Et  finita  Anno 
Domini  Mcccclxviij.,  xvij.  die  Decern 
bris."    The  book  is  a  small  quarto 


i 


should  «'  love  honmf/  ^"^''  '''^  *  "''^^ 
husband;  nay' more  A  f  ??  ^^^^y  »  her 
others,  she  louM  X^"'  J^''^^^^  ^11 
»«  they  both  should  live ''       ^""  ^°  ^«°^ 

in  a  cap  and  gown  J  W*"' «^'^  ?  ^^«««ed 

respected  nnd^Ioved  her  h.'r  "f  ^^°^'' 
,    courajred  flirtafmn  .       7      husband  ;  dis- 

i    «g  tempe?or  conceS'"-'""^  ?^  «^«^- 

^    tranquil/y  seated  hersejf  T'  ^"'^"^'  '"^^^ 

household  dutv  till  Sp  «       m''"'^  "^^^est 

irresistible  power  of  ,1 ,  'f  ^^°^  ^^'^  the 

-Mrs.   IuciZm    V"«desty  and  virtue. 

!  fift^^Sn'  ^  ^S  ?T"^«rian  of  the 


fofe^are^^i^^^^ 

from  long  habit  S/r^  P"^«°^^  ^ho, 

prison  life  -^     '      ^  ^"^"^^  attached  to 

had  no  joys  for  hfm  a^.'^'''^.  ^^-eedom 
in  vain  to  be  alloZ;^  ,^^'  imploring 
dungeon,  he  lingered  for" -'"'""^  *«  ^^^ 
pined  to  death.  ^  ""^  ^''^  ^^eks  and 

Chast;Sd:7the?h''^   ^^'""-"^^   the 
commanded   the   prLn^?  "1  ^^^"••^'  ^^ 
open.     AmonfT  the  nH?     ^"^    ^^    t^'-o^n 
able  man  of  I5  y^^^^' ^"' 'l^^^^^- 
Plored  that  he  miibTil ''^^^^^'  ^'ho  im- 
to  his  cell.     FoTsfxtv  fh      "'"^  *"  '''^'"■ 
lived  in  its  gloom  an^.rf  r^"''  ^'^  had 
preferred  to^thegCVf'^^^       ^^'^^^  ^e    ' 
hustle  of  a  city  ^Jar        '"''  ^"^  the 
Ixxiii.  (1759)  ^'^'"^^'^  «/  ^/''^  ^orld 


;  Clan's  head  "),  mea  "f '  .1    '"i  '"■«"''  P"'- 

Quaker,  (that.  ZJ^  ""'  '"^  ''^^  '^^^^J- 

Xlieir  iigl  t  wUhi„  i°  lanterns,  bear 

|'^'A^r!^'tif"^ffr'--Iove 

■  ^^ff  old  soldier  lit?  ^^l^f«  Standish, 

«hed  to    marrv    .".""t "^'^^le  of  life, 

^^ntogoand^l^i^f',-^'  ^'^^^  John 
:">n  maiden  Sod  ''"m"'  ^"<^  the 
,^t  you  speak    for        '"'''^^y>    "Why 

'^  after  this,  Standisrh  v^'^'.  ^?^"  ^  " 
P^^«.  supposed  ty  an  ""  5'^^"^'  '-^^ 
.n  did  speak  for  hwf  P'i'^oned   arrow, 

«ned   tJ  hlTafei^' and  Priscill^ 

3^^  /  ^»2i^es  ^tandi^h  {1858). 


Ixxiii.  (1759) 

sta't^ia''l:\?f4V|i^'H"  P"^--  of 
told  him  he  had  Srown  T^rF"'^"'  ^^o 
dned  light  and  eftren^.  '^  -^  '^^  «"h. 
cell;  heaven  liked  the  1'^^'^"^^  «^  his 
on  the  wall,  the  hardness^o'r^P?^^^^ 
regularitv,  and  the  fro!  f  i"'^  ^'^d,  the 
cares  and'worries  of  p.f  ""'r^^'"  ^"  the 
not  wish  to  be  relea.^?  'i'5-  ^«  ^id 
should  never  be  so  hanrf"^  ^"^' ^'"^^  he 
place.  ^  ^"^  ^^PPy  m  any  other 

A  woman  of  Levden   ««  ^u 
of  a  long  imprisoSt  an.^-  !,^?^^^tion 
mission  to  return Tni,'  '^Pp^'ed  for  per- 

if  the  reque?t"were%e  usfdi'"'/"'^^' 
she  would   comm,-f     '^^"^^d  as  a  favour, 

should  give  TeJattir/"^  "^^"««  ^^hich 

A  Prifoner  cond  i^^ne'S  t"J,"'^,uT'''''' 
sentence  commuted  fnre      ^""^^^  ^^^^  his 

confinement  on  a  bed  of"?  ^'^'''  '^"'^ 
expiration  of  five  yea^  ^j.^^^^-  After  the 
ever  he  were  r^u/  J^  \  "^  declared,  if 

from  chorc^^h'taltt  hLf''^"!?  «^'^p' 
agreeable  to  him.  ^"^  rendered  so 

Bo^^rr^a^fen^h^i^^^^^^  ^-^^-«  ^e 
«^neva,  and  made  hSlf obn''^'-^^^  '' 
Charles  IJI.  due  d^T  q„  •  obnoxious  to 
cerated  him  for  six  x .  ^^' •'  '^^^  ^"^ar- 
of  the  Chateau  de  Son'"  t  i"'^^^^" 
end  of  the  lake  of  Geneva  Vt*  ^^?  '^^t 
was  ultimately  released  L  ,T^^P"soner 

poe^/Tnti£d°"i^,^;^/4thfs-  incident  his 

but  has  added  two  broJw/-^^'''"''^"' 
supposes  to  be  imnr:  ^^^'ners,  whom  he 
and  who  died  of  C'^  '^'^^  *^^«°9ois, 
confinement.  In  ft^ThL  '"^f""^'  and 
^n  tact,  the  poet  mixes  up 


PRISONER  OF  STATE. 


794 


PRODIGY  OF  LEARNING. 


Dante's  tale  about  count  Ugolino  with 
that  of  Francois  de  Bonnivard,  and  has 
produced  a  powerful  and  aifecting  story, 
but  it  is  not  historic. 

Prisoner  of  State  {The),  Ernest  de 
Fridberg.  E.  Stirling  has  a  drama  so 
called.  (For  the  plot,  see  Eunest  de 
Fkidberg.) 

Pritchard  ( William),  commander  of 
H.M.  sloop  the  Shark.— ^ix  W.  Scott, 
(/M.y  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Priu'li,  a  senator  of  Venice,  of  un- 
bending pride.  His  daughter  had  been 
saved  from  the  Adriatic  by  Jaffier,  and 
gratitude  led  to  love.  As  it  was  quite 
hopeless  to  expect  Priuli  to  consent  to 
the  match,  Belvidera  eloped  in  the  night, 
and  married  Jaffier.  Priuli  now  dis- 
carded them  both.  Jaffier  joined  Pierre's 
conspiracy  to  murder  the  Venetian  sena- 
tors, but  in  order  to  save  his  father-in- 
law,  revealed  to  him  the  plot  under  the 
promise  of  a  general  free  pardon.  The 
promise  was  broken,  and  all  the  con- 
spirators except  Jaffier  were  condemned 
to  death  by  torture.  Jaffier  stabbed  Pierre, 
to  save  him  from  the  wheel,  and  then 
killed  himself.  Belvidera  went  mad  and 
died.  Priuli  lived  on,  a  broken-down  old 
man,  sick  of  life,  and  begging  to  be  left 
alone  in  some  *'  place  that's  fit  for  mourn- 
ing ; "  there  all  leave  me  : 

Sparing  no  tears  when  you  this  tale  relate, 
Xli:t  liirt  all  cruel  fiitliers  dreiid  my  fate. 
T.  Otway,  Venice  Preserved,  v'.  the  end  (1682). 

Privolvans,  the  antagonists  of  the 
Subvolvans. 

Tliese  silly,  ranting  Privolvans 
Have  every  summer  their  campaigns, 
And  muster  lilte  the  warlike  sjiis 
Of  Rawhead  and  of  Bloody-bones. 
8.  Butler,  The  Elepluint  in  the  Moon,  t.  85  (1754). 

Proa,  a  Malay  skiff  of  great  swiftness, 
much  used  by  pirates  in  the  Eastern 
Archipelago,  and  called  the  flying  proa. 

The  proa  darted  like  a  shooting  star. 

Byron,  The  Island,  iv.  3  (1819). 

Probe  (1  syl.\  a  priggish  surgeon, 
who  magnifies  mole-hill  ailments  into 
mountain  maladies,  in  order  to  enhance 
his  skill  and  increase  his  charges.  Thus, 
when  lord  Foppington  received  a  small 
flesh-wound  in  the  arm  from  a  foil,  Probe 
drew  a  long  face,  frightened  his  lordship 
greatly,  and  pretended  the  consequences 
might  be  serious;  but  when  lord  Fop- 
pington promised  him  £500  for  a  cure,  he 

set  his  patient  on  his  legs  the  next  day. 

Sheridan,  A  Trip  to  Scarborough  (1777). 

Pro'cida  (John  of),  a  tragedy  by  S. 


Knowles  (1840).  John  of  Procida  was 
an  Italian  gentleman  of  the  thirteenth 
century,  a  skilful  physician,  high  in 
favour  with  king  Fernando  II.,  Conrad, 
Manfred,  and  Conrad'ine.  The  French 
invaded  the  island,  put  the  last  two 
monarchs  to  the  sword.,  usurped  the 
sovereignty,  and  made  Charles  d'Anjou 
king.  The  cruelty,  licentiousness,  and 
extortion  of  the  French  being  quite  un- 
bearable, provoked  a  general  rising  of 
the  Sicilians,  and  in  one  night  (the  Sicilian 
Vespers,  March  30,  1282),  every  French- 
man, Frenchwoman,  and  French  child 
in  the  whole  island  was  ruthlessly 
butchered.  Procida  lost  his  only  son  Fer- 
nando, who  had  just  married  Isoline  (3 
syL),  the  daughter  of  the  French  governor 
of  Messina.  Isoline  died  broken-hearted, 
and  her  father,  the  governor,  was  amongst 
the  slain.  The  crown  was  given  to  John 
of  Procida. 

Procris,  the  wife  of  CephSlos.  Out 
of  jealousy,  she  crept  into  a  wood  to 
act  as  a  spy  upon  her  husband.  Cephalos, 
hearing  something  move,  discharged  an 
arrow  in  the  direction  of  the  rustling, 
thinking  it  to  be  caused  by  some  wild 
beast,  and  shot  Procris.  Jupiter,  in  pity, 
turned  Procris  into  a  star. — Greek  and 
Latin  Mythology. 

The  unerring  dart  of  Procris.  Diana 
gave  Procris  a  dart  which  never  missed 
its  aim,  and  after  being  discharged  re- 
turned back  to  the  shooter. 

Procrus'tes  (3  syL),  a  highwayman 
of  Attica,  who  used  to  place  travellers  on 
a  bed  ;  if  they  were  too  short  he  stretched 
them  out  till  they  fitted  it,  if  too  long  he 
lopped  off  the  redundant  part.  —  Greek 
Mythology. 

Critic,  more  cruel  than  Procrustes  old. 

Who  to  his  iron  bed  by  torture  fits 

Their  nobler  parts,  the  souls  of  suffering  wits. 

Mallet,  Verbal  Criticism  (1734). 

Proctor's  Dogs  or  Bull-dogs,  the  two 
"runners"  or  officials  who  accompany 
a  university  proctor  in  his  rounds,  to  give 
chase  to  recalcitrant  gownsmen. 

And  he  had  breathed  the  proctor's  dogs[«w»  a  member  of 
Oxford  or  Cambridge  University], 

Tennyson,  prologue  of  The  Princess  (1830). 

Prodigal  (Tlie),  Albert  VI.  duke  of 
Austria  (1418,  1439-1463). 

Prodigy  of  France  (The).  Gml- 
laume  Bude  was  so  called  by  Erasmus 
(1467-1540). 

Prodigy  of  Iieaming  (The). 
Samuel  Hahnemann,  the  Gorman,  was 
so  called  by  J.  P.  Richter  (1755- 1843).      i 


PROFOUND. 


795 


PROSERPINE. 


Profound  {The),  Richard  Middleton, 
an  English  scholastic  divine  (*-1304). 

Profound  Doctor  {The),  Thomas 
Bradwardine,  a  schoolman.  Also  called 
"The  Solid  Doctor"  (*-I349). 

iEgidius  de  Columna,  a  Sicilian  school- 
man, was  called  "The  Most  Profound 
Doctor"  (♦-131G). 

Progne  (2  syl.),  daughter  of  Pandlon, 
and  sister  of  Philomela.  Progne  was 
changed  into  a  swallow,  and  Philomela 
into  a  nightingale. — Greek  Mythology. 

As  ProsnS  or  as  Philomela  mourns  .  .  . 
So  Brodainant  laments  her  absent  knight. 

Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso,  xxiii.  (1516). 

Prome'thean  Unguent  {The), 
made  from  the  extract  of  a  herb  on 
which  some  of  the  blood  of  Prometheus 
(3  syl.)  had  fallen.  Medea  gave  Jason 
some  of  this  unguent,  which  rendered  his 
body  proof  against  fire  and  warlike 
instruments. 

Prome'theus  (3  syl.)  taught  man  the 
use  of  fire,  and  instructed  him  in  archi- 
tecture, astronomy,  mathematics,  writing, 
rearing  cattle,  navigation,  medicine,  the 
art  of  prophecy,  working  metal,  and, 
indeed,  every  art  known  to  man.  The 
word  means"  "forethought,"  and  fore- 
thought is  the  father  of  invention.  The 
tale  is  that  he  made  man  of  clay,  and, 
in  order  to  endow  his  clay  with  life,  stole 
fire  from  heaven  and  brought  it  to  earth 
in  a  hollow  tube.  Zeus,  in  punishment, 
chained  him  to  a  rock,  and  sent  an  eagle 
to  consume  his  liver  daily  ;  during  the 
night  it  grew  again,  and  thus  his  torment 
was  ceaseless,  till  Hercules  shot  the 
eagle,  and  unchained  the  captive. 

Learn  the  wliile,  in  brief. 
That  all  arts  came  to  mortals  from  Prometheus. 

E.  B.  Browning,  Fromvthem  Bound  (1850). 
rruth  shall  restore  the  light  by  Nature  given, 
And,  like  Prometheus,  bring  the  fire  from  heaven. 
Campbell,  Pleasures  of  Bope,  L  (17i»). 

*^*  Percy  B.  Shelley  has  a  classical 
drama  entitled  Prometheus  Unbound 
(1819). 

Promised  Land  {TIw),  Canaan  or 
Palestine.  So  called  because  God  pro- 
mised to  give  it  to  Abraham,  Isaac,  and 
Jacob. — Gen.  xii.  7  :  xxvi,  3 :  xxviii. 
13. 

Prompt,  the  serv^ant  of  Mr.  and 
Miss  Blandish. — General  Burgoyne,  The 
Heiress  (1781). 

Pronouns.  It  was  of  Henry  Mos- 
lop,  tragedian  (1729-1773),  that  Churchill 
wote  the  two  lines  : 


In  monosyllables  his  thunders  roll — 

He,  she,  it,  and  we,  ye,  they,  fright  the  soul  5 

because  Mossop  was  fond  of  emphasizing 
his  pronouns  and  little  words. 

Prophecy.  Jourdain,  the  wizard, 
told  the  duke  of  Somerset,  if  he  wislied 
to  live,  to  "  avoid  where  castles  mounted 
stand."  The  duke  died  in  an  ale-house 
called  the  Castle,  in  St.  Alban's. 

.  .  .  underneath  an  ale-house'  paltry  sign. 
The  Castle,  in  St.  Alban's,  Somerset 
Hath  made  the  wizard  famous  in  his  death. 
Shakespeare,  2  Itenry  VI.  act  v.  sc.  2  (1591). 

Similar  prophetic  equivokes  were  told 
to  Henry  IV.,  pope  Sylvester  II.,  and 
Cambyses  (see  Jerusalem,  p.  492). 

AristomSnes  was  told  by  the  Delphic 
oracle  to  "  flee  for  his  life  when  he  saw  a 
goat  drink  from  the  river  Neda."  Con- 
sequently, all  goats  were  driven  from  the 
banks  of  this  river ;  but  one  day,  TheOclos 
observed  that  the  branches  of  a  fig  tree 
bent  into  the  stream,  and  it  immediately 
flashed  into  his  mind  that  the  Mes- 
senian  word  for  fig  tree  and  goat  was  the 
same.  The  pun  or  equivoke  will  be 
better  understood  by  an  English  reader  if 
for  goat  we  read  ewe,  and  bear  in  mind 
that  yew  is  to  the  ear  the  same  word  ; 
thus : 

When  a  ewe  [yeid]  stoops  to  drink  of  the  "  Severn,"  then 

fly. 

And  look  not  behind,  for  destruction  Is  nigh. 

Prophet  {The),  Mahomet  (670-632). 

The  Mohammedans  entertained  an  inconceivable  vene- 
ration for  their  prophet.  .  .  .  Wlienever  he  made  his  ablu- 
tions, they  ran  and  ciiught  the  water  he  h.-id  used ;  and 
when  he  spat,  licked  up  the  spittle  with  superstitious 
eagerness.— Abulfeda,  YUa  Moham.,  86  (thurteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Prophet  Elm,  an  elm  growing  in 
Credenhill  Court,  belonging  to  the  Eckley 
family.  It  is  so  called  because  one  of 
the  branches  is  said  to  snap  off,  and  thus 
announce  an  approaching  death  in  the 
family. 

Prophetess  {Tlie),  Aye'shah,  the 
second  and  beloved  wife  of  Mahomet.  It 
does  not  mean  that  she  prophesied,  but, 
like  Sultana,  it  is  simply  a  title  cf 
honour.  He  was  the  Fropliet,  she  the 
Fropheta  or  Madam  Prophet. 

Prose  {Father  of  English),  Wy cliff e 
(1324r-1384). 

Frose  {Father  of  Greek),  Herodotos 
(B.C.  484-408). 

Frose  {Father  of  Italian),  Boccaccio 
(1313-1376). 

Pros'erpine  (3  syl.),  called  Proser'-. 
plna  in  Latin,  and  "Proser'pin"  by  Mil- 


PROSPERITY  ROBINSON. 


796 


PROTEUS. 


ton,  was  daughter  of  Co'res.  She  went  to 
the  fields  of  Enna  to  amuse  herself  by 
gathering  asphodels,  and  being  tired,  fell 
asleep.  Dis,  the  god  of  hell,  then  carried 
her  oif,  and  made  her  queen  of  the  in- 
fernal regions.  Ceres  wandered  for  nine 
days  over  the  world  disconsolate,  looking 
f«»r  her  daughter,  when  Hec'ate  (2  syl.) 
told  her  she  had  heard  the  girl's  erics, 
but  knew  not  who  had  carried  her  off. 
Both  now  went  to  Olympus,  when  the 
Bun-god  told  them  the  true  state  of  the 
case. 

N.B. — This  is  an  allegory  of  seed- 
corn. 

Not  that  fair  field 
Of  Enna,  where  Proser'pin,  gathering  flowers. 
Herself  a  fairer  flower,  by  gloomy  Dis 
Was  gathered— which  cost  Cer6s  all  that  pain 
To  seek  her  thro'  the  world. 

MUton,  Paradise  Lost^  iy.  268  (1665). 

Prosperity  Robinson,  Frederick 
Robinson,  afterwards  viscount  Goderich 
and  earl  of  Ripon,  chancellor  of  the  ex- 
chequer in  1823.  So  called  by  Cobbett, 
from  his  boasting  about  the  prosperity  of 
the  country  just  a  little  before  the  great 
commercial  crisis  of  1825. 

Pros'pero,  the  banished  duke  of 
Milan,  and  father  of  Miranda.  He  was 
deposed  by  his  brother  Anthonio,  who 
sent  him  to  sea  with  Mirander  in  a 
*'  rotten  carcass  of  a  boat,"  which  was 
borne  to  a  desert  island.  Here  Prospero 
practised  magic.  He  liberated  Ariel 
from  the  rift  of  a  pine  tree,  where  the 
witch  Syc'orax  had  confined  him  for 
twelve  years,  and  was  served  by  that 
bright  spirit  Avith  true  gratitude.  The 
only  other  inhabitant  of  the  island  was 
Caliban  the  witch's  •'  welp."  After  a 
residence  in  the  island  of  sixteen  years, 
Prospero  raised  a  tempest  by  magic,  to 
cause  the  shipwreck  of  the  usurping  duke 
and  of  Ferdinand  his  brother's  son. 
Ferdinand  fell  in  love  with  his  cousin 
Miranda,  and  eventually  married  her. — 
Shakespeare,  The  Tempest  (1609). 

He  t«r  W.  Scott]  waves  his  wand  more  potent  than 
tliat  of  Prospero,  and  the  shadows  of  the  olden  time 
appear  before  us,  and  we  absolutely  believe  iu  their  re- 
auunation.— JEVtcyc.  BHt.,  Art.  "  Koiruince." 
Still  they  kept  limping  to  and  fro, 
Like  Ariels  round  old  Prospero, 
Saying,  "  Dear  master,  let  us  go." 
But  still  the  old  man  answered.  "  Nol" 

T.  Moore,  A  VUion. 

Pross  (Miss),  a  red-haired,  ungainly 
creature,  who  lived  with  Lucie  Manette, 
and  dearly  loved  her.  Miss  Pross, 
although  very  eccentric,  was  most  faith- 
ful and  unselfish. 

Her  character  (dissociated  from  stature)  was  shortness. 
...  It  was  characteristic  of  this  lady  that  whenever  her    1 


original  proposition  was  questioned,  she  exaggerated  it— 
C.  Dickens,  A  Tale  oj  Tvxt  Cities,  iu  6  (1859). 

Proterius  of  Cappadocia,  father  of 
Cyra.     (See  Sinnek  Savkd.) 

Protesila'os,  husband  of  Laodamla. 
Being  slain  at  the  siege  of  Troy,  the 
dead  body  was  sent  home  to  his  wife, 
who  prayed  that  she  might  talk  with  him 
again,  if  only  for  three  hours.  Her 
prayer  was  granted,  but  when  Protesilaos 
returned  to  death,  Laodamia  died  also. — 
Greek  Mythology. 

In  Fe'nelon's  jre7emagM<7,  "  Protdsilaos  " 
is  meant  for  Louvois,  the  French  minister 
of  state. 

Protestant  Duke  {TJie),  Jamea 
duke  of  Monmouth,  a  love-child  of 
Charles  II.  So  called  because  he  re- 
nounced the  Roman  faith,  in  which  he 
had  been  brought  up,  and  became  a  pro- 
testant  (1619-1685). 

Protestant  Pope  {The),  Gian  Vin- 
cenzo  Ganganelli,  pope  Clement  XIV.  So 
called  from  his  enlightened  policy,  and 
for  his  bull  suppressing  the  Jesuits  (1705, 
1769-1774). 

Proteus  [^Pro-tuce^,  a  sea-god, 
resided  in  the  Carpathian  Sea.  He  ha 
the  power  of  changing  his  form  at  wil 
Being  a  prophet  also,  Milton  calls  hii 
"  the  Carpathian  wizard.'' — Greek  Myth 
iogy. 

By  hoary  Nereus'  wrinkled  look. 

And  the  Carpathian  wizard's  hook  [or  trident\. 

Milton,  Camus  (1634). 

Periklym'enos,  son  of  Neleus  (2  syl.)^ 
had  the  power  of  changing  his  form  into 
a  bird,  beast,  reptile,  or  insect.  As  a 
bee,  he  perched  on  the  chariot  of  Herakles 
{Hercules),  and  was  killed. 

Aristoglton,  from  being  dipped  in  the 
Achelous  (4  syl.),  received  the  power  of 
changing  his  fonn  at  will. — Fe'nelon, 
Te'lemaque,  xx.  (1700). 

The  genii,  both  good  and  bad,  of  Eastern 
mythology  had  the  power  of  changing 
their  form  instantaneously.  This  is 
powerfully  illustrated  by  the  combat  be- 
tween the  Queen  of  Beauty  and  the  son 
of  Eblis.  The  genius  first  appeared  as 
an  enormous  lion,  but  the  Queen  of 
Beauty  plucked  out  a  hair  which  became 
a  scythe,  with  whicli  she  cut  the  lion  in 
pieces.  The  head  of  the  lion  now  became 
a  scorpion,  and  the  princess  changed  her- 
self into  a  serpent ;  but  the  scor|)ion  in- 
stantly made  itself  an  eagle,  and  went 
in  pursuit  of  the  serpent.  The  serpent, 
however,    being    vigilant,    assumed   the 


PROTEUS. 


797 


PROVOST  OF  BRUGES. 


form  of  a  white  cat ;  the  eagle  in  an 
instant  changed  to  a  wolf,  and  the 
cat,  being  hard  pressed,  changed  into  a 
worm  ;  the  wolf  changed  to  a  cock,  and 
ran  to  pick  up  the  worm,  which,  how- 
ever, became  a  fish  before  the  cock  could 
pick  it  up.  Not  to  be  outwitted,  the 
cock  transformed  itself  into  a  pike  to 
devour  the  fish,  but  the  fish  changed  into 
a  fire,  and  the  son  of  Eblis  was  burnt  to 
ashes  before  he  could  make  another 
change. — Arabian  Nights  ("The  Second 
Calender"). 

Proteus  or  Protheus,  one  of  the  two 
gentlemen  of  Verona.  He  is  in  love  with 
Julia.  His  servant  is  Launce,  and  his 
father  Anthonio  or  Antonio.  The  other 
gentleman  is  called  Valentine,  and  his 
lady-love  is  Silvia. — Shakespeare,  The 
Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1694). 

Shakespeare  calls  the  word  Pro'-tS-us. 
Malone,  Dr.  Johnson,  etc.,  retain  the  h 
in  both  names,  but  the  Globe  edition 
omits  them. 

Protevangelon  ("first  evange- 
list "),  a  gospel  falsely  attributed  to  St. 
James  the  Less,  first  bishop  of  Jerusalem, 
noted  for  its  minute  details  of  the  Virgin 
and  Jesus  Christ.  Said  to  be  the  pro- 
duction of  L.  Carinus  of  the  second  cen- 
tury. 

First  of  all  we  shall  rehearse  .  .  . 
The  nativity  of  our  Lord, 
As  written  in  the  old  record 
Of  tlie  I'rotevanyelon. 

Longfellow,  TUe  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Protocol  (Mr.  Peter),  the  attorney 
in  Edinburgh  employed  by  Mrs.  Mar- 
garet Bertram  of  Singleside. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Protosebastos  (The)  or  Sebasto- 
CUATOK,  the  highest  State  officer  in 
Greece.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Hubert  of 
Paris  (time,  Kufus). 

Protospathaire  (The),  or  general 
of  Alexius  Comnenus  emperor  of  Greece. 
His  name  is  Nicanor. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
C'ou7it  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Proud  (The).  Tarquin  II.  of  Rome 
was  called  Superbus  (reigned  B.C.  535- 
510,  died  496). 

Otho  IV.  kaiser  of  Germany  was  called 
"The  Proud"  (1175,  1209-1218). 

Proud  Duke  (The),  Charles  Sey- 
nour  duke  of  Somerset.  His  children 
^'ere  not  allowed  to  sit  in  his  presence ; 

nd  he  spoke  to  his  servants  by  signs 

nly  (*-1748). 


Proud  and  Mighty  (The). 

A  little  rule,  a  little  sway. 
A  suntteiun  in  a  winter's  day. 
Is  all  tlie  proud  luid  migiity  hare 
Between  Uie  cradle  and  Uie  grave. 

Dyer,  Orongar  Jlill  (died  1765)."     ' 

Proudfute  (Oliver),  the  boasting 
bonnet-maker  at  Perth. 

Magdalen  or  Maudie  Proudfute,  Oliver's 
widow.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Pair  Maid  of  Perth 
(time,  Henry  IV.). 

Prout  (Father),  the  pseudonym  of 
Francis  Mahoney,  a  humorous  writer  in 
Fraser's  Magazine,  etc.  (180^1866). 

Provis,  the  name  assumed  by  Abel 
Magwitch,  Pip's  father.  He  was  a  con- 
vict, who  had  made  a  fortune,  and  whose 
chief  desire  was  to  make  his  son  a  gentle- 
man.— C.  Dickens,  Great  Expectations 
(1860). 

Provoked  Husband  (The),  a 
comedy  by  Gibber  and  Vanbrugh.  The 
"provoked  husband"  is  lord  Townly, 
justly  annoyed  at  the  conduct  of  his 
young  wife,  who  wholly  neglects  her 
husband  and  her  home  duties  for  a  life 
of  gambling  and  dissipation.  The  hus- 
band, seeing  no  hope  of  amendment, 
resolves  on  a  separate  maintenance  ; 
but  then  the  lady's  eyes  are  opened 
— she  promises  amendment,  and  is  for- 
given. 

*^*  This  comedy  was  Vanbrugh's 
Journey  to  London,  left  unfinished  at  his 
death.  Gibber  took  it,  completed  it,  and 
brought  it  out  under  the  title  of  The 
Provoked  Husband  (1728). 

Provoked  Wife  (The),  lady  Brute, 
the  wife  of  sir  John  Brute,  is,  by  his 
ill  manners,  brutality,  and  neglect,  "  pro- 
voked" to  intrigue  with  one  Constant, 
The  intrigue  is  not  of  a  very  serious 
nature,  since  it  is  always  interrupted 
before  it  makes  head.  At  the  conclusion, 
sir  John  says  : 

Surly  I  may  be,  stubborn  I  am  not. 
For  I  liave  both  forgiven  and  forgot 

Sir  J.  Vanbrugh  0697). 

Provost  of  Bruges  (Tlie),  a  tragedy 
based  on  "  The  Serf,"  in  Leitch  Ritchie's 
Romance  of  History.  Published  anony- 
mously in  1836 ;  the  author  is  S. 
Knowles.  The  plot  is  this:  Charles 
*'  the  Good,"  earl  of  Flanders,  made  a 
law  that  a  serf  is  always  a  serf  till 
manumitted,  and  whoever  marries  a  serf 
becomes  thereby  a  serf.  Thus,  if  a  prince 
married  the  daughter  of  a  serf,  the 
prince  became  a  serf  himself,  and  all  his 


PROWLER. 


798 


PSALTER  OF  TARAH. 


children  were  serfs.  Bertulphe,  the 
richest,  wisest,  and  bravest  man  in 
Flanders,  was  provost  of  Bruges.  His 
beautiful  daughter  Constance  married  sir 
Jiouchard,  a  knight  of  noble  descent ; 
but  Bertulphe's  father  had  been  Thanc- 
mar's  serf,  and,  according  to  the  new 
law,  Bertulphe  the  provost,  his  daughter 
Constance,  and  his  knightly  son-in-law 
were  all  the  serfs  of  Thancmar.  The 
provost  killed  the  earl,  and  stabbed  him- 
self ;  Bouchard  and  Thancmar  killed 
each  other  in  fight ;  and  Constanc*  died 
demented. 

Prowler  {Hugh),  any  vagrant  or 
highwayman. 

Fy.  fear  of  Hueh  Prowler,  get  home  with  the  rest. 

T.  Tusser,  nvc  Hundred  Point*  of  Good 
Uutbandry,  xxxiii.  25  (1557). 

Prudence  (Mistress),  the  lady  at- 
tendant on  Violet  ward  of  lady  Arundel. 
When  Norman  "  the  sea-captain  "  ms.de 
love  to  Violet,  Mistress  Prudence  remon- 
strated, "What  will  the  countess  say 
if  I  alloAV  myself  to  see  a  stranger  speak- 
ing to  her  ward  ?  "  Norman  clapped  a 
gumea  on  her  left  e3'fe,  and  asked,  "What 


^>€e  you  now , 


"  Why,  nothing  with  my 


left  eye,"  she  answered,  "but  the  right 
has  slill  a  morbid  sensibility."  "  Poor 
tiling!"  said  Norman;  "this  golden 
ointment  soon  will  cure  it.  What  see 
you  now,  my  Prudence?"  "Not  a 
sou),"  she  said. — Lord  Lytton,  IVie  Sea^ 
Captain  (1839). 

Prudes  for  proctors  ;  dowagers  for 
deans.  —Tennyson,  prologue  of  The  Fr-in- 
cess  (1830). 

Pradhomme  {Joseph),  "pupil  of 
Brard  and  Saint-Omer,"  caligraphist  and 
sworn  expert  in  the  courts  of  law. 
Joseph  Prudhomme  is  the  synthesis  of 
bourgeois  imbecility ;  radiant,  serene, 
and  self-satisfied ;  letting  fall  from  his 
fat  lips  "one  weak,  washy,  everlasting 
flocd"  of  puerile  aphorisms  and  inane 
circamlocutions.  He  says,  "  The  car  of 
the  state  Hoats  on  a  precipice."  "This 
sword  is  the  proudest  day  of  my  life."— 
Henri  Monnier,  Grandeur  et  De'cadence  de 
Joseph  Prudhoinrm  (1852). 

No  creation  of  modern  fiction  ever  einlwdied  n  phase 
of  iiiitioiial  chariicter  witli  such  original  power  as  tliat  of 

M.  Joseph  Prudlioniiue."  ..."  Poilsnap,"  liis  English 
parallel,  is  more  self-contained,  more  ponderous  and 
less  polite.  ...  In  1857  Mannier  turned  his  piece  into  a 

p/t^cirriKa  a '''  *'  "^'"''"'* '"'  ^'-  •^''*^^* 

Prue  {Miss),  a  schoolgirl  still  under 
the  charge  of  a  nurse,  very  precocious 
and  very  injudiciously  brought  up.   Miss 


Prue  is  the  daughter  of  Mr.  Foresight  a 
mad  astrologer,  and  Mrs.  Foresight  a 
frail  nonentity.— Congreve,  Love  for  Love 
(1695). 

Tlie  love-scene  between  Jack  Bannister  [1760-18361,  as 
"Tattle,"  and  "Miss  Prue,"  wlien  Uiis  latter  part  was 
acted  by  Mrs.  Jortiiui,  was  probably  never  surixissed  iu 
rich  natunU  comedy.— F.  lieynolds. 

Prunes  and  Prisms,  the  words 
which  give  the  lips  the  right  plie  of  the 
highly  aristocratic  mouth,  as  Mrs.  General 
tells  Amy  Dorrit. 

"'Papa'  gives  a  pretty  form  to  the  lips.  'Pnpa,' 
'potatoes,'  'poultry,'  'prunes  and  prisms.'  You  will 
find  it  serviceable  if  you  say  to  yourself  on  entering  a 
room,  '  Pajw,  potatoes,  poultry,  prunes,  and  prisms.'  "— 
C.  Dickens,  little  Jiorrit  (1855). 

General  Burgoyne,  in  The  Heiress, 
makes  lady  Emily  tell  Miss  Alscrip  that 
the  magic  words  are  "  nimini  pimini ;  " 
and  that  if  she  will  stand  before  her 
mirror  and  pronounce  these  words  re- 
j>eatedly,  she  cannot  fail  to  give  her 
lips  that  happy  plie  which  is  known  as 
the  "  Paphian  mimp." — The  Heiress,  lit, 
2  (1781). 

Pru'sio,  king  of  Alvarecchia,  slain 
by  Zerbi'no. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Pry  {Paul),  one  of  those  idle, 
meddling  fellows,  who,  having  no  em- 
ployment of  their  own,  are  perpetually 
interfering  in  the  affairs  of  other  people. 
— John  Poole,  Faul  Fry. 

Prydwen  or  Puidwin  {q.v.),  called 
in  the  Mabinotjion  the  ship  of  king  Arthur, 
It  was  also  the  name  of  his  shield. 
Taliessin  speaks  of  it  as  a  ship,  and 
Robert  of  Gloucester  as  a  shield. 

Hys  sseld  that  het  Po'dwen. 
Myd  ys  suenl  he  was  ygurd,  that  so  strong  was  and  kenef 
Calybourne  yt  was  ycluped,  nas  nour  no  such  ye  wene. 
Iu  ys  right  bond  ys  lance  he  iiom,  that  ycluped  was  Ron. 

Prynne  {Hester),  in  Hawthorne's 
novel  entitled  The  Scarlet  Letter  (1850). 

Psalmist  {The).  King  David  is 
called  "The  Sweet  Psalmist  of  Israel" 
(2  Scim.  xxiii.  1).  In  the  compilation 
called  Fsaims,  in  the  Old  Testament, 
seventy-three  bear  the  name  of  David, 
twelve  were  composed  by  Asaph,  eleven 
by  the  sons  of  Korah,  and  one  {Fsalm 
xc.)  by  Moses. 

Psalter    of   Tarah   or   Tara,   a 

volume  in  which  the  eivrly  kings  of 
Ireland  inserted  all  historic  events  and 
enactments.  It  began  in  the  reign  of 
Ollav  Fola.  of  the  family  of  Ir,  n.c.  900, 
and  was  read  to  the  assembled  princes 


PSYCARPAX. 


799 


PUDDING. 


when  they  met  in  the  convention  which 
assembled  in  the  great  hall  of  that 
splendid  palace.  Also  called  Tara's 
Psaltery. 

Their  tribe,  they  said,  their  high  degree. 
Was  suug  iu  Tara't  Psaltery. 

Campbell,  O'Connor't  Child. 

Psycarpax  {i.e.  ^^granary-thief"), 
son  of  Troxartas  king  of  the  mice.  The 
frog  king  offered  to  carry  the  young 
Psycarpax  over  a  lake  ;  but  a  water- 
hydra  made  its  appearance,  and  the  frog 
king,  to  save  himself,  dived  under  water, 
whereby  the  mouse  prince  lost  his  life. 
This  catastrophe  brouj'ht  about  the  fatal 
JJattle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice.  Translated 
from  the  Greek  into  English  verse  by 
Pamell  (1679-1717). 

Psyche  [Si^.ke],  a  most  beautiful 
maiden,  with  whom  Cupid  fell  in  love. 
The  god  told  her  she  was  never  to  seek 
to  know  who  he  was  ;  but  Psyche  could 
not  resist  the  curiosity  of  looking  at  him 
as  he  lay  asleep.  A  drop  of  the  hot  oil 
from  Psyclie's  lamp  falling  on  the  love- 
god,  woke  him,  and  he  instantly  took  to 
flight.  Psyche  now  wandered  from  place 
to  place,  persecuted  by  Venus  ;  but  after 
enduring  ineffable  troubles,  Cupid  came 
at  last  to  her  rescue,  married  her,  and 
bestowed  on  her  immortality. 

This  exquisite  allegory  is  from  the 
Golden  Ass  of  Apuleios.  Lafontaine 
has  turned  it  into  French  verse.  M. 
Laprade  (bom  1812)  has  rendered  it  into 
French  most  exquisitely.  The  English 
version,  by  Mrs.  Tighe,  in  six  cantos,  is 
simply  unreadable. 

The  story  of  Cupid  and  Psyche  is  an 
allegory,  meaning  that  castles  in  the  air 
are  exquisite  till  we  look  at  them  as 
realities,  when  they  instantly  vanish,  and 
leave  only  disappointment  and  vexation 
behind. 

Ptemoglyphus  C'bacon-scooper"), 
one  of  the  mouse  chieftains. — Pamell, 
Battle  of  the  Froas  and  Mice.  iii.  (about 
1712). 

Ptemoph'agus  ("6acon-ga^er"),  one 
of  the  mouse  chiefUiins. 

But  dire  Ptemophagiis  divides  his  way 
Thro"  breal<ii»g  raults,  and  leads  the  dreadful  day. 
No  nibbling  prince  excelled  In  fierceness  more,— 
His  parents  fe<i  liim  on  the  savage  boar. 
Parnell,  BaUle  of  Vie  Progi  and  Alice,  iii.  (about  1712). 

Ptemotractas  ("  bacon-gnawer  "), 
ather  of  "the  meal-licker,"  Lycomile 
wife  of  Troxartas,  "the  bread-eater"), 
^sycarpas,  the  king  of  the  mice,  was  son  of 
iycomilg,  and  grandson  of  Pternotractaa. 


«■ 


— ^Pamell,  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice.  i. 
(about  1712). 

Ptolemean  System  {The).  King 
Alfonso,  speaking  of  this  system,  said, 
if  he  had  been  consulted  at  the  creation 
of  the  world,  he  would  have  spared  the 
Maker  of  it  many  absurdities. 

I  settle  all  these  thing  by  intuition  .  .  . 
like  king  Alfonso. 

Byron,  Yition  0/ Judgment  (1819). 

Public  Gk>od  {The  League  of  the), 
a  league  between  the  dukes  of  Burgundy, 
Brittanj-^,  and  other  French  princes 
against  Louis  XI. 

Public'ola,  of  the  Despatch  NewS' 
per,  was  the  nam  de  plume  of  Mr. 
illiams,  a  vigorous  political  writer. 

Publius,  the  surviving  son  of  Hora- 
tius  after  the  combat  between  the  three 
Horatian  brothers  against  the  three 
Curiatii  of  Alba.  He  entertained  the 
Roman  notion  that  "  a  patriot's  soul  can. 
feel  no  ties  but  duty,  and  know  no  voice 
of  kindred "  if  it  conflicts  with  his 
country's  weal.  His  sister  was  engaged 
to  Caiiis  Curiatius,  one  of  the  three  Alban 
champions  ;  and  when  she  reproved  him 
for  "murdering"  her  betrothed,  he  slew 
her,  for  he  loved  Rome  more  than  he 
loved  friend,  sister,  brother,  or  the  sacred 
name  of  father.— Whitehead,  T/ie  Rmnan 
Father  (1741). 

Pucel.  La  hel  Pucel  lived  in  the 
tower  of  "Musyke."  Graunde  Amoure, 
sent  thither  by  Fame  to  be  instructed  by 
the  seven  ladies  of  science,  fell  in  love 
with  her,  and  ultimately  married  her. 
After  his  death.  Remembrance  wrote  his 
"epitaphy  on  his  graue."— S.  Hawes, 
Tlie  Passe-tyme  of  Plesure  (1506,  printed 
1516). 

Pucelle  {La),  a  surname  given  to 
Joan  of  Arc  the  "Maid  of  Orleans" 
(1410-1431). 

Puck,  generally  called  Hobgoblin. 
Same  as  Robin  Goodfellow.  Shakespeare, 
in  Midsummer  Night's  Bream,  represents 
him  as  "  a  very  Shetlander  among  the 
gossamer-winged,  dainty-limbed  fairies, 
strong  enough  to  knock  all  their  heads 
together,  a  rough,  knurly-Iimbed,  fawn- 
faced,  shock-pated,  mischievous  little 
urchin." 

He  [OheroTi]  meeteth  Puck,  which  most  men  call 
Hobgoblin,  and'on  him  dotli  fall. 
With  words  from  phrenzy  spoken. 

"  Hoh  1  hob  I "  quoth  Hob  ;  "  God  save  your  grace  ..." 
Drayton,  Nymphidia  (1593). 

Pudding    {Jack),    a    gormandizing 


PUDDLE-DOCK  HILL. 


800 


PUNCH. 


clown.  In  French  he  is  called  Jean 
Potage  ;  in  Dutch,  Pickel-Herringe ;  in 
Italian  Macaroni;  in  German  John 
ISausage  (Hanswurst). 

Puddle-Dock  Hill,  St.  Andrew's 
Hill,  Blackfriars,  leading  down  to  Puddle 
Wharf,  Ireland  Yard. 

Puff,  servant  of  captain  Loveit,  and 
husband  of  Tag  oT  whom  he  stands  in 
a-vve.— D.  Garrick,  Miss  in  Her  Teens 
(1753). 

Puff  {Mr.),  a  man  who  had  tried  his 
hand  on  everything  to  get  a  living,  and 
at  last  resorts  to  criticism.  He  says  of 
himself,  "I  am  a  practitioner  in  pane- 
gj'ric,  or  to  speak  more  plainly,  a  pro- 
fessor of  the  art  of  puffing." 

"  I  eren,"  says  Puff,  "  with  a  clock  striking,  to  beget 
fin  awful  attention  in  the  audience ;  it  also  marks  the 
time,  wliich  is  four  o'clock  in  the  morning,  and  saves  a 
description  of  the  rising  sun,  and  a  great  deal  about 
gilding  the  eastern  hemisphere."— Sheridan,  The  Critic, 
J.  1  (1779). 

"  God  forbid,"  says  Mr.  Puff,  "  that,  in  a  free  countir, 
all  the  fine  words  in  the  language  should  be  engrossed  by 
the  higher  characters  of  the  piece."— Sir  W.  Scott,  Th* 
Drama. 

Puff,  publisher.    He  says : 

"  Panegjric  and  praise  !  and  what  will  that  do  with 
the  public?  Why,  who  Will  give  money  to  be  told  that 
Mr.  Such-a-one  is  a  wiser  and  better  man  than  himself  J 
No,  no  I  'tis  quite  and  clean  out  of  nature.  A  good  sous- 
ing sjitire,  now,  well  powdered  with  personal  pepper,  and 
seasoned  with  the  spirit  of  party,  that  demolishes  a 
conspicuous  chnracter,  and  sinks  him  below  our  own 
level, — there,  there,  we  are  pleased  ;  there  we  chuckle  and 
grin,  and  toss  the  lialf-crowns  on  the  counter." — Foote, 
rAe  Patron  (1764). 

Pug,  a  mischievous  little  goblin, 
called  "  Puck  "  by  Shakespeare. — B. 
Jonson,  The  Devil  is  an  Ass  (1616). 

Puggie  Orrock,  a  sheriff's  officer  at 
Fairport. — Sir  W.  Scott,  T'he  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Pugna  Porco'runi  {i.e.  "battle  of 
the  pigs"),  a  poem,  extending  to  several 
hundred  lines,  in  which  every  word 
begins  with  the  letter  p. 

Pul'ci  (X.),  poet  of  Florence  (1432- 
1487),  author  of  the  heroJ-comic  poem 
called  Morgante  Maggiore,  a  mixture  of 
the  bizarre,  the  serious,  and  the  comic, 
in  ridicule  of  the  romances  of  chivalry. 
This  D(m  Juan  class  of  poetry  has  since 
been  called  liemesque,  from  Francesco 
Ikrni  of  Tuscany,  who  greatly  excelled 
in  it. 

Pulcl  was  sire  of  the  half-serious  rhyme, 
Who  sjiiig  when  chivalry  was  more  quixotic. 
And  revelled  in  the  fancies  of  tlie  lime, 
Xxue  knights,  chaste  dames,  huge  giants,  kings  despotic. 
Byron,  Xton  Jtian,  iv.  6  (1880). 


Pulia'no,  leader  of  the  Nasamo'ni. 
He  was  slain  by  Rinaldo.  —  Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Pumblechook,  uncle  to  Joe  Gar- 
gery  the  blacksmith.  He  was  a  well-to- 
do  corn-chandler,  and  drove  his  own 
chaise-cart.  A  hard-breathing,  middle- 
aged,  slow  man  was  uncle  Pumblechook, 
with  fishy  eyes  and  sandy  hair  inquisi- 
tively on  end.  He  called  Pip,  in  his 
facetious  way,  "  six-pen'orth  of  ha'- 
pence ; "  but  when  Pip  came  into  his 
fortune,  Mr.  Pumblechook  was  the  most 
servile  of  the  servile,  and  ended  almost 
every  sentence  with,  "May  I,  Mr.  Pip  V" 
i.e.  have  the  honour  of  shaking  hands 
with  you  again. — C.  Dickens,  Great  Ex- 
pectations (i860). 

Pumpernickel  {His  Transparency), 
a  nickname  by  which  the  Tl7nes  satirized 
the  minor  German  princes. 

Some  ninety  men  and  ten  drummers  constitute  their 
■whole  embattled  host  on  the  parade-ground  before  their 
palace ;  and  their  whole  revenue  is  supplied  by  a  per* 
centage  on  the  tax  levied  on  strangers  at  tl»e  Pumper- 
nickel kursaal.— rime*,  July  18, 186a 

Pumpkin  {Sir  Gilbert),  a  country 
gentleman  plagued  with  a  ward  (Miss 
Kitty  Sprightly)  and  a  set  of  servants 
all  stage  mad.  He  entertains  captain 
Charles  Stanley  and  captain  Harry 
Stukely  at  Strawberry  Hall,  when  the 
former,  under  cover  of  acting,  makes 
love  to  Kitty  (an  heiress),  elopes  wit 
her,  and  marries  her. 

Miss  Bridi/et  Pumpkin,  sister  of 
Gilbert  of  Strawberry  Hall.  A  Mr 
Malaprop.  She  says,  "The  Greeks,  the 
Romans,  and  the  Irish  are  barbariac_ 
nations  who  had  plays  ;  "  but  sir  Gill 
says,  "they  were  all  Jacobites." 
speaks  of  "  taking  a  degree  at  our  pr 
cipal  adversity  ;  "  asks  "if  the  Muses 
a  family  living  at  Oxford,"  if  so, 
tells  captain  Stukely,  she  will  be  de- 
lighted to  "  see  them  at  Strawberry  Hall, 
with  any  other  of  his  friends."  Miss 
Pumpkin  hates  "play  acting,"  but  does 
not  object  to  love-making. — Jackman, 
All  the  World's  a  Stage. 

Pun.  He  who  would  make  a  pvn, 
would  pick  a  pocket,  generally  ascribed  to 
Dr.  Johnson,  but  has  been  traced  by  Moy 
Thomas  to  Dr.  Donne  (1573-1631). 

***  Dr.  Johnson  lived  1709-1784. 

Punch,  derived  from  the  Latin  Mimi, 
through  the  Italian  Pullicinella.  It  was 
originally  intended  as  a  characteristic 
representation.    The  tale  is  this  :  Punch, 


kes 

the      I 
iac 

I 


ras 
tic 

u 


PUNCH. 


801 


PURGON. 


in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  strangles  his  infant 
child,  when  Judy  flies  to  her  revenge. 
With  a  bludgeon  she  belabours  her 
husband,  till  he  becomes  so  exasperated 
that  he  snatches  the  bludgeon  from  her, 
knocks  her  brains  out,  and  flings  the 
dead  body  into  the  street.  Here  it 
attracts  the  notice  of  a  police-officer, 
who  enters  the  house,  and  Punch  flies  to 
save  his  life.  He  is,  however,  arrested  by 
an  officer  of  the  Inquisition,  and  is  shut 
up  in  prison,  from  which  he  escapes  by  a 
golden  kej'.  The  rest  of  the  allegory 
shows  the  triumph  of  Punch  over  slander 
in  the  shape  of  a  dog,  disease  in  the 
guise  of  a  doctor,  death,  and  the  devil. 

Pantalone  was  a  Venetian  merchant ; 
Dottore,  a  Bolognese  physician ;  Spa- 
viento,  a  Neapolitan  braggadocio  ;  Pulli- 
cinella,  a  wag  of  Apulia ;  Giangunjolo 
and  Coviello,  two  clowns  of  Calabria ; 
Gelsomino,  a  Roman  beau ;  Beltrame,  a 
Milanese  simpleton  ;  Brighella,  a  Ferrarese 
pimp ;  and  Arlecchino,  a  blundering 
servant  of  Bergamo.  Each  was  clad  in 
an  appropriate  dress,  had  a  characteristic 
mask,  and  spoke  the  dialect  of  the  place 
he  represented. 

Besides  these,  there  were  Amorosos  or 
Jnnamoratos,  with  their  servettas  or 
waiting-maids,  as  Smeraldina,  Colombina, 
Spilletta,  etc.,  Avho  spoke  Tuscan. — 
Walker,  On  the  Revival  of  the  Drama  in 
Italy,  249. 

Punch,  the  periodical.  The  first  cover 
was  designed  by  A.  S.  Henning;  the 
present  one  by  R.  Doyle. 

Pure      (Simon),     a      Pennsylvanian 

quaker.    Being    about  to  visit    London 

to  attend  the  quarterly  meeting  of  his 

sect,  he    brings  with    him  a    letter  of 

introduction   to   Obadiah  Prim,  a  rigid, 

stern  quaker,  and  the  guardian  of  Anne 

I   Lovely     an      heiress     worth     £30,000. 

f    Colonel   Feignwell,  availing  himself   of 

,    this  letter  of  introduction,  passes  himself 

.  ofE  as  Simon  Pure,  and  gets  established 

■^  as   the    accepted  suitor  of  the  heiress. 

Presently  the  real  Simon  Pure  makes  his 

appearance,  and  is  treated  as  an  impostor 

and  swindler.    The  colonel  hastens  on 

the  marriage  arrangements,  and  has  no 

sooner    completed     them,    than    Master 

Simon  re-appears,  with  witnesses  to  prove 

his  identity  ;  but  it  is  too  late,  and  colonel 

Feignwell  freely  acknowledges  the  "  bold 

stroke  he  has  made  for  a  wife." — Mrs. 

^entlivre,   A    Bold   Stroke  for  a    Wife 

1717).  J  J 

Purefoy  (Master),  former  tutor  of 


Dr.  Anthony  Rochecliffe  the  plotting 
royalist.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Purgatory,  by  Dante,  in  thirty-three 
cantos  (lo08).  Having  emerged  from 
hell,  Dante  saw  in  the  southern  hernisphpra 
four  stars,' /*  ne'er  seen    betore~save  by 


our  first  narents."  The  stars  were  sym- 
bolical of  the  four  cardinal  virtues 
(prudence,  justice,  fortitude,  and  tem- 
perance). Turning  round,  he  observed 
old  Cato,  who  said  that  a  dame  from 
heaven  had  sent  him  to  prepare  the 
Tuscan  poet  for  passing  through  Pur- 
gatory. Accordingly,  with  a  slender  reed 
old  Cato  girded  him,  and  from  his  face 
he  washed  "all  sordid  stain,"  restoring 
to  his  face  "  that  hue  which  the  dun 
shades  of  hell  had  covered  and  con- 
cealed" (canto  i.).  Dante  then  followed 
his  guide  Virgil  to  a  huge  mountain  in 
mid-ocean  antipodal  to  Judea,  and  began 
the  ascent.  A  party  of  spirits  were  ferried 
over  at  the  same  time  by  an  angel, 
amongst  whom  was  Casella,  a  musician, 
one  of  Dante's  friends.  The  mountain,  he 
tells  us,  is-  divided  into  terraces,  and 
terminates  in  Earthly  Paradise,  which  is 
separated  from  it  by  two  rivers — Lethe 
and  Eu'noe  (3  st/L).  The  first  eight  cantos 
are  occupied  by  the  ascent,  and  then  they 
come  to  the  gate  of  Purgatory.  This 
gate  is  approached  by  three  stairs  (faith, 
penitence,  and  piety) ;  the  first  stair  is 
transparent  white  marble,  as  clear  as 
crystal ;  the  second  is  black  and  cracked  ; 
and  the  third  is  of  blood-red  porphyry 
(canto ix.).  The  porter  marked  on  Dante's 
forehead  seven  P's  (peccata,  "sins"),  and 
told  him  he  would  lose  one  at  every 
stage,  tin  ne  reacnea  the  river  which 
divided  PurgatorT  from  Paradise.  Vir- 
gil continued  his  guide  till  they  came  to 
Lethe,  when  he  left  him  during  sleep 
(canto  XXX.).  Dante  was  then  dragged 
through  the  river  Lethe,  drank  of  the 
waters  of  EunSe,  and  met  Beatrice,  who 
conducted  him  till  he  arrived  at  the 
"  sphere  of  unbodied  light,"  when  she 
resigned  her  office  to  St.  Bernard. 

Purgon,  one  of  the  doctors  in 
Moliere's  comedy  of  Le  Malade  Imagi- 
naire.  When  the  patient's  brother 
interfered,  and  sent  the  apothecary  away 
with  his  clysters.  Dr.  Purgon  got  into 
a  towering  rage,  and  threatened  to  leave 
the  house  and  never  more  to  visit  it.  He 
then  said  to  the  patient,  "Que  vous 
tombiez  dans  la  bradypepsie  .  .  .  de  la 
bradypepsie  dans  la  dyspepsie  .  .  .  de  la 


PURITANI. 


802 


PYGMY. 


dyspepsie  dans  I'apepsie  .  .  ,  de  I'apepsie 
dans  la  lienterie  .  .  .  de  la  lienterie  dans 
la  dyssenterie  .  ,  .  de  la  dyssenterie  dans 
I'hydropisie  .  ,  ,  et  I'liydropisie  dans  la 
privation  de  1«  vie." 

Votre  M.  Piirgon,  .  .  .  c'est  nn  homme  tout  m£decin 
depuia  la  tSte  iiisciu'  a.'X  pieds ;  un  homme  qui  croit  i.  ses 
riSgles  plus  qu'  a  toutes  les  ddinonstrations  des  math6- 
matiques,  et  qui  croirait  du  crime  a  les  vouloir  examiner; 
qui  lie  voir  rien  d'obscur  dahs  la  m^decine,  rien  de 
douteux,  riende  difficile  ;  et  qui,  avecuue  Inip<5tuo.sit6  de 
prevention,  une  roideur  de  confiance,  une  brutality  de  sens 
commun  et  de  raison,  donne  au  travers  des  purgations  et 
des  saign^es,  et  ne  balance  aucune  chose.— Molifire,  Le 
MaXade  Imaginaire,  ill.  3  (1673). 

Purita'ni  (i),  "  the  puritan,"  that  is 
Elvi'ra,  daughter  of  lord  Walton  also  a 
puritan,  affianced  to  Ar'turo  {lord  Arthur 
Talbot)  a  cavalier.  On  the  day  of 
espousals,  Arturo  aids  Enrichetta  {Hen~ 
rietta,  widow  of  Charles  J.)  to  escape  ; 
and  Elvira,  supposing  that  he  is  eloping, 
loses  her  reason.  On  his  return,  Arturo 
explains  the  fact  to  Elvira,  and  they  vow 
nothing  on  earth  shall  part  them  more, 
when  Arturo  is  arrested  for  treason,  and 
led  off  to  execution.  At  this  crisis,  a 
herald  announces  the  defeat  of  the 
Stuarts,  and  Cromwell  pardons  all  politi- 
cal offenders,  whereupon  Arturo  is  re- 
leased, and  marries  Elvira. — Bellini's 
opera,  I  Puritani  (1834). 

(The  libretto  of  this  opera  is  by  C. 
Pepoli.) 

Purley  (Diversions  of),  a  work  on  the 
analysis  and  etymology  of  English  words, 
by  John  Home,  the  son  of  a  poulterer  in 
London.  In  1782  he  assumed  the  name 
of  Tooke,  from  Mr.  Tooke  of  Purley,  in 
Surrey,  with  whom  he  often  stayed,  and 
who  left  him  £8000  (vol.  i.,  1785 :  vol.  ii., 
1806). 

Purple  Island  (The),  the  human 
bod3\  ^t  is  the  name  of  a  poem  in 
twelve  cantos,  by  Phineas  Fletcher 
(1033).  Canto  i.  Introduction.  Cantos 
ii.-v.  An  anatomical  description  of  the 
human  body,  considered  as  an  island 
kingdom.  Canto  vi.  The  "intellec- 
tual" man.  Canto  vii.  The  "natural 
man,"  with  its  affections  and  lusts. 
Canto  viii.  The  world,  the  flesh,  and 
the  devil,  as  the  enemies  of  man. 
Cantos  ix.,  X.  The  friends  of  man  who 
enahle  him  to  overcome  these  enemies. 
Cantos  xi.,  xii.  The  battle  of  "  Mansoul," 
the  trmmph,  and  the  marriage  of  Eclecta. 
Tlie  whole  is  supposed  to  be  sung  to 
siieplierds  by  Thirsil  a  shepherd. 

Pusil'lus,  Feeble-mindedness  per- 
sonified in  T/ie  Purple  fsland,  by  Phineas 
Fletcher    (1C33) ;    "  a  weak,  distrustful 


heart."    Fully    described   in  canto  viii, 
(Latin,  pusillus,  "  pusillanimous.") 

Puss  in  Boots,  from  Charles  Per- 
rault's  tale  Le  Chat  Botte  (1697). 
Perrault  borrowed  the  tale  from  the 
Nights  of  Straparola  an  Italian.  Stra- 
parola's  Nights  were  translated  into 
French  in  1585,  and  Perrault's  Contes  de 
Fees  were  published  in  1697.  Ludwig 
Tieck,  the  German  novelist,  reproduced 
the  same  tale  in  his  Volksmdrchen  (1795), 
called  in  German  Der  Gestiefelte  Kater. 
The  cat  is  marvellously  accomplished, 
and  by  ready  wit  or  ingenious  tricks 
secures  a  fortune  and  royal  wife  for  his 
master,  a  penniless  young  miller,  who 
passes  under  the  name  of  the  marquis  de 
Car'abas.  In  the  Italian  tale,  puss  is 
called  "  Constantine's  cat." 

Putrid  Plain  (The),  the  battle-field 
of  Aix,  in  Provence,  where  Marius  over- 
threw the  Teutons,  B.C.  102. 

Pwyll's  Bag  (Prince) ^  a  bag  that 
it  was  impossible  to  fill. 

Come  thou  in  by  thyself,  clad  in  ragged  garments,  and 
holding  a  bag  in  thy  hand,  and  ask  nothing  but  a  bagful 
of  food,  and  I  will  cause  that  if  all  the  meat  and  liquor 
that  are  in  these  seven  cantreves  were  put  into  it,  it 
would  be  no  fuller  than  before.— rAe  Mabinogion  I"  Pwyll 
Prince  of  Dyved,"  twelfth  century). 

Pygma'lion,  the  statuary  of  Cyprus. 
He  resolved  never  to  marry,  but  becai 
enamoured    of    his    own    ivory    stai 
which  Venus  endowed  with  life,  and 
statuary  married.    Morris  has  a  poem 
the    subject    in   his    Earthly     rati 
("  August  "). 

Fan  in  loue  with  these, 
As  did  Pygmalion  with  his  carvfid  tree. 
Lord  Brooke,  Treatie  on  Btiman  Learning  (1554-1 

*^*  Lord  Brooke  calls  the  statue  "a 
carved  tree."  There  is  a  vegetable  ivory, 
no  doubt,  one  of  the  palm  species,  and 
there  is  the  ebon  tree,  the  wood  of  which 
is  black  as  jet.  The  former  could  not  be 
known  to  Pygmalion,  but  the  latter 
might,  as  Virgil  speaks  of  it  in  his 
Georgics,  ii.  117,  "India  nigrum  fert 
ebenum."  Probably  lord  Brooke  blun- 
dered from  the  resemblance  between  ebor 
("  ivory  ")  and  ebon,  in  Latin  "  ebenum." 

Pygmy,  a  dwarf.  The  pygmies  were 
a  nation  of  dwarfs  always  at  war  with 
the  cranes  of  Scythia.  They  were  not 
above  a  foot  high,  and  lived  somewhere  at 
the  "  end  of  the  earth  "—either  in  Thrace, 
Ethiopia,  India,  or  the  Upper  Nile.  The 
pygmy  women  were  mothers  at  the  age 
of  three,  and  old  women  at  eight.  Their 
houses  were  built  of  egg-shells.  They 
cut  down  a  blade  of  wheat  with  an  axe 
and  hatchet,  as  we  fell  huge  forest  trees.  , 


PYKE  AND  PLUCK. 


PTTHAGORAS. 


One  day,  they  resolved  to  attack  Her- 
cules in  his  sleep,  and  went  to  work  as  iu 
a  siege.  An  army  attacked  each  hand, 
and  the  archers  attacked  the  feet.  Her- 
cules awoke,  and  with  the  paw  of  his  lion- 
skin  overwhelmed  the  whole  host,  and 
carried  them  captive  to  king  Eurystheus. 

Swift  has  availed  himself  of  this 
Grecian  fable  in  his  Gulliver's  Travels 
("  Lilliput,"  1726). 

Pyke  and  Pluck  (Messrs.) ^  the 
tools  and  toadies  of  sir  Mulberry  Hawk;. 
They  laugh  at  all  his  jokes,  snub  all  who 
attempt  to  rival  their  patron,  and  are 
ready  to  swear  to  anything  sir  Mulberry 
wishes  to  be  confirmed. — C.  Dickens, 
Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Pylades  and  Orestes,  inseparable 
friends.  Pylades  was  a  nephew  of  king 
Agamemnon,  and  Orestes  was  Aga- 
memnon's son.  The  two  cousins  con- 
tracted a  friendship  which  has  become 
proverbial.  Subsequently,  Pylades  mar- 
ried Orestes's  sister  Electra. 

Lagrange-Chancel  has  a  French  drama 
entitled  Oreste  et  Pylade  (1695).  Voltaire 
also  {Oreste,  1760).  The  two  characters 
are  introduced  into  a  host  of  plays, 
Greek,  Italian,  French,  and  English. 
(See  Andromache.) 

Pyrae'mon,  one  of  Vulcan's  work- 
men in  the  smithy  of  mount  Etna.  (Greek, 
j>ur  akrmn,  "  fire  anvil.") 

Far  passing  Bronteus  or  Pyracmon  great. 
The  which  in  Lipari  do  day  and  niglit 
Frame  thunderbolts  for  Jove. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iv.  5  (1596). 

Pyramid.    According  to  Diodo'rus 

Sic'ulus    (Hist.,    i.),    and    Pliny    (Nat. 

Hist.,   xxxvi.    12),   there    were   360,000 

men  employed  for  nearly  twenty  years 

'      upon  one  of  the  pyramids. 

The    largest    pyramid    was    built    by 

Cheops  or  Suphis,  the  next  largest  by 

;     Cephrenes  or  Sen-Suphis,  and  the  third 

'     by  Mencheres   last  king   of  the  fourth 

\    Egyptian   dynasty,    said    to   have  lived 

j    before  the  birth  of  Abraham. 

I        The  Third  Pyramid.    Another  tradition 

s    is  that  the  third  pyramid  was  built  by 

Rhodopis  or  Khodope,  the  Greek  courtezan. 

Khodopis  means  the  "  rosy-cheeked." 

The  Rhodopfi  tliat  built  the  pyramid. 

Tennyson,  The  I'riiicess,  ii.  (1830). 

Pyramid  of  Mexico.  This  pyramid 
is  said  to  have  been  built  in  the  reign  of 
Montezuma  emperor  of  Mexico  (1466- 
1520).  Its  base  is  double  the  size  of 
Cheops's  pyramid,  that  is,  1423  feet  each 
aide,  but  its  height  does  not  exceed  164 
Eeet.    It  stands  west  of  Puebla,  faces  the 


four  cardinal  points,  was  used  as  a 
mausoleum,  and  is  usually  called  "The 
Pyramid  of  Cholula." 

Pyr'amos  (in  Latin  Py ramus),  the 
lover  of  Thisbe.  Supposing  Thisb§  had 
been  torn  to  pieces  by  a  lion,  Pyramos 
stabs  himself  in  his  unutterable  grief 
"  under  a  mulberry  tree."  Here  Thisbe 
finds  the  dead  body  of  her  lover,  and 
kills  herself  for  grief  on  the  same  spot. 
Ever  since  then  the  juice  of  this  fruit  has 
been  blood-stained. — Greek  Mythology. 

Shakespeare  has  introduced  a  burlesque 
of  this  pretty  love  story  in  his  Midsummer 
Night's  Dream,  but  Ovid  has  told  the  tale 
beautifully. 

Pyre'ni,  the  Pyrenees. 

Who  {Henry  K.]  by  his  conquering  sword  should  all  the 

hind  surprise, 
Which  twixt  the  Penmenmaur  and  the  Pyreni  lies. 

M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

(Penmenmaur,  a  hill  in  Caernarvon- 
shire.) 

Pyrgo  Polini'ces,  an  extravagant 
blusterer.  (The  word  means  "  tower  and 
town  taker.") — Plautus,  Miles  Gloriosus. 

If  the  modern  reader  knows  nothing  of  Pyrgo  Polinic^'s 
and  Thraso,  Pistoland  ParoM^s;  if  lie  is  shut  out  from  Ne- 
phelo-Coccygia,  he  may  talie  refuge  in  Lilliput— Macauhiy. 

♦^*  "Thraso,"  a  bully  in  Terence 
{The  Eunuch)  \  "Pistol,"  in  the  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor  and  2  Henry  IV,  ; 
"Parolles,"  in  All's  Well  that  Ends  Well; 
"  Nephelo-Coccygia "  or  cloud  cuckoo- 
town,  in  Aristophanes  ( The  Birds)  ;  and 
"  Lilliput,"  in  Swift  [Gulliver's  Travels). 

Py'rocles  (3  syl.)  and  his  brother 
Cy'mocles  (3  syl.),  sons  of  Acra'tes  {in- 
continence). The  two  brothers  are  about 
to  strip  sir  Guyon,  when  prince  Arthur 
comes  up  and  slays  both  of  them. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  ii.  8  (1590). 

Pyrec'les  and  Musidorus,  heroes, 
whose  exploits  are  told  by  sir  Philip 
Sidney  in  his  Arcadia  (1681). 

Pyr'rho,  the  founder  of  the  sceptics 
or  Pyrrhonian  school  of  philosophy.  He 
was  a  native  of  Elis,  in  Peloponne'sus, 
and  died  at  the  age  of  90  (b.c.  285). 

It  is  a  pleasant  voyage,  perhaps,  to  float. 
Like  Pyrrho,  on  a  sea  of  speculation. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ix.  18  (1824). 

*^*  "Pyrrhonism"  means  absolute  and 
unlimited  infidelity. 

Pythag'oras,  the  Greek  philosopher, 
who  is  said  to  have  invented  tb<>  lyre 
from  hearing  the  sounds  produced  by  a 
blacksmith  hammering  iron  on  his  anvil. 
— See  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  722, 

As  great  Pythagoras  of  yore, 
Standing  besida  the  blacksmith's  door. 


PYTHIAS. 


804 


QUACKS. 


And  hearing  the  hammers,  as  he  smote 
'    The  anvils  with  a  different  note  .  .  . 
.  .  .  formed  the  seveii-chorded  lyre. 

Longfellow,  To  a  Child. 

Handel  wrote  an  "  air  with  variations" 
which  he  called  The  Harmonious  Black- 
smith, said  to  have  been  suggested  by  the 
sounds  proceeding  from  a  smithy,  where 
he  heard  the  village  blacksmiths  swinging 
their  heavy  sledges  "with  measured  beat 
and  slow." 

Pyth'ias,  a  Syracusian  soldier,  noted 
for  his  friendship  for  Damon.  When 
])amon  was  condemned  to  death  by 
Dionysius  the  new-made  king  of  Syra- 
cuse, Pythias  obtained  for  him  a  respite 
of  six  hours,  to  go  and  bid  farewell  to 
his  wife  and  child.  The  condition  of  this 
respite  was  that  Pythias  should  be  bound, 
and  even  executed,  if  Damon  did  not 
return  at  the  hour  appointed.  Damon 
returned  in  due  time,  and  Dionysius  was 
so  struck  with  this  proof  of  friendship, 
that  he  not  only  pardoned  Damon,  but 
even  begged  to  be  ranked  among  his 
friends.  The  day  of  execution  was  the 
da)'  that  Pythias  was  to  have  been  married 
to  Calanthe. — Damon  and  Pythias,  a 
drama  by  K.  Edwards  (1671),  and  another 
by  John  Banim  in  1825. 

Python,  a  huge  serpent  engendered 
from  the  mud  of  the  deluge,  and  slain 
b)'  Apollo.  In  other  words,  pytho  is  the 
miasma  or  mist  from  the  evaporation  of 
the  overflow,  dried  up  by  the  sun. 
(Greek,  puthesthai,  "to  rot;"  because 
the  serpent  was  left  to  rot  in  the  sun.) 


Q. 

Q  {Old),  the  earl  of  March,  afterwards 
duke  of  Queensberry,  at  the  close  of  the 
last  century  and  the  beginning  of  this. 

Quacks  (Noted). 

Bkchic,  known  for  his  "  cough  pills," 
consisting  of  dujitalis,  white  oxide  of  anti- 
mony, and  liquorice.  Sometimes,  but 
erroneously,  called  "  Beecham's  magic 
cough  pills." 

BooKEK  {John)y  astrologer,  etc.  (1601- 
1667). 

Bossy  (Dr.),  a  German  by  birth.  He 
was  well  known  in  the  beginning  of  the 
nineteenth  century  in  Covent  Garden,  and 
in  other  parts  of  London, 


Brodum  (eighteenth  century).  His 
**  nervous  cordial "  consisted  of  gentian 
root  infused  in  qin.  Subsequently,  a 
little  bark  was  added. 

Cagliostro,  the  prince  of  quacks. 
His  proper  name  was  Joseph  Balsamo, 
and  his  father  was  Pietro  Balsamo  of 
Palermo.  He  married  Lorenza,  the 
daughter  of  a  girdle-maker  of  Rome, 
called  himself  the  count  Alessandro  di 
Cagliostro,  and  his  wife  the  countess 
Seraphina  di  Cagliostro.  He  professed 
to  heal  every  disease,  to  abolish  wrinkles, 
to  predict  future  events,  and  was  a  great 
mesmerist.  He  styled  himself  "  Grand 
Cophta,  Prophet,  and  Thaumaturge."  His 
"Egyptian  pills"  sold  largely  at  30s. 
a  box  (1743-1795).  One  of  the  famous 
novels  of  A.  Dumas  is  Joseph  Balsamo 
(1845). 

He  had  a  flat,  snub  face ;  dew-lapped,  flat-nosed,  greasy, 
and  sensual.  A  forehead  impudent,  and  two  ejes-which 
turned  up  most  seraphically  languishing.  It  was  a  model 
face  for  a  quack,— Carlyle,  Life  of  Cagtiottro. 

Case  (Br.  John),  of  Lime  Eegis, 
Dorsetshire.  His  name  was  Latinized 
into  Caseus,  and  hence  he  was  sometimes 
called  Dr.  Cheese.  He  was  born  in  the 
reign  of  Charles  II.,  and  died  in  that  of 
Anne.  Dr.  Case  was  the  author  of  the 
Angelic  Guide,  a  kind  of  Zadkiefs  Aln 
wac,  and  over  his  door  was  this  couplet : 

Within  this  place 
Lives  Dr.  Case. 

legions  of  quacks  shall  join  us  in  this  place. 
From  great  Kirleus  down  to  Dr.  Case. 

Garth,  Dispensary,  iii.  (1699). 

Clarke,  noted  for  his  "  world-fame^ 
blood-mixture"  (end  of  the  nineteent 
century). 

CocKi^E  (James),  known  for  his  anti^ 
bilious  pills,  advertised  as  "the  oldesi 
patent  medicine"  (nineteenth  century). 

Franks  (Br.  Timothy),  who  lived  in 
Old  Bailey,  was  the  rival  of  Dr.  Rock. 
Franks  was  a  very  tall  man,  while  his 
rival  was  short  and  stout  (1692-1763). 

Dr.  Franks,  F.O.G.H.,  calls  his  rival  "Dumplin"  Dick," 
.  .  .  Sure  the  world  is  wide  enough  for  two  great  person* 
ages.  Men  of  science  should  leave  controversy  to  the  little 
world,  .  .  .  and  then  we  might  see  Rock  and  Franks  walk- 
ing together  hand-in-hand,  smiling  onward  to  immortality. 
—Goldsniith,  A  Citizen  of  the  }yortd,  Ixviii.  (1759). 

Graham  (Br.),  of  the  Temple  of 
Health,  first  in  the  Adelphi,  then  in  Pall 
Mall.  He  sold  his  "elixir  of  life"  for 
£1000  a  bottle,  was  noted  for  his  mud 
baths,  and  for  his  "celestial  bed,"  which 
assured  a  beautiful  progeny.  He  died 
poor  in  1784. 

Grant  (Br.),  first  a  tinker,  then  a  bap- 
tist preacher  in  Southwark,  then  oculi 
to  queen  Anne, 


ch 
ed 

I 


QUACKS. 


805 


QUACKS. 


Her  majesty  sure  was  in  a  surprise, 

Or  else  wiis  very  shori-sighted, 
When  a  tinker  was  sworn  to  look  after  her  eyes. 

And  the  mountebank  tailor  was  knighted. 

Grub  Street  Journal. 

(The  "mountebank  tailor"  was  Dr. 
Read ;  see  below.) 

Hancock  (Dr.),  whose  panacea  was 
cold  Avater  and  stewed  prunes. 

♦^*  Dr.  Sandfjrado  prescribed  hot  water 
and  stewed  apples. — Lesajj^e,  Gil  Bias. 

Dr.  Rezio  of  Barataria  would  allow 
Sancho  Panza  to  eat  only  "  a  few  wafers, 
and  a  thin  slice  or  two  of  quince." — Cer- 
vantes, Don  Quixote^  II.  iii.  10  (1G15). 

Hannes  (Dr.),  knighted  by  queen 
Anne.     He  w^as  born  in  Oxfordshire. 

Tlie  queen,  like  heaven,  shines  equally  on  all. 

Her  favours  now  without  dislinction  fall. 

Great  Head,  and  slender  Hannes,  both  knighted,  show 

That  none  their  honours  shall  to  merit  owe.  . 

A  Politic  a  Squib  of  the  Period. 

Hollo  WAY  (Professor),  noted  for  his 
ointment  to  cure  all  strumous  affections, 
his  digestive  pills,  and  his  enormous 
expenditure  in  advertising  (nineteenth 
century).  Holloway's  ointment  is  an 
imitation  of  Albinolo's  ;  being  analyzed 
by  order  of  the  French  law-courts,  it  was 
declared  to  consist  of  butter,  lard,  wax, 
and  Venice  turpentine.  His  pills  are 
made  of  aloes,  jalap,  ginger,  and  myi'i^h. 

KATERFEi/ro     (Dr.),     the     influenza 

doctor.    He  was  a  tall  man,  dressed  in 

a    black    gown    and    square    cap,     and 

was  originally  a  common  soldier  in  the 

!    Prussian  service.     In  1782  he  exhibited 

jr   in   London    his    solar    microscope,    and 

f    created  immense  excitement  by  showing 

the  infusoria  of  muddy  water,  etc.     Dr. 

Katerfelto  used  to  say  that  he  was  the 

greatest  philosopher  since  the  time  of  sir 

Isaac  Newton. 

And  Katerfelto  with  his  hair  on  end. 
At  his  own  wonders,  wondering  for  his  bread. 
J       CJowper,  The  Tiuk  ("The  Winter  Evening,"  1782). 

\     Lilly  ( William),   astrologer,   born  at 

{  Diseworth,  in  Leicestershire  (1602-1681). 

I     Long  (St.  John),  born  at  Newcastle, 

f  began  life  as  an  artist,  but  afterwards 

set  up  as  a  curer  of  consumption,  rheu- 

,  matism,  and  gout.   His  profession  brought 

I  him  wealth,  and  he  lived  in  Harley  Street, 

I  Cavendish  Square.     St.  John  Long  died 

himself  of  rapid  consumption  (1798-1834). 

I    Mapp  (Mrs.),   bone-setter.     She  was 

i  )om  at  Epsom,  and  at  one  time  was  very 

i  ich,  but  she  died  in  great  poverty  at  her 

lodgings  in  Seven  Dials,  1737. 

|r  %*  Hogarth  has  introduced  her  in  his 

heraldic     picture,     "The     Undertakers' 

rms."    She  is  the  middle  of  the  three 

.;ures  at  the  top,  and  is  holding  a  bone 

'  her  hand. 


Moore  (Mr.  John),  of  the  Pestle  and 
Mortar,  Abchurch  Lane,  immortalized  by 
his  "worm-powder,"  and  called  the 
"Worm  Doctor"  (died  1733). 

Vain  is  thy  art,  thy  powder  vain. 
Since  worms  shall  eat  e'en  thee. 

Pope,  I'o  Mr.  John  Moore  (1733). 

MORISON  (Dr.),  famous  for  his  pills 
(consisting  of  aloes  and  cream  of  tartar^ 
equal  parts).  Professor  Holloway,  Dr. 
Morison,  and  Rowland  maker  of  hair  oil 
and  tooth-powder,  were  the  greatest  ad- 
vertisers of  the  nineteenth  century. 

Partridge,  cobbler,  astrologer,  alma- 
nac-maker, and  quack  (died  1708). 

Weep,  all  you  customers  who  use 
His  pills,  bis  almanacs,  or  shoes. 

Swift,  Elegy,  etc 

Read  (Sir  William),  a  tailor,  who  set 
up  for  oculist,  and  was  knighted  by  queen 
Anne.  This  quack  was  employed  both  by 
queen  Anne  and  George  I.  Sir  William 
could  not  read.  He  professed  to  cure  wens, 
wry-necks,  and  hare-lips  (died  1715). 

.  .  .  none  their  honours  shall  to  merit  owe- 
That  popish  doctrine  is  exploded  quite. 
Or  Ralph  h;.d  tteen  no  duke,  and  Read  no  knight ; 
That  none  may  virtue  or  their  learning  plead. 
This  hath  no  grace,  and  that  can  hardly  rend. 

A  PolUical  Squib  of  the  Period. 

*#*  The  "  Ralph "  referred  to  is 
Ralph  Montagu,  son  of  Edward  Mon- 
tagu, created  viscount  in  1682,  and  duke 
of  Montagu  in  1705  (died  1709). 

Rock  (Dr.  Richard)  professed  to  cure 
every  disease,  at  any  stage  thereof.  Ac- 
cording to  his  bills,  "  Be  your  disorder 
never  so  far  gone,  I  can  cure  you."  He 
was  short  in  stature  and  fat,  always  wore 
a  white  three-tailed  wig,  nicely  combed 
and  frizzed  upon  each  cheek,  carried  a 
cane,  and  waddled  in  his  gait  (eighteenth 
century). 

Dr.  Rock,  F.U.N.,  never  wore  a  hat.  He  is  usually  drawn 
at  the  top  of  his  own  bills  sitting  in  an  armchair,  holding 
a  little  bottle  between  his  finger  and  thumb,  and  sur- 
rounded with  rotten  teeth,  nippers,  pills,  and  gallipots.— 
Goldsmith,  A  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixviii.  (1759). 

Smith  (Dr.),  who  went  about  the 
country  in  the  eighteenth  century  in  his 
coach  with  four  outriders.  He  dressed  in 
black  velvet,  and  cured  any  disease  for 
sixpence.  "  His  amusements  on  the  stage 
were  well  worth  the  sixpence  which  ha 
charged  for  his  box  of  pills." 

As  I  was  sitting  at  the  George  inn,  I  saw  a  coach  with 
six  bay  horses,  a  calash  and  four,  a  chaise  and  four,  enter 
the  inn,  in  yellow  livery  turned  up  with  red  ;  and  four 
gentlemen  on  horseback,  in  blue,  trimmed  with  silver. 
As  yellow  is  the  colour  given  by  the  dukes  in  England,  I 
went  out  to  see  what  duke  it  was,  but  there  was  no  coronet 
on  the  coach,  only  a  plain  coat-Oi-arms,  with  the  motto 
Arge.ntO  LaboRAT  Faber  [Smith  works  for  money]. 
Upon  inquiry,  I  found  this  grand  equipage  belonged  to  a 
mountebank  named  Smith.— A  Tour  through  EnglantA 
(1723). 

Solomon    (-Dr.),   eighteenth   century. 


QUACKLEBEN. 


(4Uii.i<.iN'. 


His  "anti-impetigines"  was  simply  a 
solution  of  bichloride  of  mercury  coloured. 

Taylor  {Dr.  Chevalier  John).  He 
called  himself  "  Opthalminator,  Ponti- 
ficial,  Imperial,  and  Royal."  It  is  said 
that  five  of  his  horses  were  blind  from 
experiments  tried  by  him  on  their  eyes 
(died  1767). 

*^*  Hogarth  has  introduced  Dr.  Taylor 
in  his  "  Undertakers'  Arms."  He  is  one 
of  the  three  figures  at  the  top,  to  the  left 
hand  of  the  spectator. 

Unborx  Doctor  {The),  of  Moorfields. 
Not  being  born  a  doctor,  he  called  him- 
self "  The  Un-born  Doctor." 

Walkkr  {Dr.),  one  of  the  three  great 
quacks  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the 
others  being  Dr.  Rock  and  Dr.  Timothy 
Franks.  Dr.  Walker  had  an  abhorrence 
of  quacks,  and  was  for  ever  cautioning 
the  public  not  to  trust  them,  but  come  at 
once  to  him,  adding,  "  there  is  not  such 
another  medicine  in  the  world  as  mine." 

Not  for  himself  but  for  his  country  he  prepares  his 
feallii)ot,  and  seals  up  his  precious  drops  for  any  country 
or  any  town,  so  great  is  his  zeal  and  philanthropy,— 
Goldsmith,  A.  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixviii.  (17Sa). 

Ward  {Dr.),  a  footman,  famous  for 
his  "friars'  balsam."  He  was  called  in 
to  prescribe  to  George  II.,  and  died  1761, 
Dr.  Ward  had  a  claret  stain  on  his  left 
cheek,  and  in  Hogarth's  famous  picture, 
"The  Undertakers'  Arms,"  the  cheek  is 
marked  gules.  He  occupies  the  right 
hand  side  of  the  spectator,  and  forms  one 
of  the  triumvirate,  the  others  being  Dr. 
Taylor  and  Mrs.  Mapp. 

Dr.  Kirleus  and  Dr.  Tom  Saffold  are 
also  known  names. 

Quackleben  {Dr,  Quentin),  "the 
man  of  medicine,"  one  of  the  committee 
at  the  Spa.— Sir  W.  Scott,  ^t.  Eomn's 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Quadroon.  Zamho  is  the  issue  of 
an  Indian  and  a  Negro  ;  Mulatto,  of  a 
Whiteman  and  a  Negress ;  2'erzeron,  of 
a  Whiteman  and  a  Mulatto  woman: 
Quadroon,  of  a  Terzeron  and  a  White. 

Quaint  {Timothy),  servant  of  gover.- 
nor  Heartall.  Timothy  is  "an  odd  fish, 
that  loves  to  swim  in  troubled  waters." 
He  says,  "I  never  laugh  at  the  governor's 
good  humours,  nor  frown  at  his  infirmities. 
I  always  keep  a  sober,  steady  phiz,  fixed 
as  the  gentleman's  on  horseback  at  Charing 
Cross;  and,  in  his  worst  of  humours, 
when  all  is  fire  and  faggots  with  him,  if 
I  turn  round  and  coollv  say,  '  Lord,  sir, 
has  anything  ruffled  you?'  he'll  burst 
out  into  an  immoderate  fit  of  laughter, 
wid  exclaim,  ♦  Curse  that  inflexible  face 


of  thine  !  Though  you  never  suffer  a 
smile  to  mantle  on  it,  it  is  a  figure  of  fun 
to  the  rest  of  the  world.'  "—Cherry,  T/ie 
Soldier's  Daughter  (1804). 

Quaker  Poet  {The),  Bernard  Barton 
(1784-1849). 

Quale  {Mr.),  a  philanthropist,  noted 
for  his  bald,  shining  forehead.  Mrs. 
Jellyby  hopes  her  daughter  Caddy  will 
become  Quale's  wife. — Charles  Dickens, 
Bleak  House  (1853). 

Quarl  {Philip),  a  sort  of  Robinson 
Crusoe,  who  had  a  chimpanzee  for  his 
"man  Friday."  The  story  consists  of  the 
adventures  and  sufferings  of  an  English 
hermit  named  Philip  Quarl  (1727). 

Quasimo'do,  a  foundling,  hideously 
deformed,  but  of  enormous  muscular 
strength,  adopted  by  archdeacon  Frollo. 
He  is  brought  up  in  the  cathedral  of  Notre 
Dame  de  Paris.  One  day,  he  sees  Esme- 
ralda, who  had  been  dancing  in  the 
cathedral  close,  set  upon  by  a  mob  as 
a  witch,  and  he  conceals  her  for  a  time 
in  the  church.  When,  at  length,  the 
beautiful  gipsy  girl  is  gibbeted,  Quasimodo 
disappears  mysteriously,  but  a  skeleton 
corresponding  to  the  deformed  figure  is 
found  after  a  time  in  a  hole  under  the 

fibbet. — Victor  Hugo,  Notre   Dame   de 
'aris  (1831). 

Quatre   Filz  Aymon  {Les),  the 
four  sons  of  the  duke  of  Dordona  {Dor-    j 
dogne).    Their  names  are  Rinaldo,  Guicr-   j 
ciardo,    Alardo,    and    Ricciardetto    {i.e.    \ 
Renaud,  Guiscard,  Alard,  and  Richard), 
and  their  adventures  form  the  subject  of 
an  old  French  romance  by  Huon  de  Vil- 
leneuve  (twelfth  century). 

Quaver,  a  singing-master,  who  says 
"  if  it  were  not  for  singing-masters,  men  j 
and  women  might  as  well  have  been  bom 
dumb."  He  courts  Lucy  by  promising 
to  give  her  singing  lessons, — Fielding, 
The  Virgin  Unmasked. 

Queen  {The  Starred  Ethiop),  Cassi- 
opea,  wife  of  Cepheus  (2  syl.)  king  of 
Ethiopia.  She  boasted  that  she  was  fairer 
than  the  sea-nymphs,  and  the  offended 
nereids  complained  of  the  insult  to  Nep- 
tune, who  sent  a  sea-monster  to  ravage 
Ethiopia.  At  death,  Cassiopea  was  made 
a  constellation  of  thirteen  stars.  | 

.  .  .  that  starred  Ethiop  queen  that  strove 

To  set  her  beauty's  praise  above 

The  sea-nymphs,  and  their  powers  offended. 

Milton,  11  Penseroto,  19  (1638). 

Queen  {The  White),  Mary  queen  oi' 
Scots,  La  Heine  Blanche;  so  called  bj 


II 


QUEEN  DICK. 


807 


QUERPO. 


the  French,  because  she  dressed  in  white 
as  mourning  for  her  husband. 

Queen  Dick,  Richard  Cromwell 
(162G, 1668-1660,  died  1712). 

*^*  It  happened  in  the  reign  of  queen 
Dick,  never,  on  the  Greek  kalends.  This 
does  not  refer  to  Richard  Cromwell,  but 
to  queen  "Outis."  There  never  was  a 
queen  Dick,  except  by  way  of  joke. 

Queen  Sarah,  Sarah  Jennings 
duchess  of  Marlborough  (1660-1744). 

Queen  Anne  only  reigned,  while  queen  Sarah  governed. 
^Temple  liar,  208. 

Queen  Square  Hermit,  Jeremy 
Bentham,  1,  Queen  Square,  London 
(1748-18o2). 

Qiieen  of  Hearts,  Elizabeth  Stuart 
daughter  of  James  I.,  the  unfortunate 
queen  of  Bohemia  (1596-1662). 

Queen  of  Heaven,  Ashtoreth  ("the 
moon").  Horace  calls  the  moon  "the 
two-horned  queen  of  the  stars." 

Some  speak  of  the  Virgin  Mary  as 
"  the  queen  of  heaven." 

Queen  of  Queens.  Cleopatra  was 
80  called  by  Mark  Antony  (b.c.  69-30). 

Queen  of  Song,  Angelica  Catala'ni ; 
also  called  "The  Italian  Nightingale" 
(1782-1849). 

Queun  of  Sorrow  (The  Marble)^ 
the  mausoleum  built  by  shah  Jehan  to  his 
favourite  wife  Moomtaz-i-Mahul. 

Queen  of  Tears,  Mary  of  Mo'dena, 
second  wife  of  James  II.  of  England 
(1658-1718). 

Her  eyes  became  eternal  fountains  of  sorrow  for  that 
crown  her  own  ill  policy  contributed  to  lose.— Noble, 
Memoirs,  etc.  (1784). 

Queen  of  the  Antilles  \_An.teer\i 
Cuba. 

,        Queen  of  the  East,  Zenobia  queen 
,     of  Balmy 'ra  (*,  266-273). 

Queen  of  the  Eastern  Archi- 
pelago, the  island  of  Java. 

I      Queen     of     the     Mississippi 
Valley,  St.  Louis  of  Missouri. 

Queen  of  the  North,  Edinburgh. 

Queen  of  the  Sciences,  theology. 

Queen  of  the  Sea.  So  ancient  Tyre 
was  called. 

Queen  of  the  South,  Maqueda  or 
Balkis  queen  of  Sheba  or  Saba. 

Tlio  queen  of  the  south  .  .  .  came  from  the  uttermost 
parts  of  tlie  earth  to  hear  the  wisdom  of  Solomon.— Jtfatt. 
,  Mi  42 ;  see  also  1  Kings  x.  1. 

*♦*  According  to  tradition,  the  queen 


of  the  south  had  a  son  by  Solomon  named 
Melech,  who  reigned  in  Ethiopia  or 
Abyssinia,  and  added  to  his  name  the 
words  Belul  Gian  ("precious  stone"), 
alluding  to  a  ring  given  to  him  by  Solo- 
mon. Belul  Gian  translated  into  Latin 
became  pretiosus  Joannes,  which  got  cor- 
rupted into  Prester  John  {pi-esbyter  Jo- 
hannes), and  has  given  rise  to  the  fables 
of  this  "  mythical  king  of  Ethiopia." 

Queen  of  the  Swords.  Minna 
Troil  was  so  called,  because  the  gentle- 
men, formed  into  two  lines,  held  their 
swords  so  as  to  form  an  arch  or  roof 
under  which  Minna  led  the  ladies  of  the 
party.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Firate  (time, 
William  III.). 

*^*  In  1877  W.  Q.  Orchardson,  R.A., 
exhibited  a  picture  in  illustration  of  this 
incident. 

Queens  {Four  daughters).  Raymond 
Ber'enger  count  of  Provence  had  four 
daughters,  all  of  whom  married  kings: 
Margaret  married  Louis  IX.  of  France ; 
Eleanor  married  Henry  III.  of  England  ; 
Sancha  married  Henry's  brother  Richard 
king  of  the  Romans ;  and  Beatrice  mar- 
ried Charles  I.  of  Naples  and  Sicily. 

Four  daughters  were  there  born 
To  Raymond  Ber'enger,  and  every  one 
Became  a  queen. 

Dante,  ParadUe,  vl.  (1311). 

Queerummania,  the  realm  of  Chro- 
nonhotonthologos. — Carey,  Chrononhoton- 
thologos  (1734). 

Quentin  (Black),  groom  of  sir  John 
Ramorny.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Quentin  Durward,  a  novel  by  sir 
W.  Scott  (1823).  A  story  of  French  his- 
tory. The  delineations  of  Louis  XI.  and 
Charles  the  Bold  of  Burgimdy  will  stand 
comparison  with  any  in  the  whole  range 
of  fiction  or  history. 

Quern-Biter,  the  sword  of  Haco  I. 
of  Norway. 

Quern-biter  of  Hacon  the  Good 
Wherewith  at  a  stroke  he  hewed 
The  millstone  thro'  and  thro". 

Longfellow. 

Querno  (Camillo)  of  Apulia  was  in- 
troduced to  pope  Leo  X.  as  a  buffoon,  but 
was  promoted  to  the  laurel.  This  laureate 
was  called  the  "  Antichrist  of  Wit." 

Kome  in  her  capitol  saw  Querno  sit. 
Throned  on  seven  hills,  the  antichrist  of  wit. 

Pope,  The  Dunciad,  ii.  (1728). 

Querpo  (Shrill),  in  Garth's  Dis- 
pensari/,  is  meant  for  Dr.  Howe. 

To  this  design  shrill  Querpo  did  agree, 
A  zealous  member  of  the  faculty. 


QUESTING  BEAST. 


808 


QUIDNUNKIS. 


His  sire's  pretended  pious  steps  lie  treads, 
▲ud  where  tlie  doctor  fails,  tlie  siiiiit  succeeds. 
Dispensary,  iv.  (16i>9). 

Questing  Beast  (The),  a  monster 
called  Glatisaunt,  that  made  a  noise 
called  questing,  "like  thirty  couple  of 
hounds  giving  quest"  or  cry.  King 
Tellinore  (3  syl.)  followed  the  beast  for 
twelve  months  (pt.  i.  17),  and  after  his 
death  sir  Palomides  gave  it  chase. 

Tlie  questing  beast  liad  in  shape  and  liead  like  a  ser- 
pent's hejid,  and  a  body  like  a  libard,  buttocks  like  a 
lion,  and  footed  like  a  hart ;  and  in  liis  body  tliere  was 
such  a  noise  as  it  hud  been  the  noise  of  thirty  couple  of 
hounds  questing,  and  sucli  a  noise  tliat  l)east  made  where- 
soever he  went;  and  this  Iwast  evermore  sir  Palomides 
followed.— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i. 
17 ;  ii.  53  (1470). 

Queubus  {The  Equinoctial  of),  a  line 
in  the  "unknown  sea,"  passed  by  the 
Vapians  on  the  Greek  kalends  of  the 
Olympiad  era  B.C.  777,  according  to 
the  authority  of  Quinapalus. — Shake- 
speare, Twelfth  Night,  act  ii.  sc.  3  (1614). 

Quiara  and  Mon'nema,  man  and 

■wife,  the  only  persons  who  escaped  the 
ravages  of  the  small-pox  plague  which 
carried  off  all  the  rest  of  the  Guara'ni 
race,  in  Paraguay.  They  left  the  fatal 
spot,  settled  in  the  Mondai  woods,  had 
one  son  YerQtiand  one  daughter  Mooma ; 
but  Quiara  was  killed  by  a  jagtiar  before 
the  latter  was  born. — Southey,  A  Tale  of 
Paraguay  (1814).  (See  Monnema  and 
Mooma.) 

Quick  (Abel),  clerk  to  Surplus  the 
lawyer. — J.  M.  Morton,  A  Regular  Fix. 

Quick  (John),  called  "  The  Retired  Dio- 
cletian of  Islington  "  (1748-1831). 

Little  Quick,  the  retired  Diocletian  of  Islington,  with 
his  squeak  like  a  Bart'Iemew  fiddle.— Charles  Mathews. 

Quickly  (Mistress),  servant-of-all- 
work  to  Dr.  Caius  a  French  physician. 
She  says,  "I  wash,  wring,  brew,  bake, 
scour,  dress  meat  and  drink,  make  the 
beds,  and  do  all  myself."  She  is  the  go- 
between  of  three  suitors  for  "sweet 
Anne  Page,"  and  with  perfect  disinte- 
restedness wishes  all  three  to  succeed,  and 
does  her  best  to  forward  the  suit  of  all 
three,  "but  speciously  of  Master  Fenton." 
—Shakespeare,  Merry  Wives  of  Wi7idsor 
(1601). 

Quickly  (Mistress  Nell),  hostess  of  a 
tavern  in  East-cheap,  frequented  by 
Harry  prince  of  Wales,  sir  John  Falstaff, 
and  all  their  disreputable  crew.  In 
Henry  V.  Mistress  Quickly  is  represented 
»8  havmg  married  Pistol  the  "  lieutenant 
of  captain  sir  John's  army."  All  three  die 
before  the  end  of  the  plav.  Her  descrip- 
tion of  sir  John  Falstaff's  death  (Eenry 


V.  act  ii.  sc.  3)  is  very  graphic  and  true 
to  nature.  In  2  Henry  IV.  Mistress 
Quickly  arrests  sir  John  for  debt,  but 
immediately  she  hears  of  his  commission 
is  quite  willing  to  dismiss  the  bailiffs, 
and  trust  "the  honey  sweet"  old  knight 
again  to  any  amount. — Shakespeare,  1 
and  2  Henry  IV.  and  Henry  V. 

Quid  (Mr.),  the  tobacconist,  a  relative 
of  Mrs.  Margaret  Bertram.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Quid  Rides,    the  motto  of  Jaccb 
Brandon,   tobacco-broker,   who  lived 
the  close  of  the  eighteenth  century, 
was    suggested  by   Harry   Calendon 
Lloyd's  coffee-house. 

***  Quid  Hides  (Latin)  means  "  Wh| 
do  you  laugh?"     Quid  rides,   i.e.   "< 
tobacconist  rides." 

Quidnunc  (Abraham),  of  St.  Martin's 
in-the-Fields,  an  upholsterer  by  trade, 
but  bankrupt.  His  head  "  runs  only  on 
schemes  for  paying  off  the  National  Debt, 
the  balance  of  power,  the  affairs  of 
Europe,  and  the  political  news  of  the 
day." 

*:).*  The  prototype  of  this  town  politi- 
cian was  the  father  of  Dr.  Arne  (see  The 
Tatler,  No.  155). 

Harriet  Quidnunc,  his  daughter,  rescu^ 
by  Belmour  from  the  flames  cf  a  bun 
house,  and  adored  by  him. 

John  Quidnunc,  under  the  assum 
name  of  Rovewell,  having  married  a  rich 
planter's  widow,  returns  to  England,  pays 
his  father's  debts,  and  gives  his  sister  to 
Mr.  Belmour  for  wife. — Murphy,  The 
Upholsterer  (1758). 

Quidnuncs,  a  name  given  to  the 
ancient  members  of  certain  poluical  clubs, 
who  were  constantly  inquiring,  "  Quid 
nunc  ?    What  news  ?  " 


This  the  Great  Mother  dearer  held  than  all 
The  clubs  of  Quidnuncs,  or  her  own  Guildhall. 

Pope,  The  Bunciad,  L  269  (1728). 


Quidnunkis,     a     monkey     which 
climbed  higher  than  its  neighbours,  and  i 
fell  into  a  river.     For  a  few  moments  the 
monkey  race  stood  panic-struck,  but  the 
stream   flowed   on,   and  in  a  minute  or  i 
two  the  monkeys  continued  their  gambols  ! 
as  if  nothing  had  happened. — Gay,  The  \ 
Quidnunkis  (a  fable,  1726). 

***  The  object  of  this  fable  is  to  show 
that  no  one  is  of  sufficient  importance  to 
stop  the  general  current  of  events  or 
cause  a  gap  in  nature.  Even  kings  and. 
kaisers  die,  having  climbed,  like  Quid- 
nunkis, somewhat  higher  than  their  kin, 


* 


QUILDRIVE. 


809 


QUIXOTE. 


but  when  they  fall  into  the  stream,  Flat- 
tery scrawls  Hie  jacet  on  a  stone,  but  no 
one  misses  them. 

Quildrive  ("isyL),  clerk  to  old  Phil- 
pot  "the  citizen."— Murphy,  The  Citizen 
(1761). 

Quilp  (Daniel),  a  hideous  dwarf, 
cunning,  malicious,  and  a  perfect  master 
in  tormenting.  Of  hard,  forbidding  fea- 
tures, with  head  and  face  large  enough 
for  a  giant.  His  black  eyes  were  rest- 
less, si}',  and  cunning ;  his  mouth  and 
chin  bristly  with  a  coarse,  hard  beard  ; 
his  face  never  clean,  but  always  distorted 
with  a  ghastly  grin,  Avhich  showed  the 
few  discoloured  fangs  that  supplied 
the  place  of  teeth.  His  dress  consisted 
of  a  large  high-crowned  hat,  a  worn-out 
dark  suit,  a  pair  of  most  capacious  shoes, 
and  a  huge  crumpled  dirty  white  neck- 
cloth. Such  hair  as  he  had  was  a  grizzled 
black,  cut  short  but  hanging  about  his 
ears  in  fringes.  His  hands  were  coarse 
and  dirty  ;  his  finger-nails  crooked,  long, 
and  yellow.  He  lived  on  Tower  Hill, 
collected  rents,  advanced  money  to  sea- 
men, and  kept  a  sort  of  wharf,  containing 
rusty  anchors,  huge  iron  rings,  piles  of 
rotten  wood,  and  sheets  of  old  copper, 
caUing  himself  a  ship-breaker.  He  was 
on  the  point  of  being  arrested  for  felony, 
when  he  drowned  himself. 

He  ate  hard  eggs,  shell  and  all,  for  his  breakfast,  de- 
voured gigantic  prawns  with  their  heads  and  tails  on, 
chewed  tobacco  and  water-cresses  at  the  same  time,  dranii 
scalding  hot  tea  without  winking,  bit  his  fork  and  spoon 
till  they  bent  again,  and  pertormetl  so  many  horrifying 
acts,  that  one  might  doubt  if  be  were  indeed  bunuui.— 
Ch.  ?. 

Mrs.  Quilp  (Betsy),  wife  of  the  dwarf, 
a  loving,  young,  timid,  obedient,  and 
pretty  blue-eyed  little  woman,  treated 
like  a  dog  by  her  diabolical  husband, 
whom  she  really  loved  but  more  greatly 
feared.— C.  Dickens,  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop  (1840). 

Quinap'alus,  the  Mrs.  Harris  of 
"authorities  in  citations."  If  any  one 
quotes  from  an  hypothetical  author,  he 
gives  Quinapalus  as  his  authority. 

What  says  Quinapalus:  "Better  a  witty  fool  than  » 
foolish  wit"— Sliakespeare,  Twelfth  Night,  act  i.  so.  5  (1614). 

Quinbus  Flestrin  (^Hhe  man- 
mountain").  So  the  Lilliputians  called 
,  Gulliver  (ch.  ii.).— Swift,  Gulliver'' s 
Travels  ("  Voyage  to  Lilliput,"  1726). 

Quince  (Peter),  a  carpenter,  who 
undertakes  the  management  of  the  play 
called  "  Pyramus  and  Thisbe,"  in  Mid- 
summer  Niyhfs  Dream.  He  speaks  of 
"laughable  tragedy,"  "lamentable 
comedy,"  "tragical  mirth,"  and  so  on.— 


Shakespeare,  Midsummer  NiqhVs  Dream 
(1592). 

Quino'nes  (Suerode),  in  the  reign  of 
Juan  II.  He,  Avith  nine  other  cavaliers, 
held  the  bridge  of  Orbigo  against  all 
comers  for  thirty-six  days,  and  in  that 
time  they  overthrew  seventy-eight 
knights  of  Spain  and  France. 

Quintano'na,  the  duenna  of  queen 
Guinever  or  Ginebra. — Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  II.  ii.  6  (1616). 

Quintessence  (Queen),  sovereign  of 
Ente'le'chie,  the  country  of  speculative 
science  visited  by  Pantag'ruel  and  his 
companions  in  their  search  for  "the 
oracle  of  the  Holy  Bottle." — Rabelais, 
Pantagruel,  v.  19  (1545). 

Quint'essence  of  Heaven.  Be- 
sides the  four  elements  of  earth,  Aristotle 
imagined  a  fifth  element,  out  of  which 
the  stars  and  other  ethereal  bodies  were 
formed.  The  motion  of  this  "  quint- 
essence," he  said,  was  orbicular. 

. ,  .  this  ethereal  "quintessence  of  heaven" 
Flew  upward,  spirited  with  various  forms. 
That  rolled  orbicular,  and  turned  to  stars 
Numberless. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iU.  716,  etc.  (1665). 

Quin'tiquinies'tra  ( Queen),  a  much- 
dreaded,  fighting  giantess.  It  was  one  of 
the  romances  in  don  Quixote's  library 
condemned  by  the  priest  and  barber  of 
the  village  to  be  burnt. — Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  I.  (1605). 

Quintus  Fixlein  [Fix. line'],  the 
title  and  chief  character  of  a  romance  by 
Jean  Paul  Friedrich  Richter  (1796). 

Francia,  like  Quintus  Fixlein,  had  perennial  fireproof 
joys,  namely,  employments.— Cailyle. 

Quiri'nus,  Mars. 

Now,  by  our  sire  Quirlnus, 

It  was  a  goodly  sight 
To  see  the  thirty  standards 
Swept  down  the  tide  of  (light. 
Lord  MacauLay,  Lays  of  Ancient  Home  {"BatUe  of 
the  Lake  liegillus,"  xxxvi.,  1842). 

Quitam  (Mr.),  the  lawyer  at  the 
Black  Bear  inn  at  Darlington. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

*^*  The  first  two  words  in  an  action 
on  a  penal  statute  are  Qui  tarn.  Thus, 
Qui  tarn  "pro  domina  regina,  quam  pro 
seipso,  sequitur. 

Quixa'da  (Gutierre),  lord  of  Villa- 
garcia.  Don  Quixote  calls  himself  a 
descendant  of  this  brave  knight. — Cer- 
vantes, Don  Quixote,  I.  (1605). 

Quix'ote  (Don),  a.  gaunt  country 
gentleman  of  La  Mancha,  about  50  years 
of  age,  gentle  and  dignified,  learned  and 
high-minded;   with  strong  imagination 


1. 


QUIXOTE. 


810 


RABELAIS. 


pen'erted  by  romance  and  crazed  with 
ideas  of  chivalry.  He  is  the  hero  of  a 
Spanish  romance  by  Cervantes.  Don 
Quixote  feels  himself  called  on  to  become 
a  knight-errant,  to  defend  the  oppressed 
and  succour  the  injured.  He  engcages  for 
his  'squire  Sancho  Panza,  a  middle-aged, 
ignorant  rustic,  selfish  but  full  of  good 
sense,  a  gourmand  but  attached  to  his 
master,  shrewd  but  credulous.  The 
knight  goes  forth  on  his  adventures, 
thinks  wind-mills  to  be  giants,  flocks  of 
sheep  to  be  armies,  inns  to  be  castles,  and 
galley-slaves  oppressed  gentlemen ;  but 
the  'squire  sees  them  in  their  true  light. 
Ultimately,  the  knight  is  restored  to  his 
right  mind,  and  dies  like  a  peaceful 
Christian.  The  object  of  this  romance 
was  to  laugh  down  the  romances  of 
chivalry  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

(Quixote  means  "armour  for  the 
thighs,"  but  Quixada  means  "  lantern 
jaws."  Don  Quixote's  favourite  author 
was  Feliciano  de  Sylva  ;  his  model 
knight  was  Am'adis  de  Gaul.  The 
romance  is  in  two  parts,  of  four  books 
each.  Pt.  I.  was  published  in  1605,  and 
pt.  II.  in  1615.) 

The  prototype  of  the  knight  was  the 
duke  of  Lerma. 

Don  Quixote  is  a  tall,  meagre,  lantern-jawed,  hawk- 
nosed,  loiig-limljed,  grizzle-haired  man,  with  a  pair  of 
large  black  whiskers,  and  he  styles  himself  "The  Knight 
of  Uie  Woeful  Countenance. "--Cervantes,  Don  Quixote, 
II.  i.  14  (1616). 

Don  Quixote's  Borse,  Rosinante  (4  syl.), 
all  skin  and  bone. 

Quixote  (The  Female)  or  Adventures  of 
Arabella,  a  novel  by  Mrs.  Lennox  (1752). 

Quixote  of  the  North  {The), 
Charles  XII.  of  Sweden;  sometimes 
called  "The  Madman"  (1682,  1697- 
1718). 

Quodling  (TheBev.  Mr.),  chaplain  to 
the  duke  of  BucETngham.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Feveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

"Why,"  said  the  duke,  "  I  had  caused  my  little  Quod- 
ling to  go  through  his  oration  thus:  'Whatever  evil 
reports  had  passed  current  during  the  lifetime  of  the 
worthy  matron  whom  tliey  had  restored  to  duft  that  day, 
even  Malice  herself  could  not  deny  that  slie  was  born 
well,  ■>t,arned  well,  lived  well,  and  died  well ;  since  she 
was  born  at  Shadwell,  married  to  Cresswell.  lived  in 
Cambeneen,  and  died  in  Bridewell.'"— Feveril  of  the 
Peak,  xliv.  (1823). 

(Some  give  Clerkenwell  instead  of 
"Camberwell.") 

Quos  Ego—,  a  threat  intended  but 
witlilield ;  a  sentence  broken  off.  Eolus, 
angry  with  the  winds  and  storms  which 
had  thrown  the  sea  into  commotion  with- 
out his  sanction,  was  going  to  say  he 
would  punish  them  severely  for  this  act 


of  insubordination  ;   but  having  uttered 

the  first  two  words,  "  Whom  I ,"  he 

says  no  more,  but  proceeds  to  the  busi- 
ness in  hand. — Virgil,  jEneid,  i. 

"Next  Monday," said  he,  "you  will  be  a  'substance,' 

and  then ; "  with  which  quot  ego  he  went  to  the  next 

boy.— Dasent,  Half  a  We  (1850). 

Quo'tem  (Caleb),  a  parish  clerk  or 
Jack-of -all-trades.  —  G.  Colman,  The 
Review  or  Tlie  Wags  of  Windsor  (1798). 

I  resolved,  like  Caleb  Quotem,  to  have  a  place  at  Um 
review. — Washington  Irving. 


R.  Neither  Demosthi^ngs  nor  Aristotle 
could  pronounce  the  letter  r. 

It  (rogue),  vagabonds,  etc.,  who  were 
branded  on  the  left  shoulder  with  this 
letter. 

They  .  .  .  may  be  burned  with  a  hot  burning  iron  of 
the  breadth  of  a  shilling,  with  a  great  Roman  R  on  the 
left  shoulder,  which  letter  shall  remain  as  the  mark  of  a 
rogue.— Prynne,  Bittrio-mastix  or  The  I'layert'  Scour gt. 
If  I  escipe  the  halter  with  the  letter  R 
Printed  upon  it. 
Massinger,  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debit,  It.  2  (162»). 

Rab'agas,  an  advocate  and  editor  of 
a  journal  called  the  Carmagnole.  At  the 
same  ofiice  was  published  another  radical 
paper,  called  the  Crapavd  Volant.  Rab- 
agas  lived  in  the  kingdom  of  Monaco, 
and  was  a  demagogue  leader  of  the 
deepest  red  ;  but  was  won  over  to  the 
king's  party  by  the  tact  of  an  American 
lady,  who  got  him  an  invitation  to  dine 
at  the  palace,  and  made  him  chief  minia* 
ter  of  state.  From  this  moment  he  ' 
came  the  most  strenuous  opponent^ of 
"  liberal "  party. — M.  Sardou, 
(1872). 

Rabbi   Abron   of  Trent,  a 

titious  sage  and  most  wonderful  linguist. 
"  He  knew  the  nature  of  all  manner  of 
herbs,   beasts,  and  minerals." — Reynard  \ 
the  Fox,  xii.  (1498). 

Rabbits.  Those  rwbbits  have  more 
nature  in  them  than  you  commonly  find  in 
rabbits;  i.e.  my  production  is  better 
than  the  production  of  other  men.  This 
was  said  by  a  conceited  artist. — J.  Foster, 
Life  of  Dickens,  ii.  367. 

Rabelais  (The  English).  Dean  Swift 
was  so  called  by  Voltaire  (1667-1745). 
Sterne  (1713-1768)  and  Thomas  Amory 
^-1788)  have  also  been  so  called. 


RABELAIS. 


811 


EADEGONDE. 


Eabclais  {Tlie  Modern),  William  Ma- 
ginn  (1794-1842). 

Rabelais  of  Germany,  J.  Fischart, 
called  "Mentzer"  (1650-1614). 

Rabelais's  Poison.  Rabelais,  being 
at  a  great  distance  from  Paris,  and  with- 
out money  to  pay  his  hotel  bill  or  his 
fare,  made  up  three  small  packets  of 
brick-dust.  One  he  labelled  "  Poison 
for  the  king,"  another  "  Poison  for  mon- 
sieur," and  the  third  "  Poison  for  the 
dauphin."  The  landlord  instantly  in- 
formed against  this  "  poisoner,"  and  the 
secretary  of  state  removed  him  at  once  to 
Paris.  When,  however,  the  joke  was 
found  out,  it  ended  only  in  a  laugh. — 
Spectator  ("Art  of  Growing  Rich"). 

Rab'ican  or  Rabica'no,  the  horse 
of  Astolpho.  Its  sire  was  Wind  and  its 
dam  Fire.  It  fed  on  human  food.  The 
word  means  "  short  tail." — Ariosto,  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

*^*  Argalia's  horse  is  called  by  the 
same  name  in  Orlando  Innamorato  (1495). 

Rabisson,  a  vagabond  tinker  and 
knife-grinder.  He  was  the  only  person 
who  knew  about  "  the  gold-mine  "  left  to 
the  "miller  of  Grenoble."  Rabisson  was 
murdered  for  his  secret  by  Eusebe  Noel 
the  schoolmaster  of  Bout  des  Monde. — E. 
Stirling,  The  Gold-Mine  or  Miller  of 
Grenoble  (1854). 

Rab'sheka  (in  the  Bible  Rab- 
BHAKeh),  in  the  satire  of  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is  meant 
for  sir  Thomas  Player  (2  Kings  xviii.). 

Next  him  let  railing  Rabsheka  have  place— 
8o  full  of  zeal,  be  has  no  need  of  grace. 

Pt.  IL  (1682). 

Raby  {Aurora),  a  rich  young  English 
orphan,   catholic  in  religion,   of   virgin 
modesty,  "  a  rose  with  all  its  sweetest 
leaves  yet  folded."     She  was  staying  in 
the  house  of  lord  and  lady  Amundeville 
during  the  parliamentary  vacation.    Here 
don  Juan,  "  as  Russian  envoy,"  was  also 
a   guest,   with  several   others.     Aurora 
Raby  is  introduced  in  canto  xv.,   and 
I  crops  up  here  and  there  in  the  two  re- 
I  maining   cantos  ;    but,   as   the  tale  was 
I  never  finished,  it  is  not  possible  to  divine 
I  what  part  the  beautiful  and  innocent  girl 
'  was  designed  by  the  poet  to  play.     Pro- 
bably don  Juan,  having  sown  his  "  wild 
oats,"  might  become  a  not  unfit  match 
for  the  beautiful   orphan. — Byron,  Don 
Juan  (1824). 

2iaby  {The  Hose  of),  the  mother  of 
Richard  III.    She  was  Cecily,  daughter 


of  Ralph  Nevyll  de  Raby  first  earl  of 
Westmoreland.  Her  husband  was  Richard 
duke  of  York,  who  was  slain  at  the  battie 
of  Wakefield  in  1460.     She  died  1495. 

Rachael,  a  servant-girl  at  lady 
Peveril's  of  the  Peak.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Feveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.), 

Ea'chael  (2  syL),  one  of  the  "hands" 
in  Bounderby's  mill  at  Coketown.  She 
loved  Stephen  Blackpool,  and  was  greatly 
beloved  by  him  in  return ;  but  Stephen 
was  married  to  a  worthless  drunkard. 
After  the  death  of  Stephen,  Rachael 
watched  over  the  good-for-nothing  young 
widow,  and  befriended  her, — C,  Dickens, 
Hard  Times  (1854). 

Racine  of  Italy  {The),  Metaatasio 
(1698-1782). 

Racine  of  Music  {The),  Antonio 
Gaspare  Sacchini  of  Naples  (1735-1786). 

Racket  {Sir  Charles),  a  young  man 
of  fashion,  who  has  married  the  daughter 
of  a  wealthy  London  merchant.  In  the 
third  week  of  the  honeymoon,  sir  Charles 
paid  his  father-in-law  a  visit,  and  quar- 
relled with  his  bride  about  a  game  of 
whist.  The  lady  aflSrmed  that  sir  Charles 
ought  to  have  pla5'ed  a  diamond  instead 
of  a  club.  Sir  Charles  grew  furious,  and 
resolved  upon  a  divorce  ;  but  the  quarrel 
was  adjusted,  and  sir  Charles  ends  by 
saying,  "You  may  be  as  wrong  as  you 
please,  but  I'll  be  cursed  if  I  ever  endea- 
vour to  set  you  right  again." 

Lady  Racket,  wife  of  sir  Charles,  and 
elder  daughter  of  Mr.  Drugget. — Murphy, 
Three  Weeks  after  Marriage  (1776). 

Racket  {Widow),  a  sprightly,  good- 
natured  widow  and  woman  of  fashion. 

A  coquette,  a  wit.  and  a  fine  lady.— Mrs.  Cowley,  Tht 
Belle'*  Stratagem,  ii.  1  (1780). 

The  "Widow  Eacket"  was  one  of  Mrs.  Pope's  best 
parts.  Her  usual  manner  of  expressing  piquant  careless- 
ness consisted  in  tossing  her  head  from  right  to  left,  and 
striking  the  palm  of  one  hand  with  the  back  of  the  other 
[1740-1797].— James  Smith. 

Rackrent  {Sir  Condy),  in  Miss  Edge- 
worth's  novel  of  Castle  Rackrent  (1802), 

Raddle  {Mrs.),  keeper  of  the  lodgings 
occupied  by  Bob  Sawyer.  The  young 
medical  practitioner  invited  Mr.  Pickwick 
and  his  three  friends  to  a  convivial  meet- 
ing ;  but  the  termagant  Mrs.  Raddle 
brought  the  meeting  to  an  untimelv  end. 
— C.  Dickens,  Tlie  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Rad'egonde  {St.)  or  St.  Radegukd, 
queen  of  France  (bom  519,  died  587).  She 
was  the  daughter  of   Bertaire  king  of 


RADIGUND. 


812 


RALPH. 


Thtiringia,  and  brought  up  a  pagan. 
King  Clotaire  I.  taught  her  the  Christian 
religion,  and  married  her  in  688  ;  but  six 
years  later  she  entered  a  nunnery,  and 
lived  in  the  greatest  austerity. 

There  thou  must  walk  in  greatest  gravity, 
And  seem  as  saintlike  as  St.  Raileamid. 

Spenser,  Mother  JJubberds  2'ale  (1591). 

Radigund  or  Radegone,  the  proud 
queen  of  the  Amazons.  Being  rejected 
by  Bellodant  "the  Bold,"  she  revenged 
herself  by  degrading  all  the  men  who  fell 
into  her  power  by  dressing  them  like 
women,  giving  them  women's  work  to 
do,  such  as  spinning,  carding,  sewing, 
etc.,  and  feeding  them  on  bread  and 
water  to  effeminate  them  (canto  4), 
"When  she  overthrew  sir  Artegal  in  single 
combat,  she  imposed  on  him  the  condition 
of  dressing  in  "woman's  weeds,"  with  a 
white  apron,  and  to  spend  his  time  in 
spinning  flax,  instead  of  in  deeds  of  arms. 
Radigund  fell  in  love  with  the  captive 
knight,  and  sent  Clarinda  as  a  go-between ; 
but  Clarinda  tried  to  win  him  for  herself, 
and  told  the  queen  he  was  inexorable 
(canto  6).  At  length  Britomart  arrived, 
cut  off  Radigund's  head,  and  liberated 
the  captive  knight  (canto  7). — Spenser, 
Faery  Queen,  v.  4-7  (169G). 

Rag  and  Famish.  (The),  the  Army 
and  Navy  Club  ;  so  christened  by  Funch. 
The  rag  refers  to  the  flag,  and  the  famish 
to  the  bad  cuisine. 

Ragged  Regiment  (The),  the  wan 
figures  in  Westminster  Abbey,  in  a  gal- 
lery over  Islip's  Chapel. 

Railway  King  (The),  George  Hud- 
son of  Yorkshire,  chairman  of  the  North 
Midland  Company.  In  one  day  he 
cleared  by  speculation  £100,000.  It  was 
the  Rev.  Sydney  Smith  who  gave  Hud- 
son the  title  of  "  Rail'way  King  "  (1800- 
1871). 

Raine  (Old  Roger),  the  tapster,  near 
the  abode  of  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril. 

Daine  Jiaine,  old  Roger's  widow ;  after- 
wards Dame  Chamberlain. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Feveril  of  the  Feak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Rainy-Day  Smith,  John  Thomas 
Smith,  the  antiquary  (1766-1833). 

Rajah  of  Mattan  (Borneo)  has  a 
diamond  which  weighs  367  carats.  The 
largest  cut  diamond  in  the  world.  It  is 
considered  to  be  a  palladium.  (See 
Diamonds.) 

Rake  (Lord),  a  nobleman  of  the  old 
school,   fond    of   debauch,   street   rows. 


knocking  down  Charlies,  and  seeing  his 
guests  drunk.  His  chief  boon  com- 
panions are  sir  John  Brute  and  colonel 
Bnllv. — Vanbrugh,  The  Frovoked  Wife 
(1697). 

Rakeland  (Lord),  a  libertine,  who 
makes  love  to  married  women,  but  takes 
care  to  keep  himself  free  from  the  bonds 
of  matrimony.  —  Mrs.  Inchbald,  Ti 
Wedding  I>ay' (1790). 

Rak'she  (2  syl.),  a  monster,  whi 
lived    on    serpents  and  dragons.      (S 

OUKANABAD.) 

Raleigh  (Sir  Walter),  introduced 
sir  W.  Scott  in  Kenilworth.  The  tradition 
of  sir  Walter  laying  down  his  cloak  on  a 
miry  spot  for  the  queen  to  step  on,  and 
the  queen  commanding  him  to  wear  the 
"muddy  cloak  till  her  pleasure  should 
be  further  known,"  is  mentioned  in  ch. 
XV.  (1821). 

The  following  is  a  parallel  instance  of 
instinctive  politeness  : — 

A  lady  on  her  way  to  visit  a  sick  man,  came  to  a  puddle. 
A  little  boy,  who  saw  the  difficulty  she  was  in,  stepped  into 
the  mud,  and,  tlirowing  off  liis  wooden  shoes,  jumped  over 
the  plash.  The  lady  ciied  out,  "Little  boy,  you  liave  left 
your  shoes  behind  you  t  "  "  Yes,  ma'am,"  he  replied  ; 
"  tliey  are  for  you  to  walk  on." — Temple  Bar,  cxxxiii. 
("  Politeness,"  a  true  story). 

Raleigh  (Sir  Walter).     Jealous  of  the 
earl  of  Essex,  he  plots  with  lord  Burlei| 
to  compass  his  death. — Henry  Jones, 
Earl  of  Essex  (1745). 

Ralph,  abbot  of  St.  Augustine's, 
pended  £43,000  on  the  repast  given  at 
installation. 

It  was  no  unusual  thing  for  powe 
barons  to  provide  30,000  dishes  at 
wedding  breakfast.  The  coronation  din- 
ner of  Edward  III.  cost  £40,000,  equal  to 
half  a  million  of  money  now.  The  duke 
of  Clarence  at  his  marriage  entertained 
1000  guests,  and  furnished  his  table  with 
36  courses.  Archbishop  Neville  had 
1000  egrettes  served  at  one  banquet,  and 
the  whole  species  seems  to  have  been 
extirpated. 

After  this  it  will  be  by  no  means  diffi- 
cult to  understand  why  Apicius  despaired 
of  being  able  to  make  two  ends  meet, 
when  he  had  reduced  his  enormous  for- 
tune to  £80,000,  and  therefore  hanged 
himself. 

*^*  After  the  winter  of  1327  was  over, 
the  elder  Spencer  had  left  of  the  stores 
laid  in  by  him  the  preceding  November 
and  salted  down,  "80  salted  beeves,  500 
bacons,  and  600  muttons." 
I       Ralph,  son  of  Fairfield  the  miller. 


I 


I 


RALPH. 


813 


RAMIRO. 


outlandish,  ignorant  booby,  jealous  of 
his  sister  Patty,  because  she  "could  paint 
picturs  and  strum  on  the  harpsicols."  He 
was  in  love  with  Fanny  the  gipsy,  for 
which  "feyther"  was  angry  with  him; 
but  "what  argufies  feyther's  anger?" 
However,  he  treated  Fanny  like  a  brute, 
and  she  said  of  him,  "He  has  a  heart  as 
hard  as  a  parish  officer.  I  don't  doubt  but 
he  would  stand  by  and  see  me  whipped." 
When  his  sister  married  lord  Aimworth, 
Ralph  said : 

Captain  Ralph  iny  lord  will  dub  me, 

Soon  I'll  mount  a  huge  cockade ; 
Mouu<<eer  sliall  powder,  queue,  and  dub  mt^^ 

'Gad :  I'll  be  a  roaring  blade. 
If  Fan  should  offer  then  to  snub  me^ 

When  in  scarlet  I'm  arrajed ; 
Or  my  feyther  'temp  to  drub  me— 

Let  him  frown,  but  who's  afraidt 

Bickerstaff,   TKt  Maid  of  the  mil  (1647). 

Ealph  or  Kalpho,  the  'squire  of  Hudi- 
bras.  Fully  described  in  bk.  i.  457-644. 
— S.  Butler,  Iludibras  (1663-78). 

The  prototype  of  "Ralph"  was  Isaac 
Robinson,  a  zealous  butcher  in  Moorfields. 
Ralph  represents  the  independent  party, 
and  Hudibras  the  presbyterian. 

*^*  In  regard  to  the  pronunciation  of 
this  name,  which  in  1878  was  the  subject 
of  a  long  controversy  in  Azotes  and 
Queries,  Butler  says : 

A  squire  he  had  whose  name  was  Ralph, 
That  in  la  adventure  went  his  half;  .  .  . 
And  when  we  can,  with  metre  safe. 
We'll  call  him  Balpho,  or  plain  Ba'ph. 

Bk.  i.  45a 

JRalph  (Bough),  the  helper  of  Lance 
Outram  park-keeper  at  sir  Geoffrey 
Peveril's  of  the  Peak.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Feveril  of  the  Feak  (time,  Charles  IL). 

Ralph  {James),  an  American  who  came 
to  London  and  published  a  poem  entitled 
Niijht  (1725). 

Silence,  ye  wolves  I  while  Ralph  to  Cynthia  howls. 
Making  night  hideous  ;  answer  him,  ye  owls. 

Pope,  Tlie  Dunciad,  iii.  165  (1728). 

Ealph  [de  Lascours],  captain  of  the 
Uran'ia,  husband  of  Louise  de  Lascours. 
,  Ralph  is  the  father  of  Diana  and  Martha 
.  alias   Orgari'ta.      His    crew   having   re- 
belled, Ralph,  his  wife,  infant  [Martha], 
;  and  servant    Bar'abas  were  put  into   a 
I  boat,  and  turned  adrift.     The  boat  ran 
I  on  a  huge  iceberg,  which  Ralph  supposed 
to  be  a  small  island.     In  time,  the  iceberg 
I  broke,  when   Ralph  and  his   wife   were 
jirowned,     but     Martha     and     Barabas 
.  escaped.      Martha     was     taken     by    an 
ndian   tribe,  who  brought  her  up,  and 
'.amed  her  Orgarita  ("withered  corn"), 
■ecau.se  her  skin  was  so  white  and  fair. — 
^^.  Stirling,   Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea 
1856;. 


Ralph  Roister  Doister,  by- 
Nicholas  Udall,  the  first  English  comedy, 
about  1534,  It  contains  nine  male  and 
four  female  characters.  Ralph  is  a  vain, 
thoughtless,  blustering  fellow,  who  is  in 
pursuit  of  a  rich  widow  named  Custance, 
but  he  is  baffled  in  his  intention. 

Ram  Alley,  in  Fleet  Street,  London. 
Now  called  Hare  Place.  It  was  part  of 
the  Sanctuary. 

Ramble  {Sir  Eohert),  a  man  of 
gallantry,  who  treats  his  wife  with  such 
supreme  indifference  that  she  returns  to 
her  guardian,  lord  Norland,  and  resumes 
her  maiden  name  of  Mnria  Wooburn. 
Subsequently,  however,  she  returns  to 
her  husband. 

Mrs.  Ramble,  wife  of  sir  Robert,  and 
ward  of  lord  Norland. — Inchbald,  Every 
One  has  Mis  Fault  (1794). 

Ram'iel  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  "atheist 
crew"  o'erthrown  by  Ab'diel.  (The  word 
means,  according  to  Hume,  "  one  who 
exalts  himself  against  God.") — Milton, 
Faradise  Lost,  vi.  371  (1665). 

Raminago'bris.  Laf  ontaine,  in  his 
fables,  gives  this  name  to  a  cat.  Rabe- 
lais, in  his  Fantag'rucl,  iii.  21,  satirizes 
under  the  same  name  Guillaume  Cre'tin, 
a  poet. 

Ram.i'rez,  a  Spanish  monk,  and 
father  confessor  to  don  Juan  duke  of 
Braganza.  He  promised  Velasquez, 
when  he  absolved  the  duke  at  bed-time, 
to  give  him  a  poisoned  wafer  prepared  by 
the  Carmelite  Castruccio.  This  he  was 
about  to  do,  when  he  was  interrupted, 
and  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion 
saved  the  duke  from  any  similar  attempt. 
— Robert  Jephson,  Braganza  (1775). 

Rami'ro  (^ing)  married  Aldonza, 
who,  being  faithless,  eloped  with  Alboa'- 
zar  the  Moorish  king  of  Gaya.  Ra- 
miro  came  disguised  as  a  traveller  to 
Alboazar's  castle,  and  asked  a  damsel  for 
a  draught  of  water,  and  when  he  lifted 
the  pitcher  to  his  mouth,  he  dropped  in 
it  his  betrothal  ring,  which  Aldonza  saw 
and  recognized.  She  told  the  damsel  to 
bring  the  stranger  to  her  apartment. 
Scarce  had  he  arrived  there  when  the 
Moorish  king  entered,  and  liamiro  hid 
himself  in  an  alcove.  "  What  would  you 
do  to  Ramiro,"  asked  Aldonza,  "if  he 
were  in  your  power?"  "I  would  hew 
him  limb  from  limb,"  said  the  Moor. 
"  Then  lo  !  Alboazar,  he  is  now  skulking 
in  ihat  alcove."    With  this,  Ramiro  was 


RAMORNY. 


814 


RANGER. 


dragc:ed  forth,  and  the  Moor  said, 
"  And  how  would  you  act  if  our  lots 
were  reversed  ?  "  Ramiro  replied,  "  I 
would  feast  you  well,  and  send  for  my 
chief  princes  and  counsellors,  and  set 
you  before  them,  and  bid  you  blow  your 
horn  till  you  died.  "Then  be  it  so," 
said  the  Moor.  But  when  Ramiro  blew 
his  horn,  his  "merry  men  "  rushed  into 
the  castle,  and  the' Moorish  king,  with 
Aldonza  and  all  their  children,  princes, 
and  counsellors,  were  put  to  the  sword. — 
Southey,  Ramiro  (a  ballad  from  the  Por- 
tuguese, 1804). 

Ramorny  {Sir  John),  a  voluptuary, 
master  of  the  horse  to  prince  Robert  of 
Scotland.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Ferth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Ramsay  (David),  the  old  watch- 
maker near  Temple  Bar. 

Margaret  Ramsatj,  David's  daughter. 
She  marries  lord  Nigel. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Rarasbottom  {Mrs.),  a  vile  speller 
of  the  language.  Theodore  Hook's  pseu- 
donym in  the  John  Bull  newspaper,  1829. 

*^*  Winifred  Jenkins,  the  maid  of 
Miss  Tabitha  Bramble  (in  Smollett's 
Humphrey  Clinker,  1770),  rivals  Mrs. 
Ramsbottom  in  bad  spelling. 

Randal,  the  boatman  at  Lochleven 
Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Randolph  {Lord),  a  Scotch  noble- 
man, whose  life  was  saved  by  young  Nor- 
val.  For  this  service  his  lordship  gave 
the  youth  a  commission  ;  but  Glenalvon 
the  heir-presumptive  hated  the  new  fa- 
vourite, and  persuaded  lord  Randolph  that 
Norval  was  too  familiar  with  his  lady. 
Accordingly, Glenalvon  and  lord  Randolph 
waylaid  the  lad,  who  being  attacked 
slew  Glenalvon  in  self-defence,  but  was 
himself  slain  by  lord  Randolph.  When 
the  lad  was  killed,  lord  Randolph  learned 
that  "Norval"  was  the  son  of  lady 
Randolph  by  lord  Douglas  her  former 
husband.  He  was  greatly  vexed,  and 
went  to  the  war  then  raging  between 
Scotland  and  Denmark,  to  drown  his 
sorrow  b}-  activity  and  danger. 

Lady  Randolph,  daughter  of  sir  Mal- 
colm, was  privately  married  to  lord 
Douglas,  and  when  her  first  boy  was 
born  she  hid  him  in  a  basket,  because 
there  was  a  family  feud  between  Malcolm 
and  Douglas.  Soon  after  this,  Douglas 
was  slain  in  battle,  and  the  widow 
married  lord  Randolph.     The  babe  was 


found  by  old  Norval  a  shepherd,  who 
brought  it  up  as  his  own  son.  When 
18  years  old,  the  lad  saved  the  life  of 
lord  Randolph,  and  was  given  a  commis- 
sion in  the  army.  Lady  Randolph, 
hearing  of  the  incident,  discovered  that 
young  Norval  was  her  own  son  Douglas. 
Glenalvon,  who  hated  the  new  favourite, 
persuaded  lord  Randolph  that  the  young 
man  was  too  familiar  with  lady  Ran- 
dolph, and  being  Avaylaid,  a  fight  ensued, 
in  which  Norval  slew  Glenalvon,  but  was 
himself  slain  by  lord  Randolph.  Lord 
Randolph,  being  informed  that  the  young 
man  was  ladj'^  Randolph's  son,  went  to 
the  wars  to  "  drive  away  care  ;  "  and  lady 
Randolph,  in  her  distraction,  cast  herself 
headlong  from  a  steep  precipice. — J. 
Home,  Douglas  (1767). 

The  voice  of  Mrs.  Ci-awford  [1734-1801],  when  thrown 
out  by  the  vehemence  of  strong  feeling,  seemed  to  wither 
up  the  hearer;  it  Wi\s  a  flaming  arrow,  a  lighting  of 
passion.  -Such  was  the  effect  of  her  almost  shrieli  to  old 
Norval,  "Was  he  alive?"  It  was  like  an  electric  sh;.'?k, 
whicli  drove  the  l>lood  back  to  the  heart,  and  produced  a 
shudder  of  terror  through  the  crowded  theatre,— Boaden, 
Li/e  of  Kemblt. 

Random,  a  man  of  fortune  with  a 
scapegrace  son.  He  is  pale  and  puffy, 
with  gout  and  a  tearing  cough.  Random 
goes  to  France  to  recruit  his  health,  and 
on  his  return  to  England  gets  arrested 
for  debt  by  mistake  for  his  son.  He 
raves  and  rages,  threatens  and  vows  ven- 
geance, but  finds  his  son  on  the  point 
of  marrying  a  daughter  of  sir  David 
Dunder  of  Dunder  Hall,  and  forgets  his 
evils  in  contemplation  of  this  most 
desirable  alliance. — G.  Colman,  Ways 
and  Means  (1788). 

Random  {Roderick),  a  young  Scotch 
scapegrace  in  quest  of  fortune.  At  one 
time  he  revels  in  prosperity,  at  another 
he  is  in  ntter  destitution.  Roderick  is 
led  into  different  countries  (whose  pecu- 
liarities are  described),  and  falls  into  the 
society  of  wits,  sharpers,  courtiers,  and 
harlots.  Occasionally  lavish,  he  is  essen- 
tially mean  ;  with  a  dash  of  humour,  he 
is  contemptibly  revengeful ;  and,  though 
generous-minded  when  the  whim  jumps 
with  his  wishes,  he  is  thoroughly  sellish. 
His  treatment  of  Strap  is  revolting  to 
a  generous  mind.  Strap  lends  him 
money  in  his  necessity,  but  the  heartless 
Roderick  wastes  the  loan,  treats  Strap 
as  a  mere  servant,  fleeces  him  at  dice, 
and  cuffs  him  when  the  game  is  adverse. 
— T.  Smollett,  Roderick  Random  (1748). 

Ranger,  the  madcap  cousin  of 
Clarinda,  and  the  leading  chara_cter  in 
Hoadly's  Suspicious  Husband  (1747). 


RANTIPOLE. 


815 


RAT  WITHOUT  A  TAIL. 


Kan'tipole  (3  syl.)y  a  madcap.  One 
of  the  nicknames  given  to  Napoleon  III. 
(See  Napolkon  III.) 

Dick,  be  a  little  rantipolish. 

Colmun,  licit  at-Law,  i  2  (1797). 

Kaoill  [Bawl'],  the  old  huntsman  of 
sir  Kaymond  Berenger. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Raoul  di  Wangis  {Sir),  the 
huguenot  in  love  with  Valentina  (daughter 
of  the  comte  de  St.  Bris,  governor  of  the 
Louvre).  Sir  Kaoul  is  offered  the  hand 
of  Valentina  in  marriage,  but  rejects  it 
because  he  fancies  she  is  betrothed  to  the 
comte  de  Nevers.  Nevera  being  slain 
in  the  Bartholomew  Massacre,  Kaoul 
marries  Valentina,  but  scarcely  is  the 
ceremony  over  when  both  are  shot  by 
the  musketeers  under  the  command  of 
St.  Bris. — Meyerbeer,  Les  Mujuenots 
(opera,  1836). 

Raphael  (2  or  3  syl),  called  by 
Milton,  "The  Sociable  Spirit,"  and  "The 
Affable  Archangel."  In  the  book  of  Tobit 
it  was  Raphael  who  travelled  with  Tobias 
into  Media  and  bade  again  ;  and  it  is  the 
same  angel  that  holds  discourse  with 
Adam  through  tv.-o  books  of  Faradise 
Lost,  V.  and  vi.  (1665). 

Raphael,  the  guardian  angel  of  John 
the  Beloved. 

%*  Longfellow  calls  Raphael  "The 
Angel  of  the  Sun," and  says  that  he  brings 
to  man  "the  gift  of  faith." — Golden 
Legend  ("Miracle-Play,"  iii.,  1851). 

Raphael  {The  Flemish),  Frans  Floris, 
His  chief  works  are  "  St.  Luke  at  His 
Easel,"  and  the  "  Descent  of  the  Fallen 
Angels,"  both  in  Antwerp  Cathedral 
(1520-1570). 

Raphael  ( The  French),  Eustace  Lesueur 
(1617-1655). 

Raphael  of  Cats  {The),  Godefroi 
Mind,  a  Swiss  painter,  famous  for  his  cats 
(1768-1814). 

Raphael  of  Holland  {The),  Mar- 
tin van  Hemskerck  (1498-1574). 

Raphael's  Enchanter,  La  Forna- 
rina,  a  baker's  daughter.  Her  likeness 
appears  in  several  of  his  paintings.    (See 

FoRNAIilNA.) 

Rapier  {The)  was  introduced  by 
lowland  York  in  1587. 

He  [Rmo  land  York]  was  a  Londoner,  famous  among 
e  cutters  in  iiia  time  for  bringing  in  a  new  l«iiicl  of 
nt— to  run  the  puint  of  a  rnpier  into  a  man's  body  .  .  . 
?i!\.  ''^'^  *''"®  •^''^  "^  ^**  *'**•  "'•^•^  buclileis.  and 
u  broadsword*  to  strilM  and  never  tbriut,  and  it  was 


accounted  unmanly  to  strike  under  the  girdle.— Carlet©.;, 
Thankful  Jiemembrance  (1625). 

Rare  Ben.  Ben  Jonson,  the  drama- 
tist, was  80  called  by  Robert  Herrick 
(1574-1637). 

Raredrench  {Master),  apothecary. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Migel  (time, 
James  I.). 

Rascal,  worthless,  lean.  A  rascal 
deer  is  a  lean,  poor  stag.  Brutus  calls 
money  "  rascal  counters,"  i.e.  contemp- 
tible, ignoble. 

Wlien  Marcus  Brutus  grows  so  covetous. 
To  lock  such  rasral  coiiiUers  from  his  friends. 
Be  ready,  Rods,  with  all  your  thunderbolts ; 
Dash  him  to  pieces  ! 

Shakespeme,  Julius  Ccetar,  act  iv.  sc.  3  (1007)1 

Rashleigh  Osbaldistone,  called 
"  the  scholar,"  an  hypocritical  and 
accomplished  villain,  killed  by  Rob  Roy. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  jR<^  Roy  (time,  George 

*^*  Surely  never  gentleman  was 
plagued  with  such  a  family  as  sir  Hil- 
debrand  Osbaldistone  of  Osbaldistone 
HalL  (1)  Percival,  "the  sot;"  (2) 
Thorncliff,  "the  bully  ;"  (3)  John,  "the 
gamekeeper  ;  (4)  Richard,  "  the  horse- 
jockey;"  (5)  Wilfred,  "the  fool;" 
(6)  Rashleigh,  "  the  scholar  and  knave." 

Ras'selas,  prince  of  Abyssinia, 
fourth  son  of  the  emperor.  According  to 
the  custom  of  the  country,  he  was  eon- 
fined  in  a  private  paradise,  with  the  test 
of  the  royal  family.  This  paradise  was 
in  the  valley  of  Amhara,  surrounded  by 
high  mountains.  It  had  only  one  en- 
tr.'jnce,  which  was  by  a  cavern  under 
a  rock  concealed  by  woods,  and  closed  by 
iron  gates.  He  escaped  with  his  sister 
Nek  ayah  and  Imlac  the  poet,  and 
wandered  about  to  find  out  what  con- 
dition or  rank  of  life  was  the  most  happj-. 
After  careful  investigation,  he  found  no 
lot  without  its  drawbacks,  and  resolved 
to  return  to  the  "happy  valley." — Dr. 
Johnson,  Rasselas  (1759). 

The  mad  astronomer,  who  imagined  that  he  possessed 
the  regulation  of  the  weather  and  the  distribution  of  the 
seasons,  is  an  original  character  in  romance ;  and  the 
"happy  valley,"  in  which  Kaaselas  resides,  is  sketched 
with  poetic  feeling. — Young. 

Rat.  One  of  the  richest  provinces  of 
Holland  was  once  inundated  by  a  hole 
made  in  the  dykes  by  a  single  water-rat. 

Rat  without  a  Tail.  Witches 
could  assume  any  animal  form,  but  the 
tail  was  ever  Avanting.  Thus,  a  cat 
without  a  tail,  a  rat  without  a  tail,  a  dog 
without  a  tail,  were  witch  forms.— See 
IlacOeth,  act  i.  so.  3. 


EATS. 


816 


RAVENSTONE. 


Rats  {Devoured by).  Archbishop  Hatto, 
count  Gn;af,  bishop  Widerolf  of  Stras- 
burg,  bishop  Adolph  of  Cologne,  Freiherr 
von  Guttingen,  were  all  devoured  by  rats. 
(See  Hatto,  p.  429.) 

Ratcliffe  {Jcimes),  a  notorious  thief. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Ratcliffe  {Mr.  ITubert),  a  friend  of  sir 
EdM-^ard  Mauley  *'tbe  Black  Dwarf." — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Black  Dwarf  (time, 
Anne). 

Ratcliffe  (Mrs.),  the  widow  of  "don 
Carlos "  who  rescued  Sheva  at  Cadiz 
from  an  auto  da  fe. 

Charles  Itatcliffe,  clerk  of  sir  Stephen 
Bertram,  discharged  because  he  had  a 
pretty  sister,  and  sir  Stephen  had  a 
j-oung  son.  Charles  supported  his 
widowed  mother  and  his  sister  by  his 
earnings.  He  rescued  Sheva,  the  Jew, 
from  a  howling  London  mob,  and  was 
left  the  heir  of  the  old  man's  property. 

Miss  [Eliza']  Ratcliffe,  sister  of  Charles, 
clandestinely  married  to  Charles  Bertram 
and  given  £10,000  by  the  Jew  to  reconcile 
sir  Stephen  Bertram  to  the  alliance.  She 
was  handsome,  virtuous,  and  elegant, 
mild,  modest,  and  gentle. — Cumberland, 
The  Jew  (1776). 

Rath'mor,  chief  of  Clutha  (the 
Cli/de),  and  father  of  Calthon  and  Colmar. 
Dunthalmo  lord  of  Teutha  "  came  in  his 
pride  against  him,"  and  was  overcome, 
whereupon  his  anger  rose,  and  he  went 
by  night  with  his  warriors,  and  slew 
Rathmor  in  his  own  halls,  where  his 
feasts  had  so  often  been  spread  for 
strangers. — Ossian,  Calthon  and  Colmal. 

Rattlin  (Jack),  a  famous  naval  cha- 
racter in  Smollett's  Roderick  Random. 
Tom  Bowling  is  in  the  same  novel 
(1749). 

Rattray  (Sir  Runnion),  of  Runna- 

fnllion  ;  the  duelling  friend  of  sir  Mungo 
lalagrowther.— Sir  W.   Scott,  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Raucocan'ti,  leader  of  a  troupe  of 
singers  going  to  act  in  Sicily.  The 
whole  were  captured  by  Lambro  the 
pirate,  and  sold  in  Turkey  as  slaves. 

Twould  not  become  myself  to  dwell  upon 

My  own  merits,  and  tho'  young,  I  see,  sir,  you  [don  .Awan] 

Have  got  a  travelled  air,  which  shews  you  one 

To  wlioni  tlie  opera  is  by  no  means  new. 

fou've  heard  of  Ilaucocanti — I'm  that  man  .  ,  , 

ITou  was  [sic]  not  last  year  at  tlie  fair  of  Lugo, 

But  next,  when  I'm  engaged  to  sing  there,— <Io  go. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iy.  88  (1820). 


Raven,  emblem  of  Denmark,  and 
standard  of  the  Danes.  Necromantic 
powers  are  ascribed  to  it.  Asser  says, 
in  his  Life  cf  Alfred,  If  the  Danes 
were  destined  to  gain  a  victory,  "a  live 
crow  would  appear  flj'ing  on  the  middle 
of  the  unfurled  flag ;  but  if  they  were 
doomed  to  be  defeated,  the  flag  would 
hang  down  motionless  ; "  and  this,  he 
continues,  '*  was  often  proved  to  be  so." 

The  raven  banner  was  called  Landeyda 
("the  desolation  of  the  country"),  and  its 
device  was  woven  by  the  daughters  of 
Rcgner  Lodbrok. 

...  we  have  shattered  back 
The  hugest  wave  from  Norseland  ever  yet 
Surgrid  on  us,  and  our  battle-axes  broken 
The  Raven's  wing,  and  dumbed  the  carrion  croak 
From  the  gray  sea  for  ever. 

Tennyson,  Barold,  Iv.  3  (1875). 

Raven  (Barnahy's),  Grip,  a  large  bird, 
of  most  impish  disposition.  Its  usual 
phrases  were :  "I'm  a  devil ! "  "  Never  say 
die!"  '"Polly,  put  the  kettle  on!"  He  also 
uttered  a  cluck  like  cork-drawing,  a 
barking  like  a  dog,  and  a  crowing  like  a 
cock.  Barnaby  Rudge  used  to  carry  it 
about  in  a  basket  at  his  back.  The  bird 
drooped  while  it  was  in  jail  with  his 
master,  but  after  Barnaby's  reprieve. 

It  soon  recovered  its  good  looks,  and  became  as  glossy 
and  sleek  as  ever  .  .  .  but  for  a  whole  jear  it  never 
indulged  in  any  other  sound  than  a  grave  and  decorous 
croak.  .  .  .  One  bright  summer  morning  .  .  .  the  bird 
advanced  with  fantastic  steps  to  the  door  of  the  Maypole, 
and  then  cried,  "  I'm  a  devil !  "  three  or  four  times  with 
extraordinary  rapture,  .  .  .  and  from  that  time  constantly 
practised  and  improved  himself  in  the  vulgar  tongue. — 
C.  Dickens,  Barnabi/  Rtuige,  ii.  (1841). 

Ravens  of  Owain  (The).  Owain 
had  in  his  army  300  ravens,  who  wei 
irresistible.  It  is  thought  that  thea 
ravens  were  warriors  who  bore  this  devic 
on  their  shields. 

A  man  who  caused  the  birds  to  fly  upon  the  boat. 
Like  the  ravens  of  Owain  eager  for  prey. 

Bleddynt  Vardd,  Myvyrian  Archaiology,  \.  36J 

Ravens  once  White.  One  day, 
a  raven  told  Apollo  that  Coro'nis,  a 
Thessalian  nymph  whom  he  passionately 
loved,  was  faithless.  Apollo,  in  his  rage, 
shot  the  nymph,  but  hated  the  raven, 
and  "bade  him  prate  in  white  plumes 
never  more." — Ovid,  Metam,,  ii, 

Ravenspurn,  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Humber,  where  Henrv  IV.  landed,  in 
1399,  to  depose  Richard  II.  It  no 
longer  exists,  having  been  wholly  en- 
gulfed by  the  sea,  but  no  record  exists 
of  the  date  of  this  engulf  ment. 

Ra'venstone  or  Ra'benstein,  the 
stone  gibbet  of  Germany.  So  called 
from  the  ravens  which  perch  on  it, 


^ 


RAVENSWOOD. 


817 


READY-TO-HALT. 


Do  you  think 
I'll  honour  you  so  much  as  save  your  throat 
From  Uie  ravenstone,  by  choking  you  myself? 

Byron.  Werner,  il.  2  (1828). 

Ravens^wood  (Allan  lord  of),  a 
decayed  Scotch  nobleman  of  the  royalist 
party. 

Master  Edqar  Eavenswood,  the  son  of 
Allan.  In  ifove  with  Lucy  Ashton, 
daughter  of  sir  William  Ashton  lord- 
keeper  of  Scotland.  The  lovers  plight 
their  troth  at  the  "  Mermaid's  Fountain," 
but  Lucy  is  compelled  to  marry  Frank 
Hayston  laird  of  Bucklaw.  The  bride, 
in  a  fit  of  insanitj'^,  attempts  to  murder 
the  bridegroom,  and  dies  in  convulsions. 
Bucklaw  recovers,  and  goes  abroad. 
Colonel  Ashton  appoints  a  hostile  meet- 
ing with  Edgar  ;  but  young  Ravenswood, 
on  his  way  to  the  place  appointed,  is  lost 
in  the  quicksands  of  Kelpies  Flow,  in 
accordance  with  an  ancient  prophecy. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  IIL). 

*jf*  In  Donizetti's  opera  of  Lucia  di 
Lammermoor,  Bucklaw  dies  of  the  wound 
inflicted  by  the  bride,  and  Edgar,  heart- 

[        broken,   comes    on  the  stage  and  kills 

r        himself, 

i  The  catastrophe  in  the  Bride  of  Lammermonr,  where 

I  [Edgar]  Ravenswood  is  swallowe  I  up  In-  a  niii<l  sand,  is 

I  singularly  grand  in  romance,  but  would  be  )nadmii>sible 

'  In  a  drama.— ^Ho^c.  lirit..  Art.  "  Romance." 

Ra-whead  and    Bloody-Bones, 

,        two  bogies  or  bugbears,  generally  coupled 
I       together.     In  some  cases  the  phrase  is 
t      employed    to     designate    one     and    the 
same  "  shadowy  sprite." 

Servants  awe  children  ...  by  telling  them  of  Raw- 
head  and  BlooJy-boiie'i. — Locke. 

Rayland  {Mrs.),  the  domineering 
ladv  of  the  Old  Manor-House^  by  Charlotte 
Smith  (1749-1806). 

Mrs.  Rayland  is  a  sort  of  queen  Elizabeth  In  private 
Ufe.-Sir  W.  Scott. 

Raymond,  count  of  Toulouse,  the 
Nestor  of  the  crusaders.  He  slays 
Aladine  king  of  Jerusalem,  and  plants 
the  Christian  standard  on  the  tower  of 
1  David. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xx. 
(1516). 

***  Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Count  Robert  of  Paris,  a  novel  of  the 
period  of  Kufus. 

Raymond  (Sir  Charles),  a  country 
gentleman,  the  friend  and  neighbour  of 
sir  Robert  Belmont. 

Colonel   Raijmond,  son  of  sir  Charles, 

in  love  with   Rosetta   Belmont.     Being 

diflTulent  and  modest,  Rosetta  delights  in 

tormenting  him,  and  he  is  jealous  eiven  of 

35 


William  Faddle  '*a  fellow  made  up  of 
knavery,  noise,  and  impudence." 

Harriet  Raymond,  daughter  of  sir 
Charles,  whose  mother  died  in  giving 
her  birth.  She  was  committed  to  the 
care  of  a  governante,  who  changed  her 
name  to  Fidelia,  wrote  to  sir  Charles  to 
say  that  she  was  dead,  and  sold  her  at 
the  age  of  12  to  a  villain  named  Villard. 
Charles  Belmont,  hearing  her  cries  of 
distress,  rescued  her  and  took  her  home. 
The  governante  at  death  confessed  the 
truth,  and  Charles  Belmont  married  her. 
— Edward  Moore,  The  Foundling  (1748). 

Raz'eka,  the  giver  of  food,  one  of 
the  four  gods  of  the  Adites  (2  syl.). 

We  called  on  Razeka  for  food. 
Southey,  Thalaba  t/te  Dettroyer,  L  24  (1797). 

Razor,  a  barber  who  could  "  think 
of  nothing  but  poor  old  England."  He 
was  the  friend  and  neighbour  of  Quid- 
nunc the  upholsterer,  who  was  equally 
crazy  about  the  political  state  of  the 
nation,  and  the  affairs  of  Euroi)e  in 
general.  —  Murphy,  The  Upholsterer 
(1758). 

Razor  (To  cut  blocks  with  a).  Oliver 
Goldsmith  said  of  Edward  Burke,  the 
statesman ; 

Too  deep  for  his  hearers,  he  went  on  refining, 
And  tliought  of  convincing,  while  they  tiiought  of  dining; 
Tlio'  equal  to  all  tilings,  to  all  things  unfit : 
Too  nice  for  a  statesman,  too  proud  for  a  wit ; 
For  a  jmtriot  too  cool ;  for  a  drudge  disobedient ; 
And  too  fond  of  the  right  to  pursue  the  expedie^it. 
In  short,  'twas  his  fate,  unemployed  or  in  place,  sir. 
To  eat  mutton  cold,  and  cut  blocks  with  a  nizor. 

Retaliation  (1774). 

The  National  Razor.  The  guillotine 
was  so  called  in  the  first  French  Revo- 
lution. 

Read  (Sir  William),  a  tailor,  who  set 
up  for  oculist,  and  was  knighted  by 
queen  Anne.  This  quack  was  employed 
both  by  queen  Anne  and  George  I.  Sir 
William  could  not  read.  He  professed 
to  cure  wens,  wrv-necks,  and  hare-lips 
(died  1715). 

None  shall  their  rise  to  merit  owe- 
That  popish  doctrine  is  exploded  quite. 
Or  Ralph  had  been  no  duke,  and  Read  no  knight 
A  Political  Squib  of  the  Period. 

*^*  The  "  Ralph"  referred  to  is  Ralph 
Montagu,  created  viscount  in  1682,  and 
duke  of  Montagu  in  1705  (died  1709). 

Ready-to-Halt,  a  pilgrim  that 
journeyed  to  the  Celestial  City  on 
crutches.  He  joined  Mr.  Greatheart's 
party,  and  was  carried  to  heaven  in  a 
chariot  of  fire.— Bunyan,  Filgrim's  Fro- 
gress,  ii.  (1684). 

3  a 


REASON. 


818 


RED  HAND  OF  ULSTER. 


Reason  {Tfie  Feast  of). 

There  St.  John  mingles  with  my  friendly  bowl, 
The  feast  of  reason  and  the  How  of  soul. 
Pope,  Satire,  i.  ("  Imitations  of  Horace"),  127-8  (1734). 

Reason  {The  goddess  of),  in  the  French 
Revolution,  some  say,  was  the  wife  of 
Momoro  the  printer  ;  but  Lamartine  saj's 
it  was  Mdlle.  Halliard,  an  actress. 

Chaumette,  assisted  by  Lais,  an  actor  of  the  Opera,  had 
arranged  the  f He  of  December  20,  1793.  Mdlle  Malliard, 
an  actress,  brilliant  with  youth  and  talent,  played  the  part 
of  the  goddess.  She  was  borne  in  a  palanquin,  the  canopy 
of  which  was  formed  of  oak  branches.  Women  in  white, 
with  tri-coloured  sashes,  preceded  her.  Attired  with  thea- 
trical buskins,  a  Phrygian  cap,  and  a  blue  chlaniys  over  a 
transparent  tunic,  she  was  taken  to  the  foot  of  the  altar, 
and  seated  there.  Behind  her  burnt  an  inmieiise  torch, 
symbolizing  "  the  Hauje  of  philosophy,"  the  true  light  of 
the  world.  Chaumette,  taking  a  censer  in  his  hands,  fell 
on  his  knees  to  the  goddess,  and  offered  incense,  and  the 
whole  concluded  with  dancing  and  song. — M.  de  Lamar- 
tine. 

Rebecca,  leader  of  the  Rebeccaites, 
a  band  of  Welsh  rioters,  who  in  1843 
made  a  raid  upon  toll-gates.  The 
captain  and  his  guard  disguised  them- 
selves in  female  attire. 

*^*  This  name  arose  from  a  gross 
perversion  of  a  text  of  Scripture  :  "  And 
they  blessed  Rebekah,  and  said  unto 
her,  ...  let  thy  seed  possess  the  gate  of 
those  which  hate  them  "  {Gen.  xxiv.  60). 

Rebecca,  daughter  of  Isaac  the  Jew ; 
meek,  modest,  and  high-minded.  She 
.  loves  Ivanhoe,  who  has  shown  great 
kindness  to  her  and  to  her  father;  and 
when  Ivanhoe  marries  Rowena,  both 
Rebecca  and  her  father  leave  England 
for  a  foreign  land. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivan- 
hoe (time,  Richard  I.). 

Rebecca  {Mistress),  the  favourite  wait- 
ing-maid of  Mrs.  Margaret  Bertram  of 
Singleside.—  Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Manner- 
ing  (time,  George  II.). 

Record,  noted  for  his  superlatives, 
"most presumptuous,"  "most audacious," 
"  most  impatient,"  as  : 

Ob,  you  will,  most  audacious.  .  .  .  Look  at  him,  most 
inquisitive.  .  .  .  Under  lock  and  key,  most  noble.  .  .  . 
I  will,  most  dignified.— S.  Birch,  The  Adopted  Child. 

Recruiting  Officer  ( The),  a  comedy 
by  G.  Farquhar  (1705).  The  "recruiting 
officer"  is  sergeant  Kite,  his  superior 
ofliccr  is  captain  Plume,  and  the  recruit 
is  Sylvia,  who  assumes  the  military  dress 
of  her  brother  and  the  name  of  Jack 
Wilful  alias  Pinch.  Her  father,  justice 
Balance,  allows  the  name  to  pass  the 
muster,  and  when  the  trick  is  discovered, 
to  prevent  scandal,  the  justice  gives  her 
in  marriage  to  the  captain. 

Red  Book  of  Hergest  {Tlie),  a 
collection  of  children's  tales  in  Welsh  ;  so 
called  from  the  name  of  the  place  where 


it  was  discovered.  Each  tale  is  called 
in  Welsh  a  Mabinogi,  and  the  entire  col- 
lection is  the  Mabinogion  (from  inab,  "a 
child").  The  tales  relate  chiefly  to 
Arthur  and  the  early  British  kings.  A 
translation  in  three  vols.,  with  notes, 
was  published  by  lady  Charlotte  Guest 
(1838-49). 

Red-Cap  {Mother),  an  old  nurse  at 
the  Hungeiford  Stairs. — Sir  W.  Scctt, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Red-Cap  {Mother).  Madame  Bufflon 
was  so  called,  because  her  bonnet  waa 
deeply  coloured  with  her  own  blood  in  a 
street  fight  at  the  outbreak  of  the  French 
Revolution. — W.  Melville. 

Red  Cross  Knight  {Tlie)  repre- 
sents St.  George  the  patron  saint  of  Eng- 
land. His  adventures,  which  occupy 
bk.  i.  of  Spenser's  Faery  Queen,  sym- 
bolize the  struggles  and  ultimate  victory 
of  holiness  over  sin  (or  protestantism  over 
popery).  Una  comes  on  a  white  ass  to 
the  court  of  Gloriana,  and  craves  that  one 
of  the  knights  would  undertake  to  slay 
the  dragon  which  kept  her  father  and 
mother  prisoners.  The  Red  Cross  Knight, 
arrayed  in  all  the  armour  of  God  {Eph. 
vi.  11-17),  undertakes  the  adventure,  and 
goes,  accompanied  for  a  time  with  Una; 
but,  deluded  by  Archimago,  he  quits  the 
lady,  and  the  two  meet  with  numerous 
adventures.  At  last,  the  knight,  having 
slain  the  dragon,  marries  Una  ;  and  thus 
holiness  is  allied  to  the  Oneness  of  Truti 
(1590). 

Red  Flag  {A)  signified  war  in 
Roman  empire  ;  and  when  displayed 
the  capitol  it  was  a  call  for  assemblii 
the  military  for  active  service. 

Red  Hair.    Judas  was  represented 
ancient  paintings  with  red  hair  and  red 
beard. 

His  very  hair  is  of  the  dissembling  colour, 
Something  browner  than  Judas's. 
Shakespeare,  At  you  Like  It,  act  iv.  sc.  4  (1600). 

Red  Hand  of  Ulster. 

Calverley  of  Calverley,  Yorkshire. 
Walter  Calverley,  Esq.,  in  1G05,  mur- 
dered two  of  his  children,  and  attempted 
to  murder  his  wife  and  a  child  "  at 
nurse."  This  became  the  subject  of  The 
Yorhshiy-e  Tragedy.  In  consequence  of 
these  murders,  the  family  is  required  to 
wear  "the  bloody  hand." 

The  Holtfariiily,  of  Lancashire,  haa 
similar  tradition  connected  with  their  coat 
armour. 


of 

oat 

II 


RED  HORSE. 


819 


RED  SWAN. 


Red  Horse  (Vale  of  the),  in  War- 
wickshire ;  so  called  from  a  horse  cut  in 
a  hill  of  reddish  soil,  "a  witness  of  that 
day  we  won  upon  the  Danes." 

White  horse  is  .  .  .  exalted  to  the  skies ; 
But  Ked  horse  of  you  all  conteninM  only  lies. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xlii.  (1613). 

lied  Knight  (?%e),  sir  Perimo'nes, 
one  of  the  four  brothers  who  kept  the 
passages  leading  to  Castle  Perilous.  In 
the  allegorj'  of  Gareth,  this  knight  repre- 
sents noon,  and  was  the  third  brother. 
Night,  the  eldest  born,  was  slain  by  sir 
Gareth ;  the  Green  Knight,  which  repre- 
sents the  young  day-spring,  was  over- 
come, but  not  slain  ;  and  the  Red  Knight, 
being  overcome,  was  spared  also.  The 
reason  is  this :  darkness  is  slain,  but 
dawn  is  only  overcome  by  the  stronger 
light  of  noon,  and  noon  decays  into  the 
evening  twilight.  Tennyson,  in  his 
Gareth  and  Lynette,  calls  sir  Perimones 
*'  Meridies  "  or  "  Noonday  Sun."  The 
i.Latin  name  is  not  consistent  with  a 
i.British  tale. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of 
iJPrince  Arthur,  i.  129  (1470)  ;  Tennyson, 
■Jdylls. 

Red  Knight  of  the  Red  Lands 

(The),  sir  Ironside.  "He  had  the  strength 
of  seven  men,  and  every  day  his  strength 
went  on  increasing  till  noon."  This 
knight  kept  the  lady  Liones  captive  in 
Castle  Perilous.  In  the  allegory  of  sir 
Gareth,  sir  Ironside  represents  death,  and 
the  captive  lady  "the  Bride"  or  Church 
triumphant.  Sir  Gareth  combats  with 
Night,  Morn,  Noon,  and  Evening,  or 
fights  the  fight  of  faith,  and  then  over- 
comes the  last  enemy,  which  is  death, 
when  he  marries  the  lady  or  is  received 
into  the  Church  which  is  "the  Lamb's 
Bride."  Tennyson,  in  his  Gareth  and 
Lynette,  makes  the  combat  with  the  Red 
Knight  ("Mors"  or  "Death")  to  be  a 
single  stroke  ;  but  the  History  says  that  it 
endured  from  morn  to  noon,  and  from 
noon  to  night — in  fact,  that  man's  whole 
life  is  a  contest  with  moral  and  physical 
death. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur,  i.  134-137  (1470)  ;  Tennyson, 
Idylls  ("Gareth  and  Lynette"). 

Red  Land  (The).  Westphtdia  was 
so  called  by  the  members  of  the  Vehm- 
gericht. 

Originally,  none  but  an  Inhabitant  of  the  Red  Land  .  . . 
could  be  admitted  a  member  of  the  Wissende  [or  secret 
tribunali. — Ctiambers,  £ncyc.,  iv.  281. 

Red-Lattice  Phrases,  ale-house 
talk.  Red  lattices  or  chequers  were 
ordinary  ale-house   signs. — Shakespeare, 


Merrij    Wives  of    Windsor,  act  ii.  sc.  4 
(1596). 

The  chequers  were  the  arms  of  Fitzwarren,  the  head  of 
which  liouse.  in  the  days  of  the  Henrys,  was  invested  witli 
tiie  power  of  licensirg  the  establishments  of  vintners  and 
publicans.  Houses  licensed  notified  the  same  by  dispLiy- 
ing  the  Fitzwarren  arms.— rime*,  April  29,  186iJ. 

Red  Pipe.  The  Great  Spirit  long 
ago  called  the  Indians  together,  and, 
standing  on  the  red  pipe-stone  reck, 
broke  off  a  piece,  which  he  made  into  a 
pipe,  and  smoked,  letting  the  smoke 
exhale  to  the  four  quarters.  He  then 
told  the  Indians  that  the  red  pipe-stone 
was  their  flesh,  and  they  must  use  the 
red  pipe  when  they  made  peace ;  and  that 
when  they  smoked  it  the  war-club  and 
scalping-knife  must  not  be  touched. 
Having  so  spoken,  the  Great  Spirit  was 
received  up  into  the  clouds. — American~ 
Indian  Mythology. 

The  red  pipe  has  blown  Its  fumes  of  peace  and  war  to 
the  remotest  corners  of  the  continent.  It  visited  every 
warrior,  and  p.assed  through  its  reddened  stem  the  irre- 
vocable oath  of  war  and  desolation.  Here,  too,  the  peace- 
breatliing  calumet  was  born,  and  fringed  witli  eagle's 
quills,  wliich  has  shed  its  thrilling  fumes  over  the  latid, 
and  soothed  tl>e  fury  of  the  relentless  savage. — Catlin, 
Letters  on  .  ,  .  the  Jforth  Americaiis,  ii.  ICO. 

Red  Riding-Hood  (Little),  a  child 
with  a  red  cloak,  who  goes  to  carry  cakes 
to  her  grandmother.  A  wolf  placed  itself 
in  the  grandmother's  bed,  and  when  the 
child  remarked  upon  the  size  of  its  eyes, 
ears,  and  nose,  replied  it  was  the  better 
to  see,  hear,  and  smell  the  little  grand- 
child. "But,  grandmamma,"  said  the 
child,  "what  a  great  mouth  you  have 
got !  "  "  The  better  to  eat  you  up,"  was 
the  reply,  and  the  child  was  devoured  by 
the  wolf. 

This  nursery  tale  is,  with  slight  varia- 
tions, common  to  Sweden,  Germany,  and 
France.  In  Charles  Perrault's  Cuntes  des 
Fe'es  (1697)  it  is  called  "Le  Petit  Chaperon 
Rouge." 

Red  Sea  (The).  So  called  by  the 
Greeks  and  Romans.  Perhaps  because  it 
was  the  sea  of  Edom  ("the  red  man"), 
perhaps  because  the  shore  is  a  red  sand, 
perhaps  because  the  waters  are  reddened 
by  red  sea-weeds  or  a  red  bottom.  The 
Hebrews  called  it  "The  Weedy  Sea" 
(Yam-Suph). 

The  Rede  Sea  is  not  more  rede  than  any  other  se-o,  but 
in  ronie  places  thereof  is  the  graveile  rede,  and  tlierefore 
men  clepen  it  the  Rede  Sea.— Mandeville,  Travels  (149J)). 

Red  Swan  (T/i^).  Odjibwa,  hearing 
a  strange  noise,  saw  in  the  lake  a  most 
beautiful  red  swan.  Pulling  his  bow,  he 
took  deliberate  aim,  without  effect.  He 
shot  every  arrow  from  his  quiver  with  the 
same  result ;  then,  fetching  from  his 
lather's    medicine  sack    three    poisoned 


REDGAUNTLET. 


820 


REEVE'S  TALE. 


arrows,  he  shot  them  .also  at  the  bird. 
The  last  of  the  three  arrows  passed  through 
the  swan's  neck,  whereupon  the  bird  rose 
into  the  air,  and  sailed  aAvay  towards 
the  setting  sun. — Schoolcraft,  Algic  Re- 
searches^ ii.  9  (1839). 

Redganntlet,  a  storj'-,  told  in  a 
series  of  letters,  about  a  conspiracy  formed 
by  sir  Edward  Hugh  Redgauntlet,  on 
behalf  of  the  "Young  Pretender"  Charles 
Edward,  then  above  40  years  of  age. 
The  conspirators  insist  that  the  prince 
should  dismiss  his  mistress.  Miss  Walk- 
ingshaw,  and,  as  he  refuses  to  comply 
with  this  demand,  they  abandon  their 
enterprise.  Just  as  a  brig  is  prepared  for 
the  prince's  departure  from  the  island, 
colonel  Campbell  arrives  with  the  military. 
He  connives,  however,  at  the  affair,  the 
conspirators  disperse,  the  prince  embarks, 
and  Redgauntlet  becomes  the  prior  of  a 
monastery  abroad.  This  is  one  of  the 
inferior  novels,  but  is  redeemed  by  the 
character  of  Peter  Peebles. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Redganntlet  (1824). 

Redgauntlet  embodies  a  sreat  deal  of  Scott's  own  per- 
Bonal  history  and  experience.— Chambers,  £nglUh  Lite- 
rature, ii.  580. 

Redgauntlet  {Sir  Alberick),  an  ancestor 
of  the  family. 

Sir  Edward  Redgauntlet,  son  of  sir 
Alberick  ;  killed  by  his  father's  horse. 

Sir  Rdfert  Redgauntlet,  an  old  tory, 
mentioned  in  Wandering  Willie's  tale. 

Sir  John  Redgauntlet,  son  and  successor 
of  sir  Robert,  mentioned  in  Wandering 
Willie's  tale. 

Sir  Redwald  Redgauntlet,  son  of  sir 
John. 

Sir  Henrg  Darsie  Redgauntlet,  son  of 
sir  Redwald. 

Ladg  Henry  Darsie  Redgauntlet,  wife 
of  sir  Henry  Darsie. 

Sir  Arthur  Darsie  Redgauntlet,  alias 
Darsie  Latimer,  son  of  sir  Henry  and 
lad}'  Darsie. 

Miss  Lilias  Redgauntlet,  alias  Green- 
mantle,  sister  of  sir  Arthur.  She  marries 
Allan  Fairford. 

Sir  Edward  Hugh  Redgauntlet,  the 
Jacobite  conspirator.  He  is  uncle  to 
Darsie  Latimer,  and  is  called  "  Laird  of 
the  Lochs,"  alias  "Mr.  Herrics  of  Bir- 
renswark,"  alias  "Master  Ingoldsby." — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 

Redi  {Francis),  an  Italian  physician 
and  lyric  poet.  He  was  first  physician 
to  the  grand-duke  of  Tuscanv  (1G26- 
16984. 


Even  Redi,  tho'  he  chanted 

Biicchiis  in  the  Tuscan  valleys, 
Never  drank  the  wine  lie  vaunted 

In  his  dithyfiirtibic  sallies. 

Longfellow,  Drinking  Song. 

Iledla"W  {Mr.),  the  "haunted  man." 
He  is  a  professor  of  chemistry,  who 
bargained  with  the  spirit  which  haunted 
him  to  leave  him,  on  condition  of  his 'im- 
parting to  others  his  own  idiosj'^ncrasies. 
From  this  moment  the  chemist  carried 
Avith  him  the  infection  of  sullenness, 
selfishness,  discontent,  and  ingratitude. 
On  Christmas  Day  the  infection  ceased. 
Redlaw  lost  his  morbid  feelings,  and  all 
who  suffered  bj'his  infection,  beinghealed, 
were  restored  to  love,  mirth,  benevolence, 
and  gratitude. — C.  Dickens,  The  Haunted 
Man  (1848). 

Redmain  {Sir  Magnus),  governor  of 
the  town  of  Berwick  (fifteenth  century). 

He  was  remarkable  for  his  long  red  beard,  and  was 
therefore  called  by  the  English  "  Magnus  Red-beard."  but 
by  the  Scotch,  in  derision,  "  Magnus  Red-mane,"  as  if  his 
beard  had  been  a  horse-mane.— Godscroft,  178. 

Redmond  CNeale,  Rokeby's 
page,  beloved  by  Rokeby's  daughter 
Matilda,  whom  he  marries.  He  turns  out 
to  be  Mortham's  son  and  heir. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Rokeby  (1812). 

Reece  {Captain),  R.N.,  of  the  Mantel- 
piece ;   adored  by  all  his  crew.      They 
had    feather-beds,   warm    slippers,    hot- 
water   cans,    brown   Windsor   soap,    and 
a  valet  to  every  four,  for  captain  Reeoe 
said,   "It  is  my  duty  to  make  my  men 
happj',  and  I  will."     Captain  Reece  had 
a  daughter,  ten  female  cousins,  a  niece,j 
and  a  ma,  six  sisters,  and  an  aunt  or  twc 
and,  at  the  suggestion  of  William    L 
the  coxswain,  married  these  ladies  to  hi 
crew — "  It  is  my  duty  to  make  my  m< 
happy,  and  I  will."     Last  of  all.  captail 
Reece  married  the  widowed  mother  of '. 
coxswain,  and  they  were  all  married 
one  day — "  It  was  their  duty,  and  the 
did  it."— W.  S.  Gilbert,  The  Bab  Ballc 
("  Captain  Reece,  R.N."). 

Reeve's  Tale  {The).  Symond  S3 
kyn,  a  miller  of  Trompington,  nea 
Cambridge,  used  to  serve  "  Soler  Hall 
College,"  but  was  an  arrant  thief.  Two 
scholars,  Alej'n  and  John,  undertook  to 
see  that  a  sack  of  corn  sent  to  be  ground 
was  not  tampered  with  ;  so  one  stood  by 
the  hopper,  and  one  by  the  trough  which 
received  the  flour.  In  the  mean  time, 
the  miller  let  their  horse  loose,  and,  when 
the  young  men  went  to  catch  it,  purloined 
half  a  bushel  of  the  flour,  substituting  meal 
instead.  It  was  so  late  before  the  horse 
could  be  caufflit,  that  the  miller  offered 


REFOEMADO  CAPTAIN. 


821 


REGIMEN,  ETC. 


the  two  scholars  a  "  shakedown  "  in  his 
own  chamber,  but  when  they  were  in 
bed  he  began  to  belabour  them  unmerci- 
fully. A  scuffle  ensued,  in  which  the 
miller,  being  tripped  up,  fell  upon  his 
wife.  His  wife,  roused  from  her  sleep, 
B«ized  a  stick,  and  misUiking  the  bald  pate 
of  her  husband  for  the  night-cap  of  one 
of  the  young  men,  banged  it  so  lustily 
that  the  man  was  almost  stunned  with 
the  blows.  In  the  mean  time,  the  two 
scholars  made  off  without  payment, 
taking  with  them  the  sack  and  also  the 
half-bushel  of  flour  which  had  been  made 
into  cakes.— Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales 
(I088). 

*if*  Boccaccio  has  a  similar  story  in 
his  Decameron.  It  is  also  the  subject  of 
a  fabliau  entitled  De  Gombert  et  des 
Deux  Clers.  Chaucer  borrowed  his  story 
from  a  fabliau  given  by  Thomas  Wright 
in  his  Afiecdota  Literaria,  15. 

Reformado  Captain,  an  officer 
shelved  or  degraded  because  his  troops 
have  been  greatly  reduced. 

Reformation  (TAe).  It  was  noticed 
in  the  early  Lollards,  and  was  radiant  in 
the  works  of  Wycliffe. 

It  was  present  in  the  pulpit  of  Pierre 
de  Bruys,  in  the  pages  of  Arnoldo  da 
Brescia,  in  the  cell  of  Roger  Bacon. 

It  was  active  in  the  field  with  Peter 
Revel,  in  the  castle  of  lord  Cobham,  in 
the  pulpit  with  John  Huss,  in  the  camp 
with  John  Ziska,  in  the  class-room  of 
Pico  di  Mirandola,  in  the  observatory 
of  Abraham  Zacuto,  and  the  college  of 
Antonio  di  Lebrija,  before  father  Martin 
was  born. 

Re'gan,  second  daughter  of  king 
Lear,  and  wife  of  the  duke  of  Cornwall. 
Having  received  the  half  of  her  father's 
kingdom  under  profession  of  unbounded 
love,  she  refused  to  entertain  him  with 
his  suite.  On  the  death  of  her  husband, 
Bhe  designed  to  marry  Edmund  natural 
son  of  the  earl  of  Gloster,  and  was 
poisoned  by  her  elder  sister  Goneril  out 
of  jealousy.  Regan,  like  Goneril,  is 
proverbial  for  "filial  ingratitude."  -— 
Shakespeare,  King  Lear  (1605). 

Regent  Diamond  (77ie).  So  called 
from  the  regent  duke  of  Orleans.  This 
diamond,  the  property  of  France,  at  first 
set  in  the  crown,  and  then  in  the  sword 
of  state,  was  purchased  in  India  by  a 
governor  of  Madras,  of  whom  the  regent 
bought  it  for  £80,000. 

Regillus  {TJie  Battle  of  the  Lake), 


Regillus  Lacus  is  about  twenty  miles 
east  of  Rome,  between  Gabii  (north)  and 
Lavicum  (south).  The  Romans  had  ex- 
pelled Tarquin  the  Proud  from  the  throne, 
because  of  the  most  scandalous  conduct 
of  his  son  Sextus,  who  had  violated 
Lucretia  and  abused  her  hospitality. 
Thirty  combined  cities  of  Latium,  with 
Sabines  and  Volscians,  took  the  part  of 
Tarquin,  and  marched  towards  Rome. 
Ihe  Romans  met  the  allied  army  at  tho 
lake  Regillus,  and  here,  on  July  15,  u.c. 
499,  they  won  the  great  battle  which  con- 
firmed their  republican  constitution,  and 
in  which  Tarquin,  with  his  sons  Sextus 
and  Titus,  was  slain.  While  victory 
was  still  doubtful,  Castor  and  Pollux,  on 
their  white  horses,  appeared  to  the  Roman 
dictator,  and  fought  for  the  Romans.  The 
victory  was  complete,  and  ever  after  the 
Romans  observed  the  anniversary  of  this 
battle  with  a  grand  procession  and  sacrifice. 
The  procession  started  from  the  temple 
of  Mars  outside  the  city  walls,  entered  by 
the  Porta  Capena,  traversed  the  chief 
streets  of  Rome,  marched  past  the  temple 
of  Vesta  in  the  forum,  and  then  to  the 
opposite  side  of  the  great  "square,"  where 
they  had  built  a  temple  to  Castor  and 
Pollux  in  gratitude  for  the  aid  rendered 
by  them  in  this  battle.  Here  offerings 
were  made,  and  sacrifice  was  offered  to 
the  Great  Twin-Brothers,  the  sons  of 
Leda.  Macaulay  has  a  lay,  called  The 
Battle  of  the  Lake  Eegillus,  on  the  sub- 
ject. 

Where,  by  the  lake  Regillus, 
Under  the  Porcian  height. 
All  ill  the  land  of  Tusculuni, 
Was  fought  the  glorious  fight. 
Macaulay,   Lays  of  Ancient  Rome  (1842) 

A  very  parallel  case  occurs  in  the  life 
of  Mahomet.  The  Koreishites  had  armed 
to  put  down  "the  prophet;"  but  Ma- 
homet met  them  in  arms,  and  on  January 
13,  624,  won  the  famous  battle  of  Bedr. 
In  the  Koran  (ch.  iii.),  he  tells  us  that 
the  angel  Gabriel,  on  his  horse  Haiziim, 
appeared  on  the  field  with  3000  "angels," 
and  won  the  battle  for  him. 

In  the  conquest  of  Mexico,  we  are  told 
that  St.  James  appeared  on  his  grey  horse 
at  the  head  of  the  Castilian  adventurers, 
and  led  them  on  to  victor>'.  Bernal  Diaz, 
who  was  in  the  battle,  saw  the  grey  horse, 
but  fancies  the  rider  was  Francesco  de 
Morla,  though,  he  confesses,  "  it  might  be 
the  glorious  apostle  St.  James  "  for  aught 
he  knew. 

Regimen  of  the  School  of  Sa- 
lerno, a  collection  of  precepts  in  I^^tin 
verse,  written  by  John  of  Milan,  a  poet 


•■) 


REGION  OF  DEATH. 


822 


RELICS. 


of  the  eleventh  century,  for  Robert  duke 
of  Normaody. 

A  volume  universally  known 

As  the  "  Kegimeii  of  the  School  of  Salorn." 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851), 

E-egion  of  Death  (Marovsthtdli), 
Tharr,  near  Delhi,  fatal,  from  some  at- 
mospheric influence,  especially  about  sun- 
set. 

Kegno  (The),  Naples. 

Are  our  wisei  heads  leaiiinR  towards  an  alliance  with  the 
pope  and  the  Regno  ?— George  Eliot  (Marian  Evans). 

Reg'ulus,  a  Roman  general  who 
conquered  the  Carthaginians  (n.c.  256), 
and  compelled  them  to  sue  for  peace. 
While  negotiations  were  going  on,  the 
Carthaginians,  joined  by  Xanthippos  the 
Lacedemonian,  attacked  the  Romans  at 
Tunis,  and  beat  them,  taking  Regulus 
prisoner.  In  250,  the  captive  was  sent  to 
Rome  to  make  terms  of  peace  and  demand 
exchange  of  prisoners,  but  he  used  all 
his  influence  with  the  senate  to  dissuade 
them  from  coming  to  terms  with  their 
foe.  On  his  return  to  captivity,  the 
Carthaginians  cut  off  his  eyelashes  and 
exposed  him  to  the  burning  sun,  then 
placed  him  in  a  barrel  armed  with  nails, 
which  was  rolled  up  and  down  a  hill  till 
the  man  was  dead. 

*^*  This  subject  has  furnished  Pradon 
and  Dorat  with  tragedies  (French),  and 
Metastasio  the  Italian  poet  with  an  opera 
called  Regolo  (1740).  "  Regulus"  was  a 
favourite  part  of  the  French  actor  Fran- 
9ois  J.  Talma. 

Rehearsal  (The),  a  farce  bv  George 
Villiers  duke  of  Buckingham  (1671).  It 
was  designed  for  a  satire  on  the  rhyming 
plays  of  the  time.  The  chief  character, 
Bayes  (1  syl.),  is  meant  for  Dryden. 

The  name  of  George  Villiers,  duke  of  Buckingham,  de- 
mands cordial  mention  by  every  writer  on  the  stage.  He 
lived  in  an  age  when  plays  were  chiefly  written  in  rhyme, 
wliich  served  as  a  vehicle  for  foaming  sentiment  clouded 
by  liyperbold.  .  .  .  The  dramas  of  Lee  and  Settle  .  .  . 
are  made  up  of  blatant  couplets  that  emptily  thundered 
through  five  long  acts.  To  explode  an  unnatural  custom 
by  ridiculing  it,  was  Buckingham's  design  In  The  Re- 
hearsal,  but  in  doing  this  the  gratification  of  private 
di^ike  was  a  greater  stimulus  than  the  wish  to  promote 
the  public  good. — W.  C.  Russell,  Jiepresentative  Actor*. 

Reiehel  (Colonel),  in  Charles  XII., 
by  J.  R.  Planche  (1826). 

Rejected  Addresses,  parodies  on 
Wordsworth,  Cobbett,  Southey,  Scott, 
Coleridge,  Crabbe,  Byron,  Theodore 
Hook,  etc.,  by  James  and  Horace  Smith  ; 
the  copyright  after  the  sixteenth  edition 
was  purchased  by  John  Murray,  in  1819, 
for  £131.  The  directors  of  Drury  Lane 
Theatre  had  olfered  a  premium  for  the 
best  poetical  address  to  be  spoken  at  the 


opening  of  the  new  building,  and  the 
brothers  Smith  conceived  the  idea  of 
publishing  a  number  of  poems  supposed 
to  have  been  written  for  the  occasion  and 
rejected  by  the  directors  (1812). 

"I  do  not  see  why  they  should  have  peen  rejected," 
said'  a  Leicestershire  clergyman,  "for  I  think  some  of 
them  are  very  good." — James  Smith. 

Reksh,  sir  Rustam's  horse. 

Relapse  (The),  a  comedy  by  Van- 
brugh  (1697).  Reduced  to  three  acta, 
and  adapted  to  more  modem  times  by 
Sheridan,  under  the  title  of  A  lYip  to 
Scarborough  (1777). 

Rel'dresal,  principal  secretary  for 
private  affairs  in  the  court  of  Lilliput, 
and  great  friend  of  Gulliver.  When  it 
was  proposed  to  put  the  Man-mountain 
to  death  for  high  treason,  Reldresal  moved, 
as  an  amendment,  that  the  "  traitor  should 
have  both  his  eyes  put  out,  and  be  suffered 
to  live  that  he  might  serve  the  nation." — 
Swift,  Gulliver'' s  Travels  ("Vovage  to 
Lilliput,"  1726). 

*^*  Probably  the  dean  had  the  Bible 
story  of  Samson  and  the  Philistines  in 
his  thoughts. 

Relies  (Sacred).  The  most  famous 
are  the  following  : — 

Coal.    One  of  the  coals  that  roasted  St.  Lawrence. 

Face.  The  face  of  a  seraph,  with  only  part  of  the 
nose.     (See  below,  "  Snout") 

Finger.  A  finger  of  St.  Andrew;  one  of  John  the 
Baptist;  one  of  the  Holy  Ghost;  and  the  thumb  of  St. 
Thomas. 

Handkerchiefs  (Two),  with  impressions  of  the  face 
of  Christ :  one  sent  by  our  Lord  Himself,  as  a  present  to 
Agbarus  prince  of  Edessa;  and  the  other  given  to  St. 
Veronica,  as  the  "Man  of  sorrows"  was  on  His  w.iy  to 
execution.  The  woman  had  lent  it  to  Jesus  to  wipe  His 
brow  with,  and  when  He  returned  it  an  impression  of 
His  face  was  photographed  on  it. 

Head.    Two  heads  of  John  the  Baptist. 

Hem.  The  hem  of  our  Lord's  garment  which  the 
woman  with  the  issue  of  blood  touched  ;  and  the  hem  of 
Joseph's  garment. 

Lock  of  Hair.  A  lock  of  the  hair  with  which  Mary 
Magdalene  wiped  the  Saviour's  feet. 

Nail.  One  of  the  nails  used  in  the  Crucifixion,  set  in 
the  "  iron  crown  of  Lombardy." 

Phial  of  Sweat.  A  pliial  of  the  sweat  of  St.  Michael, 
when  he  contended  with  Satan. 

Ravs  of  a  Star.  Some  of  the  rays  of  the  guiding  stiir 
which  appeared  to  the  Wise  Men  of  the  Eiist. 

Rib.  a  rib  of  the  "Verbuni  caro  factum,"  or  the 
Word  made  flesh. 

Rod.    Moses'  rod. 

Seamless  Coat.  The  seamless  coat  of  our  Lord,  for 
which  lots  were  cast  at  the  Crucifixion. 

Slippers.  A  pan-  of  slippers  worn  by  Enoch  before  the 
Flood. 

Snout  The  "snout"  of  a  seraph,  supposed  to  have 
belonged  to  the  face  (see  above). 

Spoon.  The  pap-dish  and  spoon  used  by  the  Virgin 
Mary  for  the  child  Jesus. 

Sword  and  Shield.    The  short  sword  of  St.  Michael,  j 
and  his  square  buckler  lined  with  red  velvet 

TiiAR.    The    tear  shod    by  Jesus  over   the   grave 
Lazarus.     It  was  given  by  an  angel  to  Mary  Magdalene. 

Tooth.    A  tooth  of  our  Lord  Himself. 

Water-pot.      One   of   the   water-pots   used  at 
marriage  at  Cana.  in  Galileo. 

This  list  is  Uken  from  Brady's  ClavU  Calendaria,  340 
(1839).  _ 


m 


RELOXA. 


823 


It  appears  by  the  confessions  of  the  Inquisition  that 
Instances  of  failure  have  occurred,  l)ut  the  siicred  relics 
have  alwivys  recovered  thtir  virtue  when  (as  Galbert,  a 
monk  of  Alarchiennes  informs  us),  "  the/  are  flogged  with 
rods.'— Brady,  'Hi. 

*,,,*  In  the  Hotel  de  Cluny,  Paris,  we 
are  shown  a  ring  which  we  are  assured 
contains  part  of  one  of  the  thorns  of  the 
"crown  of  thorns." 

Reloxa,  the  clock  town.  (From  the 
Spanish  re/o^,  "a  clock.") 

It  would  be  an  excellent  jolce,  indeed,  if  the  natives  of 
Reloxa  were  to  slay  every  one  who  only  asked  them  what 
O'clock  it  was.— Cervantes,  J)on  qaixote,  II.  ii.  8  (1615). 

Remember  Thou  art  Mortal! 

When  a  Koman  conqueror  entered  the 
city  in  triumph,  a  slave  was  placed  in 
the  chariot  to  whisper  from  time  to  time 
into  the  ear  of  the  conqueror,  '*  Remem- 
ber thou  art  a  man  !  " 

Vespasian,  the  Roman  emperor,  had  a 
slave  who  said  to  him  daily  as  he  left 
his  chamber,  *'  Remember  thou  art  a 
man !  " 

In  the  ancient  Egyptian  banquets  it 
was  customary  during  the  feast  to  draw  a 
mummy  in  a  car  round  the  banquet  hall, 
while  one  uttered  aloud,  "To  this  estate 
you  must  come  at  last !  " 

When  the  sultan  of  Serendib  (i.e. 
Ceylon)  went  abroad,  his  vizier  cried 
aloud,  "This  is  the  great  monarch,  the 
tremendous  sultan  of  tlie  Indies  .  .  . 
greater  than  Solima  or  the  grand  Mihr- 
age  !  "  An  officer  behind  the  monarch 
then  exclaimed,  "This  monarch,  though 
so  great  and  powerful,  must  die,  must 
die,  must  die  !  " — Arabian  Nights  ("  Sind- 
bad,"  sixth  voyage). 

Rem.ois  (2  syL),  the  people  of  Rheims, 
in  France. 

Remtond,  a  shepherd  in  Britannia's 
Pastorals,  by  William  Browne  (1613). 

Remond,  young  Reniond,  that  full  well  could  sing. 
And  tune  his  pipe  at  Pan's  birth  carolling ; 
Who,  for  iiis  nimble  leaping,  sweetest  layes, 
A  laurell  garland  wore  on  Jiolidayes ; 
In  framing  of  whose  hand  dame  Nature  swore,     - 
There  never  was  his  like,  nor  should  be  more. 

PastorcU,  I. 

Rem.'ora,  a  little  fish,  which  fastens 
itself  on  the  keel  of  a  ship,  and  impedes 
its  progress. 

The  shippe  is  as  insensible  of  the  living  as  of  the  dead  ; 
as  the  living  make  it  not  goe  tlie  faster,  so  the  dead  make 
it  not  goe  the  slower,  for  the  dead  .ire  no  Ilhemoras  [sic] 
to  alter  the  course  of  her  passage. — Heipe  to  Memory,  etc., 
M  (1030). 

A  goodly  ship  with  banners  bravely  dight. 

And  flag  on  her  top-giillant  I  espied.  .  .  . 

All  suddenly  their  clove  unto  her  keel 

A  little  fish  that  men  call  Kemorn, 

Which  stopped  her  course  and  lield  her  by  the  heel, 

That  wind  nor  tide  could  move  her  thence  away. 

Spenser,  Somiett  (1591). 


RENZO  AND  LUCIA. 

Rem.'ores,  birds  which  retard  the 
execution  of  a  project. 

"Remores"  aves  in  auspicio  dicuntar  qua  actunini 
aliquid  remorari  compellunt.  —  Festua,  De  Verborum 
Significatione. 

Re'naud,  one  of  the  paladins  of 
Charlemagne,  always  described  with  the 
properties  of  a  borderer,  valiant,  alert, 
ingenious,  rapacious,  and  unscrupulous. 
Better  known  in  the  Italian  form  liinaldo 
(q.v.). 

Renault,  a  Frenchman,  and  one  of 
the  chief  conspirators  in  which  Pierre 
was  concerned.  When  Jaffier  joined  the 
conspiracy,  he  gave  his  wife  Belvide'ra 
as  surety  of  his  fidelity,  and  a  dagger 
to  be  used  against  her  if  he  proved  un- 
faithful. Renault  attempted  the  honour 
of  the  lady,  and  Jaffier  took  her  back 
in  order  to  protect  her  from  such  insults. 
The  old  villain  died  on  the  Avheel,  and  no 
one  pitied  him. — T.  Otway,  Venice  I're- 
served  (1G82). 

Rene,  the  old  king  of  Provence, 
father  of  queen  Margaret  of  Anjou  (wife 
of  Henry  VI.  of  England).  A  minstrel- 
monarch,  friend  to  the  chase  and  tilt, 
poetry  and  music.  Thiebault  says  he 
gave  in  largesses  to  knights-errant  and 
minstrels  more  than  he  received  in 
revenue  (ch.  xxix.). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne 
of  Geier stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Rene  (2  syl.),  the  hero  and  title  of  a 
romance  by  Chateaubriand  (1801).  It 
was  designed  for  an  episode  to  his  Ge'nie 
du  Chrisiianisme  (1802).  Rene'  is  a  man 
of  social  inaction,  conscious  of  possessing 
a  superior  genius,  but  his  pride  produces 
in  him  a  morbid  bitterness  of  spirit. 

Ren^  [Lerlanc],  notar}--  public  of 
Grand  Pre',  in  Acadia  (Nova  Scotia). 
Bent  with  age,  but  with  long  yellow  hair 
flowing  over  his  shoulders.  He  was  the 
father  of  twenty  children,  and  had  a 
himdred  grandchildren.  When  Acadia 
was  ceded  by  the  French  to  England, 
George  II.  confiscated  the  goods  of  the 
simple  colonists,  and  drove  them  into 
exile.  Rene'  went  to  Pennsylvania,  where 
he  died,  and  was  buried.— Longfellow, 
Evangeline  (1849). 

Rentowel  (Mr.  Jabesh),  a  covenant- 
ing preacher. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

With  the  vehemence  of  some  pulpit-drumming  Gowk- 
thrapple  [  Wavertej/],  or  "  precious "  Mr.  Jatiesh  Ren- 
towel. — Carlyle. 

iElenzo  and  Lucia,  the  hero  and 
heroine  of  an  Italian  novel  by  Alessando 
Manzoni,  entitled   The  Betrothed  Lover 


REPUBLICAN  QUEEN. 


824 


REVENGE. 


("  Promessi  Sposi").  This  novel  con- 
tains an  account  of  the  Bread  Riot  and 
plague  of  Milan.  Cardinal  Borro'meo  is, 
of  course,  introduced.  There  is  an  Eng- 
lish translation  (1827). 

Republican  Queen  {The),  Sophie 
Charlotte,  wife  of  Frederick  I.  of  Prussia. 

Resolute  {The),  John  Florio,  philo- 
logist. He  was  the  tutor  of  prince 
Henry  (1545-1625). 

*^*  This  "Florio  "was  the  prototype 
of  Shakespeare's  "  Holof ernes." 

Resolute  Doctor  {The),  John 
Baconthorp  (*-1346). 

*^*  Guillaume  Durandus  de  St.  Pour- 
^ain  was  called  "  The  Most  Resolute 
Doctor"  (1267-1332). 

Restless  {Sir  John),  the  suspicious 
husband  of  a  suspicious  wife.  Both  are 
made  wretched  by  their  imaginings  of  the 
other's  inlidelity,  but  neither  have  the 
slightest  ground  for  such  suspicion. 

Ladij  Bestless,  wife  of  sir  John.  As 
she  has  a  fixed  idea  that  her  husband  is 
inconstant,  she  is  always  asking  the  ser- 
vants, "Where  is  sir  John?"  "Is  sir  John 
returned?"  "Which  way  did  sir  John 
go  ?  "  "  Has  sir  John  received  any  let- 
ters ?  "  "  Who  has  called  ?  "  etc.  ;  and, 
whatever  the  answer,  it  is  to  her  a  con- 
firmation of  her  surmises. — A.  Murphy, 
All  in  the  Wrong  (1761). 

Reuben  Dixon,  a  village  school- 
master of  "  ragged  lads." 

'Mid  noise,  and  dirt,  and  stench,  and  play,  and  prate, 
He  calmly  cuts  the  pen  or  views  tlie  slate. 

Oabbe,  Borough,  xxiv.  (1810). 

Reuben  and  Seth,  servants  of 
Nathan  ben  Israel,  the  Jew  at  Ashby,  a 
friend  of  Isaac  and  Rebecca. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Reullu'ra  {i.e.  ^^  beautiful  star"),  the 
•wife  of  Aodh,  one  of  the  Culdees  or 
primitive  clergy  of  Scotland,  who 
preached  the  gospel  of  God  in  lo'na,  an 
island  south  of  Staffa.  Here  Ulvfa'gre 
the  Dane  landed,  and,  having  put  all  who 
opposed  him  to  death,  seized  Aodh, 
bound  him  in  iron,  carried  him  to  the 
church,  and  demanded  where  the  trea- 
sures were  concealed.  Just  then  ap- 
peared a  mysterious  figure  all  in  white, 
who  first  unbound  Aodh,  and  then  taking 
the  Dane  by  the  arm,  led  him  up  to  the 
statue  of  St.  Columb,  which  immediately 
fell  and  crushed  him  to  death.  Then 
turning  to  the  Norsemen,  the  same  mys- 
terious figure  told  them  to  "  go  back, 
fcad  take  the  bones  of  their  chief  with 


them  ;  "  adding,  whoever  lifted  hand  in 
the  island  again  should  be  a  paralytic  for 
life.  The  "saint"  then  transported  the 
remnant  of  the  islanders  to  Ireland  ;  but 
when  search  was  made  for  Rewllura,  hpr 
body  was  in  the  sea,  and  her  soul  in 
heaven. — Campbell,  Reullura. 

Reutha'mir,  the  principal  man  of 
Balclutha  a  town  belonging  to  the 
Britons  on  the  river  Clyde.  His  daugh- 
ter Moina  married  Clessammor  (Fingal's 
uncle  on  the  mother's  side).  Reuthamir 
was  killed  by  Comhal  (Fingal's  father) 
when  he  attacked  Balclutha  and  burned 
it  to  the  ground. — Ossian,  Carthon. 

Rev'eller  {Ladi/),  cousin  of  Valeria 
the  blue-stocking.  Lady  Reveller  is  very 
fond  of  play,  but  ultimately  gives  it  up, 
and  is  united  to  lord  Worth  v. — Mrs. 
Centlivre,  The  Basset  Table  (170(5). 


Revenge  {The), 
ward  Young  (1721). 
Zanga.) 


,  tragedy  by  Ed- 
(For  the  plot,  see 


Revenge  {TJie),  the  ship  under  the 
command  of  sir  Richard  Grenville,  an- 
chored at  Flores,  in  the  Azores,  when  a 
fleet  of  fifty-three  Spanish  ships  hove  in 
sight.  Lord  Thomas  Howard,  with  six 
men-of-war,  sailed  off ;  but  sir  Richard 
stood  his  ground.  He  had  only  a  hundred 
men,  but  with  this  crew  and  his  one  ship  he 
encountered  the  Spanish  fleet.  The  fight 
was  very  obstinate.  Some  of  the  Spanish 
ships  were  sunk,  and  many  shattered  ;  but 
sir  Richard  at  length  was  wounded,  and 
the  surgeon  shot  while  dressing  the  wound. 
"  Sink  the  ship,  master  gunner  !  "  cried 
sir  Richard  ;  "  sink  the  ship,  and  let 
her  not  fall  into  the  hands  of  Spain  !  " 
But  the  crew  were  obliged  to  yield,  and 
sir  Richard  died.  The  Spaniards  were 
amazed  at  Greuville's  pluck,  and  gave 
him  all  honours  as  they  cast  his  body 
into  the  sea.  The  Revenge  was  then 
manned  by  Spaniards,  but  never  reached 
the  Spanish  coast,  for  it  was  wrecked  in 
a  tempest,  and  went  down  with  all  hands 
aboard. — Tennyson,  The  Revemje,  a  bal- 
lad of  the  fleet  (1878). 

*^*  This  sea-fight  is  the  subject  of  one 
of  Froude's  essays.  ^ 

Canon  Kingsley  has  introduced  it  ufl 
Westward  Ho !  where  he  gives  a  descripB 
tion  of  sir  Richard  Grenville. 

Lord  Bacon  says  the  fight  "was 
memorable  even  beyond  credit,  and  to 
the  height  of  heroic  ifable." 

Mr.  Arber  published  three  interesting 


REVENGE. 


825 


REYNOLDS. 


contemporary  documents  relating  to  The 
Revenge^  by  sir  Walter  Raleigh. 

Gervase  Markham  wrote  a  long  poem 
on  the  subject  (two  hundred  stanzas  of 
eight  lines  each). 

Revenge  (T/ie  Palace  of),  a  palace  of 
crystal,  provided  with  everything  agree- 
able to  life,  except  the  means  of  going 
out  of  it.  The  fairy  Pagan  made  it,  and 
when  Imis  rejected  his  suit  because  she 
loved  prince  Philax,  he  shut  them  up  in 
this  palace  out  of  revenge.  At  the  end  of 
a  few  years.  Pagan  had  his  revenge,  for 
Philax  and  Imis  longed  as  eagerly  for  a 
separation  as  they  had  once  done  to  be 
united. — Comtesse  D'Aunov,  Fairy  Tales 
("  Palace  of  Revenge,"  1682). 

Revenons  a  nos  Moutons,  let  us 

return  to  the  matter  in  hand.  The  phrase 
comes  from  an  old  French  comedy  of  the 
fifteenth  century,  entitled  L'Avocat  Pate- 
(in,  by  Blanchet.  A  clothier,  giving 
evidence  against  a  shepherd  who  had 
stolen  some  sheep,  is  for  ever  running 
from  the  subject  to  talk  about  some  cloth 
of  which  Patelin,  his  lawyer,  had  de- 
frauded him.  The  judge  from  time  to 
time  pulls  him  up,  by  saj'ing  "  Well, 
well!  and  about  the  sheep?"  "What 
about  the  sheep?"  (See  Patelin,  p. 
737.) 

Revolutionary   Songs.     By   far 

the  most  popular  were  : 

1.  La  Marseillaise,  both  words  and 
music  by  Rouget  de  Lisle  (1792). 

2.  Vcillons  au  Salut  de  VEmpire,  by 
Adolphe  S.  Boy  (1791).  Music  by  Da- 
layra.  Very  strange  that  men  whose 
whole  purpose  was  to  dcstroij  the  empire, 
should  go  about  singing,  "  Let  us  guard 
it!  " 

3.  Ca  Ira,  written  to  the  tune  of  Le 
Carillon  National,  in  1789,  while  prepa- 
rations were  being  made  for  the  Fete  de 
la  Fe'deration.  It  was  a  great  favourite 
with  Marie  Antoinette,  who  was  for  ever 
"strumming  the  tune  on  her  harpsi- 
chord," 

4.  Chant  du  De'part,  by  Marie  Joseph 
de  Chenier  (1794).  Music  by  Mehul. 
This  was  the  most  popular  next  to  the 
Marseillaise. 

5.  La  Carmagnole.  "Madame  Veto 
avait  promis  de  faire  c'gorger  tout 
Paris  ..."  (1792).  Probably  so  called 
froui  Carmagnole,  in  Piedmont.  The 
burden  of  this  dancing  song  is  : 

Uaiixoii  la  <l«rn)ugiiole, 

Vive  le  soil  1  Vivelesoat 
D»nson  la  (^rmagnole, 

Vive  le  son  du  caiiou  I 


6.  Le  Vengeur,  a  cock-and-bull  story, 
in  verse,  about  a  ship  so  called.  Lord 
Howe  took  six  of  the  French  ships,  June 
1,  1794  ;  but  Le  Vengeur  was  sunk  by  the 
crew  that  it  might  not  fall  into  the  hands 
of  the  English,  and  went  down  while  tho 
crew  shouted,  "Vive  la  Re'publique ! " 
There  is  as  much  truth  in  this  story  as  in 
David's  picture  of  Napoleon  "  Crossing 
the  Alps." 

In  the  second  Revolution  we  have  • 

1.  La  Parisienne,  called  "  The  Mar- 
seillaise of  1830,"  by  Casimir  Delavigne, 
the  same  year. 

2.  La  France  a  VHorreur  du  Servage, 
by  Casimir  Delavigne  (1843). 

3.  La  Champ  de  Bataille,  by  Emile 
Debreaux  (about  1830). 

The  chief  political  songs  of  Be'ranger 
are :  Adieux  de  Marie  Stuart,  Im  Cocarde 
Blanche,  Jacques,  La  De'esse,  Marquis  de 
Carahas,  Le  Sacre  de  Charles  le  Simple, 
Le  Senateur,  Le  Vieux  Caporal,  and  Le 
Vilain. 

Rewcastle  (Old  John),  a  Jedburgh 
smuggler,  and  one  of  the  Jacobite  con- 
spirators with  the  laird  of  Ellieslaw. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  T/ie  Black  Dwarf  (time, 
Anne). 

Reynaldo,  a  servant  to  Polonius. — ■ 
Shakespeare,  Hamlet  (1596). 

Re3mard  the  Fox,  the  hero  of  the 
beast-epic  so  called.  This  prose  poem  is 
a  satire  on  the  state  of  Germany  in  the 
Middle  Ages.  Reynard  represents  the 
Church ;  Isengrin  the  wolf  (his  uncle) 
typifies  the  baronial  element ;  and  Nodel 
the  lion  stands  for  the  regal  power.  The 
plot  turns  on  the  struggle  for  supremacy 
between  Reynard  and  Isengrin.  Reynard 
uses  all  his  endeavours  to  victimize  every 
one,  especially  his  uncle  Isengrin,  and 
generally  succeeds.  —  Reinecke  Fuchs 
(thier-epos,  1498). 

Reynardine  (3  syl.),  eldest  son  of 
Reynard  the  fox.  He  assumed  the 
names  of  Dr.  Pedanto  and  Crabron. — 
Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Reynold  of  Montalbon,  one  of 

Charlemagne's  paladins. 

Reynolds  (Sir  Joshua)  is  thus  de- 
scribed by  Goldsmith : 

Here  Reynolds  is  laid ;  and,  to  tell  you  my  mind. 
He  has  not  left  a  wiser  or  better  bsliind. 
His  pencil  was  striking,  resistless,  and  grand ; 
His  manners  were  gentle,  complying,  and  bland.  .  ,  . 
To  coxcombs  averse,  vnt  nnost  civilly  steering, 
Wh«n  tliey  judged  without  skill,  he  was  still  hard  of 
hearing ; 


REZIO. 


826 


RHESUS. 


When  they  talked  of  their  Raphaels,  Correglos  [sic],  and 

stuff, 
He  shifted  his  trumpet,  and  only  took  snuff. 

RctalUUion  (1774). 

N.B. — Sir  Joshua  Rej^nolds  was  hard  of 
hearing,  and  used  an  ear-trumpet. 

Rez'io  {Dr.)  or  "Pedro  Rezio  of 
Ague'ro,"  the  doctor  of  Barata'ria,  who 
forbade  Sancho  Panza  to  taste  any  of  the 
meats  set  before  him.  Roast  partridge 
was  "forbidden  by  Hippoc'rates."  Po- 
dri'da  was  "the  most  pernicious  food  in 
the  world."  Rabbits  were  "a  sharp-haired 
diet."  Veal  was  "prejudicial  to  health." 
But,  he  said,  the  governor  might  eat  "a 
few  wafers,  and  a  thin  slice  or  two  of 
quince." — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II. 
iii.  10  (1615). 

Dr.  Sangkado  seems  to  be  copied  in 
some  measure  from  this  character.  His 
panacea  was  hot  water  and  stewed  apples. 
— Lesage,  Gil  Bias  (1715-35). 

Dk.  Hancock  (a  real  character)  pre- 
scribed cold  water  and  stewed  prunes. 

Rhadaman'thus,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Euro'pa.  He  reigned  in  the  Cyclades 
with  such  partiality,  that  at  death  he  was 
made  one  of  the  judges  of  the  infernal 
regions. 

And  if  departed  souls  must  rise  again,  .  ,  . 
And  bide  the  judgment  of  reward  or  pain  ;  .  .  . 
Then  Rhadamanthus  and  stern  Minos  were 
True  types  of  justice  while  they  liv6d  here. 

Lord  Brooke,  Monarchie,  i.  (1554-1628). 

Rhampsini'tos,  king  of  Egj'pt, 
usually  called  Ram'eses  III.,  the  richest 
of  the  Egyptian  monarchs,  who  amassed 
72  millions  sterling,  which  he  secured  in 
a  treasury  of  stone.  By  an  artifice  of 
the  builder,  he  was  robbed  every  night. — 
Herodotos,  ii.  121. 

A  p.-vallel  tale  is  told  of  Hyrieus 
[Ilij' .ri.tice]  of  Hyria.  His  two  architects, 
Trophonios  and  Agamedes  (brothers),  built 
his  treasure-vaults,  but  left  one  stone 
removable  at  pleasure.  After  great  loss 
of  treasure,  Hyrieus  spread  a  net,  in 
which  Agame'des  was  caught.  To  pre- 
vent recognition,  Trophonios  cut  off  his 
brother's  head. — Pausanias,  Itinerary  of 
Greece,  ix.  37,  3. 

A  similar  tale  is  told  of  the  treasure- 
vaults  of  Aug&s  king  of  Elis. 

Rha'sis  or  Mohammed  Aboubekr  ibn 
Zakaria  el  Razi,  a  noted  Arabian  physi- 
cian. He  wrote  a  treatise  on  small-pox 
and  measles,  with  some  200  other  treatises 
(860-923). 

Well,  error  has  no  end  ; 
And  Rko-sis  is  a  sage. 

B.  Browning,  Paraceltut,  ill. 

Rhea's  Child.    Jupiter  is  so  called 


by  Pindar.      He    dethroned   his  father 
Saturn. 

Tlie  child 
Of  Rhea  drove  him  \Saturn']  from  the  upper  sky. 

Akenside,  Hymn  to  the  Naiads  (1767). 

Rheims  (The  Jackdaw  of).  The 
cardinal-archbishop  of  Rheims  made  a 
grand  feast,  to  which  he  invited  all  the 
joblillies  of  the  neighbourhood.  There 
were  abbots  and  prelates,  knights  and 
squires,  and  all  who  delighted  to  honour 
the  great  panjandrum  of  Rheims.  The 
feast  over,  water  was  served,  and  his  lord- 
ship's grace,  drawing  off  his  turquoise  ring, 
laid  it  beside  his  plate,  dipped  his  fingers 
into  the  golden  bowl,  and  wiped  them 
on  his  napkin ;  but  when  he  looked  to  put 
on  his  ring,  it  was  nowhere  to  be  found. 
It  was  evidently  gone.  The  rioor  was 
searched,  the  plates  and  dishes  lifted  up, 
the  mugs  and  chalices,  every  possible  and 
impossible  place  was  poked  into,  but 
without  avail.  The  ring  must  have  been 
stolen.  His  grace  was  furious,  and,  in 
dignified  indignation,  calling  for  bell, 
book,  and  candle,  banned  the  thief,  both 
body  and  soul,  this  life  and  for  ever.  It 
was  a  terrible  curse,  but  none  of  the 
guests  seemed  the  worse  for  it — except, 
indeed,  the  jackdaw.  The  poor  bird  was 
a  pitiable  object,  his  head  lobbed  down, 
his  wings  draggled  on  the  floor,  his 
feathers  were  all  ruffled,  and  with  a 
ghost  of  a  caw  he  prayed  the  company  to 
follow  him ;  when  lo !  there  was  the  ring, 
hidden  in  some  sly  corner  by  the  jack- 
daw as  a  clever  practical  joke.  His 
lordship's  grace  smiled  benignantlj',  and 
instantly  removed  the  curse  ;  when  lo ! 
as  if  by  magic,  the  bird  became  fat  and 
sleek  again,  perky  and  impudent,  wag- 
ging his  tail,  winking  his  eye,  and  cock- 
ing his  head  on  one  side,  then  up  he 
hopped  to  his  old  place  on  the  cardinal's 
chair.  Never  after  this  did  he  indulge  in 
thievish  tricks,  but  became  so  devout,  so 
constant  at  feast  and  chapel,  so  well- 
behaved  at  matins  and  vespers,  that  when 
he  died  he  died  in  the  odour  of  sanctity, 
and  was  canonized,  his  name  being 
changed  to  that  of  Jim  Crow. — Barhani 
Inqoldsby  Legends  ("Jackdaw  of  Rheims,' 
1837). 


•ham, 
ims,"     I 

4 


Rhene  (1  syl.),  the  Rhine,  the 
Rhe'nus. — Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  i 
(1605). 

Rhesus  was  on  his  march  to  aid  the 
Trojans  in  their  siege,  and  had  nearly 
reached  Troy,  when  he  was  attacked  in 
tlie  night  by  Tllvsses  and  Diomed.    In 


RHETORIC  OF  A  SILVER  FEE.     827 


RIBBON. 


this  surprise  Rhesus  and  all  his  army  were 
cut  to  pieces. — Homer,  Iliad,  x. 

A  very  parallel  case  was  that  of  Sweno 
the  Dane,  who  was  marching  to  join 
Godfrey  and  the  crusaders,  when  he  was 
attacked  in  the  night  by  Solynian,  and 
both  Sweno  and  his  army  perished. — 
Tacso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (16/5). 

Rhetoric  of  a  Silver  Pee  {Tlie). 

He  will  reverse  the  watchman's  harsh  decree, 
Moved  by  the  rhetoric  of  a  silver  fee. 

Gay.  Trivia,,  iii.  317  (1712). 

Rhiannon's  Birds.  The  notes  of 
these  birds  were  so  sweet  that  warriors 
remained  spell-bound  for  eighty  years 
together  listening  to  them.  These  birds 
are  often  alluded  to  by  the  Welsh  bards. 
(Rhiannon  was  the  wife  of  prince  Pwyll.) 
'—The  Mabinogion,  363  (twelfth  century). 

Tlie  snow-white  bird  which  the  monk 
Felix  listened  to  sang  so  enchantingly 
that  he  was  spell-bound  for  a  hundred 
years  listening  to  it. — Longfellow,  Golden 
Legend. 

Rhine  (The  Irish).  The  Blackwater 
is  so  called  from  its  scenery. 

Rhinnon  Rhin  Barnawd's 
Bottles  had  the  virtue  of  keeping  sweet 
whatever  liquor  was  put  in  them. — The 
Mahinogion  ("Kilhwch  and  Olwen," 
twelfth  century). 

Rhinoceros.  The  horn  of  the  rhi- 
noceros being  "cut  through  the  middle 
from  one  extremity  to  the  other,  on  it 
will  be  seen  several  white  lines  repre- 
senting human  figures." — Arabian  Nights 
;("  Sindbad's  Second  Voyage"). 

Rhinoceros-Horn  a  Poison- Detector.  If 
fpoison  is  put  into  a  vessel  made  of  a 
trhinoceros's  horn,  the  liquid  contained 
ttherein  will  effervesce. 

Rhinoceros  and  Elephant.     The  rhino- 

;ros  with  its  horn  gores   the   elephant 

lunder  the  belly,  but  blood  running  into 

[the  eyes  of  the  rhinoceros,  blinds  it,  and 

it  becomes  an   easy  prey  to   the   roc. — 

Wabian    Nights     ("  Sindbad's     Second 

Voyage"). 

Rhodalind,  daughter  of  Aribert  king 

[of  Lombardy,  in  love  with  duke  Gondi- 

tbert ;  but  Gondibert  preferred  Birtha,  a 

Bountry  girl,  daughter  of  tlje  sage  As- 

Igon.      While  the  duke  is  whispering 

Iweet  love-notes  to  Birtha,  a  page  comes 

)st-haste  to  announce  to  him  that  the 

cing  has  proclaimed  him  his  heir,  and  is 

ibout  to  give  him  his  daughter  in  mar- 

iage.    The  duke  gives  Birtha  an  emerald 

ing,  and  says  if  he  is  false  to  her  the 

lerald  will  lose  its  lustre ;  then  hastens 


to  court  in  obedience  to  the  king's  sum- 
mons. Here  the  tale  breaks  off,  and 
was  never  finished.— Sir  Wm.  Davenant, 
Gondibert  (1605-1668). 

.Rhodian  Venus  {The).  This  was 
the  "Venus"  of  Protog'enes  mentioned  by- 
Pliny,  Natural  History,  xxxv.  10. 

When  first  the  Rhodian's  mimic  art  arraved 
The  Queen  of  Beauty  in  her  Cyprian  shade. 
The  happy  master  mingled  in  his  piece 
Each  look  that  charmed  him  in  the  fair  of  Greece. 
Campbell,  I'ieasuret  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Prior  (1664-1721)  refers  to  the  same 
painting  in  his  fable  of  Frotogenes  and 

Apelles : 

I  hope,  sir,  you  intend  to  stay 

To  see  our  Venus  ;  'tis  the  piece 

The  most  renowned  throughout  all  Greece. 

Rhod'ope  (3  syl.)  or  Rhod'opis, 
a  celebrated  Qreek  courtezan,  who  after- 
wards married  Psammetichus  king  of 
Egypt.  It  is  said  that  she  built  the  third 
pyramid.— Pliny,  Nat.  Hist.,  xxxvi.  12. 

A  statelier  pyramis  to  her  I'll  rear, 
Than  Ilhodope's. 
Sliakespeare,  1  Henry  VI.  act  i.  8C  6  (1589). 

Rhombus,  a  schoolmaster  who 
speaks  "a  leash  of  languages  at  once," 
puzzling  himself  and  his  hearers  with  a 
jargon  like  that  of  "Holofernes"  in 
Shakespeare's  Love'' s  Labour'' s  Lost  (1594). 
— Sir  Philip  Sidney,  Pastoral  Entertain- 
ment  (1587). 

Rhombus,  a  spinning-wheel  or  rolling 
instrument,  used  by  the  Roman  witches 
for  fetching  the  moon  out  of  heaven. 

Quaj  nunc  Thessalico  lunam  dcducere  rhombo  [icietj— 
Marti^d,  Epigrams,  ix.  30. 

Rhone  of  Christian  Eloquence 
{The),  St.  Hilary  (300-367). 

Rhone    of    Latin    Elodiiuence 

{The).     St.  Hilary  is   so  called   by   St. 
Jerome  (300-367). 

Rhongorayant,  the  lance  of  king 
Arthur. — The  Mabinogion  ("Kilhwch  and 
Olwen,"  twelfth  century). 

Rhyming  to  Death.  In  1  Henrg 
VI.  act  i.  sc.  1,  Thomas  Beaufort  duke 
of  Exeter,  speaking  about  the  death  of 
Henry  V.,  says,  "  Must  we  think  that 
the  subtle-witted  French  conjurors  and 
sorcerers,  out  of  fear  of  him,  '  by  magic 
verses  have  contrived  his  end  '  V  "  The 
notion  of  killing  by  incantation  was  at 
one  time  very  common. 

Irishmen  .  .  .  will  not  stick  to  aflirme  that  they  can 
rime  either  man  or  beast  to  death.— Keg.  Scot,  Discoverie 
of  W'.tchcra/t  (1564). 

Ribbon.  The  yellow  ribbon,  in 
France,  indicates  that  the  wearer  has 
won  a  me'daifle  militaire  (instituted  by 


RIBEMONT. 


828 


RICHELIEU. 


Napoleon  III.)  as  a  minor  decoration  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour. 

The  red  ribbon  marks  a  chevalier  of 
the  Legion  of  Honour.  A  rosette 
indicates  a  higher  grade  than  that  of 
chevalier, 

Ribemont  (3  syl.),  the  bravest  and 
noblest  of  the  French  host  in  the  battle 
of  Poitiers.  He  alone  dares  confess  that 
the  English  are  a  brave  people.  In  the 
battle  he  is  slain  by  lord  Audley. 
— Shirley,  Edward  the  Black  Prince 
(1640). 

Ribemont  (Count),  in  27ie  Siege  of  Calais, 
by  Colman. 

Riccar'do,  commander  of  Plymouth 
fortress,  a  puritan  to  whom  lord  Walton 
has  promised  his  daughter  Elvira  in 
marriage.  Riccardo  learns  that  the  lady 
is  in  love  with  Arthur  Talbot,  and  when 
Arthur  is  taken  prisoner  by  Cromwell's 
soldiers,  Riccardo  promises  to  use  his 
efforts  to  obtain  his  pardon.  This, 
however,  is  not  needful,  for  Cromwell, 
feeling  quite  secure  of  his  position, 
orders  all  the  captives  of  war  to  be 
released.  Riccardo  is  the  Italian  form 
of  sir  Richard  Forth. — Bellini,  J Furitani 
(opera,  1834). 

Ricciardetto,  son  of  Aymon,  and 
brother  of  Bradamante. — Ariosto,  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1616). 

Rice.  Eating  rice  with  a  bodkin. 
Amine,  the  beautiful  wife  of  SidiNouman, 
ate  rice  with  a  bodkin,  but  she  was  a  ghoul, 
(See  Amine.) 

RichAI'd,  a  fine,  honest  lad,  by  trade 
a  smith/^He  marries  on  New  Year's  Day 
Meg,  the  daughter  of  Toby  Veck. — C. 
Dickens,  The  Chimes  (1844). 

Richard  (Squire),  eldest  son  of  sir 
Francis  Wronghead  of  Bumper  Hall.  A 
country  bumpkin,  wholly  ignorant  of  the 
world  and  of  literature. — Vanbrugh  and 
Gibber,  The  Frovoked  Husband  (1727). 

Robert  Wetherilt  [1708-1745]  came  to  Drury  Lane  a 
boy,  where  he  showed  liis  rising  genius  in  the  part  of 
"aquire  Richard."— Chetwood,  History  af  the  Stage. 

Richard  (Prince),  eldest  son  of  king 
Henry  II.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Betrothed 
(time,  Henry  II.). 

Richard  "  Coeur  de  Lion,"  introduced 
in  two  novels  by  sir  VV.  Scott  (The 
Talisman  and  Ivanhoe).  In  the  latter  he 
first  appears  as  "  The  Black  Knight,"  at 
the  tournament,  and  is  called  Le  Noir 
Faineant  or  "  The  Black  Sluggard  ; "  also 
»*The  Knight  of  the  Fetter-lock." 


Richard  a  Name  of  Terror.  The  name 
of  Richard  I.,  like  that  of  Attila,  Bona- 
parte, Corvlnus,  Narses,  Sebastian,  Tal- 
bot, Tamerlane,  and  other  great  con- 
querors, was  at  one  time  employed  in 
terrorein  to  disobedient  children.  (See 
Names  of  Teuror,  p.  675.) 

His  tremendous  name  was  employed  by  the  Syrian 
mothers  to  silence  their  infants  ;  and  if  a  horse  suddenly 
started  from  the  way,  his  rider  was  wont  to  exclaim, 
*'  Dost  thou  think  king  Richard  is  in  the  bush  ?  "—Gib- 
bon, Decline  aiui  Fall  of  the  lioman  Empire,  xi.  148 
(1776-88). 

The  Daughters  of  Richard  I,  When 
Richard  was  in  France,  Fulco  a  priest 
told  him  he  ought  to  beware  how  he 
bestoAved  his  daughters  in  marriage.  "I 
have  no  daughters,"  said  the  king. 
"Nay,  nay,"  replied  Fulco,  "all  the 
world  knows  that  you  have  three — Pride, 
Covetousness,  and  Lechery."  "  If  these 
are  my  daughters,"  said  the  king,  "  I 
know  well  hoAv  to  bestow  them  where 
they  will  be  well  cherished.  My  eldest 
I  give  to  the  Knights  Templars ;  my 
second  to  the  monks  ;  and  my  third,  I 
cannot  bestow  better  than  on  j'ourself, 
for  I  am  sure  she  will  never  be  divorced 
nor  neglected." — Thomas  Milles,  True 
Nobility  (1610). 

The  Horse  of  Richard  I.,  Fennel. 

Ah,  Fennel,  my  noble  horse,  thou  bleedest,  tliou  art 
slain  ! — Cceur  de  Lion  and  His  Horse. 

The  Troubadour  of  Richard  I.,  Ber- 
trand  de  Born. 

Richard  II.'s  Horse,  Roan  Barbary . 
— Shakespeare,  Richard  II.  act  v.  sc.  5 
(1597). 

Richard  III.,  a  tragedy  by  Shake- 
speare (1597).  At  one  time,  parts  of 
Rowe's  tragedy  of  Jane  Shore  were 
woven  in  the  acting  edition,  and  John 
Kemble  introduced  other  clap-traps  from 
CoUey  Cibber.  The  best  actors  of  this 
part  were  David  Garrick  (1716-1779), 
Henry  Mossop  (1729-1773),  and  Edmund 
Kean  (1787-1833). 

Richard  III.  was  only  19  years  old  at  the  opening  of 
Shakespe;ire's  play.— Sharon  Turner. 


The  Horse  of  Richard  III.,  White 
Surrey. — Shakespeare,  Richard  III.  a  " 
v.  sc.  3  (1597). 

Richard's  himself  again  !  These  wor( 
were  interpolated  by  John  Kemble  fro 
Colley  Cibber. 

Richelieu  (Armand),  cardinal  and 
chief  minister  of  France.  The  duke  of 
Orleans  (the  king's  brother),  the  count  de 
Baradas  (the  king's  favourite),  and  other 
noblemen  conspired  to  as.sassinate  Riche- 
lieu,  dethrone    Louis  XIII.,   and  make 


1 


RICHLAND. 


829 


PJGDUM-FUNNIDOS. 


Gaston  duke  of  Orleans  the  regent.  The 
ph-)t  was  revealed  to  the  cardinal  by 
Marion  de  Lorme,  in  whose  house  the 
conspirators  met.  The  conspirators  were 
arrested,  and  several  of  them  put  to 
death,  but  Gaston  duke  of  Orleans  turned 
king's  evidence  and  was  pardoned. — Lord 
Lytton,  Richelieu  (1839). 

Richland  (Miss),  intended  for  Leon- 
tine  Croaker,  but  she  gives  her  hand  in 
marriage  to  Mr.  Honeywood,  "the  good- 
natured  man,"  who  promises  to  abandon 
his  quixotic  benevolence,  and  to  make  it 
his  study  in  future  "to  reserve  his  pity 
for  real  distress,  his  friendship  for  true 
merit,  and  his  love  for  her  who  first 
taught  him  what  it  is  to  be  happy." — 
Goldsmith,  The  Good-natured  Man  (17G8). 

Richmond  (The  duchess  of),  wife  of 
Charles  Stuart,  in  the  court  of  Charles 
II.  The  line  became  extinct,  and  the 
title  was  given  to  the  Lennox  family. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the  Feak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

Richmond  {The  earl  of),  Henry  of 
Lancaster. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Richmond  Hill  (The  Lass  of),  Miss 
I'  Anson  of  Hill  House,  Kichmond,  York- 
shire. Words  by  M'Nally ;  music  by 
James  Hook,  who  married  the  young 
lady. 

The  f.css  of  liichmond  Hill  is  one  of  the  sweetest 
ballads  in  the  language. — John  Bell. 

Rickets  (Mabel),  the  old  nurse  of 
Frank  Osbaldistone. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Rob 
Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Riderhood  (Rogue),  the  villain  in 
Dickens's  novel  of  Our  Mutual  Friend 
(1864). 

Rides  on  the  Tempest  and 
Directs  the  Storm.  Joseph  Addison, 
speaking  of  the  duke  of  Marlborough  and 
his  famous  victories,  says  that  he  in- 
spired the  fainting  squadrons,  and  stood 
unmoved  in  the  shock  of  battle  : 

So  when  an  angel  hy  divine  command, 
With  rising  tempests  shakes  a  guilty  land, 
Such  as  of  late  o'er  pale  Britannia  past. 
Calm  and  serene  he  drives  the  furious  blast ; 
And,  pleased  th'  Almiglity's  orders  to  perform, 
Rides  on  the  tempest  and  directs  the  storm. 

Tlie  Campaign  (1705). 

***  The  "tempest"  referred  to  by 
Addison  in  these  lines  is  that  called  "The 
Great  Storm,"  November  26-7,  1703,  the 
most  terrible  on  record.  The  loss  of 
property  in  London  alone  exceeded  two 
millions  sterling.  Above  8000  persong 
vrere    drowned,     12    men-of-war    were 


wrecked,  17,000  trees  in  Kent  alone  were 
uprooted,  Eddystone  lighthouse  was  de- 
stroyed, 15,000  sheep  were  blown  into  the 
sea,  and  the  bishop  of  Bath  and  Well? 
with  his  wife  were  killed  in  bed  in  theit 
palace  in  Somersetshire. 

"Ri&icwle  (Father  of).  Fran9ois  Ra- 
belais is  so  styled  by  sir  William  Temple 
(1495-1553). 

Ridolphus,  one  of  the  band  of 
adventurers  that  joined  the  crusaders. 
He  was  slain  by  Argantes  (bk.  vii.).— 
Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Rienzi  (Nicolo  Gabrini)  or  Cola  di 
RiEXzi,  last  of  the  tribunes,  who  as- 
sumed the  name  of  "  Tribune  of  Liberty, 
Peace,  and  Justice"  (1313-1354). 

*^*  Cola  di  Rienzi  is  the  hero  of  a 
novel  by  lord  Bulwer  Lytton,  entitled 
Rienzi  or  2'he  Last  of  the  Barons  (1849). 

Rienzi,  an  opera  by  Wagner  (1841).  It 
opens  with  a  number  of  the  Orsini  break- 
ing into  Rienzi's  house,  in  order  to  abduct 
his  sister  Irene,  but  in  this  they  are  foiled 
by  the  arrival  of  the  Colonna  and  his  fol- 
lowers. The  outrage  provokes  a  general 
insurrection,  and  Rienzi  is  appointed 
leader.  The  nobles  are  worsted,  and 
Rienzi  becomes  a  senator ;  but  the  aris- 
tocracy hate  him,  and  Paolo  Orsini  seeks 
to  assassinate  him,  but  without  success. 
By  the  machinations  of  the  German 
emperor  and  the  Colonna,  Rienzi  is  ex- 
communicated and  deserted  by  all  his 
adherents.  He  is  ultimately  iired  on  by 
the  populace  and  killed  on  the  steps  of 
the  capitol.     Libretto  by  J.  P.  Jackson. 

Rienzi  (The  English),  Williq^  with 
the  Long  Beard,  alias  Fitzosbert  (^1190). 

Rigaud  (Mons.),  a  Belgian,  35  years 
of  age,  confined  in  a  villainous  prison  at 
Marseilles  for  murdering  his  wife.  He 
had  a  hooked  nose,  handsome  after  its 
kind  but  too  high  between  the  eyes,  and 
his  eyes,  though  sharp,  were  too  near  to 
one  another.  He  was,  however,  a  large, 
tall  man,  with  thin  lips,  and  a  goodly 
quantity  of  dry  hair  shot  with  red. 
When  he  spoke,  his  moustache  went  up 
under  his  nose,  and  his  nose  came  down 
over  his  moustache.  After  his  liberation 
from  prison,  he  first  took  the  name  of 
Lagnier,  and  then  of  Blandois,  his  name 
being  Rigaud  Lagnier  Blandois. — Charles 
Dickens,  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Rigdum-Funnidos,  a  courtier  m 
the  palace  of  king  Chrononhotontliologos. 
After  the  death  of  the  king,  the  widowed 


RIGHT-HITTING  BRAND. 


830 


RING. 


qi'eec  Is  advised  to  marry  apjain,  and 
Rigduin-Fumiidos  is  proposed  to  her 
as  "  a  very  proper  man."  At  this  Aldi- 
torontephoscophornio  takes  umbrage,  and 
the  queen  says,  "Well,  gentlemen,  to 
make  matters  easy,  I'll  have  you  both." 
• — II.  Care}',  Chrononhotonthoiogos  (1734). 
***  John  Ballantyne,  the  publisher, 
was  so  called  by  sir  W.  Scott.  He  was 
*'a  quick,  active,  intrepid  little  fellow, 
full  of  fun  and  merriment  ...  all  over 
quaintness  and  humorous  mimicry." 

Right-Blitting  Brand,  one  of  the 
couipanions  of  Robin  Hood,  mentioned 
by  Mund}'. 

Rig'olette  (3  syl.),  a  grisette  and 
courtezan. — Eugene  Sue,  Mysteries  of 
J'aris  (1842-3). 

E-igoletto,  an  opera,  describing  the 
agony  of  a  father  obliged  to  witness  the 
jirostitution  of  his  own  daughter. — Verdi, 
Mi;/oletto  (1852)-. 

*^*  The  libretto  of  this  opera  is  bor- 
rowed from  Victor  Hugo's  drama  Le  Hoi 
s' A  muse. 

Rimegap  (Joe),  one  of  the  miners  of 
sir  Geoffrey  Peveril  of  the  Peak. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the  Feak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 

iRimini  (Francesca  di),  a  woman  of 
extraordinary  beauty,  daughter  of  a  sig- 
nore  of  Ravenna.  She  Avas  married  to 
Lanciotto  Malatesta  signore  of  Rimini, 
a  man  of  great  bravery,  but  deformed. 
His  brother  Paolo  was  extremely  hand- 
some, and  with  him  Francesca  fell  in 
love.  Lanciotto,  detecting  them  in 
crimiriii  intercourse,  killed  them  both 
(1389). 

This  tale  forms  one  of  the  episodes  of 
Dante's  Inferno ;  is  the  subject  of  a  tragedy 
called  Francesca  di  Rimini,  by  Silvio  Pel- 
lico  (1819) ;  and  Leigh  Hunt,  about  the 
same  time,  published  his  Story  of  Jiimini, 
in  verse. 

Rimnion,  seventh  in  order  of  the 
hierarchy  of  hell:  (1)  Satan,  (2)  Beelze- 
bub, (3)  Moloch,  (4)  Chcmos,  (5)  Tham- 
niuz,  (6)  Dagon,  (7)  Rimmon  whose  chief 
tv.Mnple  was  at  Damascus  (2  Kings  v.  18). 

Him  [jOaoon]  followed  Kinimon,  whose  delightful  seat 
Wiis  fair  Pjinifscub  on  the  fertile  banks 
Of  Al'bana  and  Pharphar,  lucid  streams. 

Milton,  I'anidUe  lost,  i.  467,  etc.  (1665). 

Rinaldo,  son  of  the  fourth  marquis 
d'l'Jste,  cousin  of  Orlando,  and  nephew 
of  Charlemagne.  He  was  the  rival  of 
Orlando  in  his  love  for  Angelica,  but 
Angelica  detested  him.     Rinaldo  brought 


an  auxiliary  force  of  English  and  ScoicL 
to  Cl'arlemagne,  which  "Silence"  con- 
ducted safely  into  Paris. — Ariosto,  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

Einaldo,  the  Achilles  of  the  Christian 
army  in  the  siege  of  Jerusalem.  He  was 
the  son  of  Bertoldo  and  Sophia,  but  was 
brought  up  by  JMatilda.  Rinaldo  joined  the 
crusaders  at  the  age  of  16.  Being  sum- 
moned to  a  public  trial  for  the  death  of 
Gernando,  he  went  into  voluntary  exile. 
— Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

*^*  Pulci  introduces  the  same  character 
in  his  bernesque  poem  entitled  Morgante 
Maggiore,  which  holds  up  to  ridicule  the 
romances  of  chivalry. 

Rinaldo,  steward  to  the  countess  of 
Rousillon. — Shakespeare,  AWs  Well  that 
Ends  Well  (1598). 

Rinaldo  of  Montalban,  a  knight 
who  had  the  "honour"  of  being  a  public 
plunderer.  His  great  exploit  was  stealing 
the  golden  idol  of  Mahomet. 

In  this  same  Mirror  of  Knighthood  we  meet  with 
Rinaldo  de  Montalbau  and  his  companions,  with  the 
twelve  i)eers  of  France,  and  Turpin  the  historian.  .  .  . 
Rinaldo  had  a  broad  face,  and  a  pair  of  large  rolling  eyes ; 
his  complexion  was  rudely,  and  his  disposition  choleric. 
He  was,  besides,  naturally  profligate,  and  a  great  en- 
courager  of  vagrants.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  1.  i.  1,  6 
(1605). 

Ring    (Corcud's),    composed    of 
different  metals.     It  ensured  the  wea; 
success  in  any  undertaking  in  which 
chose  to  embark. 

"  While  you  have  it  on  your  finger,"  said  the  old 
"  misfortune  shall  fly  from  your  house,  and  nolnjdy 
be  able  to  hurt  you  ;  but  one  condition  is  attached  t 
gift,  which  is  this :  when  you  have  chosen  for  yourself 
wife,  you  must  remain  faithful  to  her  as  long  as  she  lives. 
The  moment  you  neglect  her  for  another,  you  will  lose  the 
ring."— T.  S.  Gueulette,  C'hineie  Tales  ("Corcudand  "' 
Four  Sons,"  1723). 

Ring   (Dame  Lidnes's),    a  rmg  gi 
by  Dame  Lion^s  to  sir  Gareth  during 
tournament. 

"  That  ring,"  said  Dame  Lion6s,  "increaseth  my 
much  more  than  it  is  of  itself ;  and  this  is  the  virtue 
ring :  that  which  is  green  it  will  turn  to  red,  and  that 
which  is  red  it  will  turn  green  ;  that  wliich  is  blue  it  will 
turn  white,  and  that  which  is  white  it  will  turn  blue;  and 
so  with  all  other  colours.  Aho,  whoever  beareth  ray  ring 
can  never  lose  blood."— Sir  T.  Malory,  Uiitory  of  J'riiiee 
Arthur,  i.  146  (1470). 

Ring  {Fairy).  Whoever  lives  in  a  house 
built  over  a  fairy-ring  shall  wonderfully 
prosper  in  everything. — Athenian  Oracle, 
i.  307. 

Ring  (Luned's).  This  ring  rendered 
the  wearer  invisible.  Luned  or  1-ynet 
gave  it  to  Owain,  one  of  king  Arthur's 
knights.  Consequently,  Avhen  men  were 
sent  to  kill  him  he  was  nowhere  to 
found,  for  he  was  invisible. 

Take  this  ring,  ana  pnt  it  on  thy  finger,  with  the  s 
iiiside  t^y  band;  and  close  thy  baud  upon  the  stone; 


1 

self^™' 

lives. 
_ie  the         ' 
nd  His       J 

)of  riqr      T 


let 
r's    I 
ire 
be 

on« 
uid 

m 


RING. 


831 


RINGDOVE. 


as  long  as  thou  ccnccalest  it.  it  will  conceal  thee.— The 
Mabinngion  ("Lady  of  the  Fountain, "  twelfth  century). 

Hina  {The  Steel)  made b}'  Seidel-Beckir. 
This  ring  enabled  the  wearer  to  read  the 
secrets  of  another's  heart. — Comte  de 
Caylus,  Oriental  Tales  ("The  Four 
Talismans,"  1743). 

Fang  {The  Talking),  a  ring  given  by 
Tartaro,  the  Basque  Cyclops,  to  a  girl 
whom  he  wished  to  marry.  Immediately 
she  put  it  on,  it  kept  incessantly  saying, 
"You  there,  and  I  here;"  so,  to  get  rid 
of  the  nuisance,  she  cut  off  her  finger  and 
threw  both  ring  and  finger  into  a  pond. 
— Kev.  W.  Webster,  Basque  Legends^  4 
(1876). 

The  same  story  appears  in  Campbell's 
Popular  Tales  of  the  West  Highlands, 
i.  Ill,  and  in  Grimm's  tale  of  The  Robber 
and  His  Sons.  When  the  robber  put  on 
the  ring,  it  incessantly  cried  out,  "Here  I 
am ; "  so  he  bit  off  his  finger,  and  threw 
it  from  him. 

Ring.  The  Virgin's  Wedding  Ring,  kept 
in  the  Duomo  of  Perugia,  under  fourteen 
locks. 

King  Posies. 

AEI  (Greek  for  "  always  "). 

A  heart  content  Can  ne'er  repent 

All  for  all. 

All  I  refuse,  And  thee  I  choose. 

Bear  and  forl>ear. 

Beyond  this  life.  Love  me,  dear  wife. 

De  bon  cor.     (Sixteenth  century ;  found  at  York.) 

Deatli  never  p.arts  Such  loving  hearts. 

Dieu  vous  garde. 

En  bon  an.    (Fifteenth  century ;  H.  Ellnian,  Esq.) 

En  boti  foye. 

Endless  my  love.  As  this  shall  prove. 

For  ever  and  for  aye. 

God  alone  Made  us  two  one. 

God  did  decree  Tliis  unity. 

God  tend  me  well  lo  keep.     (The  ring  given  by  Henry 

Vm.  to  Anneof  Cleves.) 
Got  bwar  uns  beid  in  Lieb  and  Leid  ("With  clasped 

hands,"  etc.). 
Heart  and  hand  At  thy  command. 
I  have  obtained  Whom  God  ordained. 
In  love  abide.  Till  death  divide. 

In  loving  thee  I  love  myself. 

In  tliee,  my  choice,  I  do  rejoice. 

In  unity  Let's  live  and  die. 

Joined  in  one  By  God  alone. 

Joy  be  witii  you  ;  or,  in  French,  Joye  sans  cesse. 

Le  cuer  de  moy.    (Fifteenth  century.    With  Vii-aJc  and 
Child.) 

Let  leve  increase. 

Let  reason  rule. 

Let  vs  loue  Like  turtle -done. 

Line  to  loue,  loue  to  Hue. 

Live  Iiappy. 

Loue  for  loue. 

Love  alway.  By  night  and  day. 

Love  and  respect  I  do  expect. 

Love  is  lieaven,  and  heaven  is  love. 

Love  me,  and  leave  me  not. 

May  God  at)ove  Increase  our  love. 

May  you  live  long. 

Mizpi,lr(i.e.  watch -tower'^ 

Mutual  forbearance. 

My  heart  and  I,  Until  I  die. 

My  wille  were.    (Gold  signet-ring,  with  a  cradle  as  devl  ■  •. ) 

Never  news.    (Alianour,  wife  of  the  duke  of  Somerset) 

No  gift  cAn  show  The  love  I  owe. 

Not  two,  but  one,  TUl  lif  e  is  gone. 


Post  spinas  palma. 

Pray  to  love,  and  love  to  pray. 

Quod  Deus  coniunsit  homo  non  separet.  (Sixteenth  cen- 
tury, G.  H.  Gower,  Esq. ) 

Silence  ends  strife  With  man  and  wife. 

Tecta  lege,  lecta  tege.  (Ring  of  Mattliew  Paris ;  found  mt 
Hereford.) 

Till  deatli  us  depart.  (Margaret,  wife  of  the  earl  of 
Shrewsbury.) 

Till  my  life's  ende.    (Elizabeth,  wife  of  lord  Latymer. ) 

To  enjoy  is  to  obey. 

Tout  pur  vous.    (Fifteenth  century,  with  St  Christopher.) 

Treu  und  fest. 

True  love  Will  ne'er  remove. 

Truth  trieth  troth. 

We  join  our  love  In  God  aI>ove. 

Wedlock,  'tis  said,  In  heaven  is  made. 

Whear  this  i  glue,  t  wish  to  line. 

When  this  you  see,  Ilemeniber  me. 

Where  hearts  agree,  There  God  will  be. 

Yours  in  heart 

Ring  and  the  Book  {The),  an 
idyllic  epic,  by  Robert  Browning,  founded 
on  a  cause  cc'lebre  of  Italian  history  in 
1698.  The  case  was  this:  Guido  Fran- 
ceschini,  a  Florentine  count  of  shattered 
fortune,  married  Pompilia,  thinking  her 
to  be  an  heiress.  When  the  young  bride 
discoyered  she  had  been  married  for  her 
money  only,  she  told  her  husband  she 
was  no  heiress  at  all,  but  was  only  the 
supposititious  child  of  Pietro  (2  syl.), 
supplied  by  one  Violante,  for  the  sake  of 
keeping  in  his  hands  certain  entailed  pro- 
perty. The  count  now  treated  Pompilia 
so  brutally  that  she  ran  away  from  home, 
under  the  protection  of  Caponsaccbi,  a 
young  priest,  and  being  arrested  at  Rome, 
a  legal  separation  took  place.  Pompilia 
sued  for  a  divorce,  but,  pending  the  suit, 
gave  birth  to  a  son.  The  count  now 
murdered  Pietro,  Violante,  and  Pompilia, 
but  being  taken  red-handed,  was  brought 
to  trial,  found  guilty,  and  executed. 

Ring  the  Bells  Backwards  (To), 
to  ring  a  muffled  peal,  to  lament.  Thus, 
John  Cleveland,  wishing  to  show  his 
abhorrence  of  the  Scotch,  says : 

How  !  Providence  1  and  yet  a  Scottish  crew  I  .  .  . 
Ring  the  bells  backwards.     I  am  all  on  fire ; 
Not  all  the  buckets  in  a  country  quire 
Shall  quench  my  rage. 

The  Rebel  Scot  (1613-1660). 

Ringdove  {The  Swarthy).  The  re- 
sponses of  the  oracle  of  Dodona,  in  Epiros, 
were  made  by  old  women  called  "  pi- 
geons,"_  who  derived  their  answers  from 
the  cooing  of  certain  doves,  the  bubbling 
of  a  spring,  the  rustling  of  the  sacred  oak 
[or  beech],  and  the  tinkling  of  a  gong  or 
bell  hung  in  the  tree.  The  women  were 
called  pigeons  by  a  play  on  the  word 
pelia;,  which  means  "  old  women  "  as  well 
as  "pigeons;"  and  as  they  came  from 
Libya  they  were  sira7'thy. 

According  to  fable,  Zeus  gave  his 
daughter  Thebe  two  black  doves  en- 
dowed with  the  gift  of  human  speech; 


RINGHORSE. 


832 


RIVALS. 


cne  of  them  flew  into  Libya,  and  the 
other  into  Dodona.  The  former  gave 
the  responses  in  the  temple  of  Amnion, 
and  the  latter  in  the  oracle  of  Dodona. 

.  .  .  beech  or  lime. 
Or  that  Thessalian  growth 
In  which  the  swartiiy  ringdove  sat, 
And  mystic  sentence  spoke. 

Tennyson. 

Ringliorse  {Sir  Robert),  a  magistrate 
at  Old  St.  Ronan's.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St. 
Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Ringw^ood,  a  young  Templar. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Fortunes  'of  Nigel  (time,  James 
L). 

B/intherout  {Jenny),  a  servant  at 
Monkbarns  to  Mr.  Jonathan  Oldbuck  the 
antiquary. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Tlie  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Riou  {Captain),  called  by  Nelson 
"The  Gallant  and  the  Good;"  fell  in 
the  battle  of  the  Baltic. 

Brave  hearts  !  to  Britain's  pride 

Once  so  faithful  ami  so  true. 
On  the  deck  of  fame  that  died. 

With  the^gallant,  good  Itiou. 
Campbell,  Battle  of  the  IhiWc  (1777-1844). 

R.  I.  P.,  t.g.  requiescat  in  pace. 

Rip  van  Winkle  slept  twenty  years 
in  the  Kaatskill  Mountains  of  North 
America.     (See  Winkle.) 

Epimenides  the  Gnostic  slept  for  fifty- 
seven  years. 

Nourjahad,  wife  of  the  Mogul  emperor 
Geangir,  who  discovered  the  otto  of 
roses. 

Gyneth  slept  500  years,  by  the  enchant- 
ment of  Merlin. 

The  seven  sleepers  slept  for  250  years 
in  mount  Celion. 

St.  David  slept  for  seven  years.  (See 
Ohmandixe.) 

(The  following  are  not  dead,  but  only 
sleep  till  the  fulness  of  their  respective 
limes: — Elijah,  Endymion,  Merlin,  king 
Arthur,  Charlemagne,  Frederick  Barba- 
rossa  and  his  knights,  the  three  Tells, 
Desmond  of  Kilmallock,  Thomas  of 
Erceldoune,  Bobadil  el  Chico,  Brian 
Boroimhe,  Knez  Lazar,  king  Sebastian 
of  Portugal,  Olaf  Tryggvason,  the 
French  slain  in  the  Sicilian  Vespers,  and 
one  or  two  others.) 

Riquet  with  the  Tuft,  the  beau- 
ideal  of  ugliness,  but  with  the  power  of 
bestowing  wit  and  intelligence  on  the 
j)erson  he  loved  best.  Riquet  fell  in  love 
with  a  most  beautiful  woman,  as  stupid 
as  he  was  ugly,  but  j)ossessing  the  power 
of  giving  beauty  to  the  person  she  loved 


best.  The  two  married,  whereupon  Riquet 
gave  his  bride  wit,  and  she  bestowed  on 
him  beauty.  This,  of  course,  is  an  alle- 
gory. Love  sees  through  a  couteur  de 
rose. — Charles  Perrault,  Conies  des  Fees 
("  Riquet  a  la  Houppe,"  1697). 

*^*  This  tale  is  borrowed  from  the 
Nights  of  Straparola.  It  is  imitated  by 
Mde.  Villeneuve  in  her  Beauty  and  the 
Beast. 

Risingham  {Bertram),  the  vassal 
of  Philip  of  Mortham.  Oswald  Wycliffe 
induced  him  to  shoot  his  lord  at  Marston 
Moor  ;  and  for  this  deed  the  vassal  de- 
manded all  the  gold  and  movables  of  hia 
late  master.  Oswald,  being  a  villain, 
tried  to  outwit  Bertram,  and  even  to 
murder  him ;  but  it  turned  out  that  Philip 
of  Mortham  was  not  killed,  neither  was 
Oswald  Wycliffe  his  heir,  for  Redmond 
O'Neale  (Rokeby's  page)  was  found  to 
be  the  son  and  heir  of  Philip  of  Mortham. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Rokehy  (1812). 

Ritho  or  Rython,  a  giant  who  had 
made  himself  furs  of  the  beards  of  kings 
killed  by  him.  He  sent  to  king  Arthur 
to  meet  him  on  mount  Aravius,  or  else 
to  send  his  beard  to  him  without  delay. 
Arthur  met  him,  slew  him,  and  took 
"fur"  as  a  spoil.  Drayton  says  it  was 
this  Rython  who  carried  off  Helena  the 
niece  of  duke  Hoel ;  but  Geoffrey  of 
Monmouth  says  that  king  Arthur,  having 
killed  the  Spanish  giant,  told  his  army 
"he  had  found  none  so  great  in  strength 
since  he  killed  the  giant  Ritho  ; "  by 
which  it  seems  that  the  Spanish  giant 
and  Ritho  are  different  persons,  although 
it  must  be  confessed  the  scope  of  the 
chronicle  seems  to  favour  their  identity. 
— Geoffrey,  British  History,  x.  3  (1142). 

As  how  great  Rython's  self  he  [Arthur]  slew  .  .  . 
Who  ravished  Howell's  niece,  young  Helena  the  fair. 
Drayton,  Folyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Ritsonism,  malignant  and  insolent 
criticism.  So  called  from  Joseph  Ritson 
(1752-1803). 

Ritson's  assertion  must  be  regarded  as  only  an  example 
of  that  peculiar  species  of  malignant  and  brutal  insolence 
in  criticism,  which  ought  from  him  to  l)e  denominated 
"  Ritsonism."— R.  Southey. 

Rival  Queens  {The),  Sati'ra  and 
Roxa'na.  Statira  was  the  daughter  of 
Darius,  and  wife  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
Roxana  was  the  daughter  of  Oxyartes 
the  Bactrian  ;  her,  also,  Alexander  mar- 
ried. Roxana  stabbed  Statira  and  killed 
her. — N.  Lee,  Alexander  the  Great  or  The 
Rival  Queens  (1678). 

Rivals  {The),  a  comedy  by  Sheridan 
(1775).    The  rivals  are  Bob  Acres  and 


RIVER  OF  JUVENESCENCE. 


633 


ROB  ROY  M'GREGOR. 


ensign  Beverley  (alias  captain  Absolute), 
and  Lydia  Languish  la  the  lady  they 
contend  for.  Bob  Acres  tells  captain 
Absolute  that  ensign  Beverley  is  a 
booby ;  and  if  he  could  find  him  out, 
he'd  teach  him  his  place.  He  sends  a 
challenge  to  the  unknown  by  sir  Lucius 
O'Trigger,  but  objects  to  forty  yards, 
and  thinks  thirty-eight  would  suffice, 
Wlien  he  finds  that  ensign  Beverley  is 
captain  Absolute,  he  declines  to  quarrel 
with  his  friend ;  and  when  his  second 
calls  him  a  coward,  he  fires  up  and 
exclaims,  "Coward!  Mind,  gentlemen, 
he  calls  me  'a  coward,'  coward  by  my 
valour  !  "  and  when  dared  by  sir  Lucius, 
he  replies,  "  I  don't  mind  the  word 
'  coward  ; '  *  coward  '  may  be  said  in  a 
joke  ;  but  if  he  called  me  '  poltroon,'  ods 

daggers    and    balls "      "Well,    sir, 

4\rhat  then?"  "Why,"  rejoined  Bob 
Acres,  "  I  should  certainly  think  him 
very  ill-bred."  Of  course,  he  resigns  all 
claim  to  the  lady's  hand. 

River  of  Juvenescence.  Prester 
John,  in  his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus 
emperor  of  Constantinople,  says  there  is 
a  spring  at  the  foot  of  mount  Olympus 
which  changes  its  flavour  hour  by  hour, 
both  night  and  day.  Whoever  tastes 
thrice  of  its  waters  will  never  know 
fatigue  or  the  infirmities  of  age. 

River  of  Paradise,  St.  Bernard 
abbot  of  Clairvaux  (1091-1163). 

River  of  S-wans,  the  Poto'mac, 
United  States,  America. 

Rivers  (The  king  of),  the  Tagus. 

i        Tagus  they  crossed,  where,  midland  on  his  way. 
The  king  of  rivers  rolls  his  stately  streams. 
Soutbey,  Jioderick,  the  LaU  oj  the  Gotlu,  xl  (1814). 

Rivers,  Arise.  ...  In  this   Vaca- 
tion Exercise,  George  Rivers  (son  of  sir 
John   Rivers   of    Westerham,    in   Kent), 
with  nine  other  freshmen,  took  the  part 
of  the  ten  "  Predicaments,"  while  Milton 
himself  performed   the   part   of   "Ens." 
Without  doubt,  the  pun  suggested  the 
idea  in  Milton's  Vacation  Exerci8e{l&2*l) : 
Rivers,  arise  ;  whether  thou  be  the  son 
Of  utmost  Tweed,  or  Ouse,  or  xulphy  Don, 
Or  Trent,  who,  like  gome  earth  born  giant,  spreads 
His  thirty  arms  along  the  indented  meads. 
Or  sullen  Mule  that  runneth  underneath. 
Or  Severn  swift,  guilty  of  maiden's  death. 
Or  rucky  Avon,  or  of  sedgy  Lee, 
Or  cooly  Tyne,  or  ancient  hallowed  Dee, 
Or  Hunilier  loud  that  keeps  the  Scythian's  name. 
Or  Madway  smooth,  or  royal  towered  Thame. 

Rivulet  Controversy  {The)  arose 
against  Rev.  T.  T.  Lynch, a  Congregation- 
alist  who  in  1853  had  expressed  neologian 
Views  in  The  Jiivulet,  a  book  of  poems. 


Road  ( The  Law  of  the),  in  England 
is  "drive  to  the  left,"  the  opposite  of  the 
American  rule.  Hence  the  English  epi- 
gram : 

The  law  of  the  road  Is  a  paradox  quite. 

In  riding  or  driving  along : 
If  you  go  to  the  left,  )ou  are  sure  to  go  right ; 

If  you  go  to  the  right,  you  go  wrong. 

Road  to  Ruin,  a  comedy  by  Thomas 
Holcroft  (1792).  Harry  Domton  and 
his  friend  Jack  Milford  are  on  "  the  road 
to  ruin "  by  their  extravagance.  The 
former  brings  his  father  to  the  eve  of 
bankruptcy  ;  and  the  latter,  having  spent 
his  private  fortune,  is  cast  into  prison  for 
debt.  Sulky,  a  partner  in  the  bank, 
comes  forward  to  save  Mr.  Domton  from 
ruin ;  Harry  advances  £6000  to  pay  his 
friend's  debts,  and  thus  saves  Milford 
from  ruin ;  and  the  father  restores  the 
money  advanced  by  Widow  Warren  to 
his  son,  to  save  Harry  from  the  ruin  of 
marrying  a  designing  widow  instead  of 
Sophia  Freelove,  her  innocent  and  charm- 
ing daughter. 

Roads  (Tlie  king  of),  John  Loudon 
Macadam,  the  improver  of  roads  (1756- 
1836). 

*^*  Of  course,  the  wit  consists  in  the 
pun  (Rhodes  and  Roads). 

Roan  Barbary,  the  charger  of 
Richard  XL,  which  would  aat  from  his 
master's  hand. 

Oh  how  it  yearned  my  heart,  when  I  beheld 
In  London  streets  that  coronation  day, 
When  Bolingbroke  rode  on  Roan  Barbary  I 
That  horse  that  thou  so  often  iiast  bestrid ; 
That  horse  that  I  so  carefully  have  dressed  ! 

Shakespeare,  llMuird  11.  act  v.  sc.  5  (1597). 

Rob  Roy,  published  in  1818,  excel- 
lent for  its  bold  sketches  of  Highland 
scener)'.  The  character  of  Bailie  Nicol 
Jarvie  is  one  of  Scott's  happiest  concep- 
tions ;  and  the  carrj'ing  of  him  to  the 
wild  mountains  among  outlaws  and  des- 
peradoes is  exquisitely  comic.  The  hero, 
Frank  Osbaldistone,  is  no  hero  at  all. 
Dramatized  by  I.  Pocock. 

None  of  Scott's  novels  was  more  popular  than  Rob 
Roy,  yet,  as  a  story,  it  is  the  most  ill-concocted  and 
defective  of  the  whole  series.— Chatubers,  Engluli  Lite- 
rature, ii.  587. 

Rob  Roy  M'Gregor,  i.e.  "Robert 
the  Red,"  whose  surname  was  MacGregor. 
He  was  an  outlaw,  who  assumed  the 
name  of  Campbell  in  1662.  He  may 
be  termed  the  Robin  Hood  of  Scotland. 
The  hero  of  the  novel  is  Frank  Osbaldis- 
tone, who  gets  into  divers  troubles,  from 
which  he  is  rescued  by  Rob  Roy.  The 
last  service  is  to  kill  Rashleigh  Osbaldis- 
tone, whereby  Frank's  great  enemy  is 
3  u 


ROB  TALLY-HO. 


834 


ROBERT  OF  PARIS. 


removed ;  and  Frank  then  marries  Diana 
Vernon. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Eob  Roy  (time, 
George  I.). 

Rather  beneath  the  middle  «i«e  than  above  It,  his 
limbs  were  torined  upon  tlie  very  strongest  model  that 
is  consistent  with  agility.  .  .  .  Two  poinu  in  liis  person 
Interfered  with  the  rules  of  symmetry  :  his  shoulders  were 
too  broad  .  .  .  and  his  arms  (though  round,  sinewy,  and 
strong)  were  so  very  long  as  to  be  rather  a  deformity. 
— Ch.  xxiii. 

Rob  Tally-ho,  Esq.,  cousin  of  the 
Hon.  Tom  Dashall,  the  two  blades  whose 
rambles  and  adventures  through  the 
metropolis  are  related  by  Pierce  Egan 
(1821-2). 

Rob  the  Rambler,  the  comrade  of 
Willie  Steenson  the  blind  fiddler. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Eedgauntlet  (time,  George 
IIL). 

Robb  {Duncan),  the  grocer  near 
Ellangowan. — SirW.  Scott,  Guy  Manner- 
ing  (time,  George  IL). 

Robber  (Alexander's).  The  pirate 
who  told  Alexander  he  was  the  greater 
robber  of  the  two,  was  Dionides.  (See 
Evenings  at  Home,  art.  "Alexander 
and'  the  Robber.")  The  tale  is  from 
Cicero : 

Nam  quum  quaereretur  ex  eo,  quo  scelere  impulsus 
mare  haberet  Infestuni  uno  myoparotie :  eodem,  iiiquit, 
quo  tu  orbem  terras. — Oe  Jiepub.,  ill.  1-1  sec.  24. 

Bobber  (Edward  the).  Edward  IV.  was 
BO  called  by  the  Scotch. 

Robert,  father  of  Marian.  He  had 
been  a  wrecker,  and  still  hankered  after 
the  old  occupation.  One  night,  a  storm 
arose,  and  Robert  went  to  the  coast  to  see 
what  would  fall  into  his  hands.  A  body 
was  washed  ashore,  and  he  rifled  it. 
Marian  followed,  with  the  hope  of  re- 
straining her  father,  and  saw  in  the  dusk 
some  one  strike  a  dagger  into  a  prostrate 
body.  She  thought  it  was  her  father, 
and  when  Robert  was  on  his  trial,  he  was 
condemned  to  death  on  his  daughter's 
evidence.  Black  Norris,  the  real  mur- 
derer, told  her  he  would  save  her  father 
if  she  would  consent  to  be  his  wife  ;  she 
consented,  and  Robert  was  acquitted. 
On  the  wedding  day,  her  lover  Edward 
returned  to  claim  her  hand,  Norris  was 
seized  as  a  murderer,  and  Marian  was 
Baved. — S.  Knowles,  The  Dauahter 
(1836).  ^ 

Sobert,  a  servant  of  sir  Arthur  "War- 
dour  at  Knockwinnock  Castle.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

JRobert  (Mons.),  a  neighbour  of  Sgana- 
rtlle.  Hearing  the  screams  of  Mde. 
Martine  (Sganarelle's  wife),  he  steps  over 


to  make  peace  between  them,  whereupon 
madame  calls  him  an  impertinent  fool, 
and  says,  if  she  chooses  to  be  beaten  by 
her  husband,  it  is  no  affair  of  his;  and 
Sganarelle  says,  "Je  la  veux  battre,  si 
je  le  veux ;  et  ne  la  veux  pas  battre,  si 
je  ne  le  veux  pas  ;  "  and  beats  M.  Robert 
again. — Moliere,  Le  Me'decin  Malgre  Lui 
(1666). 

Robert  Macaire,  a  bluff,  free- 
living  libertine.  His  accomplice  is 
Bertrand  a  simpleton  and  a  villain. — 
Daumier,  L'Auberge  des  Adrets. 

Robert  Street,  Adelphi,  London. 
So  called  from  Robert  Adams,  the 
builder. 

Robert  duke  of  Albany,  brother 
of  Robert  III.  of  Scotland.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

RobQrt    duke    of    Wormandy 

sold  his  dominions  to  Rufus  for  10,000 
marks,  to  furnish  him  with  ready  money 
for  -^iie  crusade,  which  he  joined  at  the 
head  of  1000  heavy-armed  horse  and 
1000  light-armed  Normans. — Tasso,  Jerxi- 
salem  Delivered  (1575). 

Robert  III.  of  Scotland,  introduced 
by  sir  W.  Scott  in  the  Fair  Maid  of  Fert 
(time,  Henry  IV.). 

Robert  le  Diable,  son  of  Be 

and  Bertramo.     Bertha  was  the  daugh 
of    Robert     duke    of     Normandy,    ai 
Bertramo  was  a  fiend  in  the  guise  of 
knight.     The  opera  shows  the  stru 
in   Robert  between  the   virtue  inherite 
from  his  mother  and  the  vice  inherited 
from  his  father.     His  father  allures  hi: 
to  gamble  till  he  loses  everything,  ai 
then  claims  his  soul,  but  his  foster-sis 
Alice  counterplots  the  fiend,  and  rescu 
Robert  by  reading  to  him  his  mother'i 
will. — Meyerbeer,     Hobey-to     U     Diavolo 
(libretto  by  Scribe,  1831). 

*^*  Robert  le  Diable  was  the  hero  of 
an  old  French  metrical  romance  (thir- 
teenth century).  This  romance  in  the 
next  century  Avas  thrown  into  prose. 
There  is  a  miracle-play  on  the  same 
subject. 

Robert  of  Paris  (Count),  one  of  the 
crusading  princes.  The  chief  hero  of 
this  novel  is  Hereward  (3  syl.),  one  of  the 
Varangian  guard  of  the  emperor  Alexius 
Comnenus.  He  and  the  count  fight  a 
single  combat  with  battle-axes ;  after 
which  Hereward  enlists  under  the  count's 
banner,  and  marries  Bertha  also  called 


ted 
.r'a     [ 


ROBERT  THE  DEVIL. 


835 


ROBIN  HOOD. 


Agatha. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of 
Far  is  (time,  Rufus). 

Robert  the  Devil  or;  Robert  the 
Magnificent,  Robert  I.  duke  of 
Normandy,  father  of  William  "the 
Conqueror"  (*,  1028-1035). 

Robert  Franpois  Damiens,  who  tried  to 
assassinate  Louis  XV.,  was  popularly  so 
called  (*,  1714-1757). 

Roberts,  cash-keeper  of  Master 
George  Heriot  the  king's  goldsmith. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James 

Roberts  (John),  a  smuggler. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Robespierre's  "Weavers,  the 
fish-fags  and  their  rabble  female  fol- 
lowers of  the  very  lowest  class,  parti- 
zans  of  Robespierre  in  the  first  French 
Revolution. 

Robin,  the  page  of  sir  John  Fal- 
statf. — Shakespeare,  Merry  Wives  of 
Windsor  (1601). 

Robin,    servant  of   captain  Rovewell, 
rhom  he  helps  in  his  love  adventure  with 
Lrethusa     daughter   of   Argus. — Carey, 
'Contrivances  (1715). 

Robin,  brother-in-law  of  Farmer  Crop, 
i(Pf  Cornwall.  Having  lost  his  property 
irough  the  villainy  of  lawyer  Endless,  he 
jmigrates,  and  in  three  years  returns.  The 
"lip  is  wrecked  off  the  coast  of  Corn- 
rail,  and  Robin  saves  Frederick  the 
roung  squire.  On  landing,  he  meets  his 
)ld  sweetheart  Margaretta  at  Crop's  house, 
id  the  acquaintance  is  renewed  by 
lutual  consent. — P.  Hoare,  No  Song  no 
Supper  (1790). 

Robin,  a  young  gardener,  fond  of  the 
linor  theatres,  where  he  has  picked  up 

taste  for  sentimental  fustian,  but  all 
lis  rhapsodies  bear  upon  his  trade, 
when  Wilelmina  asks  why  he 
rishes  to  dance  with  her,  he  replies  : 

Ask  the  plants  why  they  love  a  shower ;  ask  the  sun- 
lower  why  it  loves  the  sun  ;  ask  the  snowdrop  why  it  is 
irhlte ;  a.sk  the  violet  why  it  is  blue  ;  ask  the  trees 
why  they  blossom ;  the  cabbages  why  they  grow.  'Tisall 
tbecause  they  can't  help  it ;  no  more  can  I  help  my  love 
"  •  you.— C.  Dibdin.  The  Waterman,  I.  (1774). 

Robin  (Old),  butler  to  old  Mr.  Ralph 
lorton  of  Milnwood.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Old 
fortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Robin  Bluestring.  Sir  Robert 
^alpole  was  so  called,  in  allusion  to  his 

)lue  ribbon  as  a  knight  of  the  Garter 

(167C-1745). 

Robin  Gray  (Auld).    The  words  of 


this  song  are  by  lady  Anne  Lindsay, 
daughter  of  the  earl  of  Balcarres ;  she 
was  afterwards  lady  Barnard.  The  song 
was  written  in  1772  to  an  old  Scotch  tune 
called  The  Bridegroom  Grat  when  the  Sun 
gaed  Down.     (See  Gray,  p.  402.) 

Robin  Hood  was  born  at  Locksley, 
in  Notts.,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  (1160). 
His  real  name  was  Fitzooth,  and  it  is 
commonly  said  that  he  was  the  earl  of 
Huntingdon.  Having  outrun  his  fortune, 
and  being  outlawed,  he  lived  as  a  free- 
booter in  Barnsdale  (Yorkshire),  Sher- 
wood (Notts.),  and  Plompton  Park  (Cum- 
berland). His  chief  companions  were 
Little  John  (whose  name  was  Nailor), 
William  Scadlock  (or  Scarlet),  George 
Green  the  pinder  (or  pound-keeper)  of 
Wakefield,  Much  a  miller's  son,  and 
Tuck  a  friar,  with  one  female  named 
Marian.  His  company  at  one  time  con- 
sisted of  a  hundred  archers.  He  was 
bled  to  death  in  his  old  age  by  a  relative, 
the  prioress  of  Kirkley's  Nunnery,  in 
Yorkshire,  November  18,  1247,  aged  87 
years. 

*jf*  An  excellent  sketch  of  Robin 
Hood  is  given  by  Drayton  in  his  Foly- 
olbion,  xxvi.  Sir  W.  Scott  introduces 
him  in  two  novels — Ivanhoe  and  The 
Talisman.  In  the  former  he  first  appears 
as  Locksley  the  archer,  at  the  tourna- 
ment. He'is  also  called  "Dickon  Bend- 
the-Bow." 

The  following  dramatic  pieces  have  the 
famous  outlaw  for  the  hero : — Robin 
Hood,  i.  (1597),  Munday ;  Robin  Hood, 
ii.  (1598),  Chettle;  Robin  Hood  (1741), 
an  opera,  by  Dr.  Ame  and  Burney ; 
Robin  Hood  (1787),  an  opera,  by  O'Keefe, 
music  by  Shield ;  Robin  Hood,  by  Mac- 
nally  (before  1820). 

Major  tells  us  that  this  famous  robber 
took  away  the  goods  of  rich  men  only ; 
never  killed  any  person  except  in  self- 
defence  ;  never  plundered  the  poor,  but 
charitably  fed  them  ;  and  adds,  "  he  was 
the  most  humane  and  the  prince  of  all 
robbers." — Britannice  Historia,  128  (1740). 

The  abbot  of  St.  Mary's,  in  York,  and 
the  sheriff  of  Nottingham  were  his  betes 
noires.  Munday  and  Chettle  wrote  a 
popular  play  in  1601,  entitled  The  Death 
of  Robert  Earl  of  Huntington. 

Epitaph  of  Robin  Hood. 

Hear  undernead  dis  laitl  stean 
Laiz  robert  earl  of  Huntingtun. 
Near  arcir  ver  az  liie  sa  geud. 
An  pipl  kauld  im  robin  heud. 
Sick  ullawz  az  hi  an  iz  men 
Vil  en^land  nivr  si  agen. 
Oblit  24  (?  14)  kal  dekemliris,  1247. 

Dr.  Gale  (dean  of  ToricV 


ROBIN  REDBREAST. 


836 


ROBSART. 


Bohin  Hood's  Fat  Friar  was  friar 
Tuck. 

Robin  Hood's  Meriy  outlaws,  free- 
booters. 

There  came  sotlainly  twelve  men  all  appareled  In  short 
cotes  of  Kentish  Kendal  \greeri\  .  .  .  every  one  of  them 
.  .  .  like  outlaws  or  Robyn  Hodes  men.— Hall  (/o.  Ivi.  6). 

1.  Rohin  Hood  in  Barnsdale  Stood,  said 
to  a  person  who  is  not  speaking  to  the 
point.  This  is  the  only  line  extant  of  a 
Bong  of  great  antiquity,  and  a  favourite 
in  the  law-courts. 

A  case  in  Yelverton  was  alluded  to,  biit  the  court  re- 
marked, "You  may  as  well  say  by  way  of  inducement  to  a 
traverse,  '  Kobin  Hood  in  Barnwood  stood.'  "—Sash  v. 
Leake. 

Mas  tout  xm  come  il  ustreplie  "  Robin  Whood  In  Barn- 
wood  stood,"  absque  hoc  q  def.  p.  commandement  sir 
inha. —  H'Uhatnv.  Barker. 

Eobin  Hood  upon  Greendale  stood. 

State  TriaU,  lii.  634, 

2.  Come,  turn  about,  Robin  Hood,  a  chal- 
lenge in  defiance  of  exceeding  pluck. 

O  Love,  whose  power  and  might 

No  creature  ere  witlistood. 
Thou  foicest  me  to  write. 

Come,  turn  about,  Robin  Hood. 

Wit  and  Drollerif  (1661), 

3.  Many  talk  of  Robin  Hood  that  never  shot 
in  his  bow,  many  prate  of  things  of 
which  they  have  no  practical  knowledge. 

Herein  our  author  hath  verified  the  proverb,  "  Talking 
at  large  of  Robin  Hood,  in  whose  bow  he  never  shot."— 
FuUer,  Wor titles,  315  (l(i«2). 

Molti  parlan  di  Orlando 

Chi  nou  viddero  mai  suo  brando, 

Italian  Proverb. 

4.  To  sell  Robin  Hoods  Pennyworths,  sold 
much  under  the  intrinsic  value.  As 
Robin  Hood  stole  his  goods,  he  sold  them 
at  almost  any  price.  It  is  said  that 
chapmen  bought  his  wares  most  eagerly. 

All  men  said  it  became  me  well. 

And  Robm  Hood's  pennyworMis  I  did  sell. 

Bandal-a-Barnabjr, 

Robin  Redbreast.  One  tradition 
is  that  the  robin  pecked  a  thorn  out  of 
the  crown  of  thorns  when  Christ  was  on 
His  way  to  Calvary,  and  the  blood  which 
issued  from  the  wound,  falling  on  the 
bird,  dyed  its  breast  red. 

Another  tradition  is  that  it  carries  in 
its  bill  dew  to  those  shut  up  in  the 
burning  lake,  and  its  breast  is  red  from 
being  scorched  by  the  fire  of  Gehenna. 

He  brings  cool  dew  in  his  little  bill. 

And  lets  it  fall  on  the  souls  of  sin  ; 
¥ou  can  see  the  mark  on  his  red  breast  still. 

Of  fires  that  scorch  as  be  drops  it  in. 

J.  G.  Whittier,  The  RoUn. 

Robin  Redbreasts,  Bow  Street 
officers.     So  called  from  their  red  vests. 

Robin  Roughhead,  a  poor  cottager 
and  farm  labourer,  the  son  of  lord  Lack- 
wit.    On  the  death  of  his  lordship,  Robin 


Roughhead  comes  into  the  title  and 
estates.  This  brings  out  the  best 
qualities  of  his  heart — liberality,  bene- 
volence, and  honesty.  He  marries  Dolly, 
to  whom  he  was  already  engaged,  and 
becomes  the  good  genius  of  the  peasantry 
on  his  estate. — ifllingham.  Fortune's 
Frolic. 

Robin  and  Makyne  (2  syl.),  an 
old  Scotch  pastoral.  Robin  is  a  shep- 
herd, for  whom  Makyne  sighs,  but  he 
turns  a  deaf  ear  to  her,  and  she  goes 
home  to  weep.  In  time,  Robin  sighs  for 
Makyne,  but  she  replies,  "  He  who  wills 
not  when  he  may,  when  he  wills  he  shall 
have  nay." — Percy,  Reliques,  etc.,  II. 

Robin  of  Bagshot,  alias  Gordon, 
alias  Bluff  Bob,  alias  Carbuncle,  alias  Bob 
Booty,  one  of  Macheath's  gang  of  thieves, 
and  a  favourite  of  Mrs.  Peachum's. — • 
Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

Robins  (Zervbbabel),  in  Cromwell's 
tooop. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time. 
Commonwealth) . 

Robinson.  Before  you  can  say.  Jack 
Robinson,  a  quotation  from  one  of  Hud- 
son's songs,  a  tobacconist  that  lived  at 
98,  Shoe  Lane,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
present  century. 

*^*  Probably  Hudson  only  adopted 
the  phrase. 

Robinson  Cru'soe  (2  syl.),  a  tale 
by  Daniel  Defoe.  Robinson  Crusoe  ran 
away  from  home,  and  went  to  sea. 
Being  wrecked,  he  led  for  many  years  a 
solitary  existence  on  an  uninhabited 
island  of  the  tropics,  and  relieved  the 
weariness  of  life  by  numberless  con- 
trivances. At  length  he  met  a  hums 
being,  a  young  Indian,  whom  he  save^ 
from  death  on  a  Friday.  He  called  hii 
his  "  man  Friday,"  and  made  him 
companion  and  servant. 

Defoe  founded  this  story  on  the  ac 
ventures  of  Alexander  Selkirk,  sailing 
master  of  the  Cinqtie  Forts  Galley,  who 
was  left  by  captain  Stradling  on  the  desolate 
island  of  Juan  Fernandez  for  four  years 
and  four  months  (1704-1709),  when  he 
was  rescued  by  captain  Woodes  Roger^ 
and  brought  to  England. 

Robsart  (Amy),  countess  of  Lei- 
cester. She  was  betrothed  to  Edmund 
Tressilian.  When  the  earl  falls  into 
disgrace  at  court  for  marrying  Amy, 
Richard  Varney  loosens  a  trap-door  at 
Cumnor  Place ;   and  Amy,  rushing  for- 


ROC. 


837 


RODERICK. 


•ward  to  greet  her  husband,  falls  into  the 
abyss  and  is  killed. 

Sir  Nujjh  Robsart,  of  Lidcote  Hall, 
father  of  Amy. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Roc,  a  white  bird  of  enormous  size. 
Its  strength  is  such  that  it  will  lift  up 
an  elephant  from  the  ground  and  carry  it 
to  its  mountain  nest,  where  it  will  devour 
it.  In  the  Arabian  Nights'  Entertain- 
ments, it  was  a  roc  which  carried 
Sindbad  the  sailor  from  the  island  on 
which  he  had  been  deserted  by  his 
companions  ("  Second  Voyage  ").  And  it 
was  a  roc  which  carried  Agib  from  the 
castle  grounds  of  the  ten  young  men  who 
liad  lost  their  right  eyes  ("The  Third 
Calender's  Story  ").  Sindbad  says  one 
claw  of  the  roc  is  as  "big  as  the  trunk 
of  a  large  tree,"  and  its  egg  is  "  fifty 
paces  [\hO  feet]  in  circumference." 

*^*  The  "  rukh  "  of  INIadagascar  lays  an 
egg  equal  to  148  hen's  eggs. — Comptes 
Hendus,  etc.,  xxxii.  101  (1851). 

Rocco,  the  jailer  sent  with  Fidelio 
{Leonora)  to  dig  the  grave  of  Fernando 
Florestan  (^.u.).  —  Beethoven,  Fidelio 
(1791). 

Rocli'dale  {Sir  Simon),  of  the  manor- 
house.  He  is  a  J. P.,  but  refuses  to  give 
justice  to  Job  Thornberry  the  old  brazier, 
who  demands  that  his  son  Frank  Koch- 
dale  should  marry  Mary  [Thornberry], 
whom  he  has  seduced.  At  this  crisis. 
Peregrine  appears,  and  tells  sir  Simon 
he  is  the  elder  brother,  and  as  such  is 
heir  to  the  title  and  estates. 

Frank  Rochdale,  son  of  the  baronet, 
who  has  promised  to  marry  Mary  Thorn- 
berry, but  sir  Simon  wants  him  to  marry 
lady  Caroline  Braymore,  who  has  £4000 
a  year.  Lady  Caroline  marries  the  Hon. 
Tom  Shuffleton,  and  Frank  makes  the 
best  reparation  he  can  by  marrying  Mary. 
— G.  Colman,  junior,  John  Bull  (1805). 

Roche's  Bird  {Sir  Boyle),  which 
was  "  in  two  places  at  the  same  time." 
The  tale  is  that  sir  Boyle  Roche  said  in 
the  House  of  Commons,  "Mr.  Speaker, 
it  is  impossible  I  could  have  been  in  two 
places  at  once,  unless  I  were  a  bird." 
This  15  a  quotation  from  Jevon's  play. 
The  Devil  of  a  Wife  (seventeenth  cen- 
tury). 

Wife.  I  cannot  be  in  two  places  at  once. 

Husband  (Kowland).  Surely  no,  unless  thou  werta  bird. 

RocheclifPe  {Dr.  Anthony),  formerly 
Joseph  Albany,  a  plotting  royalist. — ^Sir 


W.    Scott,    Woodstock  (time,   Common- 
wealth). 

Rochester  {The  earl  of),  the 
favourite  of  Charles  IT.,  introduced  in 
high  feather  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Woodstock^ 
and  in  Peveril  of  the  Peak  in  disgrace. 

Rock  {Dr.  Richard),  a  famous 
quack,  who  professed  to  cure  every 
disease.  He  was  short  of  stature  and 
fat,  wore  a  white  three-tailed  wig, 
nicely  combed  and  frizzed  upon  each 
cheek,  carried  a  cane,  and  halted  in  his 
gait. 

Dr.  Rock,  F.U.N.,  never  wore  a  hat.  ...  He  and  Dr. 
Franks  were  at  variance.  .  .  .  Rock  cautioned  the  world 
to  beware  of  hog-trotting  quacks,  while  Franks  called  his 
rival  "Duniplin'  Dick."  Head  of  Confucius,  what  profa- 
nation !— Goldsmith,  A  Citizen  of  the  iVorld  (1759). 
Oh  !  when  his  nerves  had  once  received  a  shock, 
Sir  Isaac  Newton  might  have  }:one  to  Kock. 

Crabbe,  Borough  (1810). 

Rock  Lizards,  natives  of  Gibraltar, 
born  in  the  town,  of  British  parents. 

Rocket.  lie  rose  like  a  rocket,  and 
fell  like  the  stick.  Thomas  Paine  said 
this  of  Mr.  Burke. 

Rocnabad,  a  stream  near  the  city  of 
Scliiraz,  noted  for  the  purity  of  its 
waters. 

"  I  am  disgusted  with  the  mountain  of  the  Four  Foun- 
tains," said  the  caliph  Omar  ben  Abdal-aziz;  "and  am 
resolved  to  go  and  drink  of  the  stream  of  Kocnabad."— 
W.  Beckford,  I'athek  (1784). 

Roderick,  the  thirty-fourth  and  last 
of  the  Gothic  kings  of  Spain,  son  of 
Theod'ofred  and  Rusilla.  Having  vio- 
lated Florinda,  daughter  of  count  Julian, 
he  was  driven  from  his  throne  by  the 
Moors,  and  assumed  the  garb  of  a  monk 
with  the  name  of  "father  Maccabee." 
He  was  present  at  the  great  battle  of 
Covadonga,  in  which  the  Moors  were  cut 
to  pieces,  but  what  became  of  him  after- 
wards no  one  knows.  His  helm,  sword, 
and  cuirass  were  found,  so  was  his  steed. 
Several  generations  passed  away,  when, 
in  a  hermitage  near  Viseu,  a  tomb  was 
discovered,  "which  bore  in  ancient  cha- 
racters king  Roderick's  name  ; "  but  im- 
agination must  fill  up  the  gap.  He  ia 
spoken  of  as  most  popular. 

Time  h.as  been 
When  not  a  tongue  within  the  Pyrenees 
Dared  whisper  in  dispraise  of  Roderick's  name. 
Lest,  if  the  conscious  air  had  caught  the  sound. 
The  vengeance  of  the  honest  multitude 
Should  fall  upon  the  traitorous  head,  and  brand 
Fcr  life-long  infamy  the  lying  lips. 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xv.  (1814). 

Roderick's  Dog  was  called  Theron. 
Roderick's  Horse  was  Orel'io. 

Roderick  {The  Vision  of  don) .  Roderick, 
the  last  of  the  Gothic  kings  of  Spain, 


RODERICK  DHU. 


838 


RODMOND. 


descended  into  an  ancient  vault  near 
Toledo.  This  vault  was  similar  to  that 
in  Greece,  called  the  cave  of  Triphonios, 
where  was  an  oracle.  In  the  vault 
Roderick  saw  a  vision  of  Spanish  history 
from  his  own  reign  to  the  bej^jinning  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  Period  I.  The 
invasion  of  the  Moors,  with  his  own 
defeat  and  death.  Period  II.  The  Augus- 
tine age  of  Spain,  and  their  conquests  in 
the  two  Indies.  Period  III.  The  oppres- 
sion of  Spain  by  Bonaparte,  and  its 
succour  by  British  aid. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
TliG  Vision  of  Don  Roderick  (1811). 

Roderick  Dhu,  an  outlaw  and  chief 
of  a  banditti,  which  resolved  to  win  back 
the  spoil  of  the  "  Saxon  spoiler."  Fitz- 
James,  a  Saxon,  met  him  and  knew  him 
not.  He  asked  the  Saxon  why  he  was 
roaming  unguarded  over  the  mountains, 
and  Fitz-James  replied  that  he  had 
sworn  to  combat  with  Roderick,  the 
rebel,  till  death  laid  one  of  them  pro- 
strate. "  Have,  then,  thy  wish  !  "  ex- 
claimed the  stranger,  "for  I  am  Roderick 
Dhu."  As  he  spoke,  the  whole  place 
bristled  with  armed  men.  Fitz-James 
stood  with  his  back  against  a  rock,  and 
cried,  "  Come  one,  come  all,  this  rock 
shall  fly  ere  I  budge  an  inch."  Sir 
Roderick,  charmed  Avith  his  daring, 
waved  his  hand,  and  all  the  band  disap- 
peared as  mysteriously  as  they  had  ap- 
peared. Sir  Roderick  then  bade  the  Saxon 
fight,  "For,"  said  he,  "that  party  will 
prove  victorious  which  first  slays  an 
enemy."  "Then,"  replied  Fitz-James, 
"  thy  cause  is  hopeless,  for  Red  Murdock 
is  slain  already."  They  fought,  how- 
ever, and  Roderick  was  slain  (canto  v.). 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Tlie  Lady  of  the  Lake 
(1810). 

Roderick  Random,  a  child  of  im- 
pulse, and  a  selfish  libertine.  His  treat- 
ment of  Strap  is  infamous  and  most 
heartless.  —  Smollett,  Roderick  Random 
(1748). 

Rod^erigo  or  Roderi'go  (3  syl.), 
a  Venetian  gentleman  in  love  with  i3es- 
demona.  When  Desdemona  eloped  with 
Othello,  Roderigo  hated  the  "noble 
Moor,"  and  la'go  took  advantage  of  this 
temper  for  his  own  base  ends. — Shake- 
speare, Othello  (1611). 

Roderigo's  suspicious  credulity  and  impatient  submis- 
sion to  the  ciieats  which  he  sees  practised  on  him.  and 
wliich,  by  persuasion,  he  suffers  to  be  repeated,  exhibit 
a  strong  picture  of  a  weali  mind  betrayed  by  unlawful 
desires  to  a  false  friend. — Dr.  Johnsoiu 

Rodilardus,  a  huge  cat,  which 
attacked  Panurge,  and  which  he  mistook 


for  "  a  young  soft-chinned  devil."  The 
word  means  "gnaw-lard"  (Latin,  rodSre 
lardum). — Rabelais,  Pantagruel,  iv.  67 
(1545). 

He  saw  in  a  fine  painting  the  stories  of  the  most  famous 
cats  :  as  Ilodillardus  [sic]  liung  by  the  heels  in  a  council  of 
rats,  puss  in  boots,  the  marquis  de  Carabas,  Whiltiiigton's 
cat,  the  writing  cat,  the  cat  turned  woman,  witches  in 
tlie  shape  of  cats,  and  so  on.— €onitesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairif 
Tales  (•*  The  White  Cat,"  1(582). 

%*  "  The  marquis  de  Carabas."  (See 
Puss  IN  Boots.) 

Rodri'go,  king  of  Spain,  conquered 
by  the  Moors.  He  saved  his  life  by 
flight,  and  wandered  to  Guadalete,  where 
he  begged  food  of  a  shepherd,  and  gave 
him  in  recompense  his  royal  chain  and 
ring.  A  hermit  bade  him,  in  penance, 
retire  to  a  certain  tomb  full  of  snakes 
and  toads,  where,  after  three  days,  the 
hermit  found  him  unhurt ;  so,  going  to 
his  cell,  he  passed  the  night  in  prayer. 
Next  morning,  Rodrigo  cried  aloud  to  the 
hermit,  "They  eat  me  now;  I  feel  the 
adder's  bite."  So  his  sin  was  atoned  for, 
and  he  died. 

***  This  Rodrigo  is  Roderick,  the  last 
of  the  Goths. 

Rodri'go,  rival  of  Pe'dro  "the  pilgrim," 
and  captain  of  a  band  of  outlaws. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Pilgrim  (1621). 

Rodri'go  de  Mondragon  (Don), 
a  bully  and  tyrant,  the  self-constituted 
arbiter  of  all  disputes  in  a  tennis-court  of 
Valladolid. 

Don  Rodrigo  de  Mondragon  was  about  30  years  of  age, 
of  an  ordinary  malte,  but  lean  and  muscular ;  he  had  two 
little  twinkling  eyes,  that  rolled  in  liis  head  and  threatened 
everybody  he  looked  at ;  a  very  flat  nose,  placed  between 
red  whiskers  that  curled  up  to  his  very  temples ;  and  a 
manner  of  speaking  so  rough  and  passionate  tliat  his 
words  struck  terror  into  everybody. — Lesage,  GU  Bias,  ii. 
5  (1715). 

Rodhaver,  the  sweetheart  of  Zal 
Persian.  Zal  being  about  to  scale  h( 
bower,  she  let  down  her  long  tresses 
assist  him,  but  Zal  managed  to  fix  his 
crook  into  a  projecting  beam,  and  thus 
made  his  way  to  the  lady  of  his  devotion. 
— Champion,  Ferdosi. 

Rodmond,  chief  mate  of  the  Bri- 
tannia, son  of  a  Northumbrian  engaged 
in  the  coal  trade  ;  a  hardy,  weather-beaten 
seaman,  uneducated,  "boisterous  of  man- 
ners," and  regardless  of  truth,  but  tender- 
hearted. He  was  drowned  when  the  ship 
struck  on  cape  Colonna,  the  most  southe 
point  of  Attica. 


to     1 
tis 


Unskilled  to  argue,  in  dispute  yet  loud. 
Bold  without  caution,  without  honours  proud. 
In  art  unschooled,  each  veteran  rule  he  prized. 
And  all  improvement  haughtily  despised. 

Falconer,  T/te  Shiptoreck.  L  (IZefl. 


'ik 


RODOGUNE. 


839 


ROHA. 


Ro'dogune,  Rhodogune,  or  E,ho'- 
dogyne  (3  syl.),  dauiihter  of  Phraa'tes 
king  of  Parthia.  She  married  Dcnie'trius 
Nica'nor  (the  husband  of  Cleopat'ra  queen 
of  Syria)  while  in  captivity.    (See  p.  196.) 

*^*  P.  Corneille  has  a  tragedy  on  the 
subject,  entitled  Rodogune  (1646). 

Rodolfo  ((/?  conte).  It  is  in  the  bed- 
chamber of  this  count  that  Ami'na  is 
discovered  the  night  before  her  espousal 
to  Elvi'no.  Ugly  suspicion  is  excited, 
but  the  count  assures  the  young  farmer 
that  Amina  walks  in  her  sleep.  While 
they  are  talking,  Amina  is  seen  to  get 
out  of  a  window  and  walk  along  a  narrow 
edge  of  the  mill-roof  while  the  huge 
wheel  is  rapidlj'  revolving.  She  crosses 
a  crazy  bridge,  and  walks  into  the  very 
midst  of  the  spectators.  In  a  few  minutes 
she  awakes,  and  flies  to  the  arms  of  her 
lover. — Bellini,  La  Sonnambula  (opera, 
1831), 

B-odomont,  king  of  Sarza  or  Algiers. 

LHe  was  Ulien's  son,  and  called  the  "  Mars 

|ef  Africa."     His  lady-love  was  Dor'alis 

)rincess  of  Grana'da,  but  she  eloped  with 

[andricardo     king     of     Tartary.       At 

logero's  wedding,  Rodomont  accused  him 

[of  being  a  renegade  and  traitor,  where- 

[upon  they  fought,   and   Rodomont  was 

[-slain. — Orlando  Innamorato  (1495)  ;  and 

^Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Who  so  meek  t    I'm  sure  I  quake  at  the  very  thought  of 
1 ;  why,  he's  as  fierce  as  Rodomont ! — Dryden,  Spanish 
[Ji-yar.  v.  2  (1680). 

Rodomontade  (4  syL),  from  Ro- 
Edomont,  a  bragging  although  a  brave 
[knight. 

Rogel  of  Greece  (^The  Exploits  and 
[Adventures  of),  part  of  the  series  called 
[Ze  Roman  des  Romans,  pertaining  to 
^**  Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was  added 
"by  Feliciano  de  Silva. 

Roger,  the  cook,  who  "cowde  roste, 
sthe,  broille,  and  frie,  make  mortreux, 
»nd  wel  bake  a  pye." — Chaucer,  Canter- 
Tales  (1388). 

Roger  {Sir),  curate  to  "The  Scornful 
Ladv  "  (no  name  given). — Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Scornful  Lady  (1616). 

Roger  Bontemps,  the  personation 
of  contentment  with  his  station  in  life, 
and  of  the  buoyancy  of  good  hope. 
"  There's  a  good  time  coming,  John," 

Vous  padvre*  pleins  d'envifi ; 

Vous  rich,  d6sireux ; 
Vous  dont  le  char  ddvie 

AprSs  un  cours  heureux ; 
Vous  qui  iierdrez  peut-fetre 

Destitres^clatang;- 


Eh  I  gai  I  prenez  pour  mattro 
Le  gros  Kouer  Bout^mps. 

B6rauger  (1780-1S56). 

Ye  poor,  with  envy  goaded ; 

Ve  rich,  for  more  wlio  long  ; 
Ye  who  by  fortune  loaded 

Finil  ah  things  going  wrong ; 
Ye  wlio  by  some  disaster 

See  all  your  cables  break ; 
From  henceforth  for  your  master 

Sleek  Koger  Bontemps  take. 

Roger  de  Coverley  {Sir),  an 
hypothetical  baronet  of  Coverley  or 
Cowley,  near  Oxford. — Addison,  The 
Spectator  (1711,  1712,  1714). 

*^*  The  prototype  of  this  famous 
character  was  sir  John  Pakington,  seventh 
baronet  of  the  line. 

Roge'ro,  brother  of  Marphi'sa ; 
brought  up  by  Atlantes  a  magician. 
He  married  Brad'amant,  the  niece  of 
Charlemagne.  Rogero  was  converted  to 
Christianity,  and  was  baptized.  His 
marriage  with  Bradamant  and  his  election 
to  the  crown  of  Bulgaria,  concludes  the 
poem. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Who  more  brave  than  Rodomont?  who  more  courteous 
than  Rogero?— Cervantfis,  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  (1605). 

Roge'ro,  son  of  Roberto  Guiscardo  the 
Norman.  Slain  by  Tisaphemes. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem  Delivered,  xx.  (1575). 

Roge'ro  (3  syl.),  a  gentleman  of  Sicilia. 
—Shakespeare,  The  Winter's  Tale  (1604). 

*^*  This  is  one  of  those  characters 
which  appear  in  the  dramatis  persona:, 
but  are  never  introduced  in  the  play. 
Rogero  not  only  does  not  utter  a  word,  he 
does  not  even  enter  the  stage  all  through 
the  drama.  In  the  Globe  edition  his 
name  is  omitted.     (See  Violenta.) 

Roget,  the  pastoral  name  of  George 
Wither  in  the  four  "  eglogues,"  called 
The  Shepheards  Hunting  (1615).  The 
first  and  last  "eglogues"  are  dialogues 
between  Roget  and  Willy  his  young 
friend  ;  in  the  second  pastoral  Cuddy  is 
introduced,  and  in  the  third  Alexis  makes 
a  fourth  character.  The  subject  of  the 
first  three  is  the  reason  of  Roget's  im- 
prisonment, which,  he  says,  is  a  hunt  that 
gave  great  ofl'ence.  This  hunt  is  in  reality 
a  satire  called  Abuses  Stript  and  Whipt. 
The  fourth  pastoral  has  for  its  subject 
Roget's  love  of  poetry. 

%*  "Willy"  is  his  friend  William 
Browne  of  the  Inner  Temple  (two  years 
his  junior),  author  of  Britannia's  Pas- 
torals, j 

Roha,  the  camphor  tree.  "  The  juice 
of  the  camphor  is  made  to  run  out  from  a 
wound  at  the  top  of  the  tree,  and  being 


ROI  PANADE. 


840 


ROLANDO. 


received  in  a  vessel,  is  allowed  to  harden 
in  the  sun." — Arabian  Nights  ("  Sindbad's 
Second  Voyage"). 

Roi  Panade  (*' king  of  slops")^  Louis 
XVI IL  (1755,  1814-1824). 

Roister  Doister  (Ealph),  a  vain, 
thoughtless,  blustering  felloAv,  in  pursuit 
of  Custance  a  rich  widow,  but  baffled  in 
his  endeavour. — Nicholas  Udall,  lialp/i 
lioister  Doister  (the  first  English  comedy, 
1534). 

Rokesmitli  (John),  alias  John 
Harmon,  secretary  of  Mr.  Ijoffin.  He 
lodged  with  the  Wilfers,  and  ultimately 
married  Bella  Wilfer.  John  Kokesmith 
is  described  as  "a  dark  gentleman,  30 
at  the  utmost,  with  an  expressive,  one 
might  say,  a  handsome  face." — Dickens, 
Our  Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

*#*  For  solution  of  the  mystery,  see 
vol.  I.  ii.  13. 

Roland,  count  of  Mans  and  knight 
of  Blaives.  His  mother.  Bertha,  was 
Charlemagne's  sister.  Roland  is  repre- 
sented as  brave,  devotedly  loyal,  unsus- 
picious, and  somewhat  too  easily  imposed 
upon.  He  was  eight  feet  high,  and  had 
an  open  countenance.  In  Italian  romance 
he  is  called  Orlan'do.  He  was  slain  in 
the  valley  of  Roncesvalles  as  he  was 
leading  the  rear  of  his  uncle's  army  from 
Spain  to  France.  Charlemagne  himself 
had  reached  St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port  at  the 
time,  heard  the  blast  of  his  nephew's 
horn,  and  knew  it  announced  treachery, 
but  was  unable  to  render  him  assistance 
(A.D.  778). 

Roland    is    the    hero    of    The'roulde's 
Chanson  de  Roland;  of  Turpin's  Chronique  / 
of    Bojardo's    Orlando    Innamorato  ;   of 
Ariosto's    Orlando  Furioso ;  of  Piccini's 
opera  called  Roland  (1778)  ;  etc. 

Roland's  Horn,  Olivant  or  Olifant. 
It  was  Avon  from  the  giant  Jatmund,  and 
might  be  heard  at  the  distance  of  thirty 
niik's.  Birds  fell  dead  at  its  blast,  and  the 
whole  Saracen  army  drew  back  in  terror 
when  they  heard  it.  So  loud  it  sounded, 
that  the  blast  reached  from  Roncesvalles 
to  St.  Jean  Pied  de  Port,  a  distance  of 
several  miles. 

Roland  lifts  Olifant  to  his  mouth  and  blows  it  with  all 
his  might.  The  mountains  around  are  lofty,  but  high 
alwve  them  the  sound  of  the  horn  arises  [«<  ?Ae  third 
blast,  it  split  in  twain].— Song  of  lio'and  (as  sung  by 
Taillefer.  at  tlie  battle  of  Hastings).  See  Warton,  JJis- 
toryof  English  Poetry,  v.  1,  sect.  iii.  132  (1781). 

Roland's  Horse,  Veillantif,  called  in 
Italian  Veglian'tino  ("  the  little  vigilant 
one"). 


In  Italian  romance,  Orlando  has  another 
horse,  called  Brigliado'ro  ("  golden 
bridle"). 

Roland's  Spear.  Visitors  are  shown  a 
spear  in  the  cathedral  of  Pa'via,  which 
they  are  told  belonged  to  Roland. 

Roland's  Sword,  Duran'dal,  made  by 
the  fairies.  To  prevent  its  falling  into 
the  hands  of  the  enemy  when  Roland 
was  attacked  in  the  valley  of  Ronces- 
valles, he  smote  a  rock  with  it,  and  it 
made  in  the  solid  rock  a  fissure  some 
300  feet  in  depth,  called  to  this  day  La 
Brcche  de  Roland. 

Then  would  I  seek  the  Pyrenean  breach 

Whifh  Kolatid  clove  with  huge  two-handed  swa,y. 

And  to  the  enormous  labour  left  his  n.inie. 

Wordsworth. 

*^*  A  sword  is  shown  at  Rocamadour, 
in  the  department  of  Lot  (France),  which 
visitors  are  assured  was  Roland's  Duran- 
dal.  But  the  romances  say  that  Roland, 
dying,  threw  his  sword  into  a  poisoned 
stream. 

Death  of  Roland.  There  is  a  tradition 
that  Roland  escaped  the  general  slaughter 
in  the  defile  of  Roncesvalles,  and  died  of 
starvation  while  trying  to  make  his  waj' 
across  the  mountains. — John  de  la  Bruiere 
Cham  pier,  De  Cibaria,  xvi.  6. 

Died  like  Roland,  died  of  thirst. 

NonnuIIi  qui  de  Gallicis  rebus  historias  conscripsenmt, 
non  dubitarunt  posteris  significare  Kolandum  Caroli  illius 
niiigni  sororis  filiuni,  virum  certe  bellica  gloria  oniniqua 
fortitudine  nobillissiniuni,  post  ingenteni  Hisiianorum 
caedem  prope  Pyrenjei  saltus  juga,  ubi  insidise  ab  lioste 
coUocatse  fuerint,  sitl  nilserrime  extinctum.  hide  nostri 
intolerabili  siti  et  imniiti  vulentes  significare  se  torqueri, 
facete  aiunt  "  Rolandi  niorte  se  perire." — John  de 
Bruiere  Champier,  De  Cibaria,  xvL  6. 

Roland  {The  Roman).     Sicinius  Der 
tatus   is   so   called  by   Niebuhr.     He 
not  unfrequently    called   "  The    Romi 
Achilles  "  (put  to  death  B.C.  450). 

Roland    and     Oliver,    the    t^ 

most  famous  of  the  twelve  paladins 
Charlemagne.  To  give  a  "  Roland  for 
Oliver  "  is  to  give  tit  for  tat,  to  giv< 
another  as  good  adrubbing  as  yet 
receive.  ""  - 

Froissart,  a  countryman  of  ours  [the  French],  recordi, 
England  all  Olivers  and  Rowlands  bred 
During  the  time  Edward  the  Third  did  reign. 

Sliakespeare,  1  Henry  VI.  act  i.  so.  2  (1589). 

Roland  de  Vaux  {Sir),  baron  of 
Triermain,  who  wakes  Gyneth  from  her 
long  sleep  of  500  years,  and  marries  her. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Bridal  of  Triermain 
(1813). 

Rolando  (Signor),  a  common  railer 
against  women,  but  brave,  of  a  "happy 
wit  and  independent  spirit."  Rolando 
swore  to  marry  no  woman,  but  fell  in 
love  with    Zam'ora,    and    married   h&c. 


ROLANDSECK  TOWER. 


841 


ROMAN  DES  ROMANS. 


declaring  "she  was  no  woman  but  an 
anfijel."  —  J.  Tobin,  The  Honeymoon 
(1804). 

The  resemblance  between  Rolando  and 
Benedick  will  instantly  occur  to  the 
mind. 

Kolandseck  Tower,  opposite  the 
Drachenfels.  Roland  was  engaged  to 
Aude,  daughter  of  sir  Gerard  and  lady 
Guibourg ;  but  the  lady,  being  told  that 
Roland  had  been  slain  by  Angoulaffre  the 
Saracen,  retired  to  a  convent.  The 
paladin  returned  home  full  of  glory, 
having  slain  the  Saracen,  and  when  he 
heard  that  his  lady-love  had  taken  the 
veil,  he  built  Rolandseck  Castle,  which 
overlooks  the  convent,  that  he  might  at 
least  see  the  lady  to  whom  he  could  never 
be  united.  After  the  death  of  Aude, 
Roland  "sought  the  battle-field  again, 
and  fell  at  Roncevall." — Campbell,  The 
Brave  Roland. 

Roldan,  "  El  encantado,"  Roldan 
made  invulnerable  by  enchantment.  The 
cleft  "  Roldan,"  in  the  summit  of  a  high 
mountain  in  the  kingdom  of  Valencia, 
was  so  called  because  it  was  made  by  a 
single  back-stroke  of  Roldan's  sword. 
The  character  is  in  two  Spanish  romances, 
authors  unknown. — Bernardo  del  Carpio 
and  Roncesvalles. 

This  book  [RlnaUlo  de  Montalban\  and  all  others 
written  on  French  matters,  shall  be  deposited  in  some  dry  • 
place  .  .  .  except  one  called  Bernardo  del  Car/  io,  and 
another  called  Roncivalles,  which  shall  certainly  accom- 
pany the  rest  ou  the  bonfire.— (Jervantes,  Don  (Quixote,  L 
L  6  (1605). 

Rolla,  kinsman  of  the  inca  Atali'ba, 
and  the  idol  of  the  army.  "  In  war  a 
tiger  chafed  by  the  hunters'  spears  ;  in 
peace  more  gentle  than  the  unweaned 
lamb "  (act  i.  1).  A  firm  friend  and 
most  generous  foe.  Rolla  is  wounded  in 
his  attempt  to  rescue  the  infant  child  of 
Alonzo  from  the  Spaniards,  and  dies. 
His  grand  funeral  procession  terminates 
the  drama. — Sheridan,  Fizarro  (altered 
from  Kotzebue,  1799). 

John  Keinble  and  two  friends  were  returning  to  town 
In  an  open  carriage  fruni  lord  Abercom's,  and  came  to  a 
toll-bar.  As  the  toll-keeper  and  his  daughter  were  fum- 
bling for  change,  Keuible  cried  out,  in  the  w^ords  of  liolla 
to  the  army,"  We  seek  no  change,  and  least  of  all  such 
change  as  they  would  bring  us "  (act  ii.  2).— S.  Kogers, 
Table  Talk  (1856). 

Rolling  Stone. 

Tlie  stone  that  is  rolling  can  gather  no  moss ; 
For  master  and  servant  oft  changine  is  loss. 

T.  Tusser,  The  Point*  of  JiuDwifery  ("  Admo- 
nitions," 20.  1560). 

Rollo,  duke  of  Normandy,  called 
"The  Bloody  Brother."  He  caused  the 
death  of  his  brother  Otto,  and  slew 
Bcveral  others,  some  out  of  mere  wanton- 


ness.—  Beaumont     and    Fletcher,     The 
Bloody  Brother  (1639). 

Roman  {The),  Jean  Dnmont,  the 
French  painter,  Le  Romain  (1700-1781). 

Stephen  Picart,  the  French  enjtaver, 
Le  Romain  (1631-1721). 

Giulio  Pippi,  called  Giulio  Romano 
(1492-1646). 

Adrian  van  Roomen,  mathematician, 
Adridnus  Romdnus  (1561-1615). 

Roman  Achilles,  Sicinius  Denta- 
tus  (slain  B.C.  450). 

Roman  Bird  (The),  the  eagle,  the 
distinctive  ensign  of  the  Roman  legion. 

Roman  Brevity.  Caesar  imitated 
laconic  brevity  when  he  announced 
to  Amintius  his  victory  at  Zela,  in  Asia 
Minor,  over  Pharna'ces,  son  of  Mithri- 
dates  :    Vent,  vidi,  vici. 

Pains.  I  will  imitate  the  honourable  Roman  In  brevity. 
—Shakespeare,  2  Henry  IV.  act  ii.  sc.  2  (15y8). 

Sir  Charles  Napier  is  credited  with  a 
far  more  laconic  desjjatch  on  making 
himself  master  of  Scinde  in  1843.  Taking 
possession  of  Hyderabad,  and  outflank- 
ing Shere  Mohammed  by  a  series  of  most 
brilliant  manoeuvres,  he  is  said  to  have 
written  home  this  punning  despatch: 
Peccdvi  ("I  have  sinned "  [Scinde]). 

Roman  Father  {The),  Horatius, 
father  of  the  Horatii  and  of  Horatia. 
The  story  of  the  tragedy  is  the  well- 
known  Roman  legend  about  the  Horatii 
and  Curiatii.  Horatius  rejoices  that  his 
three  sons  have  been  selected  to  represent 
Rome,  and  sinks  the  affection  of  the 
father  in  love  for  his  country.  Horatia 
is  the  betrothed  of  Caius  Curiatius,  but  is 
also  beloved  by  Valerius,  and  when  the 
Curiatii  are  selected  to  oppose  her  three 
brothers,  she  sends  Valerius  to  him  with 
a  scarf  to  induce  him  to  forego  the  fight. 
Caius  declines,  and  is  slain.  Horatia  is 
distracted ;  they  take  from  her  every 
instrument  of  death,  and  therefore  she 
resolves  to  provoke  her  surviving  brother, 
Publius,  to  kill  her.  Meeting  him  in 
his  triumph,  she  rebukes  him  for  murder- 
ing her  lover,  scoffs  at  his  "patriotism," 
and  Publius  kills  her.  Horatius  now 
resigns  Publius  to  execution  for  murder, 
but  the  king  and  Roman  people  rescue 
him.— W.  Whitehead  (1741). 

*^*  Corneille  has  a  drama  on  the  same 
subject,  called  Les  Horaces  (1639). 

Roman  des  Romans  {Le),  a 
series  of  prose  romances  connected  with 
Am'adis  of  Gaul.  So  called  by  Gilbert 
Saunier. 


ROMANS. 


842 


ROMUALD. 


Romans  {Last  of  the),  Rienzi  the 
tribune  (1310-1354). 

Charles  James  Fox  (1749-1806). 

Horace  Walpole,  Ultimus  Eomanomm 
(1717-1797). 

Caius  Cassius  was  so  called  by  Brutus. 

The  last  of  all  tlie  Komans,  fare  thee  well  i 
It  is  impossible  that  ever  Koine 
Should  breed  thy  fellow. 
Shakespeare,  Juliu*  Ccesar,  act  v.  K.  3  (1607). 

Bomans  (Most  Learned  of  the),  Marcus 
Terentius  Varro  (b.c.  116-28). 

Romance  of  the  Rose,  a  poetical 
allegory,  begun  by  Guillaume  di  Lorris  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  thirteenth  century, 
and  continued  by  Jean  de  Meung  in  the 
former  half  of  the  fourteenth  century. 
The  poet  dreams  that  Dame  Idleness  con- 
ducts him  to  the  palace  of  Pleasure, 
where  he  meets  Love,  whose  attendant 
maidens  are  Sweet-looks,  Courtesy, 
Youth,  Joy,  and  Competence,  by  whom 
he  is  conducted  to  a  bed  of  roses.  He 
singles  out  one,  when  an  arrow  from  Love's 
bow  stretches  him  fainting  on  the  ground, 
and  he  is  carried  off.  When  he  comes  to 
himself,  he  resolves,  if  possible,  to  find  his 
rose,  and  Welcome  promises  to  aid  him  ; 
Shyness,  Fear,  and  Slander  obstruct  him, 
and  Reason  advises  him  to  give  up  the 
quest.  Pity  and  Kindness  show  him  the 
object  of  his  search ;  but  Jealousy  seizes 
AN'elcome,  and  locks  her  in  Fear  Castle. 
Here  iJie  original  poem  ends.  The  sequel, 
somewhat  longer  than  the  twenty-four 
books  of  Homer's  Iliad,  takes  up  the  tale 
from  this  point. 

Rom.a'no,  the  old  monk  who  took 
pity  on  Roderick  in  his  flight  (viii.), 
and  went  with  him  for  refuge  to  a  small 
hermitage  on  the  sea-coast,  where  they 
remained  for  twelve  months,  when  the 
old  monk  died. — Southev,  Boderick,  the 
Last  of  the  Goths,  i.,  ii.  (1814). 

Rome  Does  {Do  as).  The  saying 
originated  with  St.  Ambrose  (fourth 
century).  It  arose  from  the  following 
diversity  in  the  observance  of  Saturday  : — 
The  Milanese  make  it  a  feast,  the  Romans 
a  fast.  St.  Ambrose,  being  asked  what 
should  be  done  in  such  a  case,  replied,  "  In 
matters  of  indifference,  it  is  better  to  be 
guided  by  the  general  usage.  When  I  am 
at  Milan,  I  do  not  fast  on  Saturdays,  but 
when  I  am  at  Rome,  I  do  as  they  do  at 
Rome." 

Rome  of  the  IKTorth.  Cologne  was 
BO  called  (says  Hope)  in  the  Middle  Ages, 
from  its  wealth,  power,  and  ecclesiastical 
foundations. 


Rome  Saved  by  Greese.  When 
the  Gauls  invaded  Rome,  a  detachment 
in  single  file  scaled  the  hill  on  which  the 
capitol  stood,  so  silently  that  the  fore- 
most man  reached  the  summit  without 
being  challenged ;  but  while  striding 
over  the  rampart,  some  sacred  geese  were 
disturbed,  and  by  their  cackle  aroused 
the  guard.  Marcus  Manlius  rushed  to 
the  wall,  and  hustled  the  Gaul  over,  thus 
saving  the  capitol. 

A  somewhat  parallel  case  occurred  in 
Ireland  in  the  battle  of  Glinsaly,  in 
Donegal.  A  party  of  the  Irish  would 
have  surprised  the  protestants  if  some 
wrens  had  not  disturbed  the  guards  by 
the  noise  they  made  in  hopping  about  the 
drums  and  pecking  on  the  parchment 
heads. — Aubrey,  Miscellanies,  45. 

Ro'meo,  a  son  of  Mon'tague  (3  syl.), 
in  love  with  Juliet  the  daughter  of 
Cap'ulet ;  but  between  the  houses  of  Mon- 
tague and  Capulet  there  existed  a  deadly 
feud.  As  the  families  were  irreconcilable, 
Juliet  took  a  sleeping  draught,  that  she 
might  get  away  from  her  parents  and  elope 
with  Romeo.  Romeo,  thinking  her  to  be 
dead,  killed  himself ;  and  when  Juliet 
awoke  and  found  her  lover  dead,  she  also 
killed  herself. — Shakespeare,  Borneo  and 
Juliet  (1698). 

Fox  said  that  Barry's  "Romeo"  was 
superior  to  Garrick's  (S.  Rogers,  TuM^ 
Talk).  Fitzgerald  says  that  Barry  wi 
the  superior  in  the  garden-scenes  and 
the  first  part  of  the  tomb,  but  Garric 
in  the  scene  with  the  "friar"  and  in 
dying  part. 

Romeo  and  Juliet,  a  tragedy 
Shakespeare  (1598).  The  tale  is  takel 
from  Bhomeo  and  Julietta,  a  novel  by 
Boisteau  in  French,  borrowed  from  ac 
Italian  story  by  Bandelio  (1554). 

In  1562  Arthur  Brooke  produced 
same  tale  in  verse,  called  The  Tragico 
History  of  Bomeus  and  Juliet.  In  1567 
Painter  published  a  prose  translation  of 
Boisteau's  novel. 

Romp  {The),  a  comic  opera  altered 
from  Bickerstaff's  Love  in  the  City.  Pris- 
cilla  Tomboy  is  "  the  romp,"  and  the  plot 
is  given  under  that  name. 

A  splendid  portrait  of  Mrs.  Jordan,  in  her  character  of 
"  The  Romp,"  hung  over  the  niantelj'iece  in  the  dining- 
room  [of  Adofphus  ritzclarencei.—LoTd  W.  P.  Lennox, 
Celebrities,  etc.,  i.  11. 

Rom'uald  {St).    The  Catalans  had 
great  reverence  for  a  hermit  so  called,  and 
hearing  that  he  was  about  to  quit  their 
country,  called  together  a  parish  meetin," 


ox, 
ad 


ROMULA. 


843 


ROSA. 


to  consult  how  they  might  best  retain  him 
amongst  them,  "For,"  said  they,  "he 
will  certainly  be  consecrated,  and  his 
relics  will  bring  a  fortune  to  us."  So 
they  agreed  to  strangle  him  ;  but  their 
intention  being  told  to  the  hermit,  he 
secretly  made  his  escape. — St.  Foix, 
Essais  Historiqxies  sur  Paris,  v.  163. 

*^*  Southey  has  a  ballad  on  the  sub- 
ject. 

Rom'ola,  the  heroine  and  title  of  a 
novel  by  George  Eliot  (Mrs.  Lewes). 
Romula  married  Tito  Mel'ema,  a  Greek. 
(Brought  out  in  Cornhill  Magazine.) 

Romulus  {The  Second  and  Third), 
Caniillus  and  Marius.  Also  called  "  The 
Second  and  Third  Founders  of  Rome." 

Romulus  and  Rem.us,  the  twin 
sons  of  Silvia  a  vestal  virgin  and  the 
god  ]\Iars.  The  infants  were  exposed  in 
a  cradle,  and  the  floods  carried  the  cradle 
to  the  foot  of  the  Palatine.  Here  a  wolf 
suckled  them,  till  one  Faustulus,  the 
king's  shepherd,  took  them  to  his  wife, 
who  brought  them  up.  When  grown  to 
manhood,  they  slew  Amulius,  who  had 
caused  them  to  be  exposed. 

The  Greek  legend  of  Tyro  is  in  many 
respects  similar.  This  Tyro  had  an 
amour  with  Poseidon  (as  Silvia  had  with 
tMars),  and  two  sons  were  born  in  both 
cases.  Tyro's  mother-in-law  confined  her 
in  a  dungeon,  and  exposed  the  two  infants 
(Pelias  and  Neleus)  in  a  boat  on  the  river 
Enipeus  (3  sijL).  Here  they  were  dis- 
covered and  brought  up  by  a  herdsman 
(Romulus  and  Remus  were  brought  up  by 
a  shepherd),  and  when  grown  to  man- 
hood, they  put  to  death  their  mother-in- 
law,  who  had  caused  them  to  be  exposed 
(as  Romulus  and  Remus  put  to  death 
their  great-uncle  Amulius). 

Ron,  the  ebony  spear  of  prince  Arthur. 

The  temper  of  his  sword,  the  tried  Excalibor, 

The  bigness  and  the  length  of  liune  his  noble  spear. 

With  Pridwin  his  great  shield. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Ronald  {Lord),  in  love  with  lady 
iClare,  to  whom  he  gave  a  lily-white  doe. 
tThe  day  before  the  wedding,  nurse 
I  Alice  told  lady  Glare  she  was  not  "  lady 
[Clare "  at  all,  but  her  own  child.  On 
thearing  this,  she  dressed  herself  as  a 
Ipeasant  girl,  and  went  to  lord  Ronald  to 
release  him  from  his  engagement.  Lord 
Ronald  replied,  "  If  you  are  not  the 
heiress  born,  we  will  be  married  to- 
morrow, and  you  shall  still  be  lady 
Clare." — Tennyson,  Lady  Glare. 

Ronaldson  {Neil),  the  old  ranzel- 


man  of  Jarlshof  (ch.  vii.).— Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Roncesvalles  (4  syl.),  a  defile  in  the 
Pyrenees,  famous  for  the  disaster  which 
befell  Roland  and  his  army. 

*:,c*  Sometimes  the  word  has  only  8 
syl,,  as  Eoncc.val.les  or  Pon.ce.val, 

Ed  Clever  des  Vassals 
Ki  niorurent  en  Ronchevals. 
lorris,  Soman  de  la  Itou,  ii.  i.  13, 151  (thirteenth  century). 
And  the  dead  who,  deathless  all. 
Fell  at  famous  Konciival. 

Rondib'ilis,  the  physician  consulted 
by  Panurge  on  the  knotty  question, 
*'  whether  he  ought  to  marry,  or  let  it 
alone." — Rabelais,  Pantag'riiel  (l.'>45). 

*^*  This  question,  which  Panurge  was 
perpetually  asking  every  one,  of  course 
refers  to  the  celibacy  of  the  clergy. 

Rondo  {The  Father  of  the)^  Jean 
Baptiste  Davaux. 

Rooden  Ijane.  All  on  one  side,  like 
Rooden  Lane.  The  village  of  Rooden  or 
Roden,  in  Herefordshire,  is  built  all  on 
one  side  of  the  road,  the  other  side  being 
the  high  wall  of  Heaton  Park,  the  resi- 
dence of  the  earl  of  Wilton. 

Rope  of  Ocnus  {A),  profitless  labour. 
Ocnus  was  always  twisting  a  rope  with 
unwearied  diligence,  but  an  ass  ate  it  as 
fast  as  it  was  twisted. 

*^*  This  allegory  means  that  Ocnus 
worked  hard  to  earn  money,  which  his 
wife  squandered  by  her  extravagance. 

The  work  of  Penelope's  web  was  "never 
ending,  still  beginning," because  Penelop§ 
pulled  out  at  night  all  that  she  had  spun 
during  the  day.  Her  object  was  to  defer 
doing  what  she  abhorred  but  knew  not 
how  to  avoid. 

Rope-Walk  {Gone  into  the),  taken  up 
Old  Bailey  practice.  The  "  rope  "  refers 
to  the  hangman's  cord. — Barristers'  Slang. 

Roper  {Margaret)  was  buried  with 
the  head  of  her  father,  sir  Thomas  More, 
between  her  hands. 

Her,  who  clasped  in  her  last  trance 
Her  murdered  father's  head. 

Tennyson. 

Roque  (1  syl.),  a  blunt,  kind-hearted 
old  servitor  to  donna  Floranthe. — Colman, 
The  Mountaineers  (1793). 

Roque  Q-uinart,  a  freebooter,  whose 
real  name  was  Pedro  Rocha  Giiin.irda.  He 
is  introduced  by  Cervantes  in  Don  Quixote. 

Rosa,  a  village  beauty,  patronized  by 
lady  Dedlock.  She  marries  Mrs.  Ro^mce- 
well's  grandson. — C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House 
(1853). 


ROSABELLE. 


844 


ROSAMOND. 


Rosabelle  (3  sr/L),  the  lady's-maid  of 
lady  Geraldine.  Rosabelle  promised  to 
marry  L' Eclair,  the  orderly  of  chevalier 
Florian. — W.  Dimond,  The  Foundling  of 
the  Forest. 

Rosalind  (i.e.  Rose  Daniel),  the 
shepherd  lass  who  rejected  Colin  Clout  (the 
poet  Spenser)  for  Menalcas  (John  Florio 
the  lexicographer  (1579).  Spenser  was  at 
the  time  in  his  twenty-sixth  year.  Being 
rejected  by  Rosalind,' he  did  not  marry  till 
he  was  nearly  41,  and  then  we  are  told  that 
Elizabeth  was  "  the  name  of  his  mother, 
queen,  and  wife"  (Sonnet,  74).  In  the 
Faery  Queen,  "the  country  lass"  (Rosa- 
lind) is  introduced  dancing  with  the  Graces, 
and  the  poet  saj's  she  is  wortliy  to  be  the 
fourth  (bk.  vi.  10,  16).  In  1695  appeared 
the  Epithala'mion,  in  which  the  recent 
marriage  is  celebrated. — Ed.  Spenser, 
Shepheardes  Calendar,  i.,  vi.  (1579). 

"Rosalinde"  is  an  anagram  for  Rose 
Daniel,  evidently  a  well-educated  young 
lady  of  the  north,  and  probably  the  "lady 
Mirabella  "  of  the  Faery  Queen,  vi.  7,  8. 
Spenser  calls  her  "the widow's  daughter 
of  the  glen  "  (eel.  iv.),  supposed  to  be 
either  Burnley  or  Colne,  near  Hurstwood, 
in  Yorkshire.  Eel.  i.  is  the  plaint  of 
Colin  for  the  loss  of  Rosalind.  Eel.  vi. 
is  a  dialogue  between  Colin  and  Hobbinol 
his  friend,  in  which  Colin  laments,  and 
Hobbinol  tries  to  comfort  him.  Eel.  xii. 
is  a  similar  lament  to  eel.  i.  Rose  Daniel 
married  John  Florio  the  lexicographer, 
the   "  Holof ernes  "  of  Shakespeare. 

Ros'alind,  daughter  of  the  banished 
duke  who  went  to  live  in  the  forest  of 
Arden.  Rosalind  was  retained  in  her 
uncle's  court  as  the  companion  of  his 
daughter  Celia ;  but  when  the  usurper 
banished  her,  Celia  resolved  to  be  her 
companion,  and  for  greater  security 
Rosalind  dressed  as  a  bo\',  and  assumed 
the  name  of  Ganimed,  while  Celia  dressed 
as  a  peasant  girl,  and  assumed  the  name 
of  Aliena.  The  two  girls  went  to  the 
forest  of  Arden,  and  lodged  for  a  time  in 
a  hut ;  but  they  oad  not  been  long  there 
when  Orlando  encountered  them.  Or- 
lando and  Rosalind  had  met  before  at  a 
wrestling  match,  and  the  acquaintance 
was  now  renewed  ;  Ganimed  resumed  her 
proper  apparel,  and  the  two  were  married 
with  the  sanction  of  the  duke. — Shake- 
speare, As  You  Like  It  (1598). 

Nor  shall  the  griefs  of  Lear  be  alleviated,  or  the  charms 
and  wit  of  Kosalind  be  abated  by  time. — N.  Drake,  M.D., 
Shakespeare  and  UU  Times,  ii.  554  (1817). 

Rosaline,  the  niece  of  Capulet,  with 
whom  Romeo  was  in  love  before  he  saw 


Juliet.  Mercutio  calls  her  "a  pale- 
hearted  wench,"  and  Romeo  says  she  did 
not  "grace  for  grace  and  love  for  love 
allow,"  like  Juliet. — Shakespeare,  Romeo 
and  Juliet  (1598). 

*^*  Rosaline  is  frequently  mentioned 
in  the  first  act  of  the  play,  but  is  not  one 
of  the  dramatis  personce. 

Rosaline,  a  lady  in  attendance  on  the 
princess  of  France.  A  sharp  wit  was 
wedded  to  her  will,  and  "two  pitch 
balls  were  stuck  in  her  face  for  eyes." 
Rosaline  is  called  "  a  merry,  nimble, 
stirring  spirit."  Biron,  a  lord  in  atten- 
dance on  Ferdinand  king  of  Navarre, 
proposes  marriage  to  her,  but  she  replies  : 

You  must  be  purged  first,  your  sins  are  racked  .  .  . 
Therefore  if  you  my  favour  mean  to  get, 
A  twelvemonth  shall  you  spend,  and  never  rest. 
But  seek  the  weary  beds  of  X)eople  sick.  "^ 

Shakespeare,  Love'*  Labour's  Lost  (1594). 

Rosalu'ra,  the  airy  daughter  of 
Nantolet,  beloved  by  Belleur. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Wild-goose  Chase 
(1652). 

Ros'amond  (The  Fair),  Jane  Clif- 
forcr;--daughter  of  Walter  lord  Cliiford. 
The  lady  ^^^s  loved  not  wisely  but  too 
well  by  Henry  II.,  who  kept  her  for 
concealment  in  a  labyrinth  at  Woodstock. 
Queen  El^eaTior  compelled  the  frail  fair 
one  to  swallow  poison  (1177). 

She  was  the  fayre  daughter  of  Walter  lord  CllflTord  .  .  . 
Henry  made  for  her  a  house  of  wonderful!  working,  so 
that  no  man  or  woman  might  come  to  her.  This  liouse 
was  named  "  Labyrinthus,"  and  was  wrought  like  unto  a 
knot,  in  a  garden  called  a  maze.  But  the  queen  came  to 
her  by  a  clue  of  thredde,  and  so  dealt  with  her  tliat  she 
lived  not  long  after.  She  was  buried  at  Godstow,  in  a 
house  of  nunnes,  with  these  verses  upon  her  tombe  :        j 

Hie  jacet  in  tumba  Rosa  mundi,  non  Rosa  munda ;     ', 

Kon  redolet,  sed  olet,  quae  redolere  solet. 

ffere  Hose  the  graced,  not  Rose  the  chaste,  repouet; 

The  sinell  that  rises  is  no  smell  of  roses. 

*^*  The  subject  has  been  a  greal 
favourite  with  poets.  We  have  in  Eng-i 
lish  the  following  tragedies : — The  Com^ 
plaint  of  Rosamond,  by  S.  Daniel  (befor 
1619) ;  Jlent^y  II.  .  .  .  with  the  Death  oj 
Rosamond,  either  Bancroft  or  Mountfoi 
(1693);  Rosamond,  by  Addison  (1706)  i 
Henry  and  Rosamond,  by  Hawkini 
(1749) ;  Fair  Rosamond,  by  Tennyson 
(1879).  In  Italian:  Rosmonda,  by  Ru- 
cellai  (1525).f  In  Spanish:  Rosmunda, 
by  Gil  y  Zarate  (1840).  We  have  also 
Rosamond,  an  opera,  by  Dr.  Arne  (1733) ; 
and  Rosamonde,  a  poem  in  French,  by  0, 
Briffaut  (1813).  Sir  Walter  Scott  has 
introduced  the  beautiful  soiled  dove  in 
two  of  his  novels — The  Talisman  and 
Woodstock. 

*^*  Dryden  says  her  name  was  Jane : 

Jane  Clitford  was  her  name,  as  books  aver  ; 

"  Fair  Rosamond  "  was  but  her  num  de  giierr*.         ■ 


ROSANA. 


845 


ROSE  OF  ARRAGON. 


We  rede  that  in  Englande  was  a  king  tliat  had  a 
concubyiie  whose.name  was  Rose,  and  for  liir  greate  bewtye 
he  cleped  hir  Ko-e  iimounde  (Ilosa  mundi),  that  is  to  say. 
Rose  of  the  world,  for  him  thought  th;it  slie  piissed  al 
wynien  in  bewtye.— R.  Pynson  (1493),  subsequenily 
printed  by  Wjnken  de  Worde  in  149«. 

The  Eosemonde  of  Alfieri  is  quite 
another  person.     (See  Rosemond.) 

Rosa'na,  daughter  of  the  Armenian 
queen,  who  heli)ed  St.  George  to  quench 
the  seven  lamps  of  the  knight  of  the 
Black  Castle.— R.  Johnson,  The  Seven 
Champions  of  Christendom,  ii.  8,  9  (1617). 

Roscius  (Quintus),  the  greatest  of 
Roman  actors  (died  B.C.  62). 

What  scene  of  deatli  liath  Roscius  now  to  act  f 
Sliakespeare,  3  llenry  VI.  act  v.  so.  6  (1592). 

Eoscius  {The  British),  Thomas  Better- 
ton  (1636-1710),  and  David  Garrick 
(1716-1779). 

*^*  The  earl  of  Southampton  says 
that  Richard  Burbage  "  is  famous  as  our 
English  Roscius"  (1566-1619). 

Eoscius  (The  Irish),  Spranger  Barry, 
•'The  Silver-Tongued"  (1719-1777). 

Eoscius  (The  Youncj),  William  Henry 
"West  Betty,  who  in  1803  made  his  debut 
in  London.  He  was  about  12  years  of 
age,  and  in  fifty-six  nights  realized 
£34,000.     He  died,  aged  84,  in  1874. 

Roscius  of  France  (The)^  Michel 
Boyron  or  Baron  (1653-1720). 

Roscrana,  daughter  of  Cormac  king 
of  Ireland  (grandfather  of  that  Cormac 
murdered  by  Cairbar).  Roscra'na  is 
called  "the  blue-eyed  and  white-handed 
maid,"  and  was  "  like  a  spirit  of  heaven, 
half  folded  in  the  skirt  of  a  cloud." 
Subsequenth'  she  was  the  wife  of  Fingal 
king  of  Morven,  and  mother  of  Ossian 
"  king  of  bards." — Ossian,  Temora,  vi. 

*^*  Cormac,  the  father  of  Roscrana, 
was  great-grandfather  of  that  Cormac 
who  was  reigning  when  Swaran  made  his 
invasion.  The  line  ran  thus :  (1)  Cormac 
I.,  (2)  Cairbre,  his  son,  (3)  Artho,  his  son, 
(4)  Cormac  II.,  father-in-law  of  Fingal. 

Rose,  "  the  gardener's  daughter,"  a 
story  of  happy  first  love,  told  in  later 
years  by  an  old  man  who  had,  in  his 
younger  days,  trifled  with  the  passion  of 
love  ;  but,  like  St.  Augustin,  was  always 
*'  loving  to  love  "  (arnans  amdre),  and  was 
at  length  heart-smitten  with  Rose,  whom 
he  married.  (See  Alice.) — Tennyson, 
27ie  Gardener's  Daughter. 

Eose.  Sir  John  Mandeville  says  that 
a  Jewish  maid  of  Bethlehem  (whom 
Southey  names  Zillah)  was  beloved  by 
one  Ham'uel  a  brutish  sot.    Zillah  re- 


jected his  suit,  and  Hamuel,  in  revenge, 
accused  the  maiden  of  oflfences  for  which 
she  was  condemned  to  be  burned  alive. 
When  brought  to  the  stake,  the  flames 
burnt  Hamuel  to  a  cinder,  but  did  no 
harm  to  Zillah.  There  she  stood,  in  a 
garden  of  roses,  for  the  brands  which  had 
been  kindled  became  red  roses,  and  those 
which  had  not  caught  fire  became  white 
ones.  These  are  the  first  roses  that  ever 
bloomed  on  earth  since  the  loss  of 
paradise. 

As  the  fyre  began  to  brenne  about  hire,  she  made  her 
preyeres  to  oure  Lord  .  .  .  and  anon  was  tlie  fayer 
quenched  and  oute,  and  brondes  that  weren  brennynge 
beconien  wliite  roseres  .  .  and  theise  wereiti  the  first 
roseres  that  ever  ony  man  saughe.— Sir  John  Maunde- 
Yille,  Voiage  and  Traivaile. 

Eose.  According  to  Mussulman  tradi- 
tion, the  rose  is  thus  accounted  for : 
When  Mahomet  took  his  journey  to 
heaven,  the  sweat  which  fell  on  the 
earth  from  the  prophet's  forehead  pro- 
duced white  roses,  and  that  which  fell 
from  Al  Borak'  (the  animal  he  rode) 
produced  yellow  ones. 

Eose.  On  mount  Cal'asay  (the  Indian 
Olympus)  is  a  table  on  which  lies  a  silver 
rose  that  contains  two  women,  as  bright 
and  fair  as  pearls ;  one  is  called  Brigas'iri 
("lady  of  the  mouth"),  and  the  other  Ta- 
ras'iri  ( ' '  lady  of  the  tongue  ") ,  because  they 
praise  God  without  ceasing.  In  the 
centre  of  the  rose  is  the  triangle  or 
residence  of  God. — Baldaeus. 

And  when  the  bell  hath  sounded, 
The  Rose  with  all  the  mysteries  1 1  surrounded. 
The  Bell,  the  Table,  and  mount  Calasay, 
The  holy  hill  itself  with  all  tliereon  .  .  . 
Dissolves  away, 

Southey,  Curse  of  Kehama,  six.  11  (1809). 

Eose  (Couleur  de),  an  exaggerated 
notion  of  the  excellence  or  goodness  of 
something,  produced  by  hope,  love,  or 
some  other  favourable  influence.  Love, 
for  example,  sees  the  object  beloved 
through  a  medium  of  heart-joy,  which 
casts  a  halo  round  it,  and  invests  it  with 
a  roseate  hue,  as  if  seen  through  glass 
tinted  with  rose-pink.  Hence  the  lover 
says  of  Maud : 

Rosy  is  the  west,  rosy  is  the  south ; 

Roses  are  her  cheeks,  and  a  rose  her  mouth. 

Tennyson,  Maud,  I.  xvii.  (1855). 

Eose.  "  Queen  rose  of  the  rosebud 
garden  of  girls." — Tennyson,  Matod,  I. 
xxii.  9  (1855). 

Rose  of  Arragon  (The),  a  drama 
by  S.  Knowles  (1842).  Olivia,  daughter 
of  Ruphi'no  (a  peasant),  was  married  to 
prince  Alonzo  of  Aragon.  The  king 
would  not  recognize  the  match,  but  sent 
his  son  to  the  army,  and  made  the  cortez 


ROSE  OF  HARPOCRATE. 


846 


ROSINANTE. 


pass  an  act  of  divorce.  A  revolt  having 
been  orf^anized,  the  king  was  dethroned, 
and  Almagro  was  made  regent.  Almagro 
tried  to  marry  Olivia,  and  to  murder  her 
father  and  brother,  but  the  prince  return- 
ing with  the  army  made  himself  master 
of  the  city,  Almagro  died  of  poison,  the 
marriage  of  the  prince  and  peasant  was 
recognized,  the  revolt  was  broken  up, 
and  order  was  restored. 

Rose  of  Har'pocrate  (3  syL). 
Cupid  gave  Harpocrate  a  rose,  to  bribe 
him  not  to  divulge  the  amours  of  his 
mother  Venus. 

Red  as  a  rose  of  Harpocrate. 

E.  B.  Browning.  liobel's  Child,  UL 

Hose  of  Paradise.  The  roses  which 
grew  in  paradise  had  no  thorns.  "  Thorns 
and  thistles  "  were  unknown  on  earth  till 
after  the  Fall  {Gen.  iii.  18).  Both  St. 
Ambrose  and  St.  Basil  note  that  the  roses 
in  Eden  had  no  thorns,  and  Milton  says, 
in  Eden  bloomed  "  Flowers  of  all  hue, 
and  without  thorn  the  rose." — Faradise 
Lost,  iv.  256  (1665). 

Rose  of  Raby,  the  mother  of 
Richard  III.  This  was  Cecily,  daughter 
of  Ralph  de  Nevill  of  Raby  earl  of 
Westmoreland. 

Rose  of  York,  the  heir  and  head  of 
the  York  faction. 

When  Warwick  perislied,  Edmond  de  la  Pole  became 
the  Rose  of  York,  and  if  this  foolish  prince  should  be 
removed  by  death  .  .  .  his  young  and  clever  brother 
[Itichard]  would  be  raised  to  the  rank  of  Rose  of  York.— 
W.  H.  Dixon,  Two  Queent. 

Roses  (War  of  the).  The  origin  of 
this  expression  is  thus  given  by  Shake- 
Bpeare : 

Plaiit.  Let  him  that  Is  a  true-bom  gentleman .  .  , 
If  he  supposes  that  I  have  pleaded  truth. 
From  off  this  briar  pluck  a  white  rose  with  me. 

Somerset.  Led  him  that  is  no  coward,  nor  no  flatterer. 
But  dare  maintain  the  party  of  the  truth, 
Pluck  a  red  rose  from  off  this  thorn  with  me. 

Whereupon  Warwick  plucked  a  white 
rose  and  joined  the  Yorkists,  while 
Suffolk  plucked  a  red  one  and  joined 
the  Lancastrians. — Shakespeare,  1  Henry 
VI.  act  ii.  sc.  4  (1589). 

Rosemond,  daughter  of  Cunimond 
king  of  the  Gepidae.  She  was  compelled 
to  marry  Alboin  king  of  the  Lombards, 
who  put  her  father  to  death  a.d.  567, 
Alboin  compelled  her  to  drink  from  the 
skull  of  her  own  father,  and  Rosemond 
induced  Peride'us  (the  secretary  of  Hel- 
michild  her  lover)  to  murder  the  wretch 
(573).  She  then  married  Helmichild,  fled 
to  Ravenna,  and  sought  to  poison  her  second 
husband,  that  she  might  marry  Longin  the 
exarch  ;  but  Helmichild,  apprised  of  her 


intention,  forced  her  to  drink  the  mixture 
she  had  prepared  for  him.  This  lady  is 
the  heroine  of  Alfieri's  tragedy  called  i?ose- 
monde  (1749-1803).   .  (See  Rosajiokd.) 

Ro'sencrantz,  a  courtier  in  the 
court  of  Denmark,  willing  to  sell  or 
betray  his  friend  and  schoolfellow,  prince 
Hamlet,  to  please  a  king. — Shakespeare, 
Hamlet  (1596). 

Rosetta,  the  wicked  sister  of  Bni- 
netta  and  Blon'dina,  the  mothers  of  Chery 
and  Fairstar.  She  abetted  the  queen- 
mother  in  her  wicked  designs  against  the 
offspring  of  her  two  sisters,  but,  being 
found  out,  was  imprisoned  for  life. — Com- 
tesse  D'Aunov,  Fairy  Tales  ("  Princess 
Fairstar,"  1682). 

Boset'ta,  a  bright,  laughing  little  co- 
quette, who  runs  away  from  home  because 
her  father  wants  her  to  marry  young 
Meadows  whom  she  has  never  seen.  She 
enters  the  service  of  justice  Woodcock. 
Now,  it  so  happens  that  sir  William 
Meadows  wishes  his  son  to  marry  Ro- 
setta, whom  he  has  never  seen,  and  he  also 
runs  away  from  home,  and  under  the  name 
of  Thomas  becomes  gardener  to  justice 
Woodcock.  Rosetta  and  young  Meadows 
here  fall  in  love  with  each  other,  and  the 
wishes  of  the  two  fathers  are  accom- 
plished.— Isaac  Bickerstaff,  Love  in  a 
Village  (1763). 

In  1786  Mrs.  Billington  made  her  d6but  in  "Rosetta," 
at  once  dazzling  the  town  with  the  brilliancy  of  her 
Tocalization  and  the  flush  of  her  beauty. — C.  R.  Leslie. 

Rosetta  [Belmont],  daughter  of 
sir  Robert  Belmont.  Rosetta  is  high- 
spirited,  witty,  confident,  and  of  good 
spirits.  "  If  you  told  her  a  merry  story, 
she  Avould  sigh  ;  if  a  mournful  one,  she 
would  laugh.  For  yes  she  would  say, '  no,' 
and  for  no,  '  yes.'  "  She  is  in  love  with 
colonel  Raymond,  but  shows  her  love  by 
teasing  him,  and  colonel  Raymond  is 
afraid  of  the  capricious  beauty. — Edward 
Moore,  The  Foundling  (1748). 

Rosielear  and  Donzel  del  Phe- 
bo,  the  heroine  and  hero  of  the  Mirror 
of  Knighthood,  a  mediaeval  romance. 

Rosinan'te  (4  syL),  the  steed  of  don 
Quixote.  The  name  implies  "that  the 
horse  had  risen  from  a  mean  condition  to 
the  highest  honour  a  steed  could  achieve, 
for  it  Avas  once  a  cart-horse,  and  was 
elevated  into  the  charger  of  a  knight- 
errant." — Cervantes,  Lon  Quixote,  I.  ii.  1 
(1605). 

Rosinai.te  was  admirably  drawn,  so  lean,  lank,  meacre^ 
drooping,  sharp-backed,  and  raw-boned,  a*  to  excite  much 
curiosity  and  mirth.— Pt.  I.  ii.  1. 


ROSIPHELE. 


847 


ROUND  TABLE. 


E-OSipliele  (3  syl.),  princess  of  Ar- 
menia ;  of  surpassing  beauty,  but  in- 
sensible to  love.  She  is  made  to  submit 
to  the  yoke  of  Cupid  by  a  vision  which 
befell  her  on  a  May-daj'  ramble. — Gower, 
Confessio  Amantis  (1393). 

Kosmonda,  a  tragedy  in  Italian,  by 
John  R.  Ruccellai  (1525).  This  is  one 
of  the  first  regular  tragedies  of  modern 
times.  Sophonisba,  by  Trissino,  preceded 
it,  being  produced  in  1514  and  performed 
in  1515. 

Rosny  (Sabina),  the  young  wife  of 
lord  Sensitive.  "Of  noble  parents,  who 
perished  under  the  axe  in  France."  The 
young  orphan,  "  as  much  to  be  admired 
for  her  virtues  as  to  be  pitied  for  her 
misfortunes,"  fled  to  Padua,  where  she 
met  lord  Sensitive. — Cumberland,  First 
Love  (1796). 

Hoss  (Lord),  an  officer  in  the  king's 
armv  under  the  duke  of  Monmouth. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

Ross  {The  Man  of),  John  Kyrle  of 
Whitehouse,  in  Gloucestershire.  So 
called  because  he  resided  in  the  village 
of  Ross,  Herefordshire.  Kyrle  was  a 
man  of  unbounded  benevolence,  and  be- 
loved by  all  who  knew  him. 

*^*  Pope  celebrates  him  in  his  Moral 
LJssays,  iii.  (1709). 


(2  syl.),  the  sword  which  the 
dwarf  Elberich  gave  to  Otwit  king  of 
Lombardy.  It  was  so  keen  that  it  left  no 
gap  where  it  cut. 

Balmung,  the  sword  forged  by  Wieland 
and  given  to  Siegfried,  was  so  keen  that 
it  clove  Amilias  in  two  without  his  know- 
ing it,  but  when  he  attempted  to  move 
he  fell  asunder. 

This  sword  to  thee  I  give  ;  it  is  all  bright  of  hue. 
Whatever  it  may  cleave  no  gap  will  there  ensue. 
From  Almari  I  brought  it,  and  Ross6  is  its  name. 

The  Heldenbuch. 

Kostocostojambedanesse      {M. 
N.),   author   of  After  Beef,   Mustard. — 
;  Rabelais,  Pantag'ruel,  ii.  7  (1533). 

Rothmar,  chief,  of  Tromlo.  He  at- 
tacked the  vassal  kingdom  of  Croma  while 
the  under-king  Crothar  was  blind  with  age, 
resolving  to  annex  it  to  his  own  dominion. 
Crothar's  son,  Fovar-Gormo,  attacked  the 
invader,  but  was  defeated  and  slain.  Not 
many  days  after,  Ossian  (one  of  the 
sons  of  iingal)  arrived  with  succours, 
renewed  the  battle,  defeated  the  victorious 
army,  and  slew  the  invader.  —  Ossian, 
Croma. 


Rothsay  (  The  duke  of),  prince  Robert, 
eldest  son  of  Robert  III.  of  Scotland. 

Margaret  duchess  of  Rothsay. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 

Rou  {The  Roman  de),  a  metrical  and 
mythical  histor}',  in  Norman-French,  of 
the  dukes  of  Normandy  from  Rollo 
downwards,  by  Robert  Wace  (author  of 
Le  Brut). 

*^*  Rou',  that  is,  Roul,  the  same  as 
Rollo. 

Iloubign6  {Julie  de),  the  heroine  and 
title  of  a  novel  by  Henry  Mackenzie 
(1783). 

Rougedragon  {Lady  Rachel),  the 
former  guardian  of  Lilias  Redgauntlet. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George 

Rouncewell  {Mrs.),  housekeeper  at 
Chesney  Wold  to  lord  and  lady  Dedlock, 
to  whom  she  is  most  faithfullv  attached. 
— C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House  (1853). 

Round  Table  {The),  a  table  made' 
at  Carduel  by  Merlin  for  Uther  the  pen- 
dragon.  Uther  gave  it  to  king  Leode- 
graunce  of  Camelj^ard,  and  Avhen  Arthur 
married  Guinever  (the  daughter  of  Leo- 
degraunce),  he  received  the  table  with 
a  hundred  knights  as  a  wedding  present 
(pt.  i.  45).  The  table  would  seat  150 
knights  (pt.  iii.  36),  and  each  seat  was 
appropriated.  One  of  them  was  called 
the  "  Siege  Perilous,"  because  it  was  fatal- 
for  any  one  to  sit  therein  except  the 
knight  who  was  destined  to  achieve  the 
holy  graal  (pt.  iii.  32).  King  Arthur 
instituted  an  order  of  knighthood  called 
"  the  knights  of  the  Round  Table,"  the 
chief  of  whom  were  sir  Launcelot,  sir 
Tristram,  and  sir  Lamerock  or  Lamorake. 
The  "Siege  Perilous"  was  reserved  for 
sir  Galahad,  the  son  of  sir  Launcelot  by 
Elaine. — Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Prince 
Arthur  (1470). 

*^*  There  is  a  table  shown  at  Win- 
chester as  "Arthur's  Round  Table,"  but 
it  corresponds  in  no  respect  with  the 
Round  Table  described  in  the  History  of 
Prince  Arthur.  Round  Tables  were  not 
unusual,  as  Dr.  Percy  has  shown,  with 
other  kings  in  the  times  of  chivalry. 
Thus,  the  king  of  Ireland,  father  of 
Christabelle,  had  his  "knights  of  the 
Round  Table."— See  "Sir  Cauline,"  in 
Percy's  Retiques. 

In  the  eighth  year  of  Edward  I.,  Roger 
de  Mortimer  established  at  Kenilworth 
a  Round  Table  for  "the  encouragement 


KOUSSEAU. 


848 


ROYAL  MOTTOES. 


of  military  pastimes."  Some  seventy 
years  later,  Edward  III.  had  his  Round 
Table  at  Windsor;  it  was  200  feet  in 
diameter. 

Rousseau  {Jean  Jacqiies)  used  to 
say  that  all  fables  which  ascribe  speech 
and  reason  to  dumb  animals  ought  to  be 
■withheld  from  children,  as  being  only 
vehicles  of  deception. 

I  shall  not  ask  Jean  Jacques  Rousaeaa 
If  birds  confabulate  or  no ; 
Tis  clear  that  they  were  always  able 
To  holil  discourse— at  least  in  fable. 
Cowper,  Pairing-Time  Anticipated  (1788 

Roustam  or  Rostam,  the  Persian 
Hercules.  He  was  the  son  of  Zal,  and  a 
descendant  of  Djamshid.  At  one  time 
Roustam  killed  1000  Tartars  at  a  blow ; 
he  slew  dragons,  overcame  devils,  captured 
cities,  and  performed  other  marvellous  ex- 
ploits. This  mighty  man  of  strength  fell 
into  disgrace  for  refusing  to  receive  the 
doctrines  of  Zoroaster,  and  died  by  the 
hand  of  one  of  his  brothers  named  Scheg- 
had  (sixth  century  b.c). 

Rover,  a  dissolute  young  spark,  -who 
set  off  vice  "as  naughty  but  yet  nice." — 
Mrs.  Behn,  The  Rover  (1680). 

'  William  Mountford  [1660-1692]  had  so  much  5n  him  of 
the  agreeable,  that  when  he  played  "  The  Hover,"  it  wits 
remarked  by  many,  and  pai'tic-ularly  by  queen  Mary,  that 
it  was  dangerous  to  see  him  act — he  made  vice  so  allurmg. 
— C.  Dibdin,  Uintory  Oif  the  Stage. 

Rovewell  (Captain),  in  love  with 
Arethusa  daughter  of  Argus.  The  lady's 
father  wanted  her  to  marry  squire  Cuckoo, 
who  had  a  large  estate ;  but  Arethusa 
■  contrived  to  have  her  own  way  and  marry 
captain  Rovewell,  who  turned  out  to  be 
the  son  of  Ned  Worthy,  who  gave  the 
bridegroom  £30,000. — Carey,  Contrivances 
(1715). 

Rowe  {Nicholas),  poet-laureate  (1673, 
1714-1718).  The  monument  in  West- 
minster Abbey  to  this  poet  was  by  Rys- 
brack. 

Rowena  {The  lady),  of  Hargettstan- 
stede,  a  Avard  of  Cedric  the  Saxon,  of 
Rotherwood.  She  marries  Ivanhoe. — Sir 
W\  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Rowland  (Childe),  youngest  brother 
of  Helen.  Under  the  guidance  of  Merlin, 
he  undertook  to  bring  back  his  sister  from 
elf-land,  whither  the  fairies  had  carried 
her,  and  he  succeeded  in  his  perilous  ex- 
ploit.— An  Ancient  Scotch  Ballad. 

Rowland  for  an  Oliver  {A),  a  tit 
for  tat ;  getting  as  good  as  you  gave. 
Rowland  (or  Roland)  and  Oliver  were 
two  of  Charlemagne's  paladins,  so  much 


alike  in  prowess  and  exploits  that  they 
might  be  described  as  "fortenique  Gyan, 
fortemque  Cloanthum"  {ACneid,  i.  222). 

Cell  I  Mrs.  Mustard-pot,  have  you  found  a  Rowland  for 
your  Oliver  at  last  t— T.  Knight,  The  Ilonett  Thieves. 

Rowley,  one  of  the  retainers  of  Julia 
Avenel  (2  syL).  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Rowley  {Master),  formerly  steward  of 
Mr.  Surface,  senior,  the  friend  of  Charles 
Surface,  and  the  fidxt,s  Achates  of  sir 
Oliver  Surface  the  rich  uncle. — Sheridan, 
School  for  Scandal  (1777). 

Rowley  {Thomas),  the  hypothetical 
priest  of  Bristol,  said  by  Chatterton  to 
have  lived  in  the  reigns'  of  Henry  VI. 
and  Edward  IV.,  and  to  have  written 
certain  poems,  of  which  Chatterton  him- 
self was  the  author, 

Row^ley  Overdees,  a  highwayman. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Roxa'na,  daughter  of  Oxyartes  of 
Bactria,  and  wife  or  concubine  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great.  Proud,  imperious,  and 
relentless,  she  loved  Alexander  with  a 
madness  of  love ;  and  being  jealous  of 
Statlra,  daughter  of  king  Darius,  and 
wife  of  Alexander,  she  stabbed  her  and 
slew  her. — N.  Lee,  Alexander  the  Great 
(1678). 

So  now  am  I  as  great  as  the  famed  Alexander ;  but  mjr 
dear  Statira  and  lloxana,  don't  exert  yourselves  so  much 
about  me.— Mrs.  Centlivre,  The  Wonder,  iii.  1  (1714). 

Roxa'na     and     Stati'ra.       Dr. 

Doran  says  that  Peg  Woflfington  (as 
*'  Roxana  "),  jealous  of  Mrs.  Bellamy  (as 
"  Statira")  because  she  was  better  dressed, 
pulled  her  to  the  floor  when  she  left 
the  stage,  and  pummelled  her  with  the 
handle  of  her  dagger,  screaming  as  she 
did  so  : 

Nor  he,  nor  heaven,  shall  shield  thee  from  my  justice. 

Die,  sorceress,  die  1  and  all  my  wrongs  die  with  thee  I 

Table  Traiti. 

Campbell  tells  a  very  similar  story  of 
Mrs.  Barry  ( ' '  Roxana  ")  and  Miss  Boutwell 
("  Statira  ").  The  stage-manager  had 
given  to  Miss  Boutwell  a  lace  veil,  and 
Mrs.  Barry  out  of  jealousy  actually  stabbed 
her  rival  in  acting,  and  the  dagger  went 
a  quarter  of  an  inch  through  the  staya 
into  the  flesh. 

Royal  Mottoes  or  Legends. 
JDieu  et  nion  droit,  Richard  I. 
Jloni  soit  qui  mal  y  pense,  Edward  III. 
Semper  eadem,  Elizabeth  and  Anne. 
Je  maintiendrai,  William  HI, 


KOYAL  STYLE  OF  ADDRESS.        849 


RUDDYMANE. 


Boyal  Style  of  Address. 

"  My  Liege,"  tbe  usual  style  till  the 
Lancastrian  usurpation. 

"  Your  Grace,"  Henry  IV. 

"Your  Excellent  Grace,"  Henry  VI. 

"  Most  High  and  Mighty  Prince," 
Edward  IV. 

"  Your  Highness,"  Henry  VII. 

"Your  Majesty,"  Henry  VIII.  So 
addressed  in  1520,  by  Francois  I. 

"  The  King's  Sacred  Majesty,"  James  I. 

"  Your  most  Excellent  Majesty," 
Charles  II. 

"Your  most  Gracious  Majesty,"  our 
present  style. 

Royal  Titles. 

William  I.  called  himself,  "  Rex  Anglorum,  come* 
Normaniioruin  et  Ciiiomanentium." 

William  11.  called  himself,  "Rex  Anglorum,"  or 
"  Moiiarchicus  Britannife." 

Henkv  I.  called  himself,  "Rex  Anglorum  et  dux  Nor- 
mannoriim."  Subsequent  to  1106  we  find  "  Dei  gratia  " 
introduced  in  charters. 

Hknry  11.  called  himself,  "  Rex  Anglorum,  et  dux  Nor- 
maiiiiorum  et  Aquitannorum,  et  comesi  Andegavorum  ;  " 
or  "  Kex  Anglic,  dux  Kurnianntee  et  Aquitanite,  et  comes 
Andegavim." 

KiCHARD  I.  began  his  charters  with,  "  Dei  gratia,  rex 
Any.iife,  et  dux  Normanise  et  Aquitaniie,  et  comes  Ande- 
gavise." 

John  headed  his  charters  with,  "Johannes,  D.G.  rex 
Anglia3,  doniinusHibernise,  dux  Normanniie et  Aquitaniae, 
et  comes  Andegavise."  Instead  of  "  Hiberiiiae,"  we  some- 
times find  "  Il)erniae,"  and  sometimes  "  Yberni.'e." 

Hknkv  III.  followed  the  style  of  his  father  till  October, 
1259,  whon  he  adopted  the  form,  "D.G.  rex  Anglias, 
dominus  H!l>erniae,  et  dux  A(4uitaniae." 

Edward  I.  i.'1'iited  the  latter  style.  So  did  Edward  II. 
till  13ii6,  when  he  used  the  form,  "  Rex  Angliieet  dominus 
HiberniSB."  Edward  I.  for  thirteen  years  headed  his 
charters  with,  "  Edwardus,  Dei  gratia  rex  Aiigliae,  do- 
minus Hibernise,  et  dux  Aquitani»."  But  after  1337  the 
form  ran  thus  ;  "  Edwardus,  D.G.  rex  Anglise  et  Franciae, 
dominus  Hibemiae,  et  dux  Aquitanise;"  and  sometimes 
"  Francias  "  stands  before  "  Anglia?." 

Richard  II.  began  thus:  "Richardus,  D.G.  rex 
Angliae  et  Franciae,  et  dominus  Hilierniae." 

He.vrv  IV.  continued  the  same  style.  So  did  Hknry  V. 
till  1420,  after  which  date  he  adopted  the  form,  "  Henri- 
cus,  D.G.  rex  Angli«,  hicres  et  regens  Franciae,  et  do- 
minus Hiberniae." 

HE.NRir  VI.  began,  "Henricus,  D.G.  rex  Anglire  et 
FranciiB,  et  dominus  Hiberniae." 

Edward  IV.,  Edward  V.,  Richakd  III.,  Henry  VII. 
continued  the  same  style. 

From  He.N'RY  VIII.  (1521)  to  GeobGK  III.  (1800),  the 
royal  style  and  title  was,  "  •  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  Great 
Britain,  France,  and  Ireland,  king.  Defender  of  the 
Faith." 

From  George  III.  (1800)  to  the  present  day,  it  has  been, 
"•  by  the  grace  of  God,  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland,  king.  Defender  of  the  Faith." 

A  knowledge  of  these  styles  is  of  im- 
mense value  in  establishing  the  time  of 
royal  documents.  Richard  I.  was  the 
first  to  adopt  the  style,  "king  of  Eng- 
land." The  previous  kings  called  them- 
selves "  king  of  the  English." 

Ruach,  the  isle  of  winds,  visited  by 
Pantag'ritel  and  his  companions  on  their 
way  to  the  oracle  of  the  Holy  Bottle. 
The  people  of  this  island  live  on  wind, 
Buch  as  flattery,  promises,  and  hope. 
The  poorer  sort  are  very  ill-fed,  but  the 


great  are  stuffed  with  huge  mill-draughta 
of  the  same  unsubstantial  puffs. — Kabe- 
lais,  Pantacjruely  iv.  43  (1545). 

Ru'bezahl,  Number  Nip,  a  famous 
mountain-spirit  of  Germany,  correspond- 
ing to  our  Puck. 

Rubi,  one  of  the  cherubs  or  spirits  of 
wisdom  who  was  with  Eve  in  paradise. 
He  loved  Liris,  who  was  young,  proud, 
and  most  eager  for  knowledge.  She 
asked  her  angel  lover  to  let  her  see  him 
in  his  full  glory  ;  so  Rubi  came  to  her  in 
his  cherubic  splendour.  Liris,  rushing 
into  his  arms,  was  burnt  to  ashes ;  and  tho 
kiss  she  gave  him  became  a  brand  upon 
his  forehead,  which  shot  unceasing  agony 
into  his  brain. — T.  Moore,  Loves  of  the 
Angels,  ii.  (1822). 

RuTbicon,  a  small  river  which  sepa- 
rated ancient  Italy  from  Cisalpine  Gaul, 
the  province  allotted  to  Julius  Caesar. 
When  Cjesar  crossed  this  river,  he  passed 
beyond  the  limits  of  his  own  province, 
and  became  an  invader  of  Italy. 

Rubicon  (Napoleon's),  Moscow.  The 
invasion  of  Moscow  was  the  beginning 
of  Napoleon's  fall. 

Thou  Rome,  who  saw'st  thy  Caes.ir's  deeds  outdone  I 
Alas :  wliy  passed  he  \  Nupoleon]  too  the  Rubicon  T  .  .  . 
Moscow  I  thou  limit  of  his  long  career. 
For  which  rude  Charles  had  wept  his  frozen  tear. 

Byron,  Age  of  lirorae,  v.  (1821). 

*^*  Charles  XII.  of  Sweden  formed 
the  resolution  of  humbling  Peter  the 
Great  (1709). 

Rubo'nax,  a  man  who  hanged  him- 
self from  mortification  and  annoyance  at 
some  verses  written  upon  him  by  a  poet. 
—Sir  P.  Sidney,  Defence  of  Foesie 
(1595). 

Rubrick  {Tlie  Rev.  Mr.),  chaplain 
to  the  baron  of  Bradwardine. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Ruby  (Lady),  the  young  widow  of 
lord  Ruby.  Her  "  first  love  "  was  Frede- 
rick Mowbray,  and  when  a  widow  she 
married  him.  She  is  described  as 
"  young,  blooming,  and  wealthy,  fresh 
and  fine  as  a  daisy." — Cumberland,  First 
Love  (179G). 

Rucellai  (John),  i.e.  Oricellarius, 
poet  (1475-1525),  son  of  Beruard 
Rucellai  of  Florence,  historian  and  diplo- 
matist. 

As  hath  been  said  by  Rucellai. 
Longfellow,  The  Wayiide  inn  (prelude,  18C3). 

Ruddymane    (3    syl.),    the    name 
given  by  sir  Guyon  to  the  babe  rescued 
from  Amavia,  who  had  stabbed  hersell 
dl 


RUDGS. 


850 


RUDIGER. 


in  grief  at  the  death  of  her  husband. 
So  called  because : 

...  in  her  streaming  blood  he  \the  infant]  did  embay 
His  little  haitds. 

Spenser,  Faerjf  Queen,  ii.  1,  3  (1590). 

Rudge  {Barnahij),  a  half-witted 
young  man  of  three  and  twenty  years 
old ;  rather  spare,  of  a  fair  height  and 
strong  make.  His  hair,  of  which  he  had 
a  great  profusion,  was  red,  and  hung  in 
disorder  about  his  face  and  shoulders. 
His  face  was  pale,  his  eyes  glassy  and 
protruding.  His  dress  was  green,  clum- 
sily trimmed  here  and  there  with  gaudy 
lace.  A  pair  of  tawdry  ruffles  dangled 
at  his  wrists,  while  his  throat  was  nearly 
bare.  His  hat  was  ornamented  with  a 
cluster  of  peacock's  feathers,  limp, 
broken,  and  trailing  down  his  back. 
Girded  to  his  side  was  the  steel  hilt  of  an 
old  sword,  without  blade  or  scabbard; 
and  a  few  knee-ribbons  completed  his 
attire.  He  had  a  large  raven,  napaed 
Grip,  which  he  carried  at  his  back  in  a 
basket,  a  most  knowing  imp,  which  used 
to  cry  out  in  a  hoarse  voice,  "  Halloa !  " 
*'  I'm  a  devil  !  "  "  Never  say  die  !  " 
"  Polly,  put  the  kettle  on  !  " 

Barnaby  joined  the  Gordon  rioters  for 
the  proud  pleasure  of  carrying  a  flag 
and  wearing  a  blue  bow.  He  was  ar- 
rested and  lodged  in  Newgate,  from  whence 
he  made  his  escape,  with  other  prisoners, 
when  the  jail  was  burnt  down  by  the 
rioters  ;  but  both  he  and  his  father  and 
Hugh,  being  betrayed  by  Dennis  the  hang- 
man, were  recaptured,  brought  to  trial, 
and  condemned  to  death,  but  by  the 
influence  of  Gabriel  Varden  the  lock- 
smith, the  poor  half-witted  lad  was  re- 
prieved, and  lived  the  rest  of  his  life  with 
his  mother  in  a  cottage  and  garden  near 
the  Maypole. 

Here  he  lived,  tending  the  poultry  and  the  cattle, 
working  in  a  garden  of  his  own,  and  helping  every  one. 
He  was  known  to  every  bird  and  bejist  abont  the  place, 
and  liad  a  name  for  every  one.  Never  was  there  a  lighter- 
hearted  husbandman,  a  creature  more  popular  with  young 
and  old,  a  blither  and  more  happy  soul  than  Bartiaby. 
— <Jh.  hcxxii. 

Mr.  Btidfje,  the  father  of  Barnaby, 
supposed  to  have  been  murdered  the  same 
night  as  Mr.  Haredale,  to  whom  he  was 
steward.  The  fact  is  that  Rudge  himself 
was  the  murderer  both  of  Mr.  Haredale  and 
also  of  his  faithful  serv^ant,  to  whom  the 
crime  was  falsely  attributed.  After  the 
murder,  he  was  seen  by  many  haunting 
the  locality,  and  was  supposed  to  be  a 
ghost.  He  joined  the  Gordon  rioters  when 
they  attacked  and  burnt  to  the  ground 
the  house  of  Mr»  Haredale,  the  son  of  the 


murdered  man,  and,  being  arrested  (ch. 
Ivi.),  was  sent  to  Newgate,  but  made  his 
escape  with  the  other  prisoners  when  it 
was  burnt  down  by  the  rioters.  Being 
betrayed  by  Dennis,  he  was  brought  to 
trial  for  murder,  but  we  are  not  told  if 
he  was  executed  (ch.  Ixxiii.).  His  name 
is  not  mentioned  again,  and  probably  he 
sufPered  death. 

Mrs.  [Mary']  Rudge,  mother  of  Bar- 
naby, and  very  like  him,  "  but  where  in 
his  face  there  was  wildness  and  vacancy, 
in  hers  there  was  the  patient  composure 
of  long  effort  and  quiet  resignation." 
She  was  a  widow.  Her  husband  (steward 
at  the  Warren),  who  murdered  his  master, 
Mr.  Haredale,  and  his  servant,  told  her  of 
his  deed  of  blood  a  little  before  the  birth  of 
Barnaby,  and  the  woman's  face  ever  after 
inspired  terror.  It  was  thought  for  many 
years  that  Rudge  had  been  murdered  in 
defending  his  master,  and  Mrs.  Rudge 
was  allowed  a  pension  by  Mr.  Haredale, 
son  and  heir  of  the  murdered  man. 
This  pension  she  subsequently  refused  to 
take.  After  the  reprieve  of  Barnaby,  Mrs. 
Rudge  lived  with  him  in  a  cottage  near 
the  Maypole,  and  her  last  days  were  her 
happiest. — C.  Dickens,  Barnaby  Budge 
(1841). 

Ru'diger,  a  wealthy  Hun,  liegeman 
of  Etzel,  sent  to  conduct  Kriemhild  to 
Hungary.  When  GUnther  and  his  suite 
went  to  visit  Kriemhild,  Rudiger  enter- 
tained them  all  most  hospitably,  and  gave 
his  daughter  in  marriage  to  Giselher 
(Kriemhild's  brother).  In  the  broil 
which  ensued,  Rudiger  was  killed  fight- 
ing against  Gemot,  but  Gemot  dropped 
down  dead  at  the  same  moment,  "each  by 
the  other  slain." — Nibelungen  Lied  (by 
the  minnesingers,  1210). 

Bu'diger,  a  knight  who  came  to  Wald- 
hurst  in  a  boat  drawn  by  a  swan. 
Margaret  fell  in  love  with  him.  At  every 
tournament  he  bore  off  the  prize,  and 
in  everything  excelled  the  youths  about 
him.  Margaret  became  his  wife.  A 
child  was  born.  On  the  christening  day, 
Rudiger  carried  it  along  the  banks  of 
the  Rhine,  and  nothing  that  Margaret 
said  could  prevail  on  him  to  go  home. 
Presently,  the  swan  and  boat  came  in 
sight,  and  carried  all  three  to  a  desolate 
place,  where  was  a  deep  cavern.  Rudiger 
got  on  shore,  still  holding  the  babe,  and 
Margaret  followed.  They  reached  the 
cave,  two  giant  arms  clasped  Rudiger, 
Margaret  sprang  forward  and  seized  the 
infant,  but  Rudiger  was  never  seen  more* 


RUFFIANS'  HALL. 


851 


RUPERT. 


— R.  Southey,  Rudiger  (a  ballad  from 
Thomas  Hey  wood's  notes). 

Ruffians'  HaU.  West  Smithfield 
was  for  many  years  so  called,  because  of 
its  being  the  usual  rendezvous forduellists, 
pugilists,  and  other  "ruffians." 

Bufus  (or  the  Red),  William  II.  of 
England  (1057,  1087-1100). 

Rugg  (-^'*0»  a  lawyer  living  at 
Pentonville.  A  red-haired  man,  who 
wore  a  hat  with  a  high  crown  and  narrow 
brim.  Mr.  Pancks  emploj-ed  him  to 
settle  the  business  pertaining  to  the  estate 
which  had  long  lain  unclaimed,  to  which 
Mr.  Dorrit  was  heir-at-law.  Mr.  Rugg 
delighted  in  legal  difficulties  as  much  as 
a  housewife  in  her  jams  and  preserves. — 
C.  Dickens,  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Buggie'ro,  a  young  Saracen  knight, 
born  of  Christian  parents.  He  fell  in 
love  with  Bradamant  (sister  of  Rinaldo), 
whom  he  ultimately  married.  Ruggiero  is 
especially  noted  for  possessing  a  hippogriffi 
or  winged  horse,  and  a  shield  of  such 
dazzling  splendour  that  it  blinded  those 
who  looked  on  it.  He  threw  away  this 
shield  into  a  well,  because  it  enabled  him 
to  win  victory  too  cheaply. — Orlando 
Innamorato  (1495),  and  Orlando  Furioso 
(1516). 

Rukenaw  (Dame),  the  ape's  wife,  in 
the  beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife, 

a  comedy  by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher 
(1640).  Donna  Margaritta,  a  lady  of 
great  wealth,  wishes  to  marry  in  order 
to  mask  her  intrigues,  and  seeks  for  a 
husband  a  man  without  spirit,  whom  she 
can  mould  to  her  will.  Leon,  the  brother 
of  Altea,  is  selected  as  the  '*  softest  fool 
in  Spain,"  and  the  marriage  takes  place. 
After  marriage,  Leon  shows  himself 
firm,  courageous,  high-minded,  but  most 
affectionate.  He  "rules  his  wife"  and 
her  household  with  a  masterly  hand, 
wins  the  respect  of  every  one,  and  the 
wife,  wholly  reclaimed,  "loves,  honours, 
and  obeys  "  him. 

Rumolt,  the  chief  cook  of  prince 
Gunther  of  Burgundy. — Nibelunqen  Lied, 
800(1210). 

Rumpelstilzchen  \_Rumple.stiltz.- 
skiii],  an  irritable,  deformed  dwarf.  He 
aided  a  miller's  daughter,  who  had  been 
enjoined  by  the  king  to  spin  straw  into 
gold  ;  and  the  condition  he  made  with 
her  for  this  service  was  that  she  should 


give  him  for  wife  her  first  daughter. 
The  miller's  daughter  married  the  king, 
and  when  her  first  daughter  was  born 
the  mother  grieved  so  bitterly  that  the 
dwarf  consented  to  absolve  her  of  her 
promise,  if,  within  three  days,  she  could 
find  out  his  name.  The  first  day  passed, 
but  the  secret  was  not  discovered  ;  the 
second  passed  with  no  better  success ; 
but  on  the  third  day  some  of  the  queen's 
servants  heard  a  strange  voice  singing : 

Little  dreams  my  dainty  dame 
BumpeljiLilzctien  is  my  name. 

The  queen,  being  told  thereof,  saved  her 
child,  and  the  dwarf  killed  himself  from 
rage. — German  Popular  Stories. 

Run- About  Raid  {The),  Murray's 
insurrection  against  lord  Darnley.  So 
called  from  the  hasty  and  incessant  man- 
ner in  which  the  conspirators  posted  from 
one  part  of  the  kingdom  to  another. 

Runa,  the  dog  of  Argon  and  Ruro, 
sons  of  Annir  king  of  Inis-Thona  an 
island  of  Scandinavia. — Ossian,  The  War 
of  Inis-  Thona, 

Runners. 

1.  Iphicles,  son  of  Phylakos  and  Kly- 
m8ne.  Hesiod  says  he  could  run  over 
ears  of  corn  without  bending  the  stems  ; 
and  Demaratos  says  that  he  could  run  on 
the  surface  of  the  sea. — Argonauts,  i.  60. 

2.  Camilla  queen  of  the  Volsci  was  so 
swift  of  foot  that  she  could  run  over 
standing  corn  without  bending  the  ears, 
and  over  the  sea  without  wetting  her 
feet.— Virgil,  JSneid,  vii.  803  ;  xi.  433. 

Not  80  when  swift  Camilla  scours  the  plain, 
Flies  o'er  th'  unbending  corn,  and  skims  along  the  main. 

Pop«. 

3.  LSdas,  the  swift  runner  of  king 
Alexander.  He  ran  so  fast  that  he  never 
left  a  foot-print  on  the  ground. 

4.  Phidippides,  a  professional  courier, 
ran  from  Athens  to  Sparta  (150  miles)  in 
two  days. 

5.  TheagSnes,  a  native  of  Thasos,  waji 
noted  for  his  swiftness  of  foot. 

*^*  The  Greek  hemerodromos  would 
run  from  twenty  to  thirty-six  leagues  in 
a  day. 

Runnymede,  the  nom  de  plume  of 
Benj.  Disraeli  in  the  Tim^s  (1805-        ). 

Rupert,  i.e.  major  Roselheim,  the 
betrothed  of  Meeta  "  the  maid  of  Marien- 
dorpt." — S.  Knowles,  The  Maid  of  Marien- 
dorpt  (1838). 

Rupert  (Prince),  in  the  service  of 
Charles  II.  Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott 
in  three  of  his  novels —  Woodstock,  Legend 
of  Montrose,  and  Peveril  of  the  Peak,' 


RUPERT. 


852 


RUTH. 


Rupert  {Sir),  in  love  with  Catherine. — 
S.  Knowles,  Love  (1840). 

Rupert  of  Debate.  Edward 
Geoffrey  earl  of  Derby,  when  he  was  Mr. 
Stanley,  was  so  called  by  lord  Lytton 
(1799-1869). 

Rush  {Friar),  a  house-spirit,  sent 
from  the  infernal  regions  in  the  seven- 
teenth century  to  keep  the  monks  and 
friars  in  the  same  state  of  wickedness 
they  then  were. 

*^*  The  legends  of  this  roistering 
friar  are  of  German  origin.  {Bruder 
Bausch  means  "  brother  Tipple.") 

Milton  confounds  "  Jack-o'-Lantem '* 
with  friar  Rush.  The  latter  was  not  a 
field  bogie  at  all,  and  was  never  called 
"Jack."  Probably  Milton  meant  "a 
friar  with  a  rush-[light]."  Sir  Walter 
Scott  also  falls  into  the  same  error : 

Better  we  had  thro'  mire  and  bush 
Been  lanthern-led  by  friar  Rush. 

Marmion  (1808). 

Rusil'la,  mother  of  Roderick  the  last 
of  the  Goths,  and  wife  of  Theodofred 
rightful  heir  to  the  Spanish  throne. — 
Southey,  Roderick,  etc.  (1814). 

Rusport  {Lady),  second  wife  of  sir 
Stephen  Rusport  a  City  knight,  and  step- 
mother of  Charlotte  Rusport.  Very 
proud,  very  mean,  very  dogmatical,  and 
very  vain.  Without  one  spark  of  gene- 
rosity or  loving  charity  in  her  compo- 
sition. She  bribes  her  lawyer  to  destroy 
a  will,  but  is  thwarted  in  her  dishonesty. 
Lady  Rusport  has  a  tendresse  for  major 
O'Flaherty;  but  the  major  discovers  the 
villainy  of  the  old  woman,  and  escapes 
from  this  Scylla. 

Charlotte  Rusport,  step-daughter  of 
lady  Rusport.  An  amiable,  ingenuous, 
animated,  handsome  girl,  in  love  with 
her  cousin  Charles  Dudley,  whom  she 
marries. — R.  Cumberland,  The  West 
Indian  (1771). 

Russet  {Mr.),  the  choleric  old  father 
of  Harriot,  on  whom  he  dotes.  He  is 
so  self-willed  that  he  will  not  listen  to 
reason,  and  has  set  his  mind  on  his 
daughter  marrying  sir  Harry  Beagle. 
She  marries,  however,  Mr.  Oakly.  (See 
Haruiot.) — George  Colman,  'The  Jealous 
Wife  (1761). 

Russian  Byron  {The),  Alexander 
Sergeivitch  Pushkin  (1799-1837). 

Russian  History  {The  Father  of), 
Nestor,  a  monk  of  Kiev.  His  Chronicle 
includes  the  years  between  862  and  1116 
(twelfth  century). 


Russian  Murat  {The)y  Michael 
Miloradowitch  (1770-1820). 

Rust  {Martin),  an  absurd  old  anti- 
quifry.  "He  likes  no  coins  but  those 
which  have  no  head  on  them."  He  took 
a  fancy  to  Juliet,  the  niece  of  sir  Thomas 
Lofty,  but  preferred  his  "i?<lneas,  his 
precious  relic  of  Troy,"  to  the  living 
beauty ;  and  Juliet  preferred  Richard 
Bever  to  Mr.  Rust ;  so  matters  were 
soon  amicably  adjusted. — Foote,  The 
Patron  (1764). 

Rustam,  chief  of  the  Persian  mythi- 
cal heroes,  son  of  Zal  "the  Fair,"  king 
of  India,  and  regular  descendant  of  Ben- 
jamin the  beloved  son  of  Jacob  the 
patriarch.  He  delivered  king  Caicaus 
(4  sijl.)  from  prison,  but  afterwards  fell 
into  disgrace  because  he  refused  to  em- 
brace the  religious  system  of  Zoroaster. 
Caicaus  sent  his  son  Asfendiar  (or  Is- 
fendiar)  to  convert  him,  and,  as  persua- 
sion availed  nothing,  the  logic  of  single 
combat  was  resorted  to.  The  fight  lasted 
two  days,  and  then  Rustam  discovered 
that  Asfendiar  bore  a  "  charmed  life," 
proof  against  all  wounds.  The  valour  of 
these  two  heroes  is  proverbial,  and  the 
Persian  romances  are  full  of  their  deeds 
of  fight. 

Rustam's  Horse,  Reksh.  —  Chardin, 
Travels  (1686-1711). 

In  Matthew  Ajrnold's  poem,  Sohrab  and 
RuHtum,  Rustum  fights  with  and  over- 
comes Sohrab,  and  finds  too  late  that  he 
has  slain  his  own  son. 

Rustam,  son  of  Tamur  king  of  Persia. 
He  had  a  trial  of  strength  with  Rustam 
son  of  Zal,  which  was  to  pull  away  from 
his  adversary  an  iron  ring.  The  combat 
was  never  decided,  for  Rustam  could  no 
more  conquer  Rustam  than  Roland  could 
overcome  Oliver. — Chardin,  Travels  (1686- 
1711). 

Rusticus's  Pig,  the  pig  on  which 
Rusticus  fed  daily,  but  which  never 
diminished. 

Two  Christians,  travelling  in  Poland,  .  .  .  came  to  the 
door  of  Rusticus,  a  heathen  iieasant,  who  had  killed  a 
fat  hog  to  celebrate  the  birth  of  a  son.  The  pilgrims, 
being  invited  to  partake  of  the  feast,  pronounced  a 
blessing  on  what  was  left,  which  never  diminished  in 
size  or  weight  from  that  moment,  though  all  tlie  family 
fed  on  it  freely  every  day.— J.  Brady,  Clavi*  Calendaria, 
183. 

This,  of  course,  is  a  parallelism  to 
Elijah's  miracle  (1  Kings  xvii.  11-16). 

Rut  {Doctor),  in  The  Magnetic  Lady, 
by  Ben  Jonson  (1632). 

Ruth,  the  friend  of  Arabella  an 
heiress,  and  ward  of  justice  Day.    Ruth 


RUTHVEN. 


853 


SABA. 


also  is  an  orphan,  the  daughter  of  sir 
Basil  Thoroiighgood,  who  died  when  she 
was  two  years  old,  leaving  justice  Day- 
trustee.  Justice  Day  takes  the  estates, 
and  brings  up  Ruth  as  his  own  daughter. 
Colonel  Careless  is  her  accepted  arne  de 
cceur. — T.  Knight,  The  Honest  Thieves. 

Ruthven  {Lord),  one  of  the  embassy 
from  queen  Elizabeth  to  Mary  queen  of 
Scots.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Rutil'io,  a  merry  gentleman,  brother 
of  Arnoldo. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Custom  of  the  Country  (1647). 

Rutland  (The  countess  of),  wife  of 
the  earl  of  Essex,  whom  he  married  when 
he  started  for  Ireland.  The  queen  knew 
not  of  the  marriage,  and  was  heart- 
broken when  she  heard  of  it. — Henry 
Jones,  The  Earl  of  Essex  (1746). 

Rutland  {The  duchess  of),  of  the  court 
of  queen  Elizabeth.  —  Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Rutledge  {Archie),  constable  at 
Osbaldistone  Hall.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Rob 
Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Rutledge  {Job),  a  smuggler. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Rut'terkin,  name  of  a  cat  the  spirit 

jof  a  witch,  sent  at  one  time  to  torment 

16  countess  of  Rutland  (sixteenth  cen- 

Ruy'dera,  a  duenna  who  had  seven 
|daughters  and  two  nieces.  They  were 
limprisoned  for  500  years  in  the  cavern 

)f  Montesi'nos,  in  La  Mancha  of  Spain. 
|Their  ceaseless  weeping  stirred  the  com- 
ipassion  of  Merlin,  who  converted  them 
into  lakes  in  the  same   province. — Cer- 

irantes,  Don  Quixote,  II.  ii.  6  (1615). 

R.  V.  S.  V.  P.,  i.e.  repondez  vite  si 
[«OMs  plait. 

Ryence  {Sir),  king  of  Wales,  Ire- 
md,   and    many    of   the  isles.     When 

[Arthur  first  mounted  the  throne,  king 
tyence,  in  scorn,  sent  a  messenger  to  say 

["  he  had  purfled  a  mantle  with  the  beards 
kings ;  but  the  mantle  lacked  one 
lore  beard  to  complete  the  lining,  and 
le  requested  Arthur  to  send  his  beard  by 
'le  messenger,  or  else  he  would  come 
md  take  head  and  beard  too."  Part  of 
le  insolence  was  in  this  :  Arthur  at  the 
ime  was  too  young  to  have  a  beard  at 
11;  and  he  made  answer,  "Tell  your 
laster,  my  beard  at  present  is  all  too 
roung  for  purfling  ;  but  I  have  an  arm 


quite  strong  enough  to  drag  him  hither, 
unless  he  comes  without  delay  to  do  me 
homage."  By  the  advice  of  Merlin,  the 
two  brothers  Balin  and  Balan  set  upon 
the  insolent  king,  on  his  way  to  lady  De 
Vance,  overthrew  him,  slew  "more  than 
forty  of  his  men,  and  the  remnant  fled." 
King  Ryence  craved  for  mercy  ;  so  "  they 
laid  him  on  a  horse-litter,  and  sent  him 
captive  to  king  Arthur." — SirT.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  24,  34  (1470), 

Rymar  {Mr.  Robert),  poet  at  the  Spa. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Ryno,  youngest  of  the  sons  of  Fingal 
king  of  Morven.  He  fell  in  the  battle 
of  Lena  between  the  Norsemen  led  by 
Swaran  and  the  Irish  led  by  Fingal. 

"Rest!"  said  Fingal;  "youngest  of  my  sons,  resti 
Pest,  O  Ryno,  on  Lena!  We.  too,  sliall  be  no  more. 
AVarriors  must  one  day  fall."— Ossian,  Fingal,  v, 

Ryparog'rapher  of  Wits,  Rabe- 
lais (1495-1553). 

♦^*  Greek,  ruparos  ("foul,  nasty"). 
Pliny  calls  Pyricus  the  painter  a  "ry- 
parographer." 

Rython,  a  giant  of  Brittany,  slain 
by  king  Arthur.     (See  Ritho,  p.  832.) 

Rytlion,  the  mighty  giant,  slain, 
By  his  good  brand  relieved  Bretagne. 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Bridal  of  Tritrmain,  ii.  11  (1813). 


Saadi  or  Sadi,  the  Persian  poet,  called 
"  The  Nightingale  of  a  Thousand  Songs." 
His  poems  are  The  Gulistan  or  "  Garden 
of  Roses,"  The  Bostan  or  "  Garden  of 
Fruits,  "  and  The  Pend-Ndmeh,  a  moral 
poem.  Saadi  (1184-1263)  was  one  of 
the  "  Four  Monarchs  of  Eloquence  "  (see 
p.  292). 

Saba  or  Zaba  {The  queen  of),  called 
Balkis.  She  came  to  the  court  of  Solomon, 
and  had  by  him  a  son  named  Melech. 
This  queen  of  Ethiopia  or  Abyssinia  is 
sometimes  called  Maqueda. — Zaga  Zabo, 
Ap.  Damian.  a  Goes. 

The  Koran  (ch.  xxvii.)  tells  us  that 
Solomon  summoned  before  him  all  the 
birds  to  the  valley  of  ants,  but  the  lap- 
wing did  not  put  in  an  appearance, 
Solomon  was   angry,  and  was  about  to 


SABBATH-BREAKERS. 


854 


SACRED  ISLE. 


'^sue  an  order  of  death,  when  the  bird 
presented  itself,  saying,  "  I  come  from 
Saba,  where  I  found  a  queen  reigning  in 
great  magnificence,  but  she  and  her  sub- 
jects worship  the  sun."  On  hearing  this, 
Solomon  sent  back  the  lapwing  to  Saba 
with  a  letter,  which  the  bird  was  to  drop 
at  the  foot  of  the  queen,  commanding  her 
to  come  at  once,  submit  herself  unto  him, 
and  accept  from  him  the  "  true  religion." 
So  she  came  in  great  state,  with  a  train 
of  600  slaves  of  each  sex,  bearing  500 
**  bricks  of  solid  gold,"  a  crown,  and 
sundry  other  presents. 

Sabbath-Breakers.  The  fish  of 
the  Red  Sea  used  to  come  ashore  on  the 
eve  of  the  sabbath,  to  tempt  the  Jews  to 
violate  the  day  of  rest.  The  offenders  at 
length  became  so  numerous  that  David, 
to  deter  others,  turned  the  fish  into  apes. — 
Jallalo'ddin. — Al  Zamakh. 

Sabellan  Song,  incantation.  The 
Sabelli  or  Samnites  were  noted  for  their 
magic  arts  and  incantations. 

Sabine  {The).  Numathe  Sabine  was 
taught  the  way  to  govern  by  Eg6ria,  one  of 
the  Camenae  (prophetic  nymphs  of  ancient 
Italy).  He  used  to  meet  her  in  a  grove, 
in  which  was  a  well,  afterwards  dedicated 
by  him  to  the  Camenae. 

Our  statues — she 

Tliat  taught  the  Sabine  how  to  rule. 

Tennyson,  The  Prince**,  il.  (1830). 

Sablonniere  {La),  the  Tuileries. 
The  word  means  the  "sand-pit."  The 
tuileries  means  the  "tile-works."  Nico- 
las de  Neuville,  in  the  fifteenth  century, 
built  a  mansion  in  the  vicinitj',  which  he 
called  the  "  Hotel  des  Tuileries,"  and 
Francois  I.  bought  the  property  for  his 
mother  in  1518. 

Sabra,  daughter  of  Ptolemy  king  of 
Egypt.  She  was  rescued  by  St.  George 
from  the  hands  of  a  giant,  and  ultimately 
married  her  deliverer.  Sabra  had  three 
sons  at  a  birth:  Guy,  Alexander,  and 
David. 

Here  come  I,  St.  George,  the  valiant  man, 
Witli  naked  sword  .iinl  spear  in  ban', 
Who  fcugiit  the  dragon  and  brought  him  to  slaughter, 
Aud  won  fair  Sabra  tlius,  the  king  of  Egypt's  daughter. 
Ifotei  and  Queries,  December  21,  1873. 

Sabreur  {Le  Beau),  Joachim  Murat 
(1767-1815). 

Sab'rin,  Sabre,  or  Sabri'na,  the 
Severn,  daughter  of  Locrine  (son  of  Brute) 
and  his  concubine  Estrildis.  His  queen 
Guendolen  vowed  vengeance,  and,  having 
assembled  an  army,  made  war  upon 
Locrine,  who  was  slain.     Guendolen  now 


assumed  the  government,  and  commanded 
Estrildis  and  Sabrin  to  be  cast  into  a 
river,  since  then  called  the  Severn. — 
Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  British  History^ 
ii.  5  (1142). 

(An  exquisite  description  of  Sabine, 
sitting  in  state  as  a  queen,  is  given  in  the 
opening  of  song  v.  of  Drayton's  Poli/olbion, 
and  the  tale  of  her  metamorphosis  is  re- 
corded at  length  in  song  vi.  Milton  in 
Comus,  and  Fletcher  in  The  Faithful 
Shepherdess,  refer  to  the  transformation 
of  Sabrina  into  a  river.) 

Sabrinian  Sea  or  Severn  Sea,  i.e.  the 
Bristol  Channel.  Both  terms  occur  not 
unf requently  in  Drayton's  Polyolbion. 

Sacchini  {Antonio  Maria  Gaspare), 
called  "The  Racine  of  Music,"  con- 
temporary with  Gliick  and  Piccini  (1735- 

1786). 

I  composed  a  thing  to-day  In  all  the  gusto  of  Sacchini 
and  the  sweetness  of  GlUck.— Mrs.  Cowley,  A  Bold  Stroke 
for  a  Husband. 

Sacharissa.  So  Waller  calls  the  lady 
Dorothea  Sidney,  eldest  daughter  of  the 
earl  of  Leicester,  to  whose  hand  he 
aspired.  Sacharissa  married  the  earl  of 
Sunderland.     (Greek,  sakchar,  "  sugar.") 

Sachente'ges  (4  syt.),  instruments 
of  torture.  A  sharp  iron  collar  Avas  put 
round  the  victim's  throat,  and  as  he  could 
not  stir  without  cutting  himself,  he  could 
neither  sit,  lie,  nor  sleep. — Ingram,  Saxon 
Chronicle. 

Sackbut,  the  landlord  of  a  tavern,  in 
Mrs.  Centlivre's  comedy  A  Bold  Stroke 
for  a  Wife  {1717). 

Saekerson  or  Sacarson  and 
"Harry  Hunkes"  were  two  famous  bears 
exhibited  in  the  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth 
at  Paris  Garden,  Southwark. 

Publius,  a  student  of  the  common  law. 
To  Paris  Garden  doth  himself  withdraw; 
Leaving  old  Ployden,  Dyer,  and  Brolce  alonet 
To  see  old  Harry  Hunkes  and  Sacirson. 

Sir  John  Davies,  EjAgram  (about  U^&i). 

Sacred  Pish,  Greek,  ichthus  ("a 
fish"),  is  compounded  of  the  initial  Greek  ' 
letters  :  I  [esous] ,  CH  [ristos] ,  TH  [eou] 
XJ[ios],  S[oterJ  ("  Jesus  Christ,  (Jod's 
Son,  Saviour").  Tennyson,  describing 
the  "  Lady  of  the  Lake,''  says  : 

And.o'er  her  breast  flu.ited  the  sacred  fish. 

Gareth  aixd  Lynette  (1858). 

Sacred  Isle    {The),  Ireland.     Also 
called  "The  Holy  Isle, "from  its  multitui 
of  saints. 

'The  Sacred  Isle,  Scatter}',  to  which  Si 
Senatus  retired,  and  vowed  no  woman 
should  set  foot  thereon. 


[SO 


SACRED  NINE. 


855 


SAFE  BIND,  SAFE  FIND. 


Oh.  haste  and  leave  this  sacred  isle. 
Unholy  bark,  ere  morning  smile. 

T.  Moore,  Irish  Melodii-s  ("St.   Senatus 
and  the  Udy,"  1814). 

The  Sacred  Isle,  Enhallow,  one  of  the 
Orkneys.  (Norse,  Eyinhalga,  "  holy  isle.") 

The  Sacred  Isle,  the  peninsula  of 
mount  Athos  (Ottoman  empire).  This 
island  is  remarkable  for  being  exclusively 
inhabited  by  males.  Not  only  are 
females  of  the  human  sex  excluded,  but 
cows  also,  mares,  sow-pigs,  hens,  ducks, 
and  females  of  all  the  animal  race. — 
Milner,  Gallery  of  Geography,  Q'i^Q>. 

Sacred  Nine  {The),  the  Muses,  nine 
in  number. 

Fair  daughters  of  the  Sun,  the  Sacred  Nine, 
Here  wake  to  ecstasy  their  harps  divine. 

Falconer,  Tlie  Shipwreck,  iii.  3  (1756). 

Sacred  War  ( The),  a  war  undertaken 
by  the  Amphictyonic  League  for  the 
defence  of  Delphi  against  the  Cirrhaeans 
(B.C.  595-587). 

The  Sacred  War,  a  war  undertaken 
by  the  Athenians  for  the  purpose  of 
restoring  Delphi  to  the  Phocians  (b.c. 
448-447). 

The  Sacred  War,  a  war  undertaken 
by  Philip  of  Macedon,  as  chief  of  the 
Amphictyonic  League,  for  the  purpose  of 
wresting  Delphi  from  the  Phocians 
(B.C.  357). 

Sa'cripant  {King),  king  of  Circassia, 
and  a  lover  of  Angelica. — Bojardo, 
Orlando  Innamorato  (1495) ;  Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

With  the  same  stratagem,  Sacripant  had  his  steed 
gtolen  from  under  him,  by  that  notorious  thief  Brunello, 
at  the  siege  of  Albracca.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  1.  iii. 
9  (1605). 

♦^*  The  allusion  is  to  Sancho  Panza's 
ass,  which  was  stolen  from  under  him  by 
the  galley-slave  Gines  de  Passamonte. 

Sa'cripant,  a  false,  noisy,  hectoring 
braggart ;  a  kind  of  Pistol  or  Bobadil.— 
Tasso,  Secchia  Bapita  {i.e.  "Rapeof  tlie 
Bucket "). 

Sadah,  the  sixteenth  night  of  the 
month  Bayaman. — Persian  Calendar. 

Sa'dak  and  Kalasra'de  (4  syL). 
Sadak,  general  of  the  forces  of  Am'urath 
sultan  of  Turkey,  lived  with  Kalasrade 
in  retirement,  and  their  home  life  was  so 
happy  that  it  aroused  the  jealousy  of  the 
sultan,  who  employed  emissaries  to  set 
fire  to  their  house,  carry  off  Kalasrade  to 
the  seraglio,  and  seize  the  children. 
Sadak,  not  knowing  who  were  the  agents 
of  these  evils,  laid  his  complaint  before 
Amurath,  and  then  learnt  that  Kalasrade 


was  in  the  seraglio.  The  sultan  swore 
not  to  force  his  love  upon  her  till  she 
had  drowned  the  recollection  of  her  past 
life  by  a  draught  of  the  waters  of  oblivion. 
Sadak  was  sent  on  this  expedition.  On 
his  return,  Amurath  seized  the  goblet, 
and,  quaffing  its  contents,  found  "that 
the  waters  of  oblivion  were  the  waters 
of  death."  He  died,  and  Sadak  was 
made  sultan  in  his  stead. — J.  Ridley, 
Tales  of  the  Genii  { ' '  Sadak  and  Kalasrade, " 
ix.,  1751). 

Sadaroubay.  So  Eve  is  called  in 
Indian  mythology. 

Sadder,  one  of  the  sacred  books  of 
the  Guebres  or  Parsis. 

Saddle  and  the  Grronnd. 

Between  the  saddle  and  the  ground, 
Mercy  he  sought,  and  mercy  found  ; 

Should  be : 

Betwixt  the  stirrup  and  the  ground, 
Mercy  I  asked,  mercy  I  found. 

It  is  quoted  in  Camden's  Remains.  "A 
gentleman  fell  from  his  horse,  and  broke 
his  neck.  Some  said  it  was  a  judgment 
on  his  evil  life,  but  a  friend,  calling  to 
mind  the  epitaph  of  St.  Augustine, 
Misericordia  Domini  inter  pontem  etfontem, 
wrote  the  distich  given  above." 

Saddletree  {Mr.  BartoUne),  the 
learned  saddler. 

Mrs.  Saddletree,  the  wife  of  Bartoline. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.). 

Sadha-Sing,  the  mourner  of  the 
desert.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Seemund  Sigfusson,  sumamed 
"the  Wise,"  an  Icelandic  priest  and 
scald.  He  compiled  the  Elder  or  Rhyth- 
mical Edda,  often  called  Scemund's  Edda. 
This  compilation  contains  not  only  my- 
thological tales  and  moral  sentences,  but 
numerous  sagas  in  verse  or  heroic  lays, 
as  those  of  Volung  and  Helge,  of  Sigurd 
and  Brynhilda,  of  Folsungs  and  Niflungs 
(pt.  ii.).  Probably  his  compilation  con- 
tained all  the  mythological,  heroic,  and 
legendary  lays  extant  at  the  period  in 
which  he  lived  (1054-1133). 

Safa,  in  Arabia,  the  hill  on  which 
Adam  and  Eve  came  together,  after 
having  been  parted  for  200  years,  during 
which  time  they  wandered  homeless  over 
the  face  of  the  earth. 

Safe  Bind,  Safe  Find.— T.  Tusser, 
Tlie  Foints  of  Huswifery  ("  Washing," 
1557). 


SAFFRON  GOWN. 


856 


SAGAS. 


Saffron  Gown. 

She  the  saffron  gown  will  never  wear. 

And  in  no  flower-strewn  conch  shall  she  be  laid. 

W.  Morris,  Atalanta's  Itace. 

The  poet  has  mistaken  <ra6<^i;a)v  ("chaste, 
modest")  for  saffron,  a  word  wholly 
unknown  in  the  Greek  or  Latin  language. 
The  "saophron"  was  a  girdle  worn  by- 
girls,  indicative  of  chastity,  and  not 
yellow  or  saffron  at  all.  (Saffron  is  the 
Arabic  zaphran,  through  the  French 
safran.) 

Saga,  the  goddess  of  history. — Scan- 
dinavian Mythology. 

Saga  and  Edda.  The  EdJa  is  the 
Bible  of  the  ancient  Scandinavians.  A 
saga  is  a  book  of  instruction,  generally 
but  not  always  in  the  form  of  a  tale,  like 
a  "Welsh  "  mabinogi."  In  the  Edda 
there  are  numerous  sagas.  As  our  Bible 
contains  the  history  of  the  Jews,  re- 
ligious songs,  moral  proverbs,  and  re- 
ligious stories,  so  the  £dda  contained 
the  history  of  Norway,  religious  songs, 
a  book  of  proverbs,  and  numerous  stories. 
The  original  Edoia  was  compiled  and 
edited  by  Saemund  Sigfusson,  an  Icelandic 
priest  and  scald,  in  the  eleventh  century. 
It  contains  twenty-eight  parts  or  books, 
all  of  which  are  in  verse. 

Two  hundred  years  later,  Snorro  Stur- 
leson  of  Iceland  abridged,  re-arranged, 
and  reduced  to  prose  the  Edda,  giving 
the  various  parts  a  kind  of  dramatic 
form,  like  the  dialogues  of  Plato.  It 
then  became  needful  to  distinguish  these 
two  works  ;  so  the  old  poetical  compila- 
tion is  called  the  Elder  or  Rhythmical 
Edda,  and  sometimes  the  Sccmund  Edda, 
while  the  more  modern  work  is  called 
the  Younger  or  Frose  Edda,  and  some- 
times the  Snorro  Edda.  The  Younger 
Edda  is,  however,  partly  original.  Pt. 
i.  is  the  old  Edda  reduced  to  prose,  but 
pt.  ii.  is  Sturleson's  own  collection.  This 
part  contains  "  The  Discourse  of  Bragi  " 
(the  scald  of  the  gods)  on  the  origin  of 
poetry  ;  and  here,  too,  we  find  the  famous 
story  called  by  the  Germans  the  Nibelun- 
gen  Lied. 

Sagas.  Besides  the  sagas  contained  in 
the  Eddas,  there  are  numerous  others. 
Indeed,  the  whole  saga  literature  extends 
over  200  volumes. 

I.  The  Edda  Sagas.  The  Edda  is 
divided  into  two  parts  and  twenty- 
eight  lays  or  poetical  sagas.  The  first 
part  relates  to  the  gods  and  heroes  of 
Scandinavia,  creation,  and  the  early  his- 
tory   of   Norway.      The    Scandinavian 


"Books  of  Genesis"  are  the  "Voluspa 
Saga"  or  "prophecy  of  Vola"  (about  230 
verses),  "  Vafthrudner's  Saga,"  and 
"  Grimner's  Saga."  These  three  resemble 
the  Sibylline  books  of  ancient  Rome,  and 
give  a  description  of  chaos,  the  forma- 
tion of  the  world,  the  creation  of  all 
animals  (including  dwarfs,  giants,  and 
fairies),  the  general  conflagration,  and 
the  renewal  of  the  world,  when,  like 
the  new  Jerusalem,  it  will  appear  all. 
glorious,  and  there  shall  in  no  wise  enter 
therein  "  anything  that  defileth,  neither 
whatsoever  worketh  abomination,  or 
maketh  a  lie." 

The  "  Book  of  Proverbs  "  in  the  Edda 
is  called  the  "  Havamal  Saga,"  and  some- 
times "  The  High  Song  of  Odin." 

The  "  Vcilsunga  Saga  "  is  a  collection  of 
lays  about  the  early  Teutonic  heroes. 

The  "  Saga  of  St.  Olaf  "  is  the  history 
of  this  Norwegian  king.  He  was  a  savage 
tyrant,  hated  by  his  subjects,  but  because 
he  aided  the  priests  in  forcing  Chris- 
tianity on  his  subjects,  he  was  canonized. 

The  other  sagas  in  the  Edda  are  "  The 
Song  of  Lodbrok  "  or  "  Lodbrog,"  "Her- 
vara  Saga,"  the  "Vilkina  Saga,"  the 
"  Blomsturvalla  Saga,"  the  "Ynglinga 
Saga"  (all  relating  to  Norway),  the  "  Joins- 
vikingia  Saga,"  and  the  "Knytlinga 
Saga"  (which  pertain  to  Denmark),  the 
"  Sturlunga  Saga,"  and  the  "Eryrbiggia 
Saga  "  (which  pertain  to  Iceland).  All  the 
above  were  compiled  and  edited  by  Sae- 
mund Sigfusson,  and  are  in  verse  ;  but 
Snorro  Sturleson  reduced  them  to  prose 
in  his  prose  version  of  the  old  Edda. 

II.  Sagas  not  in  the  Edda.  Snorro 
Sturleson,  at  the  close  of  the  twelfth 
century,  made  the  second  great  collec- 
tion of  chronicles  in  verse,  called  the 
Jleimskringla  Saga,  or  the  book  of  the 
kings  of  Nonvay,  from  the  remotest 
period  to  the  year  1177.  This  is  a  most 
valuable  record  of  the  laws,  customs,  and 
manners  of  the  ancient  Scandinavians. 
Samuel  Laing  puljlished  his  English 
translation  of  it  in  1844. 

1.  The  Icelandic  Sagas.  Besides  the 
two  Icelandic  sagas  collected  by  Saemund 
Sigfusson,  numerous  others  were  sub- 
sequently embodied  in  the  Landama  Bo, 
set  on  foot  by  Ari  hinn  Fronde,  and  con> 
tinned  by  various  hands. 

2.  Erithjofs  Saga  contains  the  life  an 
adventures  of  Fritbjof  of  Iceland,  wh 
fell  in  love  with  Ingeborg,  the  beautiful 
wife  of  Hring,  king  of  Norway.  On  the 
death  of  Hring,  the  young  widoAv  mar- 
ried her  Icelandic  lover.    Frith j  of  lived 


b- 

I 


SAGAMAN. 


867 


ST.  ALDOBRANP. 


in  the  eighth  century,  and  this  saga  was 
compiled  at  the  beginning  of  the  four- 
teenth century,  a  year  or  two  after  the 
Heimskrivrila.  It  is  very  interesting, 
because  Tegne'r,  the  Swedish  poet,  has 
selected  it  for  his  Idiills  (1825),  just  as 
Tennyson  has  taken  "his  idyllic  stories 
from  the  Morte  (T Arthur  or  the  Welsh 
Mabinocjion.  Tegner's  Idi/lls  were  trans- 
lated into  English  by  Latham  (1838),  by 
Stepht,^3  (1841),  and  by  Blackley  (1857). 

3.  2'he  Swedish  Sacja  or  lay  of  Swedish 
"  history  "  is  the  Ingvars  Saga. 

4.  The  liussian  Saga  or  lay  of  Russian 
legendary  history  is  the  Egmunds  Saga. 

5.  The  Folks  Sagas  are  stories  of  ro- 
mance. From  this  ancient  collection  we 
have  derived  our  nursery  tales  of  Jack 
and  the  Bean-Stalk,  Jack  the  Giant-Killer^ 
the  Giant  who  smelt  the  Blood  of  an  Eng- 
lishman, Blue  Beard,  Cinderella,  the  Little 
Old  Woman  cut  Shorter,  the  Pig  that 
wouldn't  go  over  the  Bridge,  Puss  in 
Boots,  and  even  the  first  sketches  of 
Whittington  and  His  Cat,  and  Baron 
Munchausen.  (See  Dasent  Tales  from  the 
Norse,  1859.) 

6.  Sagas  of  Foreign  origin.  Besides 
the  rich  stores  of  original  tales,  several 
foreign  ones  have  been  imported  and 
translated  into  Norse,  such  as  Barlaham 

^and  Josaphat,  by  Rudolf  of  Ems,  one  of 
[the  German  minnesingers  (see  p.  79). 
tOn  the  other  hand,  the  minnesingers 
[borrowed  from  the  Norse  sagas  their 
[famous  story  embodied  in  the  Nibelungen 
\Lied,  called  the  "German  Iliad,''''  which 
[is  from  the  second  part  of  Snorro  Stur- 
lleson's  Edda. 

Sagaman,  a  narrator  of  sagas.   These 

icient  chroniclers  differed  from  scalds 

several  respects.     Scalds  were    min- 

trels,   who   celebrated  in  verse  the  ex- 

[ploits  of  living  kings  or  national  heroes  ; 

?amen  were  tellers  of  legendary  stories, 

either  in  prose  or  verse,  like  Schehera- 

Ide  the  narrator  of  the  Arabian  Nights, 

fthe  mandarin   Fum-Hoam   the  teller  of 

|ihe  Chinese   Tales,  Moradbak  the  teller 

'  the  Oriental  Tales,  FerSmorz  who  told 

le  tales  to   Lalla   Rookh,   and    so   on. 

igain,    scalds    resided    at   court,    were 

fittached  to  the  royal  suite,  and  followed 

^'le    king    in  all    his   expeditions ;    but 

?amen  were  free  and  unattached,  and 

)ld  their  tales  to  prince  or  peasant,  in 

>rdly  hall  or  at  village  wake. 

Sagam'ite  (4  syl.),  a  kind  of  soup  or 
psan,  given  by  American  Indians  to  the 


Our  virgins  fed  her  with  their  kindly  bowls 
Of  fever-b;ilin  and  sweet  sagamitii. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  i.  19  (1809). 

of  Concord  {The),  Ralph 
Waldo  Emerson,  of  Boston,  United 
States,  author  of  Literary  Ethics  (1838), 
Poems  (184G),  Representative  Men  (I860), 
English  Traits  (1856),  and  numerous 
other  works  (1803-        ). 

In  Mr.  Emerson  we  have  a  poet  and  a  profoundly  re- 
ligious man,  who  is  really  and  entirely  undaunted  by  the 
discoveries  of  science,  |)ast,  present,  or  i^ospective.  In 
hU  case,  poetry,  with  the  joy  of  a  Bacchanal,  takes  her 
graver  brother  science  by  the  hand,  and  cheers  him  with 
immortal  laughter.  By  Emerson  scientific  conceptions 
are  continually  transmuted  into  the  finer  forms  and 
warmer  lines  of  an  ideal  world.— Professor  Tyndall,  Friifj- 
ments  of  Science. 

No  one  who  has  conversed  with  the  Sage  of  Concord 
can  wonder  at  the  love  which  his  neighbours  feel  for  him, 
or  tlie  reverence  witli  which  he  is  regarded  by  the  scholars 
of  England  and  Auiurica. — Newspaper  Bioj/raphical 
Sketch,  May.  1879. 

Sage  of  Monticello  (The),  Thomas 
Jefferson,  the  third  president  of  the 
United  States,  whose  country  seat  was 
at  Monticello. 

As  from  the  grave  where  Henry  "sleeps^ 

From  Vernon's  weeping  willow. 
And  from  the  grassy  pall  which  hides 

The  Sage  of  Monticello  .  .  . 
Virginia,  o'er  thy  land  of  slaves 

A  warning  voice  is  swelling. 

Whittier,  Voices  of  Freedom  (1836). 

Sage  of  Samos  (The),  PythagSras, 
a  native  of  Samos  (b.c.  684-506). 

Sages  ( The  Seven),  (See  Seven  Wise 
Men  of  Greece.) 

Sag'ittary,  a  monster,  half  man  and 
half  beast,  described  as  "  a  terrible  archer, 
which  neighs  like  a  horse,  and  with  eyes 
of  fire  which  strike  men  dead  like 
lightning."  Any  deadly  shot  is  a  sagit- 
tary.— Guido  delle  Colonna  (thirteenth 
century),  Historia  Troyana  Prosayce  Com- 
posita  (translated  by  Lydgate). 

The  dreadful  Sagittary, 
Appals  our  numbers. 
Shakespeare,  Troilui  and  Crestida  (1602). 

(See  also  Othello,  act  i.  sc.  1,  3.  The 
barrack  is  so  called  from  the  figure  of  an 
archer  over  the  door.) 

Sagramour  le  De'sirus,  a  knight 
of  the  Round  Table. — See  Launcelot  du 
Lac  and  Morte  d' Arthur. 

SaTiira  (Al),  one  of  the  names  of 
hell. — Sale,  Al  Koran,  Ixxix.  notes. 

Sailor  King  (The),  William  IV.  of 
Great  Britain  (1765,  1830-1837). 

Saint  (The),  Kang-he  of  China,  who 
assumed  the  name  of  Chin-tsou-jin  (1653, 
1661-1722). 

St.  Aldobrand,  the  noble  husband 
of  lady  Imogine,    murdered    by    count 


ST.  ALME. 


858 


ST.  CHRISTOPHER. 


Bertram  her  quondam  lover. — C.  Maturin, 
Bertram  (1816). 

St.  Alme  {Captain),  son  of  Darlemont 
a  merchant,  guardian  of  Julio  count  of 
Harancour.  He  pays  his  addresses  to 
Marianne  Franval,  to  whom  he  is  ulti- 
mately married.  Captain  St.  Alme  is 
generous,  high-spirited,  and  noble- 
minded. — Thomas  Holcroft,  The  Deaf  and 
Dwnb  (1785). 

,        St.    Andre,  a  fashionable  dancing- 
master  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 

8t  Andre's  feet  ne'er  kept  more  equal  time. 

Dryilen,  MacFlecknoe  (1682). 

St.  An'gelo  {Castle  of),  once  called 
the  Moles  Adria'ni,  the  tomb  of  the 
emperor  Adrian,  a  structure  as  big  as  a 
village. 

St.  Asaph  {The  dean  of),  in  the 
court  of  queen  Elizabeth. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (1821). 

St.  Basil  Out^vvits  the  Devil. 
(See  Sinner  Saved.) 

St.  Befana,  the  day  of  the  Epiphany 
(January  6).     (See  Befana,  p.  90.) 

St.  Botolph  {The  prior  o/).— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

St.  Brandan  or  San  Bor'andan 

{The  Island  of),  a  flying  island,  some 
ninety  leagues  in  length,  west  of  the 
Canaries.  In  an  old  French  geographical 
chart  it  is  placed  5°  west  of  Ferro  Island, 
29^^  N.  lat.  So  late  as  1721  Spain  sent 
an  expedition  in  quest  of  this  fabulous 
island.  The  Spaniards  believe  that  king 
Rodri'go  ("the  last  of  the  Goths")  made 
this  island  his  retreat.  The  Portuguese 
assign  it  to  St.  Sebastian.  The  poets  say 
it  was  rendered  inaccessible  to  man  by 
diabolical  magic.  Probably  it  owes  its 
existence  to  some  atmospheric  illusion, 
such  as  the  Fata  morgana. 

St.  Ceeili,  Cecily,  or  Cecile  (2 

syl.),  the  daughter  of  noble  Roman 
parents,  and  a  Christian.  She  married 
Valirian.  One  day,  she  told  her  husband 
she  had  "  an  aungel  .  .  .  that  with  gret 
love,  wher  so  I  wake  or  slepe,  is  redy  ay 
my  body  for  to  kepe."  Valirian  re- 
quested to  see  this  angel,  and  Cecile  told 
him  he  must  first  go  to  St.  Urban,  and, 
being  purged  by  him  "  fro  synne,  than 
[then}  schul  ye  se  that  aungel."  Valirian 
was  accordingly  "  cristened "  by  St. 
Urban,  returned  home,  and  found  the 
angel  with  two  crowns,  brought  direct 
from  paradise.     One  he  gave  to   Cecile 


and  one  to  Valirian,  saying  that  "  bothe 
with  the  palme  of  martirdom  schuUen 
come  unto  God's  blisful  feste."  Valirian 
suffered  martyrdom  first ;  then  Alma- 
chius,  the  Roman  prefect,  commanded 
his  officers  to  "  brenne  Cecile  in  a  bath  of 
flammes  red."  She  remained  in  the  bath 
all  day  and  night,  yet  "  sat  she  cold,  and 
felte  of  it  no  woe."  Then  smote  they  her 
three  strokes  upon  the  neck,  but  could 
not  smite  her  head  off.  She  lingered  on 
for  three  whole  days,  preaching  and 
teaching,  and  then  died.  St.  Urban 
buried  ner  body  privately  by  night,  and 
her  house  he  converted  into  a  church, 
which  he  called  the  church  of  Cecily.— 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales  ("The  Second 
Nun's  Tale,"  1888). 

St.  Christopher,  a  native  of  Lycia, 
very  tall,  and  fearful  to  look  at.  He  was 
so  proud  of  his  strength  that  he  resolved 
to  serve  only  the  mightiest,  and  went  in 
search  of  a  worthy  master.  He  first 
entered  the  service  of  the  emperor ;  but 
one  day,  seeing  his  master  cross  him- 
self for  fear  of  the  devil,  he  quitted  his 
service  for  that  of  Satan.  This  new- 
master  he  found  was  thrown  into  alarm 
at  the  sight  of  a  cross  ;  so  he  quitted 
him  also,  and  went  in  search  of  the 
Saviour.  One  day,  near  a  ferry,  a  little 
child  accosted  him,  and  begged  the  giant 
to  carry  him  across  the  water.  Christo- 
pher put  the  child  on  his  back,  but  fou 
every  step  he  took  that  the  child  gre" 
heavier  and  heavier,  till  the  burden  w 
more  than  he  could  bear.  As  he  sai 
beneath  his  load,  the  child  told  the  gia 
he  was  Christ,  and  Christopher  resolv 
to  serve  Christ  and  Him  alone.  Hi 
died  three  days  afterwards,  and  w 
canonized.  The  Greek  and  Lai 
Churches  look  on  him  as  the  protecti 
saint  against  floods,  fire,  and  earthquak 
—James  de  Voragine,  Golden  Legends,  h 
(thirteenth  century). 

*^*  His  body  is  said  to  be  at  Valencia, 
in  Spain;  one  of  his  arms  at  Compostella; 
a  jaw-bone  at  Astorga ;  a  shoulder  at  St. 
Peter's,  in  Rome ;  and  a  tooth  and  rib  at 
Venice.  His  day  is  May  9  in  the  Greek 
Church,  and  July  25  in  the  Latin.  Of 
course,  "the  Christ-bearer"  is  an  alle- 
gory. The  gigantic  bones  called  his 
relics  may  serve  for  "matters  of  faith" 
to  give  reality  to  the  fable. 

(His  name  before  conversion  was  Of- 
fgrus,  but  after  he  carried  Christ  across 
the  ford,  it  was  called  Christ-Ofterus, 
shortened  into  Christopher,  which  means 
"the  Christ-bearer.") 


II 

■ 
•I 

n 


ST.  CLARE. 


859      ST.  PATRICK'S  PURGATORY. 


St.  Clare  (Angnstin),  the  kind,  in- 
dulgent master  of  uncle  Tom.  He  was 
beloved  by  all  his  slaves. 

Miss  Evangeline  St.  Clare,  daughter  of 
Mr.  St.  Clare.  Evangeline  was  the  good 
angel  of  the  family,  and  was  adored  by 
uncle  Tom. 

Miss  Ophelia  St.  Clare,  sister  of  Au- 
gustin. — Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe,  Uncle  Tom's 
Cabin  (1852). 

St.  Distaff,  an  imaginary  saint,  to 
whom  January  7  or  Twelfth  Day  is  con- 
secrated. 

Partly  worke  and  partly  play 
You  must  oil  St.  DistaB's  Day ; 
Give  St.  Distaff  all  the  riKht, 
Then  give  Christmas  .sport  good  ntght. 

Wit  Aiporting  in  a  Pleasant  Grove 
of  New  fancies  (1657). 

St.  Elmo's  Fires,  those  electric 
lights  seen  playing  about  the  masts  of 
ships  in  stormy  weather. 

And  sudden  bursting  on  their  raptured  sight. 
Appeared  the  splendour  of  St.  Elmo's  light. 

Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioio,  ix.  (1516). 

In  1696  M.  de  Forbes  saw  more  than 
thirty /ewo;  St.  Elme  on  his  ship. 

vEneas  tells  Dido  that  these  electric 
lights  danced  about  the  head  of  his  son 
lulus  when  they  left  the  burning  city  of 
Troy. 

Ecce  levls  summo  de  vcrtice  visus  lull     ■ 
Fundere  lumen  apex,  tractuque  innoxia  molH 
Lanibere  flamma  comas  et  circum  tempera  pa<!ci. 
Virgil,  .eneid,  ii.  68a-4. 

Lo !  harmle.<i3  flames  upon  lulus'  bead. 

While  we  embraced  the  boy,  from  heaven  were  shed. 

Played  in  his  hair  and  on  his  temples  fed. 

St.  Etienne.  There  are  sixty-nine 
places  in  France  so  called.  A  Paris 
newspaper  stated  that  the  "  receiver  of 
St.  Etienne"  had  embezzled  £4000, 
whereupon  all  the  tax-gatherers  of  the 
sixty-nine  places  called  St.  Etienne 
brought  separate  actions  against  the 
paper,  and  the  editor  had  to  pay  each 
one  a  hundred  francs  damages,  besides 
fine  and  costs. — Standard^  February  24, 
1879. 

St.  Pilume'na  or  Filomena,  a  new 
saint  of  the  Latin  Church.  Sabatelli  has 
a  picture  of  this  nineteenth-century  saint, 
representing  her  as  hovering  over  a  group 
of  sick  and  maimed,  who  are  healed  by 
her  intercession.  In  1802  a  grave  was 
found  in  the  cemeter}''  of  St.  Priscilla, 
and  near  it  three  tiles,  with  these  words, 
in  red  letters : 


LUMEN  A 


PAXTE 


CVMFI 


A  re-arrangement  of  the  tiles  made  the 
inscription.   Pax  Te-cum,   Fi-lumEna. 


That  this  was  the  correct  rendering  is 
quite  certain,  for  the  virgin  martyr  her- 
self told  a  priest  and  a  nun  in  a  dream, 
that  she  was  Fi[lia]  Lumina,  the  daugh- 
ter Lumina,  i.e.  the  daughter  of  the 
Light  of  the  world.  In  confirmation  of 
this  dream,  as  her  bones  were  carried  to 
Mugnano,  the  saint  repaired  her  own 
skeleton,  made  her  hair  grow,  and  per- 
formed so  many  miracles,  that  those 
must  indeed  be  hard  of  belief  who  can 
doubt  the  truth  of  the  story. 

St.  George  is  the  national  saint  of 
England,  in  consequence  of  the  miracu- 
lous assistance  rendered  by  him  to  the 
arms  of  tlie  Christians  under  Godfrey  de 
Bouillon  during  the  first  crusade. 

St.  George's  Sword,  Askelon. 

George  he  shaved  the  dragon's  beard,'; 
And  Askelon  was  his  razor. 

Percy's  Jieligues,  III.  liL  15. 

St.  George  (Le  chevalier  de),  James 
Francis  Edward  Stuart,  called  "  The  Old 
(or  elder)  Pretender"  (1688-1766). 

St.  Graal.    (See  Sangraal.) 

St.  Le'on,  the  hero  of  a  novel  of  the 
same  name  by  W.  Goodwin  (1799).  St. 
Leon  becomes  possessed  of  the  "  elixir  of 
life,"  and  of  the  "  philosopher's  stone  ;  " 
but  this  knowledge,  instead  of  bringing 
him  wealth  and  happiness,  is  the  source 
of  misery  and  endless  misfortunes. 

St.  Leon  is  designed  to  prove  that  the  happiness  of 
mankind  would  not  have  been  augmented  by  the  gifts  of 
immortal  youth  and  inexhaustible  riches. — Eticye.  Brit., 
Art  "Komance." 

Saint  Maur,  one  of  the  attendants 
of  sir  Reginald  Front  de  Boeuf  (a  follower 
of  prince  John). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

St.  Nicholas,  the  patron  saint  of 
boys.  He  is  said  to  have  been  bishop 
of  Myra,  in  Lycia,  and  his  death  i3  placed 
in  the  year  326. 

St.  Nicholas  is  said  to  hare  supplied  three  maidens  with 
marriage  portions,  by  leaving  at  their  windows  bags  of 
money.  ...  Another  legend  describes  the  saint  as  having 
restored  to  life  three  [?  two]  murdered  children.— Yonge. 

St.  Patrick's  Purgatory,  in  an 

islet  in  lough  Derg,  Ireland.  Here  the 
saint  made  a  cave,  through  which  was  an 
entrance  into  purgatory ;  and  here  those 
who  liked  to  do  so  might  forestall  their 
purgatorial  punishments  while  they  were 
in  the  flesh.  This  was  made  the  subject 
of  a  romance  in  the  fourteenth  century, 
and  Calderon  dramatized  the  subject  in 
the  seventeenth  century. 

Who  has  not  heard  of  St.  Patrick'?  Purgatory  .  ,  .  with 
Its  chapels  and  ito  toll-houses?     Thither  repair  yearly 


ST.  PETER'S  OBELISK. 


SAINTS  FOR  DISEASES. 


crowds  of  pious  pilgrims,  wlio  would  wash  away  at  once 
the  accumulated  sins  of  their  lives.— Wright 

*^*  This  source  of  revenue  was  abo- 
lished by  order  of  the  pope,  on  St. 
Patrick's  Day,  1497. 

St.  Peter's  Obelisk,  a  stone  pyra- 
mid of  enormous  size,  on  the  top  of 
wliich  is  an  urn  containing  the  relics  of 
Julius  Caesar. 

St.  Prieux,  the  amant  of  Julie,  in 
Rousseau's  novel  entitled  Julie  ou  La 
Nouvelle  Heloise  (1760). 

St.  Ronan's  Well,  a  novel  by  sir 
W.  Scott  (1823).  An  inferior  work  ;  but 
it  contains  the  character  of  Meg  Dods,  of 
the  Clachan  or  Mowbray  Arms  inn,  one 
of  the  very  best  lo  v  comic  characters  in 
the  whole  range  ol:  fiction. 

St.  Stephen's  Chapel,  properly 
the  House  of  Commons,  but  sometimes 
applied  to  the  two  Houses  of  Parliament. 
So  called  by  a  figure  of  speech  from  St. 
Stephen's  Chapel,  built  by  king  Stephen, 
rebuilt  by  Edward  II.  and  III.,  and 
finally  destroyed  by  fire  in  1834.  St. 
Stephen's  Chapel  was  fitted  up  for  the  use 
of  the  House  of  Commons  in  the  reign  of 
Edward  IV.  The  great  council  of  the 
nation  met  before  in  the  chapter-house  of 
the  abbey. 

St.  Swithin,  tutor  of  king  Alfred, 
and  bishop  of  Winchester.  The  monks 
wished  to  bury  him  in  the  chancel  of  the 
minster ;  but  the  bishop  had  directed 
that  his  body  should  be  interred  under 
the  open  vault  of  heaven.  Finding  the 
monks  resolved  to  disobey  his  injunction, 
he  sent  a  heavy  rain  on  July  15,  the  day 
assigned  to  the  funeral  ceremony,  in  con- 
sequence of  which  it  was  deferred  from 
day  to  day  for  forty  days.  The  monks 
then  bethought  them  of  the  saint's  in- 
junction, and  prepared  to  inter  the  body 
in  the  churchyard.  St.  Swithin  smiled 
his  approbation  by  sending  a  beautiful 
sunshiny  day,  in  which  all  the  robes  of 
the  hierarchy  might  be  displayed  without 
the  least  fear  of  being  injured  by  untimely 
and  untoward  showers. 

St.  Tammany,  the  patron  of  de- 
mocracy in  the  American  states.  His 
day  is  5lay  1.  Tammany  or  Tammenund 
lived  in  the  seventeenth  century.  He 
was  a  native  of  Delaware,  but  settled  on 
the  banks  of  the  Ohio.  He  was  a  chief 
sachem  of  his  tribe,  and  his  rule  was 
discreet  and  peaceful.  His  great  maxim 
was,  "Unite.  In  peace  unite  for  mutual 
happiness,  in  war  for  mutual  defence." 


Saints  (Island  of),  Ireland. 

Saints  {Royal). 

David  of  Scotland  (*,  1124-1153). 

Edward  the  Confessor  (1004,  1042- 
1066). 

Edward  the  Martvr  (961,  975-979). 

Eric  IX.  of  Sweden  (*,  1155-1161). 

Ethelred  I.  king  of  Wessex  (*,  866- 
871). 

Eugenius  I.  pope  (*,  654-657). 

Felix  I.  pope  (*,  269-274). 

Ferdinand  III.  of  Castile  and  Leon 
(1200,  1217-1252). 

Julius  I.  pope  (*,  337-352). 

Kang-he,  second  of  the  Manchoo 
dynasty  of  China  (*,  1661-1722). 

Lawrence  Justiniani  patriarch  of  Venice 
(1380, 1451-1465). 

Leo  IX.  pope  (1002,  1049-1054). 

Louis  IX.  of  France  (1215,  1226-1270). 

Olaus  II.  of  Norway  (992,  1000-1030). 

Stephen  I.  of  Hungary  (979,  997-1038). 

Saints  for  Diseases.  These  saints 
either  ward  off  ills  or  help  to  relieve 
them,  and  should  be  invoked  by  those 
who  trust  their  power : — 

Ague.    St.  Pemel  cures. 

Bad  Dreams.    St.  Christopher  protects  from. 

Blear  Eyes.    St.  Otilic  cures. 

Blindness.    St  Thomas  a  Becket  cures. 

Boils  and  Blains.    St.  Rooke  cures. 

Chastity.    St.  Susan  protects. 

Childkkn's  Diseases  (All).  St.  Blaise  heals ;  and  all 
cattle  diseases.  The  bread  consecrated  on  his  day  (Feb- 
ruary 3)  and  called  "  The  Benediction  of  St.  Blaise,"  should 
have  been  tried  in  the  recent  cattle  plague. 

Cholera.  Oola  Beet)ee  is  invoked  by  the  Hindis  in 
this  malady. 

Cholic.    St.  Erasmus  relieves. 

Dancing  Mania.    St.  Vitus  cures. 

Defilement.    St.  Susan  preserves  from. 

Discovery  of  Lost  Goods.  St  Ethelbert  and  St 
Elian.  _ 

Doubts.    St  Catharine  resolves. 

Dying.    St  Barbara  relieves. 

Epilepsy.    St  Valentine  cures. 

Fire.    St  Agatha  protects  from  it,  but  St  Flori 
should  be  invoked  if  it  has  already  broken  out. 

Flood,   Fire,   and   Eartuviuake.     St.  Chri$to)j 
saves  from. 

Gout.    St  Wolfgang,  they  say,  is  of  more  service  I 
Blair's  pills. 

Gripes.    St.  Erasmus  cures. 

Idiocy.    St  Gildas  is  the  guardian  angel  of  idiota. 

Infamy.    St  Susan  protects  from. 

Infection.    St.  Roque  protects  from. 

Leprosy.    St  Lazarus,  the  beggar. 

Madness.    St.  Dymphna  cures. 

Mice  and  Rats.  St  Gertrude  and  St  Huldrick  waWI 
them  off.  When  phosphor  paste  fails,  St.  Gertrude 
might  be  tried,  at  any  rate  witti  less  danger  than  arsenic. 

Night  Alarms.    St  Christopher  protects  from. 

Plague.  St  Roch,  they  say,  in  this  case  is  better 
than  the  "good  bishop  of  Marseilles." 

Quenching  Fire.  St  Florian  and  St.  Christopher 
should  not  be  forgotten  by  fire  insurance  companies. 

Quinsy.  St.  Blaise  will  cure  it  sooner  than  uu-tarijsed 
antimony. 

Riches.  St.  Anne  and  St  Vincent  help  those  who 
seek  it.    Gold-diggers  should  ask  them  for  nuggets. 

Scabs.    St  Rooke  cures. 

Small-pox.  St.  Martin  of  Tours  may  be  tried  by  those 
objecting  to  vaccination.  In  HindQstan,  Seetla  wards  it  off. 

Sudden  Death.    St.  Martin  saves  from. 

Temperance.  Father  Mathew  is  called  "The  Apostlt 
of  Temperance  "  (17»0-1856}. 


SAINTS  OF  PLACES. 


861       SAINTS  FOR  SPECIAL,  ETC. 


TOOTH-ACHB.    St  Appoline  cures  better  thnn  creosote. 

Vku.min-Dkstroyers.  St.  Geitiude  and  St.  Hiihlrick. 
If  these  fail,  try  Battle,  or  the  Southwark  "  vermin-killer." 

Wkalth-Bbstower.  St.  Aime,  recommended  to  the 
nil  tan. 

Saints  of  Places.  The  following 
are  the  patron  saints  of  the  cities,  nations, 
or  places  set  down : — 

AiiEKD£EN,  St  Nicholas  (died  84'2).  His  day  is  De- 
cember 6. 

AHV88INIA,  St  Frumentlus  (died  360).  His  day  is 
OctolMjr  27. 

Ai,EX\NDRlA,  St  Mark,  who  founded  tlie  churcli  there 
(died  A.D.  52).     His  day  is  April  25. 

ALPS  {The).  Felix  Neff(  1798-1829). 

Antioch,  St  Margaret  (died  275).     Her  day  is  July  20. 

Ardk.nnes  {The).  St  Hubert  (65r>-730).  He  is  called 
"  The  Apostle  of  the  Ardennes."  His  days  are  May  30  and 
Kovember  3. 

Akme.nia,  St  Gregory  of  Armenia  (256-331).  His  day 
is  Septen)ber  30. 

Bath,  St.  David,  from  whose  benediction  the  waters  of 
Bath  received  their  warmth  and  medicinal  qualities  (480- 
544).    His  day  is  March  1. 

BKAUVAI8,  St  Lucian  (died  290),  called  "  The  AposUe  of 
Bcjuivais."    His  dav  is  January  8. 

Belgium.  St  Boniface  (680-755).    His  day  is  June  6. 

Bohemia,  St  Wenceslaus. 

Brussels,  tlie  Virgin  Mary;  St  Gudule,  who  died  713. 
St.  Gudule's  Day  is  January  8. 

Cagliari  (in  Sardinia),  St  Eflsio  or  St  Ephesus. 

Cappadocia,  St  Matthias  (died  A.D.  62).  His  day  Is 
February  24. 

Carthage,  St.  Perpetua  (died  203).  Her  day  is  March  7. 

COLOG.NE,  St  Ursula  (died  452).   Her  day  is  October  21. 

Corfu,  St.  Spiridion  (fourth  century).  His  day  is 
December  14. 

Cremona,  St.  Margaret  (died  275).    Her  day  is  July  20. 

DEN.MARK,  St.  Anscharius  (801-864),  whose  day  is  Feb- 
ru.iry  3 ;  and  St  Canute  (died  1086),  wliose  day  is  January  19. 

EuLNBURGH,  St  Giles  (died  650).  His  day  is  Septem- 
ber 1. 

E.NGLAND,  St.  George  (died  290).  St.  Bcde  calls  Gregory 
the  Great  "The  Apostle  of  England,"  but  St  Augustin 
was  •'  The  Apostle  of  the  Englisli  People  "  (died  607).  St. 
George's  Day  is  April  23. 

Ethiopia,  St  Frumentius  (died  360).  His  day  is 
OctolKjr  27. 

Flanders,  St  Peter  (died  66).    His  day  is  June  S9, 

Florence,  St  John  the  Baptist  (died  A.D.  32).  His 
days  are  June  24  and  August  29. 

i   Forests,  St.  Silvester,  because  tilva,  in  Latin,  means  "  a 
Wood."    His  day  is  June  20. 

Fortd,  St.  Barbara  (died  335).    Her  day  is  December  4. 

France.  St  Denys  (died  272).  His  day  is  October  9. 
St.  Kemi  is  called  "The  Great  Apostle  of  the  French" 
(439-535).     His  day  is  October  1. 

Franconia,  St  Kilian  (died  689).    His  day  is  July  8. 

Friselakd,  St  Wilbrod  or  Willibrod  (657-738),  called 
" The  AjTOstle  of  the  Frisians."    His  day  is  November  7. 

Gaul,  St  Irenseus  (130-200),  whose  day  is  June  28 ;  and 
St.  Martin  (316-397),  whose  day  is  November  11.  St 
Denys  is  called  "  The  Apostle  of  the  Gauls." 

Genoa,  St.  George  of  Cappadocia.    His  day  is  April  23. 

Gentiles.  St  Paul  was  "  The  Apostle  of  the  Gentiles" 
(died  A.D.  66).     His  days  are  January  25  and  June  29. 

Georgia,  St  Nino,  whose  day  is  September  16. 

Germanv,  St  Boniface.  "Apostle  of  the  Germans" 
(680-755),  whose  day  is  June  5  ;  and  St.  Martin  (316-397), 
whose  day  is  November  11.  (St.  Boniface  was  called 
Winfred  till  Gregory  II.  changed  the  name.) 

GLA.S(iow,  St.  Muiiga,  also  called  Kentigern  (511-601). 

Groves,  St.  Silvester,  liecause  silva,  in  Latin,  means  "a 
Woo<?."    His  day  is  June  20. 

Highlanders,  St  Columb  (621-597).  His  day  is 
June  9. 

mVt.  St.  Barbara  (died  335).    Her  day  is  December  4. 

Holland,  the  Virgin  Mary.  Her  days  are  :  her  A'a- 
tin'tj/,  November  21 ;  Visitation.  July  2 ;  Vonccption, 
Decern iwir  8;  Purification,  February  2;  Assumption, 
August  i5. 

Hungary,  8t  Louis;  Mary  of  Aquisgrana  {Air-la- 
Cha/ieUe) ;  and  St  Anastasius  (died  628),  whose  day  is 
January  22. 

India,  St.  Bartolom^  de  Las  Casas  (1474-1.566)  :  the  Rev. 
••Eiiot  (1603-1690) ;  and  Francis Xavier(15o6-].'J52),  called 

The  Apostle  of  the  Indians,"  wliose  day  is  December  3. 


Ireland,  St.  Patrick  (372-493).  His  day  is  March  17. 
(Some  give  his  birth  387,  and  .some  his  death  465.) 

Italv,  St  Anthony  (251-356).     His  day  is  January  17. 

Lapland,  St  Nicholas  (died  342).  HU  day  is  Decern- 
ber  6. 

Lichfield,  St  Chad,  who  lived  there  (died  672).  Hi» 
day  is  March  2. 

LiKGK,  St.  Albert  (died  1195).    His  day  is  November  21. 

Lisbon,  St  Vincent  (died  304).  His  translation  to  Lis- 
bon is  kept  September  15. 

London,  St  Paul,  whose  day  is  January  25 ;  and  St 
Michael,  whose  day  is  September  29. 

Moscow,  St.  N  icholas  (die.i  342).  His  day  is  December  6. 

Mountains,  St.  Barbara  (died  335).  Her  day  is  Decem- 
ber 4. 

Naples,  St  Januarius  (died  291),  whose  day  is  September 
19  ;  and  St.  Thomas  Aquinas  (1227-1274),  whose  days  are 
March  7  and  July  18. 

Netherlands,  St  Armand  (589-679). 

North  (The),  St  Ansgar  (801-864),  and  Bernard  Gilpin 
(1517-158:5). 

Norway,  St  Anscharius,  called  "The  Apostle  of  the 
North"  (801-864),  whose  day  is  Februarj-  3:  and  St.  Glaus 
(992.  1000-1030). 

Oxford,  St  Frldeswide. 

Padua,  St.  Justina,  whose  day  is  October  7;  and  St. 
Anthony  (1195-1231),  whose  day  is  June  13. 

Paris,  St  Genevieve  (419-512).    Her  d-ay  is  January  3. 

Peak  {The),  Derbyshire.  W.  Bagshaw  (1628-170L'). 

PiCTS  {The),  St  Ninian  (fourth  century),  whose  day  is 
September  16 ;  and  St  Columb  (621-597),  whose  day  is 
June  9. 

Pisa,  San  Ranierl. 

Poitiers,  St.  Hilary  (300-367).    His  day  is  January  14. 

Poland,  St  Hedviga  (1174-1243),  whose  day  is  October 
16 ;  and  St  Stanislaus  (died  1078),  whose  day  is  M:iy  7. 

Portugal,  St.Sebastian  (250-288).  His  day  is  January  20. 

Prussia,  St.  Andrew,  wliose  dav  is  November  30 ;  and 
St  Albert  (died  1195),  whose  d.iy  is  November  I'l. 

Rochester,  St  Paulinus  (353-J31).   His  day  is  June  22. 

Ro.ME,  St  Peter  and  St  Paul.  Both  died  on  the  same 
day  of  the  month,  June  29.  The  old  tutelar  deity  was 
Mars. 

Russia,  St  Nicholas,  St  Andrew,  St  George,  and  the 
Virgin  Mary. 

Saragossa,  St  Vincent  where  he  was  bom  (died  304), 
His  day  is  January  22. 

Sardinia,  Mary  the  Virgin.  Her  days  are  :  Nativity, 
November  21;  Visitation.  July  2;  Conception,  December 
8;  Purification,  February  2  ;  Assumption,  August  15. 

Scotland,  St.  Andrew,  because  his  remains  were 
brought  by  Regulus  into  Fifeshire  in  363.  His  day  is 
November  30. 

Sebastia  (in  Armenia),  St  Blaise  (died  316).  His  d.-»y 
is  February  3. 

Sicily,  St  Agatha,  where  she  w,is  born  (died  251). 
Her  day  is  February  5.     The  old  tutelar  deitv  was  Ceres. 

Silesia,  St.  Hedviga,  also  called  Avoye  (1174-1243). 
His  day  is  October  15. 

Slaves  or  Slavi,  St.  Cvril,  called  "  The  Apostle  of  the 
Slavi "  (died  868).     His  day  is  February  14. 

Spain,  St  James  the  Greater  (died  A.D.  44).  His  day  is 
July  24. 

Sweden,  St  Anscharius,  St  John,  and  St  Eric  IX. 
(reigned  1155-1161). 

Switzerland,  St  Gall  (died  646).  His  day  is  October 
16. 

United  States,  St.  Tammany. 

Valleys,  St.  A'^atha  (died  251).    Her  day  is  February  5. 

Venice,  St.  Mark,  who  was  buried  there.  His  day  is 
April  25.  St.  Pantaleon,  whose  day  is  July  27  ;  and  St. 
Lawrence  Justiniani  (1380-1465). 

Vienna,  St.  Stephen  (died  a.D.  34).  His  day  is  Decem- 
ber 26. 

Vineyards,  St.  Urban  (died  230).    His  day  is  May  25. 

Wales,  St  David,  uncle  cf  king  Arthur  (died  544).  His 
day  is  March  1. 

Woods,  St.  Silvester,  because  ^Iva,  in  Latin,  means  "  a 
wood."    His  day  is  June  20. 

Yorkshire,  St  Paulinus  (353-431).   His  day  is  June  22. 

Saints  for  Special  Classes  of 
Persons,  such  as  tradesmen,  children, 
wives,  idiots,  students,  etc. : — 

Archers,  St.  Sebastian,  because  lie  was  shot  by  them. 
Armourers,  St  George  of  Cappadocia. 
Artists  and  the  Art.s,  St.  Agatha ;  but  St  Luke  is  the 
patron  of  painters,  being  himself  one. 


SAINTS  FOR  SPECIAL,  ETC.       862 


SAKHRAT. 


BAKBR8,  St.  Winifred,  who  followed  the  trade. 
Barbkrs,  St.  Louis. 

Babben  Women.    St.  Margaret  befriends  them. 
Beggars,  St.  Giles.    Hence  the  outskirts  of  cities  are 
often  called  "  St.  Giles." 

Bishops,  etc.,  St.  Timothy  and  St.  Titus  (1  Tim.  ill. 
1 ;  Titu*  i.  7). 

Bli.nd  Folk,  St.  Thomas  k  Becket,  and  St.  Lucy  who 
was  deprived  of  her  eyes  by  Pascliasius. 
Booksellers,  St.  John  Port  I>atin. 
Brides,  St.  Nicliolas,  because  he  threw  three  stockings, 
filled  with  wedding  portions,  into  the  cliamljer  window  of 
three  virgins,  tiiat  they  might  marry  their  sweetiieiirts, 
«nd  not  live  a  life  of  sin  for  the  sake  of  earning  a  living. 
Burglars,  St.  Dismas,  the  penitent  thief. 
Candle  and  Lamp  makers,  St.  Lucy  and  Lucian.    A 
pun  upon  lux,  lucis  ("  light "). 

Can.voneers,   St.  Barbara,   because  she  is  generally 
represented  in  a  fort  or  tower. 
Captives,  St.  Barbara  and  St  Leonard. 
Carpe.ntebs,  St.  Joseph,  who  was  a  carpenter. 
Children,  St  Felicitas  and  St.  Nicholas.    This  latter 
Baint  restored  to  life  some  children,  murdered  by  an  inn- 
keeper of  Myra  and  pickled  in  a  pork-tub. 
Cobblers,  St  Crispin,  who  worked  at  the  trade. 
Cripples,  St  Giles,  Ijecause  he  refused  to  be  cured  of 
an  accidental  lameness,  that  he  might  mortify  his  flesh. 

Divines,  St  Thomas  Aquinas,  author  of  Somme  de 
Theology. 
Doctors,  St.  Cosme,  who  was  a  surgeon  in  Cilicia. 
Drunkards,    St.  Martin,   l)ecause  St   Martin's    Day 
(November  11)  happened  to  be  the  day  of  the  Viualia  or 
feast  of  B;icclius.     St.  Urban  protects. 
DV'ING,  St  Barbara. 

Ferrv.men,  St  Christopher,  who  was  a  ferryman. 
Fishermen,  St  Peter,  who  wivs  a  fisherman. 
Fools,  St  Maturin,  because  the  Greek  word  matia  or 
rnate  means  "folly." 

Free  Trade.    R.  Cobden  is  called  "The  Apostle  of 
Free  Trade  "  (1804-1865). 
Fbee.men,  St  Jolm. 

Fullers,  St  Sever,  because  the  place  so  called,  on  the 
Adour,  is  or  was  famous  for  its  tanneries  and  fuUeries. 
Goldsmiths,  St  Eloy,  who  was  a  goldsmith. 
Hatters,  St  William,  tlie  son  of  a  hatter. 
Hog  and  Swineherds,  St  Anthony.    Pigs  unfit  for 
food  used  anciently  to  liave  their  ears  slit,  but  one  of  the 
proctors    of    St    Anthony's  Hos].itid    ciice  tied  a    bell 
about  tiie  neck  of  a  pig  whose  ear  was  slit,  and  no  one 
ever  attempted  to  injure  it 

Housewives,  St  Osyth,  especially  to  prevent  their 
losing  tlie  keys,  and  to  help  them  in  finding  these  "tiny 
tormentors ; "  St.  Martlia,  the  sister  of  Lazanis. 

Huntsmen,  St  Hubert,  who  lived  in  tlie  Ardennes,  a 
famous  hunting  forest ;  and  St.  Eustace. 
Idiots     St.  Gildas  restores  them  to  their  right  senses.  ] 
Infants,  St.  Felicitas  and  St  Nicliolas. 
Infidels.    Voltaire  is  c;dled  "  The  Apostle  of  Infidels" 
(1694-1778). 
Insane  Folks,  St.  Dymphna. 

Lawyers,  St  Yves  Helori  (In  Sicily),  who  was  called 
"The  Advocate  of  the  Poor,"  because  he  was  .always 
ready  to  defend  tliem  in  the  law-courts  gratuitously 
(l-2.3:j-1303). 

Learned  Men,  St  Catharine,  noted  for  her  learning, 
and  lor  converting  certain  philosophers  sent  to  convince 
the  Christians  of  Alexandria  of  the  folly  of  the  Christian 
faith. 
Madmen,  St  Dymphna. 
Maidens,  the  Virgin  M.iry. 

Mabinebs.  St  Christopher,  who  was  a  ferryman  ;  and 
St  Nicliolas,  who  was  once  in  danger  of  shipwreck,  and 
Who,  on  one  occasion,  lulled  a  tempest  for  some  pilgrims 
on  their  w.ay  to  the  Holy  Land. 
Millers,  St  Arnold,  the  son  of  a  miller. 
Mercers,  St  Florian,  the  son  of  a  mercer. 
Mothers,  the  Virgin  Mary ;  St.  Margaret,  for  those  who 
Wish  to  be  so.     The  girdle  of  St.  Margaret  in  St  Ger- 
main's, is  placed  round  tlie  waist  of  those  who  wish  to  be 
mothers. 
Musicians,  St  Cecilia,  who  was  an  excellent  musician. 
Nailers,  St  Cloud,  because  clou,  in  French,  means 
"  a  nail." 
NetiMAKERs,  St.  James  and  St  John  (Matt.  iv.  21). 
Nurses,  St.  Agatha. 
Painters.  St  Luke,  who  was  a  painter. 
Parish  Clerks,  St  Nicholas. 
Parsons,  St  Thomas  Aquuias,  doctor  of  theology  at 
Paris.    . 


Physicians,  St  Cosme,  who  was  a  surgeon ;  8t  Luke 
(Col.  iv.  14) 

PiL(fRiM8,  St  Julian,  St  Raphael,  St.  James  of  Cora- 
postella. 

Pinmakers,  St.  Sebastian,  whose  body  was  as  full  of 
arrows  in  liis  martyrdom  as  a  pincushion  is  of  pins. 

Poor  Folks,  St  Giles,  who  alTected  indigence,  think- 
ing "  poverty  and  sulfering"  a  service  acceptable  to  God. 

Portrait-painters  and  Photographers,  St  Ve- 
ronica, who  had  a  handkerchief  with  the  face  of  Jesus 
photographed  on  it 

Potters,  St  Gore,  who  was  a  potter. 

PrLsonkrs,  St  Sebastian  and  St.  Leonard. 

Sages,  St.  Cosme,  St.  Damian,  and  St.  Catharine. 

Sailors,  St  Nicholas  and  St  Christopher. 

Scholars,  St.  Catharine.     (See  "  Learned  Men.") 

School  Children,  St  Nicholas  and  St  Gregory. 

St-OTCH  REFOB.WERS.  Kiiox  is  "  The  Apostle  of  the 
Scotch  Reformers  "  (1505-1572). 

Seamen,  St.  Nicholas,  who  once  was  in  danger  of 
shipwreck ;  and  St.  Christopher,  who  was  a  ferrvnian. 

Shepherds  and  their  Flocks,  St  Windeiine,  who 
kept  sheep,  like  David. 

Shoemakers,  St  Crispin,  who  made  shoes. 

Silversmiths,  St  Eloy,  who  worked  in  gold  and 
silver. 

Slaves,  St  CyriL  This  is  a  pun  ;  he  was  "  The  Apostle 
of  the  Slavi." 

Soothsavers,  etc.,  St.  Agabus  (A  cts  xxi.  10). 

SPtjRTSMEN,  St  Hubert.     (See  above,  "Huntsmen.") 

Statuaries,  St  Veronica.  (See  above,  "Portrait- 
painters.") 

Stonemasons,  St  Peter  (John  i.  42). 

Students,  St  Catharine,  noted  for  her  greatlearning. 

Surgeons,  St.  Cosme,  who  practised  medicine  in  Cilicia 
gratuitously  (died  310). 

Sweethearts,  St  Valentine,  because  in  the  Middle 
Ages  ladies  held  their  "  courts  of  love  "  about  this  time. 
(See  Valentine.) 

Swineherds  and  Swine,  St  Anthony. 

Tailors,  St  Goodman,  who  was  a  tailor. 

Tanners,  St  Clement  the  son  of  a  tanner. 

Tax-collectors,  St.  Mattlicw  (Matt.  ix.  9). 

Tent.makebs,  St  Paul  and  St.  AquUa,  who  were  tent- 
makers  (Acts  xviij.  3). 

Thieves,  St.  Dismas,  the  penitent  thief.  St  Ethel- 
bert  and  St  Elian  ward  off  thieves. 

Travellers,  St.  Raphael,  because  he  assumed  the 
guise  of  a  traveller  in  order  to  guide  Tobias  from  Nineveh 
to  PiiigSs  (Tobit  v.). 

Vi.ntnebs  .and  Vineyards,  St  Urban. 

Virgins.  St.  Winifred  and  St  Nicliol.os. 

Wheelwrights,  St.  Boniface,  the  son  of  a  wheelwrii 

WiGMAKEBS,  St  Luuis. 

Wise  Men,  St  Cosme,  St  Damian,  and  St  Catharii 
WooLCOMBERS  and  Staplers,  St  Blaise,  who  was 
to  pieces  by  "combes  of  yren." 

Sakhar,  the  devil  who  stole  Solomoi 
signet.  The  tale  is  that  Solomon,  wh^ 
he  washed,  entrusted  his  signet-ring  to 
his  favourite  concubine  Amina.  Sakhar 
one  day  assumed  the  appearance  of  Solo- 
mon, got  possession  of  the  ring,  and  sat 
on  the  throne  as  the  king.  During  this 
usurpation,  Solomon  became  a  beggar, 
but  in  forty  days  Sakhar  flew  away,  and 
flung  the  signet-ring  into  the  sea.  It  was 
swallowed  by  a  fish,  the  fish  was  caught 
and  sold  to  Solomon,  the  ring  was  re- 
covered, and  Sakhar  was  thrown  into  the 
sea  of  Galilee  with  a  great  stone  round 
his  neck. — Jallalo'ddin,  Al  Zamakh.  (Si 
Fish  and  the  Ring,  p.  336.) 

Sakhrat  [^Sak.rah'^,  the  sacred  stone 
on  which  mount  Kaf  rests.  Mount  Kaf 
is  a  circular  plain,  the  home  of  giants  and 
fairies.  Any  one  who  possesses  a  single 
grain  of  the  stone  Sakhrat,  has  the  power 


'SI 

I 


■e-      ( 
be      I 

ae     r 


SAKIA. 


863 


SALEM. 


of  working  miracles.  Its  colour  is 
emerald,  and  its  reflection  gives  the  blue 
tint  to  the  sky. — Mohammedan  Mythology. 

Sa'kia,  the  dispenser  of  rain,  one  of 
the  four  gods  of  the  Adites  (2  syl.), 

Sakia,  we  invoked  for  rain  ; 
We  called  on  Kazeka  for  food  ; 
Ibey  (I'd  not  liear  our  prayers — they  could  not  hear. 
No  cloud  appeared  in  heaven, 
Y<i  nightlv  dews  came  down. 

SouUiey.  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  I.  24  (1797). 

Sakunta'la,  daughter  of  Viswamita 
and  a  water-nymph,  abandoned  by  her 
parents,  and  brought  up  by  a  hermit. 
One  day,  king  Dushyanta  came  to  the 
hermitage,  and  persuaded  Sakuntala  to 
marry  him.  In  due  time  a  son  was 
born,  but  Dushyanta  left  his  bride  at  the 
hermitage.  When  the  boy  was  six  years 
old,  his  mother  took  him  to  the  king,  and 
Dushyanta  recognized  his  wife  by  a  ring 
which  he  had  given  her.  Sakuntala  was 
now  publicly  proclaimed  queen,  and  the 
boy  (whose  name  was  Bharata)  became 
the  founder  of  the  glorious  race  of  the 
Bharatas. 

This  storj'-  forms  the  plot  of  the  famous 
drama  Sakuntala  by  Kalidasa,  well  known 
to  us  through  the  translation  of  sir  W. 
Jones. 

Sakya-Muni,  the  founder  of  Bud- 
dhism. Sakya  is  the  family  name  of 
Siddhartha,  and  muni  means  "a  recluse." 
Buddha  ("perfection")  is  a  title  given  to 
Siddhartha. 

SalacacaTbia  or  Salacacaby,  a  soup 
said  to  have  been  served  at  the  table  of 
Apiclus. 

Bruise  in  a  mortar  parsley  seed,  dried  peneryal,  dried 
mint,  ginger,  green  coriander,  stoned  raisins,  Iwney, 
vinegar,  oil,  and  wine.  Put  tliem  into  a  caci»l)iilum,  witii 
three  crusts  of  Pycentine  bread,  tl»e  flesh  of  a  pullet,  vestine 
cheese,  pine-kernels,  ciu-unil)ers,  and  dried  onions  minced 
small.  Pour  soup  over  the  whole,  garnish  with  snow,  and 
servo  up  in  the  cacabulum. — King,  The  A  rt  of  Cookery. 

Sal'ace  (3  syl.)  or  Salacia,  wife  of 
Keptune,  and  mother  of  Triton. 

Triton,  who  l>o.ists  his  high  Neptunian  race. 
Sprung  from  the  god  by  Salace's  embrace. 

Camoens,  Lutiad,  vi.  (1572). 

Salad  Days,  days  of  green  youth, 
while  the  blood  is  still  cool. 

[Thoie  were]  my  salad  days  1 
When  I  was  green  in  judgment,  cold  in  blood. 
Shakespeare,  Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  i.  sc.  6  (1608). 

Saradin,  the  soldan  of  the  East.  Sir 
W.  Scott  introduces  him  in  The  'Talisman^ 
first  as  Sheerkohf  emir  of  Kurdistan, 
and  subsequently  as  Adonbeck  el  Hakim' 
the  physician. 

Salamanca,  the  reputed  home  of 
witchcraft  and  devilry  in  De  Lancre's 
time  (1610). 


Salamanca  {The  Bachelor  of),  the  title 
and  hero  of  a  novel  by  Lesage.  The 
name  of  tire  bachelor  is  don  Cherubim, 
who  is  placed  in  all  sorts  of  situations 
suitable  to  the  author's  vein  of  satire 
(1704). 

Salamander  {A).  Prester  John,  in 
his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus  emperor 
of  Constantinople,  describes  the  sala- 
mander as  a  worm,  and  says  it  makes 
cocoons  like  a  silkworm.  These  cocoons, 
being  unwound  by  the  ladies  of  the 
palace,  are  spun  into  dresses  for  the 
imperial  women.  The  dresses  are  washed 
in  flames,  and  not  in  water.  This,  of 
course,  is  asbestos. 

Sala'nio,  a  friend  to  Anthonio  and 
Bassanio.  —  Shakespeare,  Merchant  of 
Venice  (1598). 

Salari'no,  a  friend  to  Anthonio  and 
Bassanio.  —  Shakespeare,  Merchant  of 
Venice  (1598). 

Sa'leh.  The  Thamudites  (3  syl.) 
proposed  that  Saleh  should,  by  miracle, 
prove  that  Jehovah  was  a  God  superior  to 
their  own.  Prince  Jonda  said  he  would 
believe  it,  if  Saleh  made  a  camel,  big 
with  young,  come  out  of  a  certain  rock 
which  he  pointed  out.  Saleh  did  so,  and 
Jonda  was  converted. 

(The  Thamiidites  were  idolators,  and 
Saleh  the  prophet  was  sent  to  bring  them 
back  to  the  worship  of  Jehovah.) 

SdMi's  CaTnel.  The  camel  thus  miracu- 
lously produced,  used  to  go  about  the 
town,  crying  aloud,  "  Ho  !  every  one  that 
wanteth  milk,  let  him  come,  and  1  will 
give  it  him." — Sale,  Al  Koran,  vii.  notes. 
(See  Isaiah  Iv.  1.) 

Sa'leh,  son  of  Faras'che  (3  syl.)  queen 
of  a  powerful  under-sea  empire.  His 
sister  was  Gulna're  (3  syl.)  empress  of 
Persia.  Saleh  asked  the  king  of  Saman- 
dal,  another  under-sea  emperor,  to  give  his 
daughter  Giauha're  in  marriage  to  prince 
Beder,  son  of  Gulnare ;  but  the  proud, 
passionate  despot  ordered  the  prince's 
head  to  be  cut  off  for  such  presumptuous 
insolence.  However,  Saleh  made  his 
escape,  invaded  Samandal,  took  the  king 
prisoner,  and  the  marriage  between  Beder 
and  the  princess  Giauhare  was  duly  cele- 
brated.—  Arabian  Nights  ("Beder  and 
Giauhare"). 

Sa'lem,  a  young  seraph,  one  cf  the 
two  tutelar  angels  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and 
of  John  the  Divine,  "for  God  had  given 
to  John  two  tutelar  augels,  the  cliief  of 


SALEMAL. 


864 


SALVAGE  KNIGHT. 


whom  was  Raph'ael,  one  of  the  most 
exalted  seraphs  of  the  hierarchy  of 
heaven."  —  Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  iii. 
a748). 

Sal'emal,  the  preserver  in  sickness, 
one  of  the  four  gods  of  the  Adites  (2 
SI/ 1.). — D'Herbelot,  Bibliotkeque  Orientate 
(1097). 

Salem'  or  Saler'no,  in  Italy,  cele- 
brated for  its  school  of  medicine. 

Even  Uie  doctors  of  Salem 

Send  me  back  word  they  can  discern 

No  cure  for  a  malady  like  this. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Salian  Franks.  So  called  from  the 
Ishla  or  Yssel,  in  Holland.  They  were  a 
branch  of  the  Sicambri ;  hence  when  Clovis 
was  baptized  at  Rheims,  the  old  prelate 
addressed  him  as  *'Sigambrian,"  and  said 
that  "he  must  henceforth  set  at  nought 
what  he  had  hitherto  worshipped,  and 
worship  what  he  had  hitherto  set  at 
nought." 

Salisbury  {Earl  of),  William  Long- 
sword,  natural  son  of  Henry  II.  and 
Jane  Clifford,  "The  Fair  Rosamond." 
—Shakespeare,  Kiwj  John  (1596)  ;  sir 
W.  Scott,   The  Talisman  (time,  Richard 

Sallust  of  France  (T/ie).  Cesar 
Vichard  (1 639-1692)  was  so  called  by 
Voltaire. 

Sal'macis,  softness,  effeminacy. 
SalmScis  is  a  fountain  of  Caria,  near 
Halicarnassus,  which  rendered  soft  and 
effeminate  those  who  bathed  therein. 

Beneath  the  woman's  and  the  water's  kiss. 
Thy  moist  limbs  melted  into  Salniacis  .  .  • 
And  all  the  boy's  breath  softened  into  sighs. 

Swinburne,  Hermaphroditttt, 

Salmigondin  or  "  Salmygondin,"  a 
lordship  of  Dipsody,  given  bj'  Pantag'ruel 
to  Panurge  (2  syl.),  Alcofribas,  who  had 
resided  six  months  in  the  giant's  mouth 
without  his  knowing  it,  was  made  castellan 
of  the  castle. — Rabelais,  Pantag'ruel,  ii. 
32;  iii.  2  (1533-45). 

The  lordship  of  Salmygondin  was  worth  67  million 
pounds  sterling  per  annum  in  "certain  rent,"  and  an 
annual  revenue  for  locusts  and  periwinkles,  varying  from 
£24,357  to  12  millions  in  a  good  year,  when  the  exports  of 
locust*  and  periwinkles  were  flourishing.  Panurge,  how- 
ever, could  not  make  the  two  ends  meet  At  the  close  of 
"less  tiian  fourteen  days"  he  had  forestalled  three  years' 
rent  and  revenue,  and  had  to  apply  to  Paiitagruel  to  pay 
his  Ae:h\&.—Pantagruel,  iii.  2. 

Salmo'neus  (3  syl.),  king  of  Elis, 
wishing  to  be  thought  a  god,  used  to 
imitate  thunder  and  lightning  by  driving 
his  chariot  over  a  brazen  bridge,  and 
darting  burning  torches  on  every  side. 


He  was  killed  by  lightning  for  hia  im- 
piety and  folly. 

Salmoneus,  who  while  he  his  carroach  drare 

Over  the  brazen  bridge  of  Elis*  stream, 
And  did  with  artificial  thunder  brave 
Jove,  till  he  pierced  him  with  a  lightning  beam. 
Lord  Brooke,  Treatise  on  MonarcMe,  vl 
It  was  to  be   the  literary  Salmoueug  of  the  political 
Jupit«r. — Lord  Lytton. 

Sa'lo,  a  rivulet  now  called  Xalon,  near 
Bilbilis,  in  Celtiberia.  This  river  is  so 
exceedingly  cold  that  the  Spaniards  used 
to  plunge  their  swords  into  it  while  they 
were  hot  from  the  forge.  The  best 
Spanish  blades  owe  their  stubborn  temper 
to  the  icy  coldness  of  this  brook, 

Saevo  Bilbilin  optimam  metallo 
Et  ferro  Plateam  suo  sonantem, 
Quam  fluctu  tenui  sed  inquieto 
Armorum  Salo  temperator  ambit 

Martial,  Spigrammata. 
Prjecipua  his  quidem  ferri  materia,  sed  aqua  ipsa  ferro 
Tiolentior ;  qtiippe  temperament*  ejus  ferruni  acnuj 
redditur;  nee  uUum  apad  eos  telum  probatur  quod  non 
aut  in  Bilbili  fluvio  aut  Clialybe  tingntur.  Unde  etiatn 
Chalyhes  fluvii  hujus  tinitimi  appellati,  ferroque  ceteris 
praestare  dicuntur. — Justin,  JlUtoria  Philippica,  xliv. 

Salome  and  the  Baptist.  When 
Salome  delivered  the  liead  of  John  the 
Baptist  to  her  mother,  Herodias  pulled 
out  the  tongue  and  stabbed  it  with  her 
bodkin. 

When  the  head  of  Cicero  was  delivered 
to  INIarc  Anton}-,  his  wife  Fulvia  pulled 
out  the  tongue  and  stabbed  it  repeatedly 
with  her  bodkin. 


Salopia,  Shropshire. 


Admired  Salopia!  that  with  venial  pride 
Eyes  lier  bright  form  in  Severn's  amliientware; 

Famed  for  her  loyal  cares  in  perils  tried. 
Her  daughters  lovely,  and  her  striplings  brave. 

Shenstone,  The  School miitrets  (1758). 

Salsabil,  a  fountain  of  paradise,  the 
water  of  which  is  called  Zenjebil.  The 
word  Salsabil  means  "that  which  goes 
pleasantly  down  the  throat ; "  and  Zen- 
jebil means  "ginger"  (which  the  Arabs 
mix  with  the  water  that  they  drink). 

God  shall  reward  the  righteous  with  a  garden,  and  silk 
garments.  They  shall  repose  on  couches.  They  shall  see 
there  neither  sun  nor  moon  .  .  .  the  fruit  thereof  i-hall 
hang  low,  so  as  to  be  easily  gathered.  Tlie  bottles  shall  be 
silver  shining  like  glass,  and  the  wine  sh;ill  l>e  mixed  with 
the  water  Zenjebil.  a  fountain  in  paradise  named  SalsabiL 
— Sale's  Kordn,  Ixxvi. 

Salt  River  {To  row  up),  to  go 
against  the  stream,  to  suffer  a  political 
defeat. 

Tliere  Is  a  small  stream  called  the  Salt  River  In  Ken- 
tucky, noted  for  its  tortuous  course  and  numerous  bnrs. 
Ttie  phrase  is  applied  to  one  who  has  the  tiisk  of  propelling 
the  boat  up  the  stream  ;  but  in  political  slang  it  is  applied 
to  these  who  are  "  rowed  up."— J.  Iiiman. 

Salvage  Knight  {The),  sir  Ar- 
thegal,  called  Artegal  from  bk.  iv.  6. 
The  hero  of  bk.  v.  {Justice). — Spenser, 
Fa^ry  Queen  (1596). 


SALVATOR  ROSA. 


8G5 


SAMIASA. 


Salva'tor  Hosa  (  Tlie  Enqlish),  John 
Hamilton  Mortimer  (1741-1779). 

Salvato're  (4  syL),  Salva'tor  Rosa, 
an  Italian  painter,  especially  noted  for 
his  scenes  of  brigands,  etc.  (1615-1673). 

But,  ever  and  anon,  to  soothe  your  vision. 

Fatigued  with  these  hereditary  glories, 
There  rose  a  Carlo  Dolce  or  a  Titian, 
Or  wilder  group  of  savage  Salvatore's. 

Byron,  Don  Juuh,  xiii.  71  (1824). 

Sam.  a  gentleman,  the  friend  of 
Francis'co. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
Mons.  Thomas  (1619). 

Sam,  one  of  the  Know-Nothings  or 
Native  American  party.  One  of  "Uncle 
Sam's  "  sons. 

Sam  (Dicky),  a  Liverpool  man. 

Sam  (Uncle),  the  United  States  of 
North  America,  or  rather  the  government 
of  the  states  personified.  So  called  from 
Samuel  Wilson,  uncle  of  Ebenezer 
Wilson.  Ebenezer  was  inspector  of 
Elbert  Anderson's  store  on  the  Hudson, 
and  Samuel  superintended  the  workmen. 
The  stores  were  marked  E'A.  U'S. 
("  Elbert  Anderson,  United  States"),  but 
the  workmen  insisted  that  U'S.  stood 
for  "  Uncle  Sam." — Mr.  Frost. 

Sam     Silverquill,     one     of    the 

prisoners  at  Portanferry. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  H.). 

Sam.  Weller,  servant  of  Mr.  Pick- 
wick. The  impersonation  of  the  shrewd- 
ness, quaint  humour,  and  best  qualities 
of  cockney  low  life. — C.  Dickens,  The 
\J*ickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Sa'mael  (3  syL),  the  prince  of 
lemons,  who,  in  the  guise  of  a  serpent, 
smpted  Eve  in  paradise.     (See  Samiel.) 

Sam.andal,   the   largest   and   most 

)werl'ul  of  the  under-sea  empires.     The 

ihabitants   of  these  empires   live  under 

rater  without  being  wetted  ;   transport 

lemselves  instantaneously    from    place 

llto  place  ;  can  live  on  our  earth  or  in  the 

llsland  of  the  Moon  ;  are  great  sorcerers  ; 

md  speak  the  language  of  "  Solomon's 

Jal." — Arabian  Nig  hts(^''BQdi&T  and  Giau- 

ire"). 

Samarcand  Apple,  a  perfect 
inacea  of  all  diseases.     It  was  bought 

)y  prince  Ahmed,  and  was  instrumental 
restoring    Nouroun'nihar    to    perfect 

iealth,   although  at  the  very  point    of 

death. 

Ill  fact,  sir,  there  is  no  disease,  however  painful  or 
dangerous,  whether  fever,  vleu'isy.  plague,  or  any  other 
disorder,  but  it  will  instantly  cure ;  and  that  in  the  easiest 

37 


possible  way :  It  is  simply  to  make  the  sick  i)erson  amell 
of  the  apple.— .((raWan  Night*  ("Aiimed  and  Pari- 
Banou  "). 

Sam.'benites  \_Sam'  .h€.neetz],T^er&on^ 
dressed  in  the  samhenlto,  a  yellow  coat 
without  sleeves,  having  devils  painted 
on  it.  The  sambenito  was  worn  by 
"  heretics  "  on  their  way  to  execution. 

And  blow  us  up  i'  the  open  streets. 
Disguised  in  rumps,  like  sanibenites. 

S.  Butler,  mtdibroi,  iii.  2  (1678). 

Sambo,  any  male  of  the  negro  race. 

No  race  has  shown  such  capabilities  of  adaptation  to 
varying  soil  and  circumstances  as  the  negro.  Alike  to 
them  the  snows  of  Canada,  the  rocky  land  of  New  Eng- 
land or  the  gorgeous  profusion  of  the  Southern  States. 
Sambo  and  Cuifcy  expand  under  them  all — H.  Beecher 
Stowe. 

Sam.'eri  (Al),  the  proselyte  who 
cast  the  golden  calf  at  the  bidding  of 
Aaron.  After  he  had  made  it,  he  took 
up  some  dust  on  which  Gabriel's  horse 
had  set  its  feet,  threw  it  into  the  calf's 
mouth,  and  immediately  the  calf  became 
animated  and  began  to  low.  Al  Bei- 
dawi  says  that  Al  Sameri  was  not  really 
a  proper  name,  but  that  the  real  name  of 
the  artificer  was  Musa  ebn  Dhafar.  Sel- 
den  says  Al  Sameri  means  "the  keeper," 
and  that  Aaron  was  so  called,  because  he 
was  the  keeper  or  "  guardian  of  the 
people." — Selden,  De  Diis  Syris,  i.  4  (see 
Al  Koran,  ii.  notes). 

Sa'mian  (The  Long-ffaired),'Pytha- 
goras  or  Budda  Ghooroos,  a  native  of 
Samos  (sixth  century  B.C.). 

Samian  He'ra.  Hera  or  Here,  wife 
of  Zeus,  was  born  at  Samos.  She  was 
worshipped  in  Egypt  as  well  as  in 
Greece. 

Sam.ian  Letter  (T/ie),  the  letter  Y, 
used  by  Pythagoras  as  an  emblem  of  the 
path  of  virtue  and  of  vice.  Virtue  is 
like  the  stem  of  the  letter.  Once  deviated 
from,  the  further  the  lines  are  extended 
the  wider  the  divergence  becomes. 

When  reason,  doubtful,  like  the  Samian  letter. 
Points  him  two  ways,  the  narrower  the  better. 

Pope,  The  Danciad,  iv.  (1742). 
Et  tibi  quae  Samios  diduxit  litera  ramos. 

Persius,  Satiret. 

Sam,ian  Sa^e  (The),  Pythagoras, 
born  at  Samos  (sixth  century  B.C.). 

'Tis  enough 
In  this  late  age,  adventurous  to  have  touched 
Light  on  the  numbers  of  the  Samian  Sage. 

Thomson. 

Samias'a,  a  seraph,  in  love  with 
Aholiba'mah  the  granddaughter  of  Cain, 
When  the  Flood  came,  the  seraph  carried 
off  his  innamorata  to  another  planet.— 
Byron,  Heaven  and  Earth  (1819). 
3   K 


SAMIEL. 


8G6 


SANCHA. 


Sa'miel,  the  Black  Huntsman  of  the 
Wolf's  Glen,  who  gave  to  Dor  Freischiitz 
seven  balls,  six  of  which  were  to  hit 
whatever  the  marksman  aimed  at,  but 
the  seventh  was  to  be  at  the  disposal  of 
Samiel.  (See  Samaei..)— Weber,  Der 
Freisclmtz  (libretto  by  Kind,  1822). 

Samiel  Wind  {The),  the  simooip. 

Burning  and  headlong  as  the  Samiel  wind. 

T.  Moore,  Lalla  Jiookh,  i.  (1817). 

Samient,  the  female  ambassador  of 
queen  Mercilla  to  queen  Adicia  (wife  of 
the  soldan).  Adicia  treated  her  with 
great  contumely,  thrust  her  out  of  doors, 
and  induced  two  knights  to  insult  her ; 
but  sir  Artegal,  coming  up,  drove  at  one 
of  the  unmannerly  knights  with  such 
fury  as  to  knock  him  from  his  horse  and 
break  his  neck. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen, 
V.  (1596). 

(This  refers  to  the  treatment  of  the 
deputies  sent  by  the  states  of  Holland  to 
Spain  for  the  redress  of  grievances. 
Philip  ("the  soldan")  detained  the 
deputies  as  prisoners,  disregarding  the 
sacred  rights  of  their  office  as  ambas- 
sadors.) 

Sam'ite  (2  syL),  a  very  rich  silk, 
sometimes  interwoven  with  gold  or  silver 
thread. 

...  an  ann 
Rose  up  from  the  bosom  of  the  Lake, 
Clothed  in  white  samite. 

Tennyson,  Morte  d' Arthur  (1858). 

Sarn'ma,  the  demoniac  that  John 
' '  the  Beloved  "  could  not  exorcise.  Jesus, 
coming  from  the  Mount  of  Olives,  re- 
buked Satan,  who  quitted  "the  possessed," 
and  left  him  in  his  right  mind. — Klopstock, 
The  Messiah,  ii.  (1748). 

Sam'oed  Shore  (27ie).  Samoi'edais 
a  province  of  Muscovy,  contiguous  to  the 
Frozen  Sea. 

Now,  from  the  north 
Of  Norumtega,  and  the  Samoed  shore,  .  .  . 
Boreas  and  Cajcias  .  .  .  rend  the  woods,  and  sea"!  upturn, 
Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  x.  695  (1665). 

Sampson,  one  of  Capulet's  servants. 
— Shakespeare,  Romeo  and  Juliet  (1597). 

Samp'son,  a  foolish  advocate,  kinsman 
of  judge  Vertaigne  (2  syl^. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  The  Little  French  Lawyer 
(1647). 

Sampson  {Dominie)  or  Abel  Sampson, 
tutor  to  Harry  Bertram  son  of  the  laird  of 
Ellangowan.  One  of  the  best  creations 
of  romance.  His  favourite  exclamation 
is  "Prodigious!"  Dominie  Sampson  is 
very  learned,  simple,  and  green.  Sir 
Walter  describes  him  as  "a  poor,  modest, 


humble  scholar,  who  had  won  his  way 
through  the  classics,  but  fallen  to  the  lee- 
ward in  the  voyage  of  life." — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

His  appearance  puritanical.  Ilagged  black  clothes,  blue 
worsted  stockings,  pewter-headed  long  cane. — Guy  Man- 
nering (dramatized),  i.  2. 

Sampson  {George),  a  friend  of  the 
Wilfer  family.  He  adored  Bella  Wilfer, 
but  married  her  youngest  sister  Lavinia. 
— C.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Fi^icnd  (1864), 

Samson  {The  British),  Thomas  Top- 
ham  (1710-1749). 

Samson  Agonistes  (4  syl.),  "  Sam- 
son the  Combatant,"  a  sacred  drama  by 
Milton,  showing  Samson  blinded  and 
bound,  but  triumphant  over  his  enemies, 
who  sent  for  him  to  make  sport  by  feats 
of  strength  on  the  feast  of  D.agon. 
Having  amused  the  multitude  for  a  time, 
he  was  allowed  to  rest  awhile  against 
the  "  grand  stand,"  and,  twining  his  arms 
round  two  of  the  supporting  pillars,  he 
pulled  the  whole  edifice  down,  and  died 
himself  in  the  general  devastation  (1632). 

Samson's  Cro'wn,  an  achievement 
of  great  renown,  which  costs  the  life  of 
the  doer  thereof.  Samson's  greatest  ex- 
ploit was  pulling  down  the  "grand 
stand "  occupied  by  the  chief  magnates 
of  Philistia  at  the  feast  of  Dagon.  By 
this  deed,  "he  slew  at  his  death  more  than 
[all]  they  which  he  slew  in  his  life." — 
Judges  xvi.  30. 

And  by  self-ruin  seek  a  Samson's  crown 
Lord  Brooke,  Inquisition  upon  Fame,  etc.  (1554-1628), 

San  Ben'ito,  a  short  linen  dresi 
with  demons  painted  on  it,  worn  by  pe: 
sons  condemned  by  the  Inquisition 

For  some  time  the  "traitor  Newman"  was  solemi 
paraded  in  inquisitorial  san  benito  before  the  enligbtei 
public— K.  Yates,  Celebrities,  xxii. 

San  Bris  {Contedi),  father  of  Valen- 
ti'na.  During  the  Bartholomew  slaughter, 
his  daughter  and  her  husband  (liaoul) 
were  both  shot  by  a  party  of  musketeers, 
under  the  count's  command. — Meyerbeer, 
Les  Huguenots  (opera,  1836). 

Sancha,  daughter  of  Garcias  king  of 
Navarre,  and  wife  of  Fernan  Gonsalez 
of  Gastile.  Sancha  twice  saved  the  life 
of  her  husband :  when  he  was  cast  into 
a  dungeon  by  some  personal  enemies  who 
waylaid  him,  she  liberated  him  by  bribing 
the  jailer  ;  and  when  he  was  incarcerated 
at  Leon,  she  effected  hisescape  by  changing 
clothes  with  him. 

The  countess  of  Nithsdale  effected  the 
escape  of  her  husband  from  the  Tower, 
1715,  by  changing  clothes  with  him. 


J). 

M 


he 

I 


SANCHEZ  II. 


867 


SANGLIER. 


The  countess  de  Lcavalette,  in  1815, 
libemted  her  husband,  under  sentence  of 
death,  in  the  same  way  ;  but  the  terror  she 
suffered  so  affected  her  nervous  system 
that  she  lost  her  senses,  and  never  after- 
wards recovered  them. 

San'chez  II.  of  Castile  was  killed  at 
the  battle  of  Zamo'ra,  1065. 

It  was  when  brave  king  Sanchez 
Was  before  Zaniora  slain. 

Longfellow,  The  Chai/enge. 

Sanchi'ca,  eldest  daughter  of  Sancho 
and  Teresa  Panza. — Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote  (1605-15). 

Sancho  {Don),  a  rich  old  beau,  uncle 
to  Victoria.  "  He  affects  the  misde- 
meanours of  a  youth,  hides  his  baldness 
with  amber  locks,  and  complains  of  tooth- 
ache, to  make  people  believe  that  his  teeth 
jire  not  false  ones."  Don  Sancho  "loves 
in  the  style  of  Koderigo  I." — Mrs.  Cowley, 
A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband  (1782). 

Sancho  Panza,  the  'squire  of  don 
Quixote.  A  short,  pot-bellied  peasant, 
with  plenty  of  shrewdness  and  good 
common  sense.  He  rode  upon  an  ass 
which  he  dearly  loved,  and  was  noted  for 
his  proverbs. 

Sancho  Fanza's  Ass,  Dapple. 

Sancho  Panza' s  Island-City,  Barataria, 
where  he  was  for  a  time  governor. 

Sancho  Panza' s  Wife,  Teresa  [Cascajo" 
(pt.  II.  i.  5)  ;  Maria  or  Mary  [Gutierez^ 
(pt.  II.  iv.  7)  ;  Dame  Juana  [Gutierez' 
(pt.  I.  i.  7)  ;  and  Joan  (pt.  I.  iv.  21).— 
Cervantes,  Don  Quixote  (1605-15). 

*^*  The  model  painting  of  Sancho 
Panza  is  by  Leslie  ;  it  is  called  "  Sancho 
and  the  Duchess." 

Sanchoni'athonor  Sanchoniatho. 
Kine  books  ascribed  to  this  author  were 
published  at  Bremen  in  1837.  The 
original  was  said  to  have  been  discovered 
in  the  convent  of  St.  Maria  de  Merinhao, 
by  colonel  Pereira,  a  Portuguese  ;  but  it 
was  soon  ascertained  that  no  such  convent 
existed,  that  there  was  no  colonel  of  the 
name  of  Pereira  in  the  Portuguese  service, 
and  that  the  paper  bore  the  water-mark 
of  the  Osnabriick  paper-mills.  (See  Im- 
postors, LiTERAKY.) 

Sanct-Cyr  {Hugh  de),  the  seneschal 
of  king  Rene,  at  Aix.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Saney  Diamond  ( The)  weighs  53§ 
carats,  and  belonged  to  Charles  "the 
Bold  "  of  Burgundy.  It  was  bought,  in 
1495,  by  Emmanuel  of  Portugal,  and  was 
sold,  in  1680,  by  don  Antonio  to  the  sieur 


de  Sancy,  in  whose  famil3Mt  remained  for 
a  century.  The  sieur  deposited  it  with 
Henri  IV.  as  a  security  for  a  loan  of  money. 
The  servant  entrusted  with  it,  being 
attacked  by  robbers,  swallowed  it,  and 
being  murdered,  the  diamond  was  re- 
covered by  Nicholas  de  Harlay.  We 
next  hear  of  it  in  the  possession  of 
James  II.  of  England,  who  carried  it  with 
him  in  his  flight,  in  1688.  Louis  XIV. 
bought  it  of  him  for  £25,000.  It  was 
sold  in  the  Revolution ;  Napoleon  I.  re- 
bought  it;  in  1825  it  was  sold  to  Paul 
Demidoff  for  £80,000.  The  prince  sold 
it,  in  1830,  to  M.  Levrat,  administrator  of 
the  Mining  Society  ;  but  as  Levrat  failed 
in  his  engagement,  the  diamond  became, 
in  1832,  the  subject  of  a  lawsuit,  which, 
was  given  in  favour  of  the  prince.  We 
next  hear  of  it  in  Bombay ;  in  1867  it 
was  transmitted  to  England  by  the  firm 
of  Forbes  and  Co.  ;  in  1873  it  formed  part 
of  "  the  crown  necklace,"  worn  by  Mary  of 
Sachsen  Altenburg  on  her  marriage  with 
Albert  of  Prussia ;  in  1876,  in  the  in- 
vestiture of  the  Star  of  India  by  the 
prince  of  Wales,  in  Calcutta,  Dr.  W.  H. 
Russell  tells  us  it  was  worn  as  a  pendant 
by  the  maharajah  of  Puttiala. 

*^*  Streeter,  in  his  book  of  Precious 
Stones  and  Gems,  120  (1877),  tells  us  it 
belongs  to  the  czar  of  Russia,  but  if  Dr. 
Russell  is  correct,  it  must  have  been  sold 
to  the  maharajah. 

Sand  {George).  Her  birth  name  was 
Amantine  Lucile  Aurore  Dupin,  after- 
wards Dudevant  (1804-1877). 

Sand-Bag.  Only  knights  were  al- 
lowed to  fight  with  lance  and  sword  ; 
meaner  men  used  an  ebon  staff,  to  one  end 
of  which  was  fastened  a  sa'nd-bag. 

Engaged  with  money-ba^,  as  bold 
As  men  witll  sand-bags  did  of  old. 

S.  Butler,  Uiuiibrai  (1663-78). 

San'dabar,  an  Arabian  writer,  about 
a  century  before  the  Christian  era,  famous 
for  his  Parables. 

It  was  nimoured  he  uould  say 
The  Parables  of  Sandabar. 
Longfellow,  The  Wayiide  Jim  (prelude,  1863). 

Sanden,  the  great  palace  of  king  Lion, 
in  the  beast-epic  of  Peynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Sandford  {Harry),  the  companion  of 
Tommy  Merton. — Thomas  Day,  History 
of  Sandford  and  Merton  (1783-9). 

San'glamore  (3  syl.),  the  sword  of 
Braggadochio. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii, 
(1590). 

Sanglier  {Sir),  a  knight  who  insisted 


SANGLIER  DES  ARDENNES. 


SANGRADO. 


on  changing  wives  with  a  squire,  and 
when  the  lady  objected,  he  cut  off  her 
head,  and  rode  off  with  the  squire's  wife. 
Being  brought  before  sir  Artegal,  sir 
Sanglier  insisted  that  the  living  lady 
was  his  wife,  and  that  the  dead  woman 
was  the  squire's  wife.  Sir  Artegal  com- 
manded that  the  living  and  dead  women 
should  both  be  cut  in  twain,  and  half  of 
each  be  given  to  the  two  litigants.  To 
this  sir  Sanglier  gladly  assented ;  but 
the  squire  objected,  declaring  it  would  be 
far  better  to  give  the  lady  to  the  knight 
than  that  she  should  suffer  death.  On 
this,  sir  Artegal  pronounced  the  living 
woman  to  be  the  squire's  wife,  and  the 
dead  one  to  be  the  knight's. — Spenser, 
Faery  Qiieen,  v.  1  (1596). 

("Sir  Sanglier"  is  meant  for  Shan 
O'Neil,  leader  of  the  Irish  insurgents  in 
1567.  Of  course,  this  judgment  is  bor- 
rowed from  that  of  Solomon,  1  Kings 
iii.  16-27.) 

Sanglier  des  Ardennes,  Guil- 
laume  de  la  Marck  (1446-1485). 

San^aal,  Sancgreal,  etc.,  gene- 
rally said  to  be  the  holy  plate  from  which 
Christ  ate  at  the  Last  Supper,  brought  to 
England  by  Joseph  of  Arimathy.  What- 
ever it  was,  it  appeared  to  king  Arthur 
and  his  150  knights  of  the  Round  Table, 
but  suddenly  vanished,  and  all  the  knights 
vowed  they  would  go  in  quest  thereof. 
Only  three,  sir  Bors,  sir  Percivale,  and 
sir  Galahad,  found  it,  and  only  sir  Gala- 
had touched  it,  but  he  soon  died,  and 
was  borne  by  angels  up  into  heaven. 
The  sangraal  of  Arthurian  romance  is 
"the  dish"  containing  Christ  transub- 
stantiated by  the  sacrament  of  the  Mass, 
and  made  visible  to  the  bodily  eye  of  man. 
This  will  appear  quite  obvious  to  the 
reader  by  the  following  extracts  : — 

Then  anon  they  lieard  cracking  and  crying  of  thunder. 
...  In  the  midst  of  the  bhist  entered  a  sunbeam  more 
clear  by  seven  times  than  the  day,  and  all  they  were 
alifihted  of  the  grace  of  the  Holy  Ghost  .  .  .  Then  there 
entered  into  the  hall  the  Holy  Grale  covered  with  white 
samite,  but  there  was  none  tliat  could  see  it,  nor  who 
bare  It,  but  the  whole  hall  was  full  filled  with  good 
odours,  and  every  knight  had  such  meat  and  drink  as  he 
best  loved  in  the  world,  and  when  the  Holy  Grale  had 
been  borne  through  the  hall,  then  the  holy  vessel  departed 
suddenly,  and  they  wist  not  where  it  became. — Ch.  35. 

Then  looked  they  and  saw  a  man  come  out  of  the  holy 
vessel,  that  had  all  the  signs  of  the  passion  of  Christ,  and 
he  said  ..."  This  is  the  holy  dish  wherein  1  ate  the  lamb 
on  Sher-Thursday,  and  now  hast  thou  seen  It .  .  .  yet  hast 
thou  not  seen  it  so  openly  as  thou  shalt  see  it  in  the  city 
of  Sarras  .  .  .  therefore  thou  must  go  hence  and  bear 
with  thee  this  holy  vessel,  for  this  night  it  shall  depart 
from  the  realm  of  Logris  .  .  .  and  take  with  thee  ,  ,  . 
Bir  Percivale  and  sir  Bors."— Ch.  101. 

So  departed  sir  Galahad,  and  sir  Percivale  and  sir  Bors 
with  him.  And  so  they  rode  three  days,  and  came  to  a 
river,  and  found  a  ship  .  .  .  and  when  on  board,  they 
found  In  the  midst  the  table  of  silver  and  the  Sancgreall 
covered  with  red  samite.  .  .  .  Then  sir  Galahad  laid  him 


down  and  slept  .  .  .  and  when  he  woke  ...  he  saw  the 
city  of  Sarras  (ch.  103).  ...  At  the  year's  end,  ...  he 
8;iw  before  him  the  holy  vessel,  and  a  man  kneeling  upon 
his  knees  in  the  likeness  of  the  bishop,  which  had  nlx)ut 
him  a  great  fellowship  of  angels,  as  it  had  been  Christ 
Himself  .  .  .  and  when  he  came  to  the  sakering  of  the 
Mass,  and  had  done,  anon  he  called  sir  Galahad,  and  said 
unto  him,  "  Come  forth,  .  .  .  and  thou  shalt  see  that 
which  thou  hast  much  desired  to  see  "...  and  he  beheld 
spiritual  things  .  .  .  (ch.  104).— Sir  T.  Malory,  HUtory  of 
Prince  Arthur,  iiL  35, 101,  104  (1470). 

The  earliest  story  of  the  holy  graal 
was  inverse  (a,d.  1100),  author  unknown. 

Chre'tien  de  Tro3'es  has  a  romance  in 
eight-syllable  verse  on  the  same  subject 
(1170). 

Guiot's  tale  of  Titurel  founder  of 
Graal-burg,  and  Varzival  prince  thereof, 
belongs  to  the  twelfth  century. 

Wolfram  von  Eschenbach,  a  minne- 
singer, took  Guiot's  tale  as  the  foundation 
of  his  poem  (thirteenth  century). 

In  Titurel  the  Younger  the  subject  is 
very  fully  treated. 

Sir  T.  Malory  (in  pt.  iii.  of  the  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  translated  in  1470  from 
the  French)  treats  the  subject  in  prose 
very  fully, 

R.  S.  Hawker  has  a  poem  on  the  San- 
graal, hut  it  was  never  completed. 

Tennvson  has  an  idyll  called  The  Holy 
Grail  (1858). 

Boissere'e  published,  in  1834,  at  Munich, 
a  work  On  the  Description  of  the  Temple 
of  the  Holy  Graal. 

Sangra'do  (Doctor),  of  Valladolid. 
This  is  the  "Sagredo"  of  Espinel's  ro- 
mance called  Marcos  de  Obregon.  "The 
doctor  was  a  tall,  meagre,  pale  man,  who 
had  kept  the  shears  of  Clotho  employed  for 
forty  years  at  least.  He  had  a  very  solemn 
appearance,  weighed  his  discourse,  and 
used  '  great  pomp  of  words.'  His  reason- 
ings were  geometrical,  and  his  opinions 
his  own."  Dr.  Sangrado  considered  that 
blood  was  not  needful  for  life,  and  that 
hot  water  could  not  be  administered  too 
plentifully  into  the  system.  Gil  Bias 
became  his  servant  and  pupil,  and  was 
allowed  to  drink  any  quantity  of  water, 
but  to  eat  only  sparingly  of  beans,  peas, 
and  stewed  apples. 

other  physicians  make  the  healing  art  consist  in  the 
knowledge  of  a  thousand  different  sciences,  but  I  go  a 
shorter  way  to  work,  and  spare  the  trouble  of  studying 
pharmacy,  anatomy,  botany,  and  physic.  Know,  then, 
that  all  which  is  required  is  to  bleed  the  patients  copiously, 
and  make  them  drink  warm  water.— Lesage,  OU  Bias,  il 
2  (1716). 

Dr.  Hancock  prescribed  cold  water  and 
stewed  prunes. 

Dr.  Rezio  of  Barataria  allowed  Sancho 
Panza  to  eat  "a  fcAV  wafers  and  a  thin 
slice  or  two  of  quince." — Cervantes,  Don^ 
Quixote,  II.  iii.  10  (1616). 


I 


SANJAK-SIIERIF. 


869 


SANTIAGO  FOR  SPAIN. 


Sanjak-Sherif,  the  banner  of  Ma- 
homet.    (See  p.  593.) 

Sansar,  the  icy  wind  of  death,  kept 
in  the  deepest  entrails  of  the  earth,  called 
in  Thalaba  "  Sarsar." 

She  passed  by  rapid  descents  known  only  to  Eblis,  .  .  , 
and  thus  penetrated  the  very  entrails  of  the  earth,  where 
breathes  the  Sansar  or  icy  wind  of  death. — W.  BeckXord, 
Yathek  (1784). 

Sansculottes  (3  syL),  a  low,  riff-raff 
party  in  the  great  French  Revolution,  so 
shabby  in  dress  that  they  were  termed 
"the  trouser-less."  The  culotte  is  the 
breeches,  called  brccck  by  the  ancient 
Gauls,  and  hauts-de-chausses  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  IX. 

Sansculottisra,  red  republicanism, 
or  the  revolutionary  platform  of  the  Sans- 
culottes. 

The  duke  of  Brunswick,  at  the  head  of  a  largo  army, 
invaded  France  to  restore  Louis  XVI.  to  the  throne,  and 
save  legitimacy  from  the  sacrilegious  hands  of  sansculot- 
tism.— O.  H.  Lewes,  Story  of  Goethe' t  Life. 

Literary  Sansculottism,  literature  of  a 
loyr  character,  like  that  of  the  "Minerva 
Press,"  the  "  Leipsic  Fair,"  *' Holly  well 
Street,"  "  Grub  Street,"  and  so  on. 

Sansfoy,  a  "faithless  Saracen,"  who 
attacked  the  Red  Cross  Knight,  but  was 
slain  by  him.  "  He  cared  for  neither 
God  nor  man."  Sansfoy  personifies  in- 
fidelity. 

Sansfoy,  full  large  of  limb  and  every  joint 

He  was,  and  cared  not  for  God  or  man  a  point. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  2  (1590). 

Sansjoy,  brother  of  Sansfoy.  When 
he  came  to  the  court  of  LucifSra,  he 
noticed  the  shield  of  Sansfoy  on  the  arm 
of  the  Red  Cross  Knight,  and  his  rage 
was  so  great  that  he  was  with  difficulty 
restrained  from  running  on  the  champion 
there  and  then,  but  Lucifera  bade  him 
defer  the  combat  to  the  following  day. 
Next  day,  the  fight  began,  but  just  as  the 
Red  Croso  Knight  was  about  to  deal  his 
adversary  a  death-blow,  Sansjoy  was 
enveloped  in  a  thick  cloud,  and  carried 
off  in  the  chariot  of  Night  to  the  infernal 
regions,  where  iEsculapius  healed  him  of 
his  wounds. — Spenser,  J^ry  Queen,  i.  4, 
6  (1590). 

(The  reader  will  doubtless  call  to  mind 
the  combat  >f  Menalaos  and  Paris,  and 
remember  Low  the  Trojan  was  invested 
in  a  cloud  au  i  carried  off  by  Venus  under 
similar  circumstances.  —  Homer,  Iliad, 
iii.) 

Sansloy  ('^superstition"),  the  brother 
of  Sansfoy  and  Sansjo^'.  He  carried  off 
Una  to    the  wilderness,   but  when    the 


fauns  and  satyrs  came  to  her  rescue,  he 
saved  himself  by  flight. 

*^*  The  meaning  of  this  allegory  is 
this :  Una  (truth),  separated  from  St. 
George  (holiness),  is  deceived  by  Hypo- 
crisy ;  and  imm.ediately  truth  joins 
hypocrisy,  it  is  carried  away  by  supersti- 
tion. Spenser  says  the  "  simplicity  of 
truth"  abides  with  the  common  people, 
especially  of  the  rural  districts,  after 
it  is  lost  to  towns  and  the  luxurious 
great.  The  historical  reference  is  to 
queen  Mary,  in  whose  reign  Una  (the 
reformation)  was  carried  captive,  and 
religion,  being  mixed  up  with  hypocrisy, 
degenerated  into  superstition,  but  the 
rural  population  adhered  to  the  simplicity 
of  the  protestant  faith.— Spenser,  Fa^ry 
Queen,  i.  2  (1690). 

Sansonetto,  a  Christian  regent  of 
Mecca,  vicegerent  of  Charlemagne. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Sansuenna,  now  Saragossa. 

Santa  Casa,  the  house  occupied  by 
the  Virgin  Mary  at  her  conception,  and 
removed,  in  1291,  from  Galilee  to  Loretto. 

Santa  Klaus  (1  syl.),  the  Dutch 
name  of  St.  Nicholas,  the  patron  saint 
of  boys. 

In  Flanders  and  Holland,  the  children  put  out  their 
shoe  or  stocking  on  Christmas  Eve,  in  the  confidence  that 
Santa  Klaus  or  Knecht  Globes  (as  tliey  call  him)  will  put 
in  a  prize  for  good  conduct  before  morning.— Yonge. 

Santiago  {^Sent.yah' .go'],  the  war- 
cry  of  Spain  ;  adopted  because  St.  James 
(Sant  logo)  rendered,  according  to  tradi- 
tion, signal  service  to  a  Christian  king  of 
Spain  in  a  battle  against  the  Moors. 

Santiago  for  Spain.  This  saint 
was  James,  son  of  Zebedee,  brother  of 
John.  He  was  beheaded,  and  caught  his 
head  in  his  hands  as  it  fell.  The  Jews 
were  astonished,  but  when  they  touched 
the  body  they  found  it  so  cold  that  their 
hands  and  arms  were  paralyzed. — Fran- 
cisco Xavier,  Analcs  de  Galicia  (1733). 

Santiago's  Head.  When  Santiago  went 
to  Spain  in  his  marble  ship,  he  had  no 
head  on  his  body.  The  passage  took 
seven  days,  and  the  ship  was  steered  by 
the  "  presiding  hand  of  Providence." — 
Fspafla  Sagrada,  xx.  6. 

Santiago  had  two  heads.  One  of  hia 
heads  is  at  Braga,  and  one  at  Compo- 
stella. 

*^*  John  the  Baptist  had  half  a  dozen 
heads  at  the  least,  and  as  many  bodies, 
all  capable  of  working  miracles. 

Santiago  leads    the    armies   of    Spain, 


SANTONS. 


870 


SARDOIN  HERB. 


Thirty-eight  instances  of  the  interference 
of  this  saint  are  gravely  set  down  as  facts 
in  the  Chronicles  of  Galicia,  and  this  is 
superadded:  "These  instances  are  well 
known,  but  I  hold  it  for  certain  that  the 
appearances  of  Santiago  in  our  victorious 
armies  have  been  much  more  numerous, 
and  in  fact  that  every  victory  obtained 
by  the  Spaniards  has  been  really  achieved 
by  this  great  captain."  Once,  when  the 
rider  on  the  white  horse  was  asked  in 
battle  who  he  was,  he  distinctly  made 
answer,  "  I  am  the  soldier  of  the  King  of 
kings,  and  my  name  is  James." — Don 
Miguel  Erce  Gimenez,  Annas  i  Triunfos 
del  Jieino  de  Galicia,  648-9. 

The  tnie  name  of  this  saint  was  Jacobo.  .  .  .  We  have 
first  shortened  Saiito  Jacobo  into  Santo  Jac'o.  We 
clipped  it  again  into  Sant'  Jaco,  and  by  changing  the  J 
intfi  /  and  the  c  into  gr,  we  get  Sant-lago.  In  household 
names  we  convert  lago  into  D'lago  or  Diago,  which  we 
soften  into  IHcgo.  —  Ambrosio  de  Morales,  Coronica 
General  de  Espana,  ix.  7,  sect.  2  (1586). 

Santons.  a  body  of  religionists,  also 
called  Abdals,  who  pretended  to  be  in- 
spired with  the  most  enthusiastic  raptures 
of  divine  love.  They  were  regarded  by 
the  vulgar  as  saints. — Olearius,  Reisehe- 
sclireibung,  i.  971  (1647). 

He  diverted  himself  with  the  number  of  calenders, 
santons,  and  dervises,  who  were  continually  coming  and 
going,  but  especially  with  the  Braliinins,  faquirs,  and 
other  enthusiasts,  who  had  travelled  from  the  heart  of 
India,  and  halted  on  their  way  witli  tlie  emir.— Beckford, 
Vathek  (1784). 

Sapphi'ra,  a  female  liar. — Acts  v.  1. 

She  is  called  the  village  Sapphira.— €rabbe. 

Sappbo  (The  English),  Mrs.  Mary 
D.  Robinson  (1758-1800). 

Sappho  (The  French),  Mdlle.  Scude'ri 
(1607-1701). 

Sappho  (The  Scotch),  Catherine  Cock- 
burn  (1679-1749). 

Sappho  of  Toulouse,  Clemence 
Isaure  (2  sj/L),  who  instituted,  in  1490, 
JjCS  Jeux  Floraux.  She  is  the  authoress 
of  a  beautiful  Ode  to  Spring  (1463-1513). 

Sapskull,  a  raw  Yorkshire  tike,  son 
of  squire  Sapskull  of  Sapskull  Hall. 
Sir  Penurious  Muckworm  wishes  him  to 
marry  his  niece  and  ward  Arbella,  but  as 
Arbella  loves  Gaylove  a  young  barrister, 
the  tike  is  played  upon  thus  :  Gaylove 
assumes  to  be  Muckworm,  and  his  lad 
Slango  dresses  up  as  a  woman  to  pass 
for  Arbella;  and  while  Sapskull  "mar- 
ries "  Slango,  Gaylove,  who  assumes  the 
dress  and  manners  of  the  Yorkshire  tike, 
marries  Arbella.  Of  course,  the  trick  is 
then  discovered,  and  Sapskull  returns  to 
the  home  of  his  father,  befooled  but  not 


married. — Carey,  The  Honest  Yorkshire- 
man  (1736). 

Saracen  (A),  in  Arthurian  romance, 
means  any  unbaptized  person,  regardless 
of  nationality.  Thus,  Priamus  of  Tus- 
cany is  called  a  Saracen  (pt.  i.  9G,  97) ;  so 
is  sir  Palomides,  simply  because  he 
refused  to  be  baptized  till  he  had  done 
some  noble  deed  (pt.  ii.). — Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  (1470). 

Saragossa,  a  corruption  of  Caesarea 
Augusta.  The  city  was  rebuilt  by  Au- 
gustus, and  called  after  his  name.  Its 
former  name  was  Salduba  or  Saldyva. 

Saragossa  ( The  Maid  of),  AugustinaZara- 
gossa  or  Saragoza,  who,  in  1808,  when  the 
city  was  invested  by  the  French,  mounted 
the  battery  in  the  place  of  her  lover  who 
had  been  shot.  Lord  Byron  says,  when  he 
was  at  Seville,  "  the  maid"  used  to  walk 
daily  on  the  prado,  decorated  with  medals 
and  orders,  by  command  of  the  junta. — • 
Southey,  History  of  the  Peninsular  War 
(1832). 

Her  lover  sinks— she  sheds  no  ill-timed  tear ; 

Her  chief  is  slain— she  fills  his  fatal  post ; 
Her  fellows  flee— she  checks  tlieir  base  career  ; 

The  foe  retires— slie  heads  the  sallying  host. 
.  .  .  the  flyint;  Gaul, 

Foiled  by  a  woman's  hand  before  a  battered  wall. 
Byron,  ChiJde  Harold,  i.  56  (1809). 

Sardanapalus,  king  of  Nineveh 
and  Assyria,  noted  for  his  luxury  and 
voluptuousness.  Arbaces  the  Mede 
conspired  against  him,  and  defeated  him  ; 
whereupon  his  favourite  slave  Myrra 
induced  him  to  immolate  himself  on  a 
funeral  pile.  The  beautiful  slave,  having 
set  fire  to  the  pile,  jumped  into  the 
blazing  mass,  and  was  burnt  to  death 
with  the  king  her  master  (B.C.  817). — 
Byron,  Sardanapalus  (1819). 

Sardanapa'lus  of  China  (The)^ 
Cheo-tsin,  who  shut  himself  up  in  his  palace 
with  his  queen,  and  then  set  fire  to  the 
building,  that  he  might  not  fall  into  the 
hands  of  Woo-wong  (b.c.  1154-1122). 

(Cheo-tsin  invented  the  chopsticks, 
and  Woo-wong  founded  the  Tchow 
dynasty.) 

Sardanapa'lus  of  Germany 
(2yie),  Wenceslas  VI.  (or  IV.)  king  of 
Bohemia  and  emperor  of  Germany  (1359, 
1378-1419).  .^H 

Sardoin  Herb  (The),  the  herb^^\ 
Sardon'ia  ;  so  called  from  Sardis,  in  Asia 
Minor.  It  is  so  acrid  as  to  produce  a 
convulsive  spasm  of  the  face  resembling 
a  grin.  Phineas  Fletcher  says  the  device 
on  the  shield  of  Flattery  is : 


SARDONIAN  SMILE. 


871 


SATURDAY. 


The  Sardoin  herb  ...  the  word  [mottoJi  "  I  please  in 


T?ie  Purple  Island,  vili.  (1633). 

Sardonian    Smile    or    Grin,   a 

smile  of  contempt.  Bj-ron  expresses  it 
when  he  says:  "There  was  a  laughing 
devil  in  his  sneer." 

But  when  the  villain  saw  her  so  afraid. 
He  'gan  witli  guileful  words  her  to  persuade 
To  banish  fear,  and  with  Sardonian  smile 
Laughing  at  her,  hU  false  intent  to  sliatle. 

Spenser,  Faery  qu^een,  v.  9  (1596). 

Sarma'tia,  Poland,  the  country  of 
the  Sarmatae.  In  1795  Poland  was 
partitioned  between  Russia,  Prussia,  and 
Austria. 

Oh,  bloodiest  picture  in  the  boolc  of  Time ! 
Sarniatia  fell  unwept,  without  a  crime. 
Found  not  a  generous  friend,  a  pitying  foe. 
Strength  in  her  arms,  nor  mercy  in  her  woe. 

Campbell,  Pleatu.re»  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

Sar'ra  {Grain  of),  Tyrian  dye ;  so 
called  from  surra  or  sar,  the  fish  whose 
blood  the  men  of  Tyre  used  in  their 
purple  dye. — Virgil,  Georgics,  ii.  506. 

A  military  vest  of  purple  .  . 
Livelier  than  .  .  ,  tiie  grain 
Of  Sarra,  worn  by  kings  and  heroes  old 
lu  time  of  truce. 

Milton,  Paradite  Lost,  xi.  243  (1665). 

Sarsar,  the  icy  wind  of  death,  called 
in  Vathek  "  Sansar." 

The  Sarsar  from  its  womb  went  forth. 
The  icy  wind  of  death. 
Bouthey,  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  i.  44  (1797). 

Sassenach,  a  Saxon,  an  Englishman. 
(Welsh,  saesomg  Sidi].  wadsaesoniad  nawa.) 

I  would,  if  I  thought  I'd  l>e  able  to  catch  some  of  the 
Sassenaclis  in  London. — Very  Far  West  Indeed. 

Satan,  according  to  the  Talmud,  was 
once  an  archangel,  but  was  cast  out  of 
heaven  with  one-third  of  the  celestial  host 
for  refusing  to  do  reverence  to  Adam. 

lu  mediaeval  mythology,  Satan  holds 
the  fifth  rank  of  the  nine  demoniacal 
orders. 

Johan  Wier,  in  his  De  Frcestigiis 
Da:monum  (1564),  makes  Beelzebub  the 
sovereign  of  hell,  and  Satan  leader  of 
the  opposition. 

In  legendary  lore,  Satan  is  drawn  with 
horns  and  a  tail,  saucer  ej'es,  and  claws ; 
but  Milton  makes  him  a  proud,  selfish, 
ambitious  chief,  of  gigantic  size,  beauti- 
ful, daring,  and  commanding.  He  de- 
clares his  opinion  that  "  'tis  better  to 
reign  in  hell  than  serve  in  heaven." 
Defoe  has  written  a  Political  History  of 
tlie  Devil  (1726). 

Satan,  according  to  Milton,  monarch  of 
hell.  His  chief  lords  are  Beelzebub, 
Moloch,  Chemos,  Thammuz,  Dagon, 
Rimmon,  and  Belial.  His  standard- 
bearer,  Azaz'el. 


He  [Satan],  above  the  rest 
In  shape  and  gesture  proudly  eminent. 
Stood  like  a  tower.     His  form  iiad  not  yet  lost 
All  her  original  brightness  ;  nor  appeared 
Less  than  archangel  ruined,  and  the  excess 
Of  glory  obscured  .  .  .  but  his  f;ice 
Deep  scars  of  thunder  had  intrenched,  and  care 
Silt  on  his  faded  cheek  .  .  .  cruel  his  eye,  but  cast 
Signs  of  remorse. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  i.  589,  etc.  (1665). 

*^*  The  word  Satan  means  "  enemy  ;  '* 
hence  Milton  says  : 

To  whom  the  arch-enemy, 
...  in  heaven  called  Satan. 

Paradise  Lost,  i.  81  (1665) 

Satanic  School  {The),  a  class  of 
writers  in  the  earlier  part  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  who  showed  a  scorn  for 
all  moral  rules,  and  the  generally  received 
dogmas  of  the  Christian  religion.  The 
most  eminent  English  writers  of  this 
school  were  Bulwer  (afterwards  lord 
Lytton),  Byron,  Moore,  and  P.  B.  Shelley, 
Of  French  writers  :  Paul  de  Kock,  Rous- 
seau, George  Sand,  and  Victor  Hugo. 

Immoral  writers  .  .  .  men  of  diseased  hearts  and  de- 
praved imaginations,  who  (forming  a  system  of  opinions 
to  suit  their  own  unhappy  course  of  conduct)  have 
rel>eUed  against  the  holiest  ordinances  of  human  society, 
and  hating  revelation  which  they  try  in  vain  to  disbelieve, 
labour  to  make  others  iis  miserable  as  themselves,  by 
infecting  them  with  a  monai  virus  that  eats  into  their 
souL  The  school  which  they  have  set  up  may  properly  be 
culled  "  The  Satanic  School." — Southey,  Vision  of  Judg- 
ment (preface,  1822). 

Satire  {Father  of),  ArchilSchos  of 
Paros  (B.C.  seventh  century). 

Satire  {Father  of  French)  y  Mathurin 
Regnier  (1673-1613). 

Satire  {Father  of  Roman),  Lucilius 
(B.C.  148-103). 

Satiro-mastix  or  The  Untrussing 
of  the  Humorous  Poet,  a  comedy  by 
Thomas  Dekker  (1602).  Ben  Jonson,  in 
1601,  had  attacked  Dekker  in  The 
Poetaster,  where  he  calls  himself 
"  Horace,"  and  Dekker  "  Cris'pinus." 
Next  year  (1602),  Dekker  replied  with 
spirit  to  this  attack,  in  a  comedy  entitled 
Satiro-mastix,  where  Jonson  is  called 
"  Horace,  junior." 

Saturday.  To  the  following  English 
sovereigns  from  the  establishment  of  the 
Tudor  dynasty,  Saturday  has  proved  a 
fatal  day : — 

Henry  VII.  died  Saturday,  April  21, 
1509. 

George  II.  died  Saturday,  October 
25,  1760. 

George  III.  died  Saturdav,  January 
29,  1820,  but  of  his  fifteen  children  only 
three  died  on  a  Saturday. 

George  iV.  died  Saturday,  June  26, 
1 830,  but  the  princess  Charlotte  died  on  a 
Tuesdav. 


SATURN. 


872       SAVIOUR  OF  THE  NATIONS. 


Prince  Albert  died  Saturday,  De- 
cember 14,  1861.  The  duchess  of  Kent 
and  the  princess  Alice  also  died  on  a 
Saturday. 

***  William  III.,  Anne,  and  George  I. 
all  died  on  a  Sunday ;  William  IV.  on  a 
Tuesday. 

Saturn,  son  of  Heaven  and  Earth. 
He  always  swallowed  his  children  imme- 
diate!}' they  were  bom,  till  his  wife 
Rhea,  not  liliing  to  gee  all  her  children 
perish,  concealed  from  him  the  birth  of 
Jupiter,  Neptune,  and  Pluto,  and  gave 
her  husband  large  stones  instead,  which 
he  swallowed  without  knowing  the  dif- 
ference. 

Much  as  old  Satum  ate  his  progeny  ; 

For  when  his  pious  consort  gave  him  stones 

lu  lieu  of  sons,  of  these  he  made  no  bones. 

Byron,  IKm  Juan,  xiv.  1  (1824), 

Saturrif  an  evil  and  malignant  planet. 

lie  is  a  genius  full  of  gall,  an  author  born  under  the 
planet  Saturn,  a  malicious  mortal,  wiiose  pleasure  consists 
in  hating  all  the  world.— Lesage,  GU  Bias,  v.  12  (1724). 

Th«  children  bom  under  the  sayd  Saturne  shall  be  great 
langeleres  and  chyders  .  .  .  and  they  will  never  forgyve 
tyll  they  be  revenged  of  theyr  quarell.— Ptholomeus, 
Compost. 

Satyr.  T.  Woolner  calls  Charles  II. 
•  Charles  the  Satyr." 

Next  flared  Cliarles  Satyr's  saturnalia 
Of  lady  nymphs. 

Mi/  Beauti/vZ  lady. 

*^*  The  most  famous  statue  of  the 
satyrs  is  that  by  PraxitSles  of  Athens,  in 
the  fourth  century. 

Satyrane  (Sir),  a  blunt  but  noble 
knight,  who  helps  Una  to  escape  from  the 
faims  and  satyrs. — Spenser,  Faery  Qtteen, 
i.  (1590). 

And  passion,  erst  unknown,  could  gain 
The  breast  of  blunt  sir  Satyrane. 

Sir  W.  Scott 

*^*  "  Sir  Satyrane  "  is  meant  for  sir 
John  Perrot,  a  natural  son  of  Henry  VIII., 
and  lord  deputy  of  Ireland  from  1583  to 
1588  ;  but  in  1590  he  was  in  prison  in 
the  Tower  for  treason,  and  was  beheaded 
in  1592. 

Satyr'icon,  a  comic  romance  in  Latin, 
b}'  Petro'nius  Ar'biter,  in  the  first  century. 
Very  gross,  but  showing  great  power, 
beauty,  and  skill. 

Saul,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  is  meant  for  Oliver 
Cromwell.  As  Saul  persecuted  David 
and  drove  him  from  Jerusalem,  so  Crom- 
Avoll  persecuted  Charles  II.  and  drove 
hi  in  from  England. 

.  .  .  ere  Saul  they  chose, 
God  was  thdr  king,  and  God  tliey  durst  depose. 

Vt.  i.  (1681). 


*:^.*  This  was  the  "  divine  right "  of 
kings. 

Saunders,  groom  of  sir  Geoffrey 
Peveril  of  the  Peak.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Feveril  of  the  Feak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Saunders  [Richard),  the  pseudonym  of 
Dr.  Franklin,  adopted  in  Poor  Richard's 
Almanac,  begun  in  1732. 

Saunders  Sweepclean,  a  king's 
messenger  at  Knockwinnock  Castle. — ■ 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary  (time, 
George  III.). 

Saunderson  (Saunders),  butler,  etc., 
to  Mr.  Cosmo  Comyne  Bradwardine 
baron  of  Bradwardine  and  Tully  Veolan. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George 
II.). 

Saurid,  king  of  Egj-pt,  say  the  Cop- 
tites  (2  syL),  built  the  pyramids  300 
years  before  the  Flood,  and,  according  to 
the  same  authority,  the  following  inscrip- 
tion was  engraved  upon  one  of  them  : — 

I,  king  Saurid,  built  the  pyramids  .  .  .  and  finisheil 
them  in  six  years.  He  that  comes  after  me  .  .  .  let  him 
destroy  them  in  600  if  he  can  ...  I  also  covered  them 
.  .  .  with  satin,  and  let  him  cover  them  with  matting. — 
Greaves,  Pyramidographia  (seventeentli  century). 

Saut  de  I'Allemand  (Le),  "  du 
lit  h  la  table,  et  de  la  table  au  lit." 

Of  the  gods  I  but  ask 
That  my  life,  like  the  Leap  of  the  German,  may  be 
"  Du  lit  k  la  table,  de  la  table  au  lit." 

T.  Moore,  The  Fudge  Family  in  Paris,  viii.  (1818). 

Savage  (Captain),  a  naval  com- 
mander.— Captain  Marryat,  Feter  Simple 
(1833).  « 

Sav'il,  steward  to  the  elder  Loveless.  W^ 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  2'he  Scornful  ^ 
Lady  (1616). 

Savile  Row  (London).  So  called 
from  Dorothy  Savile  the  great  heiress, 
who  became,  by  marriage,  countess  of 
Burlington  and  Cork.  (See  Clifford 
Street,  p.  197.) 

Sav'ille  (2  syL),  the  friend  of  Dori- 
court.  He  saves  lady  Frances  Touch- 
wood from  Courtall,  and  frustrates  his 
infamous  designs  on  the  lady's  honour. — 
Mrs.  Cowley,  2'he  Belle's  Stratagem 
(1780). 

Saville  (Lord),  a  young  nobleman  with 
Chiffinch  (emissary  of  Charles  II.).— Sir 
W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the  Feak  (tim«, 
Charles  II.). 

Saviour  of  Rome.  C.  MarTus  was 
so  called  after  the  overthrow  of  theCimbri, 
July  30,  B.C.  101. 

Saviour  of  the  Nations.    So  the 


SAVOY. 


873 


SCALLOP-SHELL. 


duke  of  Wellington  was  termed  after  the 
overthrow  of  Bonaparte  (1769-1852). 

Oh,  Wellington  .  ,  .  called  "  S.iviour  of  the  Nations  I  " 
Byron,  /)on  Juan,  Ix.  5  (1824). 

Savoy  (The),  a  precinct  of  the  Strand 
(London),  in  which  the  Savoy  Palace 
stood.  So  called  from  Peter  earl  of 
Savoy,  uncle  of  queen  Eleanor  the  wife 
of  Henry  HL  Jean  le  Bon  of  France, 
when  captive  of  the  Black  Prince,  was 
lodged  in  the  Savoy  Palace  (1356-9). 
The  old  palace  was  burnt  down  by  the 
rebels  under  Wat  Tvler  in  1381.  Henry 
VII.  rebuilt  it  in'  1505.  St.  Mary  le 
Savoy,  or  the  "Chapel  of  St.  John," 
still  stands  in  the  precinct. 

Sawney,  a  corruption  of  Sandie,  a 
contracted  form  of  Alexander.  Sawney 
means  a  Scotchman,  as  David  a  Welsh- 
man, John  Bull  an  Englishman,  cousin 
Michael  a  German,  brother  Jonathan  a 
native  of  the  United  States  of  North 
America,  Micaire  a  Frenchman,  Colin 
Tampon  a  Swiss,  and  so  on. 

Sawyer  (Bob),  a  dissipated,  strug- 
gling young  medical  practitioner,  who 
tries  to  establish  a  practice  at  Bristol, 
but  without  success.  Sam  Weller  calls 
him  "  Mr.  Sawbones." — C.  Dickens,  2'he 
Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Sax'ifrage  (3  syl.).  So  called  from 
its  virtues  as  a  lithontriptic. 

So  saxifrage  is  good,  and  hart's-tongue  for  the  stone, 
With  agrimony,  and  that  herb  we  csill  St.  John. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Saxon.  Higden  derives  this  word 
from  the  Latin  saxwm,  "a  stone."  This 
reminds  one  of  Lloyd's  derivation  of 
"Ireland,"  "the  land  of  Ire,"  and  Du- 
cange's  "Saracen"  from  '^  Sarah,  Abra- 
ham's wife."  Of  a  similar  character  are 
"  Albion  "  from  albus,  "  white ;  "  "  Picts  " 
from  picttis,  "  painted  ; "  "  Devonshire  " 
from  Debon's  share;  "Isle  of  Wight" 
from  "  Wihtgar,  son  of  Cerdic ; " 
"  Britain  "  from  Brutus,  a  descendant  of 
./Eneas,  "  Scotland  "  from  skotos,  "  dark- 
ness;" "Gaul"  (the  French)  from 
gailus,  "a  cock;"  "Dublin,"  from 
did)\_iu7n]  linlteum'],  "questionable linen," 
and  so  on. 

Men  of  that  cowntree  ben  more  lyghter  and  stronger  on 
the  see  than  other  sconimers  or  tlieeves  of  the  see  .  .  . 
and  ben  called  Saxones,  of  saxum,  a  stone,  for  tliey  ben 
as  hard  as  stones. — Polycronicon,  i.  'iii  (13i)7). 

Saxon,  Drayton  says,  is  so  called  from 
an  instrument  of  war  called  by  the  Ger- 
mans handseax.  The  seax  was  a  short, 
crooked  sword. 


And  of  those  crooked  skains  they  used  in  war  to  bear. 
Which  in  their  thundering  tongue  the  Germans  liand$«am 

name, 
They  Saxons  first  were  named. 

PotyoJbion,  iv.  (1613). 

Saxon  Duke  {The),  mentioned  by 
Butler  in  his  Hudibras,  was  John  Frede- 
rick duke  of  Saxony,  of  whom  Charles 
V.  said,  "Never  saw  I  such  a  swinft 
before." 

Say  and  Mean.  You  speak  like  a 
Laminak,  you  say  one  thing  and  mean 
another.  The  Basque  Laminaks  ("fairies") 
always  say  exactly  the  contrary  to  what, 
they  mean. 

She  said  to  her,  "  L  must  go  from  home,  but  your  work 
is  in  the  kitchen  ;  smash  the  j)itcher,  break  all  tho 
plates,  beat  the  children,  give  them  their  breakfast  by 
themselves,  smudge  tlieir  faces,  and  rumple  well  their 
hair."  When  the  Laminak  returned  home,  she  asked 
the  girl  which  she  preferred — a  bag  of  charcoal  or  a  bag 
of  gold,  a  beautiful  star  or  a  donkey's  tail  ?  The  girl 
made  answer,  "A  bag  of  charcoal  and  a  donkey's  tail." 
Whereupon  the  fairy  gave  her  a  bag  of  gold  and  a 
beautiful  star. — Rev.  W.  Webster,  Basque  Legends,  53 
(1876). 

Sboga  {Jean),  the  hero  of  a  romance 
by  C.  Nodier  (1818),  the  leader  of  a 
bandit,  in  the  spirit  of  lord  Byron's  Cor- 
sair and  Lara. 

Scadder  {General),  agent  in  the 
office  of  the  "  Eden  Settlement."  His 
peculiarity  consisted  in  the  two  distinct 
expressions  of  his  profile,  for  "  one  side 
seemed  to  be  listening  to  what  the  other 
side  was  doing." — C.  Dickens,  Martin 
Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Scalds,  court  poets  and  chroniclers  of 
the  ancient  Scandinavians.  They  resided 
at  court,  were  attached  to  the  royal  suite, 
and  attended  the  king  in  all  his  wars. 
They  also  acted  as  ambassadors  between 
hostile  tribes,  and  their  persons  were  held 
sacred.  These  bards  celebrated  in  song 
the  gods,  the  kings  of  Norway,  and 
national  heroes.  Their  lays  or  vyses 
were  compiled  in  the  eleventh  century 
by  Saemund  Sigfusson,  a  priest  and 
scald  of  Iceland,  and  the  compilation  is 
called  the  Elder  or  Rhythmical  Edda. 

Scallop-Shell  {The).  Every  one 
knows  that  St.  James's  pilgrims  are  dis- 
tinguished by  scallop-shells,  but  it  is  a 
blunder  to  suppose  that  other  pilgrims 
are  privileged  to  wear  them.  Three  of 
the  popes  have,  by  their  bulls,  distinctly 
confirmed  this  right  to  the  Compostella 
pilgrim  alone  :  viz.,  pope  Alexander  111., 
pope  Gregory  IX.,  and  pope  Clement  V. 

Now,  the  escallop  or  scallop  is  a  shell- 
fish, like  an  oyster  or  large  cockle ;  but 
Gwillim  tells  us  what  ignorant  zoologists 
have  omitted  to  mention,  that  tl.e  bivalve 


SCALPING. 


874 


SCAPIN. 


is  "  engendered  solely  of  dew  and  air. 
It  has  no  blood  at  all ;  yet  no  food  that 
man  eats  turns  so  soon  into  life-blood  as 
the  scallop." — Display  of  Heraldry ,  171. 

Scallop-shells  used  by  Pilgrims.  The 
reason  why  the  scallop-shell  is  used  by 
pilgrims  is  not  generally  known.  The 
legend  is  this  :  When  the  marble  ship 
which  bore  the  headless  body  of  St. 
James  approached  Bouzas,  in  Portugal, 
it  happened  to  be  the  wedding  day  of 
the  chief  magnate  of  the  village  ;  and 
while  the  bridal  party  was  at  sport,  the 
horse  of  the  bridegroom  became  un- 
manageable, and  plunged  into  the  sea. 
The  ship  passed  over  the  horse  and  its 
rider,  and  pursued  its  onward  course, 
when,  to  the  amazement  of  all,  the  horse 
and  its  rider  emerged  from  the  water 
uninjured,  and  the  cloak  of  the  rider  was 
thickly  covered  with  scallop-shells. 
All  were  dumfounded,  and  knew  not 
what  to  make  of  these  marvels,  but  a 
voice  from  heaven  exclaimed,  "  It  is  the 
will  of  God  that  all  who  henceforth 
make  their  vows  to  St.  James,  and  go 
on  pilgrimage,  shall  take  with  them 
scallop-shells  ;  and  all  who  do  so  shall 
be  remembered  in  the  day  of  judgment." 
On  hearing  this,  the  lord  of  the  village, 
with  the  bride  and  bridegroom,  were  duly 
baptized,  and  Bouzas  became  a  Christian 
Church.  —  Sanctoral  Portugiies  (copied 
into  the  Breviaries  of  Alcobaga  and  St. 
Cucufate). 

Cunctis  mare  cementibus. 
Bed  a  profundo  ducitur ; 
Katus  Regis  submergitur, 
Totus  plenus  coiichilibus. 

Hymn /or  St.  James'i  Day. 

In  sight  of  all  the  prhice  went  down, 

Into  the  deep  sea  dells  ; 
In  sight  of  all  the  prince  emerged, 

Covered  with  scallop-shells. 

Scalping (^w/es /or).  The  Cheyennes, 
in  scalping,  remove  from  the  part  just  over 
the  left  ear,  a  piece  of  skin  not  larger  than 
a  silver  dollar.  The  Arrapahoes  take  a 
similar  piece  from  the  region  of  the  right 
ear.  Others  take  the  entire  skin  from 
the  crown  of  the  head,  the  forehead,  or 
the  nape  of  the  neck.  The  Utes  take  the 
entire  scalp  from  ear  to  ear,  and  from 
the  forehead  to  the  nape  of  the  neck. 

Scambister  {Eric)^  the  old  butler  of 
Magnus  Troil  the  udaller  of  Zetland.— Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

*:,,*  A  udaller  is  one  who  holds  his  lands 
by  allodial  tenure. 

Scandal,  a  male  charactei  in  Love  for 
LovCy  by  Congreve  (1695). 


Scandal  (School  for),  a  comedy  by. 
Sheridan  (1777). 

Scanderbeg.  So  George  Castriota,  an 
Albanian  hero,  was  called.  Amurath  II. 
gave  him  the  command  of  6000  men,  and 
such  was  his  daring  and  success,  that  he 
was  called  Skander  (Alexander^).  In  the 
battle  of  Morava  (1443),  he  deserted 
Amurath,  and,  joining  the  Albanians,  won 
several  battles  over  the  Turks.  At  the 
instigation  of  Pius  II.  beheaded  a  crusade 
against  them,  but  died  of  a  fever,  before 
Mahomet  II.  arrived  to  oppose  him  (1404- 
1467).  (Beg  or  Bey  is  the  Turkish  for 
"prince.") 

Scanderbeg^s  swoi'd  needs  Scanderbeg^ s 
arm,  Mahomet  II.  "the  Great"  re- 
quested to  see  the  scimitar  which  George 
Castriota  used  so  successfully  against  the 
Ottomans  in  1461.  Being  shown  it,  and 
wholly  unable  to  draw  it,  he  pronounced 
the  weapon  to  be  a  hoax,  but  received  for 
answer,  "  Scanderbeg's  sword  needs  Scan- 
derbeg's  arm  to  wield  it." 

The  Greeks  had  a  similar  saying, 
"  None  but  Ulysses  can  draw  Ulysses's 
bow."  Robin  Hood's  bow  needed  Robin 
Hood's  arm  to  draw  it ;  and  hence  the  pro- 
verb, "Many  talk  of  Robin  Hood  that 
never  shot  in  his  bow." 

Scandinavia,  Sweden  and  Norway, 
or  Sweden,  Norway,  and  Denmark. 

Scapegoat  {The),  a  farce  by  John 
Poole.  Ignatius  Polyglot,  a  learned  pun- 
dit, master  of  seventeen  languages,  is  the 
tutor  of  Charles  Eustace,  aged  24  years. 
Charles  has  been  clandestinely  married 
for  four  years,  and  has  a  little  son,  named 
Frederick.  Circumstances  have  occurred 
which  render  the  concealment  of  this 
marriage  no  longer  decorous  or  possible, 
so  he  breaks  it  to  his  tutor,  and  conceals 
his  young  wife  for  the  nonce  in  Polyglot's 
private  room.  Here  she  is  detected  by 
the  housemaid,  Molly  Maggs,  who  tells 
her  master,  and  old  Eustace  says,  the  only 
reparation  a  man  can  make  in  such  cir- 
cumstances is  to  marry  the  girl  at  once. 
"  Just  so,"  says  the  tutor.  "  Your  son  is 
the  husband,  and  he  is  willing  at  once  to 
acknowledge  his  wife  and  infant  son." 

Scapin,  valet  of  Le'andre  son  of  seigpior 
Geronte.     (See  Fouri?b:ries.) — Molibr 
Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin  (1671). 

J'ai,  sans  doute  reiju  du  del  un  g6nie  assez 
toutes  les  fabriques  de  ces  gentillesses  d'esprit,  de  ces 
galanteries  ing6nieuses,  i  qui  le  vulgaire  ignorant  donno 
le  noni  de  fourberies ;  et  je  puis  dire,  sans  vanity,  qu'on 
ri'a  guere  vu  d'homme  qui  fftt  plus  habile  ouvrier  de 
ressorts  et  d'intrigues,  qui  ait  acquis  plus  de  gloure  que 


SCAPINO. 


875 


SCHACABAC. 


moi  dans  ce  noble  metier. — Moli&re,  Let  Fourherie*  de 
Scapin,  i.  2  (1671). 

(Otway  has  made  an  English  version  of 
this  play,  called  Tlie  Cheats  of  Scapin, 
in  which  Ldandre  is  Anglicized  into 
"Leander,"  Geronteis  called  "  Gripe,"and 
his  friend  Argante  father  of  Zerbinette 
is  called  "  Thrifty"  father  of  "  Lucia.") 

Scapi'no,  the  cunning,  knavish  ser- 
vant 01  Gratiano  the  loquacious  and 
pedantic  Bolognese  doctor. — Italian  Mask. 

Scar'amouch,  a  braggart  and  fool, 
most  valiant  in  words,  but  constantly  being 
drubbed  by  Harlequin.  Scaramouch  is 
a  common  character  in  Italian  farce, 
originally  meant  in  ridicule  of  the  Spanish 
don,  and  therefore  dressed  in  Spanish 
costume.  Our  clown  is  an  imbecile  old 
idiot,  and  wholly  unlike  the  dashing  pol- 
troon of  Italian  pantomime.  The  best 
"Scaramouches  "  that  ever  lived  were 
Tiberio  Fiurelli,  a  Neapolitan  (born  1608), 
and  Gandini  (eighteenth  century). 

SearTborough.  "Warning  (^),  a 
warning  given  too  late  to  be  taken  advan- 
tage of.  Fuller  says  the  allusion  is  to  an 
event  which  occurred  in  1557,  when 
Thomas  Stafford  seized  upon  Scarborough 
Castle,  before  the  townsmen  had  any 
notice  of  his  approach.  Heywood  says  a 
"Scarborough  warning"  resembles  what 
is  now  called  Lynch  law :  punished  first, 
and  warned  afterwards.  Another  solution 
is  this  :  If  ships  passed  the  castle  without 
saluting  it  by  striking  sail,  it  was  custom- 
ary to  fire  into  them  a  shotted  gun,  by 
(Way  of  warning. 

Be  su6rly  seldom,  and  never  for  much  .  .  . 

Or  Scarborow  warning,  as  ill  I  believe. 

When  ("Sir,  I  arrest  ye  ")  gets  hold  of  thy  sleeve. 

T.  Tusser,  Five  Hundred  PohUi  of  Good 
Uiubandry,  x.  28  (1557). 

Scarlet  {Will),  Scadlock,  or 
\Bcatheloeke,  one  of  the  companions 
fit  Robin  Hood. 

"  Take  thy  good  bowe  in  thy  hande,"  said  Robyu, 

"  Let  Moche  wend  with  the  [thee\ 
And  so  shall  Wyllyam  Scathelocke, 
And  no  man  abyde  with  me." 

Kitson,  Robin  Hood  Ballads,  I  1  (1620). 
The  tinker  looking  him  about, 

Robin  his  horn  did  blow  ; 

Then  came  unto  him  Little  John 

And  WiUiam  Scadlock  too. 

Ditto,  U,  7  (1656). 
And  there  of  him  they  made  a 
Good  yeoman  Robin  Hood, 
Scarlet  and  Little  John, 
And  Little  John,  hey  ho  I 

•  Ditto,  appendix  2  (1790), 

In  the  two  dramas  called  The  First  and 
Second  Parts  of  liobin  Hood,  by  Anthony 
Munday  and  Henry  Chettle,  Scathlock  or 
Scadlock  is  called  the  brother  of  Will 
Scarlet. 


.  .  .  possible  that  Warman's  spite  .  .  .  doth  huftt  the  liro* 
Of  bonnie  Scarlet  and  his  brother  Scathlock. 

Pt.  L  (1597). 

Then  "  enter  "Warman,  with  Scarlet  and 
Scathlock  bounde,"  but  Warman  is  ba- 
nished, and  the  brothers  are  liberated  and 
pardoned. 

Scarlet  Woman  (Tlie),  popery  (Eev 
xvii.  4). 

And  fulminated 
Against  the  scarlet  woman  and  her  creed. 

Tennyson,  Sea  J)reamt. 

Scathelocke  (2  syl.)  or  Scadlock, 
one  of  the  companions  of  Robin  Hood. 
Either  the  brother  of  Will  Scarlet  or 
another  spelling  of  the  name.  (See 
Scarlet.) 

Scavenger's  Daughter  {The),  an 
instrument  of  torture,  invented  by  sir 
William  Skevington,  lieutenant  of  the 
Tower  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  "  Sca- 
venger" is  a  corruption  of  Skevington. 

To  kiss  the  scavenger's  daughter,  to 
suffer  punishment  by  this  instrument  of 
torture,  to  be  beheaded  by  a  guillotine  or 
some  similar  instrument. 

Scasson,  plu.  Scazon'tes  (3  syl),  a 
lame  iambic  metre,  the  last  being  a 
spondee  or  trochee  instead  of  an  iambus 
(Greek,  skazo,  "  to  halt,  to  hobble  "),  as  : 

L  Quicumque  regno  fidit,  et  magna  p5tehs. 
2.  O  Musa,  gressum  qu»  voleus  tratii  claudum. 

Or  in  English  : 

1.  A  little  onward  lend  thy  guidtng  hand. 

2.  He  unsuspicious  led  him ;  when  Samson  .  ,  . 

(1  is  the  usual  iambic  metre,  2  the  sca- 
zontes.) 

Sceaf  \Slieef],  one  of  the  ancestors  of 
Woden.  So  called  because  in  infancy  he 
was  laid  on  a  wheatsheaf ,  and  cast  adrift 
in  a  boat ;  the  boat  stranded  on  the  shor«>.s 
of  Sleswig,  and  the  infant,  being  considered 
a  gift  from  the  gods,  was  brought  up 
for  a  future  king. — Beowulf  (an  Anglo- 
Saxon  epic,  sixth  century). 

Scepticism  {Father  of  Modern)^ 
Pierre  Bayle  (1647-1706). 

Schacabac,  "  the  hare-lipped,"  a  man 
reduced  to  the  point  of  starvation,  invited 
to  a  feast  by  the  rich  Barmecide.  Instead 
of  victuals  and  drink,  the  rich  man  set 
before  his  guest  empty  dishes  and  empty 
glasses,  pretending  to  enjoy  the  imagin- 
ary foods  and  drinks,  Schacabac  entered 
into  the  spirit  of  the  joke^  and  did  the 
same.  He  washed  in  imaginary  water,  ate 
of  the  imaginary  delicacies,  and  praised 
the  imaginary  wines.  Barmecide  was  so 
delighted  with  his  guest,  that  he  ordered 


SCHAHRIAH. 


876 


SCHEMSELNIHAR. 


in  a  substantial  meal,  of  -which  he  made 
Schacabac  a  most  welcome  partaker. 
— Arabian  Nights  ("  The  Barber's  Sixth 
Brother").     (See  Shaccabac.) 

Schah'riah,  sultan  of  Persia.  His 
wife  being  unfaithful,  and  his  brother's 
wife  too,  Schahriah  imagined  that  no 
woman  was  virtuous.  He  resolved,  there- 
fore, to  marry  a  fresh  wife  every  night, 
and  to  have  her  strangled  at  daybreak. 
Scheherazade,  the  vizier's  daughter,  mar- 
ried him  notwithstanding,  and  contrived, 
an  hour  before  daybreak,  to  begin  a  story 
to  her  sister  in  the  sultan's  hearing,  always 
breaking  off  before  the  story  was  finished. 
The  sultan  got  interested  in  these  tales  ; 
^nd,  after  a  thousand  and  one  nights,  re- 
yoked  his  decree,  and  found  in  Schehera- 
zade a  faithful,  intelligent,  and  loving 
-wiie.— Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments. 

Schah'zaman,  sultan  of  the  "Island 
of  the  Children  of  Khal'edan,"  situate  in 
the  open  sea,  some  twenty  days'  sail  from 
the  coast  of  Persia.  This  sultan  had  a  son, 
an  only  child,  named  Camaral'zaman,  the 
most  beautiful  of  mortals.  Camaralzaman 
married  Badoura  the  most  beautiful  of 
women,  the  only  daughter  of  Gaiour 
(2  syl.)  emperor  of  China. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Camaralzaman  and  Badoura"). 

Schaibar  {2  syl.),  brother  of  the  fairy 
Pari-Banou.  He  was  only  eighteen 
inches  in  height,  and  had  a  huge  hump 
both  before  and  behind.  His  beard, 
though  thirty  feet  long,  never  touched  the 
ground,  but  projected  forwards.  His 
moustaches  went  back  to  his  ears,  and 
his  little  pig's  eyes  were  buried  in  his 
enormous  head.  He  wore  a  conical  hat, 
and  carried  for  quarter-staif  an  iron  bar 
of  oOO  lbs.  weight  at  least. — Arabian 
Nights  ("Ahmed  and  Pari-Banou"). 

Schamir  (The),  that  instrument  or 
agent  with  which  Solomon  wrought  the 
stones  of  the  Temple,  being  forbidden  to 
use  any  metal  instrument  for  the  purpose. 
Some  say  the  Schamir'  was  a  worm  ;  some 
that  it  was  a  stone ;  some  that  it  was  "  a 
creature  no  bigger  than  a  barleycorn, 
which  nothing  could  resist." 

Scheherazade  [Sha.ha'.ra.zah'.de] , 
the  hypothetical  relater  of  the  stories  in 
the  Arabian  Nights.  She  was  the  elder 
daughter  of  the  vizier  of  Persia.  The 
Bultan  Schahriah,  exasperated  at  the 
infidelity  of  his  wife,  came  to  the  hasty 
conclusion  that  no  woman  could  be  faith- 
ful ;  so  he  determined  to  marry  a  new  wife 
every  night,  and  strangle  her  at  daybreak. 


Scheherazade,  wishing  to  free  Persia  of 
this  disgrace,  requested  to  be  made  the 
sultan's  wife,  and  succeeded  in  her  wish. 
She  was  young  and  beautiful,  of  great 
courage  and  ready  wit,  well  read,  had  an 
excellent  memory,  knew  history,  philo- 
sophy, and  medicine,  was  besides  a  good 
poet,  musician,  and  dancer.  Schehera- 
zade obtained  permission  of  the  sultan 
for  her  younger  sister,  Dinarzade,  to  sleep 
in  the  same  chamber,  and  instructed  her 
to  say,  one  hour  before  daybreak,  "  Sister, 
relate  to  me  one  of  those  delightful  stories 
which  you  know,  as  this  will  be  the  last 
time*"  Scheherazade  then  told  the  sultan 
(under  pretence  of  speaking  to  her  sister) 
a  story,  but  always  contrived  to  break 
off  before  the  story  was  finished.  The 
sultan,  in  order  to  hear  the  end  of  the 
story,  spared  her  life  till  the  next  night. 
This  went  on  for  a  thousand  and  one 
nights,  when  the  sultan's  resentment  was 
worn  out,  and  his  admiration  of  his  sul- 
tana was  so  great  that  he  revoked  his 
decree. — Arabian  Nights'  Entertainments, 

(See  MORADBAK.) 

Roused  like  the  sultanH  Scheherazade,  and  forced  into  a 
story.— C.  Dickens,  David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Schemseddin  Mohammed,  elder 
son  of  the  vizier  of  Egypt,  and  brother  of 
Noureddin  Ali.  He  quarrelled  with  his 
brother  on  the  subject  of  their  two  child- 
ren's hypothetical  marriage ;  but  the 
brothers  were  not  yet  married,  and  children 
"were  only  in  supposition."  Noureddin 
Ali  quitted  Cairo,  and  travelled  to  Basora, 
where  he  married  the  vizier's  daughter, 
and  on  the  very  same  day  Schemseddin 
married  the  daughter  of  one  of  the  chief 
grandees  of  Cairo.  On  one  and  the  same 
day  a  daughter  was  born  to  Schemseddin 
and  a  son  to  his  brother  Noureddin  Ali. 
"When  Schemseddin's  daughter  was  20 
years  old,  the  sultan  asked  her  in  marriage, 
but  the  vizier  told  him  she  was  betrothed 
to  his  brother's  son,  Bed'reddin  Ali.  At 
this  replj',  the  sultan,  in  anger,  swore 
she  should  be  given  in  marriage  to  the 
"ugliest  of  his  slaves,"  and  accordingly 
betrothed  her  to  Hunchback  a  groom,  both 
ugly  and  deformed.  By  a  fairy  trick, 
Bedreddin  Ali  was  substituted  for  the 
groom,  but  at  daybreak  was  conveyed  to 
Damascus.  Here  he  turned  pastry-cook, 
and  was  discovered  by  his  mother  by 
his  cheese-cakes.  Being  restored  to  hifl 
country  and  his  wife,  he  ended  his  life 
happily. — Arabian  Nights  ("Noureddin 
Ali,"  etc.).    (See  Cheese-Cakks,  p.  180.) 

Schemsel'nihar,  the  favourite  sul- 
tana   of    Haroun-al-Raschid    caliph    of 


SCHLEMIHL. 


SCIO. 


i 


Bagdad.  She  fell  in  love  with  Aboul- 
hassan  All  ebn  Becar  prince  of  Persia. 
From  the  first  moment  of  their  meeting, 
they  began  to  pine  for  each  other,  and 
fell  sick.  Though  miles  apart,  they  died 
at  the  same  hour,  and  were  both  buried 
in  one  grave. — Arabian  Nights  ("  Aboul- 
hassan  and  Schemselnihar"). 

Schlemihl  (Peter),  the  hero  of  a 
popular  German  legend.  Peter  sells  his 
shadow  to  an  "  old  man  in  grey,"  who 
meets  him  while  fretting  under  a  dis- 
appointment. The  name  is  a  household 
term  for  one  who  makes  a  desperate  and 
silly  bargain. — Chamisso,  Feter  Schle- 
mihl (1813). 

Scholastic  (The),  Epipha'nius,  an 
Italian  scholar  (sixth  century). 

Scholastic  Doctor  (The),  Anselm 
of  Laon  (1050-1117). 

Scholey  (Lawrence),  servant  at 
Burgh-Westra.  His  master  is  Magnus 
Troil  the  udaller  of  Zetland.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

*^*  Udaller,  one  who  holds  land  by 
allodial  tenure. 

Schonfelt,  lieutenant  of  sir  Archibald 
von  Hagenbach  a  German  noble. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

School  of  Husbands  (Ve'cole  des 
Maris,  "wives  trained  by  men"),  acomedy 
by  Moliere  (1661).  Ariste  and  Sgana- 
relle,  two  brothers,  bring  up  Le'onor  and 
Isabelle,  two  orphan  sisters,  according  to 
their  systems  for  making  them  in  time 
their  model  wives.  Sganarelle's  system 
was  to  make  the  woman  dress  plainly, 
live  retired,  attend  to  domestic  duties, 
and  have  few  indulgences.  Ariste's 
system  was  to  give  the  woman  great 
liberty,  and  trust  to  her  honour.  Isabelle, 
brought  up  by  Sganarelle,  deceived  him 
and  married  another  ;  but  Le'onor,  brought 
up  by  Ariste,  made  him  a  fond  and  faith- 
ful wife. 

Sganarelle's  plan  : 

J'enteiid  que  la  mienne  rive  i  ma  faiitasie — 
Que  dune  serge  honnfite  elle  ait  son  v6tement, 
Et  ne  porte,  le  noir  qu'  aux  bons  jours  seuleinent ; 
Qu'  enferni6e  au  logis,  en  personne  bien  sage, 
Elle  s'applique  toute  aux  choses  dii  ni^niige, 
A  recoudre  mon  linge  aux  heures  de  loisir, 
Ou  bien  i  tricoter  quelques  bas  par  plaisir ; 
Qu'  aux  (iiscDurs  des  muguets  elle  ferme  roreille, 
Et  ne  sorte  jamais  sans  avoir  qui  la  veille. 

Ariste's  plan : 

leur  sexe  aime  i  jouir  d'un  peu  de  liberty ; 
On  le  retient  fort  nial  par  tant  d'aust^rite  ; 
Et  ics  soins  ddfiants,  les  verroux  et  les  grilles, 
Me  font  pa3  la  vertu  des  femmes  ni  des  filles ; 


Cest  ITionneur  qui  les  doit  tenir  dans  le  devoir, 
Non  la  s6virit6  que  nous  ieur  faisons  voir  .  .  . 
Je  trouve  que  le  coeur  est  ce  qu'U  faut  gagner. 

Acti.  2. 

School  for  Wives  (Ve'cole  des 
Femmes,  "  training  for  wives  "),  a  comedy 
by  Moliere  (1662).  Arnolphe  has  a 
crotchet  about  the  proper  training  of  girls 
to  make  good  wives,  and  tries  his  scheme 
upon  Agnes,  whom  he  adopts  from  a 
peasant's  cottage,  and  designs  in  due  time 
to  make  his  wife.  He  sends  her  from  early 
childhood  to  a  convent,  where  difference 
of  sex  and  the  conventions  of  society  are 
wholly  ignored.  When  removed  from 
the  convent,  she  treats  men  as  if  they 
were  schoolgirls,  kisses  them,  plays  with 
them,  and  treats  them  with  girlish 
familiarity.  The  consequence  is,  a  young 
man  named  Horace  falls  in  love  with 
her,  and  makes  her  his  wife,  but  Arnolphe 
loses  his  pains. 

Chacun  a  sa  ni^thode 
En  femnie,  comme  en  tout,  je  veux  suivre  ma  mode  ... 
Un  air  doux  et  ix)s6.  parm!  d'autres  enfants, 
M'inspira  de  I'ainour  ijour  elle  des  quatreans; 
Sa  mfire  se  trouvant  de  pauvreti  preside, 
De  la  lui  demander  il  nie  vint  en  pens^e ; 
Et  la  bonne  paysanne,  apprenant  mon  desire, 
A  s'Oter  cette  charge  eut  beaucoup  de  plaisir. 
Dans  un  petit  convent,  loin  de  toute  pratique, 
Je  la  lis  Clever  selou  ma  politique. 

Act  i.  1. 

Schoolmen.  (For  a  list  of  the 
schoolmen  of  each  of  the  three  periods, 
see  Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  794.) 

Schoolmistress  (The),  a  poem  in 
Spenserian  metre,  by  Shenstone  (1758). 
The  "  schoolmistress  "  was  Sarah  Lloj'd, 
who  taught  the  poet  himself  in  infancy. 
She  lived  in  a  thatched  cottage,  before 
which  grew  a  birch  tree,  to  which  allusion 
is  made  in  the  poem. 

There  dwells,  in  lowly  shed,  and  mean  attire, 

A  matron  old,  whom  we  schoolmistress  name  .  .  . 

And  all  in  sight  doth  rise  a  birchen  tree. 

Stanzas  2,  3. 

Schreckenwald  (Ital),  steward  of 
count  Albert. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Sch-wanker  (Jonas),  jester  of  Leo- 
pold archduke  of  Austria. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Scian  Muse  (2^e),.Simon'ides,  born 
at  Scia  or  Cea,  now  Zia,  one  of  tho 
Cyclades. 

The  Scian  and  the  Teian  Muse  {Aniereoril  ,  .  . 
Have  found  the  fame  your  shores reliise. 
Byron.  J}on  Juan,  iii.  ("The  Isles  of  Greece,"  1820). 

Science  ( The  prince  of),  Tehuhe,  "The 
Aristotle  of  China"  (died  a.d.  1200). 

Scio  (now  called  Chios),  one  of  the 
seven  cities  which  claimed  to  be  the 
birthplace    of    Homer.       Hence    he    is 


SCIOLTO. 


878 


SCOGAN'S  JEST. 


sometimes  called  "  Scio's  Blind  Old 
Bard."  The  seven  cities  referred  to 
make  an  hexameter  verse  : 

Smyrna,Chios,Coloph6n,Salamis,Rhodos,Argos,Athenje;or 
Sniynia,Chios,CoIoph6ii, Ithaca,  Pylos,    Argos.Athenre. 
Antipater  Sidonius,  A  Greek  Epigram, 

Sciol'to  (3  syl.),  a  proud  Genoese 
nobleman,  the  father  of  Calista.  Calista 
was  the  bride  of  Altamont,  a  young  man 
proud  and  fond  of  her,  but  it  was  dis- 
covered on  the  wedding  day  that  she 
had  been  seduced  by  Lothario.  This 
led  to  a  series  of  calamities  :  (1)  Lothario 
was  killed  in  a  duel  by  Altamont ;  (2) 
a  street  riot  was  created,  in  which  Sciolto 
received  his  death-wound  ;  and  (3)  Ca- 
lista stabbed  herself. — N.  Kowe,  The  Fair 
Fenitent  (1703). 

(In  Italian,  Sciolto  forms  but  two 
syllables,  but  Rowe  has  made  it  three  in 
every  case.) 

Scipio  "  dismissed  the  Iberian  maid" 
(Milton,  Paradise  Regained,  ii.).  The  poet 
refers  to  the  tale  of  Scipio's  restoring  a 
captive  princess  to  her  lover  AUucius,  and 
giving  to  her,  as  a  wedding  present,  the 
monev  of  her  ransom.  (See  Continence, 
pp.  209,  210.) 

During  his  comitiand  in  Spain,  a  circumstance  occurred 
w)ii(;h  contributed  more  to  iiis  fame  and  glorj-  thaii  all 
his  military  exploits.  At  the  taking  of  New  Carthage,  a 
iidy  of  extraordinary  beauty  was  brought  to  Scipio,  who 
found  himself  greatly  affected  by  her  cliarms.  Under- 
standing, however,  that  she  was  betrothed  to  a  Celti- 
berian  prince  named  Aliucins,  he  resolved  to  conquer  his 
rising  pa.'^ion,  and  sent  her  to  her  lover  without  recom- 
pense. A  silver  shield,  on  which  this  interesting  event 
is  depicted,  was  found  in  the  river  Rhone  by  some  fisher- 
men in  the  seventeenth  century.— Goltlsmith,  UiUory  of 
Rome,  xiv.  3.  (Wliittaker's  improved  edition  contains  a 
facsimile  of  the  shield  on  p.  215.) 

Scipio,  son  of  the  gipsy  woman  Cos- 
colina  and  the  soldier' Torribio  Scipio. 
Scipio  becomes  the  secretary  of  Gil  Bias, 
and  settles  down  with  him  at  "the  castle 
of  Lirias."  His  character  and  adventures 
are  very  similar  to  those  of  Gil  Bias  him- 
self, but  he  never  rises  to  the  same  level. 
Scipio  begins  by  being  a  rogue,  who 
pilfered  and  plundered  all  who  employed 
him,  but  in  the  service  of  Gil  Bias  he 
was  a  model  of  fidelity  and  integritv. — 
Lesage,  Gil  Bias  (1715). 

Bciro'nian  Rocks,  between  Meg'ara 
and  Corinth.  So  called  because  the 
bones  of  Sciron,  the  robber  of  Attica, 
were  changed  into  these  rocks,  when 
Theseus  (2  si/l.)  hurled  him  from  a  cliff 
into  the  sea.  It  was  from  these  rocks 
that  Ino  cast  herself  into  the  Corinthian 
bay. — Gree/i  Fable. 

Scirum.  The  men  of  Scirum  used 
to  shoot  against  the  stars. 


Like  .  .  .  men  of  wit  bereaven, 
Which  howle  and  shoote  .igainst  tlie  liglits  of  heaven. 
Wm.  Browne,  Britannia's  Pattorals,  iv.  (1613). 

Scobellum,  a  verj^  fruitful  land,  the 
inhabitants  of  which  were  changed  into 
beasts  by  the  vengeance  of  the  gods. 
The  drunkards  were  turned  into  swine, 
the  lechers  into  goats,  the  proud  into 
peacocks,  shrews  into  magpies,  gamblers 
into  asses,  musicians  into  song-birds,  the 
envious  into  dogs,  idle  women  into  milch 
cows,  jesters  into  monkeys,  dancers  into 
squirrels,  and  misers  into  moles. 

They  exceeded  cannibals  in  cruelty,  the  Persians  in 
pride,  the  Egyptians  in  luxury,  the  Cretans  in  lying,  the 
Germans  in  drunkenness,  and  all  in  wickedness.— J. 
Ridley  [R.  Johnson],  Th€  Seven  Championa  of  Christen- 
dom.  iii.  10  (1617). 

Scogan  {Henry),  M.A.,  a  poet,  con- 
temporary with  Chaucer.  He  lived  in 
the  reigns  of  Richard  II.,  Henry  IV., 
and  probably  Henry  V.  Among  the 
gentry  who  had  letters  of  protection  to 
attend  Richard  II.  in  his  expedition  into 
Ireland,  in  1399,  is  "  Henricus  Scogan, 
Armiger."  —  Tyrwhitt's  Chancer,  v.  15 
(1773). 

Scogan?   What  was  he? 
Oh,  a  fine  gentleman  and  a  master  of  arts 
Of  Henry  the  Fourth's  time,  that  made  disguises 
For  tlie  king's  sons,  and  writ  in  ballad  royal 
Daintily  well. 

Ben  Jonson,  The  Fortunate  Isles  (1626). 

Scogan  (John),  the  favourite  jester 
and  buffoon  of  Edward  IV.  "  Scogan's 
jests"  were  published  by  Andrew  Borde, 
a  physician  in  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII. 

The  same  sir  John  [Falsiaffl  the  very  same.  I  saw 
him  break  Skogan's  liead  at  tlie  court-gate,  when  he  was 
a  crack  not  thus  high.— Shakespeare,  2  Uenry  JV.  act  iii. 
sc.  % 

*^*  Shakespeare  has  confounded  Henry 
Scogan,  M.A.,  the  poet,  who  lived  in  the 
reign  of  Henry  IV.,  with  John  Scogan 
the  jester,  who  lived  about  a  century 
later,  in  the  reign  of  Iidward  IV.  ;  and,  of 
course,  sir  John  Falstaff  could  not  have 
known  him  when  "he  was  a  mere  crack." 

Scogan*s  Jest.  Scogan  and  some 
companions,  being  in  lack  of  money, 
agreed  to  the  following  trick : — A  peasant, 
driring  sheep,  was  accosted  by  one  of  the 
accomplices,  who  laid  a  wager  that  his 
sheep  were  hogs,  and  agreed  to  abide  by 
the  decision  of  the  first  person  they  met. 
This,  of  course,  was  Scogan,  who  instantly 
gave  judgment  against  the  herdsman. 

A  similar  joke  is  related  in  the  Hitof 
desa,   an    abridged   version    of    Pilpaj'' 
Fables.     In  this  case,  the  "peasant'    ' 
represented    by    a    Brahmin   carrying   a 
goat,  and  the  joke  Avas  to  persuade  tlie 
Brahmin   that   he   was   carrying  a   dof 
''Howls  this, friend,"says  one,  "thatyot 


a 

:;he 

I 


SCONE. 


SCOTLAND  A  FIEF,  ETC. 


a  Bralimin,  carry  on  5'our  back  such  an 
unclean  animal  as  a  dog  ?  "  "  It  is  not  a 
do^',"  says  the  Brahmin,  "but  a  goat ;" 
and  trudged  on.  Presently  another  made 
the  same  remark,  and  the  Brahmin,  be- 
ginning to  doubt,  took  doAvn  the  goat  to 
look  at  it.  Convinced  that  the  creature 
was  really  a  goat,  he  went  on,  when 
prosently  a  third  made  the  same  re- 
mark. The  Brahmin,  now  fully  persuaded 
that  his  eyes  were  befooling  him,  threw 
down  the  goat  and  went  away  without  it ; 
whereupon  the  three  companions  took 
possession  of  it  and  cooked  it. 

In  Tyll  Eulcnspicijel  we  have  a  similar 
hoax.  Eulenspiegel  sees  a  man  with  a 
piece  of  green  cloth,  which  he  resolves 
to  obtain.  He  employs  two  confederates, 
both  priests.  Says  Eulenspiegel  to  the 
man,  "  What  a  famous  piece  of  blue 
cloth !  Where  did  you  get  it  ?  "  "  Blue, 
you  fool !  why,  it  is  green."  After  a  short 
contention,  a  bet  is  made,  and  the  ques- 
tion in  dispute  is  referred  to  the  first 
comer.  This  was  a  confederate,  and  he 
at  once  decided  that  the  cloth  was  blue. 
"You  are  both  in  the  same  boat,"  says 
the  man,  "  which  I  will  prove  by  the  priest 
j'onder."  The  question  being  put  to  the 
priest,  is  decided  against  the  man,  and  the 
three  rogues  divide  the  cloth  amongst 
them. 

Another  version  is  in  novel  8  of  For- 
tini.  The  joke  was  that  certain  kids 
he  had  for  sale  were  capons. — See  Dun- 
lop,  History  of  Fiction,  viii.  art.  "  Ser 
Giovanni." 

Scone  [5'/ioon],  a  palladium  stone.  It 
was  erected  in  Icolmkil  for  the  coronation 
of  Fergus  Eric,  and  was  called  the  Lia~ 
Fail  of  Ireland.  Fergus  the  son  of  Fergus 
Eric,  who  led  the  Dalriads  to  Argyllshire, 
removed  it  to  Scone ;  and  Edward  I. 
took  it  to  London.  It  still  remains  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  where  it  forms  the 
support  of  Edward  the  Confessor's  chair, 
which  forms  the  coronation  chair  of  the 
British  monarchs. 

Ni  fallat  fatum,  Scoti,  quocunque  locatum 
Invenieiit  lapideni,  regiiare  teuentur  ibidem. 

Liirdner,  History  of  Scotland,  i.  67  (1832). 
Where'er  this  stone  is  placed,  the  fates  decree, 
Tlie  Scottish  nice  shall  there  the  sovereigns  be. 

*^*  Of  course,  the  "  Scottish  race  "  is 
the  dynasty  of  the  Stuarts  and  their 
successors. 

Scotch  Guards,  in  the  service  of 
the  French  kings,  were  called  his  garde  du 
corps.  The  origin  of  the  guard  was  this  : 
When  St.  Louis  entered  upon  his  first 
crusade,  he  was  twice  saved  from  death 


b\'  the  valour  of  a  small  band  of  Scotch 
auxiliaries  under  the  commands  of  the 
earls  of  March  and  Dunbar,  Walter 
Stewart,  and  sir  David  Lindsaj-.  In 
gratitude  thereof,  it  was  resolved  that 
"a  standing  guard  of  Scotchmen,  recom- 
mended by  the  king  of  Scotland,  should 
evermore  fonn  the  body-guard  of  the 
king  of  France."  This  decree  remained 
in  force  for  five  centuries. — Grant,  'Tha 
Scottish  Cavalier,  xx. 

Sco'tia,  Scotland  ;  sometimes  called 
"  Scotia  Minor."  The  Venerable  Bede 
tells  us  that  Scotland  was  called  Cale- 
donia till  A.I).  258,  when  it  was  invaded 
by  a  tribe  from  Ireland,  and  its  name 
changed  to  Scotia. 

Scotia  Magna  or  Major,  Ireland. 

Scotland.  So  called,  according  to 
legend,  from  Scota,  daughter  of  Pharaoh. 
What  gives  this  legend  especial  interest 
is,  that  when  Edward  I.  laid  claim  to  the 
country  as  a  fief  of  England,  he  pleaded 
that  Brute  the  British  king,  in  tlie  daj's 
of  Eli  and  Samuel,  had  conquered  it. 
The  Scotch,  in  their  defence,  pleaded 
their  independence  in  virtue  of  descent 
from  Scota,  daughter  of  Pharaoh.  This 
is  not  fable,  but  sober  history. — Uymer, 
Fa;dera,  I.  ii.  (1703). 

Scotland  Yard  (London).  So  called 
from  a  palace  which  stood  there  for  the 
reception  of  the  king  of  Scotland  when 
he  came  to  England  to  pay  homage  to 
his  over-lord  the  king  of  England. 

Scotland  a  Pief  of  England. 
WTien  Edward  I.  laid  claim  to  Scotland  as 
a  fief  of  the  English  crown,  his  great  plea 
was  that  it  was  awarded  to  Adelstan  by 
direct  miracle,  and,  therefore,  could  never 
be  alienated.  His  advocates  seriously 
read  from  The  Life  and  Miracles  of  St. 
John  of  Beverley  this  extract :  Adelstan 
went  to  drive  back  the  Scotch,  who  had 
crossed  the  border,  and,  on  reaching  the 
Tyne,  St.  John  of  Beverley  appeared  to 
him,  and  bade  him  cross  the  river  at 
daybreak.  Adelstan  obej-ed,  and  reduced 
the  whole  kingdom  to  submission.  On 
reaching  Dunbar,  in  the  return  march, 
Adelstan  prayed  that  some  sign  might 
be  given,  to  testify  to  all  ages  that  God 
had  delivered  the  kingdom  into  his 
hands.  Whereupon  he  was  commanded 
to  strike  the  basaltic  rock  with  his  sword. 
This  did  he,  and  the  blade  sank  into  the 
rock  "as  if  it  had  been  butter,"  cleaving 
it  asunder  for  "  an  ell  or  more."  As  the 
cleft  remains  to  the  present  hour,  in  testi- 


SCOTLAND'S  SCOURGE. 


SCOURGE  OF  PRINCES. 


mony  of  this  miracle,  why,  of  course,  cela 
va  sans  dire. — Rj^mer,  Fcedera,  I.  ii.  771 
(1703). 

Scotland's  Scourge,  Edward  I. 
His  son,  Edward  II.,  buried  him  in 
Westminster  Abbey,  where  his  tomb  is 
still  to  be  seen,  with  the  following  inscrip- 
tion : — 

Edwardns  Longus,  Scotorum  Malleus,  hie  est. 
(Our  Loiigshanks,  "Scotland's  Scourge,"  lies  here). 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvii.  (1613). 
So  Longsbanks,  Scotland's  Scourge,  the  land  laid  waste. 
Ditto,  xxix.  (1622). 

Scots  {scuite,  "  a  wanderer,  a  ro- 
ver "),  the  inhabitants  of  the  western 
coast  of  Scotland.  As  this  part  is  very 
hilly  and  barren,  it  is  unfit  for  tillage  ; 
and  the  inhabitants  used  to  live  a  roving 
life  on  the  produce  of  the  chase,  their 
chief  employment  being  the  rearing  of 
cattle. 

Tlie  Caledonians  became  divided  into  two  distinct 
nations  .  .  .  those  on  the  western  coast  which  was  hilly 
and  barren,  and  those  towards  the  east  where  the  land 
is  fit  for  tillage.  ...  As  the  employment  of  the  former 
did  not  fix  them  to  one  phice,  they  removed  from  one 
heatli  to  another,  as  suited  liest  with  their  convenience 
or  inclination,  and  were  called  hy  their  neighbours  Scuite 
or  the  "wandering  n&lion."— Dissertation  on  the  Poem* 
of  Ossian. 

Scots  (The  Royal).  The  hundred  cuir- 
assiers, called  hommes  des  armeSy  which 
formed  the  bod)'-guard  of  the  French 
king,  were  sent  to  Scotland  in  1633  by 
Louis  XIII.,  tb  attend  the  coronation  of 
Charles  I.  at  Edinburgh.  On  the  out- 
break of  the  civil  war,  eight  years  after- 
wards, these  cuirassiers  loyally  adhered 
to  the  crown,  and  received  the  title  of 
*'  The  Royal  Scots."  At  the  downfall  of 
the  king,  the  hommes  des  armes  returned 
to  France. 

Scott  (T7ie  Southern).  Ariosto  is  so 
called  by  lord  Byron. 

First  rose 
The  Tuscan  father's  "comedy  divine  "  [Dante] ; 
Then,  not  unequal  to  the  Florentine, 
Tlie  southern  Scott,  the  minstrel  who  called  forth 
A  new  creation  with  his  magic  line. 
And,  like  the  Ariosto  of  the  North  [sir  W.  Scott], 
Sang  ladyelove  and  war,  romance  and  knightly  worth. 
Byron,  ChVde  Harold,  iv.  40  (1817). 

*^*  Dante  was  bom  at  Florence. 

Scott  of  Belgium  (The  Walter)^ 
Hendrick  Conscience  (1812-        )f^ 

Scottish  Anacreon  (The),  Alex- 
ander Scot  is  so  called  b}^  Pinkerton. 

Scottish  Boanerges  (The),  Robert 
and  James  Haldane  (nineteenth  century). 
Robert  died  1842,  aged  79,  and  James 
1851. 

Scottish  Hogarth  (T7ie),  David 
Allan  (1744-1796). 


Scottish  Homer  (The),  William 
Wilkie,  author  of  an  epic  poem  in  rhyme 
entitled  The  Epigoniad  (1753). 

Scottish  Solomon  (The),  James 
VI.  of  Scotland,  subsequently  called 
James  I.  of  England  (1566,  1603-1625). 

*^*  The  i'reuch  king  called  him  far 
more  aptly,  "  The  Wisest  Fool  in  Christen- 
dom." 

Scottish  Teniers  (Tlie)^  sir  David 
Wilkie  (1785-1841). 

Scottish  Theoc'ritos  (The),  Allan 
Ramsay  (1685-1768). 

Seotus.  There  were  two  schoolmen 
of  this  name:  (1)  John  Seotus  Erlgint,  a 
native  of  Ireland,  who  died  8  8,  in  the 
reign  of  king  Alfred  ;  (2)  John  Duns 
Seotus,  a  Scotchman,  who  died  1308. 
Longfellow  confounds  these  two  in  his 
Golden  Legend  when  he  attributes  the 
Latin  version  of  St.  Dionysius  the  Areo- 
pagite  to  the  latter  schoolman. 

And  done  into  L-itin  by  that  Scottish  beast, 
Erigena  Johannes. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Scourers,  a  class  of  dissolute  young 
men,  often  of  the  better  class,  who  in- 
fested the  streets  of  London  in  the  seven- 
teenth century,  and  thought  it  capital 
fun  to  break  windows,  upset  sedan-chairs, 
beat  quiet  citizens,  and  molest  young 
women.  These  young  blades  called 
themselves  at  different  times,  Muns, 
Hectors,  Scourers,  Nickers,  Hawcabites, 
and  Mohawks  or  Mohocks. 

Scourge  of  Christians  (The), 
Noureddin-Mahmud  of  Damascus  (1116- 
1174). 

Scourge  of  God  (The),  Attilaking 
of  the  Huns,  called  Flagellum  Dei  (died 
A.D.  453).  Genseric  king  of  the  Vandals, 
called  Virga  Dei  (*,  reigned  429-477). 

Scourge  of  Princes  (The),  Pietro 
Aretino  of  Arezzo,  a  merciless  satirist  of 
kings  and  princes,  but  very  obscene  and 
licentious.  He  called  himself  "Aretino 
the  Divine"  (1492-1557). 

Thus  Aretin  of  late  got  reputation 
By  scourging  kings,  as  Lucian  did  of  old 
By  scorning  gods. 
Lord  Brooke,  Inquisition  upon  Fame  (1564-1628). 

Suidas  called  Lucian  "  The  Blas- 
phemer ; "  and  he  added  that  he  was 
torn  to  pieces  by  dogs  for  his  impiety. 
Some  of  his  works  attack  the  heathen 
philosophy  and  religion.  His  Jupiter 
Convicted  shows  Jupiter  to  be  powerless, 
and  Jupiter  the  Tragedian  shows  Jupiter 


SCOURGE  OF  SCOTLAND. 


881 


SCROGGEN. 


and  the  other  gods  to  be  myths   (120- 
200). 

Scourge  of  Scotland,  Edward  I. 
Scotorum  Malleus  (1239,  1272-1307). 

Scra"De-All,  a  soapy,  psalm-singing 
hypocrite,  who  combines  with  Cheatly  to 
supply  young  heirs  with  cash  at  most 
exorbitant  usury.  (See  Cheatly.) — 
Shadwell,  Squire  of  Alsatia  (1688). 

Scrape  on,  Gentlemen.  Hadrian 
went  once  to  the  public  baths,  and,  seeing 
an  old  soldier  scraping  himself  with  a 
potsherd  for  want  of  a  flesh-brush,  sent 
him  a  sum  of  money.  Next  day,  the 
bath  was  crowded  with  potsherd  scrapers  ; 
but  the  emperor  said  when  he  saw  them, 
*'  Scrape  on,  gentlemen,  but  you  will  not 
scrape  an  acquaintance  with  me." 

Scribble,  an  attorney's  clerk,  who 
tries  to  get  married  to  Polly  Honey- 
combe,  a  silly,  novel-struck  girl,  but  well 
off.  He  is  happily  foiled  in  his  scheme, 
and  Polly  is  saved  from  the  consequences 
of  a  most  unsuitable  match. — G.  Colman 
the  elder,  Folly  Honeycombe  (1760). 

Scrible'rus  (Cornelius),  father  of 
Martlnus.  He  was  noted  for  his  pe- 
dantry, and  his  odd  whims  about  the 
education  of  his  son. 

Martlnus  Scriblerus,  a  man  of  capacity, 
who  had  read  everything  ;  but  his  judg- 
ment was  worthless,  and  his  taste  per- 
verted.— (?)  Arbuthnot,  Memoirs  of  the 
Extraordinary  Life,  Works,  and  Dis- 
coveries of  Martinus  Scrihlerus, 

*^*  These  "memoirs"  were  intended 
to  be  the  first  instalment  of  a  general 
satire  on  the  false  taste  in  literature 
prevalent  in  the  time  of  Pope.  The  only 
parts  of  any  moment  that  were  written 
of  this  intended  series  were  Pope's  Trea- 
tise of  the  Bathos  or  Art  of  Sinkinq  in 
Poetry,  and  his  Memoirs  of  P.  P.,  Clerk 
of  this  Parish  (1727),  in  ridicule  of  Dr. 
Burnet's  History  of  His  Own  Time.  The 
Dunciad  is,  however,  preceded  by  a  Pro- 
legomena, ascribed  to  Martinus  Scriblerus, 
and  contains  his  notes  and  illustrations  on 
the  poem,  thus  connecting  this  merciless 
satire  with  the  original  design. 

Scriever  (Jock),  the  apprentice  of 
Duncan  Macwheeble  (bailie  at  Tully 
Teolan  to  Mr.  Cosmo  Comyne  Brad- 
wardine  bar  n  of  Bradwardine  and  Tully 
Veolan). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Scriptores  Decern,  a  collection  of 
ten  ancient  chronicles  on  English  history, 


in  one  vol.  folio,  London,  1652,  edited 
by  Roger  Twysden  and  John  Selden. 
The  volume  contains  :  (1)  Simeon  Du- 
nelmensis  [Simeon  of  Durham],  Historia; 

(2)  Johannes  Hagustaldensis  [John  of 
Hexham],  Historia  Continuata  ;  (3)  Ri- 
chardus  Hagustaldensis  [Richard  of 
Hexham],  Be  Gestis  Eegis  Stephani  ;  (4) 
Ailredus  Rievallensis  [Ailred  of  Rieval], 
Historia  (genealogy  of  the  kings)  ;  (6) 
Radulphus  de  Diceto  [Ralph  of  Diceto], 
Abbreviationes  Chronicorum  and  Ymagines 
Historiarum;  (6)  Johannes  Brompton, 
Chronicon  ;  (7)  Gervasius  Dorobornensis 
[Gervais  of  Dover],  Chronica,  etc.  (burn- 
ing and  repair  of  Dover  Church  ;  conten- 
tions between  the  monks  of  Canterbury 
and  archbishop  Baldwin  ;  and  lives  of 
the  archbishops  of  Canterbury) ;  (8) 
Thomas  Stubbs  (a  dominican).  Chronica 
Pontificum  ecc.  Eboraci  [i.e.  York]  ;  (9) 
Guilielmus  Thorn  Cantuariensis  [of  Can- 
terbury], Chronica;  and  (10)  Henricus 
Knighton  Leicestrensis  [of  Leicester], 
Chronica.  (The  last  three  are  chronicles 
of  "  pontiffs  "  or  archbishops.) 

Scriptores  Quinque,  better  known 
as  Scriptores  Post  Bedam,  published  at 
Frankfurt,  1601,  in  one  vol.  folio,  and 
containing:  (1)  Willielm  Malmesburi- 
ensis,  De  Gestis  Begum  Anglorum,  Histories 
NovellcB,  and  De  Gestis  Pontificum  Anglo- 
rum  ;  (2)  Henry  Huntindoniensis,  Historia  ; 

(3)  Roger  Hovedeni  [Hoveden],  Annales  ; 

(4)  Ethelwerd,  Chronica ;  and  (5)  Ingul- 
phus  Croylandensis  [of  Croyland],  His- 
toria. 

Scriptores  Tres,  three  "hypo- 
thetical" writers  on  ancient  historj', 
which  Dr.  Bertram  professed  to  have  dis- 
covered between  the  years  1747  and  1757. 
They  are  called  Richardus  Corinensis  [of 
Cirencester] ,  De  Situ  Britannice ;  Gildas 
Badonicus ;  and  Nennius  Banchorensis 
[of  Bangor].  J.  E.  Mayor,  in  his  pre- 
face to  Ricardi  de  Cirencestria  Speculum 
Historiale,  has  laid  bare  this  literary 
forgery. 

Scripture.  Parson  Adams's  wife  said 
to  her  husband  that  in  her  opinion  "it 
was  blasphemous  to  talk  of  Scriptures 
out  of  church." — Fielding,  Joseph  An- 
drews. 

A  great  Impression  in  my  youth 
Was  made  by  Mrs.  Adams,  wliere  she  cries, 
"  That  Scriptures  out  of  churcli  are  blaspliemous." 
Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiil.  96  (1824\ 

Scroggen,  a  poor  hack  author,  cele- 
brated by  Goldsmith  in  his  Description 
of  an  Author's  Bedchamber. 

3  L 


SCROGGENS. 


882 


SCUDAMOUR. 


Scroggens  (Giles),  a  peasant,  who 
courted  Molly  Brown,  but  died  just  be- 
fore the  wedding  day.  Molly  cried  and 
cried  for  him,  till  she  cried  herself  fast 
asleep.  Fancying  that  she  saw  Giles 
Scroggens's  ghost  standing  at  her  bed- 
side, she  exclaimed  in  terror,  "What 
do  you  want?"  "You  for  to  come  for 
to  go  along  with  me,"  replied  the  ghost. 
*'  I  ben't  dead,  vou  fool !  "  said  Molly  ; 
but  the  ghost  rejoined,  '*  Why,  that's  no 
rule."  Then,  clasping  her  round  the 
waist,  he  exclaimed,  "Come,  come  with 
me,  ere  morning  beam."  "I  won't!" 
shrieked  Molly,  and  woke  to  find  "'twas 
nothing  but  a  dream." — A  Comic  Ballad. 

Scroggs  (Sir  William),  one  of  the 
judges.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the 
Feak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Scrooge  {Ebenezer),  partner,  exe- 
cutor, and  heir  of  old  Jacob  Marley, 
Btock-broker.  When  first  introduced,  he 
is  "a  squeezing,  grasping,  covetous  old 
hunks,  sharp  and  hard  as  a  flint ;  "  with- 
out one  particle  of  sympathy,  loving  no 
one,  and  by  none  beloved.  One  Christmas 
Day,  Ebenezer  Scrooge  sees  three  ghosts  : 
The  Ghost  of  Christmas  Past ;  the  Ghost 
of  Christmas  Present ;  and  the  Ghost  of 
Christmas  To-come.  The  first  takes  him 
back  to  his  young  life,  shows  him  what 
Christmas  was  to  him  when  a  schoolboy, 
and  when  he  was  an  apprentice  ;  reminds 
him  of  his  courting  a  young  girl,  whom 
he  forsook  as  he  grew  rich  ;  and  shows  him 
that  sweetheart  of  his  young  days  married 
to  another,  and  the  mother  of  a  happy 
famil3%  The  second  ghost  shows  him 
the  joyous  home  of  his  clerk  Bob 
Cratchit,  who  has  nine  people  to  keep  on 
155.  a  week,  and  yet  could  find  where- 
withal to  make  merry  on  this  day ; 
it  also  shows  him  the  family  of  his 
nephew,  and  of  others.  The  third  ghost 
shows  him  what  would  be  his  lot  if  he 
died  as  he  then  was,  the  prey  of  harpies, 
the  jest  of  his  friends  on  'Change,  the 
world's  imcared-f or  waif.  These  visions 
wholly  change  his  nature,  and  he  becomes 
benevolent,  charitable,  and  cheerful,  lov- 
ing all,  and  by  all  beloved. — C.  Dickens, 
A  Christmas  Carol  (in  five  staves,  1843). 

Scro^V,  the  clerk  of  lawyer  Glossin. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Scrub,  a  man-of-all-work  to  lady 
Bountiful.     He  describes  his  duties  thus  : 

Of  a  Monday  I  drive  the  coach,  of  a  Tuesday  I  drive  the 
pkMij^li,  on  Wednesday  I  follow  the  hounds,  on  Tliursday 
1  duu  the  tenants,  on  Friday  I  go  to  market,  on  Saturday 


I  draw  warrants,  and   on  Sunday  I  draw  be«r.— <jeo. 
Farquhar,  The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  iii.  4  (1707). 

One  day,  when  Weston  [1727-1776]  was  announced  to 
play  "Scrub,"  he  sent  to  request  a  loan  of  money  from 
Oarrick,  which  was  refused ;  whereupon  Weston  did  not 
put  in  his  appearance  in  tlje  green-room.  So  Garrick  came 
to  the  foot-liglits,  and  said,  "Ladies  and  gentlemen,  Mr. 
Weston  being  taken  suddenly  ill,  he  is  not  capable  of  ap- 
pearing before  you  this  evening,  and  so  with  your  permis- 
sion I  will  perform  the  part  of  'Scrub'  in  his  stead." 
Weston,  who  was  in  the  gallery  with  a  sham  bailiff,  now 
hallooed  out,  "  I  am  here,  but  the  bailiff  won't  let  me 
come."  The  audience  roiired  with  laughter,  clamoured  lor 
Weston,  insisted  he  should  play  "  Scrub,"  and  the  manager 
wa-s  obliged  to  advance  the  loan  and  release  the  debtor.— 
SpirU  of  the  Public  Journals  (1825). 

Scrubin'da,  the  lady  who  "  lived  by 
the  scouring  of  pots  in  Dyot  Street, 
Bloomsbury  Square." 

Oh,  was  I  a  quart,  pint,  or  gill. 

To  be  scrubbed  by  her  delicate  hands !  .  .  . 
My  parlour  tliat's  next  to  the  sky 

I'd  quit,  her  blest  mansion  to  share ; 
So  happy  to  live  and  to  die 

In  Dyot  Street,  Bloomsbury  Square. 

W.  B.  Rhodes.  Bomboita  Furioto  (1790). 

Scruple,  the  friend  of  Random.  He 
is  too  honest  for  a  rogue,  and  too  con- 
scientious for  a  rake.  At  Calais  he  met 
Harriet,  the  elder  daughter  of  sir  David 
Dunder  of  Dunder  Hall,  near  Dover,  and 
fell  in  love  with  her.  Scruple  subsequently 
got  invited  to  Dunder  Hall,  and  was  told 
that  his  Harriet  was  to  be  married  next 
day  to  lord  Snolt.  a  stumpy,  "gummy" 
fogey  of  five  and  forty.  Harriet  hated 
the  idea,  and  agreed  to  elope  with  Scruple ; 
but  her  father  discovered  by  accident  the 
intention,  and  intercepted  it.  However, 
to  prevent  scandal,  he  gave  his  consent 
to  the  union,  and  discovered  that  Scruple, 
both  in  family  and  fortune,  was  quite 
suitable  for  a  son-in-law. — G.  Colman, 
Ways  and  Means  (1788). 


Scu'damour  (Sir),  the  knight  be 
loved  by  Am'oret  (whom  Britomart  de-^ 
livered  from  Busyrane  the  enchanter" ' 
and  whom  she  ultimately  married, 
is  called  Scudamour  (3  syl.)  from  [e] 
d'amour  ("the  shield  of  love"),  which 
he  carried  (bk.  iv.  10).  This  shield  was 
hung  by  golden  bands  in  the  temple 
of  Venus,  and  under  it  was  written: 
"Whosever  be  this  Shield,  Fairk 
Amoret  be  his."  Sir  Scudamour,  de- 
termined to  win  the  prize,  had  to  fight 
with  twenty  combatants,  overthrew  them 
all,  and  the  shield  was  his.  When  he 
saw  Amoret  in  the  company  of  Brito- 
mart dressed  as  a  knight,  he  was  racked 
with  jealousy,  and  went  on  his  wander- 
ings, accompanied  by  nurse  Glauce  for 
"  his  'squire  ;  "  but  somewhat  later,  seeing 
Britomart  without  her  helmet,  he  felt 
that  his  jealousy  was  groundless  (bk.  iv. 
6).     His  tale  is  told  by  himself  (bk« 


ae- 


SCULPTURE. 


883 


SEA-CAPTAIN. 


iv.  10). — Spenser,  Faiery  Queen,  iii.,  iv. 
(1590-6). 

Sculpture  (Father  of  French),  Jean 
Goujon  (1510-1572).  G.  Pilon  ia  so 
called  al30  (1515-1590). 

Scyld,  the  king  of  Denmark  preceding 
Beowulf.  The  Anglo-Saxon  epic  poem 
called  Beowulf  (sixth  century)  begins 
•with  the  death  of  Scyld. 

At  his  appointed  time,  Scyld  deceased,  yery  decrepit, 
and  went  into  tlie  peace  of  the  Lord.  Tliey  .  .  .  bore 
him  to  the  sea-shore  as  he  himself  requested.  .  .  .  There 
on  t^  beach  stood  the  ring-prowed  ship,  the  vehicle  of 
the  noble  .  .  .  ready  to  set  out.  They  laid  down  the  dear 
prince,  the  distributer  of  rings,  in  the  bosom  of  the  ship, 
the  mighty  one  l>eside  the  mast  .  .  .  they  set  up  a  golden 
ensign  high  overhead  .  .  .  they  gave  him  to  the  deep. 
Sad  was  their  spirit,  mournful  their  mood. — Kemble, 
Beowulf  (an  Anglo-Saxon  poem,  1833). 

Scylla    and     Charybdis.     The 

former  was  a  rock,  in  which  dwelt  Scylla, 
a  hideous  monster  encompassed  with  dogs 
and  wolves.  The  latter  was  a  whirlpool, 
into  which  Charybdis  was  metamor- 
phosed.— Classic  iable. 

Scylla  and  Charybdis  of  Scot- 
land, the  "  Swalchie  whirlpool,"  and 
the  "Merry  Men  of  Mey,"  a  bed  of 
broken  water  which  boils  like  a  witch's 
caldron,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Stroma 
Channel. 

("Merry  Men;"  men  is  a  corruption 
of  main  in  this  phrase.) 

Scythian  {That  Brave),  Darius  the 
Persian.  According  to  Herod'otos,  all 
the  south-east  of  Europe  used  to  be  called 
Scythia,  and  Xenophon  calls  the  dwellers 
south  of  the  Caspian  Sea  "  Scythians " 
also.  In  fact,  by  Scythia  was  meant  the 
south  of  Russia  and  west  of  Asia  ;  hence 
:  the  Hungarians,  a  Tartar  horde  settled 
on  the  east  coast  of  the  Caspian,  who,  in 
889,  crossed  into  Europe,  are  spoken  of 

iAS  "  Scythians,"  and  lord  Brooke  calls 
the  Persians  "  Scythians."  The  reference 
below  is  to  the  following  event  in  Persian 
history  : — The  death  of  Smerdis  was  kept 
for  a  time  a  profound  secret,  and  one  of 
the  officers  about  the  court  who  resembled 
him,  usurped  the  crown,  calling  himself 
brother  of  the  late  monarch.  Seven  of 
the  high  nobles  conspired  together,  and 
slew  the  usurper,  but  it  then  became  a 
question  to  which  of  the  seven  the  crown 
should  be  offered.  They  did  not  toss  for 
it,  but  they  did  much  the  same  thing. 
They  agreed  to  give  the  crown  to  him 
whose  horse  neighed  first.  Darius's  horse 
won,  and  tlius  Darius  became  king  of  the 
Persian  empire. 


That  brave  Scythian, 
Who  found  more  sweetness  in  his  horse's  neighing 
Than  all  the  Phrygian,  Dorian,  Lydian  playing. 

Lord  Brooke  (1554-1828). 

*^*  Marlowe  calls  Tamburlaine  o1 
Tartary  "a  Scythian." 

You  shall  hear  tlie  Scythian  Tamburlaine 
Threatening  the  world  with  high  astounding  terms. 
Marlowe,  Tamburlaine  (prologue,  1587). 

Scyiihian's  Name  (T/ie).  Ilumbei 
or  Humbert  king  of  the  Huns  invaded 
England  during  the  reign  of  Locrin, 
some  1000  years  B.C.  In  his  flight,  he 
was  drowned  in  the  river  Abus,  which 
has  ever  since  been  called  the  Humber, 
after  "the  Scythian's  name." — Geoffrey, 
British  History,  ii.  2  (1142)  ;  and  Milton's 
History  of  England. 

Or  Humber  loud  that  keeps  the  Scythian's  name. 
Milton,  Vacation  Exercise  (1627). 

Sea  {The  Great).  The  Mediterranean 
was  so  called  by  the  ancients. 

Sea  {The  Waterless).  Prester  John,  in 
his  letter  to  Manuel  Comnenus  emperoi 
of  Constantinople,  says  that  in  his  country 
there  is  a  "waterless  sea,"  which  none 
have  ever  crossed.  It  consists  of  tumbling 
billows  of  sand,  never  at  rest,  and  contains 
fish  of  most  excellent  flavour. 

Three  days'  journey  from  the  coast  of 
the  Sand  Sea  is  a  mountain  whence  rolls 
down  a  "waterless  river,"  consisting  of 
gmall  stones,  which  crumble  into  sand 
when  they  reach  the  "  sea." 

Near  the  Sand  Sea  is  a  fountain  called 
Mussel,  because  it  is  contained  in  a  basin 
like  a  mussel-shell.  This  is  a  test  foun- 
tain. Those  who  test  it,  strip  off  theii 
clothes,  and  if  they  are  true  and  leal,  th€ 
water  rises  three  times,  till  it  corera 
their  head. 

Sea-Born  City  {The),  Venice. 

Sea-Captain  {TJie),  a  drama  by  lord 
Lytton  (1839).  Norman,  "the  sea-cap- 
tain," was  the  son  of  lady  Arundel  by  her 
first  husband,  who  was  murdered.  He  was 
born  three  days  after  his  father's  murder, 
and  was  brought  up  by  Onslow,  a  village 
priest.  At  14  he  went  to  sea,  and  became 
the  captain  of  a  man-of-war.  Lady 
Arundel  married  again,  and  had  another 
son  named  Percy.  She  wished  to  ignore 
Norman,  and  to  settle  the  title  and  estates 
on  Percy,  but  it  was  not  to  be.  Norman 
and  Percy  both  loved  Violet,  a  ward  of 
lady  Arundel.  Violet,  however,  loved 
Norman  only.  A  scheme  was  laid  to 
murder  Norman,  but  failed  ;  and  at  the 
end  Norman  was  acknowledged  by  his 
mother,  reconciled  to  his  brother,  and 
married  to  the  ward. 


SEA-GIRT  ISLE. 


884 


SEBASTIAN. 


Sea-Girt  Isle  (The),  Great  Britain. 

Sea  of  Sedge  (The),  the  Red  Sea. 
The  Red  Sea  so  abounds  with  sedge  that 
in  the  Hebrew  Scriptures  it  is  called  '*  The 
Weedy  or  Sedgy  Sea."  Milton  refers  to 
it  when  he  says,  the  rebel  angels  were  as 
numberless  as  the 

.  .  .  scattered  sedge 
Aflote,  when  with  fierce  winds  Orion  armed 
Hath  vexed  the  Red  Sea  coast. 

Paradue  Lost,  i.  304  (1665). 

Sea  of  Stars.  The  source  of  the 
Yellow  River,  in  Thibet,  is  so  called 
because  of  the  unusual  sparkle  of  the 
waters. 

Like  A  sea  of  stirs. 
The  hundred  sources  of  Hoangho  [the  Yellow  River\. 
Southey,  Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  vi.  12  (1797). 

Seaforth  (The  earl  of),  a  royalist,  in 
the  service  of  king  Charles  I. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles 

Seasons  (The),  a  descriptive  poem  in 
blank  verse,  by  James  Thomson,  "Win- 
ter" (1726),  "Summer"  (1727),  "Spring" 
(1728),  "Autumn"  (1730).  "Winter" 
is  inscribed  to  the  earl  of  Wilming- 
ton;  "Summer"  to  Mr.  Doddington ; 
"Spring"  to  the  countess  of  Hertford  ; 
and  "Autumn"  to  Mr.  Onslow. 

1.  In  "  Winter,"  after  describing  the 
season,  the  poet  introduces  his  episode  of 
a  traveller  lost  in  a  snowstorm,  "the 
creeping  cold  laj's  him  along  the  snow, 
a  stiffened  corse,"  of  wife,  of  children, 
and  of  friend  unseen.  The  whole  book 
contains  1069  lines. 

2.  "Summer"  begins  with  a  descrip- 
tion of  the  season,  and  the  rural  pursuits 
of  haymaking  and  sheep-shearing  ; 
passes  on  to  the  hot  noon,  when  "nature 
pants,  and  every  stream  looks  languid." 
After  describing  the  tumultuous  character 
of  the  season  in  the  torrid  zone,  he  returns 
to  England,  and  describes  a  thunder- 
storm, in  which  Celadon  and  Amelia  are 
overtaken.  The  tnunder  growls,  the 
lightnings  flash,  louder  and  louder  crashes 
the  aggravated  roar,  "  convulsing  heaven 
and  earth."  The  maiden,  terrified,  clings 
to  her  lever  for  protection.  "  Fear  not, 
sweet  innocence,"  he  says.  "  He  who 
involves  yon  skies  in  "darkness  ever 
smiles  on  thee.  'Tis  safety  to  be  near 
thee,  sure,  and  thus  to  clasp  perfection." 
As  he  speaks  the  words,  a  flash  of  light- 
ning strikes  the  maid,  and  lays  her  a 
blackened  corpse  at  the  young  man's  feet. 
The  poem  concludes  with  the  more  peace- 
ful scenery  of  a  summer's  evening,  when 
the  story  of    Damon   and  Musidora  is 


introduced.  Damon  had  long  loved  the 
beautiful  Musidora,  but  met  with  scant 
encouragement.  One  summer's  evening, 
he  accidentally  came  upon  her  bathing, 
and  the  respectful  modesty  of  his  love  so 
won  upon  the  damsel  that  she  wrote 
upon  a  tree,  "  Damon,  the  time  may 
come  when  you  need  not  fly."  The 
whole  book  contains  1804  lines. 

3.  In  "  Spring  "  the  poet  describes  its 
general  features,  and  its  influence  on  the 
vegetable  and  animal  world.  He  de- 
scribes a  garden  with  its  haram  of  flowers, 
a  grove  with  its  orchestry  of  song-birds 
making  melody  in  their  love,  the  rough 
world  of  brutes  furious  and  fierce  with 
their  strong  desire,  and  lastly  man  tem- 
pered by  its  infusive  influence.  The  book 
contains  1173  lines. 

4.  In  "Autumn"  we  are  taken  to  the 
harvest-field,  where  the  poet  introduces 
a  story  similar  to  that  of  Ruth  and  Boaz. 
His  Ruth  he  calls  "Lavinia,"  and  his 
Boaz  "  Palemon."  He  then  describes 
partridge  and  pheasant  shooting,  hare 
and  fox  hunting,  all  of  which  he  con- 
demns. After  luxuriating  in  the  orchard 
and  vineyard,  he  speaks  of  the  emigration 
of  birds,  the  falling  of  the  sear  and  yellow 
leaf,  and  concludes  with  a  eulogy  of 
country  life.  The  whole  book  contains 
1371  lines. 

***  It  is  much  to  be  regretted  that  the 
poet's  order  has  not  been  preserved.  The 
arrangement  of  the  seasons  into  Spring, 
Summer,  Autumn,  and  Winter,  is  un- 
natural, and  mars  the  harmony  of  the 
poet's  plan. 

Seatonian  Prize.  The  Rev.  Thomas 
Seaton,  Fellow  of  Clare  Hall,  Cambridge 
University,  bequeathed  the  rents  of  his 
Kislingbury  estate  for  a  yearly  prize  of 
£40  to  the  best  English  poem  on  a 
sacred  subject  announced  in  January,  and 
sent  in  on  or  before  September  29  follow- 
ing. 

Shall  hoary  Granta  call  her  sable  sons  .  .  . 
Shall  these  approach  the  Muse?    Ah,  no !  she  fliei^ 
And  even  spurns  tlie  great  Seatonian  prize. 
Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Sebastes  of  Mytile'ne  (4  syl), 
the  assassin  in  the  "  Immortal  Guards." — ■ 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of  Faris 
(time,  Rufus). 

Sebastian,  a  young  gentleman  of 
Messaline,  brother  to  Viola.  They  were 
twins,  and  so  much  alike  that  they  could 
not  be  distinguished  except  by  their  dress. 
Sebastian  and  his  sister  being  shipwrecked, 
escaped  to  Illyria.  Here  Sebastian  was 
mistaken  for  his  sister  (who  had  assumed 


ii 


SEBASTIAN. 


885 


SEDLEY. 


man's  apparel),  and  was  invited  by  the 
countess  Olivia  to  take  shelter  in  her 
house  from  a  street  broil.  Olivia  was  in 
love  with  Viola,  and  thinking  Sebastian 
to  be  the  object  of  her  love,  married  him. 
—Shakespeare,  Twelfth  Night  (1614). 

Sebastian,  brother  of  Alonso  king  of 
Naples,  in  The  Tempest  (1609). 

Sebas'tian,  father  of  Valentine  and 
Alice. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Mons. 
Thomas  (1619). 

Sebastian  (Don),  king  of  Portugal,  is 
defeated  in  battle  and  taken  prisoner  by 
the  Moors  (1574).  He  is  saved  from 
death  by  Dorax  a  noble  Portuguese, 
then  a  renegade  in  the  court  of  the 
emperor  of  Barbary.  The  train  being 
dismissed,  Dorax  takes  off  his  turban, 
assumes  his  Portuguese  dress,  and  is 
recognized  as  Alonzo  of  Alcazar. — Dry- 
den,  Don  Sebastian  (1690). 

The  quarrel  and  reconciliation  of  Sebastian  and  Dorax 
[alias  A  lonzo  of  A  Icazar]  is  a  masterly  copy  from  a  similar 
scene  between  Brutus  and  Cassias  [in  Shakespeare's  JuHtu 
CaBsar].—'B..  Cliambers,  English  Literature,  1.  380. 

Don  Sebastian,  a  name  of  terror  to 
Moorish  children. 

Nor  shall  Sebiistlan's  formidable  name 
Be  longer  used  to  still  the  cryitii?  babe. 

Dryden,  Don  Sebastian  (1690). 

Sebastian  I.  of  Brazil,  who  fell  in 
the  battle  of  Alcazarquebir  in  1578.  The 
legend  is  that  he  is  not  dead,  but  is 
patiently  biding  the  fulness  of  time, 
when  he  will  return,  and  make  Brazil  the 
chief  kingdom  of  the  earth.     (See  Bau- 

BAROSSA.) 

Sebastoc'rator  (The),  the  chief 
officer  of  state  in  the  empire  of  Greece. 
Same  as  Protosebastos. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Sebile  (2  syl.),  la  Dame  du  Lac  in 
the  romance  called  Perceforest.  Her 
castle  was  surrounded  by  a  river,  on 
which  rested  so  thick  a  fog  that  no  one 
could  see  across  it.  Alexander  the 
Great  abode  with  her  a  fortnight  to  be 
cured  of  his  wounds,  and  king  Arthur 
was  the  result  of  this  amour  (vol.  i.  42). 

Secret  Hill  (The).  Ossian  said  to 
Oscar,  when  he  resigned  to  him  the 
command  of  the  morrow's  battle,  "  Be 
thine  the  secret  hill  to-night,"  referring 
to  the  Gaelic  custom  of  the  commander 
of  an  army  retiring  to  a  secret  hill  the 
night  before  a  battle,  to  hold  communion 
with  the  ghosts  of  departed  heroes. — 
Ossian,  Cathlin  of  Clutha. 

Secret  Tribunal  (The),  the  count 


of  the  Holy  Vehme.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Secrets.  The  Depository  of  the  Secrets 
of  all  the  World  was  the  inscription  over 
one  of  the  brazen  portals  of  Fakreddiu's 
valley.— W.  Beckford,  Vathek  (1784). 

Sedgwick  (Doomsday),  William 
Sedgwick,  a  fanatical  "prophet"  in  the 
Commonwealth,  who  pretended  that  it 
had  been  revealed  to  him  in  a  vision 
that  the  day  of  doom  was  at  hand. 

Sedillo,  the  licentiate  with  whom 
Gil  Bias  took  service  as  a  footman. 
Sedillo  was  a  gouty  old  gourmand  of  69. 
Being  ill,  he  sent  for  Dr.  Sangrado, 
who  took  from  him  six  porringers  _  of 
blood  every  day,  and  dosed  him  in- 
cessantly with  warm  water,  giving  him 
two  or  three  pints  at  a  time,  saying,  "a 
patient  cannot  be  blooded  too  much  ;  for 
it  is  a  great  error  to  suppose  that  blood  is 
needful  for  the  preservation  of  life. 
Warm  water,"  he  maintained,  "drunk  iu 
abundance,  is  the  true  specific  in  all 
distempers."  When  the  licentiate  died 
under  this  treatment,  the  doctor  insisted 
it  was  because  his  patient  had  neither 
lost  blood  enough  nor  drunk  enough 
warm  water. — Lesage,  Gil  Bias,  ii.  1,  2 
(1715). 

Sedley  (Mr.),  a  wealthy  London 
stock-broker,  brought  to  ruin  by  the 
fall  of  the  Funds  just  prior  to  the  battle 
of  Waterloo.  The  old  merchant  then 
tried  to  earn  a  meagre  pittance  by  selling 
wine,  coals,  or  lottery-tickets  by  com- 
mission, but  his  bad  wine  and  cheap 
coals  found  but  few  customers. 

Mrs.  Sedley,  wife  of  Mr.  Sedley.  A 
homely,  kind-hearted,  bonnj',  motherly 
woman  in  her  prosperous  days,  but 
soured  by  adversity,  and  quick  to  take 
offence. 

Arnelia  Sedley,  daughter  of  the  stock- 
broker, educated  at  Miss  Pinkerton's 
academy,  Chiswick  Mall,  and  engaged 
to  captain  George  Osborne,  son  of  a  rich 
London  merchant.  After  the  ruin  of 
old  Sedley,  George  married  Amelia,  and 
was  disinherited  by  his  father.  He  was 
adored  by  his  young  wife,  but  fell  on 
the  field  of  Waterloo.  Amelia  then 
returned  to  her  fathor,  and  lived  in  great 
indigence,  but  captain  Dobbin  greatly 
loved  her,  and  did  much  to  relieve  her 
worst  wants.  Captain  Dobbin  rose  in 
his  profession  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and 
married  the  young  widow. 

Joseph  Sedley,  a  collector,  of  Boggley 


SEDLEY. 


886      SELF-ADMIRATION  SOCIETY. 


Wollah  ;  a  fat,  sensual,  conceited  dandy, 
vain,  shy,  and  vulgar.  "  His  excellency" 
fled  from  Brussels  on  the  daj'  of  the  battle 
between  Napoleon  and  Wellington,  and 
returned  to  Calcutta,  where  he  bragged 
of  his  brave  deeds,  and  made  it  appear 
tliat  he  was  Wellington's  right  hand ; 
so  that  he  obtained  the  sobriquet  of 
"  Waterloo  Sedley."  He  again  returned 
to  England,  and  became  the  "patron" 
of  Becky  Sharp  (then  Mrs.  Kawdon 
Crawley,  but  separated  from  her  hus- 
band). This  lady  proved  a  terrible 
dragon,  fleeced  him  of  all  his  money, 
and  in  six  months  he  died  under  very 
suspicious  circumstances.  —  Thackeray, 
Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

Sedley  (Sir   Charles),  in  the  court  of 
harles    II.— Sir    W.   ^  ----- 

(time,  Commonwealth). 

See,  the  Conquering  Hero 
Comes  !  This  song  stands  at  the  open- 
ing of  act  ii.  of  Alexander  the  Great,  a 
tragedy  by  N.  Lee  (1678). 

(Set  to  music  by  Handel,  and  intro- 
duced in  the  oratorio  of  Judas  Maccaboeus, 
1743.) 

Seelencooper  (Captain),  superin- 
tendent of  the  military  hospital  at  Kyde. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's  Daughter 
(time,  George  II.). 

Seer  (The  Poughkeepsie),  Andrew 
Jackson  Davis. 

Segonti'ari,  inhabitants  of  parts  of 
Hampshire  and  Berkshire,  referred  to  in 
the  Commentaries  of  Caesar. 

Seicen'to  (3  syL),  the  sixteenth 
century  of  Italian  notables,  the  period  of 
bad  taste  and  degenerate  art.  The  de- 
graded art  is  termed  Seicentista,  and  the 
notables  of  the  period  the  Seicentisti. 
The  style  of  writing  was  inflated  and 
bombastic,  and  that  of  art  was  what  is 
termed  '*  rococo."  The  chief  poet  was 
Marini  (1669-1615),  the  chief  painter 
Caravaggio  (1569-1609),  the  chief  sculp- 
tor Bernini  (1593-1680),  and  the  chief 
architect  Borromini  (1599-1667). 

Sede,  in  Voltaire's  tragedy  of  Mahomet, 
was  the  character  in  which  Talma,  the 
great  French  tragedian,  made  his  debut  in 
1787. 

Seidel-Beckir,  the  most  famous  of 
all  talismanists.  He  made  three  of 
extraordinary  power  :  viz.,  a  little  golden 
fish,  which  would  fetch  from  the  sea 
whatever  was  desired  of  it ;  a  poniard, 
which  rendered  the  person  who  bore  it 


invisible,  and  all  others  whom  he  wished 
to  be  so  ;  and  a  steel  ring,  which  enabled 
the  wearer  to  read  the  secrets  of  another's 
heart. — Comte  de  Caylus,  Oriental  Talcs 
("  The  Four  Talismans,"  1743). 

Seine  (1  syL),  put  for  Paris.  Tenny- 
son calls  the  red  republicanism  of  Paris, 
"  The  red  fool-fury  of  the  Seine." 

Setting  the  Seine  on  fire.  The  Seine  is 
a  drag-net  as  well  as  a  river.  Hence 
drag-men  are  called  in  French  lespecheurs 
d  la  Hcine,  and  it  has  been  argued  that 
the  French  expression,  "  He  will  never 
set  the  Seine  on  fire,"  arose  from  the 
fact  that  an  active  fisherman  pulling  the 
seine  up  very  briskly  was  liable  to  set  it  on 
fire;  a  lazy  one  was  not.  But  it  is  quite 
as  probable  that  the  phrase  was  borrow- 
ed from  the  familiar  English  one  about 
setting  the  Thames  on  fire  (for  deriva- 
tion of  which  see  Thames),  especially  as 
it  is  very  seldom  used  by  the  French, 
their  equivalent  being ,  "  He  is  not  fit  to 
be  trusted  in  the  powder-magazines." 

Sejanus  (jEUus),  a  minister  of 
Tiberius,  and  commander  of  the  praetorian 
guards.  His  affability  made  him  a  great 
favourite.  In  order  that  he  might  be 
the  foremost  man  of  Rome,  all  the 
children  and  grandchildren  of  the  em- 
peror were  put  to  death  under  sundry 
pretences.  Drusus,  the  son  of  Tiberius, 
then  fell  a  victim.  He  next  persuaded 
the  emperor  to  retire,  and  Tiberius  went 
to  Campania,  leaving  to  Sejanus  the  sole 
management  of  affairs.  He  now  called 
himself  emperor;  but  Tiberius,  roust 
from  his  lethargj',  accused  his  minist 
of  treason.  The  senate  condemned  hii 
to  be  strangled,  and  his  remains,  beii 
treated  with  the  grossest  insolence,  wei 
kicked  into  the  Tiber,  a.d.  31.  This  wa 
the  subject  of  Ben  Jonson's  first  historic 
play,  entitled  Sejanus  (1603). 

Sejjin  or  Sejn,  the  record  of  all 
evil  deeds,  whether  by  men  or  the  genii, 
kept  by  the  recording  angel.  It  also 
means  that  dungeon  beneath  the  seventh 
earth,  where  Eblis  and  his  companions 
are  confined. 

Verily,  the  register  of  the  deeds  of  the  wicked  is  surely 
in  Sejjin.— Sale,  Al  Kordn,  Ixxxiii. 

Selby    (Captain),   an  officer   in   the 

fuards. — Sir   W.    Scott,   Pevcril   of   Hie 
'eak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Self- Admiration  Society  (The). 
Poets:  Morris,  Rosetti,  and  Swinburne. 
Painters :  Brown,  Mudon,  Whistler,  an^ 
some  others. 


I 


SELIM. 


887       SEMIRAMIS  OF  THE  NORTH. 


Selim,  son  of  Abdallah,  who  was 
murdered  by  his  brother  Giaffir  (pacha  of 
Aby'dos).  After  the  death  of  his  brother, 
Giaffir  (2  syl.)  took  Selim  under  his 
charge  and  brought  him  up,  but  treated 
him  with  considerable  cruelty.  Giaffir 
had  a  daughter  named  Zuleika  (3  syl.)^ 
with  whom  Selim  fell  in  love ;  but 
Zuleika  thought  he  was  her  brother.  As 
soon  as  Giaffir  discovered  the  attachment 
of  the  two  cousins  for  each  other,  he 
informed  his  daughter  that  he  intended 
her  to  marry  Osmyn  Bey  ;  but  Zuleika 
eloped  with  Selim,  the  pacha  pursued 
after  them,  Selim  was  shot,  Zuleika 
killed  herself,  and  Giaffir  was  left  child- 
less and  alone. — Byron,  Bride  of  Abudos 
(1813). 

Selimy  son  of  Acbar.  Jehanguire  was 
called  Selim  before  his  accession  to  the 
throne.  He  married  Nourmahal  the 
*'  Light  of  the  Haram,"  but  a  coolness 
rose  up  between  them.  One  night,  Nour- 
mahal entered  the  sultan's  banquet-room 
as  a  lute-player,  and  so  charmed  young 
Selim  that  he  exclaimed,  "  If  Nourmahal 
had  so  sung,  I  could  have  forgiven  her  ! " 
It  was  enough.  Nourmahal  threw  off 
her  disguise,  and  became  reconciled  to 
her  husband. — T.  Moore,  Lalla  Rookh 
("  Light  of  the  Haram,"  1817). 

Selim,  son  of  the  Moorish  king  of 
Algiers.  [Horush]  Barbarossa,  the  Greek 
renegade,  having  made  himself  master 
of  Algiers,  slew  the  reigning  king,  but 
Selim  escaped.  After  the  lapse  of  seven 
years,  he  returned,  under  the  assumed 
name  of  Achmct,  and  headed  an  uprising 
of  the  Moors.  The  insurgents  succeeded, 
Barbarossa  was  slain,  the  widowed  queen 
Zaphira  was  restored  to  her  husband's 
throne,  and  Selim  her  son  married  Irene 
daughter  of  Barbarossa. — J.  Brown,  Bar- 
barossa (1742  or  1755). 

Selim,  friend  of  Etan  (the  supposed 
8on  of  Zamti  the  mandarin). — Murphy, 
The  Orphan  of  China  (1759). 

Sel'ima,  daughter  of  Bajazet  sultan 
of  Turkey,  in  love  with  prince  Axalla, 
but  promised  by  her  father  in  marriage 
to  Omar.  When  Selima  refused  to  marry 
Omar,  Bajazet  would  have  slain  her  ;  but 
Tamerlane  commanded  both  Bajazet  and 
Omar  to  be  seized.  So  every  obstacle 
was  removed  from  the  union  of  Selima 
and  Axalla.— N.  Kowe,  Tamerlane  (1702). 

Sel'ima,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  from 
the  East  led  by  the  guiding  star  to  Jesus. 
— Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  v.  (1771). 


Se'lith,  one  of  the  two  guardian 
angels  of  the  Virgin  Mary  and  of  John 
the  Divine. — Klopstock,  2%e  Messiah,  ix. 
(1771). 

Sellock  (Cisly),  a  servant-girl  in  the 
service  of  lady  and  sir  Geoifrey  Peveril 
of  the  Peak.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Selma,  the  royal  residence  of  Fingal, 
in  Morven  (north-west  coast  of  Scot- 
land). 

Selma,  thy  halls  are  silent.  There  is  no  sound  In  the 
woods  of  Morven. — Ossian,  Lathr.ion. 

Selvaggio,  the  father  of  sir  Industry, 
and  the  hero  of  Thomson's  Castle  of  In- 
dolence. 

In  Fairy-land  there  lived  a  knight  of  old, 

Of  feature  stern,  Selvaggio  well  yclept ; 
A  rough,  uiipolislied  man,  robust  and  bold, 

But  wondrous  poor.    He  neither  sowed  nor  reaped  ; 

Ne  stores  in  summer  for  cold  winter  heaped. 
In  hunting  all  his  days  away  he  wore— 

Now  scorched  by  June,  now  in  November  steeped, 
Now  pinched  by  biting  January  sore. 
He  still  in  woods  pursued  the  libbard  and  the  boar. 

Thomson,  Cattle  of  Indolence,  U.  5  (1745). 

Sem'ele  (3  syl.),  ambitious  of  enjoy- 
ing Jupiter  in  all  his  glory,  perished 
from  the  sublime  effulgence  of  the  god. 
This  is  substantially  the  tale  of  the 
second  storj'  of  T.  Moore's  Loves  of  the 
Angels.  Liris  requested  her  angel  lover 
to  come  to  her  in  all  his  angelic  bright- 
ness ;  but  was  burnt  to  ashes  as  she  fell 
into  his  embrace. 

For  majesty  gives  nought  to  subjects,  .  .  . 
A  royal  smile,  a  guinea's  glorious  rays. 
Like  Simelfi,  would  kill  us  with  its  blaze. 

Peter  Pindar  [Dr.  Wolcot],  Prot/reis  of 
Admiration  (1809). 

Semi'da,  the  young  man,  the  only 
son  of  a  widow,  raised  from  the  dead  by 
Jesus,  as  he  was  being  carried  from  the 
walls  of  Nain.  He  was  deeply  in  love 
with  Cidli,  the  daughter  of  Jairus. 

He  was  in  the  bloom  of  life.  His  hair  hung  in  curls 
on  his  shoukiers,  and  he  appeared  as  beautiful  as  David 
when,  sitting  by  the  stream  of  Betlilehem,  he  was  ravished 
at  the  voice  of  God.— Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  iv.  (1771). 

Semir'amis,  queen  of  Assyria,  wife 
of  Ninus.  She  survived  her  husband, 
and  reigned.  The  glory  of  her  reign 
stands  out  so  prominently  that  she  quite 
eclipses  all  the  monarchs  of  ancient 
Assyria.  After  a  reign  of  forty-two 
years,  she  resigned  the  crown  to  her  son 
Ninyas,  and  took  her  flight  to  heaven  in 
the  form  of  a  dove.  Semiramis  was  the 
daughter  of  Dercfeto  the  fish-goddess 
and  a  Syrian  youth,  and,  being  exposed 
in  infancy,  was  brought  up  by  doves. 

Semiramis  of  the  North,  Mar- 
garet, daughter  of  Waldemar  III.  of 
Denmark.    At  the  death  of  her  father. 


SEMIRAMIS  OF  THE  NORTH.      888 


SENTIMENTAL  JOURNEY. 


she  succeeded  him  ;  by  the  death  of  her 
husband,  Haco  VIH.  king  of  Norway, 
she  succeeded  to  that  kingdom  also  ;  and 
having  conquered  Albert  of  Sweden,  she 
added  Sweden  to  her  empire.  Thus  was 
she  queen  of  Denmark,  Norway,  and 
Sweden  (1353-1412). 

Scmiramis  of  the  North,  Catharine  of 
Russia,  a  powerful  and  ambitious  sove- 
reign, but  licentious,  sensual,  and  very 
immoral  (1729-1796). 

Senikail,  the  angel  of  the  winds  and 
waves. 

I  keep  the  winds  in  awe  with  the  hand  which  you  see 
in  the  air,  and  prevent  the  wind  Haidge  from  coming 
forth.  If  I  gave  it  freedom,  it  would  reduce  the  universe 
to  ix)wder.  Witli  my  other  hand  I  hinder  the  sea  from 
overflowing,  without  which  urecaution  it  would  cover  the 
fiice  of  the  whole  earth.— Comte  de  Caylus,  Oriental  Tales 
("  History  of  Abdal  MotaUeb,"  1743). 

Semo  {Son  of),  Cuthullin  general  of 
the  Irish  tribes. 

Sempro'nius,  one  of  the  "  friends  " 
of  Timon  of  Athens,  and  "the  first  man 
that  e'er  received  a  gift  from  him." 
When  Timon  sent  to  borrow  a  sum  of 
money  of  "  his  friend,"  he  excused  him- 
self thus :  As  Timon  did  not  think 
proper  to  apply  to  me  first,  but  asked 
others  before  he  sent  to  me,  I  consider 
his  present  application  an  insult.  "Go," 
said  he  to  the  serrant,  "  and  tell  your 
master : 

Who  bates  mine  honour  shall  not  know  my  coin." 
Shakespeiire,  Timon  of  AtUcnt,  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1600). 

Sempro'nius,  a  treacherous  friend  of 
Cato  while  in  Utica.  Sempronius  tried 
to  mask  his  treason  by  excessive  zeal 
and  unmeasured  animosity  against  Cfesar, 
with  whom  he  was  acting  in  alliance. 
He  loved  Marcia,  Cato's  daughter,  but 
his  love  was  not  honourable  love  ;  and 
when  he  attempted  to  carry  off  the  lady 
by  force,  he  was  slain  by  Juba  the 
Numidian  prince. — J.  Addison,  Cato 
(1713). 

I'll  conceal 
My  thoughts  in  passion,  'tis  the  surest  way. 
I'll  bellow  out  for  Rome  and  for  my  country. 
And  mouth  at  (>csar  till  I  shake  the  senate. 
Your  cold  hypocrisy's  a  stjile  device, 
A  worn-out  trick. 

Act  i.  1. 

Sena'nus  ('S'^.),  the  saint  who  fled 
to  the  island  of  Scattery,  and  resolved 
that  no  woman  should  ever  step  upon  the 
isle.  An  angel  led  St.  Can'ara  to  the 
isle,  but  Senanus  refused  to  admit  her. — 
T.  Moore,  Irish  Melodies  ("St.  Senanus 
and  the  Lady,"  1814). 

Son'eca  {The  Christian),  bishop  Hall 
of  Norwich  (1574-1656). 


Ssne'na  (3  syl.),  a  Welsh  maiden  in 
love  with  Car'adoc.  She  dressed  in  boy's 
clothes,  and,  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Mervyn,  became  the  page  of  the  princess 
Goervyl,  that  she  might  follow  her  lover 
to  America,  when  Madoc  colonized  Caer- 
Madoc.  Senena  was  promised  in  mar- 
riage to  another ;  but  when  the  wedding 
day  arrived  and  all  was  ready,  the  bride 
was  nowhere  to  be  found, 

.  .  .  she  doffed 
Her  bridal  robes,  and  dipt  her  golden  locks. 
And  put  on  boy's  attire,  thro'  wood  and  wild 
To  seek  her  own  true  love  ;  and  over  sea, 
Forsaking  all  for  him,  she  followed  him. 

Southey,  Aladoc,  iL  23  (1805). 

Sennac'herib,  called  by  the  Orien- 
tals king  Moussal. — D'Herbelot,  Notes  to 
the  Koran  (seventeenth  century). 

Sennamar,  a  very  skilful  architect 
who  built  at  Hirah,  for  N6man-al-A6uar 
king  of  Hirah,  a  most  magnificent  palace. 
In  order  that  he  might  not  build  another 
equal  or  superior  to  it  for  some  other 
monarch,  Noman  cast  him  headlong  from 
the  highest  tower  of  the  building. — 
D'Herbelot,  Bibliothique  Orientale  (1697). 

*^*  A  jmrallel  tale  is  told  of  Neim'- 
heid  (2  syl.),  who  employed  four  archi- 
tects to  build  for  him  a  palace  in  Ireland, 
and  then,  jealous  lest  they  should  build 
one  like  it  or  superior  to  it  for  another 
monarch,  he  had  them  all  privately  put 
to  death. — O'Halloran,  History  of  Ireland. 

Sensitive  {Lord),  a  young  nobleman 
of  amorous  proclivities,  who  marries 
Sabina  Rosny,  a  French  refugee,  in 
Padua,  but  leaves  her,  more  from  reck- 
lessness than  wickedness.  He  comes  to 
England  and  pays  court  to  lady  Ruby, 
a  rich  young  widow  ;  but  lady  Ruby 
knows  of  his  marriage  to  the  young 
French  girl,  and  so  hints  at  it  that  his 
lordship,  who  is  no  libertine,  and  has  a 
great  regard  for  his  honour,  sees  that  h: 
marriage  is  known,  and  tells  lady  Rub; 
he  will  start  without  delay  to  Padua, 
and  bring  his  j'oung  wife  home.  This, 
however,  was  not  needful,  as  Sabina  was 
at  the  time  the  guest  of  lady  Ruby. 
She  is  called  forth,  and  lord  Sensitive 
openly  avows  her  to  be  his  Avife. — Cum- 
berland, First  Love  (1796). 

Sentimental  Journey  {The),  by 
Laurence  Sterne  (1768).  It  was  intended 
to  be  sentimental  sketches  of  his  tour 
through  Italy  in  1764,  but  he  died  soon 
after  completing  the  first  part.  The 
tourist  lands  at  Calais,  and  the  first 
incident  is  his  interview  with  a  poor 
monk  of  St.  Francis,  who  begged  alms 


SENTIMENTAL  JOURNEY. 


SERASKIER. 


for  his  convent.  Sterne  refused  to  give 
anything,  but  his  heart  smote  him  for  his 
churlishness  to  the  meek  old  man.  From 
Calais  he  goes  to  Montriul  (Montreuil- 
sur-Mer),  and  thence  to  Nampont,  near 
Cressy.  Here  occurred  the  incident,  which 
is  one  of  the  most  touching  of  all  the 
sentimental  sketches,  that  of  "  The  Dead 
Ass."  His  next  stage  was  Amiens,  and 
thence  to  Paris.  While  looking  at  the 
Bastille,  he  heard  a  voice  crying,  "I  can't 
get  out !  I  can't  get  out !  "  He  thought 
it  was  a  child,  but  it  was  only  a  caged 
starling.  This  led  him  to  reflect  on  the 
delights  of  liberty  and  miseries  of  cap- 
tivity. Giving  reins  to  his  fancy,  he 
imaged  to  himself  a  prisoner  who  for 
thirty  j'ears  had  been  confined  in  a  dun- 
geon, during  all  which  time  "  he  had 
seen  no  sun,  no  moon,  nor  had  the  voice 
of  kinsman  breathed  through  his  lattice." 
Carried  away  by  his  feelings,  he  burst 
into  tears,  for  he  "could  not  sustain  the 
picture  of  confinement  which  his  fancy 
had  drawn."  While  at  Paris,  our  tourist 
visited  Versailles,  and  introduces  an  in- 
cident which  he  had  witnessed  some  years 
previously  at  Rennes,  in  Brittany.  It 
was  that  of  a  marquis  reclaiming  his 
sword  and  "  patent  of  nobility."  Any 
nobleman  in  France  who  engaged  in 
trade,  forfeited  his  rank ;  but  there  was 
a  law  in  Brittany  that  a  nobleman  of 
reduced  circumstances  might  deposit  his 
sword  temporarily  with  the  local  magis- 
tracy, and  if  better  times  dawned  upon 
him,  he  might  reclaim  it.  Sterne  was 
present  at  one  of  these  interesting  cere- 
monies. A  marquis  had  laid  down  his 
Bword  to  mend  his  fortune  by  trade,  and 
after  a  successful  career  at  Martinico  for 
twenty  5'ears,  returned  home,  and  re- 
claimed it.  On  receiving  his  deposit  from 
the  president,  he  drew  it  slowly  from  the 
scabbard,  and,  observing  a  spot  of  rust 
near  the  point,  dropped  a  tear  on  it.  As 
he  wiped  the  blade  lovingly,  he  remarked, 
"I  shall  find  some  other  way  to  get  it 
off."  Returning  to  Paris,  our  tourist 
starts  for  Italy  ;  but  the  book  ends  with 
his  arrival  at  Moulines  (Moulins).  Some 
half  a  league  from  this  city  he  encountered 
Maria,  whose  pathetic  sto.r}'^  had  been 
told  him  by  Mr.  Shandy.  She  had  lost 
her  goat  when  Sterne  saw  her,  but  had 
instead  a  little  dog  named  Silvio,  led  by 
a  string.  She  was  sitting  under  a  poplar, 
playing  on  a  pipe  her  vespers  to  the 
Virgin.  Poor  Maria  had  been  crossed  in 
love,  or,  to  speak  more  strictly,  the  cure 
of  Moulines  had  forbidden  her  banns,  and 
38 


the  maiden  lost  her  reason.  Her  story  ia 
exquisitely  told,  and  Sterne  says,  "  Could 
the  traces  be  ever  worn  out  of  her  brain, 
and  those  of  Elira  out  of  mine,  she  should 
not  only  eat  of  my  bread  and  drink  of  my 
cup,  but  Maria  should  lie  in  my  bosom, 
and  be  unto  me  as  a  daughter." 

Sentinel  and  St.  Paul's  Clock 

(The).  The  sentinel  condemned  to  death 
by  court-martial  for  falling  asleep  on  his 
watch,  but  pardoned  because  he  affirmed 
that  he  heard  St.  Paul's  clock  strike 
thirteen  instead  of  twelve,  was  John 
Hatfield,  who  died  at  the  age  of  102, 
June,  1770. 

Sentry  (Captain),  one  of  the  members 
of  the  club  under  whose  auspices  the 
Spectator  was  professedly  issued. 

September  Massacre  (The),  the 
slaughter  of  loyalists  confined  in  the 
Abbaye.  This  massacre  took  place  in 
Paris  between  September  2  and  5,  1792, 
on  receipt  of  the  news  of  the  capture  of 
Verdun.  The  number  of  victims  was 
not  less  than  1200,  and  some  place  it  as 
high  as  4000. 

September  the  Third  was  Crom- 
well's day.  On  September  3,  1650,  he 
won  the  battle  of  Dunbar.  On  Sep- 
tember 3,  1651,  he  won  the  battle  of 
Worcester.  On  September  3,  1668,  he 
died. 

Serab,  the  Arabic  word  for  the  Fata 
morqana. — See  Quintus  Curtius,  De  Rebus 
Alexandri,  vii. 

The  Arabic  word  SerAb  signifies  that  false  appearance 
wliicii,  in  Eastern  countries,  is  often  seen  in  sandy  plains 
about  noon,  resembling  a  large  lake  of  water  In  motion. 
It  is  occasioned  by  the  reverberation  of  the  sunbeams. 
It  sometimes  tempts  thirsty  travellers  out  of  their  way, 
but  deceives  them  when  they  come  near,  either  going 
forward  or  quite  vanishing. — Sale,  A I  Kordn,  xxiv.  notes. 

The  actions  of  unbelievers  are  like  the  serAb  of  the 
plain ;  he  who  is  thirsty  takes  it  for  water,  and  finds  it 
deceit. — A I  Kordn, 

Seraphic  Doctor  (The),  St.  Bona- 
ventura,  placed  by  Dante  among  the 
saints  of  his  Paradiso  (1221-1274). 

Seraphic  Saint  (TJie),  St.  Francis 
d'Assisi  (1182-1226). 

Of  all  the  saints,  St.  Francis  was  the  most  blameless  and 
gentle. — Dean  Milnian. 

Seraphina  Arthuret  (Miss),  a 
pai  ist.  Her  sister  is  Miss  Angelica 
Arthuret.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Eedijaantlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Sera'pis,  an  Egyptian  deity,  sym- 
bolizing the  Nile,  and'  fertility  in  general. 

Seraskier'  (3  syL),  a  name  given  by 


SERB. 


890 


SERPENT. 


the  Turks  to  a  general  of  division, 
generally  a  pacha  with  two  or  three 
tails.  (Persian,  seri  asker,  "head  of  the 
army.") 

.  .      three  thousand  Moslems  perished  here, 
And  sixteen  bayonets  pierced  the  seraskier. 

Byron,  J)on  Juan,  vui.  81  (1824). 

Serb,  a  Servian  or  native  of  Servia. 

Serbo'nian  Bog  {The)'  Serbon 
was  a  lake  a  thousand  miles  in  compass, 
between  mount  Ca'sius  and  the  city  of 
Damietta,  one  of  the  eastern  mouths  of 
the  Nile,  llie  Serbonian  Bog  was  sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  hills  of  loose 
sand,  and  the  sand,  carried  into  it  by  high 
winds,  floated  on  the  surface,  and  looked 
like  a  solid  mass.  Herodotos  {Greek 
History,  ii.  6)  tells  us  that  whole  armies, 
deceived  by  the  appearance,  have  been 
engulfed  in  the  bog.  (See  also  Diodo'rus 
Siculus,  BiUiotheca  Jlistona,  i.  35 ;  and 
Lucan's  Pharsalia,  viii.  539.) 

A  gulf  profound  as  that  Serbonian  Bog 
Betwixt  Daniiata  {3  tyl.)  and  mount  Casius  old. 
Where  armies  whole  have  sunk. 

Milton,  FaradUe  Lost,  ii.  592,  etc  (1665). 

Diodorus  Siculus  {Bihliotheca  Ilistoria, 
i.  30)  says  :  "  Many,  missing  their  way, 
have  been  swallowed  up  in  this  bog, 
together  with  whole  armies."  Dr.  Smith 
says  :  "When  Darius  Ochus  was  on  his 
way  to  Egypt,  this  bog  was  the  scene  of 
at  least  a  partial  destruction  of  the  Persian 
army"  {Classical  Dictionary,  art.  "  Ser- 
bonis  Lacus"). 

Sereme'nes  (4  syl.),  brother-in-law 
of  king  Sardanapalus,  to  whom  he  en- 
trusts his  signet-ring  to  put  down  the 
rebellion  headed  by  Arbaces  the  Mede 
and  BelSsis  the  Chaldean  soothsayer. 
Seremenes  was  slain  in  a  battle  with  the 
insurgents. — Byron,  Surdanapalua  (1819). 

Sere'na,  allured  by  the  mildness  of 
the  weather,  went  into  the  fields  to  gather 
wild  flowers  for  a  garland,  when  she  was 
attacked  by  the  Blatant  Beast,  who 
carried  her  ofE  in  its  mouth.  Her  cries 
attracted  to  the  spot  sir  Calidore,  who 
compelled  the  beast  to  drop  its  prey. — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  vi.  3  (1596). 

Serendib,  now  called  Ceylon.  When 
Adam  and  Eve  were  cast  down  from 
paradise,  Adam  fell  on  the  isle  of  Seren- 
dib, and  Eve  near  Joddah,  in  Arabia. 
After  the  lapse  of  200  years,  Adam  joined 
Eve,  and  lived  in  Ceylon. 

We  passed  several  islands,  amongst  others  the  island  of 
Bells,  distant  about  ten  days'  sail  from  that  of  Serendib. — 
Arabian  Night*  ("  Sindbad,"  sixth  voyage). 

***  A  print  of  Adam's  foot  is  shown 
on  Pico  de  Adam,  in  the  island  of  Seren- 


dib or  Ceylon.  According  to  the  Koran, 
the  garden  of  Eden  was  not  on  our  earth 
at  all,  but  in  the  seventh  heaven. — Ludo- 
vico  Marracci,  Al  Koran,  24  (1698). 

Sergis  {Sir),  the  attendant  on  Irena. 
He  informs  sir  Artegal  that  Irena  is  the 
captive  of  Grantorto,  who  has  sworn  to 
take  her  life  within  ten  days,  wnless  some 
knight  will  volunteer  to  be  her  cham- 
pion, and  in  single  combat  prove  her 
innocent  of  the  crime  laid  to  her  charge. 
— Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  11  (1596). 

Sergius,  a  Nestorian  monk,  said  to 
be  the  same  as  Boheira,  who  resided  at 
Bosra,  in  Syria.  This  monk,  we  are  told, 
helped  Mahomet  in  writing  the  Koran. 
Some  say  it  was  Said  or  Felix  Boheira. 

Boheira's  name,  in  the  books  of  Christians,  is  Sergius. 
— Masudi,  History,  24  (A.D.  956). 

Serian  Worms,  silkworms  from 
Sericum  (China),  the  country  of  the 
Seres ;  hence,  serlca  testis,  "  a  silk  dress." 

No  Serian  worms  he  knows,  that  with  their  thread 
Draw  out  their  silken  lives ;  nor  silken  pride ; 

His  lambs'  warm  fleece  well  fits  his  little  need. 
Not  in  that  proud  Sidonian  tincture  dyed. 

Phin.  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Uland,  xiL  (1633). 

Serimner,  the  wild  boar  whose  lard 
fed  the  vast  multitude  in  Einheriar,  the 
hall  of  Odin.  Though  fed  on  daily,  the 
boar  never  diminished  in  size.  Odin 
himself  gave  his  own  portion  of  the  lard 
to  his  two  wolves  Geri  and  Freki.— 
Scandinavian  Mythology.  (See  Rusticus's 
Pig,  p.  852.) 

Seri'na,  daughter  of  lord  Acasto, 
plighted  to  Chamont  (the  brother  of 
Monimia  "the  orphan"). — Otway,  The 
Orphan  (1680). 

Seris"wattee,  the  Janus  of  Hin( 

mythology. 

Serpent  {A),  emblem  of  the  tribe 
Dan.  In  the  old  church  at  Totness 
a  stone  pulpit  divided  into  compartments, 
containing  shields  decorated  with  the 
several  emblems  of  the  Jewish  tribes,  of 
which  this  is  one. 

Dan  shall  be  a  serpent  by  the  w-iy,  an  adder  in  the 
path,  that  biteth  the  horse's  heels,  so  tliat  his  rider  shall 
fall  backward. — Qeiu  xlix.  17. 

Serpent  {African).  (For  Lucan's  list, 
see  under  Pharsalia.) 

The  Serpent  and  Satan.  There  is  an 
Arabian  tradition  that  the  devil  begged 
all  the  animals,  one  after  another,  to 
carry  him  into  the  garden,  that  he  might 
speak  to  Adam  and  Eve,  but  they  all 
refused  except  the  serpent,  who  took  him 
between  two  of  its  teeth.  It  was  then 
the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  animals, 


^he 

I 


SERPENT  D'ISABIT. 


891         SEVEN  CHAMPIONS,  ETC. 


and  walked  upon  legs  and  feet. — Masudi, 
History,  22  (a.d.  956). 

The  Serpent's  Punishment.  The 
punishment  of  the  serpent  for  tempting 
Eve  was  this:  (1)  Michael  was  com- 
manded to  cut  olf  its  legs ;  and  (2)  the 
serpent  was  doomed  to  feed  on  human 
excrements  ever  after. 

Y  llamd  [iMo»]  a  la  serpiente,  y  a  Michael,  aquel  que 
tieiie  la  espiida  de  Dios,  y  le  dixo ;  Aquesta  sierpe  es 
acelerada,  echula  la  primera  del  parayso,  y  cortale  las 
pienias,  y  si  quisiere  CHmiiiar,  arrastrara  la  vida  por  ticrra. 
Y  llama  k  Satjuias,  el  qual  vino  riendo,  y  dixole ;  Porquo 
tu  reprobo  has  enganado  a  aquestos,  y  liM  has  hecho 
iinniundos  t  Yo  quiero  que  toda  immundicia  suya,  y  de 
todos  sua  hyos,  en  saliendo  de  sua  cuerpos  entre  por  tu 
)x>ca,  porque  en  verdad  ellos  haran  penitencia,  y  tu  que- 
daras  harto  de  inimuudicla. — GospeC  of  Barnabas. 

Serpent  d'Isabit,  an  enormous 
monster,  whose  head  rested  on  the  top  of 
the  Pic  du  Midi  de  Bigorre,  its  body 
filled  the  whole  valley  of  Luz,  St. 
Sauveur,  and  Gedres,  and  its  tail  was 
coiled  in  the  hollow  below  the  cirque  of 
Gavarnie.  It  fed  once  in  three  months, 
and  supplied  itself  by  making  a  very 
strong  inspiration  of  its  breath,  where- 
upon every  living  thing  around  was 
drawn  into  its  maw.  It  was  ultimately 
killed  by  making  a  huge  bonfire,  and 
waking  it  from  its  torpor,  when  it 
became  enraged,  and  drawing  a  deep 
breath,  drew  the  bonfire  into  its  maw, 
and  died  in  agony. — Rev.  W.  Webster, 
A  Pyrenean  Legend  (1877). 

Serpent  Stone.  In  a  earn  on  the 
Mound  of  Mourning  was  a  serpent  which 
had  a  stone  on  the  tail,  and  "whoever 
held  this  stone  in  one  hand  would  have 
in  the  other  as  much  gold  as  heart  could 
desire."  —  The  Mabinogion  ("  Peredur," 
twelfth  century). 

Served  My  Q-od.  Wolsey  said,  in 
his  fall,  "  Had  I  but  served  my  God  with 
half  the  zeal  I  served  my  king.  He  would 
not  in  mine  age'  have  left  me  naked  to 
mine  enemies."  —  Shakespeare,  Henry 
VIII.  act  iii.  sc.  2  (1601). 

Samrah,  when  he  was  deposed  from 
the  government  of  Basorah  by  the  caliph 
Moawiyah,  said,  "  If  I  had  served  God 
so  well  as  I  have  served  the  caliph.  He 
would  never  have  condemned  me  to  all 
eternity." 

Antonio  Perez,  the  favourite  of 
Philip  II.  of  Spain,  said,  "Mon  zele 
etoit  si  grand  vers  ces  benignes  puissances 
[i.e.  Turin'\  qui  si  j'en  eusse  eu  autant 
pour  Dieu,  je  ne  doubte  point  qu'il  ne 
m'eut  deja  recompense'  de  son  paradis." 

The  earl  of  Gowrie,  when  in  1584  he 
was  led  to  execution,  said,  "If  1  had 
served  God  as  faithfully  as  I  have  done 


the  king  [James  T'/.],  I  should  not  have 
come  to  this  end." — Spotswood,  History 
of  the  Churchof  Scotland,  332,  333  (1653). 

Service  Tree.  A  wand  of  the 
service  tree  has  the  power  of  renewing 
the  virulence  of  an  exhausted  poison. 
—  Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales 
("  Fiorina,"  1682). 

Ses'ame  (3  syl.),  the  talismanic  word 
which  would  open  or  nhut  the  door 
leading  into  the  cave  of  the  forty  thieves. 
In  order  to  open  it,  the  words  to  be 
uttered  were,  "Open,  Sesame!"  and  in 
order  to  close  it,  "Shut,  Sesame!"  Sesame 
is  a  plant  which  yields  an  oily  grain,  and 
hence,  when  Cassim  forgot  the  word,  he 
substituted  barley,  but  without  effect. 

Mrs.  Habberfield,  coining  to  a  small  iron  grating,  ex- 
changed some  words  with  my  companions,  which  pro- 
duced as  much  effect  as  the  "  Open,  SesamS  I  "  of  nursery 
renown.— Lord  W.  P.  Lennox,  Celebrities,  etc.,  i.  53. 

Opening  a  handkerchief,  in  which  he  had  a  sample  of 
sesame,  he  inquired  of  me  how  much  a  large  measure  of 
the  grain  was  worth  ...  I  told  him  thai,  according  to  the 
present  price,  a  large  measure  was  worth  one  hundred 
drachms  of  silver  .  .  .  and  he  left  the  sesamfi  with  me.— 
Arabian  Nights  ("The  Christian  Merchant's  Story  "J. 

Sesostris  {The  Modem),  Napoleon 
Bonaparte  (1769,  1804-1815,  1821). 

But  where  is  he,  the  modern,  mightier  far. 
Who,  born  no  king,  made  njonarchs  draw  his  car ; 
The  new  Sesostris,  whose  unharnessed  kings. 
Freed  from  the  bit,  believe  tliemselves  with  wings. 
And  spurn  the  dust  o'er  which  they  crawled  of  late, 
Chained  to  tiie  chariot  of  the  chieftain's  stite  ? 

Byron,  Age  of  Bronze  (1821). 

*^*  "  Sesostris, ' '  in  Fenelon's  Tele'maqm, 
is  meant  for  Louis  XIV. 

Set'ebos,  a  deity  of  the  Patagonians. 

His  art  is  of  such  power. 
It  would  control  my  dam's  god  Setebos. 

Shakespeare,  The  Tempest  (1609). 
The   giants,    when  they   found   themselves    fettered, 
roared  Jike  bulls,  and  cried  upon  Setebos  to  help  them.— 
Eden,  JIUtory  of  Traeayle. 

Seth,  a  servant  of  the  Jew  at  Ashby. 
Reuben  is  his  fellow-servant. — Sir  W, 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Settle  (Elkana),  the  poet,  introduced 
by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Peveril  of  the  Peak 
(time,  Charles  II.). 

Seven  Bodies  in  Alchemy.   The 

Sun  is  gold,  the  Moon  silver,  Mars  iron. 
Mercury  quicksilver,  Saturn  lead,  Jupiter 
tin,  and  Venus  copper. 

The  bodies  seven,  eek,  lo  hem  heer  anoon : 
Sol  gold  is,  and  Luna  silver  we  threpe ; 
Mars  yren,  Mercurie  quyksilver  we  clepe ; 
Saturnus  leed,  and  Jubitur  is  tyn. 
And  Venus  ciper,  by  my  fader  kyn. 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales  (prologue  to  "  Tlie  Chanounes 
Yemanes  Tale,"  1388). 

Seven  Champions  of  Chris- 
tendom {The):  St.  George  for  Eng- 
land ;  St.  Andrew  for  Scotland ;  St. 
Patrick   for    Ireland:     St.    David    tot 


SEVEN-HILLED  CITY. 


892 


SEVEN  SLEEPERS. 


Wales  ;  St.  Denys  for  France  ;  St.  James 
for  Spain  ;  and  St.  Anthony  for  Italy. 

*^*  Richard  Johnson  wrote  The 
Famous  History  of  the  Seven  Champions 
of  Christendom  {IG17). 

Seven-Hilled  City  (Tlie),  in 
Latin  Urbs  Septicollis ;  ancient  Rome, 
built  on  seven  hills,  surrounded  by 
Servius  Tullius  with  a  line  of  fortifi- 
cations. The  seven  hills  are  the  Palla- 
tlnus,  the  Capitolinus,  the  Quirinalis,  the 
Cselius,  the  Aventinus,  the  Viminalis, 
and  Esquilinus. 

Seven  Mortal  Sins  {The)-.  (1) 
pride,  (2)  wrath,  (3)  envy,   (4)  lust,  (5) 

fluttony,  (6)  avarice,  and  (7)  sloth.    (See 
EVEN  Virtues.) 

Seven  Rienzi's  Number. 

October  7,  Rienzi's  foes  yielded  to  his  power. 
7  months  Rienzi  reigned  as  tribune. 
7  years  he  was  absent  in  exile. 

7  weeks  of  return  saw  him  without  an  enemy  (Oct  7). 
7  was  the  number  of  the  crowns  tlie  Roman  convents 
and  Roman  council  awarded  him. 

Seven  Senses  {The).  According  to 
Ecclesiasticus,  they  are  seeing,  hearing, 
tasting,  feeling,  smelling,  understanding, 
and  speech. 

The  Lord  created  man  .  .  .  and  they  received  the  use 
of  the  five  operations  of  the  Lord,  and  in  the  sixth  place 
He  imparted  [to]  them  understandinj;,  and  in  the  seventh 
speech,  an  interpreter  of  the  cogitations  thereof. — 
Jivclus.  xvii.  fi. 

Seven  Sisters  (TAe).  The  window 
in  the  ninth  transept  of  York  Cathedral 
is  so  called  because  it  has  seven  tall 
lancets. 

The  Seven  Sisters,  seven  culverins 
cast  by  one  Borthwick. 

And  these  were  Borth wick's  "Sisters  Seven," 
And  culverins  which  France  had  given. 
Ill-omened  gift.     The  guns  remain 
The  conqueror's  spoil  on  Flo^den  plain. 

Sir  W.  Scott,  Marmion,  iv.  (1808). 

Seven  Sleepers  {The).  The  tale 
of  these  sleepers  is  told  in  divers  manners. 
The  best  accounts  are  those  in  the  Koran, 
xviii.,  entitled,  "  The  Cave,  Revealed  at 
Mecca  ; "  The  Golden  Legends,  by  Jacques 
de  Voragine  ;  the  De  Gloria  Martyrum, 
i.  9,  by  Gregory  of  Tours ;  and  the 
Oriental  Tales,  by  comte  de  Caylus 
(1743). 

Names  of  the  Seven  Sleepers.  Gregory 
of  Tours  says  their  names  were :  Con- 
stantine,  Dionysius,  John,  Maximian, 
Malchus,  Martinian  or  Marcian,  and 
Seraplon.  In  the  Oriental  Tales  the 
names  given  are :  Jemlikha,  Mekchilinia, 
Mechlima,  Merlima,  Debermouch,  Char- 
nouch,  and  the  shepherd  Keschetiouch. 
Their  names  are  not  given  in  the  Koran. 


Number  of  the  Sleepers.  Al  Sej'id,  a 
Jacobite  Christian  of  Najran,  says  the 
sleepers  were  only  three,  with  their  dog  ; 
others  maintain  that  their  number  was 
five,  besides  the  dog ;  but  Al  Beidawi, 
who  is  followed  by  most  authorities, 
says  they  were  seven,  besides  the  dog. 

Duration  of  the  Sleep.  The  Koran 
says  it  was  "  300  years  and  nine  years 
over ; "  the  Oriental  Tales  say  the 
same ;  but  if  Gregory  of  Tours  is  fol- 
lowed, the  duration  of  the  sleep  was 
barely  230  years. 

The  Legend  of  the  Seven  Sleepers.  (1) 
According  to  Gregory  of  Tours.  Gregory 
says  they  were  seven  noble  youths  of 
Ephesus,  who  fled  in  the  Decian  per- 
secution to  a  cave  in  mount  Celion,  the 
mouth  of  which  was  blocked  up  by 
stones.  After  230  years  they  were  dis- 
covered, and  awoke,  but  died  within  a 
few  daj's,  and  were  taken  in  a  large 
stone  coffin  to  Marseilles.  Visitors  are 
still  shown  in  St.Victor's  Church  the  stone 
coffin. 

If  there  is  any  truth  at  all  in  the  legend, 
it  amounts  to  this  :  In  a.d.  250  some 
youths  (three  or  seven)  suffered  martyr- 
dom under  the  emperor  Decius,  "  fell 
asleep  in  the  Lord,"  and  were  buried  in 
a  cave  of  mount  Celion.  In  479  (the 
reign  of  Theodosius)  their  bodies  were 
discovered,  and,  being  consecrated  as 
holy  relics,  were  removed  to  Marseilles. 

(2)  According  to  the  Oriental  Tales. 
Six  Grecian  j'ouths  were  slaves  in  the 
palace  of  Dakianos  {Decianus,  Decius). 
This  Dakianos  had  risen  from  low 
degrees  to  kingly  honours,  and  gave 
himself  out  to  be  a  god.  Jemlikha  was 
led  to  doubt  the  divinity  of  his  master, 
because  he  M'as  unable  to  keep  off  a  fly 
which  persistently  tormented  him,  and 
being  roused  to  reflection,  came  to  the 
conclusion  that  there  must  be  a  god  to 
Avhom  both  Dakianos  and  the  fly  were 
subject.  He  communicated  his  thoughts 
to  his  companions,  and  they  all  fled 
from  the  Ephesian  court  till  they  met  the 
shepherd  Keschetiouch,  whom  they  con- 
verted, and  who  showed  them  a  cave 
which  no  one  but  himself  knew  of. 
Here  they  fell  asleep,  and  Dakianos, 
having  discovered  them,  commanded  the 
mouth  of  the  cave  to  be  closed  uj). 
Here  the  sleepers  remained  309  years,  at 
the  expiration  of  which  time  they  all 
awoke,  but  died  a  few  hours  afterwards. 

The  Dog  of  the  Seven  Sleepers.  In  the 
notes  of  the  Koran  by  Sale,  the  dog'a 
same  is  Kratim,  KLratimer,  or  Katmir, 


i 


SEVEN  SORROWS  OF  MARY.       893     SEVEN  WISE  MEN  OF  GREECE. 


In  the  Oriental  Tales  it  is  Catnier,  which 
looks  like  a  clerical  blunder  for  Catmer, 
only  it  occurs  frequently.  It  is  ono  of 
the  ten  animals  admitted  into  Mahomet's 
paradise.  The  Koran  tells  us  that  the 
dog  followed  the  seven  young  men  into 
the  cave,  but  they  tried  to  drive  him 
away,  and  even  broke  three  of  its  legs 
with  stones,  when  the  dog  said  to  them, 
"I  love  those  who  love  God.  Sleep, 
masters,  and  I  will  keep  guard."  In  the 
Oriental  Tales  the  dog  is  made  to  say, 
*'  You  go  to  seek  God,  but  am  not  I  also 
a  child  of  God?"  Hearing  this,  the 
young  men  were  so  astounded,  they  went 
immediately,  and  carried  the  dog  into 
the  cave. 

The  Place  of  Sepulture  of  the  Seven 
Sleepers.  Gregory  of  Tours  tells  us  that 
the  bodies  were  removed  from  mount 
Celion  in  a  stone  coffin  to  Marseilles.  The 
Koran  with  Sale's  notes  informs  us  they 
were  buried  in  the  cave,  and  a  chapel  was 
built  there  to  mark  the  site.  (See 
Slekpkr.) 

The  Seven  Sleepers  turning  on  their  sides. 
William  of  Malmesbury  says  that  Edward 
the  Confessor,  in  his  mind's  eye,  saw  the 
seven  sleepers  turn  from  their  right  sides 
to  their  left,  and  (he  adds)  whenever  they 
turn  on  their  sides  it  indicates  great 
disasters  to  Christendom. 

Woe,  woe  to  England  I    I  have  seen  a  vision  : 
The  seven  sleepers  in  the  cave  of  Epbesus 
Have  turned  from  right  to  left. 

Tennyson,  Harold,  i.  1. 

Seven  Sorrows  of  Mary  (The) : 
(1)  Simeon's  prophecy,  (2)  the  flight  into 
Egypt,  (3)  Jesus  missed,  (4)  the  betrayal, 
(5)  the  crucifixion,  (6)  the  taking  down 
from  the  cross,  and  (7)  the  ascension. 
Her  Seven  Joys  were  :  (1)  the  annuncia- 
tion, (2)  the  visitation,  (3)  the  nativity, 
(4)  the  adoration  of  the  Magi,  (5)  the  pre- 
sentation in  the  Temple,  (6)  finding  the 
lost  Child,  and  (7)  the  assumption. 

Seven  Times  Christ  Spoke  on 
the  Cross  :  (1)  "  Father,  forgive  them  ; 
for  they  know  not  what  they  do  ; "  (2) 
"  To-day  shalt  thou  be  with  Me  in  para- 
dise;" (3)  "Woman,  behold  thv  son!" 
(4)  "  My  God,  My  God,  why  hast  Thou 
forsaken  Me?"  (5)  "I  thirst;"  (6) 
''  It  is  finished  !  "  (7)  "  Father,  into  Thy 
hands  I  commend  My  spirit." 

Seven  Towers  (The),  a  State  prison 
in  (  (mstantinople,  near  the  sea  of  Mar- 
mora.    It    stands   at   the  west    of    the 

Sera.ii;lio. 

But  thjii  tl.ey  never  came  to  the  Seven  Towers. 

Bi  rou,  2)on  Juan,  v.  150    (1S20 


Seven  Virtues  (The):  (1)  faith, 
(2)  hope,  (3)  charity,  (4)  prudence,  (6) 
justice,  (6)  fortitude,  and  (7)  temperance. 
The  first  three  are  called  "the  holy 
virtues."     (See  Seven  Mortal  Sins.) 

Seven  "Wise  Masters.  Lucien 
the  son  of  Dolopathos  was  placed  under 
the  charge  of  Virgil,  and  was  tempted  in 
manhood  by  his  step-mother.  He  re- 
pelled her  advances,  and  she  accused  him 
to  the  king  of  taking  liberties  with  her. 
By  consulting  the  stars,  it  was  discovered 
that  if  he  could  tide  over  seven  days  his  life 
would  be  spared  ;  so  seven  wise  masters 
undertook  to  tell  the  king  a  tale  each,  in 
illustration  of  rash  judgments.  When 
they  had  all  told  their  tales,  the  prince 
related,  under  the  disguise  of  a  tale,  the 
story  of  the  queen's  wantonness  ;  where- 
upon Lucien  was  restored  to  favour,  and 
the  queen  was  put  to  death. — Sandabar, 
Parables  (contemporary  with  king  Cou- 
rou). 

*^*  John  RoUand  of  Dalkeith  has 
rendered  this  legend  into  Scotch  verse. 
There  is  an  Arabic  version  by  Nasr 
Allah  (twelfth  century),  borrowed  from 
the  Indian  by  Sandabar.  In  the  Hebrew 
version  by  rabbi  Joel  (1270),  the  legend 
is  called  Kalilah  and  Dimnah. 

Seven  Wise  Men  (The). 

One  of  Plutarch's  brochures  in  the 
Moralia  is  entitled,  "  The  Banquet  of  the 
Seven  Wise  Men,"  in  which  Periander  is 
made  to  give  an  account  of  a  contest  at 
Chalcis  between  Homer  and  Hesiod,  in 
which  the  latter  wins  the  prize,  and  re- 
ceives a  tripod,  on  which  he  caused  to  be 
engraved  this  inscription : 

This  Hesiod  vows  to  tlie  Heliconian  nine. 
In  Chalcis  won  from  Homer  the  divine. 

Seven  Wise    Men   of   Greece 

(The),  seven  Greeks  of  the  sixth  century 
B.C.,  noted  for  their  maxims. 

Bias.  His  maxim  was, ' '  Most  mea  are 
bad"  (" There  is  none  that  doeth  good,  no, 
not  one,"  Psalm  xiv.  3)  :  oi  vMtovt  kokoI 
(fl.  B.C.  560). 

Chilo.      "Consider  the  end:"  TeXoc 

optj-V  naiCf}Ov  fi'iov  (fl.  B.C.  690). 

Cleobulos.  "Avoid  extremes"  (the 
golden  mean) :  "Aptaroi/  fxeypov  (fl.  b.c. 
680). 

Periander.  "  Nothing  is  impossible 
to  industry"  (patience  and  perseverance 
overcome  mountains) :  MtXexn  to  itav  (b.c. 
666-585). 

PiTTACOS.  "Know  thy  opportunity '» 
(seize  time  by  the  forelock)  :  Ka<^6v  ivw9i 
(B.C.  652-569). 


SEVEN  WONDERS  OF  WALES.     894 


SEX. 


Solon.  "  Know  thyself :"  rfS^^i  <reau- 
Toi/  (B.C.  638-558). 

Thales  (2  syl.).  "Suretyship  is  the 
forerunner  of  ruin"  ("He  that  hateth 
suretyship  is  sure,"  Prov.  xi.  15) :  E-f^va, 
wdpa  i'arn  (b.c.  636-546). 

First  Solon,  who  made  the  Athenian  laws; 

While  Chilo,  in  Sparta,  was  famed  for  his  saws; 

In  Miletos  did  Thalds  astronomy  teach  ; 

Bias  used  in  Prienfi  his  morals  to  preach  ; 

Cleobulos,  of  Lindos,  was  handsome  and  wise; 

Mitylcnfi  gainst  thraldom  saw  Pittftcos  rise ; 

Periander  is  said  to  have  gained,  thro'  his  court, 

Tlie  title  that  Myson,  the  Chenian,  ought. 

*^*  It  is  Plato  who  says  that  Myson 
should,  take  the  place  of  Periander  as  one 
of  the  Seven  Wise  Men. 

Seven  "Wonders  ofWales  (The) : 
(1)  Snowdon,  (2)  Pystyl  Rhaiadr  water- 
fall, (3)  St.  Winifred's  well,  (4)  Overton 
churchyard,  (5)  Gresford  church  bells, 
(6)  Wrexham  steeple  (?  tower),  (7)  Llan- 
gollen bridge. 

Seven  Wonders  of  the  Peak 

(Derbyshire) :  The  three  caves  called  the 
Devil's  Arse,  Pool,  and  Eden  ;  St.  Anne's 
Well,  which  is  similar  in  character  "to 
that  most  dainty  spring  of  Bath  ; "  Tides- 
well,  which  ebbs  and  flows  although  so 
far  inland ;  Sandy  Hill,  which  never 
increases  at  the  base  or  abates  in  height ; 
and  the  forest  of  the  Peak,  which  bears 
tree;-;  on  hard  rocks. — Drayton,  Poli/olbion, 
xxvi.  (a  full  description  of  each  is  given, 
1622). 

Seven  Wonders  of  the  World 

(The):  (1)  The  pyramids  of  Egypt,  (2) 
the  hanging  gardens  of  Babylon,  (3)  the 
tomb  of  Mausolos,  (4)  the  temple  of  Diana 
at  Ephesus,  (5)  the  colossos  of  Rhodes, 
(6)  the  statue  of  Zeus  by  Phidias,  (7) 
the  pharos  of  Egypt,  or  else  the  palace  of 
Cyrus  cemented  with  gold. 

The  pyramids  first,  which  in  Egj-pt  were  laid ; 
Next  Babylon's  garden,  for  Aniytis  made; 
Then  Mausolos'*  tomb  of  affection  and  guilt ; 
Fourth,  the  temple  of  Dian,  in  Ephesus  built ; 
Tlie  colossos  of  Khodes,  cast  in  brass,  to  the  sun ; 
Sixth,  Jupiter's  statue,  by  Phidias  done  ; 
The  pTiaros  of  Egypt,  last  wonder  of  old. 
Or  palace  of  Cyru*,  cemented  with  gold. 

Seven  Years. 

liarbarossa  changes  his  position  in  his 
sleep  every  seven  years. 

Charlemagne  starts  in  his  chair  from 
sleep  every  seven  years. 

Ogier  the  Dane  stamps  his  iron  mace 
on  the  floor  every  seven  years. 

Olaf  Redbeard  of  Sweden  uncloses  his 
eyes  every  seven  years. 

Seven  Years'  War  (The),  the  war 
maintained  by  Frederick  II.  of  Prussia 


against  Austria,  Russia,  and  France  (1756- 
1763). 

Seven  against  Thebes  (The). 
At  the  death  of  (Edipus,  his  two  sons 
EteOcles  and  Polj'nices,  agreed  to  reign 
alternate  years,  but  at  the  expiration  of 
the  first  year  Eteocles  refused  to  resign 
the  crown  to  his  brother.  Whereupon, 
Polynices  induced  six  others  to  join  him 
in  besieging  Thebes,  but  the  expedition 
was  a  failure.  The  names  of  the  seven 
Grecian  chiefs  who  marched  against 
Thebes  were :  Adrastos,  Amphiaraos, 
Kapaneus,  Hippomedon  (Argives),  Par- 
thenopoeos  (an  Arcadian),  Polynices  (a 
Theban),  and  Tydeus  (an  jEolian).  (See 
Epigoni.) 

iEschylos  has  a  tragedy  on  the  sub- 
ject. 

Several!,  a  private  farm  or  land  with 
enclosures;  a  "champion"  is  an  open 
farm  not  enclosed. 

The  country  encIosM  I  praise  [severally ; 
The  other  delighteth  not  nie  [champion\ 

T.  Tus«er,  Five  Hundred  Points  of  Qood 
Husbandry,  liii.  1  (1557). 

Severn,  a  corruption  of  Aveme, 
daughter  of  Astrild.  The  legend  is  this : 
King  Locryn  was  engaged  to  Gwendolen 
daughter  of  Corineus,  but  seeing  Astrild 
(daughter  of  the  king  of  Germany),  who 
came  to  this  island  with  Homber  king 
of  Hungary,  fell  in  love  with  her.  While 
Corineus  lived  he  durst  not  offend  him, 
so  he  married  Gwendolen,  but  kept 
Astrild  as  his  mistress,  and  had  by  her 
a  daughter  (Aveme).  When  Corineus 
died,  he  divorced  Gwendolen,  and  de- 
clared Astrild  queen,  but  Gwendolen 
summoned  her  vassals,  dethroned  Locryn, 
and  caused  both  Astrild  and  Aveme  to 
be  cast  into  the  river,  ever  since  called 
Severn  from  Averne  "the  kinges  dohter." 

Sex.  Milton  says  that  spirits  can 
assume  either  sex  at  pleasure,  and  Michael 
Psellus  asserts  that  demons  can  take  what 
sex,  shape,  and  colour  they  please,  and 
can  also  contract  or  dilate  their  form  at 
pleasure. 

For  spirits,  when  they  please. 
Can  either  sex  assume,  or  both  ;  so  soft 
And  uncompounded  is  their  essence  pure ; 
Not  tied  or  manacled  with  joint  and  limb. 
Nor  founded  on  the  brittle  strength  of  bones, 
Like  cumbrous  flesh. 

Paradise  Lost,  1.  423,  etc.  (1665). 

Sex.  Caeneus  and  Tire'sias  were  at  one 
part  of  their  lives  of  the  male  sex,  and  at 
another  part  of  their  lives  of  the  female 
sex.     (See  these  names.) 

Iphis  was  first  a  woman,  and  then  a 


SEXTUS. 


895 


SGANARELLE. 


man. — Ovid,  Metan\orphoses,  ix.  12  ;  xiv. 
699. 

Sextus  [Tarquinius].  There  are 
several  points  of  resemblance  in  the  story 
of  Sextus  and  that  of  Paris  son  of  Priam. 
(1)  Paris  was  the  guest  of  Meiielaos 
•when  he  eloped  with  his  wife  Helen  ;  and 
Sextus  was  the  guest  of  Lucretia  when 
he  defiled  her.  (2)  The  elopement  of 
Helen  was  the  cause  of  a  national  war 
between  the  Greek  cities  and  the  allied 
cities  of  Troy ;  and  the  defilement  of 
Lucretia  was  the  cause  of  a  national  war 
between  Rome  and  the  allied  cities  under 
Por'sena.  (3)  The  contest  between  Greece 
and  Troy  terminated  in  the  victory  of 
^  Greece,  the  injured  party  ;  and  the  con- 
test between  Rome  and  the  supporters  of 
Tarquin  terminated  in  favour  of  Rome, 
the  injured  party.  (4)  In  tlie  Trojan  war, 
Paris,  the  aggressor,  showed  himself  be- 
fore the  Trojan  ranks,  and  defied  the 
bravest  of  the  Greeks  to  single  combat, 
but  when  Menelaos  appeared,  he  took  to 
flight ;  so  Sextus  rode  vauntingly  against 
the  Roman  host,  but  when  lierniinius 
appeared,  fled  to  the  rear  like  a  coward. 
(5)  In  the  Trojan  contest,  Priam  and  his 
sons  fell  in  battle ;  and  in  the  battle  of  the 
lake  Regillus,  Tarquin  and  his  sons  were 
slain. 

*^*  Lord  Macaulay  has  taken  the 
"Battle  of  the  Lake  Regillus"  as  the 
subject  of  one  of  his  Lays  of  Ancient 
Home.  Another  of  his  lays,  called 
"  Horatius,"  is  the  attempt  of  PorsSna 
to  re-establish  Tarquin  on  the  throne. 

Seyd,  pacha  of  the  Morea,  assassinated 
by  Gulnare  (2  syl.)  his  favourite  con- 
cubine. Gulnare  was  rescued  from  the 
burning  harem  by  Conrad  "  the  corsair." 
Conrad,  in  the  disguise  of  a  dervise,  was 
detected  and  seized  in  the  palace  of  Seyd, 
and  Gulnare,  to  effect  his  liberation,  mur- 
dered the  pacha. — Byron,  The  Corsair 
(1814). 

Seyton  (Lord),  a  supporter  of  queen 
Mary's  cause. 

Catherine  Seyton,  daughter  of  lord 
Seyton,  a  maid  of  honour  in  the  court 
of  queen  Mary.  She  appears  at  Kinross 
village  in  disguise. 

Henry  Seyton,  son  of  lord  Seyton. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Sforza,  of  Lombardy.  He  with  his 
two  brothers  (Achilles  and  Palamedes, 
were  in  the  squadron  of  adventurers  in  the 
allied  Christian  army. — Tasso,  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1575). 


*^*  The  word  Sforza  means  "force," 
and,  according  to  tradition,  Avas  derived 
thus  :  Giacomuzzo  Attendolo,  the  son  of  a 
day  labourer,  being  desirous  of  going  to  the 
wars,  consulted  his  hatchet,  resolving  to 
enlist  if  it  stuck  fast  in  the  tree  at  which 
he  flung  it.  He  threw  it  with  such  force 
that  the  whole  blade  was  completely 
buried  in  the  trunk  (fifteenth  century). 

Sforza  {Ludov'ico),  duke  of  Milan,  sur- 
named  "the  More,"  from  inora,  "a  mul- 
berry "  (because  he  had  on  his  arm  a  birth- 
stain  of  a  mulberry  colour) .  Ludovico  was 
dotingly  fond  of  his  bride  Marcelia,  and 
his  love  was  amply  returned  ;  but  during 
his  absence  in  the  camp,  he  left  Francesco 
lord  protector,  and  Francesco  assailed  the 
fidelity  of  the  young  duchess.  Failing  in 
his  villainy,  he  accused  her  to  the  duke  of 
pla5nng  the  wanton  with  him,  and  the 
duke,  in  a  fit  of  jealousy,  slew  her. 
Sforza  was  afterwards  poisoned  by 
Eugenia  (sister  of  Francesco)  whom  he 
had  seduced. 

Nina  Sforza,  the  duke's  daughter. — 
Massinger,  The  Duke  of  Milan  (1622). 

*^*  This  tragedy  is  obviously  an  imita- 
tion of  Shakespeare's  Otiicllo  (1611). 

Sganarelle,  the  "  coca  imaginaire," 
a  comedy  by  Molifere  (1660).  The  plot 
runs  thus  :  Cdlie  was  betrothed  to  Le'lie, 
but  her  father,  Gorgibus,  insisted  on  her 
marrying  Valfere,  because  he  was  the 
richer  man.  Celie  fainted  on  hearing  this, 
and  dropped  her  lover's  miniature,  which 
was  picked  up  by  Sganareile's  wife. 
Sganarelle,  thinking  it  to  be  the  portrait  of 
a  gallant,  took  possession  of  it,  and  Le'lie 
asked  him  how  he  came  by  it.  Sganarelle 
said  he  took  it  from  his  wife,  and  Le'lie 
supposed  that  Ce'lie  had  become  the  wife 
of  Sganarelle.  A  series  of  misapprehen- 
sions arose  thence :  Celie  supposed  that 
Le'lie  had  deserted  her  for  Madame 
Sganarelle  ;  Sganarelle  supposed  that  his 
wife  was  unfaithful  to  him ;  madame 
supposed  that  her  husband  was  an  adorer 
of  Ce'lie ;  and  Lelie  supposed  that  Celie 
was  the  wife  of  Sganarelle.  In  time  they 
met  together,  when  Le'lie  charged  Celie 
with  being  married  to  Sganarelle  ;  both 
stared,  an  explanation  followed,  a  mes- 
senger arrived  to  say  that  Valbre  was 
married,  and  all  went  merry  as  a  marriage 
peal. 

Sganarelle,  younger  brother  of  Ariste 
(2  syl.) ;  a  surly,  domineering  brute,  wise 
in  his  own  conceit,  and  the  dupe  of  the 
play.  His  brother  says  to  him,  "tous 
vos  procedes  inspire  un  air  bizarre,  et, 


SGANARELLE. 


896 


SGANARELLE. 


jnsques  h.  I'habit,  rend  tout  chez  vous 
barbare."  The  father  of  Isabelle  and 
Leonor,  on  his  death-bed,  committed  them 
to  the  charge  of  Sganarelle  and  Ariste, 
■who  were  either  to  marry  them  or  dispose 
of  them  in  marriage.  Sganarelle  chose 
Isabelle,  but  insisted  on  her  dressing  in 
serge,  going  to  bed  early,  keeping  at 
home,  looking  after  the  house,  mending 
the  linen,  knitting  socks,  and  never  flirt- 
ing with  any  one.  The  consequence  was, 
she  duped  her  guardian,  and  cajoled  him 
into  giving  his  signature  to  her  marriage 
vrith  Valere. 

Malh?ureux  qui  se  fie  k  femme  aprds  cela  ! 
La  nieilleure  est  toujours  en  malice  Kcoiide ; 
Cast  un  sexe  engendr^  pour  damner  tout  le  monde. 
Je  renounce  a  janiais  k  ce  sexe  trompeur, 
Et  je  le  donne  tout  an  dialile  de  bon  cceur. 

MoIi6re,  L'eeole  de*  Marit  (1661). 

Sganarelle  (3  sj/l.).  At  about  63  years 
of  age,  Sganarelle  wished  to  marry  Dori- 
mene  (3  si/ 1.)  daughter  of  Alcantor,  a  girl 
fond  of  dances,  parties  of  pleasure,  and 
all  the  active  enjoyments  of  3'oung  life. 
Feeling  some  doubts  about  the  wisdom  of 
this  step,  he  first  consults  a  friend,  who 
dissuades  him,  but,  seeing  the  advice  is  re- 
jected, replies,  "Do  as  you  like."  He  next 
consults  two  philosophers,  but  they  are 
so  absorbed  in  their  philosophy  that  they 
paj'  no  attention  to  him.  He  then  asks  the 
gipsies,  who  take  his  money  and  decamp 
with  a  dance.  At  length,  he  overhears 
Dorimene  telling  a  young  lover  that  she 
only  marries  the  old  dotard  for  his  money, 
and  that  he  cannot  live  above  a  few 
months  ;  so  he  makes  up  his  mind  to 
decline  the  marriage.  The  father  of  the 
lady  places  the  matter  in  his  son's  hands, 
and  the  young  fire-eater,  armed  with  two 
swords,  goes  at  once  to  the  old  fiance',  and 
begs  him  to  choose  one.  When  Sganarelle 
declines  to  fight,  the  young  man  beats  him* 
soundly,  and  again  bids  him  choose  a 
Bword.  After  two  or  three  good  beatings, 
Sganarelle  consents  to  the  marriage 
"  force." — Moliere,  Le  Mariage  Force' 
(1G64). 

(There  is  a  supplement  to  this  comedy 
by  the  same  author,  entitled  Sganarelle  ou 
Le  Cocu  Imaginaire.) 

*^c*  This  joke  about  marrying  is  bor- 
rowed from  Rabelais,  Pantagriiel,  iii.  35, 
etc.  Panurge  asks  Trouillogan  whether 
he  would  advise  him  to  marry.  The  sage 
says,  "  No."  "  But  I  wish  to  do  so,"  says 
the  prince.  "Then  do  so,  by  all  means," 
says  the  sage.  "  Which,  then,  would  you 
advise  V  "  asks  Panurge.  "  Neither,"  says 
Trouillogan.  "But,"  says  Panurge,  "that 
is  not  possible."     "Then  both,"  says  the 


sage.  After  this,  Panurge  consults  many 
others  on  the  subject,  and  lastly  the  oracle 
of  the  Holy  Bottle. 

The  plot  of  Moliere's  comedy  is  founded 
on  an  adventure  recorded  of  the  count  of 
Grammont  {q.v.).  The  count  had  pro- 
mised marriage  to  la  belle  Hamilton,  but 
deserted  her,  and  tried  to  get  ti)  France. 
Being  overtaken  by  the  two  brothers  of 
the  lady,  they  clapped  their  hands  on 
their  swords,  and  demanded  if  the  count 
had  not  forgotten  something  or  left  some- 
thing behind.  "True,"  said  the  count; 
"  I  have  forgotten  to  marry  your  sister ;" 
and  returned  with  the  two  brothers  to 
repair  this  oversight. 

Sganarelle,  father  of  Lucinde.  Anxious 
about  his  daughter  because  she  has  lost 
her  vivacity  and  appetite,  he  sends  for 
four  physicians,  who  retire  to  consult 
upon  the  case,  but  talk  only  on  indifferent 
topics.  When  Sganarelle  asks  the  result 
of  their  deliberation,  they  all  differ,  both 
in  regard  to  the  disease  and  the  remedy 
to  be  applied.  Lisette  (the  lady's  maid) 
sends  for  Clitandre,  the  lover,  who  comes 
disguised  as  a  quack  doctor,  tells  Sgana- 
relle that  the  young  lady's  disease  must 
be  acted  on  through  the  imagination,  and 
prescribes  a  mock  marriage.  Sganarelle 
consents  to  the  experiment,  butClitandre's 
assistant  being  a  notar}^,  the  mock  mar- 
riage proves  to  be  a  real  one. — Moliere, 
L' Amour  Me'decin  (1665). 

Sganarelle,  husband  of  Martine.  He  is 
a  faggot-maker,  and  has  a  quarrel  with 
his  wife,  who  vows  to  be  even  with  him 
for  striking  her.  Valere  and  Lucas  (two 
domestics  of  Ge'ronte)  ask  her  to  direct 
them  to  the  house  of  a  noted  doctor.  She 
sends  them  to  her  husband,  and  tells  them 
he  is  so  eccentric  that  he  will  deny  being 
a  doctor,  but  they  must  beat  him  well. 
So  they  find  the  faggot-maker,  whom 
they  beat  soundly,  till  he  consents  to 
follow  them.  He  is  introduced  to  Lucinde, 
who  pretends  to  be  dumb,  but,  being  a 
shrewd  man,  he  soon  finds  out  that  the 
dumbness  is  only  a  pretence,  and  takes 
with  him  Leandre  as  an  apothecary. 
The  two  lovers  understand  each  other, 
and  Lucinde  is  rapidly  cured  with  "  pills 
matrimoniac."  —  Moliere,  Le  Me'decin 
Malgre' Lui  {\m^). 

*^*  Sganarelle,  being  asked  by  tl 
father  what  he  thinks  is  the  matter  wi 
Lucinde,  replies,  "  Entendez-vous 
Latin?"  "En  aucune  fa^on,"  says  G 
route.  "Vous  n'entendez  point  le  Latin? 
"  Non,  monsieur."    "  That  is  a  sad  pity," 


I 


SGANARELLE. 


897 


SHAH. 


Bays   Sganarelle,  "for  the  case  raay  be 
briefly  stated  thus : 

Cabricias  arci  thuram,  catalamus,  singiilariter,  no- 
miiiativo,  hsec  musa,  Ut  muse,  bonus,  bona,  bonuni. 
Deus  sanctiis,  estne  oratio  Latiiias?  etiani,  oui,  quare  ? 
pourquoi)  quia  substantivo  et  adjectivum  concordat  in 
generi,  iitimerum,  et  casus."  "Wonderful  man  I"  says 
the  father.— Act  iii. 

Sgan'arelle  (3  syl.).,  valet  to  don  Juan. 
He  remonstrates  with  his  master  on  his 
evil  ways,  but  is  forbidden  sternly  to 
repeat  his  impertinent  admonitions.  His 
praise  of  tobacco,  or  rather  snuff,  is  some- 
what amusing. 

Tabac  est  la  passion  des  lionnStes  gens;  et  qui  vit  sans 
tabac  n'est  pas  digne  de  vivre.  Non  seulement  il  rdjouit 
et  purge  \&i  cerveaux  huinains,  niiiis  encore  il  instruit  les 
arnes  a  la  vertu,  et  Ton  apprend  avec  lui  k  devenir  honn€t« 
lionime  .  .  .  il  inspire  des  sentiments  d'honneur  ^  tous 
ceux  qui  en  prennent — Moli6re,  Don  Juan,  i.  1  (1665). 

S.  Q-.  O.,  the  initials  of  the  Rev.  lord 
Sidney  Godolphin  Osborne,  of  the  family 
of  the  duke  of  Leeds  ;  letters  in  the  Times 
on  social  and  philanthropic  subjects. 

Shaccabac,  in  Blue   Beard.      (See 

SCHACABAC.) 

I  have  seen  strange  sights.  I  have  wen  Wilkinson  play 
"  Macl)eth  ;  "  Mathews,  "Othello;"  Wrench,  "George 
Biu-nwell;"  Buckstone,  "lago;"  Rayner,  "  Penrud- 
dock  ;  "  Keeley,  "  Shylock ; "  Liston,  "  Romeo  "  and  "  Oc- 
taviau;"  G.  F.  Cooke,  "Mercutio;"  John  Kerable, 
"Archer;"  Edmund  Kean,  clown  in  a  pantomime; 
and  C.  Young,  "  Shaccabac." — Record  of  a  Stage  Veteran. 

"Macbeth,"  "Othello,"  "lago"  (in 
Othello),  "  Shylock"  {Merchant of  Venice), 
"Romeo"  and  "Mercutio"  (in  Romeo 
and  Juliet),  all  by  Shakespeare  ;  "George 
Barnwell "  (Lillo's  tragedy  so  called)  ; 
"  Penruddock  "  (in  The  W/ieel  of  Fortune, 
by  Cumberland);  "Octavian"  (in  Col- 
man's  drama  so  called)  ;  "Archer"  (in 
The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  by  Farquhar). 

Shaddai  {King),  who  made  war  upon 
Diabolus  for  the  regaining  of  Mansoul. — 
John  Bunyan,  The  Holy  War  (1G82). 

Shade  (7b  fight  in  the).  Dieneces 
[Di.en'.e.seez^,  the  Spartan,  being  told 
that  the  army  of  the  Persians  was.  so 
numerous  that  their  arrows  would  shut  out 
the  sun,  replied,  "  Thank  the  gods !  we 
shall  then  fightHn  the  shade." 

Shadow  {Simon),  one  of  the  recruits 
of  the  army  of  sir  John  Falstaflf.  "A 
half-faced  fellow,"  so  thin  that  sir  John 
said,  "  a  foeman  might  as  well  level  his 
gun  at  the  edge  of  a  penknife "  as  at 
such  a  starveling. — Shakespeare,  2  Henry 
iK.  act  iii.  sc.  2  (1598). 

Shadrach,  Meshach,  and  Abed- 
nego  were  cast,  by  the  command  of 
Nebuchadnezzar,  into  a  fiery  furnace, 
but  received  no  injury,  although  the 
furnace  was  made  so  hot  that  the  heat 


thereof   "slew   those    men"    that    took 
them  to  the  furnace. — Dan.  iii.  22. 

By  Nimrod's  order,  Abraham  was 
bound  and  cast  into  a  huge  fire  at  Cutha ; 
but  he  was  preserved  from  injury  by  the 
angel  Gabriel,  and  only  the  cords  which 
bound  him  were  burnt.  Yet  so  intense 
was  the  heat  that  above  2000  men  were 
consumed  thereby. — See  Gospel  of  Bar- 
nabas, xxviii. ;  and  Morgan,  Mahometan- 
ism  Explained,  V.  i.  4. 

ShaduTtiam'  and  AmTbe-Abad', 

the  abodes  of  the  peris. 

Shadwell  {Thomas),  the  poet-lau- 
reate, was  a  great  drunkard,  and  was  said 
to  be  "  round  as  a  butt,  and  liquored 
every  chink"  (1640-1692). 

Besides,  his  [Shadweirs]  goodly  fabric  fills  the  eye, 
And  seems  designed  for  thoughtless  majesty. 

Drydea.  AlacFlevknoe  (1682). 

*^*  Shadwell  took  opium,  and  died 
from  taking  too  large  a  dose.  Hence 
Pope  says  : 

Benlowes,  propitious  still  to  blockheads,  bows  ; 
And  Shadwell  nods  the  poppy  on  his  brows. 

The  Danciad,  iii.  21,  2-2  (1728). 

(Benlowes  was  a  great  patron  of  bad 
poets,  and  many  have  dedicated  to  him 
their  lucubrations.  Sometimes  the  name 
is  shifted  into  "  Benevolus.") 

Shadwell  (Wapping,  London),  a  cor- 
ruption of  St.  Chad's  Well. 

Shaf  alus  and  Procrus.  So  Bot- 
tom the  weaver  calls  Cephfilus  and  Pro- 
cris.     (See  Cephai.us.) 

Pyramus.  Not  Shafalus  to  Procrus  was  so  true. 
Thisbe.  As  Shafalus  to  Procrus ;  I  to  you. 
Shakespeare,  Midsummer  Night's  Dream  (1592). 

Shaftesbury(^«Mony  Ashley  Cooper, 
earl  of),  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Peveril  of  the  Feak  (time,  Charles  II. ). 

Shafton  {Ned),  one  of  the  prisoners 
in  Newgate  with  old  sir  Hildebrand 
Osbaldistone. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Bob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Shafton  {Sir  Fiercie),  called  "The 
knight  of  Wilverton,"  a  fashionable 
cavaliero,  grandson  of  old  Overstitch  the 
tailor,  of  Holderness.  Sir  Piercie  talks 
in  the  pedantic  style  of  the  Elizabethan 
courtiers. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Johnson's  speech,  like  sir  Piercie  Shafton's  euphuistic 
eloquence,  bewrayed  bjni  under  every  disguise. — Lord 
Macaulay. 

Shah  {The),  a  famous  diamond, 
weighing  86  carats.  It  was  given  by 
Chosroes  of  Persia  to  the  czar  of  Russia. 
(See  Diamonds.) 


SHAKEBAG. 


898 


SHAKESPEARE. 


Shakebag  (Dick),  a  highwaj-man 
wirli  captain  Colepepper. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Shakespeare,  introduced  by  sir  W. 
Scott  in  the  ante-rooms  of  Greenwich 
Palace. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

_  *^*  In  Woodstock  there  is  a  conversa- 
tion about  Shakespeare. 

Shakespeare^ s  Home.  He  left  London 
before  1613,  and  established  himself  at 
Stratford-on-Avon,  in  Warwickshire, 
where  he  was  born  (1564),  and  where  he 
died  (1616).  In  the  diary  of  Mr.  Ward, 
the  vicar  of  Stratford,  is  this  entry : 
"  Shakspeare,  Drayton,  and  Ben  Jonson 
had  a  merry  meeting,  and,  it  seems, 
drank  too  hard,  for  Shakspeare  died  of 
a  fever  then  contracted."     (Drayton  died 

1601,  and  Ben  Jonson,  1637.)  'Probably 
Shakespeare  died  on  his  birthday, 
April  23. 

Shakespeare'' s  Monument,  in  Westminster 
Abbey,  designed  by  Kent,  and  executed 
by  Scheemakers,  in  1742.  The  statue  to 
Shakespeare  in  Drury  Lane  Theatre  was 
by  the  same. 

The  statue  of  Shakespeare  in  the 
British  Museum  is  by  Roubiliac,  and  was 
bequeathed  to  the  nation  by  Garrick. 
His  best  portrait  is  by  Droeshout. 

Shakespeare's  Plays,  quarto  editions  : 

RoMKO  AND  Juliet:  1597,  John  Dan- 
ter ;  1599,  Thomas  Creede  for  Cuthbert 
Burby ;  1609,  1637.  Supposed  to  have 
been  written,  1595. 

King  Richakd  II.  :  1597,  Valentine 
Simmes  for  Andrew  Wise;  1598,  1608 
(with  an  additional  scene)  ;  1615,  1634. 

King  Richard  III.:  1597,  ditto  ;  1598, 

1602,  1612,  1622. 

Lovk's  Labour's  Lost  :  1598,  W.  W. 
for  Cuthbert  Burby.  Supposed  to  have 
been  written,  1594. 

King  Hknry  IV  (pt.  1):  1598,  P.  S. 
for  Andrew  Wise;  1599,  1604,  1608, 
1613.  Supposed  to  have  been  written, 
1597. 

King  Henry  IV.  (pt.  2) :  1600,  V.  S. 
for  Andrew  Wise  and  William  Aspley  ; 
1600.  Supposed  to  have  been  written, 
1598, 

King  Henry  V. :  1600,  Thomas  Creede 
for  Thomas  Millington  and  John  Busby  ; 
1602,  1608.  Supposed  to  have  been 
written,  1599. 

Midsummer  Night's  Dream  :  1600, 
Thomas  Fisher ;  1600,  James  Roberts. 
Mentioned  by  Mercs,  1598.  Supposed  to 
have  been  written,  1592. 

Mejichant  of  Venice  •.  1600, 1,  R.  for 


Thomas  Heyes ;  1600,  James  Roberts; 
1037.     Mentioned  by  Meres,  1598. 

Much  Ado  about  Nothing:  1600,  V. 
S.  for  Andrew  Wise  and  William  Aspley. 

Merry  Wives  of  Windsor:  1602, 
T.  C.  for  Arthur  Johnson  ;  1619.  Sup- 
posed to  have  been  written,  1596. 

Hamlet:  1603,  I.  R.  for  N.  L.  ;  1605, 
1611.  Supposed  to  have  been  written, 
1597. 

King  Lear:  1608,  A.  for  Nathaniel 
Butter;  1608,  B.  for  ditto.  Acted  at 
Whitehall,  1607.  Supposed  to  have  been 
written,  1605. 

Troilus  and  Cressida  :  1609,  G.  Eld 
for  R.  Bonian  and  H.  Whallev  (with  a 
preface).  Acted  at  court,  1609.  Sup- 
posed to  have  been  written,  1602. 

Othello:  1622,  N.  0.  for  Thomas 
Walkely.    Acted  at  Harefield,  1602. 

The  rest  of  the  dramas  are : 

AlVs  Well  that  Endt  Well,  1598.  First  tiUe  supposed 
to  be  Love's  Labour's  Won. 

A  nt-ony  aiid  Cleopatra,  1608.  No  early  mention  made 
of  this  play. 

As  You  Like  It.    Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  1600. 

Comedy  of  Errors,  1593.     Mentioned  by  Meres,  1598.^   _ 

Coriolanut,  1610.  No  early  mention  made  of  this 
play, 

Cymbeline,  1605.     No  early  mention  made  of  this  play. 

1  Benry  VI.  Alluded  to  by  Nash  in  Pierce  P&nniless, 
1592. 

2  Henry  VI.  Original  title,  First  Part  •/  the  Conten- 
tion,  1594. 

3  Henry  VI.  Original  title.  True  Tragedy  of  Richard 
Duke  of  I'ork,  1595. 

Henry  VI U.,  1601.    Acted  at  the  Globe  Theatre,  1613. 

John  (King),  1596.     Mentioned  by  Meres,  1598. 

Julius  Ccesar,  1607.  No  early  mention  made  of  this 
play. 

Lear,  1605.    Acted  at  Whitehall.  1607.     Printed  1608. 

Macbeth,  1606.     No  early  mention  made  of  this  play. 

Measure  for  Measure,  1C03.    Acted  at  Whiteliall,  1604. 

Merni  Wives  of  Windsor,  1596.     Printed  1602. 

Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre.    Printed  1600. 

Taming  of  the  Shrew.  (?)  Acted  at  Henslow's  Tlieatre, 
1593.    Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  1607. 

Tempest,  1609.    Acted  at  Whitehall.  1611. 

Timon  of  Athens,  1609.  No  early  mention  made  of 
this  play. 

Titus  Andronicus,  15.93.    Printed  IfiOO. 

Twelfth  Night.  Acted  in  the  Middle  Temple  Hall, 
1602. 

Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  1595.  Mentioned  by  Mere^ 
1598. 

Winter's  Tale,  1604.    Acted  at  Whitehall,  1611. 

First  complete  collection  in  folio  : 
1623,  Isaac  Jaggard  and  Ed.  Blount; 
1632,  1664,  1685.  The  second  folio  is  of 
very  little  value. 

Shakespeare's  Parents.  His  father  was 
John  Shakespeare,  a  glover,  who  married 
Mary  Arden,  daughter  of  Robert  Arden, 
Esq.,  of  Bomich,  a  good  county  gentle- 
man. 

Shakespeare's  Wife,  Anne  Hathaw.ay  of 
Shottery,  some  eight  years  older  than 
himself;  daughter  of  a  substantial  yeo- 
man. 

Shakespeare's  Children.  One  son.  Ham- 
net,  who  died  iu  his  twelfth  year  (1585- 


SHAKESPEARE  OF  DIVINES.       899 


SHANDY. 


159G).  Two  daughters,  who  survived 
him,  Susanna,  and  Judith  twin-born  with 
Hamnet.  Both  his  daughters  married 
and  had  children,  but  the  lines  died  out. 
Voltaire  says  of  Shakespeare  :  "  Rimer 
had  very  good  reason  to  say  that  Shake- 
speare n'etait  q'un  vilain  simje."  Voltaire, 
in  1765,  said,  "  Shakespeare  is  a  savage 
with  some  imagination,  whose  plays  can 
please  only  in  London  and  Canada." 
In  1735  he  wrote  to  M.  de  Cideville, 
"  Shakespeare  is  the  Corneille  of  London, 
but  everywhere  else  he  is  a  great  fool 
{grand  fau,  d'aillcur)." 

Shakespeare  of  Divines  {The), 
Jeremy  Taylor  (1613-1667). 

His  [Taylor's]  devotional  writings  only  want  what  they 
cannot  be  said  to  need,  the  name  and  the  metricid 
arrangement  to  make  them  poetry.— Heber. 

Taylor,  the  Shakespeare  of  divines.— Emerson. 

Shakespeare  of  Eloquence(  The) . 
The  comte  de  Mirabeau  was  so  called  by 
Barnave  (1749-1791). 

Shakespeare  of  G  ermany  ( The), 
Augustus  Frederick  Ferdinand  von  Kot- 
zebue  (1761-1819). 

Shakespeare  of  Prose  Fiction 

{I'lte).     Richardson    the   novelist    is    so 
called  by  D'Israeli  (1689-1761). 

Shallo'W,  a  weak-minded  country 
justice,  cousin  to  Slender.  He  is  a  great 
braggart,  and  especially  fond  of  boasting 
of  the  mad  pranks  of  his  younger  days. 
It  is  said  that  justice  Shallow  is  a 
satirical  portrait  of  sir  Thomas  Lucy  of 
Charlecote,  who  prosecuted  Shakespeare 
for  deer-stealing.  —  Shakespeare,  The 
Merrii  Wives  of  Windsor  (1596)  ;  and  2 
Henrn  JV.  (1598). 

As  wise  as  a  justice  of  the  quorum  and  custalorum  in 

Bliallow's  time. — Macaulay. 

Shallum,  lord  of  a  manor  consisting 
of  a  long  chain  of  rocks  and  mountains 
called  Tirzah.  Shallum  was  "of  gentle 
disposition,  and  beloved  both  by  God  and 
man."  He  was  the  lover  of  Hilpa,  a 
Chinese  antediluvian  princess,  one  of  the 
150  daughters  of  Zilpah,  of  the  race  of 
Cohu  or  Cain. — Addison,  Spectator,  viii. 
584-5  (1712). 

Shalott  {TJie  lady  of),  a  poem  by 
Tennyson,  in  four  parts.  Pt.  i.  tells  us 
that  the  lady  passed  her  life  in  the  island 
of  Shalott  in  great  seclusion,  and  was 
known  only  by  the  peasantry.  Pt.  ii. 
tells  us  that  she  Avas  weaving  a  magic 
web,  and  that  a  curse  would  fall  on  her 
if  she  looked  down  the  river.  Pt.  iii. 
describes  how  sir  Lancelot  rode  to  Came- 


lot  in  all  his  bravery ;  and  the  lady 
gazed  at  him  as  he  rode  along.  Pt.  iv. 
tells  us  that  the  lady  floated  down  the 
river  in  a  boat  called  The  Lady  of  Shalott, 
and  died  heart-broken  on  the  way.  Sir 
Lancelot  came  to  gaze  on  the  dead  body, 
and  exclaimed,  "  She  has  a  lovely  face, 
and  may  God  have  mercy  on  her !  "  This 
ballad  was  afterwards  expanded  into  the 
Jdyll  called  "  Elaine,  the  Fair  Maid  of 
Astolat"  {q.v.),  the  beautiful  incident 
of  Elaine  and  the  barge  being  taken  from 
the  History  of  Prince  Arthur,  by  sir  T. 
Malory : 

"  While  my  body  is  whole,  let  this  letter  be  put  into 
my  right  hand,  and  my  hand  bound  fast  with  tha 
letter  until  I  be  cold,  and  let  nie  be  put  in  a  fair  bed 
with  all  the  richest  clothes  that  I  have  about  me,  and  so 
let  my  bed  and  all  my  rich  clothes  be  laid  with  me  in  a 
chariot  to  the  next  pkce  whereas  the  Tliames  is,  and 
tliere  let  me  be  put  in  a  barge,  juid  but  one  man  with 
nie,  such  as  ye  trust  to  steer  me  thitlier,  and  that  my 
barge  be  covered  with  black  samite  over  and  o.ver. "  .  .  . 
So  when  she  was  dead,  tiie  corpse  and  the  bed  and  all 
was  led  the  next  way  unto  the  Thames,  and  there  a  man 
and  the  corpse  and  all  were  put  in  a  barge  on  Uia. 
Thames,  and  so  tlie  man  steered  the  barge  to  West- 
minster, and  tliere  he  rowed  a  great  while  to  and  fro,  or 
any  man  espied.— Pt  iii.  123. 

King  Arthur  saw  the  body  and  had  it 
buried,  and  sir  Launcelot  made  an  offer- 
ing, etc.  (ch.  124)  ;  much  the  same  as 
Tennyson  has  reproduced  it  in  verse. 

Shamho'zai  (3  syl.),  the  angel  who 
debauched  himself  with  women,  re- 
pented, and  hung  himself  up  between 
earth  and  heaven.  —  Bereshit  rabbi  (in 
Gen.  vi.  2). 

*^*  Harut  and  Marut  were  two  angels 
sent  to  be  judges  on  earth.  They  judged 
righteously  till  Zohara  appeared  before 
them,  when  they  fell  in  love  with  her, 
and  were  imprisoned  in  a  cave  near 
Babylon,  Avhere  they  are  to  abide  till  the 
day  of  judgment. 

Shandy  (Tris^ram),  the  nominal  hero 
of  Sterne's  novel  called  The  Life  and 
Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy,  Gentleman 
(1759).  He  is  the  son  of  Walter  and 
Elizabeth  Shandy. 

Captain  Shandy,  better  known  as 
"  Uncle  Toby,"  the  real  hero  of  Sterne's 
novel.  Captain  Shandy  was  wounded 
at  Namur,  and  retired  on  half-pay.  He 
was  benevolent  and  generous,  brave  as  a 
lion  but  simple  as  a  child,  most  gallant 
and  most  modest.  Hazlitt  says  that 
"the  character  of  uncle  Toby  is  the  finest 
compliment  ever  paid  to  human  nature." 
His  modest  love-passages  with  Widow 
W^adman,  his  kindly  sympathy  for 
lieutenant  Lefevre,  and  his  military  dis- 
cussions, are  wholly  unrivalled. 

Aunt  Dinah  IS/iandy},  Walter  Shandy 'g 


SHAKP. 


900 


SHEBA. 


aunt.  She  bequeathed  to  him  £1000, 
which  Walter  fancied  would  enable  him 
to  carry  out  all  the  wild  schemes  Avith 
which  his  head  was  crammed. 

Ilrs.  Elizabeth  Shandy,  mother  of  Tris- 
tram Shandy.  The  ideal  of  nonentity, 
individual  from  its  very  absence  of  indi- 
viduality. 

Walter  Shandy,  Tristram's  father,  a 
metaphysical  don  Quixote,  who  believes 
in  long  noses  and  propitious  names  ;  but 
his  son's  nose  was  crushed,  and  his  name, 
which  should  have  been  Trismegistus  { "  the 
most  propitious"),  was  changed  in  chris- 
tening to  Tristram  ("the  most  unlucky"). 
If  much  learning  can  make  man  mad, 
Walter  Shandy  was  certainly  mad  in  all 
the  atfairs  of  ordinary  life.  His  wife  was 
a  blank  sheet,  and  he  himself  a  sheet  so 
written  on  and  crossed  and  rewritten 
that  no  one  could  decipher  the  manu- 
script.— L.  Sterne,  I'he  Life  and  Opinions 
of  Tristram  Shandy  (1759). 

Sharp,  the  ordinary  of  major  Touch- 
wood, who  aids  him  in  his  transformation, 
but  is  himself  puzzled  to  know  which  is 
the  real  and  which  the  false  colonel. — 
T.  Dibdin,  What  Next  f 

Sharp  {Rebecca),  the  orphan  daughter 
of  an  artist.  "  She  was  small  and  slight 
in  person,  pale,  sandy-haired,  and  with 
green  eyes,  habitually  cast  down,  but 
very  large,  odd,  and  attractive  when  they 
looked  up."  Becky  had  the  "dismal 
precocity  of  poverty,"  and,  being  engaged 
as  governess  in  the  family  of  sir  Pitt 
Crawley,  bart.,  contrived  to  marry  clan- 
destinely his  son  captain  Kawdon  Craw- 
ley, and  taught  him  how  to  live  in 
splendour  "upon  nothing  a  year."  Becky 
was  an  excellent  singer  and  dancer,  a 
capital  talker  and  wheedler,  and  a  most 
attractive,  but  lyiprincipled,  selfish,  and 
imscrupulous  woman.  Lord  Steyne  in- 
troduced her  to  court ;  but  her  conduct 
with  this  peer  gave  rise  to  a  terrible 
scandal,  which  caused  a  separation  be- 
tween her  and  Rawdon,  and  made  Eng- 
land too  hot  to  hold  her.  She  retired  to 
the  Continent,  was  reduced  to  a  Bohemian 
life,  but  ultimately  attached  herself  to 
Joseph  Sedley,  whom  she  contrived  to 
strip  of  all  his  money,  and  who  lived 
in  dire  terror  of  her,  dying  in  six  months 
imder  very  suspicious  circumstances. — 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

With  Becky  Sharp,  we  think  we  could  be  good,  if  we 
h.ad  £5000  a  year.— Riyne. 

Becky  Sharp,  with  a  baronet  for  a  brother-in-law,  and 
an  earl's  daughter  for  a  friend,  felt  the  hollowness  of 
human  grandeur,  and  thought  she  was  happier  with  the 
Uokeniian  artists  in  ^ho.—The  Hxjntis. 


Sharp  (Timothy),  the  "lying  valet"  of 
Charles  Gayless.  His  object  is  to  make 
his  master,  who  has  not  a  sixpence  in  the 
Avorld,  pass  for  a  man  of  wealth  in  the 
eyes  of  Melissa,  to  whom  he  is  engaged. 
— Garrick,  The  Lying  Valet  (1741). 

Sharp-Beak,  the  crow's  wife,  in 
the  beast-epic  called  Reynard  the  Fox 
(1498). 

Sharpe  {The  Right  Rev.  James)^ 
archbishop  of  St.  Andrew's,  murdered  by 
John  Balfour  (a  leader  in  the  covenanters' 
army)  and  his  party. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Old 
Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Sharper  {Master),  the  cutler  in  the 
Strand. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Sharpitla'W  {Gideon),  a  police  officer. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian 
(time,  George  II.). 

Shawonda'see,  son  of  Mudjekeewis, 
and  king  of  the  south  wind.  Fat  and 
lazy,  listless  and  easy.  Shawondasee 
loved  a  prairie  maiden  (the  Dandelion), 
but  was  too  indolent  to  woo  her. — Long- 
fellow, Hiawatha  (1855). 

She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  a  comedy 
by  Oliver  Goldsmith  (1773).  Miss  Hard- 
castle,  knowing  how  bashful  young 
Marlow  is  before  ladies,  stoops  to  the 
manners  and  condition  of  a  barmaid, 
with  whom  he  feels  quite  at  his  ease,  and 
by  this  artifice  wins  the  man  of  her 
choice. 

*^*  It  is  said  that  when  Goldsmith 
was  about  16  years  old,  he  set  out  for 
Edgworthstown,  and  finding  night  coming 
on  Avhen  at  Ardagh,  asked  a  man  "which 
was  the  best  house  in  the  town" — meaning 
the  best  inn.  The  man,  who  was  Cor- 
nelius O' Kelly,  the  great  fencing-master, 
pointed  to  that  of  Mr.  Kalph  Fether- 
stone,  as  being  the  best  house  in  the 
vicinity.  Oliver  entered  the  parlour, 
found  the  master  of  the  mansion  sitting 
over  a  good  fire,  and  said  he  intended  to 
pass  the  night  there,  and  should  like  to 
have  supper.  Mr.  Fetherstone  happened 
to  know  Goldsmith's  father,  and,  to 
humour  the  joke,  pretended  to  be  the 
landlord  of  "  the  public,"  nor  did  ho 
reveal  himself  till  next  morning  at  break- 
fast, when  Oliver  called  for  his  bill.  It 
was  not  sir  Ralph  Fetherstone,  as  is 
generally  said,  but  Mr.  Ralph  Fether- 
stone, whose  grandson  was  sir  Thomas. 

Sheba.  The  queen  of  Sheba^  or  Saba 
{i.e.  the  Sabeans)  came  to  visit  Solomon, 


SHEBA. 


901 


SHEFFIELD. 


and  tested  his  wisdom  by  sundry  ques- 
tions, but  affirmed  that  his  wisdom  and 
wealth  exceeded  even  her  expectations. — 
1  Kings  X.  ;  2  ChroH.  ix. 

No,  not  to  answer,  madam,  all  those  hard  things 

Tbut  Sheba  came  to  ask  of  Solomon. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  ii. 

*j*  The  Arabs  call  her  name  Balkis  or 
Belkis  ;  the  Abyssinians,  Macqueda  ;  and 
others,  Aazis. 

Sheba  {The  queen  of),  a  name  given  to 
Mde.  Montreville  (the  Bejijum  Mootee 
Mahul). — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Shebdiz,  the  Persian  Bucephalos,  the 
favourite  charger  of  Chosroes  II.  or 
Khosrou  Parviz  of  Persia  (690-628). 

Sh.ed.ad,  king  of  Ad,  who  built  a 
most  magnificent  palace,  and  laid  out  a 
garden  called  "  The  Garden  of  Irem," 
like  "  the  bowers  of  Eden."  All  men 
admired  this  palace  and  garden  except 
the  prophet  Houd,  who  told  the  king  that 
the  foundation  of  his  palace  Avas  not 
secure.  And  so  it  was,  that  God,  to 
punish  his  pride,  first  sent  a  drought  of 
three  years'  duration,  and  then  the 
Sarsar  or  icy  wind  for  seven  days,  in 
which  the  garden  was  destroyed,  the 
palace  ruined,  and  Shedad,  with  all  his 
subjects,  died. 

It  is  said  that  the  palace  of  Shedad  or 
Shuddaud  took  500  years  in  building, 
and  when  it  was  finished  the  angel  of 
death  would  not  allow  him  even  to  enter 
his  garden,  but  struck  him  dead,  and  the 
rose  garden  of  Irem  was  ever  after  in- 
visible to  the  eye  of  man. — Southey, 
Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  i.  (1797). 

Sheep  {Lord  Bantam's).  These  sheep 
had  tails  of  such  enormous  length  that 
his  lordship  had  go-carts  harnessed  to  the 
sheep  for  carrying  their  tails. 

There  goes  Mrs.  Roundabout,  the  cutler's  wife.  .  .  . 
Odious  puss !  how  she  waddles  iUong  with  her  train  two 
yards  behind  her  !  She  puts  me  in  mind  of  lord  Bantam's 
sheep.— Goldsmith,  The  Hee,  ii.  (1759). 

Sheep  {The  Cotswold). 

No   brown,    nor  sullied   black,    the  face  or  logs  doth 

streak,  .  .  . 
[All]  of  the  whitest  kind,  whose  brows  so  woolly  be, 
As  men  in  her  fjiir  sheep  no  emptiness  should  see  .  .  . 
A  body  long  and  large,  the  buttocks  equal  broad  ... 
And  of  the  fleecy  face,  the  flank  doth  nothing  lack. 
But  everywhere  is  stored,  the  bellv  as  the  back. 

Drayton,  I'olyotlion,  xiv.  (1613). 

Sheep-Dog  {A),  a  lady-companion, 
who  occupies  the  back  seat  of  the  ba- 
rouche, carries  wraps,  etc.,  goes  to  church 
with  the  lady,  and  "guards  her  from  the 
wolv«s,"  as  much  as  the  lady  wishes  to 
be  guarded,  but  no  more. 


"  Riiwdon,"  said  Becky,  ..."  I  njust  have  a  sheep- 
dog  ...  I  mean  a  mural  shepherd's  dog  ...  to  keep 
the  wolves  off  me."  ...  "A  sheep-dog,  a  companion  I 
Becky  Sharp  with  a  sheep-dog  t  Isn't  tliat  good  fun  ?"— 
Thackeray,  Vanity  Vair,  xxxvii.  (1W8). 

Sheep  of  the  Addanc  Valley. 
In  this  valley,  which  led  to  the  cave  of 
the  Addanc,  were  two  flocks  of  sheep,  one 
white  and  the  other  black.  When  any 
one  of  the  black  sheep  bleated,  a  white 
sheep  crossed  over  and  became  black, 
and  wlien  one  of  the  white  sheep  bleated, 
a  black  sheep  crossed  over  and  became 
white.  —  The  Mabinogion  ("  Peredur," 
twelfth  century). 

Sheep  of  the  Prisons,  a  cant  term 
in  the  French  Revolution  for  a  spy  under 
the  jailers. — C.  Dickens,  A  Tale  of  Two 
Cities,  iii.  7  (1859). 

Sheep  Tilted  at.  Don  Quixote 
saw  the  dust  of  two  flocks  of  sheep  coming 
in  opposite  directions,  and  told  Sancho 
they  were  two  armies — one  commanded 
bj'  the  emperor  Alifanfaron  sovereign  of 
the  island  of  Trap'oban,  and  the  other  by 
the  king  of  the  Garaman'teans,  called 
"  Pentap'olin  with  the  Naked  Arm." 
He  said  that  Alifanfaron  was  in  love 
with  Pentapolin's  daughter,  but  Penta- 
polin  refused  to  sanction  the  alliance, 
because  Alifanfaron  was  a  Mohammedan. 
The  mad  knight  rushed  on  the  flock  "led 
by  Alifanfaron,"  and  killed  seven  of  the 
sheep,  but  was  stunned  by  stones  thrown 
at  him  by  the  shepherds.  When  Sancho 
told  his  master  that  the  two  armies  were 
only  two  flocks  of  sheep,  the  knight 
replied  that  the  enchanter  Freston  had 
"  metamorphosed  the  two  grand  armies  " 
in  order  to  show  his  malice. — Cervantes, 
Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  4  (1605). 

♦^*  After  the  death  of  Achilles,  Ajax 
and  Ulysses  both  claimed  the  armour  of 
Hector.  The  dispute  was  settled  by  the 
sons  of  Atreus  (2  syl.),  who  awarded 
the  prize  to  Ulj'sses.  This  so  enraged 
Ajax  that  it  drove  him  mad,  and  he  fell 
upon  a  flock  of  sheep  driven  at  night  into 
the  camp,  supposing  it  to  be  an  army  led 
by  Ulysses  and  the  sons  of  Atreus. 
When  he  found  out  his  mistake,  he 
stabbed  himself.  This  is  the  subject  of 
a  tragedy  by  Soph'ocles  called  Ajaoa 
Mad. 

*^*  Orlando  in  his  madness  also  fell 
foul  of  a  flock  of  sheep. — Ariosto,  Or- 
lando Furioso  (1516). 

Sheffield  {Tlie  Bard  of),  James 
Montgomery,  author  of  T/ie  Wanderer  of 
Switzerland,  etc.  (1771-1854). 


SHELBY. 


902 


SHEPHERD-KINGS. 


With  broken  lyre  and  cheek  serenely  pale, 
Lo  1  s:id  Alcseus  wanders  down  tlie  vale  .  .  . 
O'er  his  lost  works  let  classic  Sheffield  weep ; 
May  no  rude  hand  disturb  their  early  sleep  I 
Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Revieuicrs  (1809). 

Shelby  {Mr.),  uncle  Tom's  first 
master.  Being  in  commercial  difficulties, 
he  was  obliged  to  sell  his  faithful  slave. 
His  son  afterwards  endeavoured  to  buy- 
uncle  Tom  back  again,  but  found  that  he 
had  been  whipped  to  death  by  the  villain 
Legree. — Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe,  Uncle 
Tom's  Cabin  (1852). 

Shell  {A).  Amongst  the  ancient 
Gaels  a  shell  was  emblematic  of  peace. 
Hence  when  Bosmi'na,  Fingal's  daughter, 
was  sent  to  propitiate  king  Erragon,  who 
had  invaded  Morven,  she  carried  with 
her  a  "sparkling  shell  as  a  symbol  of 
peace,  and  a  golden  arrow  as  a  symbol  of 
war." — Ossian,  The  Battle  of  Lora. 

Shells,  i.e.  hospitality.  "  Semo  king 
of  shells"  ("hospitality").  When  Cu- 
thuUin  invites  Swaran  to  a  banquet,  his 
messenger  says,  "Cuthullin  gives  the  joy 
of  shells  ;  come  and  partake  the  feast  of 
Erin's  blue-eyed  chief."  The  ancient 
Gaels  drank  from  shells  ;  and  hence  such 
phrases  as  "chief  of  shells,"  "hall  of 
shells,"  "king  of  shells,"  etc.  (king  of 
hospitality).  "To  rejoice  in  the  shell" 
is  to  feast  sumptuously  and  drink  freely. 

Shemus-an-Snachad  or  "  James 
of  the  Needle,"  M'lvor's  tailor  at 
Edinburgh. —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Shepheardes  Calendar  {The), 
twelve  eclogues  in  various  metres,  by 
Spenser,  one  for  each  month.  January  : 
Colin  Clout  {Spenser)  bewails  that  Rosa- 
lind does  not  return  his  love,  and  compares 
his  forlorn  condition  to  the  season  itself. 
February :  Cuddy,  a  lad,  complains  of 
the  cold,  and  Thenot  laments  the  de- 
generacy of  pastoral  life.  March :  Willie 
and  Thomalin  discourse  of  love  (described 
as  a  person  just  aroused  from  sleep). 
April :  Hobbinol  sings  a  song  on  Eliza, 
queen  of  shepherds.  May:  Palinode 
(3  syl.)  exhorts  Piers  to  join  the  festivi- 
ties of  May,  but  Piers  replies  that  good 
shepherds  who  seek  their  own  indulgence 
expose  their  flocks  to  the  wolves.  He 
then  relates  the  fable  of  the  kid  and  her 
dam.  June :  Hobbinol  exhorts  Colin  to 
greater  cheerfulness,  but  Colin  replies 
there  is  no  cheer  for  him  while  Rosalind 
remains  unkind  and  loves  Menalcas 
better  than   himself.      July :    Morrel,    a 

goat-herd,  invites  Thomalin  to  come  with 
im  to  the  uplands,  but  Thomalin  replies 


that  humility  better  becomes  a  shepherd 
{i.e.  a  pastor  or  clergyman).  Au:]ust : 
Perigot  and  Willie  contend  in  song,  and 
Cuddy  is  appointed  arbiter.  September  : 
Diggon  Davie  complains  to  Hobbinol  of 
clerical  abuses.  October:  On  poetry, 
wliich  Cuddy  says  has  no  encouragement, 
and  laments  that  Colin  neglects  it,  being 
crossed  in  love.  November :  Colin,  being 
asked  by  Thenot  to  sing,  excuses  him- 
self because  of  his  grief  for  Dido,  but 
finally  he  sings  her  elegy.  December: 
Colin  again  complains  that  his  heart  is 
desolate  because  Rosalind  loves  him  not 
(1579). 

Shepheards  Hunting  {The),  four 
"  eglogues  "  by  George  Wither,  while  con- 
fined in  the  Marshalsea  (1615).  The 
shepherd  Roget  is  the  poet  himself,  and 
his  "hunting"  is  a  satire  called  Abuses 
Stript  and  WJiipt,  for  which  he  was  im- 
prisoned. The  first  three  eglogues  are 
upon  the  subject  of  Roget's  imprisonment, 
and  the  fourth  is  on  his  love  of  poetry. 
"Willy"  is  the  poet's  friend,  William 
Browne  of  the  Inner  Temple,  author  of 
Britannia's  Pastorals.  He  was  two  y  ars 
the  junior  of  Wither. 

Shepherd  {The),  Moses,  who  for 
forty  years  fed  the  flocks  of  Jethro,  his 
father-in-law. 

Sing,  heavenly  Muse,  that  on  the  secret  top 
Of  Oreb  or  of  Sinai,  didst  inspire 
That  shepherd  who  first  taugtit  the  chosen  seed, 
"  In  the  beginning."  how  the  heaven  and  earth 
Rose  out  of  chaos. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  i.  (1665). 

Shepherd  {The  Gentle),  George  Gren- 
ville,  the  statesman.  One  day,  in  ad- 
dressing the  House,  George  Grenville 
said,  "Tell  me  where !  tell  me  where  ..." 
Pitt  hummed  the  line  of  a  song  then 
very  popular,  beginning,  "  Gentle  shep- 
herd, tell  me  where  !  "  and  the  whole 
House  was  convulsed  with  laughter  (1712- 
1770). 

*^*  Allan  Ramsay  has  a  beautiful 
Scotch  pastoral  called  The  Gentle  Shep- 
herd (1725). 

Shepherd  {John  Claridge),  the  signature 
adopted  by  the  author  of  The  Shepherd 
of  Banbury's  liules  to  Judge  of  the  Changes 
of  Weather,  etc.  (1744).  Supposed  to  be 
Dr.  John  Campbell,  author  of  A  Political 
Survey  of  Britain. 

Shepherd-Kings  {The)  or  Hgksos. 
These  hyksos  were  a  tribe  of  Cuthites 
driven  from  Assyria  by  Aralius  and  the 
Shemites.  Their  names  were  :  (1)  Sait^s 
or  Salates,  called  by  the  Arabs  El-We- 
leed,  and  said  to  be  a  descendant  of  Esau 


SHEPHERD  LORD. 


903 


SHEVA. 


(B.C.  1870-1851);  (2)  Beon,  called  by 
the  Arabs  Er-Reiyan,  son  of  El-Weleed 
(B.C.  1851-1811)  ;  (3)  Apachnas  (b.c. 
1811-1760) ;  (4)  Apophis,  called  by  the 
Arabs  Er-Reiyan  II.,  in  whose  reign 
Joseph  was  sold  into  Egypt  and  was 
made  viceroy  (b.c.  1750-1700)  ;  (5)  Ja- 
NiAs  (B.C.  1700-1651) ;  (6)  Asseth 
(1651-1610).  The  Ilyksos  were  driven 
out  of  Egypt  by  AmQsis  or  Thethmosis, 
the  founder  of  the  eighteenth  dynasty, 
and  retired  to  Palestine,  where  they 
formed  the  chiefs  or  lords  of  the  Philis- 
tines. (Hyksos  is  compounded  of  hyk^ 
"king,"  and  SOS,  "shepherd.") 

*^*  Apophis  or  Aphophis  was  not  a 
shepherd-king,  but  a  pharaoh  or  native 
ruler,  who  made  Apachnas  tributary,  and 
succeeded  him,  but  on  the  death  of 
Aphophis  the  hyksos  were  restored. 

Shepherd  Lord  {The),  lord  Henry 
de  CliflEord,  brought  up  by  his  mother  as 
a  shepherd  to  save  him  from  the  ven- 
geance of  the  Yorkists.  Henry  VII. 
restored  him  to  his  birthright  and  estates 
(1455-1543). 

The  gracious  fairy, 
Who  loved  the  shepherd  lord  to  meet 
In  his  wanderings  solitary. 
Wordsworth,  The  WhUe  Dm  of  IlyUtone  (1815). 

Shepherd  of  Banbury.  (See 
Shepherd,  John  Claridoe.) 

Shepherd  of  Pilida. 

"Preserve  him,  Mr.  Nicholas,  as  thou  wouldst  a  diamond. 
He  is  not  a  shepherd,  but  an  elegant  courtier,"  said  the 
curtf.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  1.  i.  6  (1605). 

Shepherd  of  Salisbury  Plain 
(T/ie),  the  hero  and  title  of  a  religious 
tract  by  Hannah  More.  The  shepherd  is 
noted  for  his  homely  wisdom  and  simple 
piety.  The  academy  figure  of  this  shep- 
herd was  David  Saunders,  who,  with  his 
father,  had  kept  sheep  on  the  plain  for  a 
century. 

Shepherd  of  the  Ocean.  So  Colin 
Clout  (Spenser)  calls  sir  Walter  Raleigh 
in  his  (julin  Cloufs  Come  Home  Again 
(1591). 

Shepherdess  (The  Faithful),  a  pas- 
toral drama  by  John  Fletcher  (1610). 
The  "faithful  shepherdess"  is  Corin, 
who  remains  faithful  to  her  lover  although 
dead.  Milton  has  borrowed  rather  largely 
from  this  pastoral  in  his  Comus. 

Sheppard  (Jack),  immortalized  for 
his  burglaries  and  escapes  from  Newgate. 
He  was  the  son  of  a  carpenter  in  Spital- 
lields,  and  was  an  ardent,  reckless,  and 
generous    youth.       Certainly    the    most 


popular  criminal  ever  led  to  Tyburn  for ' 
execution  (1701-1724). 

*i*  Daniel  Defoe  made  Jack  Sheppard 
the  hero  of  a  romance  in  1724,  and  W.  H. 
Ainsworth  in  1839. 

Sherborne,  in  Dorsetshire,  always 
brings  ill  luck  to  the  possessor.  It  be- 
longed at  one  time  to  the  see  of  Canter- 
bury, and  Osmund  pronounced  a  curse 
on  any  layman  who  wrested  it  from  the 
Church. 

The  first  layman  who  held  these  lands 
was  the  protector  Somerset,  who  was  be- 
headed by  Edward  VI. 

The  next  layman  was  sir  Walter 
Raleigh,  who  was  also  beheaded. 

At  the  death  of  Raleigh,  James  I.  seized 
on  the  lands  and  conferred  them  on  Car 
earl  of  Somerset,  who  died  prematurely. 
His  younger  son  Carew  was  attainted, 
committed  to  the  Tower,  and  lost  his 
estates  by  forfeiture. 

*^*  James  I.  was  no  exception.     He 
lost  his  eldest  son  the  prince  of  Wales,  '• 
Charles  I.  was  beheaded,  James  II.  was 
forced  to  abdicate,  and  the  two  Pretenders 
consummated  the  ill  luck  of  the  family,     j 

Sherborne  is  now  in  the  possession  of  ' 
Digby  earl  of  Bristol.  i 

(For  other  possessions  which  carry  with  ' 
them  ill  luck,  see  Gold  of  Tolosa,  ; 
Gold  of  Nibelungen,  Gray  steel,  ■ 
Harmonia's  Necklace,  etc.)  j 

Sheva,  the  philanthropic  Jew,  most  ' 
modest  but  most  benevolent.  He  "  stints 
his  appetite  to  jiamper  his  affections,  and 
lives  in  poverty  that  the  poor  may  live  in 
plenty."  Sheva  is  "  the  widows'  friend,  • 
the  orphans'  father,  the  poor  man's  pro- 
tector, and  the  universal  dispenser  of 
charity,  but  he  ever  shrank  to  let  his  left 
hand  know  what  his  right  hand  did." 
Ratcliffe's  father  rescued  him  at  Cadiz 
from  an  auto  da  fe,  and  Ratcliffe  himself 
rescued  him  from  a  howling  London  mob. 
This  noble  heart  settled  £10,000  on  Miss 
Ratcliffe  at  her  marriage,  and  left  Charles 
the  heir  of  all  his  property. — Cumberland, 
The  Jew  (1776). 

*^*  The  Jews  of  England  made  up  a 
very  handsome  purse,  which  they  pre- 
sented to  the  dramatist  for  this  champion- 
ship of  their  race. 

Sheva,  in  the  satire  of  Absalom  and 
Achitophel,  by  Dryden  and  Tate,  is  de- 
signed for  sir  Roger  Lestrange,  censor  of 
the  press  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II. 
Sheva  was  one  of  David's  scribes  (2  Sam. 
XX.  25),  and  sir  Roger  was  editor  of  the 
Observator,   in  which   he  vindicated  the 


SHIBBOLETH. 


904 


SHILLING. 


court    measures,    for    which    he    was 

knighted. 

Than  Sheva,  none  more  loyal  zeal  have  shown, 
Wakeful  as  Judith's  Hon  for  the  crown, 

Tate,  Abialom  and  AchitophcJ,  ii.  (1682). 

Shib'boletli,  the  test  pass-word  of  a 
secret  societ}^  When  the  Ephrai  mites 
tried  to  pass  the  Jordan  after  their  defeat 
by  Jephthah,  the  guard  tested  whether 
they  were  Ephraimites  or  not  by  asking 
them  to  say  the  word  *' Shibboleth," 
which  the  Ephraimites  pronounced  "  Sib- 
holeth"  (Judffes -KU.  1-6). 

In  the  Sicilian  Vespers,  a  word  was 
given  as  a  test  of  nationality.  Some 
dried  peas  (ciceri)  were  shown  to  a  sus- 
pect :  if  he  called  them  cheecharce,  he  was 
a  Sicilian,  and  allowed  to  pass  ;  but  if 
siseri,  he  was  a  Frenchman,  and  was  put 
to  death. 

In  the  great  Danish  slaughter  on  St. 
Bryce's  Day  (November  13),  1002,  accord- 
ing to  tradition,  a  similar  test  was  made 
with  the  words  "  Chichester  Church," 
which,  being  pronounced  hard  or  soft, 
decided  whether  the  speaker  were  Dane 
or  Saxon. 

Shield.  When  a  hero  fell  in  fight, 
his  shields  left  at  home  used  to  become 
bloody. — Gaelic  Legendary  Lore. 

Tlie  mother  of  Culmin  remains  in  the  hall.  .  .  .  His 
shield  is  bloody  in  the  hall.  "Art  thou  fallen,  my  fair- 
haired  son,  in  Erin's  dismal  war  ?  " — Ossian,  Temora,  v. 

Shield  (Point  of  a).  When  a  flag  em- 
blazoned with  a  shield  had  the  point 
upwards,  it  denoted  peace ;  and  when  a 
combatant  approached  with  his  shield 
reversed,  it  meant  the  same  thing  in 
mediaeval  times. 

And  behold,  one  of  the  ships  outstripped  the  others,  and 
they  saw  a  siiield  lifted  up  above  the  side  of  the  ship,  and 
the  point  of  the  shield  was  upwards,  in  tolcen  of  peace. — 
The  Mabinogion  ("Branwen,"  etc,  twelfth  century). 

Shield  (Striking  the).  When  a  leader 
was  appointed  to  take  the  command  of 
an  army,  and  the  choice  was  doubtful, 
those  who  were  the  most  eligible  went  to 
some  distant  hill,  and  he  who  struck  his 
shield  the  loudest  was  chosen  leader. 

They  went  each  to  his  hill.  Bards  marked  the  sounds  of 
the  shields.  Loudest  rang  thy  boss,  Duth-niaruno.  Thou 
must  lead  In  war. — Ossian,  Cath-Loda,  ii. 

*^*  When  a  man  was  doomed  to  death, 
the  chief  used  to  strike  his  shield  with 
the  blunt  end  of  his  spear,  as  a  notice 
to  the  royal  bard  to  begin  the  death-song. 

Cairbar  rises  in  his  arms.  The  clang  of  shields  is  heard. 
—Ossian,  Temora,  i. 

Shield  of  Cathmor  (The).  This 
shield  had  seven  bosses,  and  the  ring  of 
each  boss  (when  struck  with  a  spear) 
conveyed  a  distinct  telegraphic  message 


to  the  tribes.  The  sound  of  one  boss,  for 
example,  was  for  muster,  of  another  for 
retreat,  of  a  third  distress,  and  s(»  on. 
On  each  boss  Avas  a  star,  the  names  of 
which  were  Can'-mathon  (on  the  first 
boss),  Col-derna  (on  the  second),  Ul- 
oicho  (on  the  third),  Cathlin  (on  the 
fourth),  Kel-durath  (on  the  fifth),  Berthin 
(on  the  sixth),  and  Ton-the'na  (on  the 
seventh). 

In  his  arms  strode  the  chief  of  Atha  to  where  his  shield 
hung,  high,  at  niglit;  high  on  a  mossy  bough  over  Lubar's 
streamy  roar.  Seven  Iwsses  rose  on  the  shield,  the  seven 
voices  of  ttie  king  wliich  his  warriors  received  from  the 
wind. — Ossian,  Temora,  viL 

Shield  of  Gold  or  Golden  Shield, 
the  shield  of  Mars,  which  fell  from  heaven, 
and  was  guarded  in  Rome  by  twelve 
priests  called  Salii. 

Chal-ge  for  the  hearth  of  Vesta  I 
Charge  for  the  Golden  Sliield ! 

Stanza  xxxr. 
Hail  to  the  fire  that  burns  for  aye  [o/  Yestoi^ 
And  the  shield  that  fell  from  heaven  ! 
Macaulay,  Layi  of  A  nclent  Home  (*'  Battle  of  the  Laka 
Kegillus,"  XXX vui.,  1842). 

Shield  of  Love  ( The).  This  buckler 
was  suspended  in  a  temple  of  Venus  by 
golden  ribbons,  and  underneath  was 
written  :  "  Whosevek  be  this  Shield, 
Faire  Amoret  be  his." — Spenser,  FcCiry 
Queen,  iv.  10  (1596). 

Shield  of  Rome  (The),  Fabius 
"  Cunctator."  Marcellus  was  called 
"  The  Sword  of  Rome."     (See  Fabius.) 

Shift  (Samuel),  a  wonderful  mimic, 
who,  like  Charles  Mathews  the  elder, 
could  turn  his  face  to  anything.  He  is 
employed  by  sir  William  Wealthy  to 
assist  in  saving  his  son  George  from  ruin, 
and  accordingly  helps  the  young  man  in 
his  money  difficulties  by  becoming  his 
agent.  Ultimatel}',  it  is  found  that  sir 
George's  father  is  his  creditor,  the  young 
man  is  saved  from  ruin,  marries,  and 
becomes  a  reformed  and  honourable 
member  of  society,  who  has  "  sown  his 
wild  oats." — Foote,  The  Minor  (1760). 

Shilla'lah,  a  wood  near  Arklow,  in 
Wicklow,  famous  for  its  oaks  and  black- 
thorns. The  Irishman's  bludgeon  is  so 
called,  because  it  was  generally  cut  from 
this  wood. 

Shilling  (To  cut  one  off  with  a).  A 
tale  is  told  of  Charles  and  John  Banister* 
John  having  irritated  his  father,  the  oU 
man  said,  "  Jack,  I'll  cut  you  off  with  " 
shilling."  To  which  the  son  replied,  " 
wish,  dad,  you  would  give  it  me  now. 

*^*  The  same  identical  anecdote  is  tol 
of  Sheridan  and  his  son  Tom. 


SHIP. 


905       SHOE  THE  MOCKISH  MARE. 


Ship.  The  master  takes  the  ship  out, 
kilt  the  mate  brmjs  her  home.  The  reason 
is  this  :  On  the  first  night  of  an  outward 
passage,  the  starboard  watch  takes  the 
first  four  hours  on  deck,  but  in  the  home- 
ward passage  the  port  watch.  Now,  the 
"  starboard  Avatch "  is  also  called  the 
master's  or  captain's  watch,  because  when 
there  was  only  one  mate,  the  master  had 
to  take  his  own  watch  (i.e.  the  starboard) . 
The  "  port  watch"  is  commanded  by  the 
first  mate,  and  when  there  was  only  one, 
he  had  to  stand  to  his  own  watch. 

*^*  When  there  are  two  mates,  the 
second  mate  takes  the  starboard  watch. 

Ship  (The  Intelligent).  Elllda  (Frith- 
jof's  ship)'under8tood  what  was  said  to 
it ;  hence  in  the  Frithjof  Saga  the  son  of 
Thorsten  constantly  addresses  it,  and  the 
ship  always  obeys  what  is  said  to  it. — 
Tegne'r,  Frithjof  Saga,  x.  (1825). 

Ship-Shape.  A  vessel  sent  to  sea 
before  it  is  completed  is  called  *' jury- 
shaped"  or  "jury-rigged,"  i.e.  rigged  for 
the  nonce  (jour-y,  "  pro  tempore")  ;  while 
at  sea,  she  is  completed,  and  when  all  the 
temporary  makeshifts  have  been  changed 
for  the  proper  riggings,  the  vessel  is  called 
"  ship-shape." 

Having  been  sent  to  sea  in  a  hurry,  they  were  little 
better  than  jury-rigged,  and  we  are  now  being  put  into 
Bhip-shape.— /Ja»/i/  News,  August  23,  1670. 

Ship  of  the  Desert,  the  camel  or 
dromedary  employed  in  "voyages" 
through  the  sand-seas  of  the  African 
deserts. 

...  let  me  have  the  long 
And  patient  swiftness  of  the  desert-ship. 
The  lielmless  dromedary. 
Byron,    The  Deformed  Transformed,  L  1  (1821). 

Shipton  (Mother),  the  heroine  of  an 
ancient  tale  entitled  I'he  Strange  and 
'Wonderful  History  and  Prophecies  of 
'(other  Shipton,  etc. — T.  Evan  Preece. 

Ship-wreck  (TJie),  a  poem  in  three 

mtos,    by    William    Falconer     (1762). 

'Supposed  to  occupy  six  days.     The  ship 

ras  the  Britannia,  under  the  command 

Albert,  and  bound  for  Venice.     Being 

^overtaken  in  a  squall,  she  is  driven  out  of 

'ier  course  from  Candia,  and  four  seamen 

tre  lost  ofl:  the  lee   main-yardarm.     A 

fearful  storm  greatly  distresses  the  vessel, 

tand  the  captain  gives  command  "  to  bear 

|away."    As  she  passes  the  island  of  St. 

leorge,    the   helmsman  is  struck   blind 

)y  lightning.     Bowsprit,   foremast,   and 

Kmain-topmast  being  carried   away,    the 

^officers  try   to   save   themselves   on  the 

rreck  of  the  foremast.     The  ship  splits 

on  the  projecting  verge  of  cape  Colonna. 


The  captain  and  all  his  crew  are  lost 
except  Arion  (Falconer),  who  is  washed 
ashore,  and  being  befriended  by  the 
natives,  returns  to  England  to  tell  this 
mournful  story. 

Shoe.  The  right  shoe  first.  It  was  by 
the  Romans  thought  unlucky  to  put  on 
the  left  shoe  first,  or  to  put  the  shoe 
on  the  wrong  foot.  St.  Foix  says  of 
Augustus : 

Cet  empereur,  qui  (fouverna  avec  tant  de  sagesse,  et 
dont  le  rtgne  fut  si  flori&sant,  restoit  uumobile  et  con- 
steriid  lorsqu'  il  lui  arrivoit  par  nidgarde  de  niettre  le 
Soulier  droit  au  pied  gauche,  et  le  Soulier  gauche  au  pied 
droit 

Shoe  Pinches.  We  all  know  where 
the  shoe  pinches,  we  each  of  us  know  our 
own  special  troubles. 

Lard  Fo/jpington.  Hark  thee,  shoemaker,  these  shoes 
.  .  .  don't  fit  me. 

Shoemaker.  My  lord,  I  think  they  fit  you  very  well. 

Lord  Fop.  They  hurt  me  just  below  the  instep. 

Shoem.  No,  my  lord,  they  don't  hurt  you  there. 

Lord  Fop.  I  tell  thee  they  pinch  me  execrably. 

Shoem.  Why,  then,  my  lord 

Lord  Fop.  What!  Wilt  thou  persuade  me  I  cannot 
feel? 

Shoem,.  Your  lordship  may  please  to  feel  what  you 
think  fit,  but  that  shoe  does  not  hurt  you.  I  think  I 
understand  my  trade. — Sheridan,  A  Trip  to  Scarborough, 
i.  2  (1777). 

Shoe  in  "Weddings.  In  English 
weddings,  slippers  and  old  shoes  are 
thrown  at  the  bride  when  she  leaves  the 
house  of  her  parents,  to  indicate  that  she 
has  left  the  house  for  good. 

Luther,  being  at  a  wedding,  told  the  bridegroom  he  had 
placed  the  husband's  shoe  on  the  head  of  tlie  bed,  "afin 
qu'  il  prlt  ainsi  la  domination  et  le  gouvernement." — 
Alichelet,  Life  of  Luther  (1845). 

In  Turkish  weddings,  as  soon  as  the 
prayers  are  over,  the  bridegroom  makes 
off  as  fast  as  possible,  followed  by  the 
guests,  who  pelt  him  with  old  shoes. 
These  blows  represent  the  adieux  of  the 
young  man. — Thirty  Tears  in  the  Haram, 
330. 

In  Anglo-Saxon  marriages,  the  father 
delivered  the  bride's  shoe  to  the  bride- 
groom, and  the  bridegroom  touched  the 
bride  on  the  head  with  it,  to  show  hi» 
authority. — Chambers,  Journal,  June, 
1870. 

Shoe  the  Gray  Goose,  to  under- 
take a  difficult  and  profitless  business. 
John  Skelton  says  the  attempt  of  the 
laity  to  reform  the  clergy  of  his  time  is 
about  as  mad  a  scheme  as  if  they  at- 
tempted to  shoe  wild  geese. 

What  hath  laymen  to  doe.  The  gray  gose  to  shoe  T 
J.  Skelton.  Colyn  Clout  (1460-1529). 

*^*  "  To  shoe  the  goose  "  is  sometimes 
used  as  the  synonym  of  being  tipsy. 

Shoe  the  Mockish  Mare,  shoe 
the  wild  mare,  similar  to  "belling  the 


SHOES. 


906  SHOULDER-BLADE  DIVINATION. 


cat ; "  to  do  a  work  of  danger  and  diffi- 
culty for  general  not  personal  benefit. 

Let  us  see  who  dare  Shoe  the  mocUish  mare. 

J.  Skelton,  Colyn  Clout  (1460-1529). 

•*^*  There  is  a  boys'  game  called 
*'  Shoeing  the  Wild  Mare,"  in  which  the 
players  say  : 

Shoe  the  wild  mare  ; 
But  if  she  won't  be  shod,  she  must  go  bare. 

Herrick  refers  to  it  {Works,  i.  176) 
when  he  says  : 

Of  blind-man's-buffe,  and  of  the  care 
Tlmt  young  men  have  to  shooe  the  mare. 

"To  shoe  the  colt"  means  to  exact  a 
fine  called  "  footing  "  from  a  newassociate 
or  colt.     The  French  say,  Ferrer  la  mule. 

Shoes  {He  has  changed  his),  "mutavit 
calceos,"  that  is,  he  has  become  a 
senator,  or  has  been  made  a  peer.  The 
Roman  senators  wore  black  shoes,  or 
rather  black  buskins,  reaching  to  the 
middle  of  the  leg,  with  the  letter  C  in 
silver  on  the  instep. 

(For  several  other  customs  and  super- 
stitions connected  with  shoes,  see  2)tc- 
tionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  815-6.) 

Shonou  {The  Reign  of),  the  most 
remote  period,  historic  or  pre-historical. 

Let  us  first  learn  to  know  what  belongs  to  ourselves, 
and  then,  if  we  have  leisure,  cast  our  reflections  back  to 
the  reign  of  Shonou,  who  governeil  20,000  years  before  the 

creation  of   the    moon Goldsmith,    A    Citizen  of  the 

World,  Ixxv.  (1/56). 

Shoo-King  ( The),  the  history  of  the 
Chinese  monarchs,  by  Confucius.  It 
begins  with  Yoo,  B.C.  2205. 

Shoolbred  {Dame),  the  foster- 
mother  of  Henry  Smith.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fair  Maid  of  Firth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Shore  {Jane),  the  heroine  and  title  of 
a  tragedy  by  N.  Rowe  (1713).  Jane 
Shore  was  the  wife  of  a  London  merchant, 
but  left  her  husband  to  become  the  mis- 
tress of  Edward  IV.  At  the  death  of 
that  monarch,  lord  Hastings  wished  to 
obtain  her,  but  she  rejected  his  advances. 
This  drew  on  her  the  jealous  wrath  of 
Alicia  (lord  Hastings's  mistress),  who  in- 
duced her  to  accuse  lord  Hastings  of 
want  of  allegiance  to  the  lord  protector. 
The  duke  of  Gloucester  commanded  the 
instant  execution  of  Hastings ;  and, 
accusing  Jane  Shore  of  having  bewitched 
him,  condemned  her  to  wander  about  in 
a  sheet,  holding  a  taper  in  her  hand,  and 
decreed  that  any  one  who  offered  her  food 
or  shelter  should  be  put  to  death.  Jane 
continued  an  outcast  for  three  days,  when 
her  husband  came  to  her  succour,  but  he 
was  seized  by  Gloucester's  myrmidons, 
aad  Jane  Shore  died. 


Miss  Smithson  [1800]  had  a  splendid  voice,  a  tall  and 
noble  person.  Her  "Jane  Shore"  put  more  money  into 
the  manager's  pocket  than  B<lmHnd  Kean,  Macready,  Miss 
Foote,  or  Cliarles  Kemble.— Donaldson,  Recollections. 

Shoreditch.  The  old  London  tra- 
dition is  that  Shoreditch  derived  its 
name  from  Jane  Shore,  the  beautiful 
mistress  of  Edward  IV.,  who,  worn  out 
with  poverty  and  hunger,  died  miserably 
in  a  ditch  in  this  suburb. 

I  could  not  get  one  bit  of  bread. 

Whereby  my  hunger  might  be  fed  .  .  . 

So,  weary  of  my  life,  at  lengthe 

I  yielded  up  my  vital  strength 

Within  a  ditch  .  .  .  wliich  since  that  daye 

Is  Shoreditch  calletl,  as  writers  saye. 

A  ballad  in  Pepys's  collection,  Tlie  W»efuX 
Lamentation  of  Jane  Shore. 

Stow  says  the  name  is  a  corrup- 
tion of  "sewer-ditch,"  or  the  common 
drain.  Both  these  etymologies  are  only 
good  for  fable,  as  the  word  is  derived 
from  sir  John  de  Soerdich,  an  eminent 
statesman  and  diplomatist,  who  "rode 
with  Manney  and  Chandos  against  the 
French  by  the  side  of  the  Black  Prince." 

Shoreditch  {Duke  of).  Barlow,  the 
favourite  archer  of  Henry  VIII.,  was  so 
entitled  by  the  Merry  Monarch,  in  royal 
sport.  Barlow's  two  skilful  companions 
were  created  at  the  same  time,  "  marquis 
of  Islington,"  and  "earl  of  Pancras," 

Good  king,  make  not  good  lord  of  Lincoln  "duke  of 
Shoreditche."— TAe  Poore  Man's  Peticion  to  the  Kinge 
(art.  xvi.,  1003). 

Shome  {Sir  John),  noted  for  his  feat 
of  conjuring  the  devil  into  a  boot. 

To  Maister  John  Shome, 
That  blessfid  man  borne. 
Which  jugeleth  with  a  bote  ; 
1  beschrewe  his  herte  rote 
That  will  trust  him,  and  it  be  I. 

Fantassie  of  MolatrU. 

Short  -  Lived    Administration 

{The),  the  administration  formed  Feb- 
ruary 12,  1746,  by  William  Pulteney.  It 
lasted  only  two  days. 

Shortcake  {Mrs.),  the  baker's  wife, 
one  of  Mrs.  Mailsetter's  friends. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Shortell  {Master),  the  mercer  at 
Liverpool. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Short'hose  (2  syl.),  a  clown,  servant 
to  lady  Hartwell  the  widow. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  Wit  without  Money  (1639). 

Shorthouse  {Tom),  epitaph  of. 

JTUs  Jacet  Tom  Shorthouse,  sine  Tom,  sine  Sheets,  »i«» 

Riches ; 
Qui  Vixit  sine  Gown,  tine  Cloak,  sine  Shirt,  tine  Breeches. 
Old  London  (taken  from  the  Magna  Britannia), 

Shoulder-Blade  Divination. 

A  divination  strange  the  Dutch-made  English  have  .  .  . 
By  the  shoulder  of  a  ram  from  off  the  rigiit  side  pared. 
Which  usually  they  boil,  the  spade-bone  btihig  bared. 


SHOVEL-BOARDS. 


907 


SIBYLLA. 


Which  then  the  wizard  talces,  and  gazing  thereupon. 
Tilings  long  to  come  foreshows  .  .  .  Scapes  secretly  at 

home  .  .  . 
Miirthers,  adulterous  stealths,  as  the  events  of  war. 
The  reigns  and  deaths  of  kings,  .  .  .  etc. 

Drayton,  PoTyolbion,  v.  (1612). 

Shovel-Boards  or  Edward  Shovel- 
Boards,  broad  shillings  of  Edward  III. 
Taylor,  the  water-pOet,  tells  us  "they 
were  used  for  the  most  part  at  shoave- 
board." 

.  .  .  the  unthrift  every  day, 
With  my  face  downwards  do  at  shoave-board  play. 
Taylor,  ttio  water-poet  (1580-1654). 

Shrewsbury  (Lord),  the  earl  mar- 
shall  in  the  court  of  queen  Elizabeth. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilwortk  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Shropshire  Toast  {The),  "To  all 
friends  round  the  Wrekin." 

Shufiaebottom  {Abel),  a  name  as- 
sumed by  Robert  Southey  in  some  of  his 
amatory  productions  (1774-1843). 

Shuffleton  {The  Hon.  Tmn),  a  man 
of  very  slender  estate,  who  borrows  of  all 
who  will  lend,  but  always,  forgets  to 
repay  or  return  the  loans.  When  spoken 
to  about  it,  he  interrupts  the  speaker 
before  he  comes  to  the  point,  and  diverts 
the  conversation  to  some  other  subject. 
He  is  one  of  the  new  school,  always 
emotionless,  looks  on  money  as  the 
summum  bonum,  and  all  as  fair  that  puts 
money  in  his  purse.  The  Hon.  Tom 
Shuffleton  marries  lady  Caroline  Bray- 
more,  who  has  £4000  a  year.  (See 
DiMANCHE.) — G.  Colman,  junior,  John 
Bull. 

"  Who  is  this— all  boots  and  breeches, 
Cravat  and  cape,  and  spurs  and  switches, 
Grins  and  grimaces,  shrugs  and  capers. 
With  atfectation.  spleen,  and  vapours?" 

"  Oh,  Mr.  Richard  Jones,  your  humble " 

"  Prithee  give  o'er  to  mouthe  and  mumble ; 
Stand  still,  speak  plain,  and  let  us  hear 
What  was  intended  for  the  ear. 
r  faith,  without  the  timely  aid 
Of  bills,  no  part  you  ever  played 
(Hob,  Handy,  Shuffleton,  or  Rover, 
Sharper,  stroller,  lounger,  lover) 
Could  e'er  distinguish  from  each  other." 
C.  Croker,  On  Richard  Jone*,  the  Actor  (1778-1851). 

Shutters  {Tom,  put  up  the).  A 
lieutenant  threatened  Mr.  Hoby  of  St. 
James's  Street  (London),  to  withdraw  his 
custom  ;  whereupon  Mr.  Hoby  instantly 
called  out  to  his  errand  boy,  "  Tom,  put 
up  the  shutters."  This  witty  reproof  has 
become  a  stock  phrase  of  banter  with 
tradesmen  when  a  silly  customer  threatens 
to  withdraw  his  custom. 

Shylock,the  Jew,  who  lends  Anthonio 
(a  Venetian*  merchant)  3000  ducats  for 
tlireo  months,  on  these  conditions :  If 
repaid     Avithin     the     time,     only     the 


principal  would  be  required ;  if  not,  the 
Jew  should  be  at  liberty  to  cut  from 
Anthonio's  body  a  pound  of  flesh.  The 
ships  of  Anthonio  being  delayed  by 
contrary  winds,  the  merchant  was  unable 
to  meet  his  bill,  and  the  Jew  claimed  the 
forfeiture.  Portia,  in  the  dress  of  a  law 
doctor,  conducted  the  trial,  and  when  the 
Jew  was  about  to  take  his  bond,  reminded 
him  that  he  must  shed  no  drop  of  blood, 
nor  must  he  cut  either  more  or  less  than 
an  exact  pound.  If  these  conditions 
were  infringed,  his  life  would  be  forfeit. 
The  Jew,  feeling  it  to  be  impossible  to 
exact  the  bond  under  such  conditions, 
gave  up  the  claim,  but  was  heavily  fined 
for  seeking  the  life  of  a  Venetian  citizen. 
— Shakespeare,  The  Merchant  of  Venice 
(1598). 

It  was  of  C.  Macklin  (1690-1797)  that 
Pope  wrote  the  doggerel : 

This  is  the  Jew 

That  Shakespeare  drew ; 

but  Edmund  Kean  (1787-1833)  was 
nnrivalled  in  this  character. 

According  to  the  kindred  authority  of  Shylock,  no  man 
hates  the  thing  he  would  not  kiU.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

***  Paul  Secchi  tells  us  a  similar  tale  : 
A  merchant  of  Venice,  having  been 
informed  by  private  letter  that  Drake 
had  taken  and  plundered  St.  Domingo, 
sent  word  to  Sampson  Ceneda,  a  Jewish 
usurer.  Ceneda  would  not  believe  it, 
and  bet  a  pound  of  flesh  it  was  not  true. 
When  the  report  was  confirmed,  the  pope 
told  Secchi  he  might  lawfully  claim  his 
bet  if  he  chose,  only  he  must  draw  no 
blood,  nor  take  either  more  or  less  than 
an  exact  pound,  on  the  penalty  of  being 
hanged.— Gregorio  Leti,  Life  of  Sextus  V, 
(1666). 

Sibbald,  an  attendant  on  the  earl  of 
Menteith.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Legend  of 
Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Siber,  i.e.  Siberia.  Mr.  Bell  of  Anter- 
mony,  in  his  Travels,  informs  us  that 
Siberia  is  universally  called  Siber  by  the 
Russians. 

From  Guinea's  coast  and  Siber's  dreary  mines. 

Campbell,  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

Siberian  Climate  {A),  a  very  cold 
and  rigorous  climate,  winterly  and  in- 
hospitable, with  snow-hurricanes  and 
biting  winds.  The  valley  of  the  Lena  is 
the  coldest  region  of  the  globe. 

Sibylla,  the  sibyl.     (See  Sibyls.) 

And  thou,  Alecto,  feede  me  wyth  thy  foode  .  .  . 
And  thou,  Sibilla,  when  thou  seest  me  faynte. 
Addles  thyselfe  the  gyde  of  my  complaynte. 

Sackville,  Mirrour  for  Maoistraytn 
("  Complaynte,"  etc.,  1557). 


SIBYLS. 


908 


SIDNEY. 


Sibyls.  Plato  speaks  of  •  only  one 
sibyl ;  Martian  Capella  says  there  were 
two  (the  Erythroean  or  Cumcean  sibyl,  and 
the  Phrygian)  ;  Pliny  speaks  of  the  three 
sibyls ;  Jackson  maintains,  on  the  au- 
thority of  ^:iian,  that  there  were  four  ; 
Shakespeare  speaks  of  the  nine  sibyls  of 
old  Rome  (1  Henry  VL  act  i.  sc.  2) ;  Varro 
says  they  were  ten  (the  sibyls  of  Libj^a, 
Sa'mos,  Cumae  (in  Italy),  Cumae  (in  Asia 
Minor),  Erythraea,Persia,Tiburtis,  Delphi, 
Ancy'ra  (in  Phrygia),  and  Marpessa),  in 
reference  to  which  Rabelais  says,  "  she 
may  be  the  eleventh  sibj'l"  {Panta- 
gruel,  iii.  16)  ;  the  mediaeval  monks 
made  the  number  to  be  twelve,  and  gave 
to  each  a  distinct  prophecy  respecting 
Christ.  But  whatever  the  number,  there 
was  but  one  "sibyl  of  old  Rome"  (the 
Cumaean),  who  offered  to  Tarquin  the 
nine  Sibylline  books. 

Sibyl's  Books  ( The).  We  are  told 
that  the  sibyl  of  Cumae  (in  ^olis)  offered 
Tarquin  nine  volumes  of  predictions  for 
a  certain  sum  of  money,  but  the  king, 
deeming  the  price  exorbitant,  refused  to 
purchase  them ;  whereupon  she  burnt 
three  of  the  volumes,  and  next  year 
offered  Tarquin  the  remaining  six  at  the 
same  price.  Again  he  refused,  and  the 
sibyl  burnt  three  more.  The  following 
year  she  again  returned,  and  asked  the 
original  price  for  the  three  which  remained. 
At  the  advice  of  the  augurs,  the  king 
purchased  the  books,  and  they  were 
preserved  with  great  care  under  guardians 
specially  appointed  for  the  purpose. 

Her  renmiuiiig  chances,  like  the  sibyl's  books,  became 
more  precious  in  an  increasing  ratio  as  the  preceding  ones 
•were  destroyed. — P,  Fitzgerald,  The  Parvenu  Family, 
i.  7. 

Sic  Vos  non  Vobis.     (See  Vos 

KON  VOBIS.) 

Sicilian  Bull  [The),  the  brazen 
bull  invented  by  Perillos  for  the  tyrant 
Phal&ris,  as  an  engine  of  torture. 
Perillos  himself  was  the  first  victim 
enclosed  in  the  bull. 

As  the  Sicilian  bull  that  rightfully 
His  cries  echoed  who  had  shaped  the  mould. 
Did  so  rebellow  with  the  voice  of  him 
Tormented,  that  the  brazen  monster  seemed 
Pierced  through  with  pain. 

Dante,  Bell,  xxvii.  (1300). 

Sicilian  Vespers  {The),  the 
massacre  of  the  French  in  Sicily,  which 
began  at  Palermo,  March  30,  1282,  at  the 
hour  of  vespers,  on  Easter  Monday. 
This  wholesale  slaughter  was  provoked 
by  the  brutal  conduct  of  Charles  d'Anjou 
(the  governor)  and  his  soldiers  towards 
the  islanders. 


A  similar  massacre  of  the  Danes  was 
made  in  P^ngland  on  St.  Bryce's  Day 
(November  18),  1002. 

Another  similar  slaughter  took  place  at 
Bruges,  March  24,  1802. 

*^*  The  Bartholomew  Massacre  (Aug. 
24,  1672)  was  a  religious  not  a  political 
movement. 

Sicilien  {Le)  or  L'Amour  Peintrk, 
a  comedy  by  Moliere  (1667).  The 
Sicilian  is  don  Pedre,  who  has  a  Greek 
slave  named  Is'idore.  This  slave  is  loved 
by  Adraste  (2  syL),  a  French  gentle- 
man, and  the  plot  of  the  comedy  turns 
on  the  way  that  the  Frenchman  allures 
the  Greek  slave  away  from  her  master. 
Hearing  that  his  friend  Damon  is  going 
to  make  a  portrait  of  Isidore,  he  gets 
him  to  write  to  don  Pedre  a  letter  of 
introduction,  requesting  that  the  bearer 
may  be  allowed  to  take  the  likeness.  By 
this  ruse,  Adraste  reveals  his  love  to 
Isidore,  and  persuades  her  to  elope.  The 
next  step  is  this  :  Zaide  (2  syL),  a  young 
slave,  pretends  to  have  been  ill-treated  by 
Adraste,  and  runs  to  don  Pedre  to  crave 
protection.  The  don  bids  her  go  in, 
while  he  intercedes  with  Adraste  on  her 
behalf.  The  Frenchman  seems  to  relent, 
and  Pedre  calls  for  Zaide  to  come  forth, 
but  Isidore  comes  instead,  wearing  Zaide's 
veil.  Don  Pedre  says  to  Adraste, ' '  There, 
take  her  home,  and  use  her  well!"  "I 
will,"  says  Adraste,  and  leads  off  tho 
Greek  slave. 

Sicily  of  Spain  {The).  Alemtejo, 
in  Portugal,  was  so  called  at  one  time. 
In  the  Middle  Ages,  Alemtejo  was  "the 
granary  of  Portugal." 

Sick  Man  of  the  East  {The), 
the  Turkish  empire.  It  was  Nicholas  of 
Russia  who  gave  this  name  to  the  mori- 
bund empire. 

We  have  on  our  hands  a  sick  man,  a  very  sick  man.  It 
would  be  a  great  misfortune  if  one  of  these  days  he 
should  happen  to  die  before  the  necessary  arrangements 
are  all  nuide.  .  .  .  The  man  is  certiiinly  dying,  and  we 
must  not  allow  such  an  event  to  take  us  by  surprise.— 
Nicholas  of  Russia,  to  sir  George  Seymour,  British  chargd 
d'affaires  (January  11, 184-1). 

Siddartha,  born  at  Gaya,  in  India, 
and  known  in  Indian  history  as  Buddha 
{i.e.  "The  Wise"). 

Sidney,  the  tutor  and  friend  of 
Charles  Egerton  Mc Sycophant.  He  loves 
Constantia,  but  conceals  his  passion  for 
fear  of  paining  Egerton,  her  accepted 
lover.— C.  Macklin,  The  Man  of  the 
World  (1764). 

Sidney  {Sir  Philip).  Sir  Philip 
Sidney,  though  suffering  extreme  thirst 


SIDNEY'S  SISTER. 


909 


SIEGFRIED. 


from  the  agony  of  wounds  received  in 
the  battle  of  Zutphen,  j^ave  his  own 
draught  of  water  to  a  wounded  private 
lying  at  his  side,  saying,  "  Poor  fellow, 
thy  necessity  is  greater  than  mine." 

A  similar  instance  is  recorded  of 
Alexander  *'the  Great,"  in  the  desert 
of  Gedrosia. 

David,  fighting  against  the  Philistines, 
became  so  parched  with  thirst  that  he 
cried  out,  '*  Oh  that  one  would  give  me 
drink  of  the  water  of  the  well  of  Beth- 
lehem, which  is  by  the  gate  !  "  And  the 
three  mighty  men  broke  through  the  host 
of  the  Philistines  and  brought  him  water  ; 
nevertheless,  he  would  not  drink  it,  but 
poured  it  out  unto  the  Lord, — 2  Sam.  xxiii. 
15-17. 

Sidney's  Sister,  Pembroke's 
Mother.  Mary  Herbert  (born  Sidney), 
countess  of  Pembroke,  who  died  1621. 

Underneath  this  sable  hearse 
Lies  the  subject  of  all  verse — 
Sidney's  sister,  Pembroke's  mother. 
Death,  ere  thou  hast  killed  another 
Fair  and  good  and  learned  as  she. 
Time  shall  throw  his  dart  at  thee. 
Wm.   Browne  (1645.    See  Lansdowne  Collection, 
No.  777,  in  the  British  Museum). 

Sido'nian  Tincture,  purple  dye, 
Tyrian  purple.  The  Tyrians  and  Sido- 
nians  were  world-famed  for  their  purple 
dye. 

Not  in  that  proud  Sidonian  tincture  dved. 
Phineas  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Island,  xll.  (16:53). 

Sid'rophel,  William  Lilly,  the  astro- 
loger. 

Quoth  Ralph,  "  Not  far  from  hence  doth  dwell 

A  cunning  man,  hight  Sidrophel, 

That  deals  in  destiny's  dark  counsels. 

And  s.age  opinions  of  the  moon  sells; 

To  whom  all  people,  far  and  near. 

On  deep  importances  repair." 

S.  BuUer,  Hudibras,  11.  3  (1664). 

Siebel,  Margheri'ta's  rejected  lover, 
in  the  opera  of  Faust  e  Mai^gherita,  by 
Gounod  (1869). 

Siege.  Mon  si^ge  est  fait,  my  opinion 
is  fixed,  and  I  cannot  change  it.  This 
proverb  rose  thus :  The  abbe'  de  Vertot 
wrote  the  history  of  a  certain  siege,  and 
applied  to  a  friend  for  some  geographical 
particulars.  These  particulars  did  not 
arrive  till  the  matter  had  passed  the 
press  ;  so  the  abbe'  remarked  with  a  shrug, 
"  Bah  !  mon  siege  est  fait." 

Siege  Perilous  {The).  The  Round 
Table  contained  sieges  for  150  knights, 
but  three  of  them  were  "reserved."  Of 
these,  two  were  posts  of  honour,  but  the 
third  was  res(!rved  for  him  who  was  des- 
tined to  achieve  the  quest  of  the  holy 
graal.    This  seat  was  called  "  perilous," 


because  if  any  one  sat  therein  except  ho 
for  whom  it  was  reserved,  it  would  be  his 
death.  Every  seat  of  the  table  bore  the 
name  of  its  rightful  occupant  in  letters  of 
gold,  and  the  name  on  the  "Siege  Perilous" 
was  sir  Galahad  (son  of  sir  Launceiot  and 
Elaine). 

Said  Merlin,  "There  shall  no  man  sit  in  the  two  void 
places  but  they  that  shall  be  of  most  worship.  But  in  the 
Siege  Perilous  there  shall  no  man  sit  but  one,  and  if  any 
other  be  so  hardy  as  to  do  it,  he  shall  be  destroyed."— Pt. 
i.  48. 

Then  the  old  man  made  sir  Galahad  unarm ;  and  he  put 
on  him  a  coat  of  red  sandel,  with  a  mantel  uik)))  his 
shoulder  furred  with  fine  ermines.  .  .  .  and  he  brought 
him  unto  the  Siege  Perilous,  when  he  sat  beside  sir 
Launceiot.  And  the  good  old  man  lifted  up  the  cloth, 
and  found  there  these  words  written  :  The  Siege  of  SIR 
Galahad.— Sir  T.  Malory,  JHitory  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii. 
32  (1470). 

Siege  of  Calais,  a  novel  by  Mde. 
de  Tencin  (1681-1749).  George  Colman 
has  a  drama  with  the  same  title. 

Siege  of  Damascus.  Damascus 
was  besieged  by  the  Arabs,  while  Eu'- 
menes  was  governor.  The  general  of  the 
Syrians  was  Pho'cyas,  and  of  the  Arabs 
Caled.  Phocyas  asked  Eumenes's  per- 
mission to  marry  his  daughter  Eudo'cia, 
but  was  sternly  refused.  After  gaining 
several  victories,  he  fell  into  the  hands  of 
the  Arabs,  and  then  joined  them  in  their 
siege,  in  order  to  revenge  himself  on  Eu- 
menes.  Eudocia  fell  into  his  power,  but 
she  refused  to  marry  a  traitor.  Caled  re- 
quested Phocyas  to  point  out  to  him  the 
governor's  tent  ;  on  being  refused,  they 
fought,  and  Caled  fell.  Abudah,  being 
now  chief  in  command,  made  an  honour- 
able peace  with  the  Syrians,  Phocyas  died, 
and  Eudocia  retired  to  a  convent. — J. 
Hughes,  Siege  of  Damascus  (1720). 

Siege  of  Rhodes,  by  sir  W.  Daven- 

ant  (1656). 

Sieg'fried  {Seeg. freed],  hero  of  pt. 
i.  of  the  Nibelungen  Lied,  the  old  German 
epic.  Siegfried  was  a  young  warrior  of 
peerless  strength  and  beauty,  invulnerable 
except  in  one  spot  between  his  shouldo.rs. 
He  vanquished  the  Nibelungs,  and  carried 
away  their  immense  hoards  of  gold  and 
precious  stones.  He  wooed  and  won 
Kriemhild,  the  sister  of  Giinther  king  of 
Burgundy,  but  was  treacherously  killed 
by  Hagan,  while  stooping  for  a  draught 
of  water  after  a  hunting  expedition. 

Siegfried  had  a  cape  or  cloak,  which 
rendered  him  invisible,  the  gift  of  the 
dwarf  Alberich  ;  and  his  sword,  called 
Balmung,  was  forged  by  Wieland,  black- 
smith of  the  Teutonic  gods. 

This  epic  consists  of  a  number  of  diifer- 
ent  lays  by  the  old  minnesingers,  pieced 


SIEGFRIED  VON  LINDENBERG.    910 


SIGISMUNDA. 


together  into  a  connected  story  as  early  as 
1210.  It  is  of  Scandinavian  origin,  and 
is  in  the  Younger  £dda,  amongst  the 
"  Volsunga  Sagas  "  (compiled  by  Snorro, 
in  the  thirteenth  century). 

Siegfried's  Birthplace.  He  was  bom  in 
Phinecastle,  then  called  Xanton. 

Siegfried's  Father  and  Mother.  Sieg- 
fried was  the  youngest  son  of  Siegmund 
and  Sieglind,  king  and  queen  of  the 
Netherlands. 

Siegfried  called  Horny.  He  was  called 
horny  because  when  he  slew  the  dragon, 
he  bathed  in  its  blood,  and  became  covered 
with  a  horny  hide  which  was  invulnerable. 
A  linden  leaf  happened  to  fall  on  his  back 
between  his  shoulder-blades,  and  as  the 
blood  did  not  touch  this  spot,  it  remained 
vulnerable. — The  minnesingers,  I'he  Ni- 
helungen  Lied  (1210). 

Sieg'fried  von  Lindenberg,  the 
hero  of  a  comic  German  romance,  by 
Muller  (1779).  Still  popular  and  very 
amusing. 

Sieglind  \_Seeg.lind],  the  mother  of 
Siegfried,  and  wife  of  Siegmund  king 
of  the  Netherlands. — The  minnesingers, 
Thp  Nihelungen  Lied  (1210). 

Siegmund  \_Seeg,mund'],'km^  of  the 
Netherlands.  His  wife  was  Sieglind,  and 
his  eon  Siegfried  [^Seeg. freed]. — The 
minnesingers.  The  Mbelungen  Lied  (1210). 

Sieve  (The  Trial  of  the).  When  a 
vestal  was  charged  with  unchastity,  she 
was  condemned  to  carry  water  from  the 
Tiber  in  a  sieve  without  spilling  any.  If 
she  succeeded,  she  was  pronounced  in- 
nocent ;  but  if  any  of  the  water  ran  out,  it 
was  a  confirmation  of  her  guilt. 

Sieve  and  Shears,  a  method  of  dis- 
covering a  thief.  The  modus  operandi  is 
as  follows  : — A  sieve  is  nicely  balanced 
by  the  points  of  shears  touching  the  rim, 
and  the  shears  are  supported  on  the  tips 
of  the  fingers  while  a  passage  of  the  Bible 
is  read,  and  the  apostles  Peter  and  Paul 
are  asked  whether  so-and-so  is  the  cul- 
prit. When  the  thief's  name  is  uttered, 
the  sieve  spins  round.  Theocritos  men- 
tions this  way  of  divination  in  his  Idytl^ 
iii.,  and  Ben  Jonson  alludes  to  it: 

Searching  for  things  lost  with  a  sieve  and  shears.— The 
Alchemigt,  i.  1  (1610). 

Sige'ro,  *'  the  Good,"  slain  br  Ar- 
gantes.  Argantes  hurled  his  spear  at 
Godfrey,  but  it  struck  Sigero,  who  "  re- 
joiced to  suffer  in  his  sovereign's  place." 
— Tasso,  Jerusalem  delivered,  xi.  (1575). 


Sight.  Nine  things  are  necessary 
before  the  form  of  anything  can  be  dis- 
cerned by  the  eye  :  (1)  a  poAver  to  see,  (2) 
light,  (3)  a  visible  object,  (4)  not  too  small, 
(5)  not  too  rare,  (6)  not  too  near,  (7)  not  too 
remote,  (8)  clear  space,  (9)  sufficient  time. 
— See  sir  John  Davies,  Lmmortality  of  the 
Soul,  xiv.  (1622). 

Sightly  (Captain),  a  dashing  young 
officer,  who  runs  away  with  Priscilla 
Tomboy,  but  subsequently  obtains  her 
guardian's  consent  to  marry  her. —  The 
Itomp  (altered  from  Bickerstaff 's  Love  in 
the  City). 

Sigismonda,  daughter  of  Tancred 
king  of  Salerno.  She  fell  in  love  with 
Guiscardo  her  father's  'squire,  revealed  to 
him  her  love,  and  married  him  in  a  cavern 
attached  to  the  palace.  Tancred  discovered 
them  in  each  other's  embrace,  and  gave 
secret  orders  to  waylay  the  bridegroom 
and  strangle  him.  He  then  went  to  Sigis- 
monda, and  reproved  her  for  her  degrading 
choice,  which  she  boldly  justified.  Next 
day,  she  received  a  human  heart  in  a  gold 
casket,  knew  instinctively  that  it  was 
Guiscardo's,  and  poisoned  herself.  Her 
father  being  sent  for,  she  survived  just 
long  enough  to  request  that  she  might  be 
buried  in  the  same  grave  as  her  young 
husband,  and  Tancred  : 

Too  late  repenting  of  his  cruel  deed, 
One  common  sepulchre  for  botli  decreed ; 
Intombed  tlie  wretched  pair  in  royal  state. 
And  on  their  monument  inscriljcd  their  fate. 
Drj'den,  Higimionda  and  Guiscardo  (from  Boccaccio). 

Sigismund,  emperor  of  Austria. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Sigismunda,  daughter  of  SifFredi  lord 
high  chancellor  of  Sicily,  and  betrothed  to 
count  Tancred.  When  king  Roger  died, 
he  left  the  crown  of  Sicily  to  Tancred,  on 
condition  that  he  married  Constantia,  by 
which  means  the  rival  lines  would  be 
united,  and  the  country  saved  from  civil 
war.  Tancred  gave  a  tacit  consent,  in- 
tending to  obtain  a  dispensation  ;  but 
Sigismunda,  in  a  moment  of  wounded 
pride,  consented  to  marry  earl  Osmond. 
When  king  Tancred  obtained  an  interview 
with  Sigismunda,  to  explain  his  conduct, 
Osmond  challenged  him,  and  they  fought. 
Osmond  fell,  and  when  his  wife  ran  to 
him,  he  thrust  his  sword  into  yier  and 
killed  her.— J.  Thomson,  Tancred  md 
Sigismunda  (1745). 

*+*  This  tragedy  is  based  on  "The 
Baneful  Marriage,"  an  episode  in  Gil  Bias, 
founded  on  fact. 


SIGISMUNDA. 


911 


SILKY. 


Si(jismunda,  the  heroine  of  Cen'antes's 
last  work  of  fiction.  This  tale  is  a  tissue 
of  episodes,  full  of  most  incredible  ad- 
ventures, astounding  prodigies,  impossible 
characters,  and  extravagant  sentiments. 
It  is  said  that  Cervantes  himself  preferred 
it  to  his  Don  Quixote,  just  as  Corneille 
preferred  Nicomede  to  his  Old,  and  Milton 
Faradise  Regained  to  his  Paradise  Lost. — 
Encijc.  Brit.,  Art.  "Romance." 

Sigurd,  the  hero  of  an  old  Scandi- 
navian legend.  Sigurd  discovered  Brj'n- 
hild,  encased  in  complete  armour,  Ij'ing 
in  a  death-like  sleep,  to  which  she  had 
been  condemned  by  Odin.  Sigurd  woke 
her  by  ripping  up  her  corselet,  fell  in  love 
with  her,  promised  to  marry  her,  but 
deserted  her  for  Gudrun.  This  ill-starred 
union  was  the  cause  of  an  Iliad  of  woes. 

An  analysis  of  this  romance  was  pub- 
lished by  Weber  in  his  Illustrations  of 
Northern  Antiquities  (1810). 

Sijil  {Al),  the  recording  angel. 

On  that  day  we  will  roll  up  the  heavens  as  the  angel  AI 
Sijil  rolleth  up  the  scroll  wherein  every  man's  actions  are 
recorded.— ^  I  Kor&n,  xxi. 

Sikes  {Bill),  a  burglar,  and  one  of 
Fagin's  associates.  Bill  Sikes  was  a 
hardened,  irreclaimable  villain,  but  had 
a  conscience  which  almost  drove  him 
mad  after  the  murder  of  Nancy,  who 
really  loved  him  (ch,  xlviii.).  Bill  Sikes 
(1  syl.)  had  an  ill-conditioned  savage  dog, 
the  beast-image  of  his  master,  which  he 
kicked  and  loved,  ill-treated  and  fondled. 
— C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

The  French  "Bill  Sikes"  is  "Jean 
Hiroux,"  a  creation  of  Henri  Monnier. 

Sikundra  {The),  a  mausoleum  about 
eix  miles  from  Agra,  raised  by  Akhbah 
"the  Great,"  in  the  reign  of  our  Charles  I. 

Silence,  a  country  justice  of  asinine 
dulness  when  sober,  but  when  in  his  cups 
of  most  uproarious  mirth.  He  was  in 
the  commission  of  the  peace  with  his  cousin 
Robert  Shallow. 

Fahtaff.  I  did  not  think  Master  Silence  had  been  a  man 
of  this  mettle. 

Silence.  Who,  1  ?  I  have  been  merry  twice  and  once,  ere 
now.— Shakespeare,  2  Ucnry  IV.  act  v.  sc.  3  (1598). 

Sile'no,  husband  of  Mysis ;  a  kind- 
hearted  man,  who  takes  pity  on  Apollo 
when  cast  to  earth  by  Jupiter,  and  gives 
bim  a  home. — Kane  O'Hara,  Midas 
(1764). 

Silent  {Tlie),  William  I.  prince  of 
Orange  (1533-1584).  It  was  the  principle 
of  Napoleon  III.  emperor  of  the  FrencJi 
to  "hear,  see,  and  say  nothing." 


Silent  Man  {The),  the  barber  of 
Bagdad,  the  greatest  chatterbox  that  ever 
lived.  Being  sent  for  to  shave  the  head 
and  beard  of  a  young  man  who  was  to 
visit  the  cadi's  daughter  at  noon,  he  kept 
him  from  daybreak  to  midday,  prating,  to 
the  unspeakable  annoyance  of  the  cus- 
tomer. Being  subsequently  taken  before 
the  caliph,  he  ran  on  telling  story  after 
story  about  his  six  brothers.  He  was 
called  the  "  Silent  Man,"  because  on  one 
occasion,  being  accidentally  taken  up  Avith 
ten  robbers,  he  never  said  he  was  not  one  of 
the  gang.  His  six  brothers  were  Bacbouc 
the  hunchback,  Bakbarah  the  toothless, 
Bakac  the  one-eyed,  Alcouz  the  blind, 
Alnaschar  the  earless,  and  Schacabac  the 
hare-lipped. — Arabian  Nights  ("  The  Bar- 
ber," and  "  The  Barber's  Six  Brothers  "). 

Silent  Woman  {The),  a  comedy  by 
Ben  Jonson  (1609).  Morose,  a  miserlj'' 
old  fellow,  who  hates  to  hear  any  voice 
but  his  own,  has  a  j'oung  nephew,  sir 
Dauphine,  who  wants  to  wring  from  him 
a  third  of  his  property  ;  and  the  way  h« 
gains  his  point  is  this  :  He  induces  a  lad 
to  pretend  to  be  a  "  silent  woman." 
Morose  is  so  delighted  with  the  phenome- 
non that  he  consents  to  marry  the  pro- 
digy ;  but  the  moment  the  ceremony  is 
over,  the  boy-Avife  assumes  the  character 
of  a  virago,  whose  tongue  is  a  ceaseless 
clack.  Morose  is  in  despair,  and  signs 
away  a  third  of  his  property  to  his 
nephew,  on  condition  of  being  rid  of  this 
intolerable  pest.  The  trick  is  now  re- 
vealed, Morose  retires  into  private  life, 
and  sir  Dauphine  remains  master  of  the 
situation. 

Sile'nus,  son  of  Pan,  chief  of  the 
sile'ni  or  older  satyrs.  Silenus  was  the 
foster-father  of  Bacchus  the  wine-god, 
and  is  described  as  a  jovial  old  toper,  with 
bald  head,  pug  nose,  and  pimply  face. 

Old  Silenus,  bloated,  drunken. 
Led  by  his  inebriate  satyrs. 

Longfellow,  Drinking  Song. 

Silhouette  (3  syl.),  a  black  profile. 
So  called  from  Etienne  de  Silhouette, 
controleur  des  finances  under  Louis  XV. 
(1757). 

Les  rdformes  (inancieres  de  ce  ministre  ayant  paru 
mesquines  et  ridicules,  la  caricature  s'en  emp.ira,  et  I'oa 
donna  le  nom  de  Silhouettes  a  ces  dessins  Imparfaits  oH 
Ton  se  bornait  &  indiquer  par  un  simple  tiait  le  contour 
des  objets. 

Silky,  a  Jew  money-lender,  swindler, 
and  miser.     (See  Sulky.) 

You  cheat  all  day,  tremble  at  night,  and  act  the  hypo* 
rrite  the  first  thing  in  the  morning.— T.  Holcroft,  Th* 
Jioad  to  Ruin,  U.  3  (1792). 


SILLY  BILLY. 


912 


SILVESTRE. 


Silly  Billy,  William  IV.  (1765,  1830- 
1837). 

Silu'res  (3  syL),  the  inhabitants  of 
Silu'ria,  that  is^  Herefordshire,  Mon- 
mouthshire, Radnorshire,  Brecon,  and 
Glamorganshire. 

Those  Silu'res,  called  by  us  the  South  Wales  men. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Silva  {Don  Ruy  Gomez  de),  an  old 
Spanish  grandee,  to  whom  Elvira  was 
betrothed ;  but  she  detested  him,  and 
loved  Ernani,  a  bandit-captain.  Charles 
V.  tried  to  seduce  her,  and  Silva,  in  his 
wrath,  joined  Ernani  to  depose  the  king. 
The  plot  being  discovered,  the  conspi- 
rators were  arrested,  but,  at  the  interces- 
sion of  Elvira,  were  pardoned.  The 
marriage  of  Ernani  and  Elvira  was  just 
about  to  be  consummated,  when  a  horn 
sounded.  Ernani  had  bound  himself, 
when  Silva  joined  the  bandit,  to  put  an 
end  to  his  life  whenever  summoned  so  to 
do  by  Silva  ;  and  the  summons  was  to  be 
given  by  the  blast  of  a  horn.  Silva  being 
relentless,  Ernani  kept  his  vow,  and. 
stabbed  himself. — Verdi,  Ernani  (1841). 

Silver  Age  (The),  the  age  succeed- 
ing the  golden,  and  succeeded  by  the 
iron  age.  The  best  period  of  the  world 
or  of  a  nation  is  its  golden  age,  noted  for 
giants  of  literature,  simplicity  of  man- 
ners, integrity  of  conduct,  honesty  of 
intention,  and  domestic  virtues.  The 
Elizabethan  was  the  golden  age  of  Eng- 
land. The  silver  age  of  a  people  is  noted 
for  its  elegant  refinement,  its  delicacy  of 
speech,  its  luxurious  living,  its  politeness 
and  artificial  manners.  The  reign  of 
Anne  was  the  silver  age  of  England. 
The  iron  age  is  that  of  commerce  and 
hard  matter-of-fact.  Birth  is  no  longer 
the  one  thing  needful,  but  hard  cash  ; 
the  romance  of  life  has  died  out,  and 
iron  and  coals  are  the  philosopher's  stone. 
The  age  of  Victoria  is  the  iron  age  of 
England.  Strange  that  the  three  ages 
should  all  be  the  reigns  of  queens  ! 

Silver  Code  (The),  a  translation 
into  Gothic  of  parts  both  of  the  Old  and 
New  Testaments  by  bishop  Ulfilas,  in  the 
eighth  century.     Still  extant. 

Silver-Fork  School  (The),  a  name 
given  to  a  class  of  English  novelists  who 
gave  undue  importance  to  etiquette  and 
the  externals  of  si^cial  intercourse.  The 
most  distinguished  are  :  lady  Blessington 
(1789-1849),  Theodore  Hook  (1716-1796), 
lord  Lytton  (1804-1873),  and  Mrs.  Trol- 
lope  (1790-1863). 


Silver  Pen.  Eliza  Meteyard  waa 
so  called  by  Douglas  Jerrold^  and  she 
adopted  the  pseudon^'m  (1816-1879). 

Silver  Spoon.  Bom  with  a  silver 
spoon  in  your  mouth  means  born  to 
good  luck.  The  allusion  is  to  the 
silver  spoons  given  as  prizes  and  at 
christenings.  The  lucky  man  is  born 
with  the  prize  in  his  mouth,  and  does 
not  need  to  wait  for  it  or  to  earn  it. 

Silver  Star  of  Love  (The),  the 
star  which  appeared  to  Vasco  da  Gama 
when  his  ships  were  tempest-tossed 
through  the  malice  of  Bacchus.  Imme- 
diately the  star  appeared,  the  tempest 
ceased,  and  there  was  a  great  calm. 

The  sky  and  ocean  blending,  each  on  fire. 
Seemed  as  all  Nature  struggled  to  expire ; 
When  now  the  Silver  Star  of  Love  appeared. 
Bright  in  the  east  her  radiant  front  she  reared. 

Camoens,  Latiad,  vi.  (1572). 

Silver-Tongued  (The),  Joshua  Syl- 
vester, translator  of  Du  Bartas's  Divine 
Weeks  and  Works  (1563-1618). 

William  Bates,  a  puritan  divine  (1625- 
1699). 

Henry  Smith,  preacher  (1550-1600). 

Anthonj^  Hammond,  the  poet,  called 
"  Silver  Tongue  "  (1668-1738). 

Spranger  Barry,  the  "Irish  Roscius" 
(1719-1777). 

Silver  Wedding  (The),  the  twenty- 
fifth  anniversary  ;  the  fiftieth  anniversary 
is  the  golden  wedding.  In  Germany 
those  persons  who  attain  the  twenty-fifth 
anniversary  of  their  wedding  day  are 
presented  by  their  friends  and  family 
with  a  wreath  of  silver  flowers,  and  on 
the  fiftieth  anniversary  with  a  wreath  of 
gold  flowers.  The  fifth  anniversary  is 
the  wooden  wedding,  and  the  seventy- 
fifth  the  diamond  wedding.  Sometimes 
the  Wedding  Service  is  repeated  on  the 
fiftieth  anniversary. 

In  1879  William  king  of  Prussia  and 
emperor  of  Germany  celebrated  his  golden 
wedding. 

Silverquill  (Sam),  one  of  the  pri- 
soners at  Portanferry. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Silves  de  la  Selva  (The  Exploits 
and  Adventures  of),  part  of  the  series 
called  Le  Eomxin  des  Ronuins,  pertaining 
to  "Am'adis  of  Gaul."  This  part  was 
added  by  Feliciano  de  Silva. 

Silvestre  (2  syl.),  valet  of  Octave 
(son  of  Argante  and  brother  of  Zerbi- 
nette).— Moliere,  Les  Fourberies  de  Scapin 
(1671). 


SILVIA. 


913 


SIMURGH. 


Sil'via,  daughter  of  the  duke  of 
Milan,  and  the  lady-love  of  Valentine 
one  of  the  heroes  of  the  play. — Shake- 
speare, Tlie  I'mo  Gentlemen  of  Verona 
(1594). 

Sinnuons  {Widow),  {he.  seamstress; 
a  neighbour  of  the  Kamsays. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Si'mon  {Martin),  proprietor  of  the 
village  Bout  du  Monde,  and  miller  of 
Grenoble.  He  is  called  "  The  king  of 
Pelvoux,"  and  in  reality  is  the  baron  de 
Peyras,  who  has  given  up  all  liis  estates 
to  his  nephew,  the  young  chevalier  Mar- 
ccUin  de  Peyras,  and  retired  to  Grenoble, 
where  he  lived  as  a  villager.  Martin 
Simon  is  in  secret  possession  of  a  gold- 
mine left  him  by  his  father,  with  the 
stipulation  that  he  should  place  it  beyond 
the  reach  of  any  private  man  on  the  day 
it  became  a  "  source  of  woe  and  crime." 
Kabisson,  a  travelling  tinker,  the  only 
person  who  knows  about  it,  being  mur- 
dered, Simon  is  suspected  \  but  Eusebe 
Koel  confesses  the  crime.  Simon  then 
makes  the  mine  over  to  the  king  of 
France,  as  it  had  proved  the  source  both 
"of  woe  and  crime." — E.  Stirling,  The 
Gold-Mine  or  Miller  of  Grenoble  (1854). 

Simon  Pure,  a  young  quaker  from 
Pennsylvania,  on  a  visit  to  Obadiah  Prim 
(a  Bristol  quaker,  and  one  of  the  guardians 
of  Anne  Lovely  the  heiress).  Colonel 
Feignwell  personated  Simon  Pure,  and 
obtained  Obadiah's  consent  to  marry  his 
ward.  "When  the  real  Simon  Pure  pre- 
sented himself,  the  colonel  denounced 
him  as  an  impostor ;  but  after  he  had 
obtained  the  guardian's  signature,  he 
confessed  the  trick,'  and  showed  how  he 
had  obtained  the  consent  of  the  other 
three  guardians. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Wife  {Mil). 

***  This  name  has  become  a  house- 
hold word  for  "  the  real  man,"  the  ipsis- 
siinus  ego. 

Si'monie  or  Si'mony,  the  friar,  in  the 
beast-epic  of  licynard  the  Fox  (1498).  So 
called  from  Simon  Magus  {Acts  viii. 
9-24). 

.    Simony  {Dr.),  in  Foote's  farce  called 
The  Cozeners,  was  meant  for  Dr.  Dodd. 

Sim'org,  a  bird  "which  hath  seen 
the  world  thrice  destroyed."  It  is  found 
in  Kaf,  but,  as  Hafiz  says,  "searching 
for  the  siniorg  is  like  searching  for  the 
philosopher's  stone."  This  does  not 
at^ree  with  Beckford's  account  (see 
Simuroh). 


In  Kivf  the  simorg  hath  its  dwelling-place, 
The  all-knowing  bird  of  ages,  who  liath  seen 
The  work!  with  all  its  chiklren  thrice  destroyed. 
Southey,  Thaluba  the  Destroyer,  viii.  1»  (1797). 

Simpcox  {Saunder),  a  lame  man,  who 
asserted  he  was  born  blind,  and  to  whom 
St.  Alban  said,  "Come,  offer  at  my 
shrine,  and  I  will  help  thee."  Being 
brought  before  Humphrey  duke  of 
Gloucester,  the  lord  protector,  he  was 
asked  how  he  became  lame ;  and  Simp- 
cox replied  he  fell  from  a  tree,  which  he 
had  climbed  to  gather  plums  for  his  wife. 
The  duke  then  asked  if  his  siglit  had 
been  restored  ?  "Yes,"  said  the  man ;  and 
being  shown  divers  colours,  could  readily 
distinguish  between  red,  blue,  brown, 
and  so  on.  The  duke  told  the  rascal 
that  a  blind  man  does  not  climb  trees  to 
gather  their  fruits ;  and  one  born  blind 
might,  if  his  sight  were  restored,  know 
that  one  colour  diflFered  from  another,  but 
could  not  possibly  know  which  was 
which.  He  then  placed  a  stool  before 
him,  and  ordered  the  constables  to  Avhip 
him  till  he  jumped  over  it ;  whereon  the 
lame  man  jumped  over  it,  and  ran  off  as 
fast  as  his  legs  could  carry  him.  Sir 
Thomas  More  tells  this  story,  and  Shake- 
speare introduces  it  in  2  Henry  VI.  act 
ii.  sc.  1  (1691). 

Simple,  the  servant  of  Slender  (cousin 
of  justice  Shallow). — Shakespeare,  I'he 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  {Ih^Q). 

Simple  {The),  Charles  III.  of  France 
(879,  893-929). 

Simple  {Peter),  the  hero  and  title  of  a 
novel  by  captain  Marry  at  (1833). 

Simple  Simon,  a  man  more  sinned 
against  than  sinning,  whose  misfortunes 
arose  from  his  wife  Margerj^'s  cruelty, 
which  began  the  very  morning  of  their 
marriage. 

We  do  not  know  whether  it  is  necessary  to  seek  for  a 
Teutonic  or  Northern  orJgiiual  for  this  once  popular  book. 
— (Quarterly  Review, 

Simpson  {Tam),  the  drunken  barber. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Simson  {Jean),  an  old"  woman  at 
Middlemas  village.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Simurgh,  a  fabulous  Eastern  bird, 
endowed  with  reason  and  knowing  all 
languages.  It  had  seen  the  great  cycle 
of  7000  years  twelve  times,  and,  during 
that  period,  it  declared  it  had  seen  the 
earth  wholly  without  inhabitant  seven 
times. — W.    Beckford,     Vathek    (notes, 


SIN. 


914       SINGLE-SPEECH  HAMILTON. 


1784).   This  does  not  agree  with  Southey's 
account  (see  Simorg). 

Sin,  twin-keeper,  with  Death,  of  Hell- 
gate.  She  sprang,  full-grown,  from  the 
head  of  Satan. 

Woman  to  the  waist,  and  fair, 
But  ending  foul  in  many  a  scaly  fold 
Voluminous  and  vast,  a  serpent  armed 
With  mortal  sting. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  ii.  (1665). 

Sin'adone  (The  lady  of),  metamor- 
phosed by  enchantment  into  a  serpent. 
Sir  Lybius  (one  of  Arthur's  knights) 
I  slew  the  enchantress,  and  the  serpent, 
'  coiling  about  his  neck,  kissed  him  ; 
whereupon  the  spell  was  broken,  the 
serpent  became  a  lovely  princess,  and  sir 
Lybius  made  her  his  wife. — Libeaux  (a 
romance). 

\  Sindbad,  a  merchant  of  Bagdad,  who 
;  acquired  great  wealth  by  merchandize. 
'  He  went  seven  voyages,  which  he  related 
to  a  poor  discontented  porter  named 
Hindbad,  to  show  him  that  wealth  must 
be  obtained  by  enterprise  and  personal 
exertion. 

First  Voyage.  Being  becalmed  in  the 
Indian  Ocean,  he  and  some  others  of  the 
crew  visited  what  they  supposed  to  Ire  an 
island,  but  which  was  in  reality  a  huge 
whale  asleep.  They  lighted  a  fire  on  the 
whale,  and  the  heat  woke  the  creature, 
Avhich  instantly  dived  under  water.  Sind- 
bad was  picked  up  by  some  merchants, 
and  in  due  time  returned  home. 

Second  Voyage.  Sindbad  was  left,  during 
sleep,  on  a  desert  island,  and  discovered 
a  roc's  cg^,  "  fifty  paces  in  circum- 
ference." He  fastened  himself  to  the 
claw  of  the  bird,  and  was  deposited  in 
the  valley  of  diamonds.  Next  day,  some 
merchants  came  to  the  top  of  the  crags, 
and  threw  into  the  valley  huge  joints  of 
raw  meat,  to  which  the  diamonds  stuck, 
and  when  the  eagles  picked  up  the  meat, 
the  merchants  scared  them  from  their 
nests,  and  carried  off  the  diamonds. 
Sindbad  fastened  himself  to  a  piece  of 
meat,  was  carried  by  an  eagle  to  its  nest, 
and  being  rescued  by  the  merchants,  re- 
turned home  laden  with  diamonds. 

Third  Voyage  is  the  encounter  with 
the  Cyclops.  (See  Ulysses  and  Poly- 
PHEMOS,  where  the  account  is  given  in 
detail.) 

Fourth    Voyage.     Sindbad    married    a 

lady  of  rank  in  a  strange  island  on  which 

he  was  cast ;  and  when  his  wife  died,  he 

was  buried  alive  with  the   dead   body, 

^  according  to  the  custom  of  the  land.     He 

)  made  his  way  out  of  the  catacomb,  and 


returned  to  Bagdad,  greatly  enriched  by 
valuables  rifled  from  the  dead  bodies. 

Fifth  Voyage.  The  ship  in  which  ho 
sailed  was  dashed  to  pieces  by  huge 
stones  let  down  from  the  talons  of  two 
angry  rocs.  Sindbad  swam  to  a  desert 
island,  where  he  threw  stones  at  the 
monkeys,  and  the  monkeys  threw  back 
cocoa-nuts.  On  this  island  Sindbad  en- 
countered and  killed  the  Old  Man  of  the 
Sea. 

Sixth  Voyage.  Sindbad  visited  the 
island  of  Serendib  (or  Ceylon),  and 
climbed  to  the  top  of  the  mountain  ' '  where 
Adam  was  placed  on  his  expulsion  from 
paradise." 

Seventh  Voyage.  He  was  attacked  by 
corsairs,  sold  to  slavery,  and  employed  in 
shooting  elephants  from  a  tree.  He  dis- 
covered a  tract  of  hill  country  completely 
covered  with  elephants'  tusks,  communi- 
cated his  discovery  to  his  master,  obtained 
his  liberty,  and  returned  home. — Arabian 
Nights  ("  Sindbad  the  Sailor"). 

Sindbad,  Ulysses,  and  the  Cy- 
clops.    (See  Ulysses  and  Polyphe- 

MOS.) 

Sin'el,  thane  of  Glamis,  and  father 
of  Macbeth.  He  married  the  younger 
daughter  of  Malcolm  II.  of  Scotland. 

Sing  (Sadha),  the  mourner  of  the 
desert. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Singe  de  Racine  (Le),  Campistron, 
the  French  dramatic  poet  (1666-1723). 

Singing  Apple  (The),  in  the  deserts 
of  Libya.  This  apple  resembled  a  ruby 
crowned  with  a  huge  diamond,  and  had 
the  gift  of  imparting  wit  to  those  who 
only  smelt  of  it.  Prince  Chery  obtained 
it  for  Fairstar.     (See  Singing  Tkee.) 

The  singing  ai>ple  is  as  great  an  embellisher  of  wit  as 
the  dancing  water  is  of  beauty.  Would  you  appear  in 
public  as  a  poet  or  prose  writer,  a  wit  or  a  philosopher, 
you  only  need  smell  it,  and  you  are  possessed  at  once  of 
these  rare  gifts  of  genius.— Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales 
("Princess  Fairstar,"  1682). 

Singing  Tree  (The),  a  tree,  every 
leaf  of  which  was  a  mouth,  and  all  the 
leaves  sang  together  in  harmonious  con- 
cert. —  Arabian  Nights  ("  The  Two 
Sisters,"  the  last  story). 

*^*  In  the  tale  of  Chery  and  Fairstar, 
"the  singing  tree"  is  called  "the  singing 
apple"  (q.v.). 

Single-Speech  Hamilton, William 
Gerard  Hamilton,  statesman  (172&-179G). 
His  first  speech  was  delivered  November 
13,  1775,  and  his  eloquence  threw  into 


SINGLETON. 


916 


SIRENS. 


the  shade  every  orator  except  Pitt  him- 
self. 

It  was  supposed  that  he  had  exhausted  himself  in  that 
one  speech,  and  had  become  physically  incapable  of 
making  a  second ;  so  that  afterwards,  when  he  really  did 
make  a  second,  everybody  was  naturally  disgusted,  and 
most  people  dropped  his  acquaintance. — De  Quiucey  (1786- 
185»). 

Singleton  {Captain),  the  hero  of  a 
novel  by  D.  Defoe,  called  The  Adventures 
of  Captain  Singleton. 

Tlie  second  part  [of  Robinton  Cru*oe\  scarcely  rises 
»bove  the  level  of  Captain  Singleton.— Encyc.  Brit.,  Art. 
"Romance." 

Singular  Doctor  {The),  William 
Occam,  Doctor  Singular  is  et  Invincibilis 
(1276-1347). 

*^*  The  '*  Occam  razor"  was  entia  non 
sunt  multipticanda,  "  entities  are  not  to 
be  unnecessarily  multiplied."  In  other 
words,  elements,  genera,  and  first  prin- 
ciples are  very  few  in  number. 

Sin'is  or  SiNNis,  a  Corinthian  robber, 
called  "The  Pine-Bender,"  because  he 
fastened  his  victims  to  the  branches  of 
two  adjacent  pine  trees  bent  down  by 
force  ;  being  then  left  to  rebound,  they 
tore  the  victim  to  pieces. — Greek  Fable. 

In  Stephen's  reign,  we  are  told,  "the 
barons  took  those  supposed  to  have  any 
propert3'-,  and  inflicted  on  them  unutter- 
able tortures.  Some  they  hanged  up  by 
the  feet,  and  smoked  with  foul  smoke  ; 
some  they  hung  by  the  thumbs,  and 
weighted  with  coats  of  mail.  They  tied 
knotted  cords  about  the  heads  of  others, 
and  twisted  the  cords  till  the  pain  went  to 
the  brains  ;  others  they  kept  in  dungeons 
with  adders  and  snakes.  Some  they  tore 
in  pieces  by  fastening  them  to  two  trees  ; 
and  some  they  placed  in  a  crucet  house, 
i.e.  a  chest  short  and  narrow,  in  which 
were  spikes:  the  victims  being  forced  into 
the  chest,  all  their  limbs  were  crushed 
and  broken." — Ingram,  Saxon  Chronicle. 

Sinner  Saved  {A).  Cyra  daughter 
of  Proterius  of  Cappadocia  was  on  the 
point  of  taking  the  veil  among  Emmelia's 
sisterhood,  and  just  before  the  day  of 
renunciation,  Elcemon,  her  fathers  freed 
slave,  who  loved  her,  sold  himself  to  the 
devil,  on  condition  of  obtaining  her  for  his 
wife.  He  signed  the  bond  with  a  drop  of 
his  heart's  blood,  and  carried  about  with 
him  a  little  red  spot  on  his  breast,  as  a 
perpetual  reminder  of  the  compact.  The 
devil  now  sent  a  dream  to  Cyra,  and 
another  to  her  father,  which  caused  them 
to  change  their  plans  ;  and  on  the  very 
day  that  Cyra  was  to  have  taken  the  veil, 
she  was  given  by  St.  Basil  in  marriage  to 
Eleemon,  with  whom  she  lived  happily  for 


many  years,  and  had  a  large  family.  One 
night,  while  her  husband  was  asleep,  Cyra 
saw  the  blood-red  spot ;  she  knew  what  it 
meant,  and  next  day  Eleemon  told  her  the 
Avhole  story.  Cyra  now  bestirred  herself 
to  annul  the  compact,  and  went  with  her 
husband  to  St.  Basil,  to  whom  a  free  and 
full  confession  was  made.  Eleemon  was 
shut  up  for  a  night  in  a  cell,  and  Satan 
would  have  carried  him  off,  but  he  clung 
to  the  foot  of  a  crucifix.  Next  day,  Satan 
met  St.  Basil  in  the  cathedral,  and  de- 
manded his  bond.  St.  Basil  assured  him 
the  bond  was  illegal  and  invalid.  The 
devil  was  foiled,  the  red  mark  vanished 
from  the  skin  of  Eleemon,  a  sinner  was 
saved,  and  St.  Basil  came  off  victorious. 
— Amphilochius,  Life  of  St.  Basil.  (See 
Eosweyde,  Vitce  Patrum,  166-8.) 

*^*  Southey  has  converted  this  legend 
into  a  ballad  of  nine  lays  (1829). 

Sinon,  the  crafty  Greek  who  per- 
suaded the  Trojans  to  drag  the  Wooden 
Horse  into  their  city. — Virgil,  jEneid,  ii. 

Dante,  in  his  Inferno,  places  Sinon, 
with  Potiphar's  wife,  Nimrod,  and  the 
rebellious  giants,  in  the  tenth  pit  of 
Malebolge  (see  p.  473). 

Sin'toism,  the  primitive  religion  of 
Japan.  It  recognizes  Tien  ("the  sun") 
as  the  supreme  deity,  under  whom  is  a 
crowd  of  inferior  gods  and  goddesses. 
The  priests  eat  no  animal  food.  The 
name  is  derived  from  Sin,  a  demi-god. 

Sintram,  the  Greek  hero  of  the 
German  romance  Sintram  and  His  Com- 
panions, by  baron  Lamotte  Fouque'. 

Sintram^s  Sword,  Welsung. 

Sio'na,  a  seraph,  to  whom  was  com- 
mitted the  charge  of  Bartholomew  the 
apostle. — Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  iii. 
(1748). 

Siph'a,  the  guardian  angel  of  Andrew 
the  brother  of  Simon  Peter. — Klopstock, 
The  Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Si'phax,  a  soldier,  in  love  with  prin- 
cess Calls,  sister  of  Astorax  king  of 
Paphos.  The  princess  is  in  love  with 
Polydore  the  brother  of  general  Memnon 
("  the  mad  lover"). — Beaumont  and  Flet- 
cher, The  Mad  Lover  (1617). 

Sir  Oracle,  a  dictatorial  prig;  a 
dogmatic  pedant. 

I  am  sir  Oracle, 
And  when  I  ope  my  lips,  let  no  dog  bark. 
Shakespeare,  Merchant  of  Venice,  act  i.  sc.  1  (15l<8). 

Sirens,  three  sea-nyrophs,  whose 
usual  abode  was  a  small  island  near  cape 


SIRLOIN  OF  BEEF. 


916 


SITOPHAGUS. 


Pelorus,  in  Sicily.  They  enticed  sailors 
ashore  by  their  melodious  singing,  and 
then  killed  them.  Their  names  are 
Parthenope,  Ligeia,  and  LeucothSa. — 
Greek  Faole. 

Sirloin  of  Beef.  James  I.,  on  his 
return  from  a  hunting  excursion,  so 
much  enjoyed  his  dinner,  consisting  of 
a  loin  of  roast  beef,  that  he  laid  his 
sword  across  it,  and  dubbed  it  sir  Loin. 
At  Chingford,  in  Essex,  is  a  place  called 
"Friday  Hill  House,"  in  one  of  the 
rooms  of  which  is  an  oak  table  with  a 
brass  plate  let  into  it,  inscribed  with  the 
following  words  : — '*  All  Lovers  of 
EoAST  Beef  will  like  to  know  that 
ON  THIS  Table  a  Loin  was  knighted 
BY  KING  James  the  Fiust  on  his 
Rktukn    fkom   Hunting   in    Epping 

FOUEST." 

Knighting  the  loin  of  beef  is  also 
ascribed  to  Charles  II. 

Our  second  Cliarles,  of  fame  fiacete. 

On  loin  of  beef  did  dine; 
He  held  his  sword,  pleased,  o'er  the  meat : 
"  Arise,  thou  famed  sir  Loin." 

Dallad  of  the  Ifew  Sir  John  Barleycorn. 

Sirocco,  a  wind,  called  the  solano  in 
Spain ;  the  khamsin  in  Egypt ;  the 
simoom  in  Western  Asia ;  and  the 
harmattan  on  the  coast  of  Guinea.  The 
Italians  say  of  a  stupid  book,  Era  scritto 
in  tempo  dal  scirocco  ("It  was  written 
during  the  sirocco  "). 

Sister  Anne,  sister  of  FatTma  (the 
seventh  and  last  wife  of  Bluebeard). 
Fatima,  being  condemned  to  death  by 
her  tyrannical  husband,  requested  sister 
Anne  to  ascend  to  the  highest  tower  of 
the  castle  to  watch  for  her  brothers,  who 
were  momentarily  expected.  Bluebeard 
kept  roaring  below  stairs  for  Fatima  to 
be  quick  ;  Fatima  was  constantly  calling 
out  from  her  chamber,  "  Sister  Anne,  do 
you  see  them  coming?"  and  sister  Anne 
was  on  the  watch-tower,  mistaking  every 
cloud  of  dust  for  the  mounted  brothers. 
They  arrived  at  last,  rescued  Fatima^  and 
put  Bluebeard  to  death. — Charles  Per- 
rault,  Contes  ("  La  Barbe  Bleue,"  1697). 

This  is  a  Scandinavian  tale  taken  from 
the  Folks  Sagas. 

Sis'yphos,  in  Latin  Sisyphus,  a 
king  of  Corinth,  noted  for  his  avarice 
and  fraud.  He  was  punished  in  the 
infernal  regions  by  having  to  roll  uphill 
a  huge  stone,  which  always  rolled  down 
again  as  soon  as  it  reached  the  top. 
Sisyphos  is  a  type  of  avarice,  never 
Batisfied.     The  avaricious  man  reaches 


the  summit  of  his  ambition,  and  no 
sooner  does  he  so  than  he  finds  the 
object  of  his  desire  as  far  off  as  ever. 

With  many  aweary  step,  and  many  a  groan, 
Up  the  high  hill  he  heiivee  a  huge  round  stone ; 
The  huge  round  stone,  returning  with  a  bound. 
Thunders  impetuous  down,  and  smokes  along  the  ground. 
Homer,  Odyttey,  xi.  (Pope's  trans.). 

Sisyphus,  in  the  Milesian  tales,  was 
doomed  to  die,  but  when  Death  came  to 
him,  the  wily  fellow  contrived  to  fasten 
the  unwelcome  messenger  in  a  chair,  and 
then  feasted  him  till  old  Spare-ribs  grew 
as  fat  as  a  prize  pig.  In  time,  Pluto 
released  Death,  and  Sisyphus  was  caught, 
but  prayed  that  he  might  speak  to  his 
wife  before  he  went  to  hades.  The 
prayer  was  granted,  and  Sisyphus  told 
his  wife  not  to  bury  him,  for  "though  she 
might  think  him  dead,  he  would  not  be 
really  so.  When  he  got  to  the  infernal 
regions,  he  made  the  ghosts  so  merry 
with  his  jokes  that  Pluto  reproved  him, 
and  Sisyphus  pleaded  that,  as  he  had  not 
been  buried,  Pluto  had  no  jurisdiction 
over  him,  nor  could  he  even  be  ferried 
across  the  Styx.  He  then  obtained 
leave  to  return  to  earth,  that  he  might 
persuade  his  wife  to  bury  him.  Now, 
the  wily  old  king  had  previously  bribed 
Hermes,  when  he  took  him  to  hades,  to 
induce  Zeus  to  grant  him  life,  provided 
he  returned  to  earth  again  in  the  body  ; 
when,  therefore,  he  did  return,  he  de- 
manded of  Hermes  the  fulfilment  of  his 
promise,  and  Hermes  induced  Zeus  to 
bestow  on  him  life.  Sisj'phus  was  now 
allowed  to  return  to  earth,  with  a  promise 
that  he  should  never  die  again  till  he 
himself  implored  for  death.  So  he  lived 
and  lived  till  he  was  weary  of  living, 
and  when  he  went  to  hades  the  second 
time,  he  was  allotted,  by  way  of  punish- 
ment, the  task  of  rolling  a  huge  stone  to 
the  top  of  a  mountain.  Orpheus  (2  syl.) 
asked  him  how  he  could  endure  so  cease- 
less and  vain  an  employment,  and  Sisy- 
phus replied  that  he  hoped  ultimately 
to  accomplish  the  task.  "  Never,"  ex- 
claimed Orpheus;  "it  can  never  be 
done!"  "Well,  then,"  said  Sisyphus, 
"  mine  is  at  worst  but  everlasting  hope." 
— Lord  Lytton,  Tales  of  Miletus,  ii. 

Sitoph'agUS  ("  the  wheat-eater""),  one 
of  the  mouse  princes,  who,  being  wounded 
in  the  battle,  crept  into  a  ditch  to  avoid 
further  injury  or  danger. 

The  lame  Sitophagus,  oppressed  with  pain, 
Creeps  from  the  desperate  dangers  of  the  plain  ; 
And  where  the  ditches  rising  weeds  supply  .  .  . 
There  lurks  the  silent  mouse  relieved  of  heat, 
And,  safe  embowered,  avoids  the  chance  of  fate. 
ParneU,  Battle  of  the  Progt  «md  Mice,  iii.  (about  I7l». 


SIWARD. 


917 


SKIFFINS. 


The  last  two  lines  might  be  amended 
thus : 

There  lurks  the  trembling  mouse  with  bated  breath. 
And,  hid  from  siglit.  avoids  liis  instant  death. 

Si  ward  [Se'.ward],  the  earl  of  Nor- 
thumberland, and  general  of  the  English 
forces  acting  against  Macbeth. — Shake- 
spear**,  Macbeth  (160G). 

Six  Chronicles  (The).  Dr.  Giles 
compiled  and  edited  six  Old  English 
Chronicles  for  Bohn's  series  in  1848. 
They  are  :  Ethehrerd's  Chronicle,  Asser's 
Life  of  Alfred,  GeoftVe}'  of  Monmouth's 
British  History,  Gildas  the  Wise,  Nennius's 
History  of  the  Britons,  and  Richard  of 
Cirencester  On  the  Ancient  State  of  Britain. 
The  last  three  were  edited,  in  1757,  by- 
professor  Bertram,  in  his  Scri]3tores  IVes, 
but  great  doubt  exists  on  the  genuineness 
of  Dr.  Bertram's  compilation.  (See 
Thuek  Writehs.) 

Six  Islands  (The),  which  constitu- 
ted "  Great  Brittany  "  before  the  Saxon 
period,  were  Ireland,  Iceland,  Gothland, 
the  Orkneys,  Norway,  and  Dacia  (or 
Denmark). 

Six  Months'  "War  (Tlie),  the  great 
war  between  Prussia  and  France.  The 
emperor  (Napoleon  III.)  left  St.  Cloud 
Julv  28,  1870,  and  Paris  capitulated 
January  28,  1871. 

Sixpenny  "War  (T/ie),  the  0.  P. 
(old  price)  riot  of  Covent  Garden  in  1809. 
So  called  because  the  managers  tried  to 
raise  the  price  of  admission  from  Ss.  Gd. 
to  4s.  If  the  managers  had  not  given 
way,  the  newly  built  theatre  would  have 
been  utterly  dismantled. 

Sixteen-String  Jack,  John  Rann, 
a  highwayman.  He  was  a  great  fop, 
and  wore  sixteen  tags  to  his  breeches, 
eight  at  each  knee  (hanged  1774). 

Dr.  Johnson  said  that  Gray's  poetry  towered  above  the 
ordinary  run  of  verse,  as  Sixteen-String  Jacli  above  the 
ordinary  foot-pad. — Boswell,  Life  of  Johnson  (1791). 

SkefB.ngton,  author  of  Sleeping 
Beauty,  Alaids  and  Bachelors,  etc. 

And  sure  great  SkefBngton  must  claim  our  praise 
,      t  or  skirtless  coats,  and  skeletons  ot  plays. 

Byron,  Mnglish  Bards  and  Hcotah  Jievieweri  (1809). 

SkeggS  (3fiss  Carolina  Wilhelmina 
Amelia),  the  companion  of  "  lady  Blar- 
ney." These  were  two  flash  women 
introduced  by  squire  Thornhill  to  the 
Primrose  family,  with  a  view  of  beguiling 
the  two  eldest  daughters,  who  were  both 
very  beautiful.  Sir  William  Thornhill 
thwarted  their  infamous  purpose. — Gold- 
Buiith,   Vicar  of  Wakefield  (17G6). 


Skeleton  at  the  Feast.     Plutarch 

says  that  in  Egyptian  banquets  towarda 
the  close  a  servant  brought  in  a  skeleton, 
and  cried  aloud  to  the  guests,  "  Look  on 
this  !  Eat,  drink,  and  be  merry,  for  to- 
morrow you  die  !  "  Herodotos  says  the 
skeleton  was  a  wooden  one,  about  eighteen 
inches  in  length.     (See  1  Cor.  xv.  6i.) 

Tlie  str.inger  feasted  at  his  board  ; 
But,  like  the  skeleton  at  the  feast. 
That  warning  timepiece  never  cesised  : 
"  For  ever — Never  1  Never— For  ever  1 " 

Longfellow,  The  Old  Clock  on  the  Stairs. 

Skelton  (Sam),  a  smuggler. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Eedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.), 

Sketchley  (Arthw^),  George  Rose, 
author  of  Mrs.  Brown  (her  observations 
on  men  and  objects,  politics  and  manners, 
etc.). 

Skettles  (Sir  Bamet),  of  Fulham. 
He  expressed  his  importance  by  an 
antique  gold  snuff-box  and  silk  hand- 
kerchief. His  hobby  was  to  extend  his 
acquaintances,  and  to  introduce  people 
to  each  other.  Skettles,  junior,  was  a 
pupil  of  Dr.  Blimber. — C.  Dickens, 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Skevington's  Daughter,  an  in- 
strument of  torture  invented  by  Skeving- 
ton,  lieutenant  of  the  Tower  in  the  reign 
of  Henry  VIII.  It  consisted  of  a  broad 
iron  hoop,  in  two  parts,  jointed  with  a 
hinge.  The  victim  was  put  into  the 
hoop,  which  was  then  squeezed  close  and 
locked.  Here  he  remained  for  about  an 
hour  and  a  half  in  the  most  inexpressible 
torture.  (Generally  corrupted  into  the 
"  Scavenger's  Daughter.") 

Skewton  (2 he  Hon.  Mrs.),  mother 
of  Edith  (Mr.  Dombey's  second  wife). 
Having  once  been  a  beauty,  she  painted 
when  old  and  shrivelled,  became  en- 
thusiastic about  the  *'  charms  of  nature,"^ 
and  reclined  in  her  bath-chair  in  the 
attitude  she  assumed  in  her  barouche 
when  young  and  well  off.  A  fashionable 
artist  had  painted  her  likeness  in  this 
attitude,  and  called  his  picture  "  Cleo- 
patra." The  Hon.  Mrs.  Skewton  was 
the  sister  of  the  late  lord  Feenix,  and 
aunt  to  the  present  lord. — C.  Dickens, 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Skies,  snobs,  blackguards.  At  West- 
minster School  the  boys  call  themselves 
Romans,  and  the  "town"  Volsci,  contracted 
into  'scj,  and  corrupted  into  "  skies." 

"Snowball  the  skies  1"  thought  I,  not  knowing  that 
'  skies "  and  blackguards  were  synonymous  terms.— 
Lord  W.  P.  Lennox,  Celebrities,  ete.,L  'i-  . 

SkifQns  (Miss),  an  angular,  middle- 


SKIMPOLE. 


918 


SLANG. 


nged  woman,  who  wears  "green  kid 
gloves  when  dressed  for  company."  She 
marries  Wemmick. — C.  Dickens,  Great 
Expectations  (1860). 

Skimpole  {Harold),  an  amateur 
artist,  always  sponging  on  his  friends. 
Under  a  plausible,  light-hearted  manner, 
he  was  intensel}'  selfish,  but  Mr.  Jarndyce 
looked  on  him  as  a  mere  child,  and 
believed  in  him  implicitly. — C.  Dickens, 
Bleak  House  {\^b2). 

(The  original  of  this  character  was 
Leigh  Hunt,  who  was  greatly  displeased 
at  the  skit.) 

Skin  {The  Man  loithout  a),  Richard 
Cumberland.  So  called  by  Garrick,  on 
account  of  his  painful  sensitiveness  of 
all  criticism.  The  same  irritability  of 
temper  made  Sheridan  caricature  him  in 
llie  Critic  as  "  sir  Fretful  Plagiary " 
(1732-1811). 

Skinfaxi  ("  shining  mane"),  the 
horse  which  draws  the  chariot  of  day. — 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Skofnung,  the  sword  of  king  Rolf 
the  Norway  hero,  preserved  for  centuries 
in  Iceland. 

Skogan.    (See  Scogan.) 

Skreigh  {Mr.),  the  precentor  at  the 
Gordon  Arms  inn,  Kippletringan. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George 
II.). 

Skulls.  The  skulls  of  the  ancient 
Persians  were  so  thin-boned  that  a  small 
pebble  would  break  them  ;  whereas  those 
of  the  Egyptians  were  so  thick  in  the 
bone  that  they  would  not  break  even  with 
the  blow  of  a  huge  stone. — ^^Herodotos, 
History  (in  nine  books,  called  "  The 
Nine  Muses"). 

Skulls  at  Banquets.  Plutarch 
tells  us  that  towards  the  close  of  an 
Egyptian  feast  a  servant  brought  in  a 
skeleton,  and  cried  to  the  guests,  "Eat, 
drink,  and  be  merry,  for  to-morrow  you 
die!" 

Like  akuUs  at  Memphian  banquets. 

Byron,  Don  Juati,  iii.  65  (1830) 

SkurliewMtter  {Andrew),  the 
scrivener. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of 
Mgel  (time,  James  I.). 

Sky-Lark,  a  lark  with  the  "  skies  " 
or  'scis.  The  Westminster  boys  used  to 
style  themselves  Romans,  and  the 
"town"  Volsci ;  the  latter  word  was 
curtailed  to  'sci  \_sky'].  A  row  between 
the  Westminsterians  and  the  town  roughs 


was  called  a  ^sci-lark  or  a  lark  with  the 
Volsci. 

Skyresh  Borgolam,  the  high 
admiral  or  galbet  of  the  realm  of  Lilliput. 
— Swift,  Gulliver's  Traw/s  ("  Voyage  to 
Lilliput,"  iii.,  1726). 

S.  L.  Laud  ordered  William  Prynne 
to  be  branded  on  both  cheeks  with  the 
letters  S.  L.,  meaning  "Schismatic  libel- 
ler ; "  but  Prynne  insisted  that  the  letters 
stood  for  Stigmata  Laudis  ("  Laud's  dis- 
grace"). 

Slaekbridge,  one  of  the  "hands" 
in  Bounderby's  mill  at  Coketown.  Slack- 
bridge  is  an  ill-conditioned  fellow,  ill 
made,  with  lowering  eyebrows,  and 
though  inferior  to  many  of  the  others, 
exercises  over  them  a  great  influence. 
He  is  the  orator,  who  stirs  up  his  fellow- 
workmen  to  strike. — C.  Dickens,  Hard 
Times  (1854). 

Slammerkin  {Mrs.).  Captain  Mac- 
heath  says  of  her,  "  She  is  careless  and 
genteel."  "  All  you  fine  ladies,"  he  adds, 
' '  who  know  your  own  beauty,  affect  an 
undress." — Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opera,  ii. 
1  (1727). 

Slander,  an  old  hag,  of  "ragged, 
rude  attyre,  and  filthy  lockes,"  who 
sucked  venom  out  of  her  nails.  It  was 
her  nature  to  abuse  all  goodness,  to  frame 
groundless  charges,  to  "  steale  away  the 
crowne  of  a  good  name,"  and  "never 
thing  so  well  was  doen,  but  she  with 
blame  would  blot,  and  of  due  praise 
deprive." 

A  foule  and  loathly  creature  sure  in  sight, 
And  in  conditions  to  be  loathed  no  lesse  ; 
For  she  was  stuft  with  rancour  and  despight 
Up  to  the  throat,  that  oft  with  bitternesse 
It  forth  would  brcake  and  gush  in  great  excesse. 
Pouring  out  streames  of  jwyson  and  of  gall 
'Gainst  all  that  truth  or  vertue  doe  professe, 
Whom  she  with  leaslngs  lewdly  did  miscall, 
Aiid  wickedly  backbite.    Her  name  men  "Sclaunder* 
call. 

Spenser,  Faery  queen,  IV,  viii.  24  (1596)t 

Slang,  from  Slangenberg,  a  Dutch 
general,  noted  for  his  abusive  and  ex- 
aggerated epithets  when  he  reproved  the 
men  under  his  command.  The  etymon 
is  suited  to  this  dictionary,  and  the  fol- 
lowing are  not  without  wit : — Italian, 
s-lingua,  s  negative  and  li'ngua=  "bad 
language  ;  "  French,  esclandre,  "  an  event 
which  gives  rise  to  scandal,"  hence,  faire 
esclandre,  "to  expose  one  to  scandal," 
causer  de  Vescandre,  "  to  give  ground  for 
scandal ;  "  Greek,  skandalon,  "an  offence, 
a  scandal."  "  Slangs,"  fetters  for  mal 
factors. 


I 


SLANGO. 


919 


SLEEPER. 


Slango,  a  lad,  servant  of  Gaylove 
a  young  barrister.  He  dresses  up  as  a 
woman,  and  when  squire  Sapskull  comes 
fit>m  Yorkshire  for  a  wife,  Slango  passes 
hims«lf  off  as  Arbella.  In  the  mean  time, 
Gaylove  assumes  the  airs  and  manners  of 
a  Yorkshire  tike,  and  marries  Arbella, 
■with  whom  he  is  in  love. — Carey,  The 
Honest  Yorkshireman  (1736). 

Slawken-Ber'gius  Hafen,  an 
imaginary  author,  distinguished  for  the 
great  length  of  his  nose.  In  the  Life 
and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy  (by 
Sterne),  Slawken-Bergius  is  referred  to 
as  a  great  authority  on  all  lore  connected 
with  noses,  and  a  curious  tale  is  intro- 
duced from  his  hypothetical  works  about 
a  man  with  an  enormously  long  nose. 

No  nose  can  be  justl/  amputated  by  the  public,  not 
even  the  nose  of  Slawken-Bergius  himself. — Carlyle. 

Slaygood  (Giant),  master  of  a  gang 
of  thieves  which  infested  the  King's 
highway.  Mr.  Greatheart  slew  him,  and 
rescued  Feeblemind  from  his  grasp  in  a 
duel. — Bunyan,  Filgrim's  Progress,  ii. 
(1G84). 

Slea'ry,  proprietor  of  the  circus  at 
Coketown.  A  stout  man,  with  one  eye 
fixed  and  one  loose,  a  voice  like  the 
efforts  of  a  broken  pair  of  bellows,  a 
flabby  skin,  and  muddled  head.  He  was 
never  sober  and  never  drunk,  but  always 
kind-hearted.  Tom  Gradgrind,  after 
robbing  the  bank,  lay  concealed  in  this 
circus  as  a  black  servant,  till  Sleary  con- 
nived at  his  escape.  This  Sleary  did  in 
gratitude  to  Thomas  Gradgrind,  Esq., 
M.P.,  who  adopted  and  educated  Cecilia 
Jupe,  daughter  of  his  clown,  signor 
Jupe. 

Josephine  Sleary,  daughter  of  the  circus 
proprietor,  a  pretty  girl  of  18,  who  had 
been  tied  on  a  horse  at  two  years  old, 
and  had  made  a  will  at  12.  This  will 
she  carried  about  with  her,  and  in  it  she 
signified  her  desire  to  be  drawn  to  the 
grave  by  two  piebald  ponies.  Josephine 
married  E.  W.  B.  Childers  of  her  father's 
circus.— C.  Dickens,  Bard  Times  (1854). 

Sleek  (Aminadab),  in  The  Serious 
Family,  a  comedy  by  Morris  Barnett. 

Sleeper  (The).  Almost  all  nations 
have  a  tradition  about  some  sleeper,  who 
will  wake  after  a  long  period  of  dor- 
mancy. 

American  (North).  Rip  vax  Winkle, 
a  Dutch  colonist  of  New  Tork,  slept 
twenty  years    in  the  Kaatskill  Moun- 


tains of  North  America. — ^Washington 
Irving. 

American  (South).  Sebastian  I.,  sup- 
posed to  have  fallen  in  the  battle  of 
Alcazarquebir,  in  1578,  is  only  asleep, 
and  will  in  due  time  awake,  return  to 
life,  and  make  Brazil  the  chief  kingdom 
of  the  earth. 

Arabian  Legends.  Mahommed  Mo- 
HADi,  the  twelfth  iman,  is  only  sleeping, 
like  Charlemagne,  till  Antichrist  appears, 
when  he  will  awake  in  his  strength,  and 
overthrow  the  great  enemy  of  all  true 
believers. 

NouRJAHAD  is  only  in  a  temporary 
sleep,  waiting  the  fulness  of  time. 

British  Traditions.  King  Arthur  is 
not  dead  in  Avillon,  but  is  merely  meta- 
morphosed into  a  raven.  In  due  time  he 
will  awake,  resume  his  proper  person, 
claim  the  throne  of  Britain,  and  make  it 
the  head  and  front  of  all  the  kingdoms 
of  the  globe.  "Because  king  Arthur 
bears  for  the  nonce  the  semblance  of  a 
raven,  the  people  of  Britain  never  kill  a 
raven"  (Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  ii.  5). 

Gyneth  slept  500  years  by  the  en- 
chantment of  Merlin.  She  was  the 
natural  daughter  of  king  Arthur  and 
Guendolen,  and  was  thus  punished  be- 
cause she  would  not  put  an  end  to  a  com- 
bat in  which  twenty  knights  were  mortally 
wounded,  including  Merlin's  son. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Bridal  of  Triermain  (1813). 

Merlin,  the  enchanter,  is  not  dead, 
but  "  sleeps  and  sighs  in  an  old  tree, 
spell-bound  by  Vivien." — British  Legend. 

St.  David  was  thrown  into  an  en- 
chanted sleep  by  Ormandine,  but  after 
sleeping  for  seven  years,  was  awoke  by 
Merlin. 

French  Legend.  The  French  slain  in 
the  Sicilian  Vespers  are  not  really 
dead,  but  they  sleep  for  the  time  being, 
awaiting  the  day  of  retribution. 

German  Legends.  Barbarossa  with 
six  of  his  knights  sleep  in  KyftTiaiisberg, 
in  Thuringia,  till  the  fulness  of  time, 
when  thej'^  will  awake  and  make  Germany 
the  foremost  kingdom  of  the  earth.  The 
beard  of  the  red  king  has  already  grown 
through  the  table  slab  at  which  he  is 
sitting,  but  it  must  wind  itself  three 
times  round  the  table  before  his  second 
advent.  Barbarossa  occasionally  wakes 
and  asks,  "Is  it  time?"  when  a  voice 
replies,  "  Not  yet.     Sleep  on." 

Charlemagne  is  not  dead,  but  only 
asleep  in  Untersberg,  near  Saltzburg, 
waiting  for  the  advent  of  Antichrist, 
when  he  will  rouse  from  his  slumber,  go 


SLEEPER. 


920 


SLEEPER  AWAKENED. 


forth  conquering,  and  will  deliver  Chris- 
tendom that  it  may  be  fit  for  the  second 
advent  and  personal  reign  of  Christ. 

Charles  V.  kaiser  of  Germany  is 
only  asleep,  waiting  his  time,  when  he 
will  awake,  return  to  earth,  "  resume  the 
monarchy  overGermany,  Portugal,  Spain, 
Uelgium,  the  Netherlands,  and  Denmark, 
putting  all  enemies  under  his  feet. 

Knez  Lazar,  of  Servia,  supposed  to 
have  been  slain  by  the  Turks  in  1389,  is 
not  really  dead,  but  has  put  on  sleep  for 
a  while,  and  at  an  allotted  moment  he  will 
re-appear  in  his  full  strength. 

Grecian  Legends.  Endym'iox,  a  beau- 
tiful youth,  sleeps  a  perpetual  sleep  in 
Latmos.  Selone  (the  moon)  fell  in  love 
Avith  him,  kissed  him,  and  still  lies  by 
his  side.  In  the  British  Museum  is  an 
exquisite  statue  of  Endymion  asleep. — 
Gt'eek  Fable. 

Epimen'ides  (5  syL)  the  Cretan  poet 
■w\*is  sent  in  boyhood  to  search  for  a  stray 
sheep ;  being  heated  and  weary,  he 
stepped  into  a  cave,  and  fell  asleep  for 
liftv-seven  years.  Epimenides,  we  are 
told,  attained  the  age  of  154,  157,  229, 
and  some  say  289  years. — Pliny,  History, 
vii.  12. 

Irish  Traditions.  Brian,  samamed 
"  Boroimhe,"  king  of  Ireland,  who  con- 
quered the  Danes  in  twenty  pitched 
battles,  and  was  supposed  to  have  been 
slain  in  the  battle  of  Clontarf,  in  1014, 
Avas  only  stunned.  He  still  sleeps  in  his 
castle  of  Kincora,  and  the  day  of  Ire- 
land's necessity  will  be  Brian's  oppor- 
tunity. 

Desmoxd  of  Kilmallock,  in  Lime- 
rick, supposed  to  have  perished  in  the 
reign  of  Elizabeth,  is  only  sleeping  under 
the  waters  of  lough  Gur.  Every  seventh 
year  he  re-appears  in  full  armour,  rides 
round  the  lake  early  in  the  morning,  and 
will  ultimately  re-appear  and  claim  the 
family  estates. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes 
of  Nigel. 

Jewish  Legend.  Elijah  the  prophet 
is  not  dead,  but  sleeps  in  Abraham's 
bosom  till  Antichrist  appears,  when  he 
will  return  to  Jerusalem  and  restore  all 
things. 

Jiussian  Tradition.  Elijah  Maxsur, 
warrior,  prophet,  and  priest  in  Asiatic 
Russia,  tried  to  teach  a  more  tolerant 
form  of  Islam,  but  was  looked  on  as  a 
heretic,  and  condemned  to  imprisonment 
in  the  boAvels  of  a  mountain.  There  he 
sleeps,  waiting  patiently  the  summons 
Av'hich  will  be  given  him,  when  he  will 
awake,  and  wave  his  conquering  sword  to 


the  terror  of  the  Muscovite. — Milner, 
Gallery  of  Geography,  781. 

&andinavian  Iradition,  Olaf  TRYipo- 
VASON  king  of  Norway,  who  was  baptized 
in  London,  and  intniduced  Christianity 
into  Norway,  Iceland,  and  Greenland. 
Being  overthrown  by  Swolde  king  of 
Sweden  (a.d.  1000),  he  threw  himself 
into  the  sea  and  swam  to  the  Holy  Land, 
became  an  anchorite,  and  fell  asleep  at  a 
greatly  advanced  age  ;  but  he  is  only 
waiting  his  opportunity,  when  he  will 
sever  Norway  from  Sweden,  and  raise  it 
to  a  first-class  power. 

Scottish  2'radition.  Thomas  of  Er- 
CELDOUNE  sleeps  beneath  the  Eildon 
Hills,  in  Scotland.  One  day,  an  elfin 
lady  led  him  into  a  cavern  in  these  hills, 
and  he  fell  asleep  for  seven  years,  when 
he  revisited  the  upper  earth,  under  a  bond 
that  he  would  return  immediately  the 
elfin  lady  summoned  him.  One  day,  as 
he  was  making  merry  with  his  friends,  he 
heard  the  summons,  kept  his  word,  and 
has  never  since  been  seen. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Minstrelsy  of  the  Scottish  Border. 

Spanish  Tradition.  Bobadil  el  Chico, 
last  of  the  Moorish  kings  of  Granada,  lies 
spell-bound  near  the  Alhambra,  but  in  the 
day  appointed  he  will  return  to  earth  and 
restore  the  Moorish  government  in  Spain. 

Swiss  Legend.  Three  of  the  family  of 
Tell  sleep  a  semi-death  at  Riitli,  waiting 
for  the  hour  of  their  country's  need, 
when  they  will  wake  up  and  deliver  it. 

*^*  See  Seven  Sleepers. 

Sleeper  Awakened  (The).  Abou 
Hassan,  the  son  of  a  rich  merchant  at 
Bagdad,  inherited  a  good  fortune  ;  but, 
being  a  prudent  man,  made  a  vow  to 
divide  it  into  two  parts  :  all  that  came 
to  him  from  rents  he  determined  to  set 
apart,  but  all  that  was  of  the  nature  of 
cash  he  resolved  to  spend  on  pleasure. 
In  the  course  of  a  year  he  ran  through 
this  fund,  and  then  made  a  resolve  in 
future  to  ask  only  one  guest  at  a  time 
to  his  board.  This  guest  was  to  be  a 
stranger,  and  never  to  be  asked  a  second 
time.  It  so  happened  that  the  caliph 
Haroun-al-Raschid,  disguised  as  a  mer- 
chant, was  on  one  occasion  his  guest,  and 
heard  Abou  Hassan  say  that  he  wished 
he  Avere  caliph  for  one  day,  and  he  would 
punish  a  certain  iman  for  tittle-tattling. 
Harovm-al-Raschid  thought  that  he  could 
make  capital  of  this  wish  for  a  little 
diversion  ;  so,  drugging  the  merchant's 
wine,  he  fell  into  a  profound  sleep,  was 
conveyed  to  the  palace,  and  on  waking 


SLEEPER  AWAKENED. 


921 


SLIP. 


was  treated  as  the  caliph.  He  ordered 
the  iman  to  be  punished,  and  sent  his 
mother  a  handsome  gift ;  but  at  night, 
another  sleeping  draught  being  given 
him,  he  was  carried  back  to  his  own 
house.  When  he  woke,  he  could  not 
decide  if  he  had  been  in  a  dream  or  not, 
but  his  conduct  was  so  strange  that  he 
was  taken  to  a  mad-house.  He  was  con- 
fined for  several  days,  and,  being  dis- 
charged, the  caliph  in  disguise  again 
visited  him,  and  repeated  the  same  game, 
so  that  next  day  he  could  not  tell  which 
had  been  the  dream.  At  length  the 
mystery  was  cleared  up,  and  he  was 
given  a  post  about  the  caliph's  person, 
and  the  sultana  gave  him  a  beautiful 
slave  for  his  wife.  Abou  Hassan  now 
played  a  trick  on  the  caliph.  He  pre- 
tended to  be  dead,  and  sent  his  young 
wife  to  the  sultana  to  announce  the  sad 
news.  Zobeida,  the  sultana,  was  very 
much  grieved,  and  gave  her  favourite  a 
sum  of  money  for  the  funeral  expenses. 
On  her  return,  she  played  the  dead 
woman,  and  Al)ou  Hassan  went  to  the 
caliph  to  announce  his  loss.  The  caliph 
expressed  his  sympathy,  and,  having 
given  him  a  sum  of  money  for  the 
funeral  expenses,  went  to  the  sultana 
to  speak  of  the  sad  news  of  the  death  of 
the  young  bride.  "The  bride?"  cried 
Zobeida  ;  "  you  mean  the  bridegroom, 
commander  of  the  faithful."  "No,  I 
mean  the  bride,"  answered  the  caliph, 
"  for  Abou  Hassan  has  but  just  left  me." 
"That  cannot  be,  sire,"  retorted  Zobeida, 
"  for  it  is  not  an  hour  ago  that  the  bride 
was  here,  to  announce  his  death."  To 
settle  this  moot  point,  the  chief  of  the 
eunuchs  was  sent  to  see  which  of  the  two 
was  dead ;  and  Abou,  who  saw  him 
coming,  got  the  bride  to  pretend  to  be 
dead,  and  set  himself  at  her  head  be- 
wailing, so  the  man  returned  with  the 
report  that  it  was  the  bride  who  was  dead, 
and  not  the  bridegroom.  The  sultana 
would  not  believe  him,  and  sent  her  aged 
nurse  to  ascertain  the  fact.  As  she 
approached,  Abou  Hassan  pretended  to  be 
dead,  and  the  bride  to  be  the  wailing 
widow ;  accordingly  the  nurse  contra- 
dicted the  report  of  the  eunuch.  The 
caliph  and  sultana,  with  the  nurse  and 
eunuch,  then  all  went  to  see  for  them- 
selves, and  found  both  apparently  dead. 
The  caliph  now  said  he  would  give  1000 
pieces  of  gold  to  know  which  died  first, 
when  Abou  Hassan  cried,  "Commander 
of  the  faithful,  it  was  I  who  died  first." 
The    trick    was  found    out,   the    caliph 


nearly  died  with  laughter,  and  the  jest 
proved  a  little  mine  of  wealth  to  the 
court  favourite. — Arabian  Nights. 

Sleepers.    (See  Seven  Sleepers.) 

Sleeping  Beauty  (The),  a  lady 
who  sleeps  in  a  castle  a  hundred  years, 
during  which  time  an  impenetrable' wood 
springs  up  around  the  castle  ;  but  being 
at  length  disenchanted  by  a  young 
prince,  she  marries  him.  The  brothers 
Grimm  have  reproduced  this  tale  in  Ger- 
man. The  old  Norse  tale  of  Brynhild 
and  Sigurd  seems  to  be  the  original  of 
The  Sleeping  Beauty. — Perrault,  Contes 
dii  Temps  ("La  Belle  au  Bois  Dormant," 
1697). 

(Tennyson  has  poetized  this  nursery 
story.) 

Sleepner,  the  horse  of  Odin. 

Slender,  one  of  the  suitors  of  "sweet 
Anne  Page."  His  servant's  name  is 
Simple.  Slender  is  a  country  lout, 
cousin  of  justice  Shallow. — Shakespeare, 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor  (1596). 

Slender  is  a  perfect  satire  ...  on  the  brilliant  youth  of 
the  provinces  .  .  .  before  the  Introduction  of  newspapers 
and  turiipilce  roads;  awkward  and  lx>ob.vish  among  civil 
jieople.  but  at  home  in  rude  sports,  and  proud  of  exploita 
at  which  the  town  would  laugh.— Hallam. 

Slender  and  sir  Andrew  Ague-cheek  are  fools  troubled 
with  an  uneasy  consciousness  of  their  folly,  which  in  the 
latter  produces  a  most  edifying  meekness  and  docility,  and 
in  the  former  awkwardness,  obstinacy,  and  confusion.— 
Macaulay. 

Slick  (Sam),  judge  Thomas  Chandler 
Haliburton  of  Nova  Scotia,  author  of  T/ie 
Glockmaker  (1837). 

Sam  Slick,  a  Yankee  clockmaker  and 
pedlar,  wonderfully  'cute,  a  great  ob- 
server, full  of  quaint  ideas,  droll  wit, 
odd  fancies,  surprising  illustrations,  and 
plenty  of  "  soft  sawder."  Judge  Hali- 
burton wrote  the  two  series  called  Sam 
Slick  or  the  Clockmaker  (1837). 

Sliderske-w  (Peg),  the  hag-like 
housekeeper  of  Arthur  Gride.  She  robs 
her  master  of  some  deeds,  and  thereby 
brings  on  his  ruin. — C.  Dickens,  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (1838). 

Sligo  (Dr.),  of  Ireland.  He  looks 
with  contempt  on  his  countryman.  Dr. 
Osasaf  ras,  because  he  is  but  a  pat-venu. 

Osasafras?  That's  a  name  of  no  note.  He  is  not  a 
Milesian,  I  am  sure.  The  family,  I  suppose,  can.e  over 
the  other  day  with  Strongbow,  not  above  seven  or  eight 
hundred  years  ago.— Foote,  The  Devil  upon  Two  Sticka 

{nm 

Slingsby  (Jonathan  Freke),  John 
Francis  Waller,  author  of  The  Slingsby 
Papers  (1652),  etc. 

Slip,  the  valet  of  young  Harlowe  (son 


SLIPPERS. 


922 


SLUDGE. 


of  sir  Harry  Harlowe  of  Dorsetshire). 
He  schemes  with  Martin,  a  fellow-ser- 
vant, to  contract  a  marriage  between 
Martin  and  Miss  Stockwell  (daughter  of 
a  wealthy  merchant),  in  order  to  get 
possession  of  £10,000,  the  wedding  por- 
tion. The  plan  was  this  :  Martin  was  to 
pass  himself  off  as  young  Harlowe,  and 
marry  the  lady  or  secure  the  dot ;  but 
Jenny  (Miss  Stockwell's  maid)  informs 
Belford,  the  lover  of  Miss  Stockwell, 
and  he  arrests  the  two  knaves  just  in 
time  to  prevent  mischief. — Garrick,  Neck 
or  Nothing  (1766). 

Slippers  which  enabled  the  feet  to 
walk,  knives  that  cut  of  themselves,  and 
sabres  which  dealt  blows  at  a  wish,  were 
presents  brought  to  Vathek  by  a  hideous 
monster  without  a  name. — W.  Beckford, 
Vathek  (1784). 

Slippery  Sam,  a  highwayman  in 
captain  Macheath's  gang.  Peachum  says 
he  should  dismiss  him,  because  *'  the 
villain  hath  the  impudence  to  have  views 
of  following  his  trade  as  a  tailor,  which 
he  calls  an  honest  employment." — Gay, 
fhe  Beggar's  Opera,  i.  (1727). 

Slipslop  {Mrs.),  a  lady  of  frail 
morals. — Fielding,  Joseph  Andrews  (1742). 

Slo-Fair,  Chichester,  the  October 
fair,  when  the  beasts  were  sold  for 
slaughter,  that  they  might  be  salted  down 
for  winter  use.  The  next  month  (Novem- 
ber) was  called  Blot-monath  or  "  Blood- 
month,"  being  the  time  when  the  beasts 
were  killed.  (Old  English,  sle'an,  sldh, 
"to  slaughter;"  blot,  ''blood,  sacrifice," 
from  bldtan,  "  to  shed  blood.") 

Some  idea  may  be  gathered  of  the 
enormous  number  of  animals  salted  down 
in  November,  from  the  mere  residue  left 
in  the  larder  of  the  elder  Spencer,  in 
May,  1327.  There  were  "80  salted 
beeves,  500  bacons,  and  600  muttons." 

Slop  (Dr.),  sir  John  Stoddart,  M.D., 
editor  of  the  New  Times,  who  entertained 
an  insane  hatred  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte, 
called  by  him  "  The  Corsican  Fiend." 
William  Hone  devised  the  name  from 
Stoddart's  book  entitled  Step's  Shave  at 
a  Broken  Hone  (1820),  and  Thomas  Moore 
helped  to  popularize  it  (1773-1856). 

Slop  {Dr.),  a  choleric,  enthusiastic,  and 
bigoted  physician.  He  breaks  down 
Tristram's  nose,  and  crushes  uncle  Toby's 
fingers  to  a  jelly  in  attempting  to  demon- 
Btrate  the  use  and  virtuiss  of  a  newly 
invented  pair  of   obstetFi^al   forceps.— 


Sterne,  The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram 
Shandy,  Gentleman  (1759). 

(Under  this  name,  Sterne  ridiculed  Dr. 
Burton,  a  man-midwife  of  York.) 

Slopard  {Dame),  wife  of  Grimbard 
the  brock  or  badger,  in  the  beast-epic  of 
Beynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Sloppy,  a  love-child  brought  up  by 
Betty  Higden,  for  whom  he  turned  the 
mangle.  When  Betty  died,  Mr.  Boffin 
apprenticed  him  to  a  cabinet-maker. 
Sloppy  is  described  as  "  a  very  long  boy, 
with  a  very  little  head,  and  an  open 
mouth  of  disproportionate  capacity  that 
seemed  to  assist  his  eyes  in  staring."  It 
is  hinted  that  he  became  "the  prince"  of 
Jenny  Wren,  the  dolls'  dressmaker. 

Of  an  ungainly  make  was  Sloppy.  There  was  too  much 
of  him  longwise,  too  little  of  him  broadwise,  and  too 
many  sharp  angles  of  him  angle-wi~e.  .  .  .  He  liad  a  con- 
siderable capital  of  knee,  and  dbow,  and  wrist,  and 
ankle.  Full-private  Number  One  in  the  awkward  squad 
was  Sloppy. — C.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend,  I.  i.  16 
(1864). 

Slough  of  Despond  {Tlie),  a  deep 
bog,  which  Christian  had  to  pass  on  his 
way  to  the  Wicket  Gate.  Neighbour 
Pliable  would  not  attempt  to  pass  it, 
and  turned  back.  While  Christian  was 
floundering  in  the  slough,  Help  came  to 
his  aid,  and  assisted  him  over. 

The  name  of  the  slough  was  Despond.  Here  they 
wallowed  for  a  time,  and  Cliristian,  because  (A  the  burden 
that  wa»  on  his  back,  began  to  sink  into  the  mire.  This 
miry  slough  is  such  a  place  as  cannot  be  mended.  It  is  the 
descent  whither  the  scum  and  filth  that  attends  conviction 
of  sin  doth  continually  run,  and  therefore  is  it  called  the 
Slough  of  Despond ;  for  still,  as  the  sinner  is  awakened 
about  his  lost  condition,  there  arise  in  bis  soul  many 
fears  and  doubts  and  discouraging  apprehensions,  which 
all  of  them  get  together,  and  settle  in  this  place,  and  this 
is  the  reason  of  the  badness  of  this  groutid.— Bunyaa, 
Pilgrim's  Progret*.  i.  (1678). 

Slo'Wboy  {Tilly),  nurse  and  general 
help  of  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Peerybingle.  She 
"  was  of  a  spare  and  straight  shape, 
insomuch  that  her  garments  appeared  to 
be  in  constant  danger  of  sliding  off  her 
shoulders.  Her  costume  was  remarkable 
for  its  very  partial  development,  and 
always  afforded  glimpses  at  the  back  of 
a  pair  of  dead-green  stays."  Miss  Tilly 
was  very  fond  of  baby,  but  had  a  sur- 
prising talent  for  getting  it  into  diffi- 
culties, bringing  its  head  in  perpetual 
contact  with  doors,  dressers,  stair-rails, 
bedposts,  and  so  on.  Tilly,  who  had 
been  a  foundling,  looked  upon  the  house 
of  Peerybingle  the  carrier  as  a  royal 
residence,  and  loved  both  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Peerybingle  with  all  the  intensity  of  au 
undivided  affection.— C.  Dickens,  T/td^H 
Cricket  on  the  Hearth  (1845).  ^M 

Sludge  (Gammer),  the  landlady  of 


SLUM. 


923 


SMA'TRASH. 


Erasmus  Holiday    the    schoolmaster  in 
White  Horse  Vale. 

Dickie  Slvtdge  or  *'  Flibbertigibbet," 
her  dwarf  grandson. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Slum  {Mr.)^  a  patter  poet,  who 
dressed  en  militaire.  He  called  on  Mrs. 
Jarley,  exhibitor  of  wax-works,  all  by 
accident.  "What,  Mr.  Slum?"  cried 
the  lady  of  the  wax-work  ;  "  who'd  have 
thought  of  seeing  you  here  ?"  "  Ton  my 
soul  and  honour,"  said  Mr.  Slum, 
*'  that's  a  good  remark  !  'Pon  my  soul 
and  honour,  that's  a  wise  remark  .  .  . 
Why  I  came  here  ?  Ton  my  soul  and 
honour,  I  hardly  know  what  I  came 
here  for  .  .  .  What  a  splendid  classical 
thing  is  this,  Mrs.  Jarley  !  Ton  my  soul 
and  honour,  it  is  quite  Minervian!" 
*'  It'll  look  well,  I  fancy,"  observed  Mrs. 
Jarley.  "Well!"  said  Mr.  Slum;  "it 
would  be  the  delight  of  my  life,  'pon  my 
soul  and  honour,  to  exercise  my  Muse  on 
•  such  a  delightful  theme.  By  the  way — 
any  orders,  madam  ?  Is  there  anything 
I  can  do  for  you?"  (ch.  xxviii.). 

"  Ask  ttie  perfumers,"  said  the  military  gentleman, 
"ask  the  blacking-makers,  ask  the  hatters,  ask  the  old 
lottery  office  keepers,  ask  any  man  among  'em  what 
poetry  has  done  for  him,  and  mark  my  word,  he  blesses 
the  name  of  Slum." — C.  Dickens,  The  Old  Curiotity  Shop 
(1340). 

Slumkey  {Sarmxel),  "blue" candidate 
for  the  representation  of  the  borough  of 
Eatanswill  in  parliament.  His  opponent 
is  Horatio  Fizkin,  who  represents  the 
*'buff"  interest. — C.  Dickens,  The  Pick- 
wick Papers  (1836). 

Sly  (Christopher),  a  keeper  of  bears, 
and  a  tinker.  In  the  induction  of 
Shakespeare's  comedy  called  Taming  of 
the  Shrew,  Christopher  is  found  dead 
drunk  by  a  nobleman,  who  commands 
his  servants  to  take  him  to  his  mansion 
and  attend  on  him  as  a  lord.  The  trick 
is  played,  and  the  "  commonty "  of 
Taming  of  the  Shrew  is  performed  for 
J  the  delectation  of  the  ephemeral  lord. 

A  similar  trick  was  played  by  Haroun- 
4al-Raschid  on  a  rich  merchant  named 
fAbou  Hassan  (see  Arabian  Nights,  "The 
^Sleeper  Awakened").  Also  by  Philippe 
lie  Bon  of  Burgundy,  on  his  marriage 
twith  Eleanora  (see  Burton,  Anatomy  of 
'.'Melancholy,  ii.  2,  4,  1624). 

Sly  me  (Chevy),  one  of  old  Martin 
^Chuzzlewit's  numerous  relations.  He  is 
^a  drunken,  good-for-nothing  vagabond, 
j;but  his  friend  Montague  Tigg  considers 
^him  "  an  unappreciated  genius."  His 
\phief   peculiarity  consists  in  his  always 


being  "  round  the  comer." — C.  Dickens, 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Small  (Gilbert),  the  pinmaker,  a 
hardworking  old  man,  who  loves  his  son 
most  dearly. 

Thomxis  Small,  the  son  of  Gilbert,  a 
would-be  man  of  fashion  and  maccaroni. 
Very  conceited  of  his  fine  person,  he 
thinks  himself  the  very  glass  of  fashion. 
Thomas  Small  resolves  to  make  a  fortune 
by  marriage,  and  allies  himself  to  Kate, 
who  turns  out  to  be  the  daughter  of  Strap 
the  cobbler. — S.  KnoAvles,  The  Beggar  of 
Bethnal  Green  (1834). 

Small  Beer  (To  .  .  .  Chronicle). 
"  To  suckle  fools,  and  chronicle  small 
beer"  (lago). — Shakespeare,  Othello, 
actii.  sc.  1  (1611). 

Small  Beer  Poet  (The),  W. 
Thomas  Fitzgerald.  He  is  now  known 
only  for  one  line,  quoted  in  the  Bejectcd 
Addresses:  "The  tree  of  freedom  is  the 
British  oak."  Cobbett  gave  him  the 
sobriquet  (1759-1829). 

Small-Endians,  a  "religious  sect" 
in  Lilliput,  who  made  it  an  article  of  or- 
thodoxy to  break  their  eggs  at  the  small 
end.  By  the  Small-endians  is  meant  the 
protestant  party  ;  the  Roman  Catholics 
are  called  the  Big-endians,  from  their 
making  it  a  sine  qua  non  for  all  true 
Churchmen  to  break  their  eggs  at  the  big 
end. — Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels  ("Voyage 
to  Lilliput,"  1726). 

Smallweed  Family  (The),  a 
grasping,  ill-conditioned  lot,  consisting 
of  grandfather,  grandmother,  and  the 
twins  Bartholomew  and  Judy.  The 
grandfather  indulges  in  vituperative  ex- 
clamations against  his  aged  wife,  with  or 
without  provocation,  and  flings  at  her 
anything  he  can  lay  his  hand  on.  He 
becomes,  however,  so  dilapidated  at  last 
that  he  has  to  be  shaken  up  by  his- 
amiable  granddaughter  Judy  in  order  to 
be  aroused  to  consciousness. 

Bart.,  i.e.  Bartholomew  Smallweed, 
a  youth  who  moulds  himself  on  the 
model  of  Mr.  Guppy,  the  lawyer's  clerk 
in  the  office  of  Kenge  and  Carboy. 
He  prides  himself  on  being  "a  limb 
of  the  law,"  though  under  15  years  of 
age  ;  indeed,  it  is  reported  of  him  that  his 
first  long  clothes  were  made  out  of  a 
lawyer's  blue  bag.— C.  Dickens,  Bleak 
House  (1852). 

Sma'trash  (Eppie),  the  ale-woman 
at  Wolf's  Hope  village.— Sir  W.  Scott, 


SMAUKER. 


924 


SMITH. 


Bride   of  Lammermoor    (time,   Wiiliam 
III.). 

Smauker  (John),  footman  of  Angelo 
Cyrus  Bantam.  He  invites  Sam  Weller 
to  a  "  swarry  "  of  "  biled  mutton." — C. 
Dickens,  The  Pickwick  Papers  (183G). 

Smectym'nuus,  the  title  of  a 
celebrated  pamphlet  containing  an  attack 
upon  episcopacy  (1G41).  The  title  is 
composed  of  the  initial  letters  of  the  five 
writers,  SM  (Stephen  Marshall),  EC 
(Edmund  Caiamy),  TY  (Thomas  Young), 
MN  (Matthew  Newcomen),  UUS 
(William  Spurstow).  Sometimes  one  U 
is  omitted.  Butler  says  the  business  of 
synods  is  : 

To  ftnd,  in  lines  of  beani  and  face. 

The  pliysiognomy  of  "  Grace ; " 

And  by  tlie  sound  and  twang  of  nose. 

If  all  be  sound  within  disclose  .  .  . 

The  liandkerchief  about  the  necl( 

(Canonical  cravat  of  Smack, 

]<'rom  whom  the  institution  came 

When  Church  and  Stite  they  set  on  flame  .  .  .) 

Judge  rightly  if  "  rcKeneration  " 

Be  of  Uie  newest  eut  in  fashion. 

JficdibroB,  I  3  (1663). 

Smelfungus.  Smollett  was  so  called 
by  Sterne,  because  his  volume  of  Travels 
throw/h  France  and  Itali/  is  one  per- 
petual snarl  from  beginning  to  end. 

The  lamented  Smelfungus  travelled  from  Boulogne  to 
Paris,  from  Paris  to  Rome,  and  so  on  ;  but  he  set  out 
with  the  spleen  and  jaundice,  and  every  object  he  passed 
by  was  discoloured  or  distorted.  He  wrote  an  account  of 
them,  but  'twas  nothing  but  the  account  of  his  own 
miserable  feelings. — Sterne,  Sentimental  Journey  (1768). 

Smell  a  Voice.  When  a  young 
prince  had  clandestinely  visited  the 
young  princess  brought  up  in  the  palace 
of  the  Flower  Mountain,  the  fairy  mother 
Violenta  said,  "  I  smell  the  voice  of  a 
man,"  and  commanded  the  dragon  on 
which  she  rode  to  make  search  for  the 
intruder.  —  Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy 
Tales  ("  The  White  Cat,"  1682). 

Bottom  says,  in  the  part  of  "Py ra- 
mus : " 

1  see  a  voice,  now  will  I  to  the  chink, 
To  spy  an  I  can  hear  my  Thisbe's  face. 
Shakespeare,   Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  act  r. 

sc.  1  (159-J). 

Smike  (1  syl.),  a  poor,  half-starved, 
half-witted  boy,  the  son  of  Kalph 
Nickleby.  As  the  marriage  was  clandes- 
tine, the  child  was  put  out  to  nurse,  and 
neither  its  father  nor  mother  ever  went  to 
see  it.  When  about  seven  years  old,  the 
child  was  stolen  by  one  Brooker,  out  of 
revenge,  and  put  to  school  at  Dotheboys 
Hall,  Yorkshire.  Brooker  paid  the  school 
fees  for  six  years,  and  being  then  trans- 
ported, the  payment  ceased,  and  the  boy 
was  made  a  sort  of  drudge.  Nicholas 
Nickleby  took  pity  on  him,  and  when  he 


left,  Smike  ran  away  to  join  his  friend, 
who  took  care  of  the  poor  half-witted 
creature  till  he  died  (see  pp.  594--5, 
original  edit.). — C.  Dickens,  Nicholas 
Nickleby  (1838). 

Smiler,  a  shenflf's  officer,  in  A  Regular 
Fix,  by  J.  M.  Morton. 

Smilinda,  a  lovelorn  maiden,  to 
whom  Sharper  was  untrue.  Pope,  in  his 
eclogue  called  The  Basset  Table  (1715), 
makes  Cordelia  and  Smilinda  contend  on 
this  knotty  point,  "  Who  suffers  most, 
she  who  loses  at  basset,  or  she  who  loses 
her  lover?"  They  refer  the  question  to 
Betty  Lovet.  Cordelia  stakes  her  "  lady's 
companion,  made  by  Mathers,  and  worth 
fifty  guineas,"  on  the  point ;  and  Smilinda 
stakes  a  snuff-box,  won  at  (3orticeIli's  in 
a  raflfle,  as  her  pledge.  When  Cordelia 
has  stated  the  iron  agony  of  loss  at  cards, 
and  Smilinda  the  crushing  grief  of  losing 
a  sweetheart,  "strong  as  a  footman  and 
as  his  master  sweet,"  Lovet  awards  the 
lady's  companion  to  Smilinda,  and  the 
snuff-box  to  Cordelia,  and  bids  both  give 
over,  "  for  she  wants  her  tea."  Of 
course,  this  was  suggested  by  Virgil's 
Eclogue,  iii. 

Smith.  In  the  Leisure  Hour  we  read  : 
"  During  a  period  of  seventeen  years 
(from  1838  to  1854,  both  inclusive),  the 
births,  deaths,  and  marriages  of  the 
Smiths  registered  amounted  to  286,037, 
and  it  is  calculated  that  the  families  of 
Smith  in  England  are  not  less  than 
53,000." 

*^*  This  must  be  a  very  great  mis- 
calculation. 286,037,  in  seventeen  years, 
gives  rather  more  than  16,825  a  year,  or 
a  marriage,  death,  or  birth  to  every 
three  families  per  annum  (nearly).  If 
the  registration  is  correct,  the  number  of 
families  must  be  ten  times  the  number 
stated. 

Smith  {Henry),  alias  "Henry  Gow," 
alias  "  Gow  Chirom,"  alias  "  Hal  of  the 
Wynd,"  the  armourer,  and  lover  of 
Catharine  Glover,  whom  at  the  end  he 
marries. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Berth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Smith  (Mr.),  a  faithful  confidential 
clerk  in  the  bank  of  Dornton  and  Sulky. 
— Holcroft,  The  Road  to  Ruin  (1792). 

Smith  {Rainy-Day),  John  Thomas 
Smith,  antiquary  (1766^1833). 

Smith  {Way land),  an  invisible  farrier, 
who  haunted  the  "  Vale  of  White  Horse," 
in    Berkshire,   where    three    flat    stones 


SMITH'S  PRIZEMAN. 


925 


SNEAK. 


supporting  a  fourth  commemorate  the 
place  of  his  stithy.  His  fee  was  six- 
pence, and  he  was  offended  if  more  were 
offered  him. 

Sir  W.  Scott  has  introduced  him  in 
Kenilvcorth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Smith's  Prizeman,  one  who  has 
obtained  the  prize  (£25)  founded  in  the 
University  of  Cambridge  by  Robert 
Smith,  D.D.,  once  Master  of  Trinity. 
Two  prizes  are  awarded  annually  to  two 
commencing  bachelors  of  arts  for  pro- 
ficiency in  mathematics  and  natural 
philosophy. 

Sm.olkin,  a  punic  spirit. 

Peace,  Siiiolkin,  peace,  thou  fiend  ! 
Shakespeare.  King  Lear,  act  iii.  sc.  4  (1605). 

Smollett  of  the  Stage  {The), 
George  Farquhar  (1678-1707). 

Smother  well  {Stephen),  the  exe- 
cutioner.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Smyr'neanPoet  (TAe),  Mimnermos, 
born  at  Smyrna  (ti.  B.C.  630). 

Snacks,  the  hard,  grinding  steward 
of  lord  Lackwit,  who  by  grasping  got 
together  £26,000.  When  lord  Lackwit 
died,  and  the  property  came  to  Robin 
Roughhead,  he  toadied  him  with  the 
greatest  servility,  but  Robin  dismissed 
him  and  gave  the  post  to  Frank. — Ailing- 
ham,  Fortune's  Frolic. 

Snaggs,  a  village  portrait-taker  and 
tooth-drawer.  He  says, ' '  1  draws  off  heads 
and  draws  out  teeth,"  or  "I  takes  off 
heads  and  takes  out  teeth."  Major 
Touchwood,  having  dressed  himself  up 
to  look  like  his  uncle  the  colonel,  pre- 
tends to  have  the  tooth-ache.  Snaggs, 
being  sent  for,  prepares  to  operate  on 
the  colonel,  and  the  colonel  in  a  towering 
rage  sends  him  to  the  right  about. — T. 
Dibdin,  What  Next  i 

Snags'by  {Mr.),  the  law-stationer  in 
Cook's  Court,  Cursitor  Street.  A  very 
mild  specimen  of  the  "spear  half,"  in 
terrible  awe  of  his  termagant  wife,  whom 
he  calls  euphemistically  "his  little 
woman."  He  preceded  most  of  his 
remarks  by  the  words,  "  Not  to  put  too 
Lne  a  point  upon  it." — C.  Dickens,  Bleak 
IJouse  (1862). 

Snail,  the  collector  of  customs,  near 
Ellangowan  House. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Snailsfoot    {Bryce),   the  jagger  or 


pedlar.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Pirate  (time, 
William  III.). 

Snake  {Mr.),  a  traitorous  ally  of 
lady  Sueerwell,  who  has  the  effrontery 
to  say  to  her,  "  You  paid  me  extremely 
liberally  for  propagating  the  lie,  but 
unfortunately  I  have  been  offered  double 
to  speak  the  truth."     He  says : 

Ah,  sir,  consUler.  I  live  by  tlie  baseness  of  my 
character ;  and  if  it  were  once  known  that  I  have  been 
betrayed  into  an  honest  action,  1  shall  lose  every  friend  I 
have  in  the  world.— Sheridan,  School  for  Scandal,  T. 
3  (1777). 

Snap,  the  representation  of  a  dragon 
Avhich  for  many  years  was  carried  about 
the  city  of  Norwich  on  Guild  day  iu 
grand  procession  with  flags  and  banners, 
bands  of  music,  and  whittlers  with  swords 
to  clear  the  way,  all  in  fancy  costume. 
Snap  was  of  great  length,  a  man  was  in 
the  middle  of  the  beast  to  carry  it,  and 
caused  its  head  to  turn  and  jaws  to  open 
an  amazing  width,  that  half-pence  might 
be  tossed  into  it  and  caught  in  a  bag. 
The  procession  was  stopped  in  the  year 
1824,  when  Snap  was  laid  up  in  St. 
Andrew's  Hall. 

At  Metz  a  similar  procession  used  to 
take  place  annually  on  St.  Mark's  Day, 
the  French  Snap  being  called  "  St.  Cle- 
ment's dragon." 

Snare  (I  syl.),  sheriff's  officer. — 
Shakespeare,  2  Benry  IV.  (1598). 

Snaw'ley,  "in  the  oil  and  colour 
line."  A  "  sleek,  flat-nosed  man,  bearing 
in  his  countenance  an  expression  of 
mortification  and  sanctity." — C.  Dickens, 

Nicholas  Nickleby,  iii.  (1838). 

Sneak  {Jerry),  a  hen-pecked  pin- 
maker ;  a  paltry,  pitiful,  prying  sneak. 
If  ever  he  summoned  up  a  little  manliness, 
his  wife  would  begin  to  cry,  and  Jerry 
was  instantly  softened. 

Master  Sneak,  ...  the  ancient  corporation  of  Garratt, 
in  consideration  of  your  great  parts  and  abilities,  and  out 
of  respect  to  their  landlord  sir  Jacob,  have  unanimously 
chosen  you  mayor. — Act  ii. 

Jerry  Sneak  has  become  the  type  of  hen-pecked  hus- 
bands.—rempZe  Bar,  456  (1875). 

Mrs.  Sneak,  wife  of  Jerry,  a  do- 
mineering tartar  of  a  woman,  who  keeps 
her  lord  and  master  well  under  her 
thumb.  She  is  the  daughter  of  sir  Jacob 
Jollup. — S.  Foote,  The  Mayor  of  Garratt 
(1763). 

Jerry  Sneak  Russell.  So  Samuel 
Russell  the  actor  was  called,  because  of 
his  inimitable  representjxtion  of  "  Jerry 
Sneak,"  which  was  quite  a  hit  (1766- 
1845). 


SNEER. 


926 


SNOUT. 


Sneer,  a  double-faced  critic,  who  carps 
at  authors  behind  their  backs,  but  fawns 
on  them  when  they  are  present  (see  act 
i.  1).— Sheridan,  The  Critic  (1779). 

Sneerwell  {Lady),  the  widow  of  a 
City  knight.  Mr.  Snake  says,  "  Every 
one  allows  that  lady  Sneerwell  can  do 
more  with  a  word  or  a  look  than  many 
can  with  the  most  laboured  detail,  even 
when  they  happen  to  have  a  little  truth 
on  their  side  to  support  it." 

Wounded  myself,  in  the  early  part  of  my  life,  by  the 
envenomed  tongue  of  slander,  I  confess  I  liave  since 
known  no  pleasure  equal  to  the  reducing  of  others  to  the 
level  of  my  own  reputation. — Sheridan,  School  for  Scan- 
dal,  i.  1  (1777). 

Miss  Farren  took  leave  of  the  stage  in  1797,  and  her 
concluding  words  were :  "  Let  me  request,  lady  Sneerwell, 
that  yoH  will  make  my  respects  to  the  scandalous  college 
of  which  you  are  a  member,  and  inform  them  that  lady 
Teazle  [about  to  be  countess  of  Derby],  licentiate,  begs 
leave  to  return  the  diploma  they  granted  her,  .-is  she  now 
leaves  off  practice,  and  kills  characters  no  longer."  A  burst 
of  applause  followed,  and  no  more  of  the  play  was  listened 
to.— Mrs.  C.  Mathews. 

Sneeze  into  a  Sack  (To),  to  be 
guillotined. 

Who  kissed  La  Guillotine,  looked  through  the  little  win- 
dow and  sneezed  into  the  sack. — C.  Dickens,  A  Tale  of 
Two  Cities,  iii.  4  (1859). 

Sneezing.  A  person  who  sneezed 
was  at  one  time  supposed  to  be  under  the 
influence  of  fairies  and  demons,  and  as 
the  name  of  God  repelled  all  evil  spirits, 
the  benediction  of  "  God  bless  you  !  " 
drove  away  the  demon,  and  counteracted 
its  influence. 

Judge  Haliburton  has  a  good  paper 
"  On  Sneezing,"  in  Temple  Bar,  345 
(1875). 

Bill.  I  have  often.  Dr.  Skeleton,  had  it  in  my  head  to 
ask  some  of  the  faculty,  what  can  be  the  reason  that  when 
a  man  happens  to  sneeze,  all  the  company  bows. 

Skel.  Sneezing,  Dr.  Bulruddery,  was  a  mortal  symptom 
that  attended  a  pestilential  disease  which  formerly  de- 
populated the  republic  of  Athens  ;  ever  since,  when  that 
convulsion  occurs,  a  short  ejaculation  is  offered  up  that  the 
sneezing  or  sternutiug  party  may  not  be  aflSicted  with  the 
same  distemper. 

Hal.  Upon  my  conscience,  a  very  learned  account !  Ay, 
and  a  very  civil  institution  too  1  — Bickerstaff  and  Foote, 
J)r  Last  in  His  Chariot  (1769). 

Snevellicci  (Mr.),  in  Crummle's 
company  of  actors.  Mr.  Snevellicci 
plays  the  military  swell,  and  is  great  in 
the  character  of  speechless  noblemen. 

Ilrs.  Snevellicci,  wife  of  the  above,  a 
dancer  in  the  same  theatrical  company. 

Miss  Snevellicci,  daughter  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Snevellicci,  also  of  the  Portsmouth 
Theatre.  "  She  could  do  anything,  from 
a  medley  dance  to  lady  Macbeth."  Miss 
Snevellicci  laid  her  toils  to  catch  Nicholas 
Nickieby,  but  "the  bird  escaped  from 
the  nets  of  the'  toiler." — C.  Dickens, 
Nicholas  Nickieby  (1838). 

Snitehey   and  Craggs,  lawyers. 


It  was  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Thomas  Craggs 
that  "everything  is  toe  easy,"  especially 
law ;  that  it  is  the  duty  of  wise  men  to 
make  everything  as  difficult  as  possible, 
and  as  hard  to  go  as  rusty  locks  and 
hinges  which  will  not  turn  for  want  of 
greasing.  He  was  a  cold,  hard,  dry  man, 
dressed  in  grey-and-white  like  a  flint, 
with  small  twinkles  in  his  eyes.  Jona- 
than Snitchey  was  like  a  magpie  or 
raven.  He  generally  finished  by  saying, 
"  I  speak  for  Self  and  Craggs,"  and,  after 
the  death  of  his  partner,  "for  Self  and 
Craggs  deceased." 

Mrs,  Snitchey  and  Mrs.  Craggs,  wives 
of  the  two  lawyers.  Mrs.  Snitchey  was, 
on  principle,  suspicious  of  Mr.  Craggs  ; 
and  Mrs.  Craggs  was,  on  principle,  sus- 
picious of  Mr.  Snitchey.  Mrs.  Craggs 
would  say  to  her  lord  and  master  : 

Your  Snitcheys  indeed!  I  don't  see  what  you  want 
with  your  Snitcheys,  for  my  part.  You  trust  a  great  deal 
too  much  to  your  Snitcheys,  I  think,  and  I  hope  you  may 
never  find  my  words  come  true. 

Mrs.  Snitchey  would  observe  to  Mr. 
Snitchey : 

Snitchey,  if  ever  you  were  led  away  by  man,  take  my 
word  for  it,  you  are  led  away  by  Craggs ;  and  if  ever  I  can 
read  a  double  purpose  in  mortal  eye,  I  can  read  it  in 
Craggs's  eye.— C.  Dickens,  The  Battle  of  Life,  ii.  (1&16). 

Snodgrass  (Aiigustus),  M.P.C.,  a 
poetical  young  man,  who  travels  about 
with  Mr.  Pickwick,  "  to  inquire  into  the 
source  of  the  Hampstead  ponds."  He 
marries  Emily  Wardle. — C.  Dickens, 
The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

Snoring  {Great).  "  Rector  of  Great 
Snoring,"  a  dull,  prosy  preacher. 

Snorro  Sturleson,  last  of  the  great 
Icelandic  scalds  or  court  poets.  He  wa"- 
author  of  the  Younger  Edda,  in  prose, 
and  of  the  Heimskringla,  a  chronicle  in 
verse  of  the  history  of  Norway  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  year  1177.  The 
Younger  Edda  is  an  abridgment  of  the 
Ehythmical  Edda  (see  S^mund  Sigfus- 
son).  The  Heimskringla  appeared  in 
1230,  and  the  Younger  Edda  is  often 
called  the  Snorro  Edda.  Snorro  Sturleson 
incurred  the  displeasure  of  Hakon  king 
of  Norway,  who  employed  assassins  to 
murder  him  (^1178-1241). 

*^*  The  Heimskringla  was  translated 
into  English  by  Samuel  Laing  in  1844. 

Snout  {Tom),  the  tinker,  who  takea 
part  in  the  "tragedy"  of  Py ramus  ar 
Thishe,  played  before  the  duke  ant 
duchess  of  Athens  "  on  their  weddinj 
day  at  night."  Next  to  Peter  Quinc 
and  Nick  Bottom  the  weaver.  Snout  wt 
by  far  the  most  self-important  man 


SNOW  KING. 


927 


SOFRONIA. 


the  troupe.  He  was  cast  for  Pyramus's 
father,  but  has  nothing  to  say,  and  does 
not  even  put  in  an  appearance  during  the 
play. — Shakespeare,  Midsummer  NighVs 
Dream  (1592). 

Snow  King  {The),  Gustavus  Adol- 
phus  of  Sweden,  king  of  Sweden,  killed 
in  the  Thirty  Years'  War,  at  the  battle  of 
Lutzen.  The  cabinet  of  Vienna  said,  in 
derision  of  him,  "  The  Snow  King  is 
come,  but  he  can  live  only  in  the  north, 
and  will  melt  away  as  soon  as  he  feels 
the  sun"  (1594,  1611-1632). 

At  Vienna  he  was  called,  in  derision,  "  The  Snow  King," 
who  was  kept  together  by  the  cold,  but  would  melt  and 
disappear  as  he  approached  a  wanner  soil. — Dr.  Crichton, 
Bcandinavia  ("Gustavus  Adolphus,"  ii.  61). 

Snow  King  {The),  Frederick  elector 
palatine,  made  king  of  Bohemia  by  the 
protestants  in  the  autumn  of  1619,  but 
defeated  and  set  aside  in  the  following 
autumn. 

The  winter  king,  king  in  times  of  frost,  a  snow  king, 
altogether  soluble  in  the  spring,  is  the  name  which 
Frederick  obtains  in  German  histories. — Civrlyle. 

Snow  Kingdom  {The),  Inistore, 
the  Orkney  Islands. 

Let  no  vessel  of  the  kingdom  of  snow  {Norway\  bound 
on  the  durk-roUing  waves  of  Inistore. — Ossian,  t'ingal,  i. 

SnoAAT  Queen  {The),  Christiana 
queen  of  Sweden  (1626,  1633-1689). 

The  princess  Elizabeth  of  England, 
who  married  Frederick  V.  elector  pala- 
tine, in  1613,  and  induced  him  to  accept 
the  crown  of  Bohemia  in  1619.  She  was 
crowned  with  her  husband  October  25, 
1619,  but  fled  in  November,  1620,  and  was 
put  under  the  ban  of  the  empire  in  1621. 
Elizabeth  was  queen  of  Bohemia  during 
the  time  of  snow,  but  was  melted  by  the 
heat  of  the  ensuing  summer. 

Snowdonia  {The  king  of),  Moel-y- 
Wyddfa("the  conspicuous  peak"),  the 
highest  peak  in  Snowdonia,  being  8571 
feet  above  the  sea-level. 

Snubbin  {Serjeant),  retained  by  Mr. 
Perker  for  the  defence  in  the  famous 
case  of  "  Bardell  v.  Pickwick."  His 
clerk  was  named  Mallard,  and  his  junior 

IPhunky,  "  an  infant  barrister,"  very  much 
looked  down  upon  by  his  senior. — C. 
Dickens,  The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 
"Snuffim  {Sir  Tumley),  the  doctor  who 
attends  Mrs.  Wititterly.— C.  Dickens, 
Micholas  Nicklehy  (1838). 
Snuf&e  {Simon),  the  sexton  of  Gar- 
latt,  and  one  of  the  corporation.  He  was 
called  a  "  scollard,  for  he  could  read  a 
written  hand." — S.  Foote,  Mayor  of  Gar- 


Snug,  the  joiner,  who  takes  part  in  the 
"lamentable  comedy"  of  Py ramus  and 
Thisbe,  played  before  the  duke  and  duchess 
of  Athens  "  on  their  wedding  day  at 
night."  His  role  was  the  "  lion's  part." 
He  asked  the  manager  (Peter  Quince)  if 
he  had  the  "lion's  part  written  out,  for," 
said  he,  ' '  I  am  slow  of  memory ; "  but  being 
told  he  could  do  it  extempore,  "for  it 
was  nothing  but  roaring,"  he  consented  to 
undertake  it. — Shakespeare,  A  Midsummer 
NighVs  Dream  (1592). 

Soane  Museum  {The),  the  museum 
collected  by  sir  John  Soane,  architect,  and 
preserved  on  its  original  site.  No.  13,  Lin- 
coln's Inn  Fields,  the  private  residence  of 
the  founder  (1753-1837). 

Sobri'no,  one  of  the  most  valiant  of 
the  Saracen  army,  and  called  "  The  Sage." 
He  counselled  Agrftmant  to  entrust  the 
fate  of  the  war  to  a  single  combat,  stipu- 
lating that  the  nation  whose  champion  was 
worsted  should  be  tributary  to  the  other. 
Rogero  was  chosen  for  the  pagan  cham- 
pion, and  Rinaldo  for  the  Christian  army; 
but  when  Rogero  was  overthrown,  Agra- 
mant  broke  the  compact.  Sobrino  was 
greatly  displeased,  and  soon  afterwards 
received  the  rite  of  Christian  baptism. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Who  more  prudent  than  Sobrino  ?— Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote  (1606). 

Soc'rates  {The  English).  Dr.  Johnson 
is  so  called  by  Bosweli  (1709-1784). 

Mr.  South's  amiable  manners  and  attachment  to  our 
Socrates  at  once  united  lue  to  bim.—Li/e  of  Johnson 
(17ai). 

Sodom  of  India,  Hy'derabad.  So 
called  from  the  beauty  of  the  country  and 
the  depravity  of  the  inhabitants. 

Sodor  and  Man.  Sodor  is  a  con- 
traction of  Sodorensis.  The  sudor-eys  or 
sodor-eys means  "the  southern  isles."  The 
bishop  of  Sodor  and  Man  is  bishop  of 
Man  and  the  southern  isles. 

Sofronia,  a  young  Christian  of  Jeru- 
salem, the  heroine  of  an  episode  in  Tasso's 
Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575).  The  tale  is 
this  :  Aladine  king  of  Jerusalem  stole 
from  a  Christian  church  an  image  of  the 
Virgin,  being  told  by  a  magician  that  it 
was  a  palladium,  and,  if  set  up  in  a  mosque, 
the  Virgin  would  forsake  the  Christian 
army,  and  favour  the  Mohammedan.  The 
image  was  accordingly  set  up  in  a  mosque, 
but  during  the  night  was  carried  off  by 
some  one.  Aladine,  greatly  enraged, 
ordered  the  instant  execution  of  all  his 
Christian    subjects,   but,  to   prevent  this 


SOFTER  ADAMS,  ETC. 


928     SOLIMAN  THE  MAGNIFICENT. 


massacre,  Sofron|a  accused  herself  of  the 
offence.  Her  loVer  Olindo,  hearing  that 
Sofroniawas  sentenced  to  death,  presented 
himself  before  the  king,  and  said  that  he 
and  not  Sofronia  was  the  real  offender ; 
whereupon  the  king  ordered  both  to  instant 
execution  ;  but  Clorinda  the  Amazon, 
pleading  for  them,  obtained  their  pardon, 
and  Sofronia  left  the  stake  to  join  Olindo 
at  the  altar  of  matrimony. — Bk.  ii. 

This  episode  may  have  been  suggested 
by  a  well-known  incident  in  ecclesiastical 
history.  At  Merum,  a  city  of  Phrygia, 
Amachius  the  governor  of  the  province 
ordered  the  temple  to  be  opened,  and  the 
idols  to  be  cleansed.  Three  Christians, 
inflamed  with  Christian  zeal,  went  by 
night  and  broke  all  the  images.  The 
governor,  unable  to  discover  the  culprits, 
commanded  all  the  Christians  of  Merum 
to  be  put  to  death  ;  but  the  three  who 
had  been  guilty  of  the  act  confessed  their 
offence,  and  were  executed. — Socrates, 
Ecclesiastical  History,  iii.  15  (a.d.  439). 
(See  SopiiRONiA.) 

Softer  Adams  of  your  Academe, 

schoolgirls. — Tennyson,  The  Princess,  ii. 

Soham,  a  monster  with^the  head  of  a 
horse,  four  eyes,  and  the  body  of  a  fiery 
dragon.     (See  Ouranabad.) 

Soho  (London).  The  tradition  is  that 
this  square  was  so  called  from  the  watch- 
word of  the  duke  of  Monmouth  at  the 
battle  of  Sedgemoor,  in  1685.  The  re- 
verse of  this  may  possibly  be  true,  viz., 
that  the  duke  selected  the  watchword 
from  the  name  of  the  localitj'  in  which 
he  lived  ;  but  the  name  of  the  place  cer- 
tainly existed  in  1632,  if  not  earlier. 

Soi-m.eme.  St.  Soi-memc,  the  "na- 
tural man,"  in  opposition  to  the  "  spiritual 
man."  In  almost  all  religious  acts  and 
feelings,  a  thread  of  self  maj'  be  detected, 
and  many  things  are  done  ostensibly  for 
God,  but  in  reality  for  St.  Soi-meme. 

They  attended  the  church  service  not  altogether  without 
regard  to  St.  '^oi-mtm^.—Aiylum  Chritti,  iL 

Soldan  {Tlie),  Philip  II.  of  Spain, 
whose  wife  was  Adicia  (or  papal  bigotry). 
Prince  Arthur  sent  the  soldan  a  challenge 
for  wrongs  done  to  Samient,  a  female  am- 
bassador {deputies  of  the  states  of  Holland). 
On  receiving  this  challenge,  the  soldan 
"  swore  and  banned  most  blasphemously," 
and  mounting  "his  chariot  high"  (the 
high  ships  of  the  Armada),  drawn  by 
horses  fed  on  carrion  {the  Inquisitors), 
went  forth  to  meet  the  prince,  whom  he 
expected  to  tear  to  pieces  with  his  chariot 
scythes,  or  trample    down  beneath    his 


horses'  hoofs.  Not  being  able  to  get  at 
the  soldan  from  the  great  height  of  the 
chariot,  the  prince  uncovered  his  shield, 
and  held  it  up  to  view.  Instantly  the 
soldan's  horses  were  so  terrified  that  they 
fled,  regardless  of  the  whip  and  reins, 
overthrew  the  chariot,  and  left  the  sol- 
dan on  the  ground,  "  torn  to  rags,  amongst 
his  own  iron  hooks  and  grapples  keen." 
— Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  8  (1596). 

*^c*  The  overthrow  of  the  soldan  by 
supernatural  means,  and  not  by  combat, 
refers  to  the  destruction  of  the  Armada 
by  tempest,  according  to  the  legend  of  the 
medals,  Flavit  Jehovah,  et  dissipati  sunt 
("  He  blew  with  His  blast,  and  they  were 
scattered  "). 

Soldier's  Daughter  (The),  a 
comedy  by  A.  Cherry  (1804).  Mrs. 
Cheerly,the  daughter  of  colonel  Woodley, 
after  a  marriage  of  three  years,  is  left  a 
widow,  young,  rich,  gay,  and  engaging. 
She  comes  to  London,  and  Frank  Heart- 
all,  a  generous-minded  young  merchant, 
sees  her  at  the  opera,  falls  in  love  with 
her,  and  follows  her  to  her  lodging.  Here 
he  meets  with  the  Malf ort  family,  reduced 
to  abject  poverty  by  speculation,  and  re- 
lieves them.  Ferret,  the  villain  of  the 
piece,  spreads  a  report  that  Frank  gave 
the  money  as  hush-money,  because  he  had 
base  designs  on  Mrs.  Malf  ort;  but  his 
character  is  cleared,  and  he  leads  to  the 
altar  the  blooming  young  widow,  while 
the  return  of  Malfort's  father  places  his 
son  again  in  prosperous  circumstances. 

Soldiers'  Friend  (The),  Frederick 
duke  of  York,  second  son  of  George  III., 
and  commander  of .  the  British  forces  in 
the  Low  Countries  during  the  F^rench 
Revolution  (1763-1827). 

Solemn  Doctor  (Tlie).  Henry 
Goethals  was  by  the  Sorbonne  given  the 
honorary  title  of  Doctor  Solemnis  (1227- 
1293). 

Solemn  League  and  Covenant, 

a  league  to  support  the  Church  of  Scot- 
land, and  exterminate  popery  and  prelacy. 
Charles  II.  signed  it  in  1661,  but  declared 
it  null  and  void  at  his  restoration. 

Soles,  a  shoemaker,  and  a  witness  at 
the  examination  of  Dirk  Hatteraick. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time, 
George  II.). 

Solid  Doctor  (2%«),  Richard  Middle- 
ton  (*-1304). 

Soliman  the  Magnificent,  Charles 


SOLINGEN. 


929 


SOLOMON. 


Jennens,  who   composed  the  libretto  for 
Handel's  Messiah  (*-1773). 

Solingen,  called  "The  Sheffield  of 
Germany  ;  "  famous  for  swords  and  foils. 

Soli'nus,  duke  of  Ephesus,  who  was 
obliged  to  pass  the  sentence  of  the  law  on 
iEge'on,  a  merchant,  because,  being  a 
Syracusian,  he  had  dared  to  set  foot  in 
Ephesus.  When,  however,  he  discovered 
that  the  man  who  had  saved  his  life,  and 
whom  he  best  loved,  was  the  son  of 
^'geon,  the  prisoner  was  released,  and 
settled  in  Ephesus. — Shakespeare,  Comedy 
of  Errors  (1593). 

Solog-ne,  in  France.  There  is  a  legend 
that  all  domestic  animals,  such  as  dogs, 
cats,  pigs,  horses,  cows,  etc.,  in  Sologne, 
become  possessed  of  human  speech  from 
the  midnight  of  Christmas  Eve  to  the  mid- 
day of  December  25. 

Solomon,  an  epic  poem  in  three 
books,  by  Prior  (1718).  Bk.  i.  Solomon 
seeks  happiness  from  wisdom,  but  comes 
to  the  conclusion  that  "All  is  vanity;" 
this  book  is  entitled  Knowledge.  Bk.  ii. 
Solomon  seeks  happiness  in  wealth, 
grandeur,  luxury,  and  ungodliness,  but 
comes  to  the  conclusion  that  "  All  is 
vanity  and  vexation  of  spirit ; "  this 
book  is  entitled  Pleasure.  Bk.  iii.,  en- 
titled Power,  consists  of  the  reflections  of 
Solomon  upon  human  life,  the  power  of 
God,  life,  death,  and  a  future  state.  An 
angel  reveals  to  him  the  future  lot  of  the 
Jewish  race,  and  Solomon  concludes  with 
this  petition : 

Restore,  Great  Father,  Thy  Instructed  gon. 
And  in  my  act  may  Thy  great  will  be  done  ! 

Solomon  is  called  king  of  the  ginn  and 
fairies.  This  is  probably  a  mere  blunder. 
The  nionarchs  of  these  spirits  was  called 
"  suleyman,"  and  this  title  of  rank  has 
been  mistaken  for  a  proper  name. 

Solomon  died  standing.  Solomon  em- 
ployed the  genii  in  building  the  Temple, 
but,  perceiving  that  his  end  was  at  hand, 
prayed  God  that  his  death  might  be 
concealed  from  the  genii  till  the  work 
was  coniplcited.  Accordingly,  he  died 
standing,  leaning  on  his  staff  as  if  in 
prayer.  The  genii,  supposing  him  to  be 
alive,  toiled  on,  and  when  the  Temple  was 
fully  built,  a  worm  gnawed  the  staff,  and 
the  corpse  fell  prostrate  to  the  earth. 
Mahomet  refers  to  this  as  a  fact : 

When  We  [God]  had  decreed  that  Solomon  should  die, 
nothing  discovered  his  death  unto  them  [the  genii]  except 
the  creeping  thing  of  the  earth,  which  gnawed  his  staff. 
And  when  his  [dead]  body  fell  down,  the  genii  plainly 
perceived  that  If  they  had  known  that  which  is  secret. 


they  would  not  have  continued  in  a  Tile  punishment.^ 
A I  Kordn,  xxxiv. 

Solomon's  Favourite  Wife.  Prior,  in 
his  epic  poem  called  Solomon  (bk.  ii.), 
makes  Abra  the  favourite. 

The  apples  she  had  gathered  smelt  most  sweet ; 
The  cake  slie  kneaded  was  tlie  savoury  meat ; 
All  fruits  their  odour  lost  and  meats  their  ttste. 
If  gentle  Abra  had  not  decked  the  feast ; 
Dishonoured  did  the  sparkling  goblet  stand, 
Unless  receive<l  from  gentle  Abra's  hand  ;  .  .  , 
Kor  could  my  soul  approve  the  music's  tone. 
Till  all  was  hushed,  and  Abra  sung  alone. 

Al  Beidawi,  Jallalo'ddin,  and  Abulfeda, 
give  Amina,  daughter  of  Jerada  king  of 
Tyre,  as  his  favourite  concubine. 

Solomon  Kills  His  Horses.  Solomon 
bought  a  thousand  horses,  and  went  to  exa- 
mine them.  The  examination  took  him  the 
whole  daj',  so  that  he  omitted  the  prayers 
which  he  ought  to  have  repeated.  This 
neglect  came  into  his  mind  at  sunset,  and, 
by  way  of  atonement,  he  slew  all  the 
horses  except  a  hundred  of  the  best  "  as 
an  offering  to  God  ; "  and  God,  to  make 
him  amends  for  his  loss,  gave  him  the 
dominion  of  the  winds.  Mahomet  refers 
to  this  in  the  following  passage  : — 

When  the  horses,  standing  on  three  feet,  and  touching 
the  ground  witli  th%edge  of  the  fourth  foot,  swift  in  tlie 
course,  were  set  in  parade  before  him  [fiolomon]  in  the 
evening,  he  said,  "  Verily  I  have  lovetl  the  love  of  earthly 
good  above  the  remembrance  of  my  Lord ;  and  I  have 
spent  the  time  in  viewing  these  horses  till  the  sun  is 
hidden  by  the  veil  of  night.  Bring  the  horses  back  unto 
me."  And  when  they  were  brought  back,  he  began  to 
cut  off  their  legs  and  their  necks. — A I  Kordn,  xxxviii. 

Solomon's  Mode  of  Travelling.  Solomon 
had  a  carpet  of  green  silk,  on  which 
his  throne  was  placed.  This  carpet  was 
large  enough  for  all  his  army  to  stand  on. 
When  his  soldiers  had  stationed  them- 
selves on  his  right  hand,  and  the  spirits 
on  his  left,  Solomon  commanded  the 
winds  to  convey  him  whither  he  listed. 
Whereupon  the  winds  buoyed  up  the 
carpet,  and  transported  it  to  the  place  the 
king  wished  to  go  to,  and  while  passing 
thus  through  the  air,  the  birds  of  heaven 
hovered  overhead,  forming  a  canopy  with 
their  wings  to  ward  off  the  heat  of  the 
sun.  Mahomet  takes  this  legend  as  an 
historic  fact,  for  he  says  in  reference  to 
it: 

Unto  Solomon  We  subjected  the  strong  wind,  and  it  ran 
at  his  conmiand  to  the  land  whereon  We  had  bestowed 
our  blessing.—^;  Kordn,  xxi. 

And  again : 

We  made  the  wind  subject  to  him,  and  it  ran  gently  at 
his  command  whithersoever  be  desired. — Al  Kordn, 
xxxviii. 

Solomon's  Signet-King.  The  rabbina 
say  that  Solomon  wore  a  ring  in  which 
was  set  a  chased  stone  that  told  him 
everything  he  wished  to  know. 

Solomon  Loses  His  Signet-Ring.  Solo- 
3  o 


SOLOMON. 


930 


SOLYMiEAN  ROUT. 


mon's  favourite  concubine  was  Amina, 
daughter  of  Jerada  king  of  Tyre,  and 
wJien  he  went  to  bathe,  it  was  to  Amina 
that  he  entrusted  his  signet-ring.  One 
day,  the  devil  Sakhar  assumed  the  like- 
ness of  Solomon,  and  so  got  possession 
of  the  ring,  and  for  forty  days  reigned 
in  Jerusalem,  while  Solomon  himself  was 
a  wanderer  living  on  alms.  At  the  end 
of  the  forty  days,  Sakhar  flung  the  ring 
into  the  sea ;  it  was  swallowed  by  a 
fish,  which  was  given  to  Solomon. 
Having  thus  obtained  his  ring  again, 
Solomon  took  Sakhar  captive,  and  cast 
him  into  the  sea  of  Galilee. — Al  Koran 
(Sale's  notes,  ch.  xxxviii.).  (See  Jovian, 
p.  601.) 

***  Mahomet,  in  the  Koran,  takes  this 
legend  as  an  historic  fact,  for  he  says  : 
"  We  [God]  also  tried  Solomon,  and 
placed  on  his  throne  a  counterfeit  body 
[i.e.  Sakhar  the  devil].'" — Ch.  xxxviii. 

Uffan,  the  sage,  saw  Solomon  asleep,  and, 
wishing  to  take  off  his  signet-ring,  gave 
three  arrows  to  Aboutaleb,  saying,  "When 
the  serpent  springs  upon  me  and  strikes 
me  dead,  shoot  one  of  these  arrows  at  me, 
and  I  shall  instantly  come  to  life  again." 
Uffan  tugged  at  the  ring,  was  stung  to 
death,  but,  being  struck  by  one  of  the 
arrows,  revived.  This  happened  twice. 
After  the  third  attempt,  the  heavens  grew 
so  black,  and  the  thunder  was  so  alarm- 
ing, that  Aboutaleb  was  afraid  to  shoot, 
and,  throwing  down  the  bow  and  arrow, 
fled  with  precipitation  from  the  dreadful 
place. — Comte  de  Caylus,  Oriental  Tales 
("  History  of  Aboutaleb,"  1748). 

Solomon  {The  Second),  James  I.  of 
England  (1566,  1603-1625). 

The  French  king  [Henri  I  v.]  said,  in  the  presence  of 
lord  Sanquliar,  to  one  that  called  James  a  second  Solomon, 
"  I  liope  he  is  not  the  son  of  David  the  fiddler"  [David 
Rizzio\. — Osborne,  Secret  Biitory,  i.  231. 

Sully  called  him  "  The  Wisest  Fool  in 
Christendom." 

Solomon,  a  tedious,  consequential  old 
butler,  in  the  service  of  count  Winter- 
sen.  He  has  two  idiosyncrasies  :  One 
is  that  he  receives  letters  of  confidential 
importance  from  all  parts  of  the  civilized 
world,  but  "  has  received  no  communica- 
tion from  abroad  to  tell  him  who  Mrs.  Hal- 
leris."  One  letter  "from  Constantinople" 
turns  out  to  be  from  his  nephew,  Tim 
Twist  the  tailor,  about  a  waistcoat  which 
had  been  turned  three  times.  In  regard 
to  the  other  idiosyncrasy,  he  boasts  of  his 
cellar  of  wine  provided  in  a  "  most  frugal 
and  provident  way,"  and  of  his  alterations 
in  the  park,  "  all  done  with  the  most 


economical  economy."  He  is  very  proud 
of  his  son  Peter,  a  half-witted  lad,  and 
thinks  Mrs.  Haller  "  casts  eyes  at  him." 
— Benj.  Thompson,  The  Stranger  (1797). 

Solomon  Daisy,  parish  clerk  and 
bell-ringer  of  Chigwell.  He  had  little 
round,  black,  shiny  eyes  like  beads  ;  wore 
rusty  black  breeches,  a  rusty  black  coat, 
and  a  long-flapped  waistcoat  with  little 
queer  buttons  like  his  eyes.  As  he  sat  in 
the  firelight,  he  seemed  all  eyes,  from  head 
to  foot. — C.  Dickens,  Ba7'naby  Budge 
(1841). 

Solomon  of  China  {The),  Tae- 
tsong  I.,  whose  real  name  was  Lee-chee- 
men.  He  reformed  the  calendar,  founded 
a  very  extensive  library,  established 
schools  in  his  palace,  built  places  of 
worship  for  the  Nestorian  Christians,  and 
was  noted  for  his  wise  maxims  (*,  618- 
626). 

Solomon  of  England  {The),  Henry 
VII.  (1457,  1485-1509).  (See  above, 
SoLOMOx,  The  Second.) 

Solomon  of  France  {The),  Charles 
V.  le  Sage  (1337,  1364-1380). 

*^*  Louis  IX.  {i.e.  St.  Louis)  is  also 
called  "The  Solomon  of  France"  (1215, 
1226-1270). 

Solon  of  French.  Prose  {The)^ 
Balzac  (1596-1655). 

Solon  of  Parnassus  ( The) .  Boileau 
is  so  called  by  Voltaire,  in  allusion  to  his 
Art  of  Poetry  (1636-1711). 

Solon's  Happiness,  death.  Solon 
said,  "Call  no  man  happy  till  he  is 
dead." 

Safer  triumph  is  this  funera  pomp 
That  l»ath  aspired  to  Solon's  happiness, 
And  triumplis  over  chance, 
(f)  Shakespeare,  Titut  Andronicus,  act  L  sc.  2  (1693). 

Solsgrace  {Master  Nehemiah),  a  pres- 
byterian  pastor. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of 
tJie  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Solus,  an  old  bachelor,  who  greatly 
wished  to  be  a  married  man.  When  he 
saw  the  bright  sides  of  domestic  life,  he 
resolved  he  would  marry ;  but  when  he  saw 
the  reverse  sides,  he  determined  to  remain 
single.  Ultimately,  he  takes  to  the  altar 
Miss  Spinster. — Inchbald,  Kvery  One  ' 
His  Fault  (1794). 

Solymaean  Rout  {The),  the  Londo; 
rabble  and  rebels.  Solymaja  was  an 
ancient  name  of  Jerusalem,  subsequently 
called  Hiero-solyma,  that  is  "sacred 
Sol^'ma."      As    Charles    II.    id    called 


Itar 


SOLTMAN. 


931 


SOPHIA. 


"David,"  and  London  "Jerusalem,"  the 
London  rebels  are  called  "  the  Solymaean 
rout "  or  the  rabble  of  Jerusalem. 

The  Solymaean  rout,  well  versed  of  old, 

In  godly  faction,  and  in  treasttn  bold,  .  .  . 

Saw  with  disdain  an  Ethnic  plot  [popish  plot]  begun, 

Aud  scorned  by  Jebusites  [papi-gts]  to  be  outdone. 

Cryden,  Abtalom  and  Achitophel,  i.  (1G81). 

Sol'yman,  king  of  the  Saracens, 
whose  capital  was  Nice.  Being  driven 
fron-  his  kingdom,  he  fled  to  Egypt,  and 
waa  there  appointed  leader  of  the  Arabs 
(bk.  ix.).  Solyman  and  Argantes  were 
by  far  the  most  doughty  of  the  pagan 
knights.  The  former  was  slain  by  Rinal- 
do  (bk.  XX.),  and  the  latter  by  Tancred. 
— Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

Sombragloomy,  London,  the  in- 
habitants of  which  are  Sombragloomians. 

Somnambulus.  Sir  W.  Scott  so 
signs  The  Visionan/  (political  satires, 
1819).— Olphar  Hamst  [Ralph  Thomas], 
Handbook  of  Fictitious  Names. 

Somo  Sala  {Like  the  father  of),  a 
dreamer  of  air-castles,  like  the  milkmaid 
Perrettein  Lafontaine.  (See  Count  not, 
etc.) 

Son  of  Be'lial  (^),  a  wicked  person, 
a  rebel,  an  infidel. 

Now  the  sons  of  Ell  were  sons  of  Belial ;  they  knew  not 
[i.e.  acknowledged  not]  the  Lord. — I  Sam.  ii.  12. 

Son  of  Consolation,  St.  Barnabas 
of  Cyprus  (first  century). — Acts  iv.  36. 

Son  of  Perdition  (The),  Judas 
Iscariot. — Jo^in  xvii.  12. 

Son  of  Perdition,  Antichrist. — 2  Thess. 
ii.  3. 

Son  of  a  Star  {The),  Barcochebas 
or  Barchochab,  who  gave  himself  out  to 
be  the  "  star  "  predicted  by  Balaam  (died 
A.D.  13.5). 

There  shall  come  a  Star  out  of  Jacob,  and  a  Sceptre 
shall  rise  out  of  Israel,  and  shall  smite  the  comers  of 
Moab,  and  destroy  all  the  children  of  Sheth. — Numb. 
xxiv.  17. 

Son  of  the  Last  Man.  Charles  II. 
was  so  called  by  the  parliamentarians. 
His  father  Charles  I.  was  called  by  them 
"The  Last  Man." 

Son  of  the  Rock,  echo. 

She  went.  She  called  on  Armar.  Nought  answered 
but  the  son  of  the  rock.— Ossian,  The  Songs  of  Selma. 

Sons  of  Phidias,  sculptors. 

Sons  of  Thunder  or  Boanerges, 
James  and  John,  sons  of  Zebedee. — Mark 
iii.  17. 

Song.  The  Father  of  Modern  French 
Songs,  C.  F.  Panard  (1G91-1765). 


Song.  What !  all  this  for  a  song  ?  So 
said  William  Cecil  lord  Burghley  when 
queen  Elizabeth  ordered  him  to  give 
Edmund  Spenser  £100  as  an  expression 
of  her  pleasure  at  some  verses  he  had 
presented  to  her.  When  a  pension  of 
£50  a  year  was  settled  on  the  poet,  lord 
Burghley  did  all  in  his  power  to  oppose 
the  grant.  To  this  Spenser  alludes  in  the 
lines  following : — 

O  grief  of  griefs  1    O  gall  of  all  good  hearts  I 
To  see  that  virtue  should  despised  be 

Of  him  that  first  was  raised  for  virtuous  parts  ; 
Aud  now,  broad-spreading  lilie  an  aged  tree, 
Lets  none  shoot  up  that  nigh  him  planted  be. 

Oh  let  the  man  of  whom  the  Muse  is  scorned, 

Alive  nor  dead  be  of  the  Muse  adorned ! 

Spenser,  The  Jiuins  of  Time  (1591). 

SonnarnHbnla  {La),  Ami'na  the 
miller's  daughter.  She  was  betrothed 
to  Elvi'no  a  rich  young  farmer,  but  the 
night  before  the  wedding  was  discovered 
in  the  bed  of  conte  Rodolpho.  This  very 
ugly  circumstance  made  the  farmer  break 
olf  the  match,  and  promise  marriage  to 
Lisa  the  innkeeper's  daughter.  The 
count  now  interfered,  and  assured  Elvino 
that  the  miller's  daughter  was  a  sleep- 
walker, and  while  they  were  still  talking 
she  was  seen  walking  on  the  edge  of  the 
mill-roof  while  the  huge  mill-wheel  was 
turning  rapidly.  She  then  crossed  a 
crazy  old  bridge,  and  came  into  the  midst 
of  the  assembly,  when  she  woke  and  ran 
to  the  arms  of  her  lover.  Elvino,  con- 
vinced of  her  innocence,  married  her,  and 
Lisa  was  resigned  to  Alessio  whose  para- 
mour she  was. — Bellini's  opera.  La  Son- 
nambula  (1831). 

(Taken  from  a  melodrama  by  Ro- 
mani,  and  adapted  as  a  libretto  by 
Scribe.) 

Sooterkin,  a  false  birth,  as  when  a 
woman  gives  birth  to  a  rat,  dog,  or  other 
monstrosity.  This  birth  is  said  to  be 
produced  by  Dutch  women,  from  their 
sitting  over  their  foot-stoves. 

Soper's  Lane  (London),  now  called 
"  Queen  Street." 

Sophi,  in  Arabic,  means  "  pure,"  and 
therefore  one  of  the  pure  or  true  faith. 
As  a  royal  title,  it  is  tantamount  to 
"catholic  "or  "most  Christian." — Selden, 
Titles  of  Honour,  vi.  76-7  (1614). 

Sophi'a,  mother  of  Rollo  and  Otto 
dukes  of  Normandy.  Rollo  is  the 
"bloody  brother."  —  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Bloody  Brother  (1639). 

Sophia,  wife  of  Mathias  a  Bohemian 
knight.  When  Mathias  went  to  take 
service  with  king  Ladislaus  of  Bohemia, 


SOPHIA. 


932 


SORDELLO. 


the  queen  Honoria  fell  in  love  with  him, 
and  sent  Ubaldo  and  Ricardo  to  teiiapt 
Sophia  to  infidelity.  But  immediately 
Sophia  perceived  their  purpose,  she  had 
them  confined  in  separate  chambers,  and 
compelled  them  to  earn  their  living  by 
spinning. 

Sophia's  Picture.  When  Mathias  left, 
Sophia  gave  him  a  magic  picture,  which 
turned  yellow  if  she  were  tempted,  and 
black  if  she  yielded  to  the  temptation. — 
Massinger,  The  Picture  (1629). 

Sophi'a  (St.)  or  Agia  [^.yo]  Sofi'a, 
the  most  celebrated  mosque  of  Constanti- 
nople, once  a  Christian  church,  but  now 
a  Mohammedan  jamih.  It  is  260  feet 
long  and  280  feet  broad.  Its  dome  is 
supported  on  pillars  of  marble,  granite, 
and  green  jasper,  said  to  have  belonged 
to  the  temple  of  Diana  at  Ephesus. 

Sophia's  cupoLi  with  golden  gleam. 

BjTon,  Don  Juan,  v.  3  (1820). 

Sophia  (The princess),  only  child  of  the 
old  king  of  Lombardy,  in  love  with 
Paladore,  a  Briton,  who  saved  her  life  by 
killing  a  boar  which  had  gored  her  horse 
to  death.  She  was  unjustly  accused  of 
wantonness  by  duke  Bireno,  whom  the 
king  wished  her  to  marry,  but  whom  she 
rejected.  By  the  law  of  Lombardy,  this 
offence  was  punishable  by  death,  but  the 
accuser  was  bound  to  supjwrt  his  charge 
by  single  combat,  if  any  champion  chose 
to  fight  in  her  defence.  Paladore  chal- 
lenged the  duke,  and  slew  him.  The 
whole  villainy  of  the  charge  was  then 
exposed,  the  character  of  the  princess 
was  cleared,  and  her  marriage  with  Pala- 
dore concludes  the  play. — liobert  Jeph- 
Bon,  The  Law  of  Lombardy  (1779). 

Sophia  [Freelove],  daughter  of  the 
"Widow  Warren  by  her  first  husband. 
She  is  a  lovely,  innocent  girl,  passionately 
attached  to  Harry  Dornton  the  banker's 
son,  to  whom  ultimately  she  is  married. 
— T.  Holcroft,  The  Road  to  Ruin  (1792). 

Sophia  [Pkimrose],  the  younger 
daughter  of  the  vicar  of  Wakefield,  soft, 
modest,  and  alluring.  Being  thrown 
from  her  horse  into  a  deep  stream,  she 
was  rescued  by  Mr.  Burchell,  alias  sir 
William  Thornhill.  Being  abducted,  she 
was  again  rescued  by  him,  and  finally 
married  lum. — Goldsmith,  Vicarof  Wake- 
field (1766). 

Sophia  [Sprightly],  a  young  lady 
of  high  spirits  and  up  to  fun.  Tukely 
loves  her  sincerely,  and  knowing  her 
partiality  for    the  Hon.    Mr.   Daffodil, 


exposes  him  as  a  *'  male  coquette,"  of 
mean  spirit  and  without  manly  courage  ; 
after  which  she  rejects  him  with  scorn, 
and  gives  her  hand  and  heart  to  Tukely. 
— Garrick,  The  Male  Coquette  (1758). 

Sophonis'ba,  daughter  of  Asdmbal, 
and  reared  to  detest  Rome.  She  was 
affianced  to  Masinissa  king  of  the  Numi- 
dians,  but  married  Syphax.  In  h  c.  203 
she  fell  into  the  hands  of  Lelius  and 
Masinissa,  and,  to  prevent  being  made  a 
captive,  married  the  Numidian  prince. 
This  subject  and  that  of  Cleopatra  have 
furnished  more  dramas  than  any  other 
whatsoever. 

French :  J.  Mairet,  Sophonisbe  (1630)  ; 
Pierre  Corneille  ;  Lagrange  -  Chancel  ; 
and  Voltaire.  Italian:  Trissino  (1514); 
Alfieri  (1749-1863).  Lnc/lish  :  John 
Marston,  The  Wonder  of  Women  or  IVie 
Tragedy  of  Sophonisba  (1605)  ;  James 
Thomson,  Sophonisba  (1729). 

(In  Thomson's  tragedy  occurs  the  line, 
"  Oh  Sophonisba!  Sophonisba  oh  !  " 
which  was  parodied  by  "Oh  Jemmy 
Thomson  !  Jemmy  Thomson  oh  !  ") 

With  arts  arising  Sophonisba  rose. — Voltaire. 

Sophronia,  a  young  lady  who  was 
taught  Greek,  and  to  hate  men  who  were 
not  scholars.  Her  wisdom  taught  her  to 
gauge  the  wisdom  of  her  suitors,  and  to 
discover  their  shortcomings.  She  never 
found  one  up  to  the  mark,  and  now  she  is 
wrinkled  with  age,  and  talks  about  the 
"  beauties  of  the  mind." — Goldsmith,  A 
Citizen  of  the  World,  xxviii.  (1759). 

Sophronia.     (See  Sofronia.) 

Sopliros'yTie  (4  syL),  one  of  Logis- 
tilla's  handmaids,  noted  for  her  purity. 
Sophrosyne  was  sent  with  Andronica  to 
conduct  Astolpho  safely  from  India  to 
Arabia.  —  Ariosto,  Orlando  Puriosn 
(1516). 

Sophy,  the  eldest  of  a  large  family. 

She  is  engaged  to  Traddles,  and  is  always 
spoken  of  by  him  as  "  the  dearest  girl  in 
the  world." — C.  Dickens,  David  Copper- 
field  (1849). 

Sops  of  [or  m]  Wine.  Deptford 
pinks  are  so  called. 

Sora'no,  a  Neapolitan  noble,  brother 
of  Evanthe  (3  syl.)  "the  wife  for  a 
month,"  and  the  infamous  instrument  of 
Frederick  the  licentious  brother  of 
Alphonso  king  of  Naples. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  A  Wife  for  a  Month  (1624). 

Sordello,  a  Provencal  poet,  whom 
Dante  meets  in  purgatory,  sitting  apart. 


SOREL. 


933       SOVEREIGNS  OF  ENGLAND. 


On  seeing  Virgil,  Sordello  springs  forward 
to  embrace  him. 

*^*  R.  Browning  has  a  poem  called 
SordcllOf  and  makes  Sordello  typical  of 
liberty  and  human  perfectibility. 

Sorel  (Agnes),  surnamed  La  dame  de 
Beaute,  not  from  her  personal  beauty, 
but  from  the  "  chateau  de  Beaute',"  on 
the  banks  of  the  Marne,  given  to  her  by 
Charles  VII.  (1409-1450). 

Sorento  (in  Naples),  the  birthplace 
of  Torquato  Tasso,  the  Italian  poet. 

Sorrows  of  "Werther,  a  mawkish, 
sentimental  novel  by  Goethe  (1774),  once 
extremely  popular.  "Werther"  is  Goethe 
himself,  who  loves  a  married  woman,  and 
becomes  disgusted  with  life  because 
*'  [Charjlotte  is  the  wife  of  his  friend 
Kestner." 

Werther,  infusing  Itself  into  the  core  and  whole  spirit  of 
literature,  gave  birth  to  a  race  of  sentimentalists,  who 
ragetl  and  wailed  in  every  part  of  tlie  world  till  better 
light  dawned  on  them,  or  at  any  rate  till  exhausted 
nature  laid  itself  to  sleep,  and  it  was  discovered  that 
lamenting  was  an  unproductive  labour.— Carlyle. 

Sosia  (in  Moliere  Sosie),  the  slave  of 
Amphitryon.  When  Mercury  assumes 
the  form  of  Sosia,  and  Jupiter  that  of 
Amphitryon,  the  mistakes  and  confusion 
which  arise  resemble  those  of  the  brothers 
Antiph'olus  and  tlieir  servants  the 
brothers  Dromio,  in  Shakespeare's  Oomedy 
of  Err-ors. — Plautus,  Moliere  (1668),  and 
Dryden  (1090),  Amphitryon. 

His  first  name  .  .  .  looks  out  upon  him  lilte  another 
Sosia,  or  as  if  a  man  should  suddenly  encounter  his  own 
duplicate.— C.  Lamb. 

Sosii,  brothers,  the  name  of  two  book- 
sellers at  Rome,  referred  to  by  Horace. 

So'tenville  [Mon.  le  baron  de), 
father  of  Angolique,  and  father-in-law 
of  George  Dandin.  His  wife  was  of  the 
house  of  Prudoterie,  and  both  boasted 
that  in  300  j-ears  no  one  of  their  dis- 
tinguished lines  ever  swerved  from 
virtue.  "La  bravonre  n'y  est  pas  plus 
he're'ditaire  aux  males,  que  la  chastete 
aux  families."  They  lived  with  their 
son-in-law,  who  was  allowed  the  honour 
of  paying  their  debts,  and  receiving  a 
snubbing  every  time  he  opened  his  mouth 
that  he  might  be  taught  the  mysteries  of 
the  haut  monde. — Moliere,  George  Dan- 
din  (1668). 

Soulis  (Lord  William),  a  man  of 
prodigious  strength,  cruelty,  avarice,  and 
treachery'.  Old  Redcap  gave  him  a 
charmed  life,  which  nothing  could  affect 
"  till  threefold  ropes  of  sand  were 
twisted  round  his  body."    Lord  Soulis 


waylaid  May  the  lady-love  of  the  heir 
of  Branxholm,  and  kept  her  in  durance 
till  she  promised  to  become  his  bride. 
Walter,  the  brother  of  the  young  heir, 
raised  his  father's  liegemen  and  invested 
the  castle.  Lord  Soulis  having  fallen 
into  the  hands  of  the  liegemen,  "  they 
w^rapped  him  in  lead,  and  flung  him  into 
a  caldron,  till  lead,  bones,  and  all  were 
melted."— John  Ley  den  (1802). 

(The  caldron  is  still  shown  in  the 
Skelfhill  at  Ninestane  Rig,  part  of  the 
range  of  hills  which  separates  Liddesdale 
and  Teviotdale.) 

South  (Squire),  the  archduke  Charles 
of  Austria. — Arbuthnot,  Historu  of  John 
Bull  (1712). 

South  Britain,  all  the  island  of 
Great  Britain  except  Scotland,  which  is 
called  "  North  Britain." 

South  Ssa  (The),  the  Pacific  Ocean  ; 
so  called  by  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa,  in 
1513.  (See  Mississippi  Bubble,  p.  647.) 

Southampton  (The  earl  of),  the 
friend  of  the  earl  of  Essex,  and  involved 
with  him  in  the  charge  of  treason,  but 
pardoned. — Henry  Jones,  The  Earl  of 
Essex  (1746). 

Sovereigns  of  England  (Mortual 
Days  of  the). 

Sunday:  six,  viz.,  Henry  I.,  Ed- 
ward III.,  James  I.,  William  III.,  Anne, 
George  I. 

Monday:  six,  viz., Stephen, Henry  IV., 
Henry  V.,  Richard  III.,  Elizabeth,  Mary 
II.     (Richard  II.  deposed.) 

TuKSDAY :  four,  viz.,  Richard  I., 
Charles  I.,  Charles  II.,  W'illiam  IV. 
(Edward  II.  resigned,  and  James  II.  ab- 
dicated.) 

Wednesday  :  four,  viz.,  John,  Henry 
III.,  Edward  IV.,  Edward  V.  (Henry 
VI.  deposed.) 

Tiiuksday  :  five,  viz.,  William  I., 
W^illiam  II.,  Henry  II.,  Edward  VI., 
Mary  I. 

Friday  :  three,  viz.,  Edward  I., 
Henry  VIII.,  Cromwell. 

Saturday:  four,  viz.,  Henry  VII., 
George  II.,  George  III.,  George  IV. 

That  is,  6  Sunday  and  Monday ;  5 
Thursday  ;  4  Tuesday,  Wednesday,  and 
Saturday  ;  and  3  Friday. 

Annk.  August  1  (Old  Style),  August  12  (New  Style), 
1714. 

Charles  I.,  January  30,  1648-9 ;  Charles  II.,  Feb- 
ruary 6,  1684-5;  Cromwkll  died  September  3,  1658; 
burnt  at  Tyburn,  January  30,  1661. 

Edward  I.,  July  7,  1307;  Edwarp  III.,  June  21, 
1377 ;  Edward  IV.,  April  9, 1483 ;  Edward  V.,  June  29, 


sow. 


934 


SPANISH  BRUTUS. 


1483 ;  Edward  VI.,  July  6, 1553  ;  Euzabkth,  March  24, 
lt)0-2-3. 

Geoegb  I,  June  11,  1727;  George  II.,  October  25, 
1760;  George  HI.,  January  2»,  1820;  George  IV., 
June  2(5.  1830. 

Henry  I.,  December  1. 1135;  Henry  II.,  July  6,  1189 ; 
Henry  III.,  November  16,  1272  ;  Henry  IV.,  March  20, 
141-.'-3  ;  Henry  V.,  August  31, 14-.'2  ;  HENRY  VI.  de/.oted 
March  4.  1460-1;  HENRY  VII.,  AprU  21.1509;  HENRY 
VIII.,  J.inuary  28,  1546-7. 

James  I.,  March  27,  1625;  JAMES  II.  abdicated 
Decemlier  11,  1688  ;  John.  October  19,  1216. 

Mary  I.,  November  17, 1558;  Mary  II.,  December  27, 
1694. 

Kichard  I..  April  6,  1199  ;  RICHARD  II.  deposed  Sep- 
tember 29,  1399  ;  RICHARD  III.,  August  22,  1485. 

Stephen,  October  25,  1154. 

William  I.,  September  9,  1087 ;  "WitLi.\M  II., 
August  2,1100:  William  II.,  March  8,  1701-2;  WiL- 
HAM  IV..  June  20,  18:17. 

*«<*  Edward  II.  resigned  Tuesday,  January  20, 1327,  and 
was  murdered  Monday,  September  21.  1327.  Henry  VI, 
deposed  Wednesday.  March  4,  1461.  ajrain  Sunday, 
April  14.  1471.  and  died  Wednesday.  Jlay  22,  1471. 
James  II.  abdicated  Tuesday.  December  11,  1688,  and 
died  at  St.  Germain's,  1701.  Richard  II.  deposed  Mon- 
day. September  29,  1399.  died  the  Last  week  in  February. 
1400 ;  but  his  death  was  not  announced  till  Friday,  March 
12.  ]4<J0,  when  a  dead  body  was  exhibited  said  to  be  that 
of  tlie  deceased  king. 

Of  ihe  sovereigns,  eight  have  died  between  the  ages  of  60 
and  70,  two  between  70  and  80,  and  one  has  exceeded 
80  vears  of  .age. 

William  I.  60.  Henry  I.  67,  Henry  III.  65.  Edw.ard  I.  68, 
Edward  III.  65.  Elizahpth  69.  George  I.  67.  George  IV.  68. 

George  II.  77,  William  IV.  72.-Geori;e  III.  82. 

Length  of  reign.  Five  have  reigned  between  20  and  3» 
years,  seven  between  30  and  40  years,  one  between  40  and 
50  years,  and  three  above  50  years. 

William  I..  20  years  8  months  16  days  ;  Richard  II.,  22 
years  3  months  &  days  ;  Henry  VII.,  2:i  years  8  months ; 
James  I.,  22  years  4  days :  Charles  I.,  23  years  10  months 
4  days. 

Henry  I.,  35  years  .T  months  27  days ;  Henry  II.,  34  years 
6  months  17  days  ;  Edward  I..  34  years  7  months  18  days ; 
Henry  VI.,  38  years  6  mouths  4  days ;  Henry  VIII..  37  years 
9  months  7  days ;  Charles  II.  +  Cromwell,  36  years  8  days ; 
George  II..  33  years  4  montlis  15  days. 

Eiizabeth,  44  years  4  months  8  <lays. 

Henry  III..  66  yeiirs  20  days ;  Edward  III..  50  years  4 
months  28  days ;  George  III.,  59  years  3  months  4  days. 

Sow  (^),  a  machine  of  war.  It  was 
a  wooden  shed  which  went  on  wheels, 
the  roof  being  ridged  like  a  hog's  back. 
Being  thrust  close  to  the  wall  of  a  place 
besieged,  it  served  to  protect  the  be- 
sieging party  from  the  arrows  hurled 
against  them  from  the  walls.  When 
the  countess  of  March  (called  "  Black 
Agnes  "),  in  1335,  saw  one  of  these 
engines  advancing  towards  her  castle,  sho 
called  out  to  the  earl  of  Salisbury,  who 
commanded  the  engineers : 

Beware  Montagow, 

For  farrow  shall  thy  sow  ; 

and  then  had  such  a  huge  fragment  of 
rock  rolled  on  the  engine  that  it  dashed 
it  to  pieces.  When  she  saw  the  English 
soldiers  running  away,  the  countess 
called  out,  "  Lo  !  lo  !  the  litter  of 
English  pigs  ! " 

Sow  of  Dallweir,  named  "Hen- 
wen,"  went  burrowing  through  Wales, 
and  leaving  in  one  place  a  grain  of  barley, 
in  another  a  little  pig,  a  few  bees,  a 
grain  or  two  of  wheat,  and  so  on,  and  theso 


made  the  places  celebrated  for  the  par- 
ticular produce  ever  after. 

It  is  supposed  that  the  sow  was  really 
a  ship,  and  that  the  keeper  of  the  sow, 
named  Coll  ab  CoUfrewi,  was  the  captain 
of  the  vessel. —  Welsh  Triads,  Ivi. 

Sowerberry,  the  parochial  under- 
taker, to  whom  Oliver  Twist  is  bound 
when  he  quits  the  workhouse.  Sower- 
berry  was  not  a  badly  disposed  man,  and 
he  treated  Oliver  with  a  certain  measure 
of  kindness  and  consideration  ;  but  Oliver 
was  ill-treated  by  Mrs.  Sowerberry,  and 
bullied  by  a  big  boy  called  Noah  Clay- 
pole.  Being  one  day  greatly  exasperated 
by  the  bully,  Oliver  gave  him  a  thorough 
"  drubbing,"  whereupon  Charlotte  the 
maidservant  set  upon  him  like  a  fury, 
scratched  his  face,  and  held  him  fast 
till  Noah  Claypole  had  pummelled  him 
within  an  inch  of  his  life.  Three  against 
one  was  too  much  for  the  lad,  so  he  ran 
away.— C.  Dickens,  Oliver  Twist  (1837). 

Soicerberry,  sunisanthrope. — W.  Brough, 
A  Phenomenon  in  a  Smock  Frock. 

Sowerbrowst  {Mr,),  the  maltster. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ronan's  Well  (time, 
George  III.). 

Soyer  {Alexis),  a  celebrated  cook, 
appointed,  in  1837,  chef  de  cuisine  to  the 
Reform  Club.  Alexis  Soyer  \_Su)i.yca] 
was  the  author  of  several  works,  as  The 
Gastronomic  Regenerator,  The  Poor  Man's 
Regenerator,  Tlie  Modern  Housewife,  etc. 
(died  1858). 

Spado,  an  impudent  rascal  in  the 
band  of  don  Ciesar  (called  "  captain 
Ramirez "),  who  tricks  every  one,  and 
delights  in  mischief. — O'Keefe,  Castle  of 
Andalusia  (1798). 

Quick's  great  parts  were  "  Isaac,"  "  Tony  Lumpkin," 
"Spado."  and  "sir  Christopher  Cmry."— Records  of  a 
Stage  Veteran. 

("  Isaac,"  in  the  Duenna,  by  Sheridan  ; 
"Tony  Lumpkin,"  in  She  Stoops  to  Con- 
quer, by  Goldsmith  ;  "sir  Christopher 
Curry,"in  Inkle  andYarico,  by  G.  Colman.) 

Spabis,  native  Algerian  cavalry 
officered  by  Frenchmen.  The  infantry 
are  called  Turcos. 

Spanish  Brutus  {The),  Alfonso 
Perez  de  Guzman,  governor  of  Tarifa  in 
1293.  Here  he  was  besieged  by  the 
infant  don  Juan,  who  had  Guzman's  son 
in  his  power,  and  threatened  to  kill  him 
unless  Tarifa  was  given  up.  Alfonso 
replied,  "Sooner  than  be  guilty  of  such 
treason,  I   will  lend  Juan  a  dagger  t«' 


i 


SPANISH  CURATE. 


935 


SPAKTAN  DOG. 


carry  out  his  threat ;  "  and  so  saying,  he 
tossed  his  dagger  over  the  wall.  Juan, 
unable  to  appreciate  this  patriotism,  slew 
the  young  man  without  remorse. 

*^*  Lope  de  Vega  has  dramatized  this 
incident. 

Spanish  Curate  (The),  Lopez. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Spanish 
Curate  (1622). 

Spanish  Fryar  (The),  a  drama  by 
Dryden  (1680).  It  contains  two  plots, 
•wholly  independent  of  each  other.  The 
serious  element  is  this :  Leonora,  the 
usurping  queen  of  Aragon,  is  promised 
in  marriage  to  duke  Bertran,  a  prince  of 
the  blood  ;  but  is  in  love  with  Torrismond 
general  of  the  army,  who  turns  out  to  be 
the  son  and  heir  of  king  Sancho,  supposed 
to  be  dead.  Sancho  is  restored  to  his 
throne,  and  Leonora  marries  Torrismond. 
The  comic  element  is  the  illicit  love  of 
colonel  Lorenzo  for  Elvira,  the  wife  of 
Gomez  a  rich  old  banker.  Dominick  (the 
Spanish  fryar)  helps  on  this  scandalous 
amour,  but  it  turns  out  that  Lorenzo  and 
Elvira  are  brother  and  sister. 

Spanish  Lady  (The),  a  ballad  con- 
tained in  Percy's  Eeliqiies,  ii.  23.  A 
Spanish  lady  fell  in  love  with  captain 
Popham,  whose  prisoner  she  was.  A 
command  being  sent  to  set  all  the  pri- 
soners free,  the  \a.diy  prayed  the  gallant 
captain  to  make  her  his  wife.  The 
Englishman  replied  that  he  could  not 
do  so,  as  he  was  married  already.  On 
hearing  this,  the  Spanish  lady  gave  him 
a  chain  of  gold  and  a  pearl  bracelet  to 
take  to  his  wife,  and  told  him  that  she 
should  retire  to  a  nunnery  and  spend  the 
rest  of  her  life  praying  for  their  happiness. 

It  will  be  stuck  up  with  the  ballad  of  Margaret's  Ghost 
Iq.v.]  and  the  Spanish  Lady,  against  the  walls  of  every 
cottage  in  the  country.— Isaac  Bickerstaff,  love  in  a 
Village  (1763). 

Spanish  Main  (The),  the  coast 
along  the  north  part  of  South  America. 

A  parrot  from  the  Spanish  main. 

Campbell. 

Spanish  Tragedy  (The),  by  T. 
Kyd  (1697).  Horatio  (son  of  Hieronimo) 
is  murdered  while  he  is  sitting  in  an 
arbour  with  Belimperia.  Balthazar,  the 
rival  of  Horatio,  commits  the  murder, 
assisted  by  Belimperia's  brother  Lorenzo. 
The  murderers  hang  the  dead  body  on  a 
tree  in  the  garden,  where  Hieronimo, 
roused  by  the  cries  of  Belimperia,  dis- 
covers it,  and  goes  raving  mad. 

Spanker  (Lady  Gay),  in  London  As- 
surance, by  D.  Boucicault  (1841). 


Dazzle  and  lady  G.iy  Spanker  "act  themselves,"  and 
will  never  be  dropped  out  of  the  list  of  acting  plays.— 
Percy  Fitzgerald. 

Sparabel'la,  a  shepherdess  in  love 
with  D'Urfey,  but  D'Urfey  loves  Clum'- 
silis,  "the  fairest  shepherd  wooed  the 
foulest  lass."  Sparabella  resolves  to  kill 
herself  ;  but  how  ?  Shall  she  cut  her 
windpipe  with  a  penknife?  "No,"  she 
says,  "  squeaking  pigs  die  so."  Shall 
she  suspend  herself  to  a  tree?  "No," 
she  says,  "  dogs  die  in  that  fashion." 
Shall  she  drown  herself  in  the  pool? 
"  No,"  she  says,  "  scolding  queans  die 
so."  And  while  in  doubt  how  to  kill 
herself,  the  sun  goes  down,  and 

The  prudent  maiden  deemed  it  then  too  late, 
And  till  to-morrow  came  deferred  her  fate. 

Gay,  Pastoral,  iii.  (1714). 

Sparkish,  "the prince  of  coxcombs," 
a  fashionable  fool,  and  "  a  cuckold  before 
marriage."  Sparkish  is  engaged  to 
Alithea  Moody,  but  introduces  to  her 
his  friend  Harcourt,  allows  him  to  make 
love  to  her  before  his  face,  and,  of  course, 
is  jilted. — The  Country  Girl  (Garrick, 
altered  from  Wycherlv's  Country  Wife, 
1675). 

William  Mountford  [1660-1692]  flourished  in  days  when 
the  ranting  tragedies  of  Nat  Lee  and  the  jingli-ig  plays  of 
Dryden  .  .  .  held  possession  of  the  stage.  His  most 
Important  characters  were  "Alexander  tl>e  Great"  [6^ 
Lee\,  and  "Cast«lio,"  in  the  Orphan  [by  Otway].  Cibber 
highly  commends  his  "  Sparkish." — Dutton  Cook. 

Sparkler  (Edmund),  son  of  Mrs. 
Merdle  by  her  first  husband.  He  married 
Fanny,  sister  of  Little  Dorrit.  Edmund 
Sparkler  was  a  very  large  man,  called 
in  his  own  regiment,  "  Quinbus  Flestrin, 
junior,  or  the  Young  Man-Mountain." 

Mrs.  Sparkler,  Edmund's  wife.  She  was 
very  pretty,  very  self-willed,  and  snubbed 
her  husband  in  most  approved  fashion. — 
C.  Dickens,  Little  Dorrit  (1857). 

Sparsit  (Mrs.),  housekeeper  to  Josiah 
Bounderby,  banker  and  mill-owner  at 
Coketown.  Mrs.  Sparsit  is  a  "highly 
connected  lady,"  being  the  great-niece  of 
lady  Scadgers.  She  had  a  "  Coriolanian 
nose,  and  dense  black  eyebrows,"  was 
much  believed  in  by  her  master,  who, 
when  he  married,  made  her  "keeper  of 
the  bank."  Mrs.  Sparsit,  in  collusion 
with  the  light  porter  Bitzer,  then  acted 
the  spy  on  Mr.  Bounderby  and  his  young 
wife.— C.  Dickens,  i/arc?  Times  (1854). 

Spartan  Broth,  sorry  fare. 

The  promoters  would  be  reduced  to  dine  on  Spartan 
broth  in  heiceateiSqviare.— Daily  News,  February  25. 1879. 

Spartan  Dog  (A),  a  bloodhound. 

O  SiKirtan  dog ! 
More  fell  than  anguish,  hunger,  or  the  sea  1 

Sliakespeare,  Othello,  act  r.  so.  2  11611). 


SPAKTAN  MOTHER. 


936 


SPEECH-MAKERS. 


Spartan  Mother  {The)  said  to  her 
Bon  going  to  battle,  as  she  har.ded  him 
his  shield,  "My  son,  return  with  this  or 
on  it,"  i.e.  come  back  with  it  as  a  con- 
queror or  be  brought  back  on  it  as  one 
slain  in  fight,  but  bj^  no  means  be  a 
fugiti%'e  or  suifer  the  enemy  to  be  the 
victorious  party. 

Why  should  I  not  play 
The  Spartan  mother  t 

Tennyson,  The  Princesi,  ii. 

Spasmodic  School  (TJie),  certain 
authors  of  the  nineteenth  century,  whose 
writings  abound  in  spasmodic  phrases, 
startling  expressions,  and  words  used  out 
of  their  common  acceptation.  Carlyle, 
noted  for  his  Germanic  English,  is  the 
chief  of  this  school.  Others  are  Bailey 
author  of  Festus,  Sydney  Dobell,  Gil- 
fillan,  Tennj'son,  and  Alexander  Smith. 

*^*  Professor  Aj'toun  has  gibbeted  this 
class  of  writers  in  his  Firmilian,  a  Spas- 
modic  Tragedy  (1864). 

Spear.  When  a  king  of  the  ancient 
Caledonians  abdicated,  he  gave  his  spear 
to  his  successor,  and  "raised  a  stone  on 
high  "  as  a  record  to  future  generations. 
Beneath  the  stone  he  placed  a  sword  in 
the  earth  and  "one  bright  boss  from  his 
shield." 

When  thou,  O  stone,  shnll  moulder  down  and  lose 
thee  in  the  moss  of  years,  then  shall  the  traveller  come, 
and  whisrting  pass  away.  .  .  .  Here  Finnal  resigned  his 
spear  after  the  last  of  his  fields.— Ossian,  Temora,  viii. 

S2)€ar  ( The  Forward),  a  sign  of  hostility. 
In  the  Ossianic  times,  when  a  stranger 
landed  on  a  coast,  if  he  held  the  point  of 
his  spear  forwards,  it  indicated  hostile 
intentions ;  but  if  he  held  the  point 
behind  him,  it  was  a  token  that  he  came 
as  a  friend. 

"Are  his  heroes  many?"  said  Cairbar;  "and  lifts  he 
the  sfiear  of  battle,  or  comes  tlie  king  in  peace  ?  "  "  In 
peace  he  comes  not,  king  of  Erin.  I  have  seen  his  for- 
ward spear." — Ossian,  Temora.  i. 

Spear  of  Achilles.  Telgphos,  son- 
in-law  of  Priam,  opposed  the  Greeks  in 
their  voyage  to  Troy.  A  severe  contest 
ensued,  and  Achilles  with  his  spear 
wounded  the  Mj'sian  king  severely.  He 
was  told  by  an  oracle  that  the  wound 
could  be  cured  only  by  the  instrument 
which  gave  it ;  so  he  sent  to  Achilles  to 
effect  his  cure.  The  surl}'  Greek  replied 
he  was  no  physician,  and  would  have 
dismissed  the  messengers  with  scant 
courtesy,  but  Ulysses  whispered  in  his 
ear  that  the  aid  of  Telephos  was  required 
to  direct  them  on  their  way  to  Troy. 
Achilles  now  scraped  some  rust  from  his 
spear,  which,  being  applied  to  the  wound, 
healed  it.  This  so  conciliated  Telephos 
that  he  conducted  the  fleet  to  Troy,  and 


even  took   part  in  the  war  against  his 
father-in-law. 

Achilles'  and  his  father's  javelin  caused 

Pain  first,  and  then  the  boon  of  health  restored. 

Dante,  Uell,  xxxi.  (1300). 
And  other  folk  have  wondered  on  .  .  .  Achillas'  .  •  . 

spere. 
For  he  couthe  with  it  bothe  heale  and  dere. 
Chaucer.  Canterbury  Taiet  ("  The  Squire's  Tale,"  1388). 
Whose  smile  and  frown,  like  to  Achillas'  spear, 
Is  able  with  the  change  to  kill  and  cure. 

Shakespeare,  2  Henry  VI.  act  V.  sc.  1  (1591). 


the  plant  called  Achilles  (milfoil  or 
yarrow),  still  used  in  medicine  as  atonic. 
"  The  leaves  were  at  one  time  much  used 
for  healing  wounds,  and  are  still  em- 
ployed for  this  purpose  in  Scotland, 
Germany,  France,  and  other  countries." 
Achilles  (the  man)  made  the  Avound, 
achilles  (the  plant)  healed  it. 

Spears  of  Spyingho w  ( The  Three) , 
in  the  troop  of  Fitzurse. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Speech  ascribed  to  Dumb  Ani- 
mals. Al  Borak,  the  animal  Avhich 
conveyed  Mahomet  to  the  seventh  heaven 
(p.  17) ;  ArTon,  the  wonderful  horse  which 
Hercules  gave  to  Adrastos  (p.  51)  ;  Ba- 
laam's ass  {Numb.  xxii.  28-30)  ;  the  black 
pigeons  of  Dodona  (p.  259,  art.  Dodona)  ; 
Comrade,  Fortunio's  horse  (p.  206) ;  Kat- 
mir,  the  dog  of  the  Seven  Sleepers  (p. 
606)  ;  Saleh's  camel  (p.  863)  ;  Temliha, 
king  of  the  serpents  (p.  981 ) ;  Xanthos,  the 
horse  of  Achilles.  Frithjof  s  ship,  Ellida, 
could  not  speak,  but  it  understood  what 
was  said  to  it  (p.  905). 

Speech  given  to  Conceal 
Thought.  La  parole  a  etc'  donne'e  a 
rhovime  pour  de'guiser  la  penser  or  pour 
raider  a  cacher  sa  pense'e.  Talleyrand 
is  usually  credited  with  this  sentence, 
but  captain  Gronow,  in  his  Recollections 
and  Anecdotes,  asserts  that  the  words  were 
those  of  count  Montrond,  a  wit  and  poet, 
called  "the  most  agreeable  scoundrel  and 
most  pleasant  reprobate  in  the  court  of 
Marie  Antoinette." 

Voltaire,  in  Le  Chapon  et  la  Poidarde, 
says:  "lis  n'employent  les  paroles  que 
pour  deguiser  leurs  pensees." 

Goldsmith,  in  The  Bee,  iii.  (October 
20, 1759),  has  borrowed  the  same  thought: 
"  The  true  use  of  speech  is  not  so  much  to 
express  our  wants  as  to  conceal  them.'" 

Speech-Makers  {Bad). 

Addison  could  not  make  a  speech.   He'' 
attempted  once  in  the  House  of  Commons, 
and  said,   "Mr.   Speaker,   I  conceive — I 
conceive,  sir — sir,  I  conceive "  'Where- 
upon a  member  exclaimed,  "  The  right 


SPEED. 


937 


SPINDLE. 


honourable  secretary  of  state  has  con- 
ceived thrice,  and  brought  forth  nothing." 

Campbell,  {Thomas)  once  tried  to  make 
a  speech,  but  so  stuttered  and  stammered 
that  the  whole  table  was  convulsed  with 
laughter. 

CiCEKO,  the  great  orator,  never  got  over 
his  nervous  terror  till  he  warmed  to  his 
subject. 

Irving  (Washinoton),  even  with  a 
speech  written  out  and  laid  before  him, 
could  not  deliver  it  without  a  breakdown. 
In  fact,  he  could  hardly  utter  a  word  in 
public  without  trembling. 

Moore  (Thomas)  could  never  make  a 
speech. 

(Dickens  and  prince  Albert  always 
spoke  well  and  fluently.) 

Speed,  an  inveterate  punster  and  the 
clownish  servant  of  Valentine  one  of  the 
two  "gentlemen  of  Verona." — Shake- 
speare, The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona  (1694 ) . 

Speed  the  Parting  Guest. 

Welcome  the  coming,  speed  the  parting  guest. 

Pope,  Homer's  Odystey  (1725). 

Speed  the  Plough,  a  comedy  by 
Thomas  Morton  (1798).  Farmer  Ash- 
field  brings  up  a  boj--  named  Henry, 
greatly  beloved  by  every  one.  This  Henry 
is  in  reality  the  son  of  "  Morrington," 
younger  brother  of  sir  Philip  Blandford. 
The  two  brothers  fixed  their  love  on  the 
same  lady,  but  the  younger  married  her, 
whereupon  sir  Philip  stabbed  him  to  the 
heart  and  fully  thought  him  to  be  dead, 
but  after  twenty  years  the  wounded  man 
re-appeared  and  claimed  his  son.  Henry 
marries  his  cousin  Emma  Blandford  ; 
and  the  farmer's  daughter,  Susan,  marries 
Robert  only  son  of  sir  Abel  Handy. 

Spenlo"W  {Mr.),  father  of  Dora 
{q.v.).  He  was  a  proctor,  to  whom  David 
Copperfield  was  articled.  Mr.  Spenlow 
was  killed  in  a  carriage  accident. 

Misses  Lavinia  and  Clarissa  Spenlow, 
two  spinster  aunts  of  Dora  Spenlow,  with 
whom  she  lived  at  the  death  of  her  father. 

They  were  not  unlike  buxis  altogether,  having  a  sharp, 
brisk,  sudden  manner,  and  a  little,  short,  spruce  way  of 
adjustiug  themselves,  like  canaries. — C.  Dickens,  liavid 
Copperfield,  xli.  (1849). 

Spens  {Sir  Patrick),  a  Scotch  hero, 
sent  in  the  winter-time  on  a  mission  to 
Korway.  His  ship,  in  its  home  passage, 
was  wrecked  against  the  Papa  Stronsay, 
and  every  one  on  board  was  lost.  The 
incident  has  furnished  the  subject  of  a 
famous  old  Scotch  ballad. 

Spenser.  The  Spenser  of  English  Prose 
Writers,  Jeremy  Taylor  (1613-1667). 
40 


Spenser.  From  Spenser  to  Flecknoe, 
that  is,  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  all 
poetry  ;  from  the  sublime  to  the  ridi- 
culous.— Drj-den,  Comment  on  Spenser,  etc, 

Spenser's  Monument,  in  West- 
minster Abbey,  was  erected  by  Anne  Clif- 
ford countess  of  Dorset. 

Spider  Cure  for  Fever  {A). 

Only  beware  of  the  fever,  my  friends,  beware  of  the  fever, 
For  it  is  nut,  like  that  of  our  cold  Acadian  climate. 
Cured  by  the  wearing  a  spider  hung  round  one's  neck  in  a 
nutshell 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  li.  3  (1849). 

Spiders  {Unlucky  to  kill).  This 
especially  refers  to  those  small  spiders 
called  "money-spinners,"  which  prog- 
nosticate good  luck.  Probably  because 
they  appear  in  greater  numbers  on  a  fine 
morning  ;  although  some  say  the  fine  day 
is  the  precursor  of  rain. ' 

Spynners  ben  taken  of  divynation,  and  of  knowing  what 
wetiier  shal  fsri,  for  oft  by  weders  that  shal  fal  some  tipin 
and  were  higlier  and  lower,  and  multytude  of  spynners 
ever  betoken  moche  reyne. — Berthelet,  De  Proprietatibut 
Rerum,  xviii.  314  (1536). 

Spiders  Indicators  of  Gold.    In 

the  sixteenth  centurj'^  it  was  generally 
said  that  "  Spiders  be  true  signs  of  great 
stores  of  gold  ; "  and  the  proverb  arose 
thus :  While  a  passage  to  Cathay  was  being 
sought  by  the  nortb-west,  a  man  brought 
home  a  stone,  which  was  pronounced  to 
be  gold,  and  caused  such  a  ferment  that 
several  vessels  were  fitted  out  for  the 
express  purpose  of  collecting  gold.  Fro- 
bisher,  in  1577,  found,  in  one  of  the  islands 
on  which  he  landed,  similar  stones,  and 
an  enormous  number  of  spiders. 

Spider's  Net  {A).  When  Mahomet 
fled  from  Mecca,  he  hid  in  a  cave,  and  a 
spider  wove  its  net  over  the  entrance. 
When  the  Koreishites  came  thither,  they 
passed  on,  being  fully  persuaded  that  no 
one  had  entered  the  cave,  because  the  cob- 
web was  not  broken. 

In  the  Talmud,  we  are  told  that  David, 
in  his  flight,  hid  himself  in  the  cave  of 
Adullam,  and  a  spider  spun  its  net  over  the 
opening.  When  Saul  came  up  and  saw 
the  cobAveb,  he  passed  on,  under  the  same 
persuasion. 

Spidireen  ( The).  If  a  sailor  is  asked 
to  what  ship  he  belongs,  and  does  not 
choose  to  tell,  he  says,  "  The  spidireen 
frigate  with  nine  decks." 

Officers  who  do  not  choose  to  tell  their 
quarters,  give  B.K.S.  as  their  address, 
i.e.  BarracKS. 

Spindle  {Jack),  the  son  of  a  man  of 
fortune.  Having  wasted  his  money  in 
riotous  living,  he  went  to  a  friend  to  bor- 


SPIRIT  OF  THE  CAPE. 


938 


SPOONS. 


row  £100.  "  Let  me  see,  j^ou  want  £100, 
Mr.  Spindle ;  let  me  see,  would  not  £50  do 
for  the  present?"  "Well,"  said  Jack, 
"if  you  have  not  £100, 1  must  be  contented 
with  £50."  "Dear  me,  Mr.  Spindle!" 
said  the  friend,  "  I  find  I  liave  but  £20 
about  me."  "Never  mind,"  said  Jack, 
"  I  must  borrow  the  other  £30  of  some 
other  friend."     "Just  so,   Mr.    Spmdlc, 

i'iist  so.  By-the-by,  would  it  not  be  far 
letter  to  borrow  the  whole  of  that  friend, 
and  then  one  note  of  hand  will  serve  for 
the  whole  sum?  Good  morning,  Mr. 
Spindle  ;  delighted  to  see  you  !  Tom,  see 
the  gentleman  down." — Goldsmith,  The 
Bee,  iii.  (1759). 

Spirit  of  the  Cape  {The),  Ada- 
mastor,  a  hideous  phantom,  of  unearthly 
pallor,  "  erect  his  hair  uprose  of  withered 
red,"  his  lips  were  black,  his  teeth  blue 
and  disjointed,  his  beard  haggard,  his 
face  scarred  by  lightning,  his  eyes  "  shot 
livid  fire,"  his  voice  roared.  The  sailors 
trembled  at  the  sight  of  him,  and  the  fiend 
demanded  how  tlaey  dared  to  trespass 
"where  never  hero  braved  his  rage 
before  ?  "  He  then  told  them  "  that  every 
year  the  shipwrecked  should  be  made  to 
deplore  their  foolhardiness."  According 
to  Barreto,  the  "  Spirit  of  the  Cape,"  was 
one  of  the  giants  who  stormed  heaven. 
— Camoens,  The  Lusiad  (1572). 

In  me  the  Spirit  of  the  Cape  behold  .  .  . 

That  ro.:k  by  you  the  "Cape  of  Tempests"  named  ... 

With  wide-stretched  piles  1  guard  .  .  . 

Great  Adamastor  is  my  dreaded  name. 

Canto  T. 

Spirit  of  the  Mountain  (T/ie)^ 
that  peculiar  melanchol}'  sound  which  pre- 
cedes a  heavy  storm,  very  observable  in 
hilly  and  mountainous  countries. 

The  wind  was  abroad  in  the  oaks.  Tlie  Spirit  of  the 
Mountiiin  roared.  The  blast  came  rustling  through  the 
hall.— Ossian,  Dar-Thula. 

Spiri'to,  the  Holy  Ghost  as  the  friend 
of  man,  personified  in  canto  ix.  of  The 
Purple  Island,  by  Phineas  Fletcher  (1633). 
He  was  married  to  Urania,  and  their  off- 
spring are:  Knowledge,  Contemplation, 
Care,  Humility,  Obedience,  Faith  or 
Fido,  Penitence,  Elpi'nus  or  Hope,  and 
Love  the  foster-son  of  Gratitude.  (Latin, 
spirltus,  "spirit.") 

Spitfire  (Will)  or  Will  Spittal, 
serving-boy  of  Roger  Wildrake  the  dis- 
sipated royalist. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wood- 
stock (time,  Commonwealth). 

Spittle    Cure    for    Blindness. 

Spittle  was  once  deemed  a  sovereign 
remedy  for  ophthalmia. — Pliny,  Natural 
History y  xxviii.  7. 


*^*  The  blind  man  restored  to  sight  hy 
Vespasian  was  cured  by  anointing  his 
eyes  with  spittle. — Tacitus,  History,  iv. 
81  ;  Suetonius,  Vespasian,  vii. 

When  [Jesut]  had  thus  spoken.  He  spat  on  the  ground, 
and  made  clay  of  the  spittle,  and  He  anointed  U»e  eyes  of 
the  blind  man  with  the  clay. — John  ix.  6. 

He  Cometh  to  Bethsaida ;  and  they  bring  a  blind  man 
unto  Him,  .  .  .  and  He  took  the  blind  man  by  the  hand, 
and  .  .  .  when  He  had  spit  on  his  eyes  . ..  .  He  asked  him 
if  he  »aw  ought.— jtfar*  viii.  22,  23. 

Spontaneous  Combustion.  There 
are  above  thirty  cases  on  record  of  death 
by  spontaneous  combustion,  the  most 
famous  being  that  of  the  countess  Cor- 
nelia di  Baudi  Cesenate,  which  was  most 
minutely  investigated,  in  1731,  by  Gui- 
seppe  Bianchini,  a  prebendary  of  Verona. 

The  next  most  noted  instance  occurred 
at  Kheims,  in  1725,  and  is  authenticated 
by  no  less  an  authority  thau  Mon.  Le  Cat, 
the  celebrated  physician. 

Messrs.  Fodere'  and  Mei6  investigated 
the  subject  of  spontaneo'is  combustion, 
and  gave  it  as  their  fixe.l  opinion  that 
instances  of  death  from  such  a  cause 
cannot  be  doubted. 

In  vol.  vi.  of  the  Philosophical  T-^ans^ 
actions,  and  in  the  English  Medical  Juris- 
prudence, the  subject  is  caiefully  investi- 
gated, and  several  examples  are  cited  in 
confirmation  of  the  fact. 

Joseph  Battaglia,  a  surgton  of  Ponte 
Bosio,  gives  in  detail  the  case  of  don  G. 
Maria  Bertholi,  a  priest  of  mount  Valerius. 
While  reading  his  breviary,  the  body  of 
this  priest  burst  into  flames  in  several 
parts,  as  the  arms,  back,  and  head.  The 
sleeves  of  his  shirt,  a  handkerchief,  and 
his  skull-cap  were  all  more  or  less  con- 
sumed. He  survived  the  injury  four 
days.  (This  seems  to  me  more  like 
an  electrical  attack  than  an  instance  of 
spontaneous  combustion.) 

Spontoon,the  old  confidential  servant 
of  colonel  Talbot. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waver- 
ley  (time,  George  II.). 

Spoon.  One  needs  a  long  spoon  to  eat 
with  the  devil. — Old  Proverb. 

Therefore  behoreth  him  a  ful  loae  spono 
That  shall  ete  with  a  fend. 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Talet,  10,916  ("Squire's  Tale,"  1388). 

Spoons  (Gossip).  It  was  customary 
at  one  time  for  sponsors  at  christen- 
ings to  give  gilt  spoons  as  an  ofi'ering  to 
their  godchild.  These  spoons  had  on  the 
handle  the  figure  of  one  of  the  apostles 
or  evangelists,  and  hence  were  called 
"Apostle  spoons."  The  wealthy  would 
give  the  twelve  apostles,  those  of 
opulence  the  four  evangelists,  and  othe 
again    a    single    spoon.     When    He: 


lied 
)uld 
lesa_J_ 

1 


SPORUS. 


SPURS  OF  GOLD. 


VIII.  asks  Cranmer  to  be  godfather  to 
"a  fair  young  maid,"  Cranmer  replies, 
**  How  may  I  deserve  such  honour,  that 
am  a  poor  and  humble  subject?"  The 
king  rejoins,  "  Come,  come,  my  lord, 
you'd  spare  your  spoons." — Shakespeare, 
Henry  VIII.  act  v.  sc.  2  (1601). 

Sporus-  Under  this  name,  Pope 
satirized  lord  John  Hervey,  generally 
called  "  lord  Fanny,"  from  his  effeminate 
habits  and  appearance.  He  was  "  half 
wit,  half  fool,  half  man,  half  beau." 
Lord  John  Hervey  was  vice-chamberlain 
in  1736,  and  lord  privy  seal  in  1740. 

That  thing  of  silk. 
Sporus,  that  mere  wliite  curd  of  asses'  milk ; 
Satire  or  sense,  alas  1  can  Sporus  feel. 
Who  breaks  a  butterfly  upon  a  wheel  7 

A.  Pope,  Prologv^  to  the  Satire*  (1734). 

*^*  This  lord  John  Hervey  married 
the  beautiful  Molly  Lapel ;  hence  Pope 
says: 

So  perfect  a  beau  and  a  belle 
As  when  Hervey  the  handsome  was  wedded 
To  the  beautiful  Molly  Lapel. 

S.  P.  Q.  E,,  the  Romans.  The  letters 
are  the  initials  of  Senatus  Fopulus-Qiie 
Jtoinanus, 

New  blood  must  be  pumped  into  the  veins  and  arteries 
of  the  S.  P.  Q.  R.— G.  A.  Sala  (Belgravia,  April,  1871). 

Sprackling(/ost;pA),  a  money-lender 
and  a  self-made  man. 

Thomas  Spracklmj,  his  brother,  and  equal 
in  roguery. — Wybert  Reeve,  Parted. 

Sprat  Day,  November  9,  the  first 
day  of  sprat-selling  in  the  streets.  The 
season  lasts  about  ten  weeks. 

Sprenger  (Louis),  Annette  Veilchen's 
bachelor. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geier- 
stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Sprightly  {Miss  Kitty),  the  ward  of 
sir  Gilbert  Pumpkin  of  Strawberry  Hall. 
Miss  Kitty  is  a  great  heiress,  but  stage- 
struck,  and  when  captain  Charles  Stanley 
is  introduced,  she  falls  in  love  with  him, 
first  as  a  "play  actor,"  and  then  in  reality. 
— L  Jackman,  All  the  Woiid's  a  Stage. 

Spring  {A  Sacred).  The  ancient 
Sabines,  in  times  of  great  national  danger, 
vowed  to  the  gods  "a  sacred  spring" 
(ver  sacrum),  if  they  would  remove  the 
danger.  That  is,  all  the  children  born 
during  the  next  spring  were  "held 
sacred,"  and  at  the  age  of  20  were  com- 
pelled to  leave  their  countrj'  and  seek  for 
themselves  a  new  home. 

Sprimj.     (See  Seasons.) 

Spring-Heel  Jack.  The  marquis  of 
Waterford,  in  the  early  parts  of  the  nine- 
teenth century,  used  to  amuse  himself  by 


springing  on  travellers  unawares,  to  terrify 
them  ;  and  from  time  to  time  others  have 
followed  his  silly  example.  Even  so  lato 
as  1877-8,  an  officer  in  her  majesty's  ser- 
vice caused  much  excitement  in  the 
garrisons  stationed  at  Aldershot,  Col- 
chester, and  elsewhere,  by  his  "  spring- 
heel  "  pranks.  In  Chichester  and  its 
neighbourhood  the  tales  told  of  this 
adventurer  caused  quite  a  little  panic, 
and  many  nervous  people  were  afraid  to 
venture  out  after  sunset,  for  fear  of  being 
"sprung"  upon.  I  myself  investigated 
some  of  the  cases  reported  to  me,  but 
found  them  for  the  most  part  Fakenham 
ghost  tales. 

Springer  {The),  Ludwig  Margrave 
of  Thuringia  was  so  called,  because  he 
escaped  from  Giebichenstein,  in  the 
eleventh  century,  by  leaping  over  the 
river  Saale. 

Sprinklers  {Holy  Water),  Danish 
clubs,  with  spiked  balls  fastened  to 
chains. 

Spruce,  M.C.  {Captain),  in  Lend  Me 
Five  Shillings,  by  J.  M.  Morton  (1764- 
1838). 

Spruch-Sprecher  {The)  or  "sayer 
of  sayings  "  to  the  archduke  of  Austria. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Spuma'dor,  prince  Arthur's  horse. 
So  called  from  the  foam  of  its  mouth, 
which  indicated  its  fiery  temper. — 
Spenser,  Fa£ry  Queen,  ii.  (1590). 

*^*  In  the  Mabinogion,  his  favourite 
mare  is  called  Llamrei  ("the  curveter"). 

Spurs  {ITie  Battle  o/),  the  battle  of 
Guinnegate,  in  1513,  between  Henry 
VIII.  and  the  due  de  Longueville.  So 
called  because  the  French  used  their 
spurs  in  flight  more  than  their  swords  in 
fight.     (See  Spurs  op  Gold,  etc.) 

Spurs  {To  dish  up  the),  to  give  one's 
guests  a  hint  to  go  ;  to  maunder  on  when 
the  orator  has  nothing  of  importance  to 
say.  During  the  time  of  the  border  feuds, 
when  a  great  family  had  come  to  an  end 
of  their  provisions,  the  lady  of  the  house 
sent  to  table  a  dish  of  spurs,  as  a  hint 
that  the  guests  must  spur  their  horses  on 
for  fresh  raids  before  they  could  be 
feasted  again. 

When  the  last  bullock  was  killed  and  devoured,  it  w«a 
the  lady's  custom  to  place  on  the  table  a  disli  which,  on 
being  uncovered,  was  found  to  contain  a  pair  of  clean 
spurs— a  hint  to  the  riders  tliat  tliey  must  shift  for  th« 
next  meal.— border  MirutreUy  (new  edit),  L  211  note. 

Spurs  of  Ctold  {Battle  of  the),  the 


SQUAB. 


940 


SQUIRT. 


battle  of  Courtray,  the  most  memorable 
in  Flemish  history  (July  11,  1302). 
Here  the  French  were  utterly  routed,  and 
700  gold  spurs  were  hung  as  trophies  in 
the  church  of  Notre  Dame  de  Courtray. 
It  is  called  in  French  Journee des  Eperons 
d'Or.     (See  Spurs,  The  Battle  of.) 

Marchini:  homeward  from  the  bloody  battle  of  the  Spurs 
of  Gold. 

Longfellow,  The  hetfry  Of  BrUgbt. 

Squab  (The  Poet).  Dryden  was  so 
called  by  lord  Rochester. 

Squab  Pie,  a  pie  made  of  mutton, 
apples,  and  onions. 

Cornwall  squab  pie,  and  Devon  white-pot  brings. 
And  Leicester  beans  and  bacon  fit  for  kings. 

King,  A  rt  of  Cookery. 

Squab  Pie,  a  pie  made  of  squabs,  that 
is,  young  pigeons. 

Square  (ifr.),  a  "philosopher,"  in 
Fielding's  novel  called  The  History  of 
Tom  Jones,  a  Foundling  (1749). 

Squeers  (Mr.  Wackford),  of  Dothe- 
boys  Hall,  Yorkshire,  a  vulgar,  con- 
ceited, ignorant  schoolmaster,  overbear- 
ing, grasping,  and  mean.  He  steals  the 
boys'  pocket  money,  clothes  his  son  in 
their  best  suits,  half  starves  them,  and 
teaches  them  next  to  nothing.  Ulti- 
mately, he  is  transported  for  purloining 
a  deed. 

Mrs.  Squeers,  wife  of  Mr.  Wackford, 
a  raw-boned,  harsh,  heartless  virago, 
without  one  spark  of  womanly  feeling 
for  the  boys  put  under  her  charge. 

Miss  Fanny  Squeers,  daughter  of  the 
schoolmaster,  "not  tall  like  her  mother, 
but  short  like  her  father.  From  the 
former  she  inherited  a  voice  of  hoarse 
quality,  and  from  the  latter  a  remark- 
able expression  of  the  right  eye."  Miss 
Fanny  falls  in  love  with  Nicholas  Nickle- 
by,  but  hates  him  and  spites  him  because 
he  is  insensible  of  the  soft  impeachment. 

Master  Wackford  Squeers,  son  of  the 
schoolmaster,  a  spoilt  boy,  who  was 
dressed  in  the  best  clothes  of  the  scholars. 
He  was  overbearing,  self-willed,  and 
passionate. — C.  Dickens,  Nicholas  Nicklehy 
(1838). 

Tlie  person  who  suggested  the  character  of  Squeers  was 
a  Mr.  Shaw  of  Bowes.  He  married  a  Miss  Laidman. 
The  satire  ruined  the  .school,  and  was  the  death  both  of 
Mr.  and  Mrs.  Shaw. — Hotet  and  Queries,  October  25, 
1873. 

Squeeze  (Miss),  a  pawnbroker's 
daughter.  Her  father  had  early  taught 
her  that  money  is  the  "  one  thing  need- 
ful," and  at  death  left  her  a  moderate 
competence.  She  was  so  fully  convinced 
of  the  value  of  money  that  she  would 


never  part  with  a  farthing  without  an 
equivalent,  and  refused  several  offers, 
because  she  felt  persuaded  her  suitors 
sought  her  money  and  not  herself.  Now 
she  is  old  and  ill-natured,  marked  with 
the  small-pox,  and  neglected  by  every 
one. — Goldsmith,  A  Citizen  of  the  World, 
xxviii.  (1759). 

Squint  (Lawyer),  the  great  politician 
of  society.  He  makes  speeches  for  mem- 
bers of  parliament,  writes  addresses,  gives 
the  history  of  every  new  play,  and  finds 
"seasonable  thought"  upon  every  pos- 
sible subject. — Goldsmith,  A  Citizen  of 
the  World,  xxix.  (1759). 

Squint  -  Ejred,  [Guerclno]  Gian- 
Francesco  Barbieri,  the  painter  (1590- 
1666). 

Squintum  (Dr.).  George  White- 
field  is  so  called  by  Foote  in  his  farce 
entitled  The  Minor  (1714-1770). 

Squintum  (Dr.).  The  Rev.  Edward 
Irving,  who  had  an  obliquity  of  the -eyes, 
was  so  called  by  Theodore  Hook  (1792- 
1834). 

Squire  of  Dames  (The),  a  young 
knight,  in  love  with  Col'umbell,  who 
appointed  him  a  year's  service  before  she 
would  consent  to  become  his  bride.  The 
"  squire  "  was  to  travel  for  twelve  months, 
to  rescue  distressed  ladies,  and  bring 
pledges  of  his  exploits  to  Columbell. 
At  the  end  of  the  year  he  placed  300 
pledges  in  her  hands,  but  instead  of  re- 
warding him  by  becoming  his  bride,  she 
set  him  another  task,  viz.,  to  travel  about 
the  world  on  foot,  and  not  present  himself 
again  till  he  could  bring  her  pledges  from 
300  damsels  that  they  would  live  in 
chastity  all  their  life.  The  squire  told 
Columbell  that  in  three  years  he  had 
found  only  three  persons  who  would 
take  the  pledge,  and  only  one  of  these, 
he  said  (a  rustic  cottager),  took  it  from 
a  "principle  of  virtue;"  the  other  two 
(a  nun  and  a  courtezan)  promised  to  do 
so,  but  did  not  voluntarily  join  the 
"virgin  ^martyrs."  This  "Squire  of 
Dames  "  "turned  out  to  be  Britomart.— 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  7  (1690). 

*^*  This  story  is  imitated  from  "The 
Host's  Tale,"  in  Orlando  Furioso,  xxviii. 

Squirt,  the  apothecary's  boj',  in 
Garth's  Dispensary ;  hence  any  appren- 
tice lad  or  errand  boy.  | 

Here  sauntering  'prentices  o'er  Otway  weep,  1 

O'er  Congreve  smile,  or  over  D'Urfe.v  sleep,  n 

Pleased  sempstresses  the  Lock's  famed  Rape  unfold. 
And  Squirts  read  Garth  till  apozems  grow  cold. 

J.  Gajf,  lYivia  (1712). 


SQUOD. 


941 


STANDARD. 


(Pope  wrote  The  Rape  of  tlie  Lock^ 
1712.) 

Squod  {Phil),  a  grotesque  little  fellow, 
faithfully  attached  to  Mr.  George  the 
son  of  Mrs.  Rouncewell  (housekeeper  at 
Chesney  Wold).  George  had  rescued  the 
little  street  arab  from  the  gutter,  and 
the  boy  lived  at  George's  "  Shooting 
Gallery"  in  Leicester  Square  (London). 
Phil  was  remarkable  for  limping  along 
sideways,  as  if  "  tacking." — C.  Dickens, 
Bleak  House  (1852). 

S.  S.,  souvenance,  forget-me-not,  in 
remembrance,  a  souvenir. 

On  the  Wednesday  preceding  Easter  Day,  1465,  as  sir 
Anthony  was  speaking  to  his  royal  sister,  on  liis  knees, 
all  the  ladies  of  the  court  gathered  round  him,  and  bound 
to  his  left  knee  a  band  of  gold,  adorned  with  stones 
fasliioned  into  the  letters  S.  S.  [souvenance  or  remem- 
brance), and  to  this  band  was  suspended  an  enamelled 
"forget-me-not."  —  Lord  Lytton,  Last  uf  the  Barons, 
iv.  6  (1849). 

S.  S.  Gr.  G.,  the  letters  of  the  Fem- 
gerichte.  They  stand  for  Stock,  Stein, 
Gras,  Grein  ("  Stick,"  "Stone,"  "Grass," 
"Groan").  What  was  meant  by  these 
four  words  is  not  known. 

Stael  (Madame  de),  called  by  Heine 
[ifj.n<?]  "  a  whirlwind  in  petticoats,"  and 
a  "  sultana  of  mind." 

Stag  ( TJie)  symbolizes  Christ,  because 
(according  to  fable)  it  draws  serpents  by 
its  breath  out  of  their  holes,  and  then 
tramples  them  to  death. — Pliny,  Natural 
History,  viii.  50. 


Stag  or  Hind,  emblem  of  the  tribe 
of  Naphtali.  In  the  old  church  at  Tot- 
ness  is  a  stone  pulpit  divided  into  com- 
partments, containing  shields  bearing  the 
emblems  of  the  Jewish  tribes,  this  being 
one. 

Naphtali  is  a  hind  let  loose.— Cew.  xlix.  21. 

Stag's  Horn,  considered  in  Spain  a 
safeguard  against  the  evil  eye ;  hence,  a 
small  horn,  silver-tipped,  is  often  hung  on 
the  neck  of  a  child.  If  an  evil  eye  is 
then  cast  on  the  child,  it  enters  the  horn, 
which  it  bursts  asunder. 

Are  you  not  afraid  of  the  evil  eye  i 
Have  you  a  stag's  horn  with  you? 

Longfellow,  The  Spanish  Student,  lii.  5. 

StSi^Q  {Benjamin),  the  proprietor  of 
the  cellar  in  the  Barbican  where  the  secret 
society  of  '"Prentice  Knights"  used  to 
convene.  He  was  a  blind  man,  who 
fawned  on  Mr.  Sim  Tappertit,  "the 
'prentices'  glory"  and  captain  of  the 
"'Prentice  Knights."  But  there  was  a 
disparity  between  his  words  and  senti- 
ments, if  we  may  judge  from  this 
specimen :    "  Good    night,    most   noble 


captain  !  farewell,  brave  general !  bye- 
bye,  illustrious  commander!— a  conceited, 
bragging,  empty-headed,  duck-legged 
idiot !  "  Benjamin  Stagg  was  shot  by 
the  soldiery  in  the  Gordon  riots. — C. 
Dickens,  Barnaby  Rudge  (1841). 

Stagirite  (3  syl.).  Aristotle  is  called 
the  Stagirite  because  he  was  born  at 
Stagira,  in  Macedon.  Almost  all  our 
English  poets  call  the  word  Stagirite: 
as  Pope,  Thomson,  Swift,  Byron,  Words- 
worth, B.  Browning,  etc.  ;  but  it  should 
be  Stagi'rite  (zTa7e«p/TH9). 

lliick  like  a  glory  round  the  Stagyi  ite, 
Your  rivals  throng,  the  sages. 

K.  Browning,  ParaceUut,  L 
All  the  wisdom  of  the  Stagirite. 

Wordsworth, 
Plato,  the  Stagyrite,  and  Tully  Joined. 

Thomson. 
As  if  the  Stagirite  •'erlooked  the  line. 

Pope. 
Is  rightly  censured  by  the  Stagirite, 
Who  says  his  numbers  do  not  fadge  aright; 

Swift,  To  Dr.  Sheridan  (1718). 

Stamboul  (2  syl.),  Constantinople. 

And  Stamboul's  minarets  must  greet  my  sight. 
Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Jievieuers  (1809). 

Stammerer  {The),  Louis  II.  of 
France,  le  Beyue  (846,  877-879). 

Michael  II.  emperor  of  the  East 
(♦,  820-829). 

Notker  or  Notger  of  St.  Gall  (830- 
912). 

Stanchells,  head  jailer  at  the  Glas- 
gow tolbooth. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Rob  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

Standard.  A  substantial  building 
for  water  supplies,  as  the  Water  Stan- 
dard of  Cornhill,  the  Standard  in  Cheap, 
opposite  Honey  Lane,  "which  John 
Wells,  grocer,  caused  to  be  made  [?  re~ 
built}  in  his  mayoralty,  1430." — Stow, 
Survey  ("  Cheapside"). 

2'he  Cheapside  Standard.  This  Standard 
was  in  existence  in  the  reign  of  Edward 
I.  In  the  reign  of  Edward  III.  two 
fishmongers  were  beheaded  at  the 
Cheapside  Standard,  for  aiding  in  a  riot. 
Henry  IV.  caused  "  the  blank  charter  of 
Kichard  II."  to  be  burnt  at  this  place. 

The  Standard,  Cornhill.  This  was  a 
conduit  with  four  spouts,  made  by  Peter 
Morris,  a  German,  in  1682,  and  supplied 
with  Thames  water,  conveyed  by  leaden 
pipes  over  the  steeple  of  St.  Magnus's 
Church.  It  stood  at  the  east  end  of 
Cornhill,  at  its  junction  with  Grace- 
church  Street,  Bishopsgate  Street,  and 
Leadenhall  Street.  The  water  ceased 
to  run  between  1598  and  1G03,  but  the 
Standard    itself    remained    long    after. 


STANDAED. 


942 


STARCHATERUS. 


Distances    from  London  were  measured 
from  this  spot. 

In  the  year  1775  there  stood  npon  the  borders  of  Epping 
Forest,  at  a  distance  of  about  twelve  miles  from  London, 
measuring  from  the  Standard  in  Cornhill,  or  rather  from 
the  spot  on  wiiich  the  Standani  used  to  be,  a  house  of 
public  entertainment  called  the  Maypole.— Dickens, 
Barmiby  Rudge,  i.  (1841). 

Standard  {The  Battle  of  the),  the 
battle  of  Luton  Moor,  near  Northallerton, 
between  the  English  and  the  Scotch,  in 
1138.  So  called  from  the  "  standard," 
which  was  raised  on  a  wa^rgon,  and 
placed  in  the  centre  of  the  English  army. 
The  pole  displayed  the  standards  of  St. 
Cuthbert  of  Durham,  St.  Peter  of  York, 
St.  .John  of  Beverley,  and  St.  Wilfred  of 
Ripon,  surmounted  by  a  little  silver 
casket  containing  a  consecrated  wafer. — 
Hailes,  Annals  of  Scotland,  i.  85  (1779). 

The  Battle  of  the  Standard  was  so  called  from  the 
banner  of  St.  Cuthbert,  which  was  thought  always  to 
ijecure  success.  It  came  forth  at  the  battle  of  Nevil's  Cross, 
and  was  again  victorious.  It  was  preserved  with  great 
reverence  till  the  Reformation,  when,  in  1549,  Catharine 
Whittingham  (a  French  lady),  wife  of  tliedean  of  Durham, 
burnt  it  out  of  zeal  against  pojiery. — Miss  Yonge,  Cameos 
of  EnglUh  HUtory,  126-8  (1868). 

Standing  {To  die).  Vespasian  said, 
*'An  emperor  of  Rome  ought  to  die 
standing."  Louis  XVII L  of  France  said, 
"  A  king  of  France  ought  to  die  standing." 
This  craze  is  not  confined  to  crowned 
heads. 

Standish  {Miles),  the  puritan  cap- 
tain, was  short  of  stature,  strongly  built, 
broad  in  the  shoulders,  deep-chested, 
and  with  sinews  like  iron.  His  daughter 
Rose  was  the  first  to  die  "  of  all  who 
came  in  the  Mayflower.''^  Being  desirous 
to  marry  Priscilla  "the  beautiful  puri- 
tan," he  sent  young  Alden  to  plead  his 
cause  ;  but  the  maiden  answered  archly, 
"Whv  don't  you  speak  for  yourself, 
John?"  Soon  after  this,  Standish  was 
shot  with  a  poisoned  arrow,  and  John 
Alden  did  speak  for  himself,  and  pre- 
vailed.— Longfellow,  Courtship  of  Miles 
Standish  (1858). 

Standish  {Mr.  Justice),  a  brother 
magistrate  with  Bailie  Trumbull. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Stanley,  in  the  earl  of  Sussex's  train. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth  (time,  Eliza- 
beth). 

Stanley  {Captain  Charles),  introduced 
by  his  friend  captain  Stukely  to  the 
fanily  at  Strawberry  Hall.  Here  he 
meets  Miss  Kitty  Sprightly  an  heiress, 
who  has  a  theatrical  twist.  The  captain 
makes  love  to  her  under  the  mask  of 
acting,  induces  her  to  run  off  with  him 
and  get  married,  then,  returning  to  the 


hall,  introduces  her  as  his  wife.  All  the 
family  fancy  he  is  only  "acting,"  but 
discover  too  late  that  their  "  play"  is  a 
life-long  reality. — I.  Jackman,  All  the 
World's  a  Stage. 

Stanley  Crest  ( The) .  On  a  chapeau 
gu.  an  eagle  feeding  on  an  infant  in  its 
nest.  The  legend  is  that  sir  Thomas  de 
Lathom,  having  no  male  issue,  was 
walking  with  his  wife  one  day,  and  heard 
the  cries  of  an  infant  in  an  eagle's  nest. 
They  looked  on  the  child  as  a  gift  from 
God,  and  adopted  it,  and  it  became  the 
founder  of  the  Stanley  race  (time,  Edward 
III.). 

Staples  {Lawrence),  head  jailer  at 
Kenilworth  Castle. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenil- 
worth (time,  Elizabeth). 

Star  Falling.  Any  wish  formed 
during  the  shoot  of  a  star  will  come  to 
pass. 

Star  of  Aready  {The),  the  Great 
Bear  ;  so  called  from  Calisto,  daughter  of 
Lycaon  king  of  Arcadia.  The  Little 
Bear  is  called  the  Tyrian  Cynosure,  from 
Areas  or  Cynosura  son  of  Calisto. 

And  thou  shalt  be  our  star  of  Aready, 
Or  Tyrian  Cynosure  (3  tyl.). 

Milton,  Comits.  342  (1634). 

*^*  Of  course,  "Cynosure"  signifies 
"dog's  tail,"  Greek,  kunos  oura,  meaning 
the  star  in  Ursa  Minor. 

Star  of  South  Africa,  a  diamond 
discovered  in  the  South  African  fields.  It 
weighed  in  the  rough  83|  carats ;  and 
after  being  cut  46^  carats. 

Star  of  the  South  {The),  the  second 
largest  cut  diamond  in  the  world.  It 
weighs  254  carats.  It  was  discovered  in 
Brazil  by  a  poor  negress  (1853). 

Starch  {Dr.),  the  tutor  of  Blushing- 
ton.— W.  T.  Moncrieff,  The  Bashful  Man. 

Starchat'erus,  of  Sweden,  a  giant 
in  stature  and  strength,  whose  life  was 
protracted  to  thrice  the  ordinary  term. 
When  he  felt  himself  growing  old,  he 
hung  a  bag  of  gold  round  his  neck,  and 
told  Olo  he  might  take  the  bag  of  gold 
if  he  would  cut  off  his  head,  and  he  did 
so.  He  hated  luxury  in  every  form,  and 
said  a  man  was  a  fool  who  went  and 
dined  out  for  the  sake  of  better  fare. 
One  day,  Helgo  king  of  Norway  asked 
him  to  be  his  champion  in  a  contest 
which  was  to  be  decided  by  himself 
alone  against  nine  adversaries.  Star- 
chaterus  selected  for  the  site  of  combat 
the  top  of  a  mountain  covered  with  snow, 


STARELEIGH. 


STEELE  GLAS. 


and,  throwing  off  his  clothes,  waited  for 
the  nine  adversaries.  When  asked  if  he 
would  fight  with  them  one  by  one  or  all 
together,  he  replied,  "  When  dogs  bark 
at  nie,  I  drive  them  all  off  at  once." — 
Joannes  Magnus,  Qothorum  Suevorumque 
Historia  (1554), 

Stareleigh  (Justice)^  a  stout,  pudgy 
little  judge,  very  deaf,  and  very  iras- 
cible, who,  in  the  absence  of  the  chief 
justice,  sat  in  judgment  on  the  trial  of 
•'  Bardell  v.  Pickwick." — C.  Dickens, 
The  Ptckwick  Papers  (1«3G). 

Stamo,  king  of  Lochlin.  Having 
been  conquered  by  Fingal  and  generously 
Bet  at  liberty,  he  promised  Fingal  his 
daughter  Agandecca  in  marriage,  but 
meant  to  deal  treacherously  by  him  and 
kill  him.  Fingal  accepted  the  invitation 
of  Starno,  and  spent  three  days  in  boar- 
hunts.  He  was  then  warned  by  Agandecca 
to  beware  of  her  father,  who  bad  set  an 
ambuscade  to  waylay  him.  Fingal,  being 
forewarned,  fell  on  the  ambush  and  slew 
every  man.  When  Starno  heard  thereof, 
he  slew  his  daughter,  whereupon  Fingal 
and  his  followers  took  to  arms,  and 
Starno  either  "  fled  or  died."  Swaran 
succeeded  his  father  Starno. — Ossian,  Fin- 
gal., iii. ;  see  also  Catk-Loda. 

Starvation  Dundas,  Henry  Dun- 
das  the  first  lord  Melville.  So  called 
because  he  introduced  the  word  starvation 
into  the  language  (1775). 

Starveling  {Robin),  the  tailor.  He 
was  cast  for  the  part  of  "  Thisbe's 
mother,"  in  the  drama  played  before 
duke  Theseus  (2  syl.)  on  "his  wedding 
day  at  night."  Starveling  has  nothing 
to  say  in  the  drama.  —  Shakespeare, 
Midsummer  NighVs  Dream  (1592). 

State,  a  royal  chair  with  a  canopy 
over  it. 

Our  hostess  keeps  her  state. 
Shakespeare,  Macbeth,  act  iii.  sc.  4  (1606). 

Stati'ra,  the  heroine  of  La  Calpre- 
nbde's  romance  of  Cassandra.  Statira  is 
the  daughter  of  Darius,  and  is  repre- 
sented us  the  "  most  perfect  of  the  works 
of  creation."  Oroondates  is  in  love  with 
her,  and  ultimately  marries  her. 

Scati'ra,  daughter  of  Dari'us,  and  wife  of 
Alexander.  Young,  beautiful,  womanly, 
of  strong  affection,  noble  bearing,  mild 
yet  haught}',  yielding  yet  brave.  Her 
love  for  Alexander  was  unbounded. 
When  her  royal  husband  took  Koxana 
into    favour,    the    proud    spirit    of    the 


princess  was  indignant,  but  Alexander, 
by  his  love,  won  her  back  again.  Statira 
was  murdered  by  Roxana  the  Bactrian, 
called  the  "  Rival  Queen." — N.  Leo, 
Alexander  the  Great  (1678). 

Miss  Boutwell  was  the  original  "Statira"  of  Lee's 
A  lexander,  and  once,  when  playing  with  Mrs.  Barry 
[1678)  she  was  in  danger  of  receiving  on  tlie  stage  her 
death-blow.  It  happened  thus :  Before  the  curtain 
drew  up,  the  two  queens,  "  Statira"  and  "  Roxana  "  had 
a  real  rivalship  about  a  lace  veil,  allotted  to  Miss  Boutwell 
by  the  manager.  This  so  enraged  Mrs.  Barry  that,  in 
"stabbing  'Statira,'"  she  actually  thrust  her  dagger 
through  her  rival's  stay.«,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or  more 
Into  tlie  flesh.— Oanipbell,  Life  of  Mrt.  Hiddoiu. 

Dr.  Doran  tells  us  that : 

The  charming  George  Ann  Bellamy  [1733-1788]  procured 
from  Paris  two  gorgeous  dresses  for  the  part  of  "  Statira." 
When  Peg  Woffington,  who  played  "  Roxana,"  saw  them, 
she  was  so  overcome  by  malice,  hatred,  and  all  uncharit- 
ableuess,  that  she  rolled  her  rival  in  the  dust,  pummelled 
her  with  Uie  handle  of  her  dagger,  and  screamed  in 
anger : 

Nor  he,  nor  heaven,  shall  shield  thee  from  my  justice. 

Die,  sorceress,  die  !  and  all  my  wrongs  die  with  thee ! 
Table  Traits. 

Staunton  {The  Rev.  Mr.),  rector  of 
WilHngham,  and  father  of  George 
Staunton. 

George  Staunton,  son  of  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Staunton.  He  appears  first  as  "  Geordie 
Robertson,"  a  felon  ;  and  in  the  Porteous 
mob  he  assumes  the  guise  of  "  Madge 
Wildfire."  George  Staunton  is  the 
seducer  of  Effie  Deans.  Ultimately  he 
comes  to  the  title  of  baronet,  marries 
Effie,  and  is  shot  by  a  gipsy  boy  called 
*'  The  Whistler,"  who  proves  to  be  his 
own  natural  son. 

Ladg  Staunton,  Effie  Deans  after  her 
marriage  with  sir  George.  On  the  death 
of  her  husband,  she  retires  to  a  convent 
on  the  Continent.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Steadfast,  a  friend  of  the  Duberly 
family  .—Colman,  The  Be  ir-at-Law  {17  97). 

Steeds  of  tlie  Sea,  ships,  a  com- 
mon synonym  of  the  Runic  bards. 

And  thro'  the  deep  exulting  sweep 
The  Thunder-steeds  of  Spain. 

Lord  Lytton,  Ode,  I.  (1839). 

Steel  Castle,  a  strong  ward,  belong- 
ing to  the  Yellow  Dwarf.  Here  he 
confined  All-Fair  when  she  refused  to 
marry  him  according  to  her  promise. — 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  The 
Yellow  Dwarf,"  1G82). 

Steele  Glas  {The),  a  mirror  in 
which  we  may  "  see  ourselves  as  others 
see  us,"  or  see  others  in  their  true 
likenesses. 

The  Christel  Glasse,  on  the  other  hand, 
reflects  us  as  vanity  dictates,  and  shows 
other  people  as  fame  paints  thsm.    These 


STEENIE. 


944 


STEPHANO. 


mirrors  were  made  by  Lucyl'ius  (an  old 
satirist). 

Luryllus  .  .  .  bequeathed  "  The  Christel  Glasse " 
To  such  as  love  to  seme  but  not  to  be  ; 
But  unto  those  that  love  to  see  themselves, 
How  foul  or  fayre  soever  that  they  are. 
He  gan  bequeath  a  Gla;se  of  trustie  Steel. 

G.  Gascoigne,  The  Steele  (ilat  (died  1577). 

Sfceenie,  i.e.  "  Stephen."  So  George 
Villiers  duke  of  Buckingham  was  called 
by  James  I.,  because,  like  Stephen  the 
first  martyr,  "  all  that  sat  in  the  council, 
looking  stedfastly  on  him,  saw  his  face 
as  it  had  been  the  face  of  an  angel" 
(Acts  vi.  15). 

Steenson  (Willie)  or  "Wandering 
Willie,"  the  blind  fiddler. 

Steenie  Steenson,  the  piper,  in  Wander- 
ing Willie's  tale. 

Maggie  Steenson,  or  "  Epps  Anslie," 
the  wife  of  Wandering  WiJie. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Bedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Steerforth,  the  young  man  who  led 
little  Em'ly  astray.  When  tired  of  his 
toy,  he  proposed  to  her  to  marry  his 
valet.  Steerforth,  being  shipwrecked  off 
the  coast  of  Yarmouth,  Ham  Peggotty  tried 
to  rescue  him,  but  both  were  drowned. — C. 
Dickens,  David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Stein.  There  is  a  German  saying 
that,  "Kremsand  Stein  are  three  places." 
The  solution  lies  in  the  word  "and" 
(German,  und).  Now  Und  is  between 
Krenis  and  Stein  ;  so  that  Krems,  Und, 
[and]  Stein  arc  three  places. 

Steinbach  {Erwin  von)  designed 
Strasbourg  Cathedral ;  begun  1015,  and 
finished  1439. 

A  great  master  of  his  craft 
Erwin  von  Steinbach. 

LongteUow,  Qolden  Legend  (1851). 

Steinernherz   von  Blutsacker 

(Francis),  the  scharf-gerichter  or  execu- 
tioner.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Steinfeldt  (The  old  baroness  of), 
introduced  in  Donnerhugel's  narrative. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Steinfort  (The  baron),  brother  of 
the  countess  Wintersen.  He  falls  in  love 
with  Mrs.  Haller,  but,  being  informed  of 
the  relationship  between  Mrs.  Haller  and 
"  the  stranger,"  exerts  himself  to  bring 
about  a  reconciliation. — Benj.  Thompson, 
The  Stranger  (1797). 

Stella.  The  lady  Penelope  Devereux, 
the  object  of  sir  Philip  Sidney's  affection. 
She  married  lord  Kich,  and  was  a  widow 
in  Sidney's  life-time.     Spenser  says,  in 


his  Astrophel,  when  A  strophe!  (sir 
Philip)  died,  Stella  died  of  grief,  and  the 
two  "lovers"  were  converted  into  one 
flower,  called  "  Starlight,"  which  is  first 
red,  and  as  it  fades  turns  blue.  Some 
call  it  penthea,  but  henceforth  (he  says)  it 
shall  be  called  "Astrophel."  It  is  a  pure 
fiction  that  Stella  died  from  grief  at  the 
death  of  Sidney,  for  she  afterwards 
married  Charles  Blount,  created  by 
James  I.  earl  of  Devonshire.  The  poet 
himself  must  have  forgotten  his  own 
lines : 

Ne  less  praiseworthy  Stella  do  I  read, 
Tho'  noui?ht  my  praises  of  her  needed  are. 

Whom  vsrse  of  noblest  shepherd  lately  dead  [1586J 
Hath  pn-fised  and  raised  above  each  other  star. 
Spenser,  Colin  Clout's  Come  Jlome  Again  (1591). 

Stella.  Miss  Hester  Johnson  was  so 
called  by  Swift,  to  whom  she  was 
privately  married  in  1706.  Hester  is  first 
perverted  into  the  Greek  aster,  and 
"aster"  in  Latin,  like  stella,  means 
"a  star."  Stella  lived  with  Mrs.  Dingley 
on  Ormond  Quay,  Dublin. 

Poor  Stella  must  pack  off  to  town  .  .  . 
To  Litfy's  stinking  tide  at  Dublin  .  .  . 
To  be  directed  there  by  Dintiley  .  .  . 
And  now  arrives  the  dismal  day. 
She  must  return  to  Orinond  Quay. 

Swift,  To  Htvlla  at  iVood  Park  (1723). 

Steno  (Michel),  one  of  the  chiefs  of 
the  tribunal  of  Forty.  Steno  acts 
indecorously  to  some  of  the  ladies  as- 
sembled at  a  civic  banquet  given  by  the 
doge  of  Venice,  and  is  turned  out  of 
the  house.  In  revenge,  he  fastens  on  the 
doge's  chair  some  scurrilous  lines  against 
the  young  dogaressa,  whose  extreme 
modesty  and  innocence  ought  to  have 
protected  her  from  such  insolence.  The 
doge  refers  the  matter  to  "the  Forty, "who 
sentence  Steno  to  two  months'  imprison- 
ment. This  punishment,  in  the  opinion 
of  the  doge,  is  wholly  inade(juate  to  the 
offence,  and  Marino  Faliero  ]oins  a  con- 
spiracy to  abolish  the  council  altoi^ether. 
— Byron,  Marino  Faliero,  the  l)oge  of 
Venice  (1819). 

Stentor,  a  Grecian  herald  in  the 
Trojan  war.  Homer  says  he  was  "  great- 
hearted, brazen-voiced,  and  could  shout 
as  loud  as  fifty  men." 

He  liegan  to  roar  for  help  with  the  lungs  of  a  Stentor.— 
Smollett. 

Steph'ano,  earl  of  Carnuti,  the 
leader  of  400  men  in  the  allied  Christian 
army.  He  was  noted  for  his  military 
prowess  and  wise  counsel. — Tasso,  Jeru- 
salem Delivered,  i.  (1575). 

Steph'ano,  a  drunken  butler. — Shake- 
speare, The  Tempest  (1609). 


STEPHANO. 


945 


STEYNE. 


Steph'ano,  servant  to  Portia, — Shake- 
speare, Merchant  of  Venice  (1698). 

Stephen,  one  of  the  attendants  of 
sir  Reginald  Front  de  Boeuf  (a  follower 
of  prince  John). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Stephen  {Count),  nephew  of  the  count 
of  Crfevecoeur. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin 
JJurward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Stephen  (Master),  a  conceited  puppy, 
who  thinks  all  inferiors  are  to  be  snubbed 
and  bullied,  and  all  those  weaker  and 
more  cowardly  than  himself  are  to  be 
kicked  and  beaten.  He  is  especially 
struck  with  captain  Bobadil,  and  tries 
to  imitate  his  "  dainty  oaths."  Master 
Stephen  has  no  notion  of  honesty  and 
high-mindedness :  thus  he  steals  Down- 
riglit's  cloak,  which  had  been  accidentally 
dropped,  declares  he  bought  it,  and  then 
that  he  found  it.  Being  convicted  of 
falsehood,  he  resigns  all  claim  to  it, 
saying  in  a  huflp,  "  There,  take  your  cloak  ; 
I'll  none  on't."  This  small-minded  youth 
is  young  Kno'well's  cousin. — Ben  Jonson, 
IJvery  Man  in  His  Humour  (1698). 

Stephen  (The  British  St.),  St.  Alban, 
the  British  proto-martyr  (died  303). 

As  soon  as  the  executioner  gave  the  fatid  stroke  [which 
beheaded  St.  A  !ban],  his  eyes  dropped  out  of  his  head.— 
Bede,  Eccleiiastical  Uittary  (A.D.  734). 

Stephen  Steelheart,  the  nickname 
of  Stephen  Wetheral.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Jvanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Stephen  of  Amboise,  leader  of 
5000  foot  soldiers  from  Blois  and  Tours 
in  the  allied  Christian  army  of  Godfrey 
of  Bouillon.  Impetuous  in  attack,  but 
deficient  in  steady  resistance.  He  was 
Bbot  by  Glorinda  with  an  arrow  (bk.  xi.). 
•^Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1676). 

Sterling  (Mr.),  a  vulgar,  rich  City 
merchant,  who  wishes  to  see  his  two 
daughters  married  to  titles.  Lord  Ogleby 
calls  him  "  a  very  abstract  of  'Change  ;  " 
and  he  himself  says,  "  What  signifies 
tbirth,  education,  titles,  and  so  forth? 
I^Ione)',  I    say — money's  the  stuff   that 

lakes  a  man  great  in  this  countrj'." 
Miss  Sterling,  whose  Christian  name  is 

Elizabeth  or  Betty  ;  a  spiteful,  jealous, 
[purse-proud  damsel,  engaged  to  sir  John 
fMelvil.  Sir  John,  seeing  small  prospect 
of  happiness  with  such  a  tartar,  proposed 

larriage  to  the  younger  sister  ;  and  Miss 
^Sterling,  being  left  out  in  the  cold,  ex- 

laimed,  "  Oh  that  some  other  person,  an 
learl  or  duke  for  instance,  would  propose 


to  me,  that  I  might  be  revenged  on  the 
monsters ! " 

Miss  Fanny  Sterlirui,  an  amiable,  sweet- 
smiling,  soft-speaking  beauty,  clandes- 
tinely married  to  Lovewell. — Colman  and 
Garrick,  The  Clandestine  Marriage  (17 Q^). 

A  strange  blunder  was  once  made  by  Mrs.  Gibbs  of 
Ck)vent  Garden  in  the  part  of  "Miss  SterlinR."  When 
speaking  of  the  conduct  of  Betty,  who  had  locked  the 
dour  of  Mi^  Fanny's  room  and  walked  away  with  thr. 
key,  Mrs.  Gibbs  exclaimed,  "  She  has  locked  the  key,  and 
carried  away  the  door  In  her  jwcket." — W.  C.  Kussell, 
Jiepreientative  Actors. 

Sterry,  a  fanatical  preacher,  admired 
by  Hugh  Peters. — S.  Butler,  Hudibras 
(1663-78). 

Stevens,  a  messenger  of  the  earl  of 
Sussex  at  Say's  Court. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Ste"wart  (Colonel),  governor  of  the 
castle  of  Doune. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Stewart  (Prince  Charles  Edward),  sur- 
named  "The  Chevalier  "by  his  friends, 
and  "The  Pretender "  by  his  foes.  Sir 
W.  Scott  introduces  him  in  Waverley ^ 
and  again  in  Eedgauntlet,  where  he  ap- 
pears disguised  as  "  father  Buonaven- 
tura."     (Now  generally  spelt  Stuart.) 

Stewart  (Walking),  John  Stewart,  the 
English  traveller,  who  travelled  on  foot 
through  Hindustan,  Persia,  Nubia,  Abys- 
sinia, the  Arabian  Desert,  Europe,  and 
the  United  States  (died  1822). 

A  most  Interesting  man, .  .  .  eloquent  In  conversation, 
contemplative  .  .  .  and  crazy  beyond  all  reach  of  hele- 
bore,  .  .  .  yet  sublune  and  divinely  benignant  in  his 
visionariness.  This  man,  as  a  pedestrian  traveller,  had 
seen  more  of  the  earth's  surface  .  .  .  tlian  any  man 
before  or  since.— De  Quincey. 

*^*  Walking  Stewart  must  not  be 
confounded  with  John  M'Douall  Stuart, 
the  Australian  explorer  (1818-1866). 

Stewart  Diamond  (The),  found  in 
1872,  is  the  largest  South  African  dia- 
mond discovered  up  to  the  year  1880. 
It  weighed  in  the  rough  state  288|  carats, 
and  but  few  diamonds  in  the  world  ex- 
ceed it  in  size.  It  is  of  a  light  yellow 
hue.  and  is  set  as  a  star  with  eight  points 
and  a  fleur  de  lys  above.  This  superb 
stone,  with  the  Dudley  and  Twin  dia- 
monds, have  all  been  discovered  in  the 
Cape  since  1870. 

Steyne  (Marquis  of),  earl  of  Gaunt 
and  of  Gaunt  Castle,  a  viscount,  baron, 
knight  of  the  Garter  and  of  numerous 
other  orders,  colonel,  trustee  of  the 
British  Museum,  elder  brother  of  the 
Trinity  House,  governor  of  White  Friars, 
etc,  had  honours  and  titles  enough  to 
3  P 


STICK  TO  IT,  SAYS  BAIGENT.     946 


STOCK  PIECES. 


make  him  a  great  man  ;  but  his  life  was 
not  a  highl}'  moral  one,  and  his  conduct 
with  Becky  Sharp,  when  she  was  the 
wife  of  colonel  Rawdon  Crawley,  gave 
rise  to  a  great  scandal.  His  lordship 
floated  through  the  ill  report,  but  Mrs. 
Kawdon  was  obliged  to  live  abroad. — W. 
M.  Thackeray,  Vanity  Fair  (1848). 

Stick    to    it,     says    Baigent. 

Baigent  was  the  principal  witness  of  the 
Claimant  in  the  great  Tichborne  trial, 
and  his  advice  to  his  protege  -was^  "  Stick 
to  it"  (1872). 

Stiggins,  a  hypocritical,  drunken, 
methodist  "shepherd"  (minister),  thought 
by  Mrs.  Weller  to  be  a  saint.  His  time 
was  spent  for  the  most  part  in  drinking 
pine-apple  rum  at  the  Marquis  of  Granby 
tavern. — C.  Dickens,  The  Pickwick  Papers 
(1836). 

Still  (Cornelius  the),  Cornelius  Tacitus. 
(Latin,  tacltus,  "still.") 

Cornelius  the  Stylle,  in  his  firste  boolc  of  his  yerely 
exploictes,  called  in  Latino  Annale*. — Fardle  of  Faciontt 
iii.  3  (1055). 

Still  "Waters  Run  Deep,  adapted 
from  the  French  novel,  Le  Gendre. 

Stimulants  used  by  Public 
Characters. 

Bonaparte,  snuff. 

Braham,  bottled  porter. 

Bull  [Rev.  William),  the  noncon- 
formist, was  an  inveterate  smoker. 

Byron,  gin-and-water. 

Catley  (Miss),  linseed  tea  and  ma- 
deira. 

Cooke  (G.  F.),  everything  drinkable. 

Disraeli  (lord  Beaconsfield),  cham- 
pagne jelly. 

Emery,  cold  brandy-and- water. 

Erskine  (Lord),  opium  in  large  doses. 

Gladstone  ( W.  F.),  an  egg  beaten  up 
in  sherry. 

Henderson,  gum  arable  and  sherry. 

HoBBES,  only  cold  water. 

Incledon,  madeira. 

Jordan  (Mrs.),  calves' -foot  jelly  dis- 
solved in  warm  sherry. 

Kean  (Fdtnund),  beef -tea,  cold  brandy. 

Kemble  (John),  opium. 

Lewis,  mulled  wine  and  oysters. 

Newton  smoked  incessantly. 

OxBERRY,  strong  tea. 

Pope,  strong  coffee. 

Schiller  required  to  sit  over  a  table 
deeply  impregnated  with  the  smell  of 
apples.  ETe  stimulated  his  brain  with 
coffee  and  champagne. 

SiDDONS  (Mrs.),  porter,  not  "stout." 


Smith  ( William)  drank  strong  coffee. 

Wedderburne  (the  first  lord  Ashbur- 
ton)  used  to  place  a  blister  on  his  chest 
when  he  had  to  make  a  great  speech.— 
Dr.  Paris,  Pharmacologia  (1819). 

Wood  (Mrs.)  drank  draught  porter. 

Stinkomalee.  So  Theodore  Hook 
called  the  London  University.  The  word 
was  suggested  by  "  Trincomalee "  (in 
Ceylon),  a  name  before  the  public  at  the 
time.  Hook  hated  the  "  University," 
because  it  admitted  students  of  all  de- 
nominations. 

Only  look  at  Stinkomalee  and  King's  College.  Activity, 
union,  craft,  indomitable  i)erseverance  on  the  one  side ; 
indolence,  indecision,  internal  distrust  and  jealousies, 
calf-like  simplicity,  and  cowardice  intolerable  on  the 
other.— Wilson,  Nodes  Ambrotiance  (1822-36). 

Stitch.  (Tom),  a  young  tailor,  a  great 
favourite  with  the  ladies. — The  Merry 
History  of  Tom  Stitch  (seventeenth  cen- 
tury). 

Stock  Exchange  "Nicknames.** 

Berw^icks,  North-Eastem  railway 
shares. 

Brums,  London  and  North-Western 
railway  shares  (the  Birmingham  line). 

Cohens,  the  Turkish  '69  loan.  Floated 
by  the  firm  of  that  name. 

Dogs,  Newfoundland  telegraph  shares. 
(Newfoundland  dogs.) 

DovERS,  South- Eastern  railway  shares. 
(The  line  runs  to  Dover.) 

Floaters,  exchequer  bills  and  other 
unfunded  stock. 

Fourteen  Hundred,  a  stranger  who 
has  intruded  into  the  Stock  Exchange. 
This  term  was  used  in  Defoe's  time. 

Lame  Duck  (A),  a  member  of  the 
Stock  Exchange  who  fails  in  his  obli- 
gations. 

Leeds,  Lancashire  and  Yorkshire  rail- 
way shares. 

Morgans,  the  French  6  per  cents. 
Floated  by  that  firm. 

Muttons,  the  Turkish  '65  loan.  (Partly 
secured  by  the  sheep  tax.) 

Pots,  North  Staffordshire  railway 
shares.     (The  potteries.) 

SiNGAPORES  (3  syl.),  British  Indian 
Extension  telegraph  shares. 

Smelts,  English  and  Australian  copper 
shares. 

Stag,  one  who  applies  for  an  allot- 
ment of  shares,  and  cuts  off  if  they  do 
not  rise  in  price  before  they  are  awarded. 

YoRKS,  the  Great  Northern  railway 
shares. 


Stock  Pieces,    used   in  univer 
and  law  examinations.     (See  Tips.) 


1 


STOCKS'  MARKET. 


947 


STONEWALL  JACKSON. 


Stocks'  Market.  So  called  from  a 
pair  of  stocks  which  at  one  time  stood 
there.  Gardeners  used  to  occupy  all  but 
the  north  and  south-west  part.  The 
flower  called  the  "stock"  received  its 
name  from  being  sold  there.  The  market 
was  removed  to  Farringdon  Street  in 
1737,  and  was  then  called  "  Fleet  Mar- 
ket." 

Where  U  there  such  a  garden  in  Europe  as  the  Stocks' 
Market?  Where  such  a  river  as  the  Thames?  Where 
suclt  ponds  and  decoys  as  in  Leadenhall  Market  for  your 
fish  and  fowl  ?— Shadwell,  Uury  Fair  (1689). 

Stockwell  {Mr.),  a  City  merchant, 
who  promised  to  give  his  daughter  Nancy 
in  marriage  to  the  son  of  sir  Harry  Har- 
lowe  of  Dorsetshire. 

Mrs.  Stochwell,  the  merchant's  wife, 
who  always  veers  round  to  the  last 
speaker,  and  can  be  persuaded  to  any- 
thing for  the  time  being. 

Nancif  Stockwell,  daughter  of  the  mer- 
chant, in  love  with  Belford,  but  promised 
in  marriage  to  sir  Harry  Harlowe's  son. 
It  so  happens  that  sir  Harry's  son  has 
privately  married  another  lady,  and  Nancy 
falls  to  the  man  of  her  choice. — Garrick, 
Neck  or  Nothing  (1766). 

Stolen  Kistees,  a  drama  by  Paul 
Meritt,  in  three  acts  (1877).  Felix  Free- 
mantle,  under  the  pseudonym  of  Mr.  Joy, 
falls  in  love  with  Cherry,  daughter  of 
Tom  Spirit  once  valet  to  Mr.  Freemantle 
(who  had  come  to  the  title  of  viscount 
Trangmar).  When  Tom  Spirit  ascer- 
tained that  "Felix  Joy  "  was  the  son  of 
the  viscount,  he  forbade  all  further  in- 
tercourse, unless  Felix  produced  his 
father's  consent  to  the  marriage.  The 
next  part  of  the  plot  pertains  to  the 
brother  of  Tom  Spirit,  who  had  assumed 
the  name  of  Walter  Temple,  and,  as  a 
stock-broker,  had  become  very  wealthy. 
In  his  prosperity,  Walter  scornfully 
ignored  his  brother  Tom,  and  his  ambi- 
tion was  to  marry  his  daughter  Jenny  to 
the  son  of  viscount  Trangmar,  who  owed 
him  money.  Thus  the  two  cousins. 
Cherry  and  Jenny,  came  into  collision ; 
but  at  the  end  Jenny  married  Fred  Gay, 
[a  medical  student,  Cherry  married  Felix, 
[^he  two  brothers  were  reconciled,  and 
'Tom  released  his  old  master,  viscount 
fTrangraar,  by  destroying  the  bond  which 
"  Walter  held  and  gave  him. 

Stone  of  Loda,  a  place  of  worship 
|»moiigst    the    ancient    Gaels.  —  Ossian, 
lemora^  v. 

Stonehenge.  Aurelius  Ambrosius 
'asked  Merlin  what  memento  he  could 


raise  to  commemorate  his  victory  over 
Vortigern ;  and  Merlin  advised  him  to 
remove  "  The  Giant's  Dance "  from 
mount  Killaraus,  in  Ireland,  to  Salisbury 
Plain.  So  Aurelius  placed  a  fleet  and 
15,000  men  under  the  charge  of  Uther  the 
pendragon  and  Merlin  for  the  purpose. 
Gilloman  king  of  Ireland,  who  opposed 
the  invaders,  was  routed,  and  then  Merlin, 
"  by  his  art,"  shipped  th£  stones,  and  set 
them  up  on  thje  plain  "  in  the  same 
Qjanjjer  as  they  stood  on  Killaraus." — 
Geoffrey,  British  History,  viii.  10-12 
(1142). 

How  Merlin,  by  his  skill  and  magic's  wondrous  miglit. 
From  Ireland  liitber  brouglit  the  Sonendge  in  a  niglit. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 
Stonehenge,  onae  thought  a  temple,  you  have  found 
A  throne,  where  kings,  our  earthly  gods,  were  crowned. 
*  Dryden,  MpUtlei,  ii. 

Stonehenge  a  Trophy.  It  is  said,  in 
the  Welsh  triads,  that  this  circle  of 
stones  was  erected  by  the  Britons  to 
commemorate  the  "treachery  of  the  Long- 
Knives,"  i.e.  a  conference  to  which  the 
chief  of  the  British  warriors  were  invited 
by  Hengist  at  Ambresbury.  Beside  each 
chief  a  Saxon  was  seated,  armed  with  a 
long  knife,  and  at  a  given  signal  each 
Saxon  slew  his  Briton.  As  many  as  460 
British  nobles  thus  fell,  but  Eidiol  earl 
of  Gloucester,  after  slaying  seventy 
Saxons  (some  say  660),  made  his  escape. 
—  Welsh  Triads. 

Stonehenge  was  erected  by  Merlin,  at  the  command  of 
Ambrosius,  in  memory  of  the  plot  of  the  "  Long-Knives," 
when  300  British  chiefs  were  treaclierously  massacred  by 
Vortigern.  He  built  it  on  the  site  of  a  former  circle.  It 
deviates  from  older  bardic  circles,  as  may  be  seen  by 
comparing  it  with  Avebury,  Stanton-Drew,  Keswick,  etc. 
It  is  called  "The  Work  of  Ambrosius."— Camirian 
Biography,  art.  "  Merddln." 

♦^*  MoNT  DiEU,  a  solitary  mound 
close  to  Dumfermline,  owes  its  origin, 
according  to  story,  to  some  unfortunate 
monks,  who,  by  way  of  penance,  carried 
the  sand  in  baskets  from  the  sea-shore  at 
Inverness.  , 

At  Linton  is  a  fine  conical  hill  attri- 
buted to  two  sisters  (nuns),  who  were 
compelled  to  pass  the  whole  of  the  sand 
through  a  sieve,  by  way  of  penance,  to 
obtain  pardon  for  some  crime  committed 
by  their  brother. 

The  Gog  Magog  Hills,  near  Cambridge, 
are  ascribed  to  his  Satanic  majesty. 

Stone"wall  Jackson,  Thomas  Jona- 
than Jackson,  general  in  the  southern 
army  in  the  great  civil  war  of  the  North 
American  States.  General  Bee  suggested 
the  name  in  the  battle  of  Bull  Kun  (1861). 
"There  is  Jackson,"  said  he  to  his  men, 
"standing  like  a  stone  wall"  (1824- 
1863). 


STORE  MAKES  NO  SORE. 


948 


STRANGER. 


Store  makes  no  Sore.— G.  Gas- 
coigne,  Satis  Sufficit  (died  1577). 

Storm  (The  Great)  occurred  Novem- 
ber 26-7,  1703.  This  storm  supplied 
Addison  with  his  celebrated  simile  of 
the  angel ; 

So  when  an  angel  by  divine  command. 
With  rising  tempests  sbnlies  a  guilty  land. 
Such  as  of  late  o'er  pale  Britannia  past, 
Calin  and  serene  lie  drives  the  furious  l.last; 
And,  pleased  th'  Alniiglity's  orders  to  pci'form, 
Kides  on  the  tempest  and  directs  the  storm. 

The  Campaign  (1705). 

Storm-and-Strain  Period.    The 

last  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century  was 
called  in  Germany  the  Sturm-und-Draivj 
Zeit,  because  every  one  seemed  in  a  fever 
to  shake  off  the  shackles  of  government, 
custom,  prestige,  and  religion.  The  poets 
raved  in  volcanic  rant  or  moonshine 
sentimentality ;  marriage  was  disre- 
garded ;  law,  both  civil  and  divine,  was 
pooh-poohed.  Goethe's  Man  with  the 
Iron  Hand  and  Sorrows  of  Werther,  Schil- 
ler's 2iobbers,  Klinger's  tragedies,  Les- 
sing's  criticisms,  the  mania  for  Shake- 
speare and  Ossian  revolutionized  the 
literature  ;  and  the  cry  went  forth  for 
untrammelled  freedom,  which  was  nick- 
named "Nature."  As  well  go  unclad, 
and  call  it  nature. 

Storms  (Cape  of).  The  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  was  called  by  Bartholomew  Diaz 
Cabo  Tormentoso  in  1486  ;  but  king  John 
II.  of  Portugal  gave  it  its  present  more 
auspicious  name. 

Stomello  Verses,  verses  in  which 
a  word  or  phrase  is  harped  upon,  and 
turned  about  and  about,  as  in  the  follow- 
ing example : — 

Vive  la  France  I  wave  our  banner,  the  red,  white,  and 

blue ; 
The  flag  of  the  loyal,  the  royal,  and  true. 
Blue  and  red  for  our  city  we  wave,  and  the  white 
For  our  sovereign  the  people,  whose  rule  is  tlieir  right. 
Royal  white,  loyal  blue,  and  forget  not  the  red. 
To  show  for  our  freedom  we'll  bleed  and  have  bled. 

^  E.  C.  B. 

S.T.P.,  the  same  as  D.D.,  "divinity 
doctor."  The  initials  of  Sanctce  TheologuB 
Frofessor. 

Stradiva'rius  (Antonius),  bom  at 
Cremo'na,  in  Italy  (1670-1728).  He  was 
a  pupil  of  Andreus  Amati.  The  Amati 
family,  with  Stradivarius  and  his  pupil 
Guarnerius  (all  of  Cremona),  were  the 
most  noted  violin-makers  that  ever  lived, 
insomuch  that  the  word  "Cremona"  is 
synonymous  for  a  first-rate  violin. 

The  instrument  on  which  he  played 
Was  in  Cremona's  workshops  made  .  .  . 
Tlie  maker  from  whose  hands  it  came 
Had  written  his  unrivalled  name— 
"  Antonius  Stradivarius." 
tongfellow.  The  Wayside  Inn  (prelude,  1863). 


Strafford,  an  historical  tragedy  by 
R.  Browning  (1836).  This  drama  con- 
tains portraits  of  Charles  I.,  the  earl  of 
Straiford,  Hampden,  John  Pym,  sir 
Harry  Vane,  etc.,  both  truthful  and 
graphic.  Of  course,  the  subject  of  the 
drama  is  the  attainder  and  execution  of 
Wentworth  earl  of  Strafford. 

Straitlace  (Dame  Fhilippa),  the 
maiden  aunt  of  Blushington.  She  is 
very  much  surprised  to  find  her  nephew 
entertaining  dinner  company,  and  still 
more  so  that  he  is  about  to  take  a  young 
wife  to  keep  house  for  him  instead  of 
herself.— W.  T.  Moncrieff,  The  Bashful 
Alan. 

Stral'enheiin  (Count  of),  a  kinsman 
of  Werner,  who  hunted  him  from  place 
to  place,  with  a  view  of  cutting  him  off, 
because  he  stood  between  him  and  the 
inheritance  of  Siegendorf.  This  mean, 
plausible,  overreaching  nobleman  was  by 
accident  lodged  under  the  same  roof  with 
Werner  while  on  his  way  to  Siegendorf. 
Here  Werner  robbed  him  of  a  rouleau  of 
gold,  and  next  night  Ulric  (Werner's 
son)  murdered  him. 

Jda  Stralenheim,  daughter  of  count 
Stralenheim,  betrothed  to  Ulric,  whom 
she  dearly  loved ;  but  being  told  by 
Ulric  that  he  was  the  assassin  of  her 
father,  she  fell  senseless,  and  Ulric  de- 
parted, never  to  return. — Byron,  Werner 
(1822). 

The  accent  of  this  name  is  given  by 
Byron  sometimes  on  the  first  and  some- 
times on  the  second  syllable : 

StralenTieim,  altho'  noble,  is  unheeded. 

Act  ill.  4. 
Tlie  daughter  of  dead  Stral'enheim,  your  foe. 

Act  iv.  1. 

Stranger  ( The),  the  count  Waldbourg. 
He  married  Adelaide  at  the  age  of  16 ;  she 
had  two  children  by  him,  and  then  eloped. 
The  count,  deserted  by  his  young  wife, 
lived  a  roving  life,  known  only  as  "  The 
Stranger;"  and  his  wife,  repenting  of 
her  folly,  under  the  assumed  name  of 
Mrs.  Haller,  entered  the  service  of  the 
countess  Wintersen,  whose  affection  she 
secured.  In  three  years'  time,  "the  stran- 
ger" came  by  accident  into  the  same 
neighbourhood,  and  a  reconciliation  took 
place. 

His  servant  Francis  says  he  is  "  a  good  master,  though 
one  almost  lo-ses  the  use  of  speech  by  living  with  iiim.  A 
man  kind  and  dear,  though  I-cannot  understand  him. 
He  rails  against  the  whole  world,  and  yet  no  beggar  leaveg 
his  door  unsatisfied.  I  have  now  lived  three  years  with 
him,  and  yet  I  know  not  who  he  is.  A  hater  of  society, 
no  doubt;  .  .  .  [with]  misanthropy  in  the  head,  not  in  tha 
heart."— Benjamin  Thompson,  The  Straniyr,  i.  1  (1797). 

This  drama  is  altered  from  Kotzebue. 


STRANGFORD. 


949 


STRONG  MEN  AND  WOMEN. 


Mrs.  R.  Trench  says  of  John  P.  Kemble 
(1757-1823) : 

I  always  saw  him  with  pain  descend  to  "  The  Stranger." 
It  was  like  the  genius  in  the  Arabian  tale  going  into  the 
vase.  First,  it  seemed  so  unlikely  he  should  meet  with 
«uch  an  affront,  and  tliis  injured  the  probiibility  of  the 
piece;  and  next,  "The  Stranger"  is  really  never  dignified, 
and  one  is  always  in  pain  for  him,  poor  gentleuum  1 — 
liemaiiu  (1822). 

Strangford  (Percif  Clinton  Si/dney 
Stivjthe,  viscount),  in  iSOS,  published  a 
translation  of  the  poems  of  Camoens, 
the  great  Portuguese  poet. 

Hibernian  Strangford  .  .  . 
Thinkst  thou  to  gain  thy  verse  a  higher  place 
By  dressing  Camoens  in  a  suit  of  lace?  .  .  . 
Cease  to  deceive  ;  thy  pilfered  harp  restore. 
Nor  teach  the  Lusian  bard  to  copy  Moore. 
Byron,  EnglUh  Bardt  and  Scotch  Jleuiewers  (1809). 

Strap  (Hugh),  a  simple,  generous, 
and  disinterested  adherent  of  Roderick 
Random.  His  generosity  and  fidelity, 
however,  meet  with  but  a  base  return 
from  the  heartless  libertine. — T.  Smollett, 
Moderick  Random  (1748). 

We  believe  there  are  few  readers  who  are  not  disgusted 
with  the  miserable  reward  assigned  to  Strap  in  the  closing 
chapter  of  the  novel.  Five  hundred  pounds  (scarce  the 
value  of  the  goods  he  had  presented  to  his  master)  and 
the  Itand  of  a  reclaimed  street-wiilker,  even  when  added 
to  a  Highland  farm,  seem  but  a  poor  recompense  for  his 
faithful  and  dishiterested  attachment.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

Strasbourg  Cathedral,  designed 
ty  Erwin  von  Steinbach  (1015-1439). 

Strauchan  {Old),  the  'squire  of  sir 
Kenneth.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Tlie  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Straw.  A  little  straw  shows  which 
watj  the  wind  blows. 

You  know,  or  don't  know,  that  great  Bacon  saith. 
Fling  up  a  straw,  'twill  show  the  way  the  wind  blows. 
Byron,  Von  Juan,  xiv.  8  (1824). 

Strawberry  Leaves  (To  win  the), 
to  be  created  a  duke. 

Strawberry  Preacher  (A),  a 
"  Jerusalem  pony,"  a  temporary  help, 
who  wanders  from  pulpit  to  pulpit,  to 
preach  for  some  society,  to  aid  some 
absent  or  invalided  minister,  or  to  advo- 
cate some  charity.  The  term  was  first 
used  by  Latimer,  and  the  phrase  means 
a  "  straying  preacher."  (Anglo-Saxon, 
strcowan,  "to  stray;"  hence,  strawberry, 
streow-berie,  "the  straying  berry-plant.") 

Streets  of  London  (The),  a  drama 
by  Dion  Boucicault  (1862),  adapted  from 
the  French  play  Les  Pauvres  des  Paris. 

Stre'mon,  a  soldier,  famous  for  his 
singing. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Mad  Lover  (1617). 

Strephon,  the  shepherd  in  sir  Philip 
Sidney's  Arcadia,  who  makes  love  to  the 
beautiful  Urania  (1680).     It  is  a  stock 


name  for  a  lover,  Cloe  being  usually  the 
corresponding  lady. 

Captain  O'Flarty  was  one  of  my  dying  Strephons  at 
Scarl)oroiigh.  I  have  a  very  grate  regard  for  liim,  and 
must  make  him  a  little  miseruble  with  my  happiness. — 
Garrick,  The  IrUh  Widow,  i.  3  (1757). 

The  servant  of  your  Strephon  ...  is  my  lord  and 
master.— Garrick,  Mis*  in  Her  Teem  (1753). 

Stretton  (Hesba),  the  pseudonym  of 
Miss  Smith,  daughter  of  a  bookseller  and 
printer  in  Wellington,  Salop,  authoress 
of  several  well-known  religious  novels. 

Strickalthrow  (Merciful),  in  Crom- 
well's troop. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock 
(time,  Commonwealth). 

Strictland  (Mr.),  the  "  suspicious 
husband ; "  who  suspects  Clarinda,  a 
young  lady  visitor,  of  corrupting  his 
wife ;  suspects  Jacintha,  his  ward,  of 
lightness  ;  and  suspects  his  wife  of  in- 
fidelity ;  but  all  his  suspicions  being 
proved  groundless,  he  promises  reform. 

Mrs.  Strictland,  wife  of  Mr.  Strictland, 
a  model  of  discretion  and  good  nature. 
She  not  only  gives  no  cause  of  jealousy 
to  her  husband,  but  never  even  resents  his 
suspicions  or  returns  ill  temper  in  the 
same  coin. — Dr.  Hoadly,  I'he  Suspicious 
Husband  (1747). 

Strike  Dakyns !  the  Devil's  in 
the  Hempe,  the  motto  of  the  Dakynses. 
The  reference  is  to  an  enemy  of  the  king, 
who  had  taken  refuge  in  a  pile  of  hemp. 
Dakyns,  having  nosed  the  traitor,  was 
exhorted  to  strike  him  with  his  battle- 
axe  and  kill  him,  which  he  did.  Hence 
the  crest  of  the  family — a  dexter  arm 
.  .  .  holding  a  battle-axe. 

Striking  the  Shield,  a  call  to 
battle  among  the  ancient  Gaels. 

"  Strike  the  sounding  shield  of  Semo  I  IthangsatTuras 
rustling  gate.  The  suund  of  peace  is  not  its  voice.  My 
heroes  shall  hear  and  obey."  He  went.  He  struck  the 
bossy  shield.  The  hills,  tlie  rocks  reply.  The  sound 
spreads  along  the  wood.  Deer  start  by  the  lake  of  roes. 
..."  It  is  the  shield  of  war,"  said  Konnar.— Ossian, 
FingcU,  i. 

Strom'boli,  called  "The  Great  Light- 
house of  the  Mediterranean  "  from  its 
volcano,  which  is  in  a  constant  blaze. 

Strong  {Dr.),  a  benevolent  old  school- 
master, to  whom  David  Copperfield  was 
sent  whilst  living  with  Mr.  Wickfield. 
The  old  doctor  doted  on  his  young  wife 
Annie,  and  supported  her  scapegrace 
cousin  Jack  Maldon. — C.  Dickens,  David 
Copperfield  (1849). 

Strong  Men  and  Women. 

Antasos,  Atlas,  DorsSnes  the  Indian 
Hercules,  Guy  earl  of  Warwick,  Hercules, 
Mac2ris  son  of  Amon,  Rustam  the  Persian 


STRONGBACK. 


950 


STUART  ILL-FATED. 


Hercules,  Samson,  StarchatSrus  the 
Swede  (first  Christian  century). 

Browx  (Miss  Phoebe),  about  five  feet 
six  inches  in  height,  well  proportioned, 
round-faced,  and  ruddy.  She  could  carry 
fourteen  score,  and  could  lift  a  hundred- 
weight with  each  hand  at  the  same  time. 
She  was  fond  of  poetry  and  music,  and 
her  chief  food  was  milk. — W.  Hutton. 

MiLO  of  Crotona  could  carry  on  his 
shoulders  a  four-year-old  bullock,  and 
kill  it  with  a  single  blow  of  his  fist.  On 
one  occasion,  the  pillar  which  supported 
the  roof  of  a  house  gave  way,  and  Milo 
held  up  the  whole  weight  of  the  building 
with  his  hands. 

Polyd'amas,  the  athlete.  He  killed  a 
lion  with  a  blow  of  his  fist,  and  could 
stop  a  chariot  in  full  career  with  one 
hand. 

ToPHAM  (Thomas)  of  London  (1710- 
1749).  He  could  lift  three  hogsheads  or 
183G  lbs. ;  could  heave  a'  horse  over  a 
turnpike  gate  ;  and  could  lift  two  hun- 
dredweight with  his  little  finger. 

Strongback,  one  of  the  seven  at- 
tendants of  Fortunio.  He  could  never 
~  be  overweighted,  and  could  fell  a  forest  in 
a  few  hours  without  fatigue. — Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  Fortunio," 
1682). 

The  brothers  Grimm  have  introduced 
the  tale  of  "  Fortunio  "  in  their  Goblins. 

Strongbow,  Gilbert  de  Clare,  who 
succeeded  to  the  title  of  his  brother,  the 
earl  of  Hertford,  in  1138,  and  was  created 
earl  of  Pembroke  (died  1149). 

Henry  II.  called  him  a  "false"  or 
'^  pseudo-earl." 

Strongbow  (Richard  of  Strigal)  was 
Richard  de  Clare  earl  of  Pembroke,  son 
of  Gilbert  de  Clare.  He  succeeded  Der- 
mot  king  of  Leinster,  his  father-in-law,  in 
1170,  and  died  1176. 

The  earl  of  Strigale  then,  our  Strongbow,  first  that  won 
Wild  Ireland  with  the  sword. 

Drayton,  PolyolHon,  xviii.  (1613). 

Struldbrugs,  the  inhabitants  of 
Luggnagg,  who  never  die. 

Ue  had  reached  that  period  of  life  .  .  .  which  .  .  . 
entitles  a  man  to  admission  into  the  ancient  order  of 
Struldbrugs.— Swift.  QulUver's  Travel*  ["  Laputa,"  1726). 

Strutt  (Lord),  the  king  of  Spain  ; 
originally  Charles  II.  (who  died  without 
issue),  but  also  applied  to  his  successor 
Philippe  due  d'Anson,  called  "Philip 
lord  Strutt." 

I  need  not  tell  you  of  the  great  quarrels  that  happened 
In  our  neighbourhood  since  the  death  of  the  late  lord 
Strutt ;  how  the  parson  [cardinaJ  Portocarero]  .  .  .  got 
him  to  settle  his  estate  upon  his  cousin  Philip  Baboon 
[Bourbon],  to  the  great  disappolntmeat  of  bis  cousin 


squire    South    [Charlei  of  A  iutria\  —  Dr.  Arbuthnot, 
History  of  J9hn  BuU,  i.  (1712). 

Str3rver  (Bully),  of  the  Kingj's  Banch 
Bar,  counsel  for  the  defence  in  Damay's 
trial. 

He  was  stout,  loud,  red,  bluff,  and  free  from  any  draw- 
back of  delicacy ;  had  a  pushing  way  of  shouldering 
himself  (morally  and  physically)  into  companies  and 
conversations,  that  argued  well  for  his  sliouldering  his  way 
on  in  life.— C.  Dickens,  A  Tale  of  Two  Citiet,  iL  24 
(1859). 

Stuart  Ill-Fated  (The  House  of),  na 
that  of  OEdipos. 

James  I.  of  Scotland,  poet,  murderftd 
by  conspirators  at  Perth,  in  the  forly- 
fourth  year  of  his  age  (1393,  1424-1437). 

James  II.,  his  son,  killed  at  the  siege 
of  Roxburgh,  aged  30  (1430,  1437-1460). 

James  III.,  his  son,  was  stabbed  in  his 
flight  from  Bannockburn  by  a  pretended 
priest,  aged  36  (1462,  1460-1488). 

(His  brother,  the  earl  of  Mar,  was  im- 
prisoned in  1477,  and  died  in  durance, 
1480.) 

James  IV.,  his  son,  the  "Chivalrous 
Madman,"  was  defeated  and  slain  at 
Flodden,  aged  41  (1472,  1488-1513). 

James  V.,  his  son,  was  defeated  at 
Solway  Moss,  November  25,  and  died  of 
grief,  December  14,  aged  30  (1512,  1513- 
1542). 

Mary  queen  of  Scots,  daug^hter  of 
James  V.,  was  beheaded,  aged  44  years 
63  days  (1542,  1542-1587,  Old  Style). 

(Her  husband,  Henry  Stuart  lord 
Darnle)'-,  was  murdered  (1541-1566). 
Her  niece,  Arabella  Stuart,  died  insane 
in  the  Tower,  1575-1615.) 

Charles  I.,  her  grandson,  was  be- 
headed, aged  48  years  69  days  (1600, 
1625-1649). 

Charles  II.,  his  son,  was  in  exile 
from  1645  to  1661,  and  in  1665  occurred 
the  Great  Fire  of  London,  in  1666  the 
Great  Plague  ;  died  aged  64  years  253 
days  (1630, 1661-1685). 

(His  favourite  child,  a  natural  son, 
defeated  at  Sedgemoor,  July  6,  was 
executed  as  a  traitor,  July  16,  aged  36, 
1649-1685). 

James  II.,  brother  of  Charles,  and  son 
of  Charles  I.,  was  obliged  to  abdicate  to 
save  his  life,  and  died  in  exile  (1633, 
reigned  1685-1688,  died  a  pensioner  of 
Louis  XIV.,  1701). 

James  Francis  Edward  "  the  Luck- 
less," his  son,  called  the  "  Old  Pretender," 
was  a  mere  cipher.  His  son  Charles  came 
to  England  to  proclaim  him  king,  but 
was  defeated  at  Culloden,  leaving  3000 
dead  on  the  field  (1688-1765). 

Charles  Edward,  the  "Young  Pre- 
tender," was  son  of  the  "  Old  Pretender." 


STUART  OF  ITALY. 


951 


STUTLY. 


After  the  defeat  at  Culloden  he  fled  to 
France,  was  banished  from  that  kingdom, 
and  died  at  Rome  a  drunken  dotard 
(1720-1788). 

Henry  Benedict,  cardinal  York,  the 
last  of  the  race,  was  a  pensioner  of  George 
III. 

Stuart  of  Italy  {The  Mary),  Jane 
I.  of  Naples  (1327,  1343-1382). 

Jane  married  her  cousin  Andrd  of 
Hungary,  who  was  assassinated  two 
years  after  his  marriage,  when  the  widow 
married  the  assassin.  So  Mary  Stuart 
married  her  cousin  lord  Darnley,  1565, 
who  was  murdered  1567,  and  the  widow 
married  Bothwell,  the  assassin. 

Jane  fled  to  Provence,  1347,  and  was 
strangled  in  1382.  So  Mary  Stuart  fled 
to  England  in  1568,  and  was  put  to  death 
1587  (Old  Style). 

Jane,  like  Mary,  was  remarkable  for 
her  great  beauty,  her  brilliant  court,  her 
voluptuousness,  and  the  men  of  genius 
she  drew  around  her ;  but  Jane,  like  Mary, 
was  also  noted  for  her  deplorable  ad- 
ministration. 

*^*  La  Harpe  wrote  a  tragedy  called 
Jeanne  de  Naples  (1765).  Schiller  has 
an  adaptation  of  it  (1821). 

Stuarts*  Fatal  Number  (T/ie). 
This  number  is  88. 

James  III.  was  killed  in  flight  near 
Bannockburn,  1488. 

Marv  Stuart  was  beheaded  1688  (New 
Style): 

James  II.  of  England  was  dethroned 
1688. 

Charles  Edward  died  1788. 

***  James  Stuart,  the  "Old  Pre- 
tender," was  born  1688,  the  very  year 
that  his  father  abdicated. 

James  Stuart,  the  famous  architect, 
died  1788. 

(Some  affirm  that  Robert  II.,  the  first 
Stuart  king,  died  1388,  the  year  of  the 
great  battle  of  Otterburn ;  but  the  death 
of  this  king  is  more  usually  fixed  in  the 
spring  of  1390.) 

Stubble  (Eeuhen),  bailiff  to  Farmer 
Cornflower,  rough  in  manner,  severe  in 
disci[)line,  a  stickler  for  duty,  "a  plain, 
upright,  and  downright  man,"  true  to  his 
master  and  to  himself. — C.  Dibdin,  I'he 
Farmer's  Wife  (1780). 

Stubbs,  the  beadle  at  Willingham. 
The  Rev.  Mr.  Staunton  was  the  rector. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
(ieorge  II.). 

i^ubbs  {Miss  Sissly  or  Cecilia),  daugh- 


ter of  squire  Stubbs,  one  of  Waverley'f 
neighbours.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II. ). 

Stuffy  {Matthew),  an  applicant  to 
Velinspeck,  a  country  manager,  for  a 
situation  as  prompter,  for  which  he  says 
he  is  peculiarly  qualified  by  that  affec- 
tion of  the  eyes  vulgarly  called  a  squint, 
which  enables  him  to  keep  one  eye  on  the 
performers  and  the  other  on  the  book  at 
the  same  time. — Charles  Mathews,  At 
Home  (1818). 

Stuffy  is  one  of  the  richest  bits  of  humowr  we  ever 


witnessed.  His  endless  eulogies  upon  the  state  of  things 
in  the  immortal  Garrick's  time  are  highly  ludicrous.— 
Contemporary  Paper. 

Stuke'ly  (2  syL),  a  detestable  man. 
"  'Twould  be  as  easy  to  make  him  honest 
as  brave"  (act  i.  2). '  He  pretends  to  be  the 
friend  of  Beverley,  but  cheats  him.  He 
aspires  to  the  hand  of  Miss  Beverley,  who 
is  in  love  with  Lewson. — Edward  Moore, 
The  Gamester  (1763). 

Stukely  { Will),  the  companion  of  Little 
John.  In  the  morris-dance  on  May-day, 
Little  John  used  to  occupy  the  right  hand 
side  of  Robin  Hood,  and  Will  Stukely  the 
left.     (See  Stutly.) 

Stukely  {Captain  Harry),  nephew  of  sir 
Gilbert  Pumpkin  of  Strawberry  Hall. — 
I.  Jackman,  All  the  World's  a  Stage. 

Stupid  Boy  {TJie),  St.  Thomas 
Aquinas ;  also  called  at  school  "The  Dumb 
Ox"  (1224-1274). 

Sturgeon  {Major),  J.P.,  "the  fish- 
monger from  Brentford,"  who  turned 
volunteer.  This  bragging  major  makes 
love  to  Mrs.  Jerry  Sneak. — S.  Foote,  The 
Mayor  of  Garratt  (1763). 

We  had  some  desperate  duty,  sir  Jacob, . .  .  such  march- 
ings and  counter-marchings,  from  Brentford  to  Ealing, 
from  Ealing  to  Acton,  from  Acton  to  Uxbridge.  Why, 
there  was  our  last  expedition  to  Hounslow ;  that  day's 
worlc  carried  off  major  Molossas.  .  ,  .  But  to  proceed. 
On  we  marched,  the  men  all  in  high  spirits,  to  attack  the 
gibbet  where  Gardel  is  hanging ;  but,  turning  down  a 
narrow  lane  to  the  left,  as  it  might  be  about  there,  in 
order  to  possess  a  pigstye,  that  we  might  take  the  gallows 
in  flank,  and  secure  a  retreat,  who  should  come  by  but  a 
drove  of  fat  oxen  for  Smithfleld.  The  drums  beat  in  front, 
the  dogs  barked  in  the  rear,  the  oxen  set  up  a  gallop ;  on 
they  came,  thundering  upon  us,  broke  through  our  ranks 
in  an  instant,  and  threw  the  whole  corps  into  confusion. 
—Act  L  1. 

Sturmthal  {Melchoir),  the  banneret 
of  Berne,  one  of  the  Swiss  deputies. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstcin  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Stutly  {Will),  sometimes  called  Will 
Stukely,  a  companion  of  Little  John.  lu 
the  morris-dance  on  May-day,  Little  John 
occupied  the  right  hand  side  of  Robin 
Hood,  and  Will  Stutly  the  left.  Ilia 
rescue  from  the  sheriff  of    [Notts]  by 


STYLES. 


952 


SUCKFIST. 


Robin  Hood,  forms  the  subject  of  one  of 
the  Robin  Hood  ballads. 

Whff.i  lU)b!r  Hood  in  the  greenwood  lived. 

Under  the  greenwood  tree, 
Tidings  ther^  came  to  liim  with  speed, 

Tidings  for  certaiiitie. 
That  Will  Stutly  surprizM  was, 

And  eke  in  prison  lay ; 
Three  varJets  that  the  sheriflf  hired. 

Did  likely  him  betray. 

Robin  Hood*  Hetcuing  Will  Stutly,  iv.  15. 

Styles  {Tom  or  John)  or  Tom  o'  Styles, 
a  phrase  name  at  one  time  used  by  lawyers 
in  actions  of  ejectment.  Jack  Noakes 
and  Tom  Stj'les  used  to  act  in  law  the 
part  t]iat  N  or  M  acts  in  the  church.  The 
legal  fiction  has  been  abolished. 

I  have  no  connection  with  tlie  company  further  than 
giving  thenj,  for  a  certain  fee  and  reward,  my  poor  opinion 
as  a  medical  man,  precisely  as  I  may  give  it  to  Jack 
Koakes  er  Tom  Styles.— Dickens. 

*^*  Tom  styles,  Jack  Noakes,  John 
Doe,  and  Richard  Roe  are  all  Mrs. 
Harrises  of  the  legal  profession,  rwmina 
et  proeterea  nihil. 

Styx,  one  of  the  five  rivers  of  hell. 
The  others  are  Ach'eron  ("the  river  of 
grief"),  Cocytus  ("the  river  of  w^ailing"), 
Phleg'ethon  ("the  river  of  liquid  fire"), 
and  Le'the  ("the  river  of  oblivion"). 
Styx  means  "  the  river  of  hate."  (Greek, 
stugeoy  "  I  hate.") 

Abhorred  Styx,  the  flood  of  deadly  hate ; 
Sad  Acheron,  of  sorrow,  black  and  deep ; 
Cecytus,  named  of  lamentation  loud. 
Heard  on  the  rueful  stream ;  fierce  Phlegethon, 
Whose  waves  of  torrent  fire  inflame  with  rage. 
Far  off  from  these,  a  slow  and  silent  stream, 
Lethe,  the  river  of  oblivion,  rolls. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  \l  577,  etc.  (1666). 

*,^*  Dante  places  the  rivers  in  different 
circles  of  the  Inferno ;  thus,  he  makes  the 
AchSron  divide  the  border-land  from 
limbo.  The  former  realm  is  for  the 
"  praiseless  and  the  blameless  dead;" 
limbo  is  for  the  unbaptized.  He  places 
the  Stygian  Lake  of  "inky  hue"  in  the 
fifth  circle,  the  realm  of  those  who  put  no 
restraint  on  their  anger.  The  fire-stream 
of  Pt.&gethon  he  fixes  to  the  eighth  steep, 
the  "hell  of  burning  where  it  snows 
flakes  of  fire,"  and  where  blasphemers 
are  confined.  He  places  "the  frozen 
river"  of  Cocytus  in  the  tenth  pit  of 
Malebolge,  a  region  of  thick-ribbed  ice, 
the  lowest  depth  of  hell,  where  Judas  and 
Lucifer  are  imprisoned.  Lethe,  he  saA's, 
is  no  river  of  hell  at  all,  but  it  is  the  one 
wish  of  all  the  infernals  to  get  to  it,  that 
they  may  drink  its  water  and  forget  their 
torments;  being,  however,  in  "Purga- 
tory," they  can  never  get  near  it. — The 
Divi7ie  Comedy  (1800-11). 

Subtle,  the  "  alchemist,"  an  artful 
quack,  who  pretends  to  be  on  the  eve  of 


discovering  the  philosopher's  stone.  Sir 
Epicure  Mammon,  a  rich  knight,  is  his 
principal  dupe,  but  by  no  means  his  only 
one. — Ben  Jonson,  The  Alchemist  (1610). 

Subtle,  an  Englishman  settled  in  Paris. 
He  earns  a  living  by  the  follies  of  his 
countrymen  who  visit  the  gay  capital. 

Mrs.  Subtle,  wife  of  Mr.  Subtle,  and  a 
help-meet  for  him. — Foote,  The  English- 
man in  Paris  (1753). 

Subtle  Doctor  {The),  Duns  Scotus, 
famous  for  his  metaphysical  speculations 
in  theology  (1265-1308). 

Suburra.  So-and-so  is  the  Sulmrra 
of  London,  the  most  disreputable  quarter, 
being  the  chief  haunt  of  the  "demi- 
monde." The  Suburra  of  Rome  was  a 
district  "ubi  meretricum  erant  domi- 
cilia." 

Senem  (quod  omnes  rideant)  adulterum 

Latrent  Suburanse  canes 
Nardo  peruuctum. 

Horace,  Epode,  r. 

Subvolvans,  inhabitants  of  the  moon, 
in  everlasting  strife  with  the  Privolvans. 
The  former  live  under  ground  in  cavities, 
"eight  miles  deep  and  eighty  round  ;"  the 
latteron  "the  upper  ground."  Everysum- 
mer  the  under-ground  lunatics  come  to  the 
surface  to  attack  the  "grounders,"  but  at 
the  approach  of  winter,  slink  back  again 
into  their  holes. — S.  Butler,  The  Ulephant 
in  the  Moon  (1754). 

Success. 

'Tis  not  in  mortals  to  command  success. 

But  we'll  do  more,  Sempronius,  we'll  deserve  it 

Addison.  Cato,  L  1  (1713). 

Such  Things  Are,  a  comedy  by 
Mrs.  Inchbald  (1786).  The  scene  lies  in 
India,  and  the  object  of  the  play  is  to 
represent  the  tyranny  of  the  old  regime, 
and  the  good  influence  of  the  British 
element,  represented  by  Haswell  tha 
royal  physician.  The  main  feature  is  an 
introduction  to  the  dungeons,  and  the  in- 
famous neglect  of  the  prisoners,  amongst 
whom  is  Arabella,  the  sultan's  beloved 
English  wife,  whom  he  has  been  search- 
ing for  unsuccessfully  for  fifteen  years. 
Haswell  receives  the  royal  signet,  and  is 
entrusted  with  unlimited  power  by  the 
sultan. 

Suckfist  {Lord),  defendant  in  the 
great  Pantagruelian  lawsuit,  known  ag 
"lord  Busqueue  v.  lord  Suckfist,"  in  which 
the  plaintiff  and  defendant  pleaded  in 
person.  After  hearing  the  case,  the  bench 
declared,  "We  hare  not  underntood  one 
single  circumstance  of  the  matter  on  either 
side."    But  Pantagruel  gave  judgment, 


SUCKLE  FOOLS. 


963 


SULLEN. 


and  as  both  plaintifE  and  defendant  left 
the  court  fully  persuaded  that  the  verdict 
was  in  his  own  favour,  they  were  both 
highly  satisfied,  "a  thing  without  parallel 
in  the  annals  of  the  law." — Rabelais, 
Fantagruel,  ii.  11-13  (1533). 

Suckle  Pools.  lago  says  the  use  of 
a  wife  is 

To  suckle  fools,  nnd  chronicle  small  beer. 

Shakespeare,  Othello,  act  ii.  so.  1  (1611). 

Suddlechop  (Benjamin),  "the  most 
renowned  barber  in  all  Fleet  Strset."  A 
thin,  half-starved  creature. 

Dame  Ursula  Suddlechop,  the  barber's 
wife.  "  She  could  contrive  interviews  for 
lovers,  and  relieve  frail  fair  ones  of  the 
burden  of  a  guilty  passion."  She  had 
been  a  pupil  of  Mrs.  Turner,  and  learnt 
of  her  the  secret  of  making  yellow  starch, 
and  two  or  three  other  prescriptions  more 
lucrative  still.  The  dame  was  scarcely 
40  years  of  age,  of  full  form  and  comely 
features,  with  a  joyous,  good-humoured 
expression. 

Dame  Ursula  had  acquaintances among  the  quality. 

and  maintained  her  intercourse  .  .  .  partly  by  driving  a 
trade  in  perfumes,  essences,  pomades,  head-gears  from 
France,  not  to  mention  drugs  of  various  descriptions, 
chiefly  for  the  use  of  ladies,  and  partly  by  other  services 
more  or  less  connected  with  the  esoteric  branches  of  her 
profession.— Sir  W.  Scott,  fortunes  of  Xigel,  viii.  (time, 
James  I.). 

Suds  (Mrs.),  any  washerwoman  or 
laundress. 

Suerpo  Santo,  called  St.  Elmo, 
Castor  and  Pollux,  St.  Hermes  ;  a  coma- 
zant  or  electric  light  occasionally  seen  on 
a  ship's  mast  before  or  after  a  storm. 

I  do  remember  .  .  .  there  came  upon  the  toppe  of  our 
maine-yarde  and  maine-maste  a  certaine  little  light  .  .  . 
which  the  Spaniards  call  the  Suerpo  Santo.  .  .  .  This 
light  continued  abourd  our  ship  about  three  houres,  flying 
from  maste  to  maate,  and  from  top  to  top.— Hackluyt, 
Voyage,  (1598). 

SufFasion.  So  that  dimness  of  sight 
is  called  which  precedes  a  cataract.  It  was 
once  thought  that  a  cataract  was  a  thin 
film  growing  externally  over  the  eye  and 
veiling  the  sight ;  but  it  is  now  known 
that  the  seat  of  the  disease  is  the 
crystalline  humour  (between  the  outer 
coat  of  the  eye  and  the  pupilla).  Couch- 
ing for  this  disease  is  performed  with  a 
needle,  which  is  passed  through  the  ex- 
ternal coat,  and  driven  into  the  crystalline 
humour.     (See  Drop  Serene.) 

So  thick  a  "drop  serene"  hath  quenched  their  orbs. 
Or  dim  "sufTusion"  veiled. 

Milton,  paradise  Lost,  ui.  26  (1665). 

Suicides  from  Books. 

Ci.eom'brotos,  the  Academic  philo- 
sopher, killed  himself  after  reading  Plato's 
Pha:don,  that  he  might  enjoy  the  happiness 
of  the  future  life  so  enchantingly  described. 


Frauleix  von  Lassberg  drowned 
herself  in  spleen,  after  reading  Goethe's 
Sorrows  of  Werther, 

Sulin-Sifad'da,  one  of  the  two  steeds 
of  Cuthullin  general  of  the  Irish  tribes. 
The  name  of  the  other  was  Dusronnal. 

Before  the  right  side  of  the  car  is  seen  the  snorting 
horse;  the  high-maned,  broad-breasteii.  proud,  wide- 
leaping,  strong  steed  of  the  bill.  Loud  and  resounding  is 
his  hoof;  the  spreading  of  his  mane  above  is  like  a  stream 
of  smoke  on  a  ridge  of  rocks.  Bright  are  the  sides  of  his 
steed.    His  name  is  Sulin-Sifadda.— Ossian,  Fingal,  i. 

Dusronnal  snorted  over  the  bodies  of  heroes.  Sifadda 
bathed  his  hoof  In  blood.— Ditta 

Sulky  (Mr.),  executor  of  Mr.  "Warren, 
and  partner  in  Domton's  bank.  With  a 
sulky,  grumpy  exterior,  he  has  a  kind 
heart,  and  is  strictly  honest.  When 
Dornton  is  brought  to  the  brink  of 
ruin  by  his  son's  extravagance,  Sulky 
comes  nobly  forward  to  the  rescue.  (See 
Silky.)— T.  Holcroft,  Tlie  Road  to  Ruin 
(1792). 

And  oh  1  for  monopoly.    What  a  blest  day. 

When  the  lank  and  the  silk  shall,  in  fond  combination 
(Like  Sulky  and  Silky,  tliat  pair  in  the  play). 
Cry  out  with  one  voice  for  "high  rents"  and  "starva* 
tion  "  I 

T.  Moore,  Ode  <•  the  Ctddess  Ceres  (1806). 

Sullen  (Squire),  son  of  lady  Bounti- 
ful by  her  first  husband.  He  married 
the  sister  of  sir  Charles  Freeman,  btit 
after  fourteen  months  their  tempers  and 
dispositions  were  found  so  incompatible 
that  they  mutually  agreed  to  a  divorce. 

He  says  little,  thinks  less,  and  does  nothing  at  all. 
Faith  1  but  he's  a  man  of  great  estate,  and  values  no- 
body.— Act  I.  1. 

Parson  Trulliber,  sir  Wilful  Witwould,  sir  Francis 
Wrongbead,  squire  Western,  squire  Sullen, — such  were 
the  people  who  composed  the  main  strength  of  the  tory 
party  for  sixty  years  after  the  Hevolutiun. — Lord  Macau- 
lay. 

*^*  "  Parson  Trulliber,"  in  Joseph 
Andrews  (by  Fielding);  "sir  Wilful 
Witwould,"  in  The  Way  of  the  World 
(Congreve) ;  "sir  Francis  Wronghead," 
in  Tlie  Provoked  Husband  (by  Cibber)  ; 
"  squire  Western,"  in  Tom  Jones  (by 
Fielding). 

Mrs.  Sullen,  sister  of  sir  Charles  Free- 
man, and  wife  of  squire  Sullen.  They 
had  been  married  fourteen  months  when 
they  agreed  mutually  to  a  separation,  for 
in  no  one  single  point  was  there  any  com- 
patibility between  them.  The  squire  was 
sullen,  the  lady  sprightly ;  he  could  not 
drink  tea  with  her,  and  she  could  not 
drink  ale  with  him  ;  he  hated  ombre  and 
picquet,  she  hated  cock-fighting  and 
racing ;  he  would  not  dance,  and  she 
would  not  hunt.  Mrs.  Sullen  liked  Archer, 
friend  of  Thomas  viscount  Aim  well,  both 
fortune-hunters;  and  squire  Sullen,  when 
he  separated  from  his  wife,  was  obliged  to 


SUL-MALLA. 


954 


SUN  ON  EASTER  DAY. 


resign  the  £20,000  which  he  received 
with  her  as  a  dowry. — George  Farquhar, 
The  Beaux'  Stratagem  (1707). 

Sal-Malla,  daughter  of  Conitior  king 
of  Inis-Huna  and  his  wife  Chm-galo. 
Disgvtised  as  a  warrior,  Sul-Malla  follows 
Cathmor  to  the  war ;  but  Cathmor,  walk- 
ing his  rounds,  discovers  Sul-Malla  asleep, 
falls  in  love  with  her,  but  exclainis, 
*'  This  is  no  time  for  love."  He  strikes 
his  shield  to  rouse  the  host  to  battle,  and 
is  slain  by  Fingal.  The  sequel  of  Sul- 
Malla  is  not  given. 

Clun-galo  came.  She  missed  the  maiA  "Where  art 
thou,  beam  of  light?  Hunters  from  the  mossy  rock,  saw 
you  the  blue-eyed  fair  f  Are  her  steps  on  grassy  Lumon, 
near  the  bed  of  roses?  Ah  me  I  I  beheld  her  bow  in 
the  hall.  Where  art  thou,  beam  of  light?" — Oasian, 
Tcmoru,  vi.    (Set  to  music  by  sir  H.  Bishop.) 

Sultan's  Horse  (7'he),  According 
to  tradition,  nothing  will  grow  where  the 
sultan's  horse  treads. 

Byzantians  boast  that  on  the  clod 
Where  once  the  sultin's  horse  ha.H  trod, 
Grows  neither  grass,  nor  shrub,  nor  tree. 

Swift,  Pettrox  the  Great  (1723). 

Summer.    (See  Season.s.) 

Summer  of  All  Saints,  the  fine 
weather  which  generally  occurs  in  Oc- 
tober and  November;  also  called  St. 
Martin's  Summer  {L'e'te'  do  S.  Martin) 
and  St.  Luke's  Summer. 

Then  followed  that  beautiiul  season. 
Called  by  the  pious  Acadian  peasants  the  summer  of  All 
Saints. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  2  (1849). 

All  Saints'  Day,  November  1 ;  St. 
Martin's  Dav,  November  11 ;  St.  Luke's 
Day,  October  18. 

Expect  St.  Martin's  summer,  halcyon  days. 
Shakespeare,  1  Henry  VI.  act  L  sc.  2  (1.589). 

All  Hallowen  Summer  is  the  same  as 
"  All  Saints'  Summer." 

Farewell,  all  Hallowen  summer. 
Shakespeare,  1  Benry  VI.  act  i.  sc.  2  (1589). 

Summerland,  supposed  to  be  the 
Crimea  or  Constantinople  "  over  the 
Hazy  Sea."  This  is  given  by  Thomas 
Jones  of  Tregaron  as  the  place  from 
which  the  Britons  originally  emigrated. 
— 1\  Jones,  The  Historical  Triads  (six- 
teenth centur)'). 

Summerson  (Esther) .  (See  Esther 
Hawdon.) 

Summons  to  Death. 

Jacques  Molay,  grand-master  of  the 
Knights  Templars,  as  he  was  led  to  the 
stake,  summoned  the  pope  (Clement  V.) 
v/ithin  forty  daj's,  and  the  king  (Philippe 
IV.)  within  forty  weeks,  to  appear  before 
the  throne  of    God  to  answer    for   his 


murder.  They  both  died  within  th€ 
stated  tim.es. 

MoNTUEAL  d'Albano,  Called  "Fra 
Moriale,"  knight  of  St.  John  of  Jerusa- 
lem, and  captain  of  the  Grand  Company 
in  the  fourteenth  century,  when  sentenced 
to  death  by  Rienzi,  summoned  him  to 
follow  within  the  month.  Rienzi  was 
within  the  month  killed  by  the  fickle 
mob. 

Peter  and  John  de  Carvajal,,  being 
condemned  to  death  on  circumstantial 
evidence  alone,  appealed,  but  without 
success,  to  Ferdinand  IV.  of  Spain.  On 
their  way  to  execution,  they  declared 
their  innocence,  and  summoned  the  king 
to  appear  before  God  within  thirty  days. 
Ferdinand  was  quite  well  on  the  thirtieth 
day,  but  was  found  dead  in  his  bed  next 
morning. 

George  Wishart,  a  Scotch  reformer, 
was  condemned  to  the  stake  by  cardinal 
Beaton.  While  the  fire  was  blazing 
about  him,  the  martyr  exclaimed  in  a 
loud  voice,  "He  who  from  yon  high 
place  beholdeth  me  with  such  pride,  shall 
be  brought  low,  even  to  the  ground,  be- 
fore the  trees  which  have  supplied  these 
faggots  have  shed  their  leaves."  It  was 
March  when  these  words  were  uttered, 
and  the  cardinal  died  in  June. 

Sun  (The).  The  device  of  Edward 
III.  was  the  sun  bursting  through  a  cloud. 
Hence  Edward  111.  is  called  "  our  half- 
faced  sun." — Shakespeare,  2  Henry  VI, 
act  iv.  sc.  1  (1592). 

Sun  (City  of  the).  Rhodes  was  so 
called,  because  Apollo  was  its  tutelar 
deity.  On  or  HeliopGlis,  in  Egypt,  was 
a  sun-city  (Greek,  helios  poiisy  "  sun 
city"). 

Sun  Inn,  Westminster.  This  sign 
was  adopted  because  it  was  the  badge  of 
Richard  II.  The  "sun"  was  the  cogni- 
zance of  the  house  of  York. 

Now  Is  the  winter  of  our  discontent 
Made  glorious  summer  by  this  sun  of  York.  3 

Sliakespeare,  Richard  III.  act  i.  sc.  1  (1597). 

Sun-Steeds.  Bronte  ("thunder") 
and  Amethea  ("no  loiterer"),  -^2thon 
("fiery  red")  and  Pyrois  ("fire"); 
Lampo's  ("shining  like  a  lamp"),  used 
only  at  noon;  Philogea  ("effulgence"), 
used  only  in  the  westering  course. 

*^^*  Phaeton  ("  the  shining  one  ")  and 
Abraxas  (the  Greek  numeral  for  305) 
were  the  horses  of  Aurora  or  the  morni 


Sun  on  Easter  Day.    It  was 


nu        I 

;5) 

1^ 


SUNDAY. 


955 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


one  time  maintained  that  the  sun  danced 
on  Easter  Day. 

But  oh  I  she  dances  such  a  way. 
No  sun  upon  an  Easter  Day 
Is  halt  so  fine  a  sight. 
Sir  John  SuckUng,  TKe  Wedding  (died  1641). 
Whose  beauty  makes  the  sprightly  sun 
To  (lance,  as  upon  Easter  Day. 
John  Cleveland,  The  Oeheral  Sclipse  (died  1659). 

Sunday  is  the  day  when  witches  do 
penance. 

Till  on  a  day  (that  day  is  every  prime  [first  dayTj, 
When  witches  wont  do  penjuiee  for  their  crime. 

Spenser,  Faer^  Queen,  1.  ii.  40  (1590). 

Sunflower  ( T/ie)  is  so  called  simply 
becaixse  the  flower  resembles  a  picture- 
sun,  with  its  yellow  petals  like  rays  round 
its  dark  disc.  Thomas  Moore  ia  quite  in 
error  when  he  says  it  turns  towards  the 
Bun.  I  have  had  sunflowers  turning  to 
every  point  of  the  compass,  and  after 
narrowly  watching  them,  have  seen  in 
them  no  tendency  to  turn  towards  the 
sun,  or  to  shift  their  direction. 

The  sunflower  turns  on  her  god,  when  he  sets. 
The  same  look  which  she  turned  when  he  rose. 
T.  Moore,  Jrislt  Melodies,  ii.  ("  Believe  Me,  if  all  those 
Endearing  Young  Charnts,"  1814). 

Sun'ith,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
the  East  led  by  the  guiding  star  to  Jesus. 
He  had  three  holy  daughters. — Klop- 
Btock,  The  Messiah,  v.  (1771). 

Sunium's  Marbled  Steep,  cape 
Colonna,  once  crowned  with  a  temple  of 
Minerva. 

Here  marble  columns,  long  by  time  defaced, 
Moss-covered,  on  the  lofty  cape  are  placed. 
There  reared  by  fair  devotion  to  sustain 
In  elder  times  Tritonia's  sacred  fane  [tempU  of  Minerva]. 
Falconer,  The  Shipwreck,  ilL  5  (176*2). 

Sunshine  of  St.  Eulalie'  (3  syL), 
Evangeline. 

Sunshine  of  St.  Eul&lie  was  she  called,  for  that  was  the 

sunshine 
Which,  as  the  farmers  believed,  would  load  their  orchards 

with  apples. 

Longfellow,  EvanffeHne,  1. 1  (1849). 

Super  Grammat'ieani,  Sigismund 
emperor  of  Germany  (1366,  1411-1437). 

At  the  council  of  Constance,  held  1414,  Sigismund  used 
the  word  schisma  as  a  noun  of  the  feminine  gender  {itla 
nefandti  ichisma).  A  prig  of  a  cardinal  corrected  him. 
laying,  "'Schisma,'  your  highness,  is  neuter  gender;" 
when  the  kaiser  turned  on  Mm  with  ineffable  scorn,  and 
said,  "  I  am  king  of  the  Romans,  and  what  is  grammar 
to  me  ?  "  [Ego  sum  rex  Romaniis  [?  RomanorumJ,  et  super 
jrammaticam.y-Cax\y\e,  Frederick  the  Great  (1858). 

Superb  {Tlie).  GenSa  is  called  La 
Superba,  from  its  general  appearance  from 
the  8(u. 

Superstitions   about  Animals. 

Ant.  When  ants  are  unusually  busy, 
foul  weather  is  at  hand. 

Ants  never  sleep. — Emerson,  Nature,  iv. 

Ants  lay  up  food  for  winter  use. — 
Prov.  vi.  6-8 ;  xxx.  25. 


Ants'  eggs  are  an  antidote  to  love. 

Ass.  The  mark  running  down  the  back 
of  an  ass,  and  cut  at  right  angles  over  the 
shoulders,  is  the  cross  of  Christ,  impressed 
on  the  animal  because  Christ  rode  on  an 
ass  in  His  triumphant  entry  into  Jerusa- 
lem. 

Three  hairs  taken  from  the  "  cross  "  of 
an  ass  will  cure  the  hooping-cough,  but 
the  ass  from  which  the  hairs  are  plucked 
will  die. 

The  ass  is  deaf  to  music,  and  hence 
Apollo  gave  Midas  the  ears  of  an  ass, 
because  he  preferred  the  piping  of  Pan 
to  the  music  of  Apollo's  lute. 

Barxacle.  a  barnacle  broken  off  a 
ship  turns  iuto  a  Solan  goose. 

Like  your  Scotch  barnacle,  now  a  block, 
lustaiitly  a  worm,  and  presently  a  great  goose. 

Marston,  The  Malecontent  (1604). 

Basilisk.  The  basilisk  can  kill  at  a 
distance  by  the  "  poison"  of  its  glance. 

There's  not  a  glance  of  thine 
But,  like  a  basilisk,  comes  winged  with  death. 

Lee,  AlexuTider  the  Great,  v.  1  (1678). 

Bear.  The  cub  of  a  bear  is  licked 
into  shape  and  life  by  its  dam. 

So  watchful  Bruin  forms  with  plastic  care 
Each  growing  lump,  and  brings  it  to  a  bear. 

Pope,  The  Dunciad,  i.  101  (1728). 

Beaver.  When  a  beaver  is  hunted,  it 
bites  off  the  part  which  the  hunters  seek, 
and  then,  standing  upright,  shows  the 
hunters  it  is  useless  to  continue  the 
pursuit. — Eugenius  Philalethes,  Brief 
Natural  History,  89. 

Bee.  If  bees  swarm  on  a  rotten  tree, 
a  death  in  the  family  will  occur  within 
the  twelvemonth. 

Swarmed  on  a  rotten  stick  the  bees  I  spied. 
Which  erst  I  saw  when  Goody  Dobson  dyed. 

Gay,  Pastoral,  v.  (1714). 

Bees  will  never  thrive  if  you  quarrel 
with  them  or  about  them. 

If  a  member  of  the  family  dies  and  the 
bees  are  not  put  into  mourning,  they  will 
forsake  their  hive. 

It  is  unlucky  for  a  stray  swarm  of  bees 
to  flight  on  your  premises. 

Beetle.  Beetles  are  both  deaf  and 
blind. 

Cat.  When  cats  wash  their  ears  more 
than  usual,  rain  is  at  hand. 

When  the  cat  washes  her  face  over  her  ears,  wee  shall 
have  great  shore  of  raine.— Melton,  Astrologastor,  45. 

The  sneezing  of  a  cat  indicates  good 
luck  to  a  bride. 

Crastina  nupturte  lux  est  prosperrima  sponsss : 
Felix  fele  bonum  sternuit  omen  amor. 

Robert  Keuchen,  Crepundi".  413. 

If  a  cat  sneezes  thrice,  a  cold  will  run 
through  the  family. 

Satan's  favourite  form  is  that  of  a 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


956 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


black  cat,  and  hence  is  it  the  familiar  of 
■witches. 

A  cat  has  nine  lives. 

Tybalt.  What  woulrtst  thou  have  with  meT 

Mer.  Good  ".ling  of  cats,  nothing  but  one  of  your  nine 

Ih-es.— Shakespeare,   Romeo  and    Jttliet,   act  ilL   sc.  1 

tl5»5). 

Chameleons  live  on  air  only. 

I  saw  him  eat  the  air  for  food. 

Lloyd,  The  Chameleon. 

Cow.  If  a  milkmaid  neglects  to  wash 
her  hands  after  milking,  her  cows  will 
go  dry. 

Curst  cows  have  curt  horns.  Curst 
means  "angry,  fierce." 

God  sends  a  curst  cow  short  horns. — Shakespeare, 
Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  act  ii  sc.  1  (1600). 

Cricket.  Crickets  bring  good  luck 
to  a  house.  To  kill  crickets  is  unlucky. 
If  crickets  forsake  a  house,  a  death  in 
the  family  will  soon  follow. 

It  is  a  signe  of  death  to  some  in  a  house,  if  the  crickets 
on  a  sudden  forsake  the  chimney. — Melton,  Astrologat- 
tor,  45. 

Crocodiles  moan  and  sigh,  like  per- 
sons in  distress,  to  allure  travellers  and 
make  them  their  prey. 

As  the  mournful  crocodile 
With  sorrow  snares  relenting  passengers. 
Shakespeare,  2  Ilcnr^  VI.  act  iii.  sc.  1  (1591). 

Crocodiles  weep  over  the  prey  which 
they  devour. 

Tlie  crocodile  will  weep  over  a  man's  head  when  he  {U] 
hath  devoured  the  body,  and  then  he  will  eat  up  the  head 
too.— Bullokar,  EnglUh  Expositor  (1616), 

Paul  Lucas  tells  us  that  the  humming- 
bird and  lapwing  enter  fearlessly  the 
crocodile's  mouth,  and  the  creature  never 
injures  them,  because  they  pick  its  teeth. 
—  Voyage  fait  en  1714. 

Crow.  If  a  crow  croaks  an  odd  num- 
ber of  times,  look  out  f gr  foul  weather ; 
if  an  even  number,  it  will  be  fine. 

[The  superstitious]  listen  in  the  morning  whether  the 
crow  crieth  even  or  odd,  and  by  tliat  token  presage  the 
weather.— Dr.  Hall,  Characters  of  Vertues  and  Vices,  87. 

If  a  crow  flies  over  a  house  and  croaks 
thrice,  it  is  a  bad  omen. — Ramesey, 
Elminthologia,  271  (1668). 

If  a  crow  flutters  about  a  window  and 
caws,  it  forebodes  a  death. 

Night  Crowes  screech  aloud. 
Fluttering  'bout  casements  of  departing  soules. 

Marston,  Antonio  and  ileUida,  ii.  (1602). 
Several  crows  fluttered  about  the  head  of  Cicero  on  the 
day  he  was  murdered  by  Popilius  Lsenas  .  .  .  one  of  them 
even  made  its  way  into  his  chamber,  and  pulled  away  the 
bedclothes.— Macaulay,  History  of  St.  Kilda,  176. 

If  crows  flock  together  early  in  the 
morning,  and  gape  at  the  sun,  the  weather 
will  be  hot  and  dry  ;  but  if  they  stalk 
at  nightfall  into  water,  and  croak,  rain 
is  at  hand. — Willsford,  Nature's  Secrets, 
133. 


When  crows  [  ?  rooks]  forsake  a  wood 
in  a  flock,  it  forebodes  a  famine. — Supple^ 
ment  to  the  Athenian  Oracle,  476. 

Death-watch.  The  clicking  or  tap- 
ping of  the  beetle  called  a  death-watch  is 
an  omen  of  death  to  some  one  in  the 
house. 

Chamber-maids  christen  this  worm  a  "  Death-watch," 
Because,  like  a  watch,  it  always  cries  "  click ; " 
Then  woe  be  to  those  in  the  house  that  are  sick. 
For  sure  as  a  gun  they  will  give  up  the  ghost  .  . 
But  a  kettle  of  scalding  hot  water  injected 
Infallibly  cures  the  timber  infected; 
The  omen  is  broken,  tlie  danger  is  over. 
The  maggot  will  die,  and.  the  sick  will  recover. 

Swift,  Wood  an  Insect  (1725). 

Dog.  If  dogs  howl  by  night  near  a 
house,  it  presages  the  death  of  a  sick 
inmate. 

If  doggs  howle  in  the  night  neer  an  house  where  some- 
body is  sick,  'tis  a  signe  of  death.— Dr.  N.  Home,  Dcemono- 
logie,  60. 

When  dogs  wallow  in  the  dust,  expect 
foul  weather:  "Canis  in  pulvere  volu- 

tans  .  .  ." 

Prsascia  ventorum,  se  voMt  odora  canum  tIs  ; 
Numina  diflBatur  pulveris  Instar  homo. 

Robert  Keuchen,  Crepundia,  211. 

Echinus.  An  echinus,  fastening  itself 
on  a  ship's  keel,  will  arrest  its  motion 
like  an  anchor. — Pliny,  Natural  History, 
xxxii.  1. 

Egg.  The  tenth  egg  is  always  the 
largest. 

Decumana  ova  dicuntur,  quia  ovum  decimum  majus 
nascitur.— Festus. 

Elephant.  Elephants  celebrate  re- 
ligious rites. — Pliny,  Natural  History, 
viii.  1. 

Elephants  have  no  knees. — Eugenius 
Philalethes,  Brief  Natural  History,  89. 

The  elephant  hath  joints,  but  none  for  courtesy ;  his 
legs  are  for  necessity,  not  for  flexure.— Shakespeare, 
Troilus  and  Cressida,  act  iii.  sc.  3  (1602). 

Fish.  If  you  count  the  number  of 
fish  you  have  caught,  you  will  catch  no 
more  that  day. 

Frog.  To  meet  a  frog  is  lucky,  in- 
dicating that  the  person  is  about  to  receive 
money. 

Some  man  hadde  levjT  to  mete  a  frogge  on  tha  way  than 
a  knight  ...  for  thau  they  say  and  leve  that  tliey  shal 
have  golde.— ZM»e«  and  Pauper  (first  precepte,  xlvi., 
1493). 

When  frogs  croak  more  than  usual,  it 
is  a  sign  of  bad  weather. 

Guinea-pig.  A  guinea-pig  has  no 
ears. 

Haddock.     The  black  spot  on  each 
side  of  a  haddock,  near  the  gills,  is  the 
impression     of    St.    Peter's    finger   an;' 
tliumb,  when  he  took  the  tribute  mon( " 
from  the  fish's  mouth. 

The  haddock  h;v.s  spots  on  either  side,  which  are 
marks  of  St.  Peter's  fingers  when  he  catched  that  fish 
the  tribute.— Metellus,  Dialogue*,  etc.,  67  (1693). 


I 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


957 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


Hair.  If  a  dog  bites  you,  any  ovil 
conseguence  may  be  prevented  by 
applying  three  of  the  dog's  hairs  to  the 
wound. 

Take  the  hair,  It  Is  well  written. 
Of  the  dog  by  which  you're  bittBn ; 
Work  off  one  wine  by  his  brother, 
And  one  labour  by  another. 

Athenseus  (ascribed  to  Aristophanfis). 

Hare.  It  is  unlucky  if  a  hare  runs 
across  a  road  in  front  of  a  traveller.  The 
Roman  augurs  considered  this  an  ill 
omen. 

If  an  hare  cross  their  way,  they  suspect  they  shall  be 
rob'd  or  come  to  some  mischance. — Kaniesey,  Mlmintho- 
loffia,  271  (1668). 

It  was  believed  at  one  time  that  hares 
changed  their  sex  every  year. 

Hedgehog.  Hedgehogs  foresee  a 
coming  storm. — Bodenham,  Garden  of  the 
Muses,  163  (1600). 

Hedgehogs  fasten  on  the  dugs  of  cows, 
and  drain  olf  the  milk. 

Horse.  If  a  person  suffering  from 
hooping-cough  asks  advice  of  a  man 
riding  on  a  piebald  horse,  the  malady 
will  be  cured  by  doing  what  the  man  tells 
him  to  do. 

jACKAf-.  The  jackal  is  the  lion's  pro- 
vider. It  hunts  with  the  lion,  and  pro- 
vides it  with  food  by  starting  prey  as 
dogs  start  game. 

Lady-bug.  It  is  unlucky  to  kill  a 
lady-bug. 

Liox.  The  lion  will  not  injure  a  royal 
prince. 

Fetch  the  Numidian  lion  I  brought  over ; 
■If  she  be  sprang  from  royal  blood,  the  lion 
Will  do  her  reverence,  else  he  will  teiu-  her. 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,    The  Mad  Lover  (1617). 
The  lion  will  not  touch  the  true  prince.— Shakespeare, 
1  J/enri/  tV.  act  ii.  sc.  4  (1598). 

The  lion  hates  the  game-cock,  and  is 
jealous  of  it.  Some  say  because  the  cock 
wears  a  crown  (its  crest),  and  others 
because  it  comes  into  the  royal  presence 
"  booted  and  spurred." 

The  fiercest  lion  trembles  at  the  crowing  of  a  cock.— 
Pliny,  Natural  History,  viii.  la. 

According  to  legend,  the  lion's  whelp 
is  born  dead,  and  remains  so  for  three 
daj'S,  when  the  father  breathes  on  it, 
and  it  receives  life. 

Lizard.  The  lizard  is  man's  special 
enemy,  but  warns  him  of  the  approach 
ol  a  serpent. 

Magpie.  To  see  one  magpie  is  un- 
lucky ;  to  see  two  denotes  merriment  or 
a  marriage  ;  to  see  three,  a  successful 
journey;  four,  good  news;  five,  com- 
pany.— Grose. 

Another  superstition  is:  "One  for 
Borrow  ;  two  for  mirth  ;  three,  a  wedding  ; 
lour,  a  death." 


One's  sorrow,  two's  mirth. 
Three's  a  wedding,  four's  a  birth. 
Five's  a  cliristening,  six's  a  dearth. 
Seven's  heaven,  eight  is  hell. 
And  nine's  the  devil  his  aiie  sel'. 

Old  Scotch  Rhyme. 

In  Lancashire,  two  magpies  flying  to- 
gether is  thought  unlucky. 

I  have  heard  my  gronny  say,  hoode  os  leef  o  seen  two 
owd  harries  as  two  pynots  [magpiesl. — Tim  Bobbin, 
Lancashire  Dialect,  31  (1776). 

When  the  magpie  chatters,  it  denotes 
that  you  will  see  strangers. 

Max.  a  person  weighs  more  fasting 
than  after  a  good  meal. 

The  Jews  maintained  that  man  has 
three  natures — body,  soul,  and  spirit. 
DiogSnes  Laertius  calls  the  three  natures 
body,  phren,  and  thumos ;  and  the 
Romans  called  them  manes,  anima,  and 
umbra. 

There  is  a  nation  of  pygmies. 

The  Patagonians  are  of  gigantic  sta- 
ture. 

There  are  men  with  tails,  as  the  Ghi- 
lanes,  a  race  of  men  "beyond  the  Sen- 
naar ; "  the  Niam-niams  of  Africa,  the 
Narea  tribes,  certain  others  south  of 
Herrar,  in  Abyssinia,  and  the  natives  in 
the  south  of  Formosa. 

Martin.  It  is  unlucky  to  kill  a  martin. 

Mole.  Moles  are  blind.  Hence  the 
common  expression,  "Blind  as  a  mole." 

Pray  you,  tread  softly,  that  Uie  blind  mole  may  not 
Hear  a  footfall. 

Shakespeare,  The  Tempett,  act  iv.  sc.  1  (1609), 

Moon-calf,  the  offspring  of  a  woman, 
engendered  solely  by  the  power  of  the 
moon. — Pliny,  Natural  History,  x.  64. 

Mouse.  To  eat  food  which  a  mouse 
has  nibbled  will  give  a  sore  throat. 

It  is  a  bad  omen  if  a  mouse  gnaws  the 
clothes  which  a  person  is  wearing. — 
Burton,  Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  214 
(1621). 

A  fried  mouse  is  a  specific  for  small- 
pox. 

Ostrich.    An  ostrich  can  digest  iron. 

Stephen.  I  could  eat  the  very  hilts  for  anger. 

Kno'well.  A  sign  of  your  good  digestion ;  you  have 
an  ostrich  stomach. — B.  Jonson,  Kvery  Man  in  Hit 
Humour,  iii.  1  (1698). 

I'll  make  thee  eat  iron  like  an  ostrich,  and  swallow 
my  sword.— Shakespeare,  2  Henry  YI.  act  iv.  sc.  10 
(1691). 

Owl.  If  owls  screech  with  a  hoarse 
and  dismal  voice,  it  bodes  impending 
calamity.     (See  Owl,  p.  718.) 

The  oul6  that  of  deth  the  bod6  bringeth. 

Chaucer,  Auembly  of  Foules  (1358). 

Pelican.  A  pelican  feeds  its  young 
brood  with  its  blood. 

The  pelican  turneth  her  beak  against  her  brest,  and 
therewitli  pierceth  it  till  the  blo<xl  gush  out,  wlierewith 
i     ghe  nourisheth  her  yoimg.— Eugeniua  Philalethes,  Bri^ 
[    Natural  History,  93       ~' 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


958 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


Than  sayd  the  Pellycane, 
"  When  my  byrdts  he  slayne. 
With  my  blonde  I  them  reuyue  [revivei." 
Scrypture  doth  record, 
The  same  dyd  our  Lord, 
And  rose  from  deth  to  lyue  [life]. 

Skelton,  Arinourt/  of  liyrdts  (died  1529). 
And,  like  the  kind,  life- rendering  pelican, 
Kepast  them  with  my  blood. 

"■    ■  Hamlet,  act  iv.  so.  5  (1596). 


Phoenix.  There  is  but  one  phoenix  in 
the  world,  which,  after  many  hundred 
years,  burns  itself,  and  from  its  ashes 
apother  phoenix  rises  up. 

Now  I  will  believe,  .  .  .  that  in  Arabia 

Tliere  is  one  tree,  the  pheenix'  throne  ;  one  phoenix 

At  this  hour  reigning  there. 

Shakespeare,  The  Tempest,  act  lii.  so.  3  (1609). 

The  phoenix  is  said  to  have  fifty 
orifices  in  its  bill,  continued  to  its  tail. 
After  living  its  1000  or  500  years,  it 
builds  itself  a  funeral  pile,  sings  a  me- 
lodious elegy,  flaps  its  wings  to  fan  the 
fire,  and  is  burnt  to  ashes. 

The  enchanted  pile  of  that  lonely  bird 
Who  sings  at  the  last  his  own  death-lay, 
And  in  music  and  perfume  dies  away. 
T.  Moore,  Lalla  Rookh  ("  Paradise  and  the  Peri,"  1817). 

The  phoenix  has  appeared  five  times  in 
Egypt :  (1)  in  the  reign  of  Sesostris  ;  (2) 
in  the  reign  of  AmSsis  ;  (3)  in  the  reign 
of  Ptolemy  Philadelphos  ;  (4)  a  little 
prior  to  the  death  of  Tiberius  ;  and  (5) 
during  the  reign  of  Constantine.  Tacitus 
mentions  the  first  three  {Annates,  vi.  28). 

Pig.  In  the  fore  feet  of  pigs  is  a  very 
small  hole,  which  may  be  seen  when  the 
pig  is  dead  and  the  hair  carefully  re- 
moved. The  legend  is  that  the  devils 
made  their  exit  from  the  swine  through 
the  fore  feet,  and  left  these  holes.  There 
are  also  six  very  minute  rings  round 
each  hole,  and  these  are  said  to  have 
been  made  by  the  devils'  claws  {Mark  v. 
11-13). 

When  pigs  carry  straws  in  theinnouth, 
rain  is  at  hand. 

When  swine  carry  bottles  of  hay  or  straw  to  hide  them, 
rain  is  at  hand. — The  Husbandman's  Practice,  137  (1664). 

When  young  pigs  are  taken  from  the 
sow,  they  must  be  drawn  away  back- 
wards, or  the  sow  will  be  fallow. 

The  bacon  of  swine  killed  in  a  waning 
moon  will  waste  mUoh  in  the  cooking. 

When  hogs  run  grunting  home,  a 
storm  is  impending. — The  Cabinet  of 
Nature,  262  (1637). 

It  is  unlucky  for  a  traveller  if  a  sow 
crosses  his  path. 

If,  going  on  a  journey  on  business,  a  sow  cross  the  road, 
you  will  meet  with  a  disappointment,  if  not  an  accident, 
before  you  return  home. — Grose. 

To  meet  a  sow  with  a  litter  of  pigs  is 
very  lucky. 

If  a  sow  is  with  b«r  litter  of  pigs,  it  is  luckf  ,  and  denotes 

*  successful  journey. — Gros*. 


Langley  tells  us  this  marvellous  bit  of 
etymology:  "The  bryde  anoynteth  th« 
poostes  of  the  doores  with  swynes  grease, 
...  to  dryve  awaye  misfortune,  where- 
fore she  had  her  name  in  Latin  uxor, 
*  ab  ungendo'  [to  anoint'\.'''' — Translation 
of  Pohjdore  Vergil,  9. 

Pigeon.  If  a  white  pigeon  settles  oa 
a  chimney,  it  bodes  death  to  some  one  in 
the  house. 

No  person  can  die  on  a  bed  or  pillow 
containing  pigeons'  feathers. 

K  anybody  be  sick  and  lye  a-dying,  if  they  [sic']  lie 
upon  pigeons'  feathers  they  will  be  langnisliing  and  never 
die,  but  be  in  pain  and  torment. — British  Apollo,  IL  No. 
93  (1710). 

The  blue  pigeon  is  held  sacred  in 
Mecca. — Pitt. 

PoKCUPiNE.  When  porcupines  are 
hunted  or  annoyed,  they  shoot  out  their 
quills  in  anger. 

Rat.  Rats  forsake  a  ship  before  a 
wreck,  or  a  house  about  to  fall. 

They  prepared 
A  rotten  carcass  of  a  boat ;  the  rery  rats 
Instinctively  had  quit  it. 
Shakesi>eare,  The  Tempest,  act  L  sc.  2  (1609). 

If  rats  gnaw  the  furniture  of  a  room, 
there  will  be  a  death  in  the  house  ere 
long. — Grose. 

*^*  The  bucklers  at  Lanuvium  being 
gnawed  by  rats,  presaged  ill  fortune,  and 
the  battle  of  Marses,  fought  soon  after, 
confirmed  the  superstition. 

The  Romans  said  that  to  see  a  white 
rat  was  a  certain  presage  of  good  luck. 
— Pliny,  Natural  History,  viii.  57. 

Raven.     Ravens  are  ill-omened  birds. 

The  hoarse  night  raven,  trompe  of  doleful  dreere. 
Spenser. 

Ravens  seen  on  the  left  hand  side  of  a 
person  bode  impending  evil. 

Saepe  sinistra  cava  prsetlixit  ab  ilice  comix. 

Virgil,  Eel.,  \. 

Ravens  call  up  rain. 

Hark 
How  the  curst  raven,  with  her  harmless  voice, 
Invokes  the  rain ! 

Smart,  Bop  Garden,  ii.  (died  1770). 

When  ravens  [?  rooks]  forsake  a  wood, 
it  prognosticates  famine. 

This  is  because  ravens  bear  the  character  of  Saturn,  the 
author  of  such  caXsLcoxtiei.— Athenian  Oracle  (supple- 
ment, 476). 

Ravens  forebode  pestilence  and  death. 

Like  the  sad-presaging  raven,  that  tolls 
The  sick  man's  passport  in  her  hollow  beak. 
And,  in  the  shadow  of  the  silent  night. 
Does  shake  contagion  from  her  sable  wing.  1 

Marlowe,  The  Jew  of  Malta  (1633).   M 

Ravens  foster  forsaken  children.  1 

Some  say  that  ravens  foster  forlorn  children. 
(!)  Shakespeare,  Titus  Andronicus,  act  li.  sc.  3  (1593). 

It  i  s  said  that  king  Arthur  is  not  dead, 
but  is  only  changed  into  a  raven,  and 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


will  in  due  time  resume  his  proper  form 
and  rule  over  his  people  gloriously. 

The  raven  was  white  till  it  turned  tell- 
tale, and  informed  Apollo  of  the  faith- 
lessness of  Coronis.  Apollo  shot  the 
nymph  for  her  infidelity,  but  changed 
the  plumage  of  the  raven  into  inky 
blackness  for  his  officious  prating. — 
Ovid,  Metamorphoses,  ii. 

He  {ApoUo]  blacked  the  raven  o'er, 

And  bid  him  prate  in  his  white  plumes  no  more. 

Addison's  Trantlation  of  Ovid,  ii. 

If  ravens  gape  against  the  sun,  heat 
will  follow  ;  but  if  they  busy  themselves 
in  preening  or  washing,  there  will  be 
rain. 

Rkm'ora.  a  fish  called  the  remora  can 
arrest  a  ship  in  full  sail. 

A  little  fish  that  men  call  remora. 
Which  stopped  her  course.  .  .  . 
That  wind  nor  tide  could  move  her. 

Spenser,  Sonnets  (1691). 

Robin.  The  red  of  a  robin's  breast  is 
produced  by  the  blood  of  Jesus.  While 
the  "Man  of  sorrows  "  was  on  His  way  to 
Calvary,  a  robin  plucked  a  thorn  from 
His  temples,  and  a  drop  of  blood,  falling 
on  the  bird,  turned  its  bosom  red. 

Another  legend  is  that  the  robin  used 
to  carry  dew  to  refresh  sinners  parched 
in  hell,  and  the  scorching  heat  of  the 
flames  turned  its  feathers  red. 

He  brings  cool  dew  in  his  little  bill. 

And  lets  it  fall  on  the  souls  of  sin  ; 
You  can  .see  the  mark  on  his  red  breast  still. 

Of  fires  that  scorch  as  he  droi>8  it  in. 

J.  G.  Whittier,  The  RoHn. 

If  a  robin  finds  a  dead  body  unburied, 
it  will  cover  the  face  at  least,  if  not  the 
whole  body. — Grey,  On  Shakespeare,  ii. 
226. 

The  robins  so  red,  now  these  btibies  are  dead. 
Ripe  strawberry  leaves  doth  over  them  spread. 

Babet  in  the  Wood. 

It  is  unlucky  either  to  keep  or  to  kill 
a  robin.  J.  H.  Pott  says,  if  any  one 
attempts  to  detain  a  robin  which  has 
sought  hospitality,  let  him  "fear  some 
new  calamity." — Poems  (1780). 

Salamander.  The  salamander  lives 
in  the  fire. 

Should  a  glass-bouse  fire  be  kept  up  without  extinc- 
tion for  more  tlian  seven  years,  there  is  no  doubt  but  that 
a  salamander  will  be  generated  in  the  cinders. — J.  P. 
Andrews,  Aticcdotet,  etc.,  359. 

The  salamander  seeks  the  hottest  fire 
to  breed  in,  but  soon  quenches  it  by  the 
extreme  coldness  of  its  body. — Pliny, 
Natural  History,  x.  67  ;  xxix.  4. 

Food  touched  by  a  salamander  is 
poisonous. — Ditto,  xxix.  23. 

Saliva.  The  human  saliva  is  a  cure 
for  l)lindness. — Ditto,  xxviii.  7. 

If  a  man  spits  on  a  serpent,  it  will  die. 
-Ditto,  rii.  2. 


The  human  saliva  is  a  charm  against 
fascination  and  witchcraft. 

Thrice  on  my  breast  I  spit,  to  guard  me  safe 
From  fascinating  charms. 

Theocritoa. 
To  unbewitch  the  bewitched,  you  must  spit  into  the 
shoe  of  your  right  foot.— Scot,  Ditcoverie  «/  Witehera/t 
(15d4). 

Spitting  for  luck  is  a  most  common 
superstition. 

Fish  women  generally  spit  upon  their  hansel— Grose. 

A  blacksmith  who  has  to  shoe  a  stub- 
born horse,  spits  in  his  hand  to  drive  off 
the  "  evil  spirit." 

The  swarty  smith  spits  in  his  buckthorne  fist. 

Browne,  Uritannia's  Pastorals,  i. 

If  a  pugilist  spits  in  his  hand,  his  blows 
will  be  more  telling. — Pliny,  Natural 
History,  xxviii.  7. 

ScoupiON.  Scorpions  sting  themselves. 

Scorpions  have  an  oil  which  is  a 
remedy  for  their  stings. 

'Tis  true  the  scorpion's  oil  Is  said 

To  cure  the  wounds  the  venom  made. 

8.  BuUer,  Iliidibrai,  liL  2  (1C78), 

Spider.  It  is  unlucky  to  kill  a  money- 
spinner. 

Small  spiders,  called  "money-spinners,"  prognosticate 
good  luck,  if  they  are  not  destroyed  or  removed  from  the 
person  on  whom  they  attach  themselves. — Park. 

The  bite  of  a  spider  is  venomous. 

No  spider  will  spin  its  web  on  an  Irish 
oak. 

Spiders  will  never  set  their  webs  on  a 
cedar  roof. — Caughey,  Letters  (1845). 

Spiders  indicate  where  gold  is  to  be 
found.  (See  Spiders  Indicators  op 
Gold.) 

There  are  no  spiders  in  Ireland,  because 
St.  Patrick  cleared  the  island  of  all 
vermin. 

Spiders  envenom  whatever  they  touch. 

There  may  be  in  the  cup 
A  spider  steeped,  and  one  may  drink,  depart. 
And  yet  partake  no  evil. 
Shakespeare,  Winter's  Tale,  act  IL  so.  1  (1604). 

A  spider  enclosed  in  a  quilt  and  hung 
round  the  neck  will  cure  the  ague. — 
Mrs.  Delany,  A  Letter  dated  March  1, 
1743. 

I  .  .  .  hung  three  spiders  about  my  neck,  and  they 
drove  my  ague  away.— Klias  Ashmole,  Diary  (April  11, 
1681). 

A  spider  worn  in  a  nutshell  round  the 
neck  is  a  cure  for  fever. 

Cured  by  the  wearing  a  spider  hung  round  one's  neck  in  • 
nutshell. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  U.  (Ii49). 

Spiders  spin  only  on  dark  days. 

The  subtle  spider  never  spins 
But  on  dark  days  his  slimy  gins. 

S.  Butler,  On  a  A'oncon/ormiU,  hr. 

Spiders  have  a  natural  antipathy  to 
toads. 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


960 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


Stag.  Stags  draw,  bj'  their  breath,  ser- 
pents from  their  holes,  and  then  trample 
them  to  death.  (Hence  the  staj;  has 
been  used  to  symbolize  Christ.) — Pliny, 
Natural  History,  viii.  50. 

Stork.     It  is  unlucky  to  kill  a  stork. 

According  to  Swedish  legend,  a  stork 
fluttered  round  the  cross  of  the  crucified  . 
Redeemer,  crying,  Stijrke  1  styrkel 
("  Strengthen  ye  !  strengthen  ye. !  "),  and 
was  hence  called  the  styrk  or  stork,  but 
ever  after  lost  its  voice. 

Swallow.  According  to  Scandi- 
navian legend,  this  bird  hovered  over 
the  cross  of  Christ,  crying,  Svale  1  svale  ! 
("Cheer  up!  cheer  up!"),  and  hence  it 
received  the  name  of  svale  or  swallow, 
*'  the  bird  of  consolation." 

If  a  swallow  builds  on  a  house,  it 
brings  good  luck. 

The  swallow  is  said  to  bring  home  from 
the  sea-shore  a  stone  which  gives  sight  to 
fier  fledglings. 

Socking  with  eager  eyes  that  wondrous  stone  which  the 

swallow 
Brings  from  the  shore  of  the  sea,  to  restore  the  sight  of 

its  fiedglings. 

Longfellow,  Evangeline,  i.  1  (1849). 

To  kill  a  swallow  is  unlucky. 
When  swallows  fly  high,  the  weather 
will  be  fine. 

When  swallows  fleet  soar  high  and  sport  In  air, 
He  told  us  that  the  welkin  would  be  clear. 

Gay,  Pastoral,  i.  (1714). 

Swan.  The  swan  retires  from  obser- 
vation when  about  to  die,  and  sings  most 
melodiously. 

Swans,  a  little  before  their  death,  sing  most  sweetly. — 
Pliny,  Natural  HUtory,  x.  23. 

The  swanne  cannot  hatch  without  a  cracke  of  thunder. 
— Lord  Northampton,  Defensive,  etc.  (1583). 

Tarantula.  The  tarantula  is  poi- 
sonous. 

The  music  of  a  tarantula  will  cure  its 
venomous  bite. 

Toad.  Toads  spit  poison,  but  they 
carry  in  their  head  an  antidote  thereto. 

...  the  toad  ugly  and  venomous. 
Wears  yet  a  precious  jewel  in  its  head. 
Shakespeare,  As  You  Like  It,  act  il.  sc.  ]  (ICOO). 

In  the  dog  days,  toads  never  open 
their  mouths. 

Toads  are  never  found  in  Ireland,  be- 
cause St.  Patrick  cleared  the  island  of  all 
vermin. 

Unicorn.  Unicorns  can  be  caught 
only  by  placing  a  virgin  in  their  haunts. 

The  horn  of  a  unicorn  dipped  into  a 
liquor  will  show  if  it  contains  poison. 

Viper.  Young  vipers  destroy  their 
mothers  when  they  come  to  birth. 

Weasel.  To  meet  a  weasel  is  unlucky, 
— Congreve,  Love  for  Love. 

You  never  catch  a  weasel  asleep. 


Wolf.  If  a  wolf  sees  a  man  before 
the  man  sees  the  wolf,  he  will  be  struck 
dumb. 

Men  are  sometimes  changed  into 
wolves. — Pliny,  Natural  History. 

Wren.  If  any  one  kills  a  wren,  he 
will  break  a  bone  before  the  year  is  out. 

Miscellaneous.  No  animal  dies  near 
the  sea,  except  at  the  ebbing  of  the  tide. 
— Aristotle. 

'A  parted  even  just  between  twelve  and  one,  e'en  at  the 
turning  o'  the  tide.— Shakespeare,  Henry  V.  act  ii.  sc.  3 
(FalstalTs  death,  1599). 

Superstitions  about  Precious 
Stones. 

R.  B.  means  Rabbi  Benonl  (fourteenth  century);  S. 
means  Streeter,  Precious  Stones  (1877). 

Agate  quenches  thirst,  and,  if  held 
in  the  mouth,  allays  fever. — R.  B. 

It  is  supposed,  at  least  in  fable,  to 
render  the  wearer  invisible,  and  also  to 
turn  the  sword  of  foes  against  themselves. 

The  agate  is  an  emblem  of  health  and 
long  life,  and  is  dedicated  to  June.  In 
the  Zodiac  it  stands  for  Scorpio. 

Amber  is  a  cure  for  sore  throats  and 
all  glandular  swellings. — R.  B. 

It  is  said  to  be  a  concretion  of  birds* 
tears. — Chambers. 

Around  thee  shall  glisten  the  loveliest  amber 
That  ever  the  sorrowing  sea-bird  hath  wept. 
T.  Moore,  laUa  Hookh  ("Fire-Worshippers,"  1817). 

The  birds  which  wept  amber  were  the 
sisters  of  Meleager,  called  Meleagrides, 
who  never  ceased  weeping  for  their 
brother's  death.— Pliny,  Natural  History, 
xxxvii.  2,  11. 

Amethyst  banishes  the  desire  of 
drink,  and  promotes  chastity. — R.  B. 

The  Greeks  thought  that  it  counteracted 
the  effects  of  wine. 

The  amethyst  is  an  emblem  of  humility 
and  sobriety.  It  is  dedicated  to  February 
and  Venus.  In  the  Zodiac  it  stands  for 
Sagittarius,  in  metallurgy  for  copper,  in 
Christian  art  it  is  given  to  St.  Matthew, 
and  in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  it  is  set 
in  the  pastoral  ring  of  bishops,  whence  it 
is  called  the  *'  prelate's  gem,"  or  pien-e 
(Teveqrie. 

Cat's-eye,  considered  by  the  Cingalese 
as  a  charm  against  witchcraft,  and  to  be 
the  abode  of  some  genii. — S.,  168. 

Coral,  a  talisman  against  enchant- 
ments, witchcraft,  thunder,  and  other 
perils  of  flood  and  field.  It  was  con- 
secrated to  Jupiter  and  Phoebus. — S., 
233. 

Red  coral  worn  about  the  person  is  a 
certain  cure  for  indigestion. — R.  B. 

Crystal    induces    visions,     promoi 
sleep,  and  ensures  good  dreams. — R.  B, 


1 


SUPERSTITIONS. 


961 


SURFACE. 


It  is  dedicated  t(t  the  moon,  and  in 
metallurg}'^  stands  for  silver. 

DiAMcrjfD  produces  somnambulism,  and 
promotes  spiritual  ecstasy. — R.  B. 

The  diamond  is  an  emblem  of  inno- 
cence, and  is  dedicated  to  April  and  the 
Bun.  In  the  Zodiac  it  stands  for  Virgo, 
in  metallurgy  for  gold,  in  Christian  art 
invulnerable  faith. 

Emeuald  promotes  friendship  and 
constancy  of  mind. — R.  B. 

If  a  serpent  fixes  its  eyes  on  an 
emerald,  it  becomes  blind. — Ahmed  ben 
Abdalaziz,  Treatise  on  Jewels. 

The  emerald  is  an  emblem  of  success 
in  love,  and  is  dedicated  to  May.  In  the 
Zodiac  it  signifies  Cancer.  It  is  dedicated 
to  Mars,  in  metallurgy  it  means  iron,  and 
in  Christian  art  is  given  to  St.  John. 

Garnet  preserves  health  and  j  oy . — R.  B. 

The  garnet  is  an  emblem  of  constancy, 
and,  like  the  jacinth,  is  dedicated  to 
January. 

This  was  the  carbuncle  of  the  ancients, 
which  they  said  gave  out  light  in  the  dark. 

Loadstone  produces  somnambulism. 
— R.  B. 

It  is  dedicated  to  Mercury,  and  in 
metallurgy  means  quicksilver. 

Moonstone  has  the  virtue  of  making 
trees  fruitful,  and  of  curing  epilepsy. — 
Dioscorides. 

It  contains  in  it  an  image  of  the  moon, 
representing  its  increase  and  decrease 
every  month. — Andreas  Baccius. 

Onyx  contains  in  it  an  imprisoned 
devil,  which  wakes  at  sunset  and  causes 
terror  to  the  wearer,  disturbing  sleep 
with  ugly  dreams. — R.  B. 

Cupid,  with  the  sharp  point  of  his 
arrows,  cut  the  nails  of  Venus  during 
sleep,  and  the  parings,  falling  into  the 
Indus,  sank  to  the  bottom  and  turned 
into  onyxes. — S.,  212. 

In  the  Zodiac  it  stands  for  Aquarius ; 
some  say  it  is  the  emblem  of  August  and 
conjugal  lore;  in  Christian  art  it  sym- 
bolizes sincerity. 

Opal  is  fatal  to  love,  and  sows  discord 
between  the  giver  and  receiver. — R.  B. 

Given  as  an  engagement  token,  it  is 
sure  to  bring  ill  luck. 

The  opal  IS  an  emblem  of  hope,  and  is 
dedicated  to  October. 

Ruby.  The  Burmese  believe  that  rubies 
ripen  like  fruit.  They  say  a  ruby  in  its 
crude  state  is  colourless,  and,  as  it  matures, 
changes  first  to  j'ellow,  then  to  green, 
then  to  blue,  and  lastly  to  a  brilliant  red, 
its  highest  state  of  perfection  and  ripe- 
nefis. — S.,  142. 
41 


The  ruby  signifies  Aries  in  the  Zodiacal 
signs ;  but  some  give  it  to  December,  and 
make  it  the  emblem  of  brilliant  success. 

Sapphire  produces  somnambulism, 
and  impels  the  wearer  to  all  good  works. 
— R.  B. 

In  the  Zodiac  it  signifies  Leo,  and  in 
Christian  art  is  dedicated  to  St.  Andrew, 
emblematic  of  his  heavenly  faith  and 
good  hope.    Some  give  this  gem  to  April. 

Topaz  is  favourable  to  hemorrhages, 
imparts  strength,  and  promotes  digestion. 
— R.  B. 

Les  anciens  regardaient  la  topaze  comme  utile  contro 
r^pilepsie  et  la  indlaiicolie.— Bouillet,  Diet,  l/niv.  det 
Sciencet,  etc.  (1855). 

The  topaz  is  an  emblem  of  fidelity,  and 
is  dedicated  to  November.  In  the  Zodiac 
it  signifies  Taurus,  and  in  Christian  art  is 
given  to  St.  James  the  Less. 

Turquoise,  given  by  loving  hands, 
carries  with  it  happiness  and  good  fortune. 
Its  colour  always  pales  when  the  well- 
being  of  the  giver  is  in  peril. — S.,  170. 

The  turquoise  is  an  emblem  of  proe- 
perity,  and  is  dedicated  to  December. 
It  is  dedicated  to  Saturn,  and  stands  for 
lead  in  metallurgy. 

A  bouquet  composed  of  diamonds, 
loadstones,  and  sapphires  combined,  ren- 
ders a  person  almost  invincible  and 
wholly  irresistible. — R.  B. 

All  precious  stones  are  purified  by 
honey. 

All  kinds  of  precious  stones  cast  into  honey  become 
more  brilluint  thereby,  each  according  to  its  colour,  and 
all  persons  become  more  acceptable  when  they  joni  de- 
votion to  their  graces.  Household  ciires  are  sweetened 
thereby,  love  is  more  loving,  and  business  becomes  more 
pleasiint.— S,  Francis  de  Salia,  r/te  UevoiU  Life,  iii.  13 
(1708). 

Supporters  in  Heraldry  repre- 
sent the  pages  who  supported  the  banner. 
These  pages,  before  the  Tudor  period, 
were  dressed  in  imitation  of  the  beasts, 
etc.,  which  typified  the  bearings  or  cog- 
nizances of  their  masters. 

Sura,  any  one  ethical  revelation ;  thus 
each  chapter  of  the  Koran  is  a  Sura. 

Hypocrites  are  apprehensive  lest  a  Sura  should  ba 
revealed  respecting  them,  to  declare  unto  them  that 
which  is  in  their  hearts.—^?  Kordn,  ix. 

Surface  {Sir  Oliv^ir),  the  rich  uncle 
of  Joseph  and  Charles  Surface.  He  ap- 
pears under  the  assumed  name  of  Pre- 
mium Stanley. 

Charles  Surface^  a  reformed  scape- 
grace, and  the  accepted  lover  of  Maria 
the  rich  ward  of  sir  Peter  Teazle.  In 
Charles,  the  evil  of  his  character  was  ail 
on  the  surface. 

WilUam  Smith  [1730-1790].    To  portray  upon  the  stage 
a  man  of  the  true  school  of  gentiUty  reduired  preWusiona 
3  Q 


SURGEON'S  DAUGHTER. 


962 


SUTOR. 


cf  no  ordinary  kind,  and  Smith  possessed  these  in  a 
ringiilar  degree,  giving  to  "Charles  Surface"  all  that 
finisli  which  acquireil  for  him  the  distinction  of  "  Gentle- 
man Smith."— i^e  of  Sheridan  (Bohn's  edit.). 

Joseph  i^rface,  elder  brother  of  Charles, 
an  artful,  malicious,  but  sentimental 
knave  ;  so  plausible  in  speech  and  man- 
ner as  to  pass  for  a  "youthful  miracle 
of  prudence,  good  sense,  and  benevo- 
lence." Unlike  Charles,  his  good  was  all 
on  the  surface. — Sheridan,  School  for 
Scandal  (1777)." 

John  Palmer  (1747-1798)  was  so  ad- 
mirable in  this  character  that  he  was 
called  emphatically  "  The  Joseph  Sur- 
face." 

Surgeon's  Daughter  ( The),  a  novel 
by  sir  Walter  Scott,  laid  in  the  time  of 
George  II.  and  III.,  and  published  in 
1827.  The  heroine  is  Menie  Gray, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Gideon  Gray  of  Middle- 
mas.  Adam  Hartley,  the  doctor's  appren- 
tice, loves  her,  but  Menie  herself  has 
given  her  heart  to  Richard  Middlemas. 
It  so  falls  out  that  Richard  Middlemas 
goes  to  India.  Adam  Hartley  also  goes 
to  India,  and,  as  Dr.  Hartley,  rises  higfi 
in  his  profession.  One  day,  being  sent 
for  to  visit  a  sick  fakir',  he  sees  Menie 
Gray  under  the  wing  of  Mde.  Montre- 
ville.  Her  father  had  died,  and  she  had 
come  to  India,  under  madame's  escort,  to 
marry  Richard  ;  but  Richard  had  en- 
trapped the  girl  for  a  concubine  in  the 
haram  of  Tippoo  Saib.  When  Dr.  Hart- 
ley heard  of  this  scandalous  treachery, 
he  told  it  to  Hyder  Ali,  and  the  father  of 
Tippoo  Saib,  who  were  so  disgusted  at 
the  villainy  that  they  condemned  Richard 
Middlemas  to  be  trampled  to  death  by 
a  trained  elephant,  and  liberated  Menie, 
who  returned  to  her  native  country  under 
the  escort  of  Dr.  Harliey. 

Surgery  (Father  of  French),  AmhrosQ 
Pare  (1517-1590). 

Surly,  a  gamester  and  friend  of  sir 
Epicure  Mammon,  but  a  disbeliever  in 
alchemy  in  general,  and  in  "doctor" 
Subtle  in  particular.— ^I3en  Jonson,  The 
Alchemist  (1610). 

Surplus  (Mr.),  a  lawyer,  Mrs.  Sur- 
plus, and  Charles  Surplus  the  nephew. 
■ — J.  M.  Morton,  A  Regular  Fix. 

Surrey  (WJiite),  name  of  the  horse 
used  by  Richard  III.  in  the  battle  of 
Bosworth  Field. 

Saddle  White  Surrey  for  the  field  to-morrow. 
Shakespeare,  King  Richard  III.  act  v.  sc.  3  (1597). 

Surtur,  a  formidable  giant,  who  is 
to  set  fire  to  the  universe  at  Ragnarok, 


with  flames  collected  from  Muspelheim, 
— Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Sur'ya  (2  syl.),  the  sun-god,  whose 
car  is  drawn  by  seven  green  horses,  the 
charioteer  being  Dav/n. — Sir  W.  Jones, 
Fro7n  the  Veda. 

Susan  means  "white  lily."  Susannah, 
"  my  white  111}%"  Susa,  in  Persia,  re- 
ceived its  name  from  its  white  lilies. 
(Hebrew  and  Persian.) 

Susanna,  the  wife  of  Joacim.  She 
was  accused  of  adultery  by  the  Jewish 
elders,  and  condemned  to  death  ;  but 
Daniel  proved  her  innocence,  and  turned 
the  criminal  charge  on  the  elders  them- 
selves.— History  of  Susanna. 

Susannah,  in  Sterne's  novel  entitled 
The  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy, 
Gentleman  (1759). 

Suspicious  Husband  (T/ie),  a 
comedy  by  Dr.  Hoadly  (1747).  Mr. 
Strictland  is  suspicious  of  his  wife,  his 
ward  Jacintha,  and  Clarinda  a  young 
lady  visitor.  With  two  attractive  young 
ladies  in  the  house,  there  is  no  lack  of 
intrigue,  and  Strictland  fancies  that  his 
wife  is  the  object  thereof  ;  but  when  he 
discovers  his  mistake,  he  promises  reform. 
Sussex  (2^he  earl  of),  a  rival  of  the 
earl  of  Leicester,  in  the  court  of  queen 
Elizabeth  ;  introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in 
Kenilworth. 

Sut'leme'me  (4  syL),  a  young  lady 
attached  to  the  suite  of  Nouron'ihar  the 
emir's  daughter.  She  greatly  excelled 
in  dressing  a  salad. 

Sutor.  A^e  sutor  supra  CrepXdam.  A 
cobbler,  having  detected  an  error  in  the 
shoe-latchet  of  a  statue  made  by  Apelles, 
became  so  puffed  up  with  conceit  that 
he  proceeded  to  criticize  the  legs  also  ; 
but  Apelles  said  to  him,  "  Stick  to  the 
last,  friend."  The  cobbler  is  qualified  to 
pass  an  opinion  on  shoes,  but  anatomy 
is  quite  another  thing. 

Boswell,  one  night  sitting  in  the  pit  of 
Covent  Garden  Theatre  with  his  friend 
Dr.  Blair,  gave  an  imitation  of  a  cow 
lowing,  which  the  house  greatly  ap- 
plauded. He  then  ventured  another  imi- 
tation, but  failed  ;  whereupon  the  doctoi 
turned  to  him  and  whispered  in  his  ear, 
"  Stick  to  the  cow." 

A  wigmaker  sent  a  copy  of  verses  to 
Voltaire,  asking  for  his  candid  opinion 
on  some  poetry  he  had  perpetrated.  The 
witty  patrian'h  of  Ferney  wrote  on  the 
MS.,  "Make  Avigs,"  and  returned  it  to 
the  barber-poet. 


SUTTON. 


963 


SWANE. 


Sutton  (Sir  William),  uncle  of  Hero 
Sutton  the  City  maiden. — S.  Knowles, 
Woman's  Wit,  etc.  (1838). 

Suwarro'W  (Alexander),  a  Russian 
general,  noted  for  his  slaughter  of  the 
Poles  in  the  suburbs  of  Warsaw  in  1794, 
and  the  still  more  shameful  butchery  of 
them  on  the  bridge  of  Prague.  After 
having  massacred  30,000  in  cold  blood, 
Suwarrow  went  to  return  thanks  to  God 
"for  giving  him  the  victory."  Camp- 
bell, in  his  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.,  refers 
to  this  butchery  ;  and  lord  Byron,  in  Don 
Jruxn,  vii.,  8,  55,  to  the  Turkish  expedi- 
tion (1786-1792). 

A  town  which  did  a  famous  siege  endure  .  .  . 
By  ^w/axoS ac  Anglice  Suwarrow. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  vii.  8  (18'i4). 

Suzanne,  the  wife  of  Chalomel  the 
chemist  and  druggist.  —  J.  R.  Ware, 
Fiperman's  Frcdicainent, 

Swallow  Stone.  The  swallow  is 
said  to  bring  home  from  the  sea-shore  a 
stone  which  gives  sight  to  her  fledglings. 

Oft  In  the  barns  they  climbed  to  the  populous  nests  on 

the  rafters, 
Seeking  witli  eager  eyes  that  wondrous  stone  which  the 

swallow 
Bring.s  from  the  shora  of  the  sea,  to  restore  the  sight  of  its 

fledglings. 

Longfellow,  Ev»ngeUive,  i.  1  (1849). 

Swallow's  Nest,  the  highest  of  the 
four  castles  of  the  German  family  called 
Landschaden,  built  on  a  pointed  rock 
almost  inaccessible.  The  founder  was  a 
noted  robber-knight.  (See  "  Swallow," 
p.  960.) 

Swan.  Fionnuala,  daughter  of  Lir, 
was  transformed  into  a  swan,  and  con- 
demned to  wander  for  many  hundred 
years  over  the  lakes  and  rivers  of  Ire- 
land, till  the  introduction  of  Christianity 
into  that  island. 

T.  Moore  has  a  poem  on  this  subject  in 
his  Irish  Melodies,  entitled  "  The  Song  of 
Fionnuala"  (1814). 

Swan  (The),  called  the  bird  of  Apollo 
or  of  Orpheus  (2  syl.),  (See  "  Swan," 
p.  9G0.) 

Swan  (The  knight  of  the),  Helias  king 
of  Lyleforte,  son  of  king  Oriant  and 
Beatrice.  This  Beatrice  had  eight  chil- 
dren at  a  birth,  one  of  which  was  a 
daughter.  The  mother-in-law  (Mata- 
brune)  stole  these  children,  and  changed 
all  of  them,  except  Helias,  into  swans. 
Helias  spent  all  his  life  in  quest  of  his 
sister  and  brothers,  that  he  might  dis- 
enchant them  and  restore  them  to  their 
human  forms.  —  Thorns,  Early  English 
Prose  Romances^  iii.  (1858). 


Eustachius  venit  ad  Bullion  ad  domum  ducissae  quaa 
uxor  erat  niilitis  qui  vocabatur  "  Miles  Cygiii."— Ileiffeu- 
berg,  Le  Chevalier  au  Cygne. 

Swan  (T/ie  Mantuan),  Virgil,  bom  at 
Mantua  (b.c.  70-19). 

Swan  (The  Order  of  the).  This  order 
was  instituted  by  Frederick  II.  of  Bran- 
denburg, in  commemoration  of  the 
mythical  "  Knight  of  the  Swan  "  (1443). 

Swan  Alley,  London.  So  called 
from  the  Beauchamps,  who  at  one  time 
lived  there,  and  whose  cognizance  is  a 
swan. 

Swan-Tower  of  Cleves.  So  called 
because  the  house  of  Cleves  professed  to 
be  descended  from  the  "Knight  of  the 
Swan  "  (q.v.). 

Swan  of  Avon  (T-^^  Siceet).  Shake- 
speare was  so  called  by  Ben  Jonsou 
(1564-1616). 

Swan  of  Cambray,  Fe'nelon  arch- 
bishop of  Cambray  (1651-1715). 

Swan  of  Lidifield,  Miss  Anna 
Seward,  poetess  (1747-1809). 

Swan  of  Padua,  count  Francesco 
Algarotti  (1712-1764). 

Swan  of  the  Meander,  Homer,  a 
native  of  Asia  Minor,  where  the  Meander 
flows  (fl.  B.C.  950). 

Swan  of  the  Thames,  John 
Taylor,  "water-poet"  (1580-1654). 

Taylor,  th^ir  better  Charon,  lends  an  oar. 
Once  Swan  of  Thames,  tho'  now  he  sings  no  more. 
Pope,  The  Dunciad,  iu.  19  (1728). 

Swans  and  Thunder.  It  is  said 
that  swans  cannot  hatch  without  a  crack 
of  thunder.  Without  doubt,  thunder  is 
not  unf  requent  about  the  time  of  the  year 
when  swans  hatch  their  young. 

Swane  (1  syl.)  or  Swegen,  sur- 
named  "Fork-Beard,"  king  of  the  Danes, 
joins  Alaif  or  Olaf  [Tryggvesson]  in  an 
invasion  of  England,  was  acknowledged 
king,  and  kept  his  court  at  Gainsbury. 
He  commanded  the  monks  of  St. 
Edmund's  Bury  to  furnish  him  a  large 
sum  of  money,  and  as  it  was  not  forth- 
coming, went  on  horseback  at  the  head  of 
his  host  to  destroy  the  minster,  when  he 
was  stabbed  to  death  by  an  unknown 
hand.  The  legend  is  that  the  murdered 
St.  Edmund  rose  from  his  grave  and 
smote  him. 

The  Danes  landed  here  again  .  .  . 

With  those  disordered  troops  by  AlalT  hither  led. 

In  seconding  their  Swane  .  .  .  but  an  English  yet  thera 

was  .  .  . 
Who  washed  his  secret  knife  in  Swane's  relentless  gore. 
Drayton,  Polyollnm,  xiL  (1613). 


SWANSTON. 


964 


SWIMMERS. 


S"WaTiston,  a  smuggler.  —  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Redijauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

S  war  an,  king  of  Lochlin  {Denmark), 
Bon  and  successor  of  Starno.  He  invaded 
Ireland  in  the  reign  of  Cormac  II.  (a 
minor),  and  defeated  Cuthullin  general 
of  the  Irish  forces.  When  Fingal  arrived, 
the  tide  of  battle  was  reversed,  and 
Swaran  surrendered.  Fingal,  out  of  love 
to  Agandecca  (Swaran's  sister),  who  once 
saved  his  life,  dismissed  the  vanquished 
king  with  honour,  after  having  invited 
him  to  a  feast.  Swaran  is  represented  as 
fierce,  proud,  and  high-spirited ;  but 
Fingal  as  calm,  moderate,  and  generous. 
— Ossian,  Fingal. 

Swash-Buckler  (^),  a  riotous, 
quarrelsome  person.  Nash  says  to  Gabriel 
Harvey:  "  Turpe  senex  miles,  'tis  time 
for  such  an  olde  fool  to  leave  playing  the 
swash-buckler"  (1598). 

Swedenborgians  (called  by  them- 
selves "The  ^ew  Jerusalem  Church"). 
They  are  believers  in  the  doctrines  taught 
by  Dr.  Emanuel  Swedenborg  (1688- 
1772).  Their  views  respecting  salvation, 
the  inspiration  of  the  Bible,  future  life, 
and  the  trinity,  differ  widely  from  those 
of  other  Christians.  In  regard  to  the 
trinity,  they  believe  it  to  be  centred  in 
tlie  person  of  Jesus  Christ. — Supplied  hij 
the  Auxiliary  New  Church  Missionary  and 
Tract  Society. 

Swedish  Nightingale  {The), 
Jenny  Lind,  the  public  singer.  She 
married  Mr.  Goldschmidt,  and  retired 
(1821-        ). 

Swee'dlepipe  {Paul),  known  as 
"  Poll,"  barber  and  bird-fancier ;  Mrs. 
Gamp's  landlord.  He  is  a  little  man, 
with  a  shrill  voice  but  a  kind  heart,  in 
appearance  "  not  unlike  the  birds  he  was 
so  fond  of."  Mr.  Sweedlepipe  entertains 
a  profound  admiration  of  13ailey,  senior, 
whom  he  considers  to  be  a  cj^clopaedia 
"  of  all  the  stable-knowledge  of  the  time." 
— C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Sweepclean  {Saunders),  a  king's 
messenger  at  Knockwinnock  Castle. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary  (time, 
George  III.). 

Sweet  Singer  of  Israel  {The), 
David,  who  wrote  several  of  the  psalms. 

Sweet  Singer  of  the  Temple, 
George  Herbert,  author  of  a  poem  called 
The  Temple  (1593-1633). 

Sweno,  son  of  the  king  of  Denmark. 


While  bringing  succours  to  Godfrey,  he 
was  attacked  in  the  night  by  Solyman, 
at  the  head  of  an  army  of  Arabs,  and 
himself  with  all  his  followers  were  left 
dead  before  they  reached  the  crusaders. 
Sweno  was  buried  in  a  marble  sepulchre, 
which  appeared  miraculously  on  the  field 
of  battle,  expressly  for  his  interment  (bk. 
viii.). — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Deliveixd  (1575). 

Sweno,  Dani  regis  filius,  cum  mille  qiilngentis  eqiiitibus 
cnice  insignitis,  transmisso  ;id  Constantinopolem  Bosphoro 
inter  Antiochiam  ad  reliquos  Latinos  iter  faciebat  ;  in- 
sidiis  Turcoruni  ad  unuin  oniaes  cum  regie  juvcne  caesi.— 
Paolo  Emili,  History  (15:»). 

This  is  a  very  parallel  case  to  that  of 
Rhesus.  This  Thracian  prince  was  on 
his  march  to  Troy,  bringing  succours  to 
Priam,  but  Ulysses  and  Diomed  attacked 
him  at  night,  slew  Rhesus  and  his  army, 
and  carried  off  all  the  horses. — Homer, 
Iliad,  X. 

Swertha,  housekeeper  of  the  elder 
Mertoun  (formerly  a  pirate). — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Tlie  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 

Swidger  {William),  custodian  of  a 
college.  His  wife  was  Milly,  and  his 
father  Philip.  Mr.  Swidger  was  a  great 
talker,  and  generally  began  with,  "  That's 
what  I  sav,"  a  propos  of  nothing. — C. 
Dickens,  the  Haunted  Man  (1848). 

Swim.  In  the  sxmm,  in  luck's  way. 
The  metaphor  is  borrowed  from  the 
Thames  fishermen,  who  term  that  part  of 
the  river  most  frequented  by  fish  the  swim, 
and  when  an  angler  gets  no  bite,  he  is 
said  to  have  cast  his  line  out  of  the  swim 
or  where  there  is  no  swim. 

In  universit}'  slang,  to  be  in  ill  luck, 
ill  health,  ill  replenished  with  money,  is 
to  be  out  of  it  {i.e.  the  swim). 

Swimmers.  Leander  used  to  swim 
across  the  Hellespont  every  night,  to  visit 
Hero. — Musaeus,  l>e  Amore  Eerois  et 
Leandri.    ■ 

Lord  Byron  and  lieutenant  Ekenhead 
accomplished  the  same  feat  in  1  hr.  10 
min.,  the  distance  (allowing  for  drift- 
ing) being  four  miles. 

A  young  native  of  St.  Croix,  in  1817, 
swam  over  the  Sound  "from  Cronenbnrgh 
[?  Cronherg']  to  Graves"  in  2  hr.  40  min., 
the  distance  being  six  English  miles. 

Captain  Boyton,  in  May,  1875,  swam 
or  floated  across  the  Channel  from  Grisncz 
to  Fan  Bay  (Kent)  in  23  hr. 

Captain  Webb,  August  24,  1875,  swam 
from  Dover  to  Calais,  a  distance  of 
about  thirty  miles  including  drift,  in  22 
hr.  40  min. 

11.  Gurr  was  one  of  the  best  swimmers 


SWING. 


965 


SWORD. 


ever  known.    J.  B.  Johnson,  in  1871,  won 
the  championship  for  swimming. 

Swing  {Captain),  a  name  assumed 
by  certain  persons  who,  between  1830 
and  1833,  used  to  send  threatening  letters 
to  those  who  used  threshing-machines. 
The  letters  ran  thus : 

Sir.  if  you  do  not  lay  by  your  threshing-machine,  you 
will  hear  from  Swiug. 

Swiss  Family  Bobinson.  This 
tale  is  an  abridgment  of  a  German  tale 
by  Joachim  Heinrich  Kampe. 

Switzerland  (Franconian),  the  cen- 
tral district  of  Bavaria. 

Switzerland  {The  Saxon),  the  district 
of  Saxony  both  sides  of  the  river  Elbe. 

Swltzers,  guards  attendant  on  a 
king,  irrespective  of  their  nationality. 
So  called  because  at  one  time  the  Swiss 
were  always  ready  to  fight  for  hire. 

The  king,  in  Hamlet,  says,  "  Where  are 
my  Switzers  ?"  i.e.  my  attendants  ;  and  in 
Paris  to  the  present  day  we  may  see  written 
up,  Parlez  au  Suisse  ("speak  to  the 
porter"),  be  he  Frenchman,  German,  or 
of  any  other  nation. 

Law,  logiclce,  and  the  Switzers  may  be  hired  to  fight 
for  anybody.  — Nashe,  ChrUt't  Teart  over  Jenaalem 
(1594). 

Swlveller  {Mr.  Dick),  a  dirty,  smart 
young  man,  living  in  apartments  near 
Drury  Lane.  His  language  was  ex- 
tremely flowery,  and  interlarded  with 
quotations :  *'  What's  the  odds,"  said 
Mr.  Swiveller,  a  propos  of  nothing,  "so 
long  as  the  fire  of  the  soul  is  kindled  at 
the  taper  of  conwiviality,  and  the  wing 
of  friendship  never  moults  a  feather  ?  " 
His  dress  was  a  brown  body-coat  with  a 
great  many  brass  buttons  up  the  front, 
and  only  one  behind,  a  bright  check 
neckcloth,  a  plaid  Avaistcoat,  soiled  white 
trousers,  and  a  very  limp  hat,  worn  the 
wrong  side  foremost  to  hide  a  hole  in  the 
brim.  The  breast  of  his  coat  was  orna- 
mented with  the  cleanest  end  of  a  very 
large  pocket-handkerchief;  his  dirty 
wristbands  were  pulled  down  and  folded 
over  his  cuff's ;  he  had  no  gloves,  and 
carried  a  yellow  cane  having  a  bone 
handle  and  a  little  ring.  He  was  for 
ever  humming  some  dismal  air.  He  said 
min  for  *'  man,"  forfjit,  jine  ;  called  wine 
or  spirits  "  the  rosy,"  sleep  "  the  balmy," 
and  generally  sliouted  in  conversation, 
as  if  making  a  speech  from  the  chair  of 
the  "Glorious  Apollers"  of  which  he 
was  perpetual  "grand."  Mr.  Swiveller 
looked  amiably  towards  Miss  Sophy 
Wackles,   of  Chelsea.    Quilp  introduced 


him  as  clerk  to  Mr.  Samson  Brass, 
solicitor,  Bevis  Marks.  By  Quilp's  re- 
quest, he  was  afterwards  turned  away, 
fell  sick  of  a  fever,  through  which  lie  was 
nursed  by  "the  marchioness"  (a  poor 
house-drab),  whom  he  married,  and  was 
left  by  his  aunt  Rebecca  an  annuity  of 
£125. 

"  Is  that  a  reminder  to  go  and  pay  ?  "  said  Trent,  with  a 
sneer.  "  Not  exactly,  Fred,"  replied  Richard.  "  I  enter 
in  this  little  book  the  names  of  the  streets  that  I  can't  go 
down  while  tlie  sliops  are  open.  This  dirmer  to-day  closes 
liOng  Acre.  I  Iwught  a  pair  of  boots  in  Great  Queen 
Street  last  week,  and  made  that  '  no  thoroughfare '  too. 
There's  only  one  avenue  to  the  Strand  left  open  now, 
and  I  shall  have  to  stop  up  that  to-night  with  a  pair  of 
gloves.  The  roads  are  closing  so  fast  in  every  direction, 
that  in  aljout  a  month's  time,  unless  my  aunt  sends  me  a 
remittance,  I  shall  have  to  go  three  or  four  miles  out  of 
town  to  get  over  the  way." — C.  Dickens,  The  Old 
CurUttity  Shop,  vUi.  (1840). 

Sword.  (For  the  names  of  the  most 
famous  swords  in  history  and  fiction,  see 
Dictionary  of  Phrase  and  Fable,  86S,) 
Add  the  following : — 

All's  sword,  Zulfagar. 

Koll  the  Thrall's  sword,  named  Grey- 
steel. 

Ogier  the  Dane  had  two  swords,  made 
by  Munifican,  viz.,  Sauvagine  and  Cour- 
tain  or  Curtana. 

He  [Ogier]  drew  Courtain  his  sword  from  out  its  sheath. 
W.  Morris,  JSartlUy  ParadUe.  634. 

Strong-o'-the-Arm  had  three  swords, 
viz..  Baptism,  Florence,  and  Garban  made 
by  Ansias. 

Sword  {The  Marvel  of  the).  When 
king  Arthur  first  appears  on  the  scene, 
he  is  brought  into  notice  by  the  "Marvel 
of  the  Sword;"  and  sir  Galahad,  who 
was  to  achieve  the  holy  graal,  was  intro- 
duced to  knighthood  by  a  similar  adven- 
ture.   That  of  Arthur  is  thus  described  : 

In  the  greatest  church  of  London  .  .  .  there  was  seen 
in  the  churchyard  agaiu.st  the  high  altar  a  great  stone, 
foursquare  like  to  a  marble  stone,  and  in  the  midst  thereof 
was  an  anvil  of  steel  a  foot  in  height,  and  tliereiii  stuck 
a  fair  sword  naked  by  tlie  point,  and  letters  of  gold  were 
written  about  the  sword  that  Siiid  thus:  Whoso  fuHeth 
out  this  sword  of  this  stone  and  anvil,  is  rightwise  king 
born  of  England.  [Arthur  was  the  only  person  who 
could  draw  it  out,  and  so  he  was  acknowledged  to  be  tha 
rightful  king.y-Pt.  I.  3,  4. 

The  sword  adventure  of  sir  Galahad,  at 
the  age  of  15,  is  thus  given  : 

The  king  and  his  knights  came  to  the  river,  and  they 
found  there  a  stone  floating,  as  it  had  been  of  red  marble, 
and  therein  stuck  a  fair  and  rich  sword,  and  in  the  pomell 
thereof  were  precious  stone^i  wrought  with  subtil  letters  of 
gold.  Then  the  barons  read  the  letters,  wbicli  &iid  in 
this  wise  :  ^ever  shall  man  take  me  hence,  but  only  h» 
by  whom,  I  ought  to  hang,  and  he  shall  be  the  best  knight 
of  the  world.  [Sir  Galahad  drew  the  sumrd  easily,  but 
no  other  knight  was  able  to  ptUI  it  forth.  ]— Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  iii.  30,  31  (1470). 

A  somewhat  similar  adventure  occurs 
in  the  Amadis  de  Gaul.  Whoever  suc- 
ceeded in  drawing  from  a  rock  an  en- 
chanted sword,  was  to  gain  access  to  ft 


SWORD. 


966 


SYLLA. 


subterranean   treasure   (eh.   cxxx.  ;    see 
also  ch.  Ixxii.,  xcix.). 

Sword  {The  Irresistible).  The  king  of 
Araby  and  Ind  sent  Cambuscan'  king  of 
Tartary  a  sword  that  would  pierce  any 
armour,  and  if  the  smiter  chose  he  could 
heal  the  wound  again  by  striking  it  Avith 
the  flat  of  the  blade.— Chaucer,  The 
Squire's  Tale  (1388). 

Sword  and  the  Maiden  {The). 
Soon  after  king  Arthur  succeeded  to  the 
throne,  a  damsel  came  to  Camelot  girded 
•with  a  sword  which  no  man  defiled  by 
"shame,  treachery,  or  guile"  could  draw 
from  its  scabbard.  She  had  been  to  the 
court  of  king  Ryence,  but  no  knight  there 
could  draw  it.  King  Arthur  tried  to 
draw  it,  but  with  no  better  success ;  all 
his  knights  tried  also,  but  none  could 
draw  it.  At  last  a  poor  ragged  knight 
named  Baliu,  who  had  been  held  in  prison 
for  six  months,  made  the  attempt,  and 
drew  the  sword  with  the  utmost  ease,  but 
the  kni.uhts  insisted  it  had  been  done  by 
witchcraft.  The  maiden  asked  sir  Balin 
to  give  her  the  sword,  but  he  refused  to 
do  so,  and  she  then  told  him  it  would 
bring  death  to  himself  and  hib  dearest 
friend ;  and  so  it  did ;  for  when  he  and 
his  brother  Balan  jousted  together,  un- 
known to  each  other,  both  were  slain,  and 
were  buried  in  one  tomb. — Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur^  i.  27-44 
(1470). 

Sword  in  the  City  Arms  (Lon- 
don). Stow  asserts  that  the  sword  or 
dagger  in  the  City  arms  was  not  added  in 
commemoration  of  Walworth's  attack 
on  Wat  Tyler,  but  that  it  represents  the 
sword  of  St.  Paul,  the  patron  saint  of 
London.  This  is  not  correct.  Without 
doubt  the  cognizance  of  the  City,  previous 
to  1381,  was  St.  Paul's  sword,  but  after 
the  death  of  Tj'ler  it  was  changed  into 
Walworth's  dagger. 

Brave  Walworth,  knight,  lord  mayor,  that  slew 

Rebellious  Tyler  in  his  alarmes ; 
The  king,  therefore,  did  give  hiin  in  lieu 

The  dagger  to  the  city  armes. 
Fiihmongers'  Ball  ("  Fourth  Year  of  Richard  II.,"  1381). 

Sword  of  God  {The).  Khaled,  the 
conqueror  of  Syria  (632-8),  was  so  called 
by  Mohammedans. 

Sword  of  Rome  {The).,  Marcellus. 
Fabius  was  called  "  The  Shield  of  Rome" 
(time  of  Hannibal's  invasion). 

Swordsman  {The  Handsome).  Jo- 
achim Murat  was  called  Le  Beau  Sahreur 
(1767-1815). 

Sybaris,  a  rirer  of  Lucania,  in  Italy, 


whose  waters  had  the  virtue  of  restoring 
vigour  to  the  feeble  and  exhausted. — • 
Pliny,  Natural  History,  XXXI.  ii.  10. 

Syb'arite  (3  syL),  an  effeminate  man, 
a  man  of  pampered  self-indulgence. 
Seneca  tells  us  of  a  sybarite  who  could 
not  endure  the  nubble  of  a  folded  rose 
leaf  in  his  bed. 

[Iler  bed]  softer  than  the  soft  sybarite's,  who  cried 
Alond  Ijecause  his  feelings  were  too  tender 
To  brook  a  ruffled  rose  leaf  by  his  side. 

BjTon,  Don  Juan,  vi.  89  (1824). 

Syc'orax,  a  foul  witch,  the  mistress  of 
Ariel  the  fairy  spirit,  by  whom  for  some 
offence  he  was  imprisoned  in  the  rift  of  a 
cloven  pine  tree.  After  he  had  been  kept 
there  for  twelve  years,  he  was  liberated 
by  Prospero,  the  rightful  duke  of  Milan 
and  father  of  Miranda.  Sycorax  was  the 
mother  of  Caliban. — Shakespeare,  The 
Tempest  (1609). 

If  you  had  told  Sycorax  that  her  son  Caliban  was  as 
handsome  as  Apollo,  she  would  have  been  pleased,  witch 
as  she  was.— Thackeray. 

Those  foul  and  impure  mists  which  their  pens,  hke  the 
raven  wings  of  Sycorax,  had  brushed  from  fern  and  bog.— 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Drama. 

Syddall  {Anthony),  house-steward  at 
Osbaldistone  Hall.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Rob 
Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Sydenham  {Charles),  the  frank, 
open-hearted,  trusty  friend  of  the  Wood- 
villes. — Cumberland,  The  Wlieel  of  For- 
tune (1779). 

Syl,  a  monster  like  a  basilisk,  with 
human  face,  but  so  terrible  that  no  one 
could  look  on  it  and  live. 

Sylla  {Cornelius),  the  rival  of  Ma'rius. 
Being  consul,  he  had  ex-officio  a  right  to 
lead  in  the  Mithridatic  war  (n.c.  88),  but 
Marius  got  the  appointment  of  Sylla  set 
aside  in  favour  of  himself.  Sylla,  in 
dudgeon,  hastened  back  to  Rome,  and 
insisted  that  the  "recall"  should  be 
reversed.  Marius  fled.  Sylla  pursued 
the  war  with  success,  returned  to  Rome 
in  triumph,  and  made  a  wholesale  slaugh- 
ter of  the  Romans  who  had  opposed  him. 
As  many  as  7000  soldiers  and  5000 
private  citizens  fell  in  this  massacre,  and 
all  their  goods  were  distributed  among 
his  own  partizans.  Sylla  was  now  called 
"Perpetual  Dictator,"  but  in  two  years 
retired  into  private  life,  and  died  the 
3'ear  following  (b.c.  78). 

Jouy  has  a  good  tragedy  in  French 
called  Sylla  (1822),  and  the  character  of 
"  Sylla"  was  a  favourite  one  with  Talma, 
the  French  actor.  In  1594  Thomas 
Lodge  produced  his  historical  play  called 


SYLLI. 


967 


SYPHAX. 


Wounds  of  Civil  War,  lively  set  forth  in 
the  True  Tragedies  of  Marius  and  Sylla. 

Sylli  (Signor),  an  Italian  exquisite, 
who  walks  fantastically,  talks  affectedly, 
and  thinks  himself  irresistible.  He  makes 
love  to  Cami'ola  "the  maid  of  honour," 
and  fancies,  by  posturing,  grimaces,  and 
affectation,  to  "make  her  dote  on  him." 
He  says  to  her,  "  In  singing,  I  am  a 
Siren,"  in  dancing,  a  TerpsichOre.  "  He 
could  tune  a  ditty  lovely  well,"  and 
prided  himself  "on  his  pretty  spider 
fingers,  and  the  twinkling  of  his  two 
eyes."  Of  course,  CamiSla  sees  no  charms 
in  these  effeminacies  ;  but  the  conceited 
puppy  says  he  "is  not  so  sorry  for  him- 
self as  he  is  for  her "  that  she  rejects 
him.  Signor  Sylli  is  the  silliest  of  all 
the  Syllis. — Massinger,  The  Maid  of 
Honour  (1637).     (See  Tappertit.) 

Sylvia,  daughter  of  justice  Balance, 
and  an  heiress.  She  is  in  love  with 
captain  Plume,  but  promised  her  father 
not  to  "dispose  of  herself  to  any  man 
without  his  consent."  As  her  father 
feared  Plume  was  too  much  a  libertine  to 
make  a  steady  husband,  he  sent  Sylvia 
into  the  country  to  withdraw  her  from 
his  society  ;  but  she  dressed  in  her 
brother's  military  suit,  assumed  the  name 
.  of  Jack  Wilful  alias  Pinch,  and  enlisted. 
When  the  names  were  called  over  by  the 
justices,  and  that  of  "Pinch"  was 
brought  forward,  justice  Balance  "gave 
his  consent  for  the  recruit  to  dispose  of 
[Aimsr?//]  to  captain  Plume,"  and  the 
permission  was  kept  to  the  letter,  though 
not  in  its  intent.  However,  the  matter 
had  gone  too  far  to  be  revoked,  and  the 
father  made  up  his  mind  to  bear  with 
grace  what  without  disgrace  he  could  not 
prevent. — G.  Farquhar,  The  Eecruiting 
Officer  (1705). 

I  am  troubled  neither  with  spleen,  cholic,  nor  vapours. 
I  need  no  salts  for  my  stc-miich,  no  hartshorn  for  my 
head,  nor  wash  for  my  complexion.  I  can  gallop  all  the 
morning  after  the  hunting-horn,  and  all  the  evening  after 
a  fiddle.— Act  1.  2. 

Sylvio  de  Rosalva  {Don),  the  hero 
and  title  of  a  novel  by  C.  M.  Wieland 
(1733-1813).  Don  Sylvio,  a  quixotic  be- 
liever in  fairyism,  is  gradually  converted 
to  common  sense  by  the  extravagant 
demands  which  are  made  on  his  belief, 
assisted  by  the  charms  of  a  mortal 
beauty.  The  object  of  this  romance  is  a 
crusade  against  the  sentimentalism  and 
religious  foolery  of  the  period. 

Symkyn  (Si/mond),  nicknamed  "Dis- 
dainful," a  miller,  living  atTrompington, 
near  Cambridge.     His  face  was  round, 


his  nose  flat,  and  his  skull  "pilled  as  an 
ape's."  He  was  a  thief  of  corn  and  meal, 
but  stole  craftily.  His  wife  was  the 
village  parson's  daughter,  very  proud 
and  arrogant.  He  tried  to  outwit  Aleyn 
and  John,  two  Cambridge  scholars,  but 
was  himself  outwitted,  and  most  roughly 
handled  also. — Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales 
("The  Reeve's  Tale,"  1388). 

Sjrmines's  Hole.  Captain  John  Cleve 
Symmes  maintained  that  there  was,  at 
82°  N.  lat.,  an  enormous  opening  through 
the  crust  of  the  earth  into  the  globe. 
The  place  to  which  it  led  he  asserted  to 
be  well  stocked  with  animals  and  plants, 
and  to  be  lighted  by  two  under-ground 
planets  named  Pluto  and  Proserpine. 
Captain  Symmes  asked  sir  Humphrey 
Davy  to  accompany  him  in  the  explora- 
tion of  this  enormous  "hole"  (*-1829). 

Halley  the  astronomer  (1666-1742)  and 
Holberg  of  NorAvay  (1684-1754)  believed 
in  the  existence  of  this  hole. 

Symon'ides  the  Good,  king  of 
Pentap'olis. — Shakespeare,  Pericles  Prince 
of  Tyre  (1608). 

Symphony  (The  Father  of),  Francis 
Joseph  Haydn  (1732-1809). 

Symple'gades  (4  syL),  two  rocks 
at  the  entrance  of  the  Euxine  Sea.  To 
navigators  they  sometimes  look  like  one 
rock,  and  sometimes  the  light  between 
shows  they  are  two.  Hence  the  ancient 
Greeks  said  that  they  opened  and  shut. 
Olivier  says  "they  appear  united  or 
joined  together  according  to  the  place 
whence  they  are  viewed." 

.  .  .  when  Argo  passed 
Through  Bosphorus,  betwixt  tlie  jiistling  rocks. 

MUton,  Paradise  J^st,  ii.  1017  (1665). 

Synia,  the    portress   of   Valhalla. — 

Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Sjmtax  {Dr.),  a  simple-minded, 
pious,  hen-pecked  clergyman,  green  as 
grass,  but  of  excellent  taste  and  scholar- 
ship, who  left  home  in  search  of  the 
picturesque.  His  adventures  are  told  by 
William  Coombe  in  eight- syllable  verse, 
called  The  Tour  of  Dr.  Syntax  in  Search 
of  the  Picturesque  (1812). 

Dr.  Syntax's  Horse  was  called  Grizzle, 
all  skin  and  bone. 

Synter'esis,  Conscience  personified. 

On  her  a  royal  damsel  still  attends. 
And  faithfid  counsellor,  Synter'esis. 
Phineas  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Island,  vi.  (1633). 

Syphax,  chief  of  the  Arabs  who 
joined  the  Egyptian  armament  against 
the  crusaders.      "The   voices  of    these 


SYPHAX. 


968 


TACKLETON. 


allies  \rere  feminine,  and  their  statnre 
small."  —  Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
xvii.  (1575). 

Sy'phax,  an  old  Numidian  soldier  in 
the  suite  of  prince  Juba  in  Utica.  He 
tried  to  win  the  prince  from  Cato  to  the 
side  of  Caesar  ;  but  Juba  was  too  much  in 
love  with  Marcia  (Cato's  daughter)  to 
listen  to  him.  Syphax  with  his  "Nu- 
midian horse  "  deserted  in  the  battle  to 
Ciesar,  but  the  "hoary  traitor"  was  slain 
b)'  Marcus,  the  son  of  Cato. — Addison, 
Cato  (1713). 

Syrinx,  a  nymph  beloved  by  Pan, 
and  changed  at  her  own  request  into  a 
reed,  of  which  Pan  made  his  pipe. — Greek 
Fable. 

Sfjrinx,  in  Spenser's  Uclogue,  iv.,  is 
Anne  Boleyn,  and  "Pan"  is  Henry  VIII. 
(1579). 


T.  Tusser  has  a  poem  on  Thriftiness, 
twelve  lines  in  length,  and  in  rhyme, 
every  word  of  which  begins  with  t  (died 
1580).  Leon  Placentius,  a  dominican, 
wrote  a  poem  in  Latin  hexameters,  called 
FiDjna  Forcorum,  253  lines  long,  every 
word  of  which  begins  with  j>  (died  1548). 

The  thrifty  that  teacheth  the  thriving  to  thrive. 
Teach  timely  to  traverse,  the  thing  that  thou  'trive. 
Transferring  thy  toiling,  to  timeliness  taught. 
This  teacheth  thee  tenip'rance,  to  temper  thy  thought 
Take  Trusty  (to  trust  to)  that  thinkest  to  thee, 
That  trustily  thriftiness  trowleth  to  thee. 
Then  temper  thy  tnivell,  to  tarry  the  tide ; 
Tills  teacheth  thee  thriftiness,  twenty  times  tryed. 
Take  thankfull  thy  talent,  thank  thankfully  those 
That  thriftily  teacheth  ["i  teach  thee]  thy  time  to  trans- 
pose. 
Troth  twice  to  loe  teached,  teach  twenty  times  ten. 
This  trade  thou  that  takest,  take  thrift  to  thee  then. 
Five  Hundred  PoinU  of  Good  Husbandry,  xlix.  (1567). 

Taau,  the  god  of  thunder.  The 
natives  of  the  Hervey  Islands  believe 
that  thunder  is  produced  by  the  shaking 
of  Taau's  wings. — John  Williams,  Mis- 
sionary Enterprises  in  the  South  Sea 
Islands,  109  (1837). 

Tabakiera,  a  magic  snuff-box,  which, 
upon  being  opened,  said.  Que  quieres  i 
("  What  do  you  want  ?  ") ;  and  upon  being 
told  the  wish,  it  was  there  and  then 
accomplished.  The  snuff-box  is  the 
counterpart  of  Aladdin's  lamp,  but 
appears  in  numerous  legends  slightly 
varied  (see  for  example  Campbell's  Tales 


of  the  West  Highlands,  ii.  293-303,  "  The 
Widow's  Son").— Kev.  W.  Webster, 
Fasque  Legends,  94  (1876). 

Tabarin,  a  famous  vendor  of  quack 
medicines,  born  at  Milan,  who  went  to 
Paris  in  the  seventeenth  century.  By  his 
antics  and  rude  wit,  he  collected  great 
crowds  together,  and  in  ten  years  (1620-30) 
became  rich  enough  to  buy  a  handsome 
chateau  in  Dauphine.  The  French  aris- 
tocracy, unable  to  bear  the  satire  of  a 
charlatan  in  a  chateau,  murdered  him. 

The  jests  and  witty  sayings  of  this 
farceur  were  collected  together  in  1622, 
and  published  under  the  title  of  L'lnven- 
taire  Universel  des  CEuvres  de  Tabarin, 
contenant  ses  Fantaisies,  Fialogues,  Fara- 
doxes.  Farces,  etc. 

In  1858  an  edition  of  his  works  was 
published  by  G.  Aventin. 

Tablets  of  Moses,  a  variety  of 
Scotch  granite,  composed  of  felspar  and 
quartz,  so  arranged  as  to  present,  when 
polished,  the  appearance  of  Hebrew 
characters  on  a  white  ground. 

Tachebrune  (2  sj/L),  the  horse  of 
Ogier  le  Dane.  The  word  means  "brown 
spot." 

Tacitumian,  an  inhabitant  of  L'Jsle 
Tacitume  or  Tacituma,  meaning  London 
and  the  Londoners. 

A  thick  and  perpetual  vapour  covers  this  island,  and 
fills  the  souls  of  the  inhabitants  with  a  cert.-iin  sadness, 
misanthropy,  and  irksomeuess  of  their  own  existence. 
Alaciel  [the  ffenias]  was  hardly  at  the  first  barriers  of  the 
metropolis  when  he  fell  in  with  u  peasant  bending  under 
the  weight  of  a  bag  of  gold  .  .  .  but  his  heart  was  sad 
and  gloomy  .  .  .  and  he  said  to  the  genius,  "Joy  !  I  know 
it  not ;  I  never  heard  of  it  in  this  island." — De  la  Dixniie, 
L'ltie  Tacitume  et  I'Jile  Enjou6e  (1759). 

Tacket  {Tibb),  the  wife  of  old  Martin 
the  shepherd  of  Julian  Avenel  of  Avenel 
Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Monastery 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Tackleton,  a  toy  merchant,  called 
Gruff  and  Tackleton,  because  at  one 
time  Gruff  had  been  his  partner;  he  had, 
however,  been  bought  out  long  ago. 
Tackleton  was  a  stem,  sordid,  grinding 
man  ;  ugly  in  looks,  and  uglier  in  his 
nature  ;  cold  and  callous,  selfish  and 
unfeeling ;  his  look  was  sarcastic  and 
malicious  ;  one  eye  was  always  wide 
open,  and  one  nearly  shut.  He  ought  to 
have  been  a  money-lender,  a  sheriff's 
officer,  or  a  broker,  for  he  hated  children 
and  hated  playthings.  It  was  his 
greatest  delight  to  make  toys  wliich 
scared  children,  and  you  could  not  please 
him  better  than  to  say  that  a  toy  from 
his  warehouse  had  made  a  child  miserabl« 


TAFFRIL. 


969 


TAILLEFER. 


the  whole  Christmas  holidays,  and  had 
been  a  nightmare  to  it  for  half  its  child- 
life.  This  amiable  creature  was  about  to 
marry  May  Fielding,  when  her  old  sweet- 
heart Edward  Plummer,  thought  to  be 
dead,  returned  from  South  America,  and 
married  her.  Tackleton  was  reformed  by 
Peerybingle,  the  carrier,  bore  his  disap- 
pointment manfully,  sent  the  bride  and 
bridegroom  his  own  wedding-cake,  and 
joined  the  festivities  of  the  marriage 
banquet. — C.  Dickens,  The  Cricket  on  the 
Hearth  (1845). 

Taffril  (Lieutenant),  of  H.M.  gun- 
brig  Search.  He  is  in  love  with  Jenny 
Caxton  the  milliner. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Taffy,  a  Welshman.  The  word  is 
simply  Davy  (David)  pronounced  with 
aspiration.  David  is  the  most  common 
Welsh  name;  Sawney  (Alexander),  the 
most  common  Scotch  ;  Pat  (Fatrick), 
the  most  common  Irish  ;  and  John  (John 
Bull),  the  most  common  English.  So 
we  have  cousin  Michael  for  a  German, 
Micaire  for  a  Frenchman,  Colin  Tampon 
for  a  Swiss,  and  brother  Jonathan  in  the 
United  States  of  North  America. 

Tag,  wife  of  Puff,  and  lady's-maid  to 
Miss  Biddv  Bellair. — D.  Garrick,  Miss  in 
Her  Teens' (17 53). 

Tahmuras,  a  king  of  Persia,  whose 
exploits  in  Fairy-land  among  the  peris 
and  deevs  are  fully  set  forth  by  Richard- 
son in  his  Dissertation. 

Tail  made  "Woman  (Man's). 
According  to  North  American  legend, 
God  in  anger  cut  off  man's  tail,  and  out 
of  it  made  woman. 

Tails  (Men  with).  The  Niam-niams, 
an  African  race  between  the  gulf  of 
Benin  and  Abyssinia,  are  said  to  have 
tails.  Mons.  de  Castlenau  (1851)  tells  us 
that  the  Niam-niams  "have  tails  forty 
centimetres  long,  and  between  two  and 
three  centimetres  in  diameter."  Dr. 
Hubsch,  physician  to  the  hospitals  of 
Constantinople,  says,  in  1853,  that  he 
carefully  examined  a  Niam-niam  negress, 
and  that  her  tail  was  two  inches  long. 
Mons.  d'Abbadie,  in  his  Abyssinian 
Travels  (1852),  tells  us  that  south  of  the 
Ilerrar  ia  a  place  where  all  the  7nen  have 
tails,  but  not  the  feuiales.  "  1  have 
examined,"  he  says,  "fifteen  of  them, 
and  am  positive  that  the  tail  is  a  natural 
appendage."  Dr.  Wolf,  in  his  Travels  and 
Adventures,  ii.  (1861),  says:  "There  are 


both  men  and  women  in  Abyssinia  with 
tails  like  dogs  and  horses."  He  heard  that, 
near  Narea,  in  Abyssinia,  there  were  men 
and  women  with  tails  so  muscular  that 
they  could  "knock  down  a  horse  with 
a  blow." 

John  Struys,  a  Dutch  traveller,  says,  in 
his  Voyages  (1650),  that  "all  the  natives 
on  the  south  of  Formosa  have  tails." 
He  adds  that  he  himself  personally  saw 
one  of  these  islanders  with  a  tail  "more 
than  a  foot  long." 

It  is  said  that  the  Ghilane  race,  which 
numbers  between  30,000  and  40,000  souls, 
and  dwell  "far  beyond  the  Senaar," 
have  tails  three  or  four  inches  long. 
Colonel  du  Corret  assures  us  that  he 
himself  most  carefully  examined  one  of 
this  race  named  Belial,  a  slave  belonging 
to  an  emir  in  Mecca ;  whose  house  he 
frequented. —  World  of  Wonders,  206. 

The  Poonangs  of  Borneo  are  said  to  be 
a  tail-bearing  race. 

Individual  Examples.  Dr.  Hubsch,  re- 
ferred to  above,  says  that  he  examined 
at  Constantinople  the  son  of  a  physician 
whom  he  knew  intimately,  who  had  a 
decided  tail,  and  so  had  his  grandfather. 

In  the  middle  of  the  present  (the 
nineteenth)  century,  all  the  newspapers 
made  mention  of  the  birth  of  a  boy  at 
Newcastle-on-Tyne  with  a  tail,  which 
"  wagged  when  he  was  pleased." 

In  the  College  of  Surgeons  at  Dublin 
may  be  seen  a  human  skeleton  with  a 
tail  seven  inches  long. 

Tails  given  by  way  of  Punishment, 
Polydore  Vergil  asserts  that  when 
Thomas  k  Becket  came  to  Stroud,  the 
mob  cut  off  the  tail  of  his  horse,  and  in 
eternal  reproach,  "both  they  and  their 
offspring  bore  tails."  Lambarde  repeats 
the  same  story  in  his  Perambulation  of 
Kent  (1576). 

For  Becket's  sake  Kent  always  shall  have  tails. — Andrew 
Marvel. 

John  Bale,  bishop  of  Ossory  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  VI.,  tells  us  that  John 
Capgrave  and  Alexander  of  Esseby  have 
stated  it  as  a  fact  that  certain  Dorsetshire 
men  cast  fishes'  tails  at  St.  Augustine,  in 
consequence  of  which  "  the  men  of  this 
county  have  borne  tails  ever  since." 

We  all  know  the  tradition  that  Cornish 
men  are  born  with  tails. 

Taillefer,  a  valiant  warrior  and 
minstrel  in  the  army  of  William  the 
Conqueror.  At  the  battle  of  Hastings 
(or  Senlao)  he  stimulated  the  ardour  of 
the  Normans  by  songs  in  praise  of 
Charlemagne  and  Roland.    The  soldier- 


TAILORS. 


970 


TALES. 


minstrel    was    at   last    borne  down    by 
numbers,  and  fell  fighting. 

He  was  a  juggler  or  minstrel,  who  could  sing  songs  and 
play  tricks.  ...  So  he  rode  forth  singing  as  he  vent,  and 
as  some  say  throwing  his  sword  up  in  the  air  and  catching 
it  again.— K  A.  Freeman,  Old  EnglUh  IlUtory,  332. 

Tailors  {Nine).  A  toll  of  a  bell  is 
called  a  "  teller,"  and  at  the  death  of  a 
man  the  death  bell  used  to  be  tolled  thrice 
three  times.  "Nine  tellers  mark  a  man  " 
became  perverted  into  *'  Nine  tailors 
make  a  man."  —  Notes  and  Queries, 
March  4,  1877. 

Tailors  of  Tooley  Street  {The 
Three).  Canning  tells  us  of  three  tailors 
of  Tooley  Street,  Southwark,  who  ad- 
dressed a  petition  of  grievances  to  the 
House  of  Commons,  beginning  with 
these  words,  "  We,  the  people  of 
England." 

The  "deputies  of  Vaugirard"  pre- 
sented themselves  before  Charles  VIII. 
of  France.  When  the  king  asked  how 
many  there  were,  the  usher  replied,  "  Only 
one,  an  please  your  majesty." 

Taish.  Second  sight  is  so  called  in 
Ireland. — Martin,  Western  Isles,  3. 

Dark  and  despairing,  my  sight  I  may  seal ; 
But  man  cainnot  cover  what  God  would  reveal. 
'Tis  the  sunset  of  life  gives  me  mystical  lore, 
And  coming  events  cast  their  shadows  before. 

Campbell,  LochieVs  Warning  (1801). 

Taj,  in  Agra  (East  India),  the  mauso- 
leum built  by  shah  Jehan  to  his  favourite 
sultana  Moomtaz-i-Mahul,  who  died  in 
childbirth  of  her  eighth  child.  It  is  of 
white  marble,  and  is  so  beautiful  that  it 
is  called  "A  Poem  in  Marble,"  and  "The 
Marble  Queen  of  Sorrow." 

Talbert  ITdl'-hut],  John  Talbert  or 
rather  Talbot,  "The  English  Achilles," 
first  earl  of  Shrewsbur}'  (1373-1453). 

Our  Talbert,  to  the  French  so  terrible  in  war. 
That  with  Ids  very  name  their  babes  they  used  to  scare. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xviiL  (1613). 

Talbot  {John),  a  name  of  terror  in 
France.     Same  as  above. 

They  in  France,  to  feare  their  young  children,  ciye, 
"  The  Talbot  comraeth  !  "— H:ill,  Chronicles  (1545). 
Is  this  the  Talbot,  so  much  feared  abroad, 
Tliat  with  his  name  the  mothers  still  their  babes  t 
Shakespeare,  1  Uunry  VI.  act  ii.  so.  3  (1589). 

Talbot  {Colonel),  an  English  officer, 
and  one  of  Waverley's  friends. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Talbot  {Lord  Arthur),  a  cavalier  who 
won  the  love  of  Elvira  daughter  of  lord 
Walton  ;  but  his  lordship  had  promised 
his  daughter  in  marriage  to  sir  Richard 
Ford,  a  puritan  officer.  The  betrothal 
being  set  aside,  lord  Talbot  became  the 
accepted  lover,  and  the  marriage  ceremony 


was  fixed  to  take  place  at  Plymouth.  In 
the  mean  time,  lord  Arthur  assisted  the 
dowager  queen  Henrietta  to  escape,  and 
on  his  return  to  England  was  arrested  by 
the  soldiers  of  Cromwell,  and  condemned 
to  death  ;  but  Cromwell,  feeling  secure  of 
his  position,  commanded  all  political 
prisoners  to  be  released,  so  lord  Arthur 
was  set  at  libertv,  and  married  Elvira. — • 
Bellini, /PMnfam  (1834). 

Talbot  {Lying  Dick),  the  nickname  given 
to  Tyrconnel,  the  Irish  Jacobite,  who  held 
the  highest  offices  in  Ireland  in  the  reign 
of  James  II.  and  in  the  early  part  of 
William  III.'s  reign  (died  1691). 

Tale  of  a  Tub,  a  comedy  by  Ben 
Jonson  (1618).  This  was  the  last  comedy 
brought  out  by  him  on  the  stage ;  the  first 
was  Every  Man  in  His  Humour  (1598). 

In  the  Tale  of  a  Tub,  he  [Ben  Jonson^  follows  the  path 
of  Aristophanes,  and  lets  his  wit  run  into  low  buffoonery, 
that  he  might  bring  upon  the  stage  liiigo  Jones,  his  per- 
sonal enemy.— Sir  Walter  Scott,  The  Drama. 

Tale  of  a  Tub,  a  religious  satire  by 
dean  Swift  (1704).  Its  object  is  to  ridi- 
cule the  Roman  Catholics  under  the  name 
of  Peter,  and  the  presbyterians  under  the 
name  of  Jack  [^Calvinl.  The  Church  of 
England  is  represented  by  Martin  [Zm- 
ther'\. 

GuHiver't  Travels  and  the  Tale  of  a  Tub  must  ever  be 
the  chief  corner-stones  of  Swift's  fame.— Chambers,  English 
Literature,  iL  547. 

Tales  {Chinese),  being  the  transmi- 
grations of  the  mandarin  Fum-Hoam,  told 
to  Gulchenraz  daughter  of  the  king  of 
Georgia.  (See  Fum-Hoam,  p.  357.) — 
T.  S.  Gueulette  (originally  in  French, 
1723). 

Tales  {Fairy),  a  series  of  tales,  originally 
in  French,  by  the  comtesse  D'Aunoy, 
D'Aulnoy,  orD'Anois  (1698).  Some  are 
very  near  copies  of  the  Arabian  Nights. 
The  best-known  are  "Chery  and  Fair- 
star,"  "The  Yellow  Dwarf,"  and  "The 
White  Cat." 

About  the  same  time  (1697),  Claude 
Perrault  published,  in  French,  his  famous 
Fairy  Tales,  chiefly  taken  from  the  Sagas 
of  Scandinavia. 

Tales  {Moral),  twenty-three  tales  by 
Marmontel,  originally  in  French  (1761). 

They    were    intended    for    draughts    of 

dramas.      The   design  of  the  first  taleJ^H 
called   "  AlcibiSdes,"   is  to  expose    th^^Bj 
folly  of  expecting  to  be  loved  "merely^^B: 
for  one's  self."    The  design  of  the  second 
tale,  called  "  Soliman  II.,"  is  to  expose 
the  folly  of  attempting  to  gain  woraan'i 
love  by  any  other  means  than  reciproc 


1 


TALES. 


971 


TALISMAN. 


love ;   and  so  on.     The  second  tale  has 
been  dramatized. 

Tales  (Oriental),  by  the  comte  de 
Caylus,  originally  in  French  (1743).  A 
series  of  tales  supposed  to  be  told  by 
Moradbak,  a  girl  of  14,  to  Hudjadge 
shah  of  Persia,  who  could  not  sleep.  It 
contains  the  tale  of  "  The  Seven  Sleepers 
of  Ephesus."     (See  Moradbak,  p.  668.) 

Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  in  three 
series,  by  sir  W.Scott;  told  to  Hugh  Little- 
john,  who  was  between  five  and  six  years 
of  age  (1828).  These  tales  are  supposed  to 
be  taken  from  Scotch  chronicles,  and 
embrace  the  most  prominent  and  graphic 
incidents  of  Scotch  history.  Series  i., 
to  the  amalgamation  of  the  two  crowns 
in  James  I.  ;  series  ii.,  to  the  union  of 
the  two  parliaments  in  the  reign  of 
queen  Anne ;  series  iii.,  to  the  death 
of  Charles  Edward  the  Young  Pretender. 

Tales  of  My  Landlord,  tales  sup- 
posed to  be  told  by  the  landlord  of  the 
Wallace  inn,  in  the  parish  of  Gander- 
cleuch,  "edited  and  arranged  by  Jedediah 
Cleishbotham,  schoolmaster  and  parish 
clerk  "  of  the  same  parish,  but  in  reality' 
corrected  and  arranged  by  his  usher, 
Peter  or  Patrick  Pattison,  who  lived  to 
complete  five  of  the  novels,  but  died 
before  the  last  two  were  issued.  Those 
novels  are  arranged  thus  :  First  Series, 
"The  Black  Dwarf"  and  "Old  Mor- 
tality ; "  Second  Series,  "  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian ;  "  Third  Series,  "  Bride  of  Lam- 
mermoor"  and  "Legend  of  Montrose;" 
Posthumous,  "Count  Robert  of  Paris" 
and  "  Castle  Dangerous." — Sir  W.  Scott. 
(See  Black  Dwarf,  introduction.) 

Tales  of  the  Crusaders,  by  sir 

W.  Scott,  include  The  Betrothed  and  The 
Talisman. 

Tales  of  the  Genii,  that  is,  tales 
told  by  genii  to  Iracagem  their  chief, 
respecting  their  tutelary  charges,  or  how 
they  had  discharged  their  functions  as 
the  guardian  genii  of  man.  Patna  and 
Coulor,  children  of  Giualar  (iman  of 
Terki),  were  permitted  to  hear  these 
accounts  rendered,  and  hence  they  have 
reached  our  earth.  The  genius  Bar- 
haddan  related  the  history  of  his  tutelary 
charge  of  Abu'dah,  a  merchant  of  Bagdad. 
The  genius  Maralouk  told  how  he  had 
been  employed  in  watching  over  the 
dervise  Alfouran.  Next,  Omphram  re- 
counted his  labours  as  the  tutelar  genius 
of  Hassan  Assar  caliph  of  Bagdad.  The 
genius  Hassarack  tells  his  experience  in 


the  tale  of  Kelaun  and  Guzzarat.  The 
fifth  was  a  female  genius,  by  name 
Houadir,  who  told  the  tale  of  Urad,  the 
fair  wanderer,  her  ward  on  earth.  Then 
rose  the  sage  genius  Macoma,  and  told 
the  tale  of  the  sultan  Misnar,  with  the 
episodes  of  Mahoud  and  the  princess  of 
Cassimir.  The  affable  Adiram,  the  tutelar 
genius  of  Sadak  and  Kalas'rade,  told  of 
their  battle  of  life.  Last  of  all  rose  the 
venerable  genius  Nadan,  and  recounted 
the  history  of  his  earthly  charge  named 
Mirglip  the  dervise.  These  tales  are  from 
the  Persian,  and  are  ascribed  to  Horam 
son  of  Asmar. 

Talgol,  a  butcher  in  Newgate  market, 
who  obtained  a  captain's  commission  lyx. 
Cromwell's  army  for  his  bravery  at 
Naseby. 

Talgol  was  of  courage  stout  .  .  . 
Inured  to  labour,  sweat,  and  toil. 
And,  like  a  champion,  shone  with  oil  .  ,  , 
He  many  a  boar  and  huge  dun  cow 
Did,  like  another  Guy,  o'erthrow  .  .  . 
With  greater  troops  of  sheep  he'd  fought 
Tiian  Ajax  or  bold  don  Q.iixote. 

S.  Butler,  Uudibrcu,  i.  2  (1«63). 

Taliesin  or  Taliessin,  son  of  St. 
Henwig,  chief  of  the  bards  of  the  West, 
in  the  time  of  king  Arthur  (sixth  cen- 
tury). In  the  Mahinogion  is  given  the 
legends  connected  with  him,  several 
specimens  of  his  songs,  and  all  that  is 
historically  known  about  him.  The  burst- 
ing in  of  the  sea  through  the  neglect  of 
Seithenin,  who  had  charge  of  the  em- 
bankment, and  the  ruin  which  it  brought 
on  Gwyddno  Garanhir,  is  allegorized  by 
the  bursting  of  a  pot  called  the  "  caldron 
of  inspiration,"  through  the  neglect  of 
Gwion  Bach,  who  was  set  to  watch  it. 

That  Taliessen,  once  which  made  tlie  rivers  dance. 

And  in  his  rapture  raised  the  mountains  from  their  trance, 

Shall  tremble  at  my  verse. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  iv.  (1612). 

Talisman  {The),  a  novel  by  sir  W. 
Scott,  and  one  of  the  best  of  the  thirty- 
two  which  he  wrote  (1826).  It  is  the 
story  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion  being 
cured  of  a  fever  in  the  Holy  Land,  by 
Saladin,  the  soldan,  his  noble  enemy. 
Saladin,  hearing  of  his  illness,  assumed 
the  disguise  of  Adonbec  el  Hakim,  the 
physician,  and  visited  the  king.  He  filled 
a  cup  with  spring  water,  into  which  he 
dipped  the  talisman,  a  little  red  purse 
that  he  took  from  his  bosom,  and  when  it 
had  been  steeped  long  enough,  he  gave 
the  draught  to  the  king  to  drink  (ch.  ix.). 
During  the  king's  sickness,  the  archduke 
of  Austria  planted  his  own  banner  beside 
that  of  England ;  but  immediately  Richard 
recovered  from  his  fever,  he  tore  down 


TALISMANS. 


972 


TALUT. 


the  Austrian  banner,  and  f^ave  it  in  cus- 
tody to  sir  Kenneth.  While  Kenneth 
•was  absent,  he  left  his  dog  in  charge 
of  it,  but  on  his  return,  found  the  dog 
wounded  and  the  banner  stolen.  King 
Richard,  in  his  rage,  ordered  sir  Kenneth 
to  execution,  but  pardoned  him  on  the 
intercession  of  "the  physician"  (Saladin). 
Sir  Kenneth's  dog  showed  such  a  strange 
aversion  to  the  marquis  de  Montserrat 
that  suspicion  was  aroused,  the  marquis 
was  challenged  to  single  combat,  and, 
being  overthrown  by  sir  Kenneth,  con- 
fessed that  he  had  stolen  the  banner. 
The  love  story  interwoven  is  that  between 
sir  Kenneth  the  prince  royal  of  Scotland, 
and  lady  Edith  Plantagenet  the  king's 
kinswoman,  with  whose  marriage  the  tale 
concludes. 

Talismans.  In  order  to  free  a  house 
of  vermin,  the  figure  of  the  obnoxious 
jinimal  should  be  made  in  wax  in  "the 
planetar}'^  hour." — Warburton,  Critical  In- 
quiry into  Prodigies  .  .  .  (1727). 

He  swore  that  )  ou  had  robbed  his  house. 
And  stolen  his  talismanic  louse. 

S.  Butler,  nudibrat,  iii.  1  (1678). 

The  Abraxas  stone,  a  stone  with  the 
word  ABRAXAS  engraved  on  it,  is  a 
famous  talisman.  The  word  symbolizes 
the  365  intelligences  between  deity  and 
man. 

In  Arabia,  a  talisman,  consisting  of  a 
piece  of  paper  containing  the  names  of  the 
seven  sleepers  of  Ephesus,  is  still  used, 
"to  ward  the  house  from  ghosts  and 
demons." 

Talismans  (The  Four).  Houna,  sur- 
named  Seidel-Beckir,  a  talismanist,  made 
three  of  great  value :  viz.,  a  little  golden 
fish,  which  would  fetch  out  of  the  sea 
whatever  it  was  bidden  ;  a  poniard,  which 
rendered  invisible  not  only  the  person 
bearing  it,  but  all  those  he  wished  to  be 
80  ;  and  a  ring  of  steel,  which  enabled  the 
wearer  to  read  the  secrets  of  men's  hearts. 
The  fourth  talisman  was  a  bracelet, 
which  preserved  the  wearer  from  poison, 
— Comte  de  Caylus,  Oriental  Tales  ("The 
Four  Talismans,"  1743). 

Talking  Bird  (The),  called  Bulbul- 
he'zar.  It  had  the  power  of  human 
speech,  and  when  it  sang  all  the  song- 
birds in  the  vicinity  came  and  joined  in 
concert.  It  was  also  oracular,  and  told 
the  sultan  the  tale  of  his  three  children, 
and  how  they  had  been  exposed  by  the 
sultana's  two  jealous  sisters. — Arabian 
mqhis  ("The  Two  Sisters,"  the  last 
tale). 


The  talking  bird  is  called  "the  little 
green  bird"  in  "The  Princess  Fairstar," 
one  of  the  Fairy  Tales  of  the  comtesse 
D'Aunoy  (1682). 

Tallboy  (Old),  forester  of  St.  Mary's 
Convent. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Monastery  (time, 
Elizabeth). 

Talleyrand.  This  name,  anciently 
written  "Tailleran,"  was  originall)  a 
sobriquet  derived  from  the  words  tailler 
les  rangs  ("  cut  through  the  ranks  "). 

Talleyrand  is  generally  credited  with 
the  mot:  "La  parole  a  ete  donnt'e  ^ 
I'honime  pour  I'aider  h.  cacher  sa  pense'e 
\_or  deguiser  la  penser] ; "  but  they  were 
spoken  by  comte  de  Montrond,  "the  most 
agreeable  scoundrel  in  the  court  of  Mario 
Antoinette." — Captain  Gronow,  EecoUec- 
tions  and  Anecdotes. 

Voltaire,  sixty  years  previously,  had 
said  :  "  lis  n'employent  les  paroles  que 
pour  de'guiser  leurs  pense'es." — Le  Chapon 
et  la  Foularde. 

And  Goldsmith,  in  1759,  when  Talley- 
rand was  about  four  years  old,  had  pub- 
lished the  sentence:  "The  true  use  of 
speech  is  not  so  much  to  express  our 
wants  as  to  conceal  them." — The  Bee,  iii. 

Talos,  son  of  Perdix,  sister  of  DaedS- 
los,  inventor  of  the  saw,  compasses,  and 
other  mechanical  instruments.  His  uncle, 
jealous  of  him,  threw  him  from  the  citadel 
of  Athens,  and  he  was  changed  into  a 
partridge. 

Talos,  a  man  of  brass,  made  by  He- 
phsestos  (Vulcan).  This  wonderful 
automaton  was  given  to  Minos  to  patrol 
the  island  of  Crete.  It  traversed  the 
island  thrice  every  day,  and  if  a  stranger 
came  near,  made  itself  red  hot,  and 
squeezed  him  to  death. 

Talus,  an  iron  man,  representing 
power  or  the  executive  of  a  state.  He 
was  Astrgea's  groom,  whom  the  goddess 
gave  to  sir  ArtSgal.  This  man  of  iron, 
"unmovable  and  resistless  without  end," 
"swift  as  a  swallow,  and  as  a  lion  strong," 
carried  in  his  hand  an  iron  flail,  "with 
which  he  threshed  out  falsehood,  and  did 
truth  unfold."  When  sir  Artegal  fell 
into  the  power  of  Radigund  queen  of  the 
AmSzons,  Talus  brought  Britomart  to  the 
rescue.  —  Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  1 
(1596). 

Talut.  So  the  Mohammedans  call 
Saul. 

Verily  God  hath  set  Talfit  king  over  you  .  .  .  Samuel 
•aid,  Verily  God  hath  chosen  him,  and  hath  caused  him 
to  increase  in  knowledge  and  stature.— .il  i  Kordn,  u. 


TALVI. 


973 


•     TAMMANY. 


Talvi,  a  psendonym  of  Mrs.  Robinson. 
It  is  simply  the  initials  of  her  maiden 
nam«,  Therese  Albertine  Louise  von 
lakob. 

Tain  o'  Todshaw,  a  huntsman,  near 
Charlie's  Hope  farm. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy 
Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Tam  o*  the  Cowgate,  the  sobriquet 
of  sir  Thomas  Hamilton,  a  Scotch  lawyer, 
who  lived  in  the  Cowgate,  at  Edinburgh 
(♦-1563). 

Tamburlaine  the  Great  (or  Ti- 
mour  Leruf),  the  Tartar  conqueror.  In 
history  called  Tamerlane.  He  had  only 
one  hand  and  was  lame  (1336-1405).  The 
hero  and  title  of  a  tragedv  by  C.  Marlow 
(1587).  Shakespeare  (2  J'lenry  IV.  act  ii. 
sc.  4)  makes  Pistol  quote  a  part  of  this 
turgid  play. 

Holla,  re  pampered  J&des  of  Alio. 
What  1  can  ye  draw  but  twenty  milea  a  daf. 
And  have  to  proud  a  cliarlot  at  your  heeli. 
And  luch  a  coachman  as  Kreat  Tamburlaine  t 

(In  the  stage  direction : 

Enter  Tamburlaine,  drawn  in  hit  chariot  by  Treb'izon 
and  Soria,  with  bit«  In  their  mouths,  reins  in  his  left 
hand,  la  hij  ri(ht  a  whip  with  which  be  acourgetb 
them.) 

N.  Rowe  has  a  tragedy  entitled  Tamer- 
lane  (q.v.). 

Tame  (1  «v'«)>  *  "ver  which  rises  in 
the  vale  of  Aylesbury,  at  the  foot  of  the 
Chiltern,  and  hence  called  by  Drayton 
"  Chiltern's  son."  Chiltem's  son  marries 
Isis  (Cotswold's  heiress),  whose  son  and 
heir  is  Thames.  This  allegory  forms  the 
subject  of  song  xv.  of  the  Polyolbion,  and 
is  the  most  poetical  of  tliem  all. 

Tamer  Tam.ed  (The),  a  kind  of 
sequel  to  Shakespeare's  comedy  The 
Tamina  of  the  Shrew.  In  the  Tamer 
Tamed,  Petruchio  is  supposed  to  marry 
a  second  wife,  by  whom  he  is  hen-pecked. 
— Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1647). 

Tam.erlane,  emperor  of  Tartary,  in 
Rowe's  trajjedy  so  called,  is  a  noble, 
generous,  high-minded  prince,  the  very 
glass  and  fashion  of  all  conquerors,  in  his 
forgiveness  of  wrongs,  and  from  whose 
example  Christians  may  be  taught  their 
moral  code.  Tamerlane  treats  Bajazet, 
his  captive,  with  truly  godlike  clemency, 
till  the  fierce  sultan  plots  his  assassination. 
Then  longer  forbearance  would  have  been 
folly,  and  the  Tartar  had  his  untamed 
captive  chained  in  a  cage,  like  a  wild  beast. 
— N.  Rowe,  Tamerlane  (1702). 

It  is  said  that  Louis  XIV.  was  Rowe'a 
"  Bajazet,"  and  William  III.  hib  "  Tamsr- 
lane." 


•#♦  Tamerlane  is  a  corruption  o£  Ti- 
Lengh  ("Timour  the  lame").  He 
was  one-handed  and  lame  also.  His 
name  was  used  by  the  Persians  in  ter- 
rorem.   (See  Tamhuui^aine  the  Great.) 

Taming  of  the  Shrew  (The),  a 
comedy  by  Shakespeare  (1.594).  The 
"shrew"  is  Katbari'na,  elder  daughter  of 
Baptista  of  Padua,  and  she  is  tamed  by 
the  stronger  mind  of  Petruchio  into  a 
most  obedient  and  submissive  wife. 

This  drama  is  founded  on  A  pleasaunt 
conceited  Jlistorie,  called  The  Taming  of 
a  Shrew.  As  it  hath  beene  sundry  times 
acted  by  the  right  honourable  the  Earle  of 
Pembrooke  his  servants,  1607.  The  in- 
duction is  borrowed  from  Heuterus,  Rerum 
Burgundearum,  ir.,  a  translation  rf  •"'bich 
into  English,  by  E.  Grimstone,  appeared 
in  1607.  The  same  trick  was  played  by 
Haroun-al-Raschid  on  the  merchant  Abou 
Hassan  (Arabian  Nights,  "The  Sleeper 
Awakened  ") ;  and  by  Philippe  the  Good 
of  Burgundy.  (See  Burton,  Anatomy  of 
Melancholy,  II.  ii.  4  ;  see  also  The  Frolick- 
some  Duke  or  the  Tinker^s  Good  Fortune 
(a  ballad),  Percy.) 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher  wrote  a  kind  of 
sequel  to  this  comedy,  called  The  Tamer 
Tamed,  in  which  Petruchio  is  supposed  tr 
marry  a  second  wife,  by  whom  he  is  hen  • 
pecked  (1647). 

The  Honeymoon,  a  comedy  by  Tobii 
(1804),  is  a  similar  plot,  but  the  shrew  h 
tamed  with  far  less  display  of  obstreperom 
self-will. 

Tami'no  and  Pami'na,  the  two 
lovers  who  were  guided  by  the  magic  flute 
through  all  worldly  dangers  to  the  know- 
ledge of  divine  truth  (or  the  mysteries 
of  Isis).— Mozart,  Die  Zauberflote  (1791). 

Tammany,  Tamendy,  or  Tam- 
menund,  an  Indian  chief  of  the  Dela- 
ware nation  who  lived  about  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century.  He  was  a  great 
friend  of  the  whites,  and  was  famous 
in  tradition  for  so  many  other  virtues 
that  in  the  latter  days  of  the  Revolution 
he  was  facetiously  adopted  as  the  patron 
saint  of  the  new  republic.  A  society 
called  the  Tammany  Society  was  found- 
ed in  New  York  City,  May  12, 1789,  origi- 
nally for  benevolent  purposes,  but  it  ulti- 
mately developed  into  a  mere  political  en- 
gine, becoming  the  principal  instrument 
of  the  managers  of  the  Democratic  party 
in  New  York  City.  In  1871,  however, 
the  disclosures  as  to  the  corrupt  practice 
indulged  in  by  the  Tammany  chieftain» 


TAMMUZ. 


974 


TANNHAUSER. 


then  at  the  head  of  the  municipal  govern- 
ment, united  the  men  of  all  parties  against 
it,  and  the  power  of  the  society — although 
efforts  have  since  been  made  to  reform 
and  purify  it — is  now  a  thing  of  the  past. 
Tammuz,  the  month  of  July.  St. 
Jerome  says  the  Hebrews  and  Syrians  call 
the  month  of  June  "  Tammuz." 

Tam'ora,  queen  of  the  Goths,  in  love 
with  Aaron  the  Moor. — (?)  Shakespeare, 
Titus  Andron'icus  (1693). 

*^*  The  classic  name  is  Andronicus, 
but  Titus  Andronicus  is  a  purely  fic- 
titious character. 

Tamper  (Colonel),  betrothed  to  Emily. 
On  his  return  from  Havannah,  he  wanted 
to  ascertain  if  Emily  loved  him  "for 
himself  alone ; "  so  he  pretended  to 
have  lost  one  leg  and  one  eye.  Emily 
was  so  shocked  that  the  family  doctor 
was  sent  for,  who,  amidst  other  gossip, 
told  the  yoimg  lady  he  had  recently  seen 
colonel  Tamper,  who  was  looking  re- 
markably well,  and  had  lost  neither  leg 
nor  eye.  Emily  now  perceived  that  a  trick 
was  being  played,  so  she  persuaded  Mdlle. 
Elorival  to  assume  the  part  of  a  rival 
lover,  under  the  assumed  name  of  captain 
Johnson.  After  the  colonel  had  been 
thoroughly  roasted,  major  Belford  entered, 
recognized  "  captain  Johnson  "  as  his  own 
ajffiance'e,  the  colonel  saw  how  the  tables 
had  been  turned  upon  him,  apologized, 
and  all  ended  happily. — G.  Colman, 
senior,  T/ie  Deuce  is  in  Him  (1762). 

Tamson  {Peg),  an  old  woman  at 
Middlemas  village.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

Tanaquill,  wife  of  'YQX(\u\nms, prisciis 
of  Rome.  She  was  greatly  venerated  by 
the  Romans,  but  Juvenal  uses  the  name 
as  the  personification  of  an  imperious 
woman  with  a  strong  independent  will. 
In  the  Faery  Queen,  Spenser  calls  Gloriana 
[queen  Elizabeth)  *'  Tanaquill "  (bk.  i. 
introduction,  1590). 

Tancred,  son  of  Eudes  and  Emma. 
He  was  the  greatest  of  all  the  Christian 
warriors  except  Rinaldo.  His  one  fault 
■was  "  woman's  love,"  and  that  woman  Co- 
rinda,  a  pagan  (bk.  i.).  Tancred  brought 
800  horse  to  the  allied  crusaders  under 
Godfrey  of  Bouillon.  In  a  night  combat, 
Tancred  unwittingly  slew  Corinda,  and 
lamented  her  death  with  great  and  bitter 
lamentation  (bk.  xii.).  Being  wounded, 
he  was  tenderly  nursed  by  Erminia,  who 
was  in  love  with  him  (bk.  xix.). — Tasso, 
Jerusalem  Delivered  (1676). 


***  Rossini  has  an  opera  entitled  Tan- 
credi  (1813). 

Tancred,  prince  of  Otranto,  one  of  the 
crusaders,  probably  the  same  as  the  one 
above.— Sir  W.  S'cott,  Count  Jic^crt  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Tancred  (Count),  the  orphan  son  of 
Manfred,  eldest  grandson  of  Roger  I.  of 
Sicily,  and  rightful  heir  to  the  throne. 
His  father  was  murdered  by  William  the 
Bad,  and  he  himself  was  brought  up  by 
Sifl're'di  lord  high  chancellor  of  Sicily. 
While  only  a  count,  he  fell  in  love  with 
Sigismunda  the  chancellor's  daughter, 
but  when  king  Roger  died,  he  left  the 
throne  to  Tancred,  provided  he  married 
Constantia,  daughter  of  William  the  Bad, 
and  thus  united  the  rival  lines.  Tancred 
gave  a  tacit  consent  to  this  arrange- 
ment, intending  all  the  time  to  obtain  a 
dispensation  from  the  pope,  and  marry 
the  chancellor's  daughter ;  but  Sigismunda 
could  not  know  his  secret  intentions,  and, 
in  a  fit  of  irritation,  married  the  earl 
Osmond.  Now  follows  the  catastrophe  : 
Tancred  sought  an  interview  with  Sigis- 
munda, to  justify  his  conduct,  but  Os- 
mond challenged  him  to  fight.  Osmond 
fell,  and  stabbed  Sigismunda  when  she 
ran  to  his  succour. — Thomson,  Tancred 
and  Sigismunda  (1745). 

*^*  Thomson's  tragedy  is  founded  on 
the  episode  called  "  The  Baneful  Mar- 
riage," Gil  Bias,  iv.  4  (Lesage,  1724).  In 
the  prose  tale,  Tancred  is  called  *'  Henri- 
quez,"  and  Sigismunda  "Blanch." 

Tancredi,  the  Italian  form  of  Tan- 
cred (q.v.).  The  best  of  the  early  operas 
of  Rossini  (1813). 

Tanner  of  Tain-worth  (The),  the 
man  who  mistook  Edward  IV.  for  a  hiirh- 
wa^^man.    After  some  little  altercation, 

they  changed  horses,  the  king  giving  his 
hunter  for  the  tanner's  cob  worth  about 
four  shillings  ;  but  as  soon  as  the  tanner 
mounted  the  king's  horse,  it  threw  him, 
and  the  tanner  gladly  paid  down  a  sum 
of  money  to  get  his  old  cob  back  again. 
King  Edward  now  blew  his  hunting- 
horn,  and  the  courtiers  gathered  round  him. 
*'  I  hope  [i.e.  expecf]  1  shall  be  hanged 
for  this,"  cried  the  tanner ;  but  the  king, 
in  merry  pin,  gave  him  the  manor  of 
Plumpton  Park,  with  300  marks  a  year. 
— Percy,  Reliques,  etc. 

Tannhauser  (Sir),  called  in  German 
the  Bitter  Tannhauser,  a  Teutonic  knight, 
who  wins  the  love  of  Lisaura,  a  Mantuan 
lady.     Hilario  the  philosopher  often  coiv- 


TAOUISM. 


976 


TAPWELL. 


verses  with  the  Rittcr  on  supernatural 
subjects,  and  promises  that  Venus  herself 
shall  be  his  mistress,  if  he  will  sum- 
mon up  his  courage  to  enter  Venusberg. 
Tannhauser  starts  on  the  mysterious  jour- 
ney, and  Lisaura,  hearing  thereof,  kills 
herself.  At  Venusberg  the  Ritter  gives 
full  swing  to  his  pleasures,  but  in  time 
returns  to  Mantua,  and  makes  his  con- 
fession to  pope  Urban.  His  holiness 
says  to  him,  "  Man,  you  can  no  more 
hope  for  absolution  than  this  staff  which 
I  hold  in  my  hand  can  be  expected  to 
bud."  So  Tannhauser  flees  in  despair  from 
Rome,  and  returns  to  Venusberg.  Mean- 
while, the  pope's  staff  actually  does  sprout, 
and  Urban  sends  in  all  directions  for  the 
Ritter,  but  he  is  nowhere  to  be  found. 

Tieck,  in  his  Phantasus  (1812),  intro- 
duces the  story.  Wagner  (in  1845) 
brought  out  an  operatic  spectacle,  called 
Tannhauser.  The  companion  of  Tann- 
hauser was  Eckhardt. 

*^*  The  tale  of  Tannhauser  is  sub- 
stantially the  same  as  that  of  Thomas 
of  Erceldoun,  also  called  "Thomas  the 
Rhymer,"  who  was  so  intimate  with  Fa6ry 
folk  that  he  could  foretell  what  events 
would  come  to  pass.  He  was  also  a  bard, 
and  wrote  the  famous  lay  of  Sir  Tristrem. 
The  general  belief  is  that  the  seer  is  not 
dead,  but  has  been  simply  removed  from 
the  land  of  the  living  to  FaBry-land, 
whence  occasionally  he  emerges,  to  busy 
himself  with  human  affairs.  Sir  W.  Scott 
has  introduced  the  legend  in  Castle  Dan- 
gerous, V.     (See  EiiCELDOUx,  p.  298.) 

Taomsm,  the  system  of  Taou,  that 
invisible  principle  which  pervades  every- 
thing. Pope  refers  to  this  universal 
divine  permeation  in  the  well-known 
lines :  it 

Warms  in  tVie  sun,  refreshes  in  the  breeze, 
Glows  in  the  stars,  and  blossoms  in  the  trees. 
Lives  through  all  life,  extends  through  all  extent, 
Spreads  undivided,  operates  unspent. 

£isay  on  Man,  I.  (1733). 

Tapestered  Chamber  {The),  a 
tale  by  sir  W.  Scott,  laid  in  the  reign 
of  George  III.  There  are  but  two  cha- 
racters introduced.  General  Browne  goes 
on  a  visit  to  lord  Woodville,  and  sleeps 
in  the  "tapestered  chamber,"  which  is 
haunted.  He  sees  the  "  lady  in  the 
Sacque,"  describes  her  to  lord  Woodville 
next  morning,  and  recognizes  her  picture 
in  the  portrait  gallery. 

The  bark  of  this  form  was  turned  to  me,  and  I  could 
observe,  from  the  shoulders  and  neck,  it  was  that  of  an  old 
woman,  whose  dress  was  an  old-fashioned  gown,  which, 
I  think,  ladies  call  a  sacque — that  is,  a  sort  of  robe  com- 
pletely loose  in  the  body,  but  gathered  into  broad  plaits 
upon  the  neck  and  shoulders,  which  fall  down  to  the 
ground,  and  terminate  in  a  species  of  train. 


Tap'ley  {Mark),  an  honest,  light- 
hearted  young  man,  whose  ambition  was 
"  to  come  out  jelly  "  under  the  most  un- 
favourable circumstances.  Greatly  at- 
tached to  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  he  leaves 
his  comfortable  situation  at  the  Blue 
Dragon  to  accompany  him  to  America, 
and  in  "Eden"  has  ample  opportunities 
of  "being  jolly"  so  far  as  wretchedness 
could  make  him  so.  On  his  return  to 
England,  he  marries  Mrs.  Lupin,  and  thus 
becomes  landlord  of  the  Blue  Dragon. 
— C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit,  xiii., 
xxi.,  etc.  (1843). 

Charles  [  VII.  of  Prance]  was  the  Mark  Tapley  of  kings, 
and  bore  himself  with  his  usual  "jollity" under  this  af- 
flicting news.  It  was  remarked  of  him  that  "  no  one 
could  lose  a  kingdom  with  greater  gaiety."— Rev.  J. 
White. 

Tappertit  {Sim  i.e.  Simon),  the  ap- 
prentice of  Gabriel  Varden,  locksmith. 
He  was  just  20  in  years,  but  200  in  con- 
ceit. An  old-fashioned,  thin-faced,  sleek- 
haired,  sharp-nosed,  small-eyed  little 
fellow  was  Mr.  Sim  Tappertit,  about  five 
feet  high,  but  thoroughly  convinced  in 
his  own  mind  that  he  was  both  good 
looking  and  above  the  middle  size,  in 
fact,  rather  tall  than  otherwise.  His 
figure,  which  was  slender,  lie  was  proud 
of ;  and  with  his  legs,  which  in  knee- 
breeches  were  perfect  curiosities  of  little- 
ness, he  was  enraptured.  He  had  also 
a  secret  notion  that  the  power  of  his  eye 
was  irresistible,  and  he  believed  that  he 
could  subdue  the  haughtiest  beauty  "by 
eyeing  her."  Of  course,  Mr.  Tappertit 
had  an  ambitious  soul,  and  admired  his 
master's  daughter  Dolly.  He  was  cap- 
tain of  the  secret  society  of  "'Prentice 
Knights,"  whose  object  was  "vengeance 
against  their  tyrant  masters."  After  the 
Gordon  riots,  in  which  Tappertit  took  a 
leading  part,  he  was  found  "  burnt  and 
bruised,  with  a  gun-shot  wound  in  his 
body,  and  both  his  legs  crushed  into 
shapeless  ugliness."  The  cripple,  by  the 
locksmith's'  aid,  turned  shoe-black  under 
an  archway  near  the  Horse  Guards, 
thrived  in  his  vocation,  and  married  the 
widow  of  a  rag-and-bone  collector.  While 
an  apprentice,  Miss  Miggs,  the  "protest- 
ant"  shrewish  servant  of  Mrs.  Varden, 
cast  an  eye  of  hope  on  "  Simmun  ; "  but 
the  conceited  puppy  pronounced  her  "  de- 
cidedly scraggy,"  and  disregarded  the 
soft  impeachment.— C.  Dickens,  i?arna6^ 
Rudge  (1841).     (See  Sylli.)    || 

Taproba'na,  the  island  of  Ceylon. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 
Tap"well     {Timothy),     husband     of 


TARA. 


976 


TARTARO. 


Froth,  put  into  business  by  Wellbom's 
father,  whose  butler  he  was.  When 
Wellborn  was  reduced  to  begj?ary, 
Timothy  behaved  most  insolently  to  him  ; 
but  as  soon  as  he  supposed  he  was  about 
to  marry  the  rich  dowager  lady  AUworth, 
the  rascal  fawned  on  him  like  a  whipped 
spaniel. — Massinger,  A  New  Way  to  Pay 
Old  Debts  (1625). 

Tara  (Tlie  Hill  of),  in  Meath,  Ireland. 
Here  the  kings,  the  clergy,  the  princes, 
and  the  bards  used  to  assemble  in  a  large 
hall,  to  consult  on  matters  of  public  im- 
portiance. 

The  harp  that  once  thro'  Tara's  halls 

Tlie  soul  of  music  shed, 
Now  hangs  as  mute  on  Tara's  walls 

As  if  that  soul  were  fled. 
T.  Moore,  IrUh.  Melodies  ("  The  Harp  that  Once . . ."  1814). 

Tara  (The  Fes  of),  the  triennial  con- 
vention established  by  OUam  Fodlah  or 
Ollav  Fola,  in  B.C.  900  or  950.  When 
business  was  over,  the  princes  banqueted 
together,  each  under  his  shield  suspended 
b)'^  the  chief  herald  on  the  wall  according 
to  precedency.  In  the  reign  of  Cormac, 
the  palace  of  Tara  was  900  feet  square, 
and  contained  150  apartments,  and  150 
dormitories  each  for  sixty  sleepers.  As 
many  as  1000  guests  were  daily  enter- 
tained in  the  hall, 

Tara's  Psaltery  or  Psalter  of  Tara, 
the  great  national  register  or  chronicles 
of  Ireland,  read  to  the  assembled  princes 
when  they  met  in  Tara's  Hall  in  public 
conference. 

Their  tribe,  they  said,  their  high  degree. 
Was  sung  in  Tara's  I'saltery, 

Campbell.  O'Connor's  Child. 

Tarpa  (Spurius  Metius),  a  famous 
critic  of  the  Augustan  age.  He  sat  in 
the  temple  of  Apollo  with  four  colleagues 
to  judge  the  merit  of  theatrical  pieces 
before  they  were  produced  in  public. 

He  gives  hknself  out  for  another  Tarpa  ;  decides  boldly, 
ami  supports  his  opinions  with  loudness  and  obstinacy. — 
Lesage.  Gil  Bias,  xi.  10  (1735). 

Tarpe'ian  Rock.  So  called  from 
Tarpeia,  daughter  of  Spurius  Tarpeius 
governor  of  the  citadel  on  the  Saturnian 
{i.e.  Capitoline)  Hill  of  Rome.  The  story 
is  that  the  Sabines  bargained  with  the 
Roman  maid  to  open  the  gates  to  them, 
for  the  "ornaments  on  their  arms."  As 
they  passed  through  the  gates,  they  threw 
on  her  their  shields,  saying,  "These  are 
the  ori^nents  we  bear  on  our  arms." 
She  waArushed  to  death,  and  buried  on 
the  Tarpeian  Hill.  Ever  after,  traitors 
were  put  to  death  by  being  hurled  head- 
long from  the  hill-top. 


Bear  him  to  the  rock  Tarpeian,  and  from  thence 
Into  destruction  cast  him. 

Shakespeare.  Coriolanus,  act  iil.  sc.  1  (1610). 

*^*  G.  Gilfillan,  in  his  introduction  to 
Longfellow's  poems,  makes  an  erroneous 
allusion  to  the  Roman  traitress.  He  says 
Longfellow's  "ornaments,  unlike  those 
of  the  Sabine  [sici  maid,  have  not  crushed 
him." 

Tarquin,  a  name  of  terror  in  Roman 
nurseries. 

The  nurse,  to  still  her  child,  will  tell  my  story, 
And  fright  her  crying  babe  with  Tarquin's  liame. 

Shakespeare,  Jiape  of  Luerece  (1594). 

Tarquin  ( The  Fall  of).  The  well-known 
Roman  story  of  Sextus  Tarquinius  and 
Lucretia  has  been  dramatized  by  various 
persons,  as  :  N.  Lee  (1679)  ;  John  Howard 
Payne,  Brutus  or  The  Fall  of  Tarquin  (1820) 
— this  is  the  tragedy  in  which  Edmund 
Kean  appeared  with  his  son  Charles  at 
Glasgow,  the  father  taking  "  Brutus " 
and  the  son  "  Titus."  Arnault  produced 
a  tragedy  in  French,  entitled  Lucrecc,  in 
1792  ;  and  Ponsard  in  1843.  Alfieri  has  a 
tragedy  called  Brutus,  on  the  same  sub- 
ject. It  also  forms  indirectly  the  subject 
of  one  of  the  lays  of  lord  Macaulay,  called 
The  Battle  of  the  Lake  Eegillus  (1842),  a 
battle  undertaken  by  the  Sabines  for  the 
restoration  of  Tarquin,  but  in  which  the 
king  and  his  two  sons  were  left  dead  upon 
the  field. 

Tarquinius  {Sextus)  having  vio- 
lated Lucretia,  wife  of  Tarquinius  Colla- 
tlnus,  caused  an  insurrection  in  Rome, 
whereb}'-  the  magistracy  of  kings  was 
changed  for  that  of  consuls. 

*^t*  A  parallel  case  is  given  in  Spanish 
history :  Roderick  the  Goth,  king  of 
Spain,  having  violated  Florinda  daugh- 
ter of  count  Julian,  was  the  cause  of 
Julian's  inviting  over  the  Moors,  who 
invaded  Spain,  drove  Roderick  from  the 
throne,  and  the  Gothic  dynasty  was  set 
aside  for  ever. 

Tartaro,  the  Basque  Cyclops ;  of 
giant  stature  and  cannibal  habits,  but  not 
without  a  rough  honhommie.  Intellectu- 
allj'  very  low  in  the  scale,  and  invariably 
beaten  in  all  contests  with  men.  Galled 
in  spirit  by  his  ill  success,  the  giant 
commits  suicide.  Tartaro,  the  son  of  a 
king,  was  made  a  monster  out  of  punish- 
ment, and  was  never  to  lose  his  deformity 
till  he  married.  One  day,  he  asked  a 
girl  to  be  his  bride,  and  on  being  refused, 
sent  her  "  a  talking  ring,"  which  talked 
without  ceasing  immediately  she  put  it 
on  ;  so  she  cut  off  her  finger  and  threw  it 


TARTLET. 


TATINUS. 


into  a  laTge  pond,  and  there  the  Tartaro 
drowned  himself.  —  Rev.  W.  Webster, 
Basque  Legends,  1-4  (1876). 

In  one  of  the  Basque  legends,  Tartaro 
is  represented  as  a  Polyphemos,  whose 
one  eye  is  bored  out  witlx  spits  Miade  red 
hot  by  some  seamen  who  had  wandered 
inadvertently  into  his  dwelling.  Like 
Ulysses,  tlie  leader  of  these  seamen  made 
his  escape  by  the  aid  of  a  ram,  but  with 
this  difference — he  did  not,  like  Ulysses, 
cling  to  the  ram's  belly,  but  fastened  the 
ram's  bell  round  his  neck  and  threw  a 
sheep-skin  over  his  shoulders.  When 
Tartaro  laid  hold  of  the  fugitive,  the  man 
escaped,  leaving  the  sheep-skiu  in  the 
giant's  hand. 

Tartlet  (27m),  servant  of  Mrs.  Patty- 
pan, io  whom  also  he  is  engaged  to  be 
married.  He  says,  "  I  loves  to  see  life, 
because  vy,  'tis  so  agreeable." — James 
Cobb,  The  First  Floor,  i.  2  (1756-1818). 

Tartuffe  (2  syl.),  the  chief  character 
and  title  of  a  comedy  by  Moliere  (1664). 
Tartuffe  is  a  religious  hypocrite  and  im- 
postor, who  uses  "  religion  "  as  the  means 
of  gaining  money,  covering  deceit,  and 
promoting  self-indulgence.  He  is  taken 
up  by  one  Orgon,  a  man  of  property, 
who  promises  him  his  daughter  in  mar- 
riage, but  his  true  character  being  ex- 
posed, he  is  not  only  turned  out  of  the 
house,  but  is  lodged  in  jail  for  felony. 

Isaac  Bickerstaff  has  adapted  Moliere's 
comedv  to  the  English  stage,  xmder  the 
title  of  The  Hi/pocrite  (1768).  Tartuffe 
he  calls  "  Dr.  Cantwell,"  and  Orgon  "  sir 
John  Lambert."  It  is  thought  that  "Tar- 
tuffe "  is  a  caricature  of  Pere  la  Chaise, 
the  confessor  of  Louis  XIV.,  who  was 
very  fond  of  truffles  (French,  tartujfes), 
and'  that  this  suggested  the  name  to  the 
dramatist. 

Tartuffe  (Raiser),  William  I.  the  king 
of  Prussia  and  emperor  of  Germanv 
(1797-        ). 

I  write  to  you,  my  dear  Augusta, 

To  say  we've  had  a  reg'lar  "  buster." 

Te»  tliousand  Frenclinieii  seas  l«low ; 

*'  Praise  God,  from  wlioni  all  blessings  flow." 

Punch  (during  the  Franco- Prusiian  war). 

Tartuffe  of  the  Revolution.  J. 
N.  Pache  is  so  called  by  Carlyle  (1740- 
1823). 

Swiss  Pache  sits  sleek-headed,  frugal,  the  wonder  of  hlg 
own  ally  for  humility  of  niiud.  ...  Sit  there,  Tartuffe, 
till  wanted.— Carlyle. 

Tasnar,  an  enchanter,  who  aided  the 
rebel  army  arraj^ed  against  Misnar  sultan 
of  Delhi.  A  female  slave  undertook  to 
kill  the  enchanter,  and  went  with  the 


sultan's  sanction  to  carry  out  her  promise. 
She  presented  herself  to  Tasnar  and  Ahu'- 
bal,  and  presented  papers  which  she  said 
she  had  stolen.  Tasnar,  suspecting  a  trick, 
ordered  her  to  be  bow-strung,  and  then 
detected  a  dagger  concealed  about  her 
person.  Tasnar  now  put  on  the  slave's 
dress,  and,  transformed  into  her  like- 
ness, went  to  the  sultan's  tent.  The  vizier 
commanded  the  supposed  slave  to  pros- 
trate "herself"  before  she  approached  the 
throne,  and  while  prostrate  he  cut  off 
"her"  head.  The  king  was  angry,  but 
the  vizier  replied,  "  This  is  not  the  slave, 
but  the  enchanter.  Fearing  this  might 
occur,  I  gave  the  slave  a  pass-word,  which 
this  deceiver  did  not  give,  and  was  thus 
betrayed.  So  perish  all  the  enemies  of 
Mahomet  and  Misnar  his  vicegerent  upon 
earth  !  "—Sir  C.  Morell  [J.  Ridley],  Tales 
of  the  Genii,  vi.  (1751). 

Tasnim,  a  fountain  in  Mahomet's 
paradise  ;  so  called  from  its  being  con- 
veyed to  the  verj"^  highest  apartments  of 
the  celestial  mansions. 

They  shall  drink  of  pure  wine  .  .  .  and  the  water 
mixed  therewith  shall  be  of  Tasnim,  a  fountain  whereof 
those  shall  drink  who  approach  near  unto  the  divine 
presence. — A I  Kor&n,  Ivi. 

Tasso  and  Leonora.  When  Tasso 
the  poet  lived  in  the  court  of  Alfonso 
II.  the  reigning  duke  of  Ferrara,  he  fell 
in  love  witli  Leonora  d'Este  (2  syl.)  the 
duke's  sister,  but  "  she  saw  it  not  or 
viewed  with  disdain"  his  passion,  and 
the  poet,  moneyless,  fled  half  mad  to 
Naples.  After  an  absence  of  two  years, 
in  which  the  poet  was  almost  starved  to 
death  by  extreme  poverty,  his  friends, 
together  with  Leonora,  induced  the  duke 
to  receive  him  back,  but  no  sooner  did  he 
reach  Ferrara  than  Alfonso  sent  him  to 
an  asylum,  and  here  he  was  kept  for 
seven  years,  when  he  was  liberated  by 
the  instigation  of  the  pope,  but  died  soon 
afterwards  (1544-1595). 

Taste,  a  farce  by  Foote  (1753),  to 
expose  the  imposition  of  picture-dealers 
and  sellers  of  virtu  generally. 

Tasting  Death.  The  rabbis  say 
there  are  three  drops  of  gall  on  the  sword 
of  death  :  one  drops  in  the  mouth  and  the 
man  dies  ;  from  the  second  the  pallor  of 
death  is  suffused;  from  the  tliird  the 
carcase  turns  to  dust.  —  Purch|S,  His 
Pilgrimage  (1613).  • 

Tati'nus,  a  Greek  who  joined  the 

crusaders  with  a  force  of  200  men  armed 

with  "  crooked  sabres  "  and  bows.    These 

Greeks,  like  the  Parthians,  were  famous 

3  B 


TATIUS. 


978 


TEARLESS  BATTLE. 


in  retreat,  but  when  a  drought  came  they 
all  sneaked  off  home. — Tasso,  Jerusalem 
Delivered,  xiii.  (1575). 

Tatius  {Achilles),  the  acolyte,  an 
officer  in  the  Varangian  guard. — Sir  W. 
i>cott,  Count  Revert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Tatlanthe  (3  syl.),  the  favourite  of 
Fadladinida  (queen  of  Queerummania  and 
wife  of  Chrononhotonthologos).  She  ex- 
tols the  warlike  deeds  of  the  king,  sup- 
posing the  queen  will  feel  flattered  by  her 
praises;  and  Fadladinida  exclaims,  "Art 
mad,  Tatlanthe?  Your  talk's  distaste- 
ful. .  .  .  You  are  too  pertly  lavish  in  his 
praise!"  She  then  guesses  that  the  queen 
loves  another,  and  says  to  herself,  "I 
Bee  that  I  must  tack  about,"  and  happen- 
ing to  mention  "the  captive  king,"  Fad- 
ladinida exclaims,  "That's  he!  that's  he  ! 
that's  he  !  I'd  die  ten  thousand  deaths  to 
set  him  free."  Ultimately,  the  queen  pro- 
mises marriage  to  both  the  captive  king 
and  Rigdum-Funnidos  "to  make  matters 
easy."  Then,  turning  to  her  favourite, 
she  says  : 

And  now,  Tatlanthe,  thou  art  all  my  care ; 
Where  shall  I  find  thee  such  another  pair? 
Pity  that  you,  whoVe  served  so  long  and  well. 
Should  die  a  virgin  and  lead  apes  in  hell. 
Choose  for  yourself,  dear  girl,  our  empire  round ; 
Your  portion  is  twelve  hundred  thousand  pound. 

H.  Carey,  Chrononhoto7Uholofjos  (1734). 

Tattle,  a  man  who  ruins  characters  by 
innuendo,  and  so  denies  a  scandal  as  to 
confirm  it.  He  is  a  mixture  of  "  lying, 
foppery,  vanity,  cowardice,  bragging, 
licentiousness,  and  ugliness,  but  a  pro- 
fessed beau"  (act  i.).  Tattle  is  entrapped 
into  marriage  with  Mrs.  Frail. — Congreve, 
Love  for  Love  (1695). 

*^*  "  Mrs.  Candour,"  in  Sheridan's 
School  for  Scandal  (1777),  is  a  Tattle  in 
petticoats. 

Tattycoram,  a  handsome  girl,  with 
lustrous  dark  hair  and  ej^es,  who  dressed 
very  neatly.  She  was  taken  from  the 
Foundling  Hospital  (London)  by  Mr. 
Meagles  to  wait  upon  his  daughter.  She 
was  called  in  the  hospital  Harriet  Beadle. 
Harriet  was  changed  first  to  Hatt}'',  then 
to  Tatty,  and  Coram  was  added  because 
the  Foundling  stands  in  Coram  Street. 
She  was  most  impulsively  passionate, 
and  when  excited  had  no  control  over 
herself.  Miss  Wade  enticed  her  away 
for  a^ne,  but  afterwards  she  returned 
to  he^irst  friends. — C.  Dickens,  Little 
Lor r it  (1857). 

Tavern  of  Europe  (The).  Paris 
was  called  by  prince  Bismark,  Le  Cabaret 
4e  V  Europe, 


Tawny  (The).  Alexandre  Bonvici'no 
the  historian  was  called  Jl  Moretto  (1514- 
1564). 

Tawny  Coats,  sumpners,  apparitors, 
officers  whose  business  it  was  to  summon 
offenders  to  the  courts  ecclesiastical, 
attendants  on  bishops. 

The  bishop  of  London  met  him  attended  on  by  a 
goodly  company  of  gentlemen  in  tawny  coats.— Stow, 
ChronicUi  of  England,  SJS  (15G1). 

Taylor,  "  the  water-poet."  He 
wrote  four  score  books,  but  never  learnt 
"  so  much  as  the  accidents  "  (1580-1654). 

Taylor,  their  better  Charon,  lends  an  oar. 
Once  Swan  of  Thames,  tho'  now  he  sings  no  more. 
Pope,  The  Dunciad.  iii.  19  (1728). 

Taylor  {Dr.  Chevalier  John).  He 
called  himself  "  Opthalminator,  Ponti- 
ficial.  Imperial,  and  Royal."  lie  died 
1767.  Hogarth  has  introduced  him  in 
his  famous  picture  "  The  Undertaker's 
Arms."  He  is  one  of  the  three  figures 
atop,  to  the  left  hand  of  the  spectator ; 
the  other  two  are  Mrs.  Mapp  and  Dr. 
Ward. 

Teacher  of  Germany  {The), 
Philip  Melancihon,  the  reformer  (1497- 
1560). 

Teachwell  {Mrs.),  a  pseudonym  of 
lady  EUinor  Fenn,  wife  of  sir  John 
Fenn,  of  East  Dereham,  Norfolk. 

Teague  (1  syl.),  an  Irish  lad,  taken 
into  the  service  of  colonel  Careless,  a 
royalist,  whom  he  serves  with  exemplary 
fidelity.  He  is  always  blundering,  and 
always  brewing  mischief,  Avith  the  most 
innocent  intentions.  His  bulls  and 
blunders  are  amusing  and  characteristic. 
— Sir  Robert  Howard,  The  Committee 
(1670),  altered  by  T.  Knight  into  The 
Honest  Thieves. 

Who  .  .  .  has  not  a  recollection  of  the  incom- 
parable Johnstone  [Irish  Johnstone]  in  "Teague,"  pic- 
turesquely draped  in  his  blanket,  and  pouring  forth  his 
exquisite  humour  and  mellifluous  brogue  in  equal  measure. 
—Mrs.  C.  Mathews,  Tea  Table  Talk. 

*^t*  The  anecdote  of  Munden,  as 
"  Obadiah,"  when  Johnstone,  as ' '  Teague," 
poured  a  bottle  of  lamp  oil  down  his 
throat  instead  of  sherry-and-water,  is  one 
of  the  raciest  ever  told.    (See  Obadiah.) 

Tearless  Battle  (The),  a  battle 
fought  B.C.  367,  between  the  Lace- 
daemonians and  the  combined  armies  of 
ihe  Arcadians  and  Argives  (2  syl.).  Not 
one  of  the  Spartans  fell,  so  that,  as 
Plutarch  says,  they  called  it  "  The  Tear- 
less Battle." 

*^*  Not  one  was  killed  in  the  Abyssinian 
expedition  under  sir  R.  Napier  (1867-8), 


TEAKS— AMBER. 


979 


TELEMACHOS. 


Tears — Amber.  The  tears  shed  by 
the  sisters  of  Pha'eton  were  converted 
into  amber. — Greek  Fable. 

Accordini?  to  Pliny  {Natural  History, 
XXX vii.  2,  11),  amber  is  a  concretion  of 
birds'  tears,  but  the  birds  were  the  sisters 
of  IMeleager,  who  never  ceased  weeping 
for  his  untimely  death. 

Tearsheet  (Doll),  a  common  cour- 
tezan.—  Shakespeare,  2  Jlenry  IV, 
(1598). 

Teazle  {Sir  Peter),  a  man  who,  in 
old  age,  married  a  country  girl  that 
proved  extravagant,  fond  of  pleasure, 
selfish,  and  vain.  Sir  Peter  was  for  ever 
nagging  at  her  for  her  inferior  birth  and 
rustic  ways,  but  secretly  loving  her  and 
admiring  her  naivete.  He  says  to  Row- 
ley, *'I  am  the  sweetest-tempered  man 
alive,  and  hate  a  teasing  temper,  and  so 
I  tell  her  ladyship  a  hundred  times  a 
day." 

No  one  could  deliver  such  a  dialogue  as  is  found  in  "«ir 
Peter  Teazle  "  wiUi  sucli  point  as  T.  King  [1730-1805].  He 
excelieJ  in  a  quiet,  sententious  manner  of  speecii.  Tliere 
was  an  epigraniinatic  style  in  everything  he  uttered.  His 
voice  was  musical,  his  action  slow,  his  countenance  benig- 
nant and  yet  firm.— Watkins,  Life  of  Sheridan  (1817). 

Lady  Teazle,  a  lively,  innocent,  coun- 
try maiden,  who  married  sir  Peter,  old 
enough  to  be  her  grandfather.  Planted 
in  London  in  the  whirl  of  the  season, 
she  formed  a  liaison  with  Joseph  Surface, 
but  being  saved  from  disgrace,  repented 
and  reformed. — R.  B.  Sheridan,  School 
for  Scandal  (1777). 

On  April  7, 1797,  Miss  Farren,  about  to  marry  the  earl  of 
Derby,  took  lier  final  leave  of  the  stage  in  tlie  cliaracter 
of  "  lady  Teazle."  Her  concluding  words  were  ajjplicable 
la  a  very  remarkable  degree  to  herself :  "  Let  me  renuest, 
lady  Sneerwell,  that  you  will  make  my  respects  to  the 
scandalous  college  of  wliich  yon  are  a  member,  and  inform 
tlieni  tliat  lady  Teazle,  licentiate,  begs  leave  to  return  the 
di|ilonia  they  granted  her,  as  stie  now  leaves  off  practice, 
and  kills  characters  no  longer."  A  passionate  hurst  of  tears 
liere  revealed  tiie  sensibility  of  the  speaker,  while  a 
stunning  burst  of  applause  followed  from  the  audience, 
and  the  curtain  was  drawn  down  upon  the  play,  for  no 
more  would  be  listened  to.— Mrs.  C.  Mathews. 

Teeth.  Rigord,  an  historian  of  the 
thirteenth  century,  tells  that  when  Chos- 
roes  the  Persian  carried  away  the  true 
cross  discovered  by  St.  HelSna,  the 
number  of  teeth  in  the  human  race  was 
reduced.  Before  that  time  Christians 
were  furnished  with  thirty  and  in  some 
cases  with  thirty-two  teeth,  but  since  then 
no  human  being  has  had  more  than 
twenty-three  teeth.— See  Historiens  de 
France,  xviii. 

*^*  The  normal  number  of  teeth  is 
thirty-two  still.  This  "historic  fact"  is 
of  a  piece  with  that  which  ascribes  to 
woman  one  rib  more  than  to  man  {Gen. 
ii.  2J,  22). 


Teetotal.  The  origin  of  this  word 
is  ascribed  to  Richard  {Dicky)  Turner, 
who,  in  addressing  a  temperance  meeting 
in  September,  1833,  reduplicated  the  word 
total  to  give  it  emphasis  :  "  We  not  only 
want  total  abstinence,  we  want  more,  we 
want  t-total  abstinence."  The  novelty 
and  force  of  the  expression  took  the 
meeting  by  storm. 

It  is  not  correct  to  ascribe  the  Avord  to 
Mr.  Swindlehurst  of  Preston,  who  is 
erroneously  said  to  have  stuttered. 

Te'ian  Muse,  Anacreon,  bom  at 
Teios,  in  Ionia,  and  called  by  Ovid 
{Tristia,  ii.  364)  Te'ia  Musa  (b.c.  663- 
478). 

The  Scian  and  the  Telan  Muse  .  .  .  [Simonides  and 

A  nncreon  ] 
Have  found  the  fame  your  shores  refuse. 
Byron,  Oon  Juan,  iii.  86  ("The  Isles  of  Greece,"  1820). 

*4f,*  Probably  Byron  meant  Simonides 
of  Ceos.  Horace  {CarmXna,  ii.  1,  38) 
speaks  of  "  Cese  munera  neniae,"  meaning 
Simonides  ;  but  Scios  or  Scio  properly 
means  Chios,  one  of  the  seven  places 
wJiich  laid  claim  to  Homer.  Both  Ceos 
and  Chios  are  isles  of  Greece. 

Tei'lo  ('S'^.))  ^  Welsh  saint,  who  took 
an  active  part  against  the  Pelagian 
heresy.  When  he  died,  three  cities  con- 
tended for  his  body,  but  happily  the 
strife  was  ended  by  the  multiplication  of 
the  dead  body  into  three  St.  Teilos. 
Capgrave  insists  that  the  ipsissime  body 
was  possessed  by  Llandaff.  —  Fnylish 
Martyrology. 

Teirtu's  Harp,  which  played  of 
itself,  merely  by  being  asked  to  do  so, 
and  when  desired  to  cease  playing  did 
so. —  The  Alahinogion  ("Kilhwch  and 
Olwen,"  twelfth  century). 

St.  Dunstan's  harp  discoursed  most 
enchanting  music  without  being  struck 
by  any  player. 

The  harp  of  the  giant,  in  the  tale  of 
Jack  and  the  Bean- Stalk,  played  of  itself. 
In  one  of  the  old  Welsh  tales,  the  dwarf 
named  Dewryn  Fychan  stole  from  a 
giant  a  similar  harp. 

Telemachos,  the  only  son  of 
Ulysses  and  PenelGpe.  V.^hen  Ulysses 
had  been  absent  from  home  nearly  twenty 
years,  Telemachos  went  to  P>lo3  and 
Sparta  to  gain  information  about  him. 
Nestor  received  him  hospitably  at,Pylos, 
and  sent  him  to  Sparta,  Avhere  Bienelaos 
told  him  the  prophecy  of  Proteus  (2  syl.) 
concerning  Ulysses.  He  then  returned 
home,  where  he  found  his  father,  and 
assisted    him    in    slaying    the    suitors. 


TELEMAQUE. 


980 


TELL. 


Telemachos  was  accompanied  in  his 
voyage  by  the  f^oddess  of  wisdom,  under 
the  form  of  ]\Ientor,  one  of  his  fatlier's 
friends.  (See  Telemaque.)  —  Greek 
Fable. 

Telemaque  {Les  Aventures  de),  a 
French  prose  epic,  in  twenty-four  books, 
by  Fo'nolon  (1699).  The  first  six  books 
contain  the  story  of  the  hero's  adventures 
told  to  Calypso,  as  ^.ncas  told  the  story 
of  the  burning  of  Troy  and  his  travels 
from  Troy  to  Carthage  to  queen  Dido. 
Tele'maque  says  to  the  goddess  that  he 
started  with  Mentor  from  IthSca  in 
search  of  his  father,  who  had  been  absent 
from  home  for  nearly  twenty  years.  He 
first  went  to  inquire  of  old  Nestor  if  he 
could  give  him  any  information  on  the 
subject,  and  Nestor  told  him  to  go  to 
Sparta,  and  have  an  interview  with 
Mcnelaos.  On  leaving  Lacedaemonia,  he 
got  shipwrecked  off  the  coast  of  Sicily, 
but  was  kindly  entreated  by  king 
Acestes,  who  furnished  him  with  a  ship 
to  take  him  home  (bk.  i.).  This  ship 
fell  into  the  hands  of  some  Egyptians ; 
he  was  parted  from  Mentor,  and 
sent  to  feed  sheep  in  Egypt.  King 
Sesostris,  conceiving  a  high  opinion  of 
the  young  man,  would  have  sent  him 
home,  but  died,  and  Te'lc'maque  was  in- 
carcerated bj'^  his  successor  in  a  dungeon 
overlooking  the  sea  (bk.  ii.).  After  a  time, 
he  was  released,  and  sent  to  Tyre.  Here 
he  would  have  been  put  to  death  by 
Pygmalion,  had  he  not  been  rescued  by 
Astarbe,  the  king's  mistress  (bk.  iii.). 
Again  he  embarked,  reached  Cyprus,  and 
sailed  thence  to  Crete.  In  this  passage  he 
saw  Amphitrlte,  the  wife  of  the  sea-god,  in 
her  magnificent  chariot  drawn  by  sea- 
horses (bk.  iv.).  On  landing  in  Crete,  he 
was  told  the  tale  of  king  IdomSneus  (4 
s?/?.),  who  made  a  vow  if  he  reached  home 
in  safety  after  the  siege  of  Troy,  that  he 
would  offer  in  sacrifice  the  first  living 
being  thai  came  to  meet  him.  This 
happened  to  be  his  own  son  ;  but  when 
Idomeneus  proceeded  to  do  according  to 
his  vow,  the  Cretans  were  so  indignant 
that  they  drove  him  from  the  island. 
Being  without  a  ruler,  the  islanders  asked 
Telemaque  to  be  their  king  (bk.  v.). 
This  he  declined,  but  Mentor  advised  the 
Cretans  to  place  the  reins  of  government 
in  the  hands  of  Aristodemos.  On  leav- 
ing Crete,  the  vessel  was  again  wrecked, 
and  Te'le'maque  with  Mentor  was  cast  on 
the  island  of  Calypso  (bk.  vi.).  Here 
the  narrative  closes,  and  the  rest  of  the 
gtory    gives    the    several  adventures  of 


Te'lc'maque  from  this  point  till  he  reaches 
Ithaca.  Calypso,  having  fallen  in  love 
with  the  young  prince,  tried  to  detain 
him  in  her  island,  and  even  burnt  the 
ship  which  Mentor  had  built  to  carry 
them  home ;  but  Mentor,  determined  to 
quit  fhe  island,  threw  Telemaque  from  a 
crag  into  the  sea,  and  then  leaped  in  after 
him.  They  had  now  to  swim  for  their 
lives,  and  they  kept  themselves  afloat  till 
they  were  picked  up  by  some  Tyrians 
(bk.  vii.).  The  captain  of  the  ship  was 
very  friendly  to  Telemaque,  and  promised 
to  take  him  with  his  friend  to  Ithaca,  but 
the  pilot  by  mistake  landed  them  on 
Salentum  (bk.  ix.).  Here  Te'le'maque, 
being  told  that  his  father  was  dead,  deter- 
mined to  go  down  to  the  infernal  regions 
to  see  him  (bk.  xviii.).  In  hades  he  was 
informed  that  Ulysses  was  still  alive 
(bk.  xix.).  So  he  returned  to  the  upper 
earth  (bk.  xxii.),  embarked  again,  and 
this  time  reached  Ithaca,  where  he  found 
his  father,  and  Mentor  left  him. 

Tell  (Gufjlielmo  or  William),  chief  of 
the  confederates  of  the  forest  cantons 
of  Switzerland,  and  son-in-law  of 
"Walter  Furst.  Having  refused  to  salute 
the  Austrian  cap  Avhich  Cessler,  .the 
Austrian  governor,  had  set  up  in  the 
market-place  of  Altorf,  he  was  con- 
demned to  shoot  an  apple  from  the  head 
of  his  own  son.  He  succeeded  in  this 
perilous  task,  but  letting  fall  a  concealed 
arrow,  was  asked  by  Gessler  with  what 
object  he  had  secreted  it.  "  To  kill  thee, 
tyrant,"  he  replied,  *.'  if  I  had  failed." 
The  governor  now  ordered  him  to  be 
carried  in  chains  across  the  lake  Lucerne 
to  Kussnacht  Castle,  "there  to  be  de- 
voured alive  by  reptiles  ;  "  but,  a  violent 
storm  having  arisen  on  the  lake,  he  was 
unchained,  that  he  might  take  the  helm. 
Gessler  was  on  board,  and  when  the 
vessel  neared  the  castle.  Tell  leapt 
ashore,  gave  the  boat  a  push  into  the 
lake,  and  shot  the  governor.  After  this 
he  liberated  his  country  from  the 
Austrian  yoke  (1307). 

This  story  of  William  Tell  is  told  of  a 
host  of  persons.  For  example :  Egil, 
the  brother  of  Wayland  Smith,  was  com- 
manded by  king  Nidung  to  shoot  an 
apple  from  the  head  of  his  son.  Egil,  like 
Tell,  took  two  arrows,  and  being  asked 
why,  replied,  as  Tell  did  to  Gessler, 
"  To  shoot  thee,  tyrant,  if  I  fail  in  my 
task." 

A  similar  story  is  told  of  Olaf  and 
Eindridi,  in  Norway.  King  Olaf  dared 
Eindridi  to  a  trial  of  skill.    An  apple 


TELL. 


981 


TEMORA. 


was  placed  on  the  head  of  Eindridi's  son, 
and  the  king  shooting  at  it  grazed  the 
boy's  head,  but  the  fatlier  carried  oflf  the 
apple  clean.  Eindridi  had  concealed  an 
arrow  to  aim  at  the  king,  if  the  boy  had 
been  injured. 

Another  Norse  tale  is  told  of  Hemingr 
and  Harald  son  of  Sigurd  (1006).  After 
various  trials  of  skill,  Harald  told  Hemingr 
to  shoot  a  nut  from  the  head  of  Bjorn, 
his  young  brother.  In  this  he  succeeded, 
not  with  an  arrow,  but  with  a  spear. 

A  similar  tale  is  related  of  Geyti,  son 
of  Aslak,  and  the  same  Harald.  The 
place  of  trial  was  the  Faroe  Isles.  In 
this  case  also  it  was  a  nut  placed  on  the 
head  of  Bjorn. 

Saxo  GrammatTcus  tells  nearly  the 
same  story  of  Toki,  the  Danish  liero,  and 
Harald  ;  but  in  this  trial  of  skill  Toki 
killed  Harald. — Danorum  Hegum  Heroum- 
quc  Historia  (1514). 

Reginald  Scot  says  that  Puncher  shot 
a  penny  placed  on  his  son's  head,  but 
made  ready  another  arrow  to  slaj'^  the 
duke  Renigrave  who  had  set  him  the 
task  (1584). 

*^*  It  is  said  of  Domitian,  the  Roman 
emperor,  that  if  a  boy  held  up  his  hands 
with  the  fingers  spread,  he  could  shoot 
eight  arrows  in  succession  through  the 
spaces  without  touching  one  of  the 
fingers. 

William  of  Cloudesley,  to  show  the  king 
his  skill  in  shooting,  bound  his  eldest 
son  to  a  stake,  put  an  apple  on  his  head, 
and,  at  the  distance  of  300  feet,  cleft  the 
apple  in  two  without  touching  the  boy. 

I  have  a  son  is  seven  year  old. 

He  is  to  me  full  dear, 
I  will  lijjii  tye  to  a  stake  .  .  . 
And  l.'iy  an  apple  upon  his  head, 

And  go  six  score  paces  hyin  fro. 
And  I  myselfe  with  a  broad  arrow 

Will  cleve  the  apple  in  two. 

Percy,  Beliquet. 

Similar  feats  of  skill  are  told  of  Adam 
Bell  and  Clym  of  the  Clough. 

In  Altorf  market-place,  the  spot  is 
Btill  pointed  out  where  Tell  shot  the 
apple  from  his  son's  head,  and  a  plaster 
statue  stands  where  the  patriot  stood 
when  he  took  his  aim. 

See  Roman  fire  in  Hampden's  bosom  swell, 
And  fate  and  freedom  in  the  sliaft  of  Tell. 

Campbell,  Pleasures  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

***  The  legend  of  William  Tell  has 
furnished  Florian  with  the  subject  of  a 
novel  in  French  (1788)  ;  A.  M.  Lemierre 
with  his  tragedy  of  Guillaume  Tell  (17(36); 
Schiller  witli  a  tragedy  in  German,  Wii- 
hdm  21'// (1804)  ;  Knowles  with  a  tragedy 
in    English,    William  Tell    (1840);    and 


Rossini     with    the    opera    of  Guqlielmo 
Tell,  in  Italian  (1829). 

Macready's  performance  in  Tell  \Knowleis  drama\  is 
always  first  rate.  No  actor  ever  affected  me  more  than 
Miicready  did  in  some  Kenes  of  that  play  U7y3-18r3J.— 
S.  Rogers. 

Tellus's  Son,  Antseos  son  of  Posei'- 
don  and  Ge,  a  giant  wrestler  of  Lib'ya, 
whose  strength  was  irresistible  so  long  as 
he  touched  his  mother  {earth).  Hercules, 
knowing  this,  lifted  him  into  the  air,  and 
crushed  him  to  death.  Near  the  town  of 
Tingis,  in  Mauritania,  is  a  hill  in  the  shape 
of  a  man  called  "  The  Hill  of  Antaeos,"  and 
said  to  be  his  tomb. 

So  some  have  feigned  that  Tellus'  giant  son 

Drew  many  new-born  lives  from  his  dead  mother; 
Another  rose  as  soon  as  one  was  done. 

And  twenty  lost,  yet  still  remained  another. 
For  wlien  he  fell  and  kissed  tlie  barren  heath, 
His  parent  straight  inspired  successive  breath, 
And  tho'  herself  was  dead,  yet  ransomed  him  from  death. 
Phineas  Fletcher,  The  Purple  Jsland,  ix.  (1633). 

*^*  Similarly,  Bernardo  del  Carpio 
lifted  Orlando  in  his  arms,  and  squeezed 
him  to  death,  because  his  body  was  proof 
against  any  instrument  of  war. 

Te'mir,  i.e.  Tamerlane.  The  word 
occurs  in  Paradise  Lost,  xi.  389  (1666). 

Temliha,  king  of  the  serpents,  in  the 
island  of  serpents.  King  Temliha  was 
"  a  small  yellow  serpent,  of  a  glowing 
colour,"  with  the  gift  of  human  speech, 
like  the  serpent  which  tempted  Eve. — 
Comtede  Caylus,  Oriental  Ta/es(" History 
of  Aboutaleb,"  1743). 

Tein'ora,  in  Ulster,  the  palace  of 
the  Caledonian  kings  in  Ireland.  The 
southern  kingdom  was  that  of  the  Fir- 
bolg  or  Belgae  from  South  Britain,  whose 
seat  of  government  was  at  Atha,  in 
Connaught. 

Tem'ora,  the  longest  of  the  Ossianic 
prose-poems,  in  eight  books.  The  sub- 
ject is  the  dethronement  of  the  kings  of 
Connaught,  and  consolidation  of  the  two 
Irish  kingdoms  in  that  of  Ulster.  It 
must  be  borne  in  mind  that  there  were 
two  colonies  in  Ireland — one  the  Fir- 
bolg  or  British  Belgae,  settled  in  the 
south,  whose  king  was  called  the  "  lord 
of  Atha,"  from  Atha,  in  Connaught,  the 
seat  of  government ;  and  the  other  the 
Cael,  from  Caledonia,  in  Scotland,  whose 
seat  of  government  was  Temora,  in 
Ulster.  When  Crothar  was  "  lord  of 
Atha,"  he  wished  to  unite  the  two 
kingdoms,  and  with  this  view  carried  off 
Conlama,  only  child  of  the  rival  king, 
and  married  her.  The  Caledonians  of 
Scotland     interfered,    and     Conar    the 


TEMPE. 


982 


TEMPLE. 


brother  of  Fingal  was  sent  with  an  army 
against  the  usurper,  conquered  him, 
reduced  the  south  to  a  tributary  state, 
and  restored  in  his  own  person  the 
kingdom  of  Ulster.  After  a  few  years, 
Cormac  II.  (a  minor)  became  king  of 
Ulster  and  over-lord  of  Connaught.  The 
Fir-bolg  seizing  this  opportunity  of  re- 
volt, Cairbar  "lord  of  Atha"  threw  ofE 
his  subjection,  and  murdered  the  young 
king  in  his  palace  of  Temora.  Fingal 
interfered  in  behalf  of  the  Gaels  ;  but  no 
sooner  had  he  landed  in  Ireland,  than 
Cairbar  invited  Oscar  (Fingal's  grandson) 
to  a  banquet,  picked  a  quarrel  with  him 
in  the  banquet  hall,  and  both  fell  dead, 
each  by  the  other's  hand.  On  the  death 
of  Cairbar,  Foldath  became  leader  of  the 
Fir-bolg,  but  was  slain  by  Fillan  son  of 
Fingal.  Fillan,  in  turn,  was  slain  by 
Clathmor  brother  of  Cairbar.  Fingal 
now  took  the  lead  of  his  army  in  person, 
slew  Clathmor,  reduced  the  Fir-bolg  to 
submission,  and  placed  on  the  throne 
Ferad-Artho,  the  only  surviving  des- 
cendant of  Conar  (first  of  the  kings  of 
Ulster  of  Caledonian  race). 

Tempe  (2  syl.),  a  valley  in  Greece, 
between  mount  Olympus  and  mount 
Ossa.  The  word  was  employed  by  the 
Greek  and  Roman  poets  as  a  synonym 
for  an}^  valley  noted  for  its  cool  shades, 
singing  birds,  and  romantic  scener3\ 

They  would  have  thought,  who  heanl  tjie  strain, 
They  saw  in  Tempi's  vale  her  native  muids. 
Amidst  the  fe:jtal-sounding  shades 
To  some  unwejiiied  niinstiel  dancing. 

Collins,  Ode  to  the  Passiont  (1746). 

Tempest  {The)^  a  drama  by  Shake- 
speare (1609).  Prospero  and  his  daughter 
Miranda  lived  on  a  desert  island,  en- 
chanted by  Sycorax  who  was  dead.  The 
only  other  inhabitants  were  Caliban, 
the  son  of  Sycorax,  a  strange  misshapen 
thing  like  a  gorilla,  and  Ariel  a  sprite, 
who  had  been  imprisoned  by  Sycorax 
for  twelve  years  in  the  rift  of  a  pine 
tree,  from  which  Prospero  set  him  free. 
One  day,  Prospero  saw  a  ship  off  the 
island,  and  raised  a  tempest  to  wreck  it. 
Bythismeans,  hisbrother  An  thonio,  prince 
Ferdinand,  and  the  king  of  Naples  were 
brought  to  the  island.  Now  it  must  be 
known  that  Prospero  was  once  duke  of 
Milan;  but  his  brother  Anthonio,  aided 
by  the  king  of  Naples,  had  usurped  the 
throne,  and  set  Prospero  and  Miranda 
adrift  in  a  small  boat,  which  was  wind- 
driven  to  this  des^irt  island.  Ferdinand 
(son  of  the  king  of  Naples)  and  Miranda 
fell  in  love  with  each  other,  and  the 
rest    of    the  shipwrecked    party    being 


brought  together  by  Ariel,  Anthonio  asked 
forgiveness  of  his  brother,  Prospero  was 
restored  to  his  dukedom,  and  the  whole 
party  was  conducted  by  Ariel  with  pros- 
perous breezes  back  to  Italy. 

*4c*  Dryden  has  a  drama  called  Hie 
Tempest  (16G8). 

Tempest  (The),  a  sobriquet  of  marshal 
Junot,  one  of  Napoleon's  generals,  noted 
for  his  martial  impetuosity  (1771-1813). 

Tempest  (The  Hon.  Mr.),  late  governor 
of  Senegambia.  He  was  the  son  of  lord 
Hurricane ;  impatient,  irascible,  head- 
strong, and  poor.  He  says  he  never  was 
in  smooth  water  since  he  was  bom,  for 
being  only  a  yoimger  son,  his  father  gave 
him  no  education,  taught  him  nothing, 
and  then  buffeted  him  for  being  a  dunce. 

First  I  was  turned  nto  the  army ;  there  I  got  broken 
bones  and  empty  pockets.  Then  I  was  banished  to  the 
coast  of  Africa,  to  govern  the  savages  of  Seuegumbia.— 
Act  ii.  1. 

Miss  Emily  [^Tempesf],  daughter  of  Mr. 
Tempest ;  a  great  wit  of  very  lively 
parts.  Her  father  wanted  her  to  marry 
sir  David  Daw,  a  great  lout  with  plenty 
of  money,  but  she  fixed  her  heart  on 
captain  Henry  Woodville,  the  son  of  a 
man  ruined  by  gambling.  The  prospect 
Avas  not  cheering,  but  Penruddock  came 
forward,  and  by  making  them  rich,  made 
them  happy. — Cumberland,  The  Wheel 
of  Fortune  (1779). 

Tempest  {Lady  Betty),  a  lady  with 
beauty,  fortune,  and  family,  whose  head 
was  turned  by  plays  and  romances.  She 
fancied  a  plain  man  no  better  than  a  fool, 
and  resolved  to  marry  only  a  gay, 
fashionable,  dashing  young  spark.  Hav- 
ing rejected  many  offers  because  the 
suitor  did  not  come  up  to  her  ideal,  she 
was  gradually  left  in  the  cold.  Now  she 
is  company  only  for  aunts  and  cousins, 
in  ball-rooms  is  a  wallflower,  and  in 
society  generally  is  esteemed  a  piece  of 
fashionable  lumber. — Goldsmith,  A  Citi- 
zen of  the  World,  xxviii.  (1769). 

Templars  (Knights),  an  order  of 
knighthood  founded  in  1118  for  the 
defence  of  the  Temple  in  Jerusalem. 
Dissolved  in  1312,  and  their  lands,  etc., 
transferred  to  the  Hospitallers.  They 
wore  a  white  robe  with  a  7-ed  cross  ;  but  the 
Hospitallers  a  black  robe  with  a  white 
cross. 

Temple  ( The).  When  Solomon  was 
dying,  he  prayed  that  he  might  remain 
standing  till  tiie  Temple  was  completely 
finished.     The  prayer  was  granted,  and 


TEMPLE. 


983 


TERENCE  OF  ENGLAND. 


he  remained  leaning  on  his  staff  till  the 
Temple  Avas  finished,  when  the  staff  was 
gnawed  through  by  a  worm,  and  the  dead 
body  fell  to  the  ground. — Charles  White, 
I'he  Cashmere  Shawl. 

Temple  (Launcelot),  the  nom  de  plume 
of  John  Armstrong,  the  poet  (1709-1779). 

Temple  Bar,  called  "  The  City 
Golgotha,"  because  the  heads  of  traitors, 
etc.,  were  at  one  time  exposed  there  after 
decapitation.  The  Bar  was  removed  in 
1878. 

Templeton  {Lawence)^  the  pseu- 
donym under  which  sir  "VV.  Scott  pub- 
lished Ivanhoe.  The  preface  is  initialed 
L.  T.,  and  the  dedication  is  to  the  Kev. 
Dr.  Dryasdust  (1820). 

Ten  Animals  in  Paradise  (The). 
According  to  Mohammedan  belief,  ten 
animals,  besides  man,  are  admitted  into 
heaven :  (1)  Kratim,  Ketmir,  or  Catnier, 
the  dog  of  the  seven  sleepers ;  (2)  Ba- 
laam's ass ;  (3)  Solomon's  ant ;  (4) 
Jonah's  whale ;  (6)  the  calf  {sic]  offered 
to  Jehovah  by  Abraham  in  lieu  of  Isaac  ; 
(6)  the  ox  of  Moses  ;  (7)  the  camel  of 
the  prophet  Salech  or  Saloh  ;  (8)  the 
cuckoo  of  Belkis  ;  (9)  Ismael's  ram  ;  and 
(10)  Al  Borak,  the  animal  which  con- 
veyed Mahomet  to  heaven. 

There  is  diversity  in  some  lists  of  the 
ten  animals.  Some  substitute  for  Ba- 
laam's ass  the  ass  of  Aazis,  Balkis,  or 
Maqueda,  queen  of  Sheba,  who  went  to 
visit  Solomon.  And  some,  but  these 
can  hardly  be  Mohammedans,  think  the 
ass  on  wiiich  Christ  rode  to  Jerusalem 
should  not  be  forgotten.  But  none  seem 
inclined  to  increase  the  number. 

TenConimandments(^  Woman's), 
the  two  hands  with  which  she  scratches 
the  faces  of  those  who  offend  her. 

Could  I  come  near  your  beauty  with  my  nails, 
I'd  Get  my  teit  fommaudnieiits  in  your  face. 

Sliakesiicare,  2  Jlenry  VI.  act  i.  sc.  3  (1591), 

Tenantius,  the  father  of  Cymbeline 
and  nephew  of  Cassibelan.  He  Avas  the 
younger  son  of  Lud  king  of  the  southern 
part  of  Britain.  On  the  death  of  Lud, 
nis  younger  brother  Cassibelan  succeeded, 
and  on  the  death  of  Cassibelan  the  crown 
came  to  Tenantius,  who  refused  to  pay 
the  tribute  to  Rome  exacted  from  Cassi- 
belan on  his  defeat  by  Julius  Caesar, 

Tendo  Achillis,  a  strong  sinew 
mning  along  the  heel  to  the  calf  of  the 
So  called  because  it  was  the  only 
Inerable  part  of  Achilles.      The  tale  is 


that  Thetis  held  him  by  the  heel  when 
she  dipped  him  in  the  Styx,  in  conse- 
quence of  which  the  water  did  not  wet 
the  child's  heel.  The  story  is  post- 
Homeric. 

Tenglio,  a  river  of  Lapland,  on  the 
banks  of  which  roses  grow. 

I  was  surprised  to  see  upon  the  banks  of  this  river  [Uis 
TengHo]  roses  as  lovely  a  red  as  any  that  are  :jj  our  own 
gardens.  —  Mons.  de  Maupertuis,  Voyagt  an  Cercle 
Folaire  {1738). 

Teniers  (The  English),  George  Mcr- 
land  (1763-1804). 

Teniers  (The  Scottish),  sir  David 
Wilkie  (1785-1841). 

Teniers  of  Comedy  (The),  Florent 
Carton  Dancourt  (lGGl-1726). 

Tennis-Bali  of  Fortune  (Tlie), 
Pertinax,  the  Roman  emperor.  He  was 
first  a  charcoal-seller,  then  a  school- 
master, then  a  soldier,  then  an  emperor  ; 
but  within  three  montlis  he  was  dethroned 
and  murdered  (126-193 ;  reigned  from 
January  1  to  March  28,  a.d.  193). 

Tent  (Prince  Ahmed's),  a  tent  given 
to  him  by  the  fairy  Pari-Banou.  It 
would  cover  a  whole  army,  yet  would 
fold  up  into  so  small  a  compass  that  it 
might  be  carried  in  one's  pocket. — Ara^ 
bian  Nights. 

Solomon's  carpet  of  green  silk  was 
large  enough  to  afford  standing  room  for 
a  whole  army,  but  might  be  carried  about 
like  a  pocket-handkerchief. 

The  ship  Skidbladnir  would  hold  all  the 
deities  of  Valhalla,  but  might  be  folded 
up  like  a  roll  of  parchment. 

Bayard,  the  horse  of  the  four  sons  of 
A3'mon,  grew  larger  or  smaller,  as  one  or 
more  of  the  four  sons  mounted  on  its 
back.— Villeneuve,  Les  Quatre  Filz'Ay- 
mon. 

Tents  ( The  father  of  such  as  dwell  in), 
Jahal.— Gen.  iv.  20. 

Terebin'thus,  Ephes-dammim  or 
Pas-dammim. — 1  Sam.  xvii.  1. 

O  thou  that  'gainst  Goliath's  impious  head 
The  youthful  arms  in  Terebinthiis  sped, 
When  the  proud  foe,  who  scoffed  at  Israel's  band. 
Fell  by  the  weapon  of  a  stripling  hand. 

Tasso,  Jerusalern  Delivered,  vil.  (1676). 

Terence  of  England  (The), 
Richard  Cumberland  (1732-1811). 

Here  Cumberland  lies,  having  acted  his  parts  ; 

The  Terence  of  England,  the  mender  of  heiirts  } 

A  flattering  painter,  who  made  it  his  care 

To  draw  men  as  they  ought  to  be.  not  as  they  ara  .  .  . 

Say  .  .  .  wherefore  his  characters,  thus  without  fault, . .  « 

Quite  sick  of  pursuing  each  troublesome  elf. 

He  grew  lazy  at  last,  and  drew  men  fron»  himself. 

Goldsmith.  Jietaliatian  (1774). 


TERESA. 


TERROR  OF  FRANCE. 


Tere'sa,  the  female  associate  of  Fer- 
inand  count  I 
Fathom  (1764). 

Teresa  d*Acunha,  lady's-maid  of 
Joseline  countess  of  Glenallan. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Antiquary  (time,  George  III.). 

Teresa  Panza,  wife  of  Sancho 
Panza.  In  pt.  I.  i.  7  she  is  called  Dame 
Juana  [Gutierez].  In  pt.  II.  iv.  7  she  is 
called  Maria  [Gutierez].  In  pt.  I.  iv.  she 
is  called  Joan. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote 
(1605-15). 

Tereus  [  Te'.ruse] ,  kinj;  of  DauHs,  and 
the  husband  of  Procne.  Wishing  after- 
wards to  marry  Philomela,  her  sister,  he 
told  her  that  Procne  was  dead.  He  lived 
with  his  new  wife  for  a  time,  and  then 
cut  out  her  tongue,  lest  she  should  expose 
his  falsehood  to  Procne  ;  but  it  was  of 
no  use,  for  Philomela  made  known  her 
story  in  the  embroidery  of  a  peplus. 
Tereus,  finding  his  home  too  hot  for  his 
wickedness,  rushed  after  Procne  with  an 
axe,  but  the  whole  party  was  metamor- 
phosed into  birds.  Tereus  was  changed 
into  a  hoopoo  (some  say  a  lapwing,  and 
others  an  owl),  Procne  into  a  swallow, 
and  Philomela  into  a  nightingale. 

So  was  thn.t  tyrant  Tereus'  nasty  lust 
Chansed  into  Upiipa's  foul-feedins  fiust. 

Lord  Brooke,  Declination  of  Monarchie. 

*^*  Those  who  have  read  Titus  Andre- 
nicus  (usually  bound  up  with  Shake- 
speare's pla3's)  will  call  to  mind  the  story 
of  Lavinia,  defiled  by  the  sons  of  Ta- 
niora,  who  afterwards  plucked  out  her 
tongue  and  cut  off  her  hands  ;  but  she 
told  her  tale  by  guiding  a  staff  with  her 
mouth  and  stumps,  and  writing  it  in  the 
Band. 

Fair  Philomela,  she  but  lost  her  tongue. 
And  in  a  tedious  sampler  sewed  her  mind. 
But,  lovely  niece,  that  mean  is  cut  from  thee  ; 
A  craftier  Tereus,  cousin,  hast  thou  met, 
And  he  hath  cut  those  pretty  fingers  off, 
That  could  have  better  sewed  than  Philomel. 

Act  ii.  80.  4  (1593). 

Ter'il  (Sir  Walter).  The  king  exacts 
an  oath  from  sir  Walter  to  send  his  bride 
CiBlestina  to  court  on  her  wedding  night. 
Her  father,  to  save  her  honour,  gives  her 
a  mixture  supposed  to  be  poison,  but  in 
reality  only  a  sleeping  draught,  from 
wliich  she  awakes  in  due  time,  to  the 
amusement  of  the  king  and  delight  of 
her  husband. — Thomas  Dekker,  Satiro- 
mastix  (1602). 

Termagant,  an  imaginary  being, 
supposed  by  the  crusaders  to  be  a  Mo- 
hammedan deity.  In  the  Old  Moralities^ 
the  degree  of  rant  was  the  measure  of 


the  wickedness  of  the  character  por- 
trayed ;  so  Pontius  Pilate,  Judas  Iscariot, 
Termagant,  the  tyrant,  Sin,  and  so  on, 
were  all  ranting  parts.  Painters  ex- 
pressed degrees  of  wickedness  by  degrees 
of  shade. 

I  would  have  such  a  fellow  whipped  for  o'erdoing 
Termagant— Shakespeare,  Hamlet,  act  iii.  no.  2  (151)6). 

Termagant,  the  maid  of  Harriet  Quid- 
nunc. She  uses  most  wonderful  words, 
as  paradropsical  for  "  rhapsodical,"  per- 
jured for  "  assured,"  physiology  for 
**  philology,"  curacy  for  "  accuracy," /(/- 
nif  cation  for  "  signification,"  importation 
for  "import,"  anecdote  for  "antidote," 
infirmaries  for  "  infirmities,"  intimidate 
for  ' '  intimate." — Murphy,  The  Upholsterer 
(1758). 

Ter'meros,  a  robber  of  Peloponnesos, 
who  killed  his  victims  by  cracking  their 
skulls  against  his  own. 

Termosi'ris,  a  priest  of  Apollo,  in 
Egypt ;  wise,  prudent,  cheerful,  and 
courteous. — Fenelon,  I'e'le'maque,  ii.(1700). 

Ternotte,  one  of  the  domestics  of 
ladv  Eveline  Berenger  *' the  betrothed." 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Tlie  Betrothed  (time, 
Henrj'  II.). 

Terpin  {Sir),  a  ting  who  fell  into 
the  power  of  Radigund  queen  of  the 
Amjizons.  Refusing  to  dress  in  female 
attire,  as  she  commanded,  and  to  sew, 
card  wool,  spin,  and  do  house  work,  he 
was  doomed  to  be  gibbeted  bj'^  her 
women.  Sir  Artegal  undertook  his 
cause,  and  a  fight  ensued,  which  lasted 
all  day.  When  daylight  closed,  Radi- 
gund proposed  to  defer  the  contest  till 
the  following  day,  to  which  sir  Artegal 
acceded.  Next  day,  the  knight  was 
victorious ;  but  when  he  saw  the  brave 
queen  bleeding  to  death,  he  took  pity  on 
her,  and,  throwing  his  sword  aside,  ran 
to  succour  her.  Up  started  Radigund  as 
he  approached,  attacked  him  like  a  fury, 
and,  as  he  had  no  sword,  he  was,  of 
course,  obliged  to  yield.  So  the  contest 
was  decided  against  him,  and  sir  Terpin 
was  hung  by  women,  as  Radigund  had 
commanded. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  v.  5 
(1596). 

Terpsichore  [  Terp.  sic'.o.  re} ,  the 
Muse  of  dancing. — Greek  Fable. 

Terrible  {The),  Ivan  IV.  or  II.  of 

Russia  (1529,  1533-1584). 

Terror  of  France  {The),  John 
Talbot  first  earl  of   Shrewsbury  (1873- 

1453). 


TERROR  OF  THE  WORLD. 


985 


TEZOZOMOC. 


Ii  this  the  Talbot,  so  much  feared  abroad. 
That  with  his  name  the  inotliers  still  tlieir  babes! 
Shakespeare,  1  Henry  Yl.  act  il.  sc.  3  (1539). 

Terror  of  the  World  (TAe),  Attlla 
king  of  the  Huns  (*— 453). 

Terry  Alts,  a  lawless  body  of  rebels, 
wlio  sprang  up  in  Clare  (Ireland)  after 
the  union,  and  committed  great  outrages. 

The  "Thrashers"  of  Connaught,  the 
"Carders,"  the  followers  of  "captain 
Right"  in  the  eighteenth  century,  those 
cf  "  captain  Rock "  who  appeared  in 
1822,  and  the  "Fenians"  in  1865,  were 
similar  disturbers  of  the  peace.  The 
watchword  of  the  turbulent  Irish,  some 
ten  years  later,  was  "  Home  Rule." 

Tesoretto,  an  Italian  poem  by  Bru- 
netto  preceptor  of  Dante  (1285).  The 
poet  says  he  was  returning  from  an 
embassy  to  the  king  of  Spain,  and  met 
a  scholar  on  a  bay  mule,  who  told  him 
of  the  overthrow  of  the  Guelfi.  Struck 
with  grief,  he  lost  his  road,  and  wandered 
into  a  wood,  where  Dame  Nature  accosted 
him,  and  disclosed  to  him  the  secrets  of 
her  works.  On  he  wandered  till  he  came 
to  a  vast  plain,  inhabited  by  Virtue  and 
her  four  daughters,  together  with 
Courtesy,  Bounty,  Loyalty,  and  Prowess. 
Leaving  this,  he" came  to  a  fertile  valley, 
which  was  for  ever  shifting  its  appear- 
ance, from  round  to  square,  from  light 
to  darkness.  This  was  the  valley  of  queen 
Pleasure,  who  was  attended  by  Love, 
Hope,  Fear,  and  Desire.  Ovid  comes  to 
Tesoretto  at  length,  and  tells  him  how  to 
effect  his  escape. 

Tes'sira,  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
Moorish  host. — Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso 
(151G). 

Tests  of  Chastity.  Alasnam's 
mirror  (p.  15)  ;  the  brawn  or  boar's  head 
(p.  130)  ;  drinking-horns  (see  Autiiur's 
Drinking-Horn,  p.  55  ;  Sir  Ckadock 
AND  THE  Drinking-Horn,  p.  IGO) ; 
Florimel's  girdle  (p.  341)  ;  grotto  of 
Ephesus  (p.  409)  ;  the  test  mantle  (p. 
60(5)  ;  oath  on  St.  Antony's  arm  was 
held  in  supreme  reverence  because  it  was 
balieved  that  whoever  took  the  oath 
falsely  would  be  consumed  by  "  St. 
Antony's  fire "  within  the  current  year ; 
the  trial  of  the  sieve  (p.  910). 

Tests  of  Fidelity.  Canace's  mir- 
ror (p.  156)  ;  (Jondibert's  emerald  ring 
(p. 394).  The  corsned  or  "cursed  mouth- 
ful," a  piece  of  bread  consecrated  by 
exorcism,  and  given  to  the  "suspect" 
to  sw ill  low  as  a  test.  "  May  this  morsel 
42 


choke  me  if  I  am  guilty,"  said  the  de- 
fendant, "  but  turn  to  wholesome  nourish- 
ment if  I  am  innocent."  Ordeals  (p. 
707),  combats  between  plaintiff  and  de- 
fendant, or  their  representatives. 

Tote  Bottee,  Philippe  de  Coramincs 
\_Gum,min],  politician  and  historian 
(1446-1609). 

You,  sir  Philippe  des  Comines  {»ic\  were  at  «  huntuig- 
match  with  the  duke,  your  m.'i^ter ;  and  when  IjO 
alighteil,  after  the  chase,  he  required  your  services  in 
drawing  otf  his  boots.  Beading  in  your  looks  sonn! 
natural  resentment,  ...  he  ordered  you  to  sit  down  in 
turn,  and  rendered  you  the  same  office  .  .  .  but  ...  no 
sooner  h;id  he  plucked  one  of  your  boots  otf  than  he 
brutally  beat  it  about  your  head  .  .  .  and  his  privileged 
fool,  Le  Ghirieiix,  .  .  .  gave  you  the  name  of  Tela  Bottcn. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Ouentin  Durward,  xxx.  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Te'thys,  daughter  of  Heaven  and 
Earth,  the  wife  of  Ocean  and  mother  of 
the  river-gods.  In  poetry  it  means  the 
sea  generally. 

The  golden  snn  above  the  watery  bed 
Of  hoary  Tfithys  raised  his  beamy  head. 

Hoole's  A  riosto,  viiL 
By  the  earth-shaking  Neptune's  mace  [trident]. 
And  TSthys'  grave  majestic  pace. 

Milton,  Comus,  870  (1634). 

Tetrachor'don,  the  title  of  one  of 
Milton's  books  about  marriage  and  di- 
vorce. The  word  means  "  the  four 
strings  ; "  by  which  he  means  the  four 
chief  places  in  Scripture  which  bear  on 
the  subject  of  marriage. 

A  book  was  writ  of  Ute  called  Tetrachordon. 

Milton,  Sonnet,  x. 

Teucer,  son  of  TclSmon  of  SalSmis, 
and  brother  of  Telanion  Ajax.  He  was 
the  best  archer  of  all  the  Greeks  at  the 
siege  of  Troy. 

I  may,  like  a  second  Teucer,  discharge  my  shafts  from 

behind  the  shield  of  my  ally.— Sir  W.  Soott. 

Teufelsdroeckh  {Herr),  pronounce 
ToLfelz.drurk  ;  an  eccentric  German  pro- 
fessor and  philosopher.  The  object  of 
this  satire  is  to  expose  all  sorts  of  shams, 
social  as  well  as  intellectual.— Carlyle, 
Sartor  Resartus  (1849). 

Teutonic  Knights  {The),  an  order 
organized  by  Frederick  duke  of  Suabia, 
in  Palestine  (1190).  St.  Louis  gave  them 
permission  to  quarter  on  their  arms  the 
jicur  de  lis  (1250).  The  order  was 
abolished,  in  1809,  by  Napoleon  I. 

Texartis,  a  Scythian  soldier,  killed 
by  the  countess  Brenhilda.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Tezoz'omoc,  chief  of  the  priests  of 
the  Az'tecas.  He  fasted  ten  months  to 
know  how  to  appease  the  national  gods, 
and  then  declared  that  the  only  way  was 
to  offer  "the  White  strangers"  on  their 


THADDEUS  OF  WARSAW. 


986      THALABA  THE  DESTROYER. 


altars.  Tezozomoc  was  killed  by  burning 
lava  from  a  volcanic  mountain. 

Terozomoc 
Beholds  the  judgment  .  .  .  and  sees 
The  liiva  floods  beneath  him.    His  hour 
Is  conje.    The  fiery  shower,  descending,  heaps 
Red  iislies  round.    They  fall  like  drifted  snows. 
And  bury  and  consume  the  accursed  priest. 

Southey,  JIadoc,  ii.  26  (1805), 

Thaddeus  of  "Warsaw,  the  hero 
and    title    of    a  novel    by  Jane  Porter 

(1803). 

Thaddu,  the  father  of  Morna,  who 
became  the  wife  of  Comhal  and  the 
mother  of  Fingal. — Ossian. 

Tha'is  (2  syL),  an  Athenian  courtezan, 
who  induced  Alexander,  in  his  cups,  to 
set  fire  to  the  palace  of  the  Persian  kings 
at  Persepolis. 

The  king  seized  a  flambeau  with  zeal  to  destroy; 

Thais  letl  tlie  way  to  light  him  to  his  prey, 
And,  like  another  Helen,  fired  another  Troy. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feait  (1697). 

Thais'a,  daughter  of  Simon'ides  king 
of  Pentap'olis.  She  married  Per'icles 
prince  of  Tyre.  In  her  voyage  to  Tyre, 
Thaisa  gave  birth  to  a  daughter,  and 
dying,  as  it  was  supposed,  in  childbirth, 
was  cast  into  the  sea.  The  chest  in 
which  she  was  placed  drifted  to  Ephesus, 
and  fell  into  the  hands  of  Cer'inion,  a 
physician,  who  soon  discovered  that  she 
was  not  dead.  Under  proper  care,  she 
entirely  recovered,  and  became  a  priestess 
in  the  temple  of  Diana.  Pericles,  with 
his  daughter  and  her  betrothed  husband, 
visiting  the  shrine  of  Diana,  became 
known  to  each  other,  and  the  Avhole 
mystery  was  cleared  up. — Shakespeare, 
Ferides  Prince  of  Tyre  (1608). 

Thal'aba  ebn  Hateb,  a  poor  man, 
who  came  to  Mahomet,  requesting  him 
to  beg  God  to  bestow  on  him  wealth, 
and  promising  to  employ  it  in  works  of 
godliness.  The  "prophet"  made  the 
petition,  and  Thalaba  rapidly  grew  rich. 
One  day,  Mahomet  sent  to  the  rich  man 
for  alms,  but  Thalaba  told  the  messen- 
gers their  demand  savoured  more  of 
tribute  than  of  charity,  and  refused  to 
give  anything  ;  but  afterwards  repenting, 
he  took  to  the  "prophet"  a  good  round 
sum.  Mahomet  now  refused  to  accept 
it,  and,  throAving  dust  on  the  ungrateful 
churl,  exclaimed,  "  Thus  shall  thy  wealth 
be  scattered  !  "  and  the  man  became  poor 
again  as  fast  as  he  had  grown  rich. — Al 
JCordn,  ix.  (Sale's  notes). 

Thal'aba  the  Destroyer— that  is, 
the  destroyer  of  the  evil  spirits  of  Dom- 
Dauiel*  He  was  the  only  surviving  child 


of  Hodei'rah  (3  syl.)  and  his  wife  Zei'nab 
(2  syl.)  ;  their  otlier  eight  children  had 
been  cut  off  by  the  Dom-Danielists,  be- 
cause it  had  been  decreed  by  fate  that 
"  one  of  the  race  would  be  their  destruc- 
tion." When  a  mere  stripling,  Thalaba 
was  left  motherless  and  fatherless  (bk. 
i.)  ;  he  then  found  a  home  in  the  tent  of 
a  Bedouin  named  Mo'ath,  who  had  a 
daugliter  Onei'za  (3  syl.).  Here  he  was 
found  by  Abdaldar,  an  evil  spirit  sent 
from  Doin-Daniel  to  kill  him  ;  but  the 
spirit  was  killed  by  a  simoom  just  as  he 
was  about  to  stab  the  boy,  and  Thalaba 
Avas  saved  (bk.  ii.).  He  now  drew  from 
the  tinger  of  Abdaldar  the  magic  ring, 
which  gave  him  power  over  all  spirits  ; 
and,  thus  armed,  he  set  out  "to  avenge 
the  death  of  his  father  "  (bk.  iii.).  On 
his  way  to  Babylon,  he  was  encountered 
by  a  merchant,  who  was  in  reality  the 
soicerer  Loba'ba  in  disguise.  This  sor- 
cerer led  Thalaba  astray  into  the  wilder- 
ness, and  then  raised  up  a  whirhvind  to 
destroy  him  ;  but  the  whirlwind  was  the 
death  of  Lobaba  himself,  and  again 
Thalaba  escaped  (bk.  iv.).  He  readied 
Babylon  at  length,  and  met  there  Mohfi- 
reb,  another  evil  spirit,  disguised  as  a 
warrior,  who  conducted  him  to  the 
"  mouth  of  hell."  Thalaba  detected  the 
villainy,  and  hurled  the  false  one  into 
the  abyss  (bk.  v.).  The  young  "  De- 
stroyer" was  next  conveyed  to  "the 
paradise  of  pleasure,"  but  he  resisted 
every  temptation,  and  took  to  flight  just 
in  time  to  save  Oneiza,  who  had  been 
brought  there  by  violence  (bk.  vi.).  He 
then  killed  Aloa'din,  the  presiding  spirit 
of  the  garden,  with  a  club,  was  made 
vizier,  and  married  Oneiza,  but  she  died 
on  the  bridal  night  (bk.  vii.).  Distracted 
at  this  calamity,  he  wandered  towards 
Kaf,  and  entered  the  house  of  an  old 
woman,  who  was  spinning  thread.  Tha- 
laba expressed  surprise  at  its  extreme 
fineness,  but  Maimu'na  (the  old  woman) 
told  him,  fine  as  it  was,  he  could  not  break 
it.  Thalaba  felt  incredulous,  and  wound 
it  round  his  wrists,  when,  lo  !  he  became 
utterly  powerless  ;  and  Maimuna,  calling 
up  her  sister  Khwala,  conveyed  him 
helpless  to  the  island  of  Moha'reb  (bk. 
viii.).  Here  he  remained  for  a  time,  and 
was  at  length  liberated  by  Maimuna, 
who  repented  of  her  sins,  and  turned  to 
Allah  (bk.  ix.).  Being  liberated  from 
the  island  of  Mohareb,  our  hero  wan- 
dered, cold  and  hungry,  into  a  dwelling, 
where  he  saw  Laila,  the  daughter  of 
Okba  the  sorcerer.    Okba   rushed  for- 


THALESTRIS. 


987 


THANKFULNESS. 


ward  with  intent  to  kill  him,  but  Laila 
interposed,  and  fell  dead  by  the  hand  of 
her  own  father  (bk.  x.).  Her  spirit,  in 
the  form  of  a  green  bird,  now  became 
the  guardian  angel  of  "  The  Destroyer," 
and  conducted  him  to  the  simorg,  who 
directed  him  the  road  to  Dom-Daniel 
(bk.  xi.),  which  he  reached  in  time,  slew 
tlie  surviving  sorcerers,  and  was  received 
into  heaven  (bk.  xii.). — Southey,  TUalaba 
the  Destroyer  (1797). 

Thales'tris,  queen  of  the  Am'azons. 
Any  bold,  heroic  woman. 

As  stout  Arnii'tla  (?.».],  bold  Thalestris, 

And  she  iltodalind,  q.v.]  Aha,t   would   have  been  the 

niistress 
OfGoDdibert. 

S.  Butler,  JTudibrag,  1.  2  (16(53). 

Thali'a,  the  Muse  of  pastoral  song. 
She  is  often  represented  with  a  crook  in 
her  hand. 

Turn  to  the  gentler  melodies  which  suit 
Thalia's  harp,  or  Pan's  Arcadian  lule. 

Cauipbell,  Pleasures  of  Uope,  ii.  (1799). 

Thaliard,  a  lord  of  Antioch. — 
Shakespeare,  Fericlcs  Prince  of  Tyre 
(1G08). 

Thames.  "He  will  never  set  the 
Thames  on  fire"  A  "temse"  or  sieve 
might  be  set  on  fire  if  worked  very  swiftly 
over  the  wooden  receiver,  but  not  by  an 
idle  or  incompetent  workman.  Hence  the 
proverb,  which  has,  through  similarity 
of  sound,  been  taken  to  apply  to  the  river. 

Tham'muz,  God  of  the  Syrians, 
and  fifth  in  order  of  the  hierarchy  of 
hell:  (1)  Satan,  (2)  Beelzebub,  (3) 
Moloch,  (4)  Chemos,  (6)  Thammuz  (the 
same  as  Ado'nis).  Thammuz  was  slain 
by  a  wild  boar  in  mount  Leb'anon,  from 
whence  the  river  Adonis  descends,  the 
water  of  which,  at  a  certain  season  of  the 
year,  becomes  reddened.  Addison  saw 
it,  and  ascribes  the  redness  to  a  minium 
washed  into  the  river  by  the  violence  of 
the  rain. 

Thammuz  came  next  behind, 
-Whose  annual  wound  in  Lebanon  allured 
The  Syrian  damsels  to  lament  his  fate 
In  amorous  ditties  all  a  summer's  day  ; 
While  smooth  Adonis  from  his  native  rock 
Ran  purple  to  the  sea,  supposed  with  blood 
Of  Thammuz  yearly  wounded. 

Milton,  J'aradUe  Lost,  L  446,  etc.  (1665). 

Thamu'dites  (3  syL),  people  of  the 
tribe  of  Thamud.  They  refused  to 
believe  in  Mahomet  without  seeing  a 
miracle.  On  a  grand  festival,  Jonda, 
prince  of  the  Thamudites,  told  Saleh, 
the  prophet,  that  the  god  which  answered 
by  miracle  should  be  acknowledged  God 
by  both.  Jonda  and  the  Thamudites 
first  called  upon  their  idols,  but  received 


no  answer.  "  Now,"  said  the  prince  to 
Saleb,  "  if  your  God  will  bring  a  camel 
big  with  young  from  that  rock,  we  will 
believe."  Scarcely  had  he  spoken,  when 
the  rock  groaned  and  shook  and  opened  ; 
and  forthwith  there  came  out  a  camel, 
which  there  and  then  cast  its  young  one. 
Jonda  became  at  once  a  convert,  but  the 
Thamudites  held  back.  To  add  to  the 
miracle,  the  camel  went  up  and  dwwn 
among  the  people  crying,  "  Ho  !  every 
one  that  tbirsteth,  let  him  come,  and  I  will 
give  him  milk  !  "  (Compare  Isaiah  Iv.  1.) 

Unto  the  tribe  of  Thamiid  we  sent  their  brother  S&Ieh. 
He  said,  "  O  my  people,  worsliip  God ;  ye  have  no  god 
besides  him.  Now  hath  a  manifest  proof  come  unto  you 
from  the  Lord.  Tliis  she-camel  of  God  is  a  sign  unto  you ; 
tlierefore  dismiss  her  freely  .  .  .  and  do  her  no  hurt,  lest 
a  painful  punishment  seize  upon  you." — Al  £ordn,  vii.    ■ 

*^*  Without  doubt,  the  reader  will  at 
once  call  to  mind  the  contest  between 
Elijah  and  the  priests  of  Baal,  so  gra- 
phically described  in  1  Kin(js  xviii. 

Tham'yris  {Blind) ^  a  Thracian  poet, 
who  challenged  the  Muses  to  a  contest  of 
song,  and  was  deprived  of  sight,  voice, 
and  musical  skill  for  his  presumption 
(Pliny,  Natural  History,  iii.  33,  and  vii. 
67).  Plutarch  says  he  had  the  finest  voice 
of  any  one,  and  that  he  wrote  a  poem  on 
the  War  of  the  Titans  with  the  Gods. 
Suidas  tells  us  that  he  composed  a  poem 
on  creation.  And  Plato,  in  his  JiepubliG 
(last  book),  feigns  that  the  spirit  of  the 
blind  old  bard  passed  into  a  nightingale 
at  death.     Milton  speaks  of : 

Bliud  Tharayria  and  blind  Ma3on'ide3  [ffmnerl. 

J'araUise  lost,  iii.  35  (1665). 

Thancmar,  chatelain  of  Bourbourg, 
the  great  enemy  of  Bertulphe  the  provost 
of  Bruges.  Charles  "the  Good,"  earl  of 
Flanders,  made  a  law  in  1127  that  a  serf 
was  always  a  serf  till  manumitted,  and 
whoever  married  a  serf  became  a  serf. 
By  these  absurd  laws,  the  provost  of 
Bruges  became  a  serf,  because  his  father 
was  Thancmar's  serf.  By  the  same  laws, 
Bouchard,  though  a  knight  of  long 
descent,  became  Thancmar's  serf,  because 
he  married  Constance  the  provost's 
daughter.  The  result  of  these  laws  was 
that  Bertulphe  slew  the  earl  and  then  him- 
self, Constance  went  mad  and  died,  Bou- 
chard and  Thancmar  slew  each  other  in 
fight,  and  all  Bruges  was  thrown  into 
confusion. — S.  Knowles,  2'he  Trovost  of 
Bruges  (1836). 

Thankfulness.  "  To  be  over-thank- 
ful for  one  favour  is,  in  effect,  to  lay 
out  for  another." — Cumberland,  West 
Indian^  iv.  1  (1771),  , 


THAUMAST. 


988   THEAGENES  AND  CHARICLEIA. 


/ 


Thaumast,  an  English  pundit,  who 
went  to  Paris,  attracted  by  the  rumour 
of  the  great  wisdom  of  Pantag'ruel.  He 
arranged  a  disputation  with  that  prince, 
to  be  carried  on  solely  by  pantomime, 
without  the  utterance  of  a  single  word. 
Panurge  undertook  the  disputation  for 
the  prince,  and  Pantagruel  was  appointed 
arbiter.  Many  a  knotty  point  in  magic, 
alchemy,  the  cabala,  geomancy,  astrology, 
and  philosophy  was  argued  out  by  signs 
alone,  and  the  Englishuian  freely  con- 
fessed himself  fully  satisfied,  for  "Pan- 
urge  had  told  him  even  more  than  he 
had  asked." — Rabelais,  Fantagruel^  ii. 
19,  20  (1633). 

Thaumaturga.  Filumena  is  called 
La  Thaumaturge  du  Dixneuvicme  Siecle. 
In  1802  a  grave  was  discovered  with  tliis 
inscription:  Lumexa  PaxteCvmfi,  which 
has  no  meaning,  but  being  re-arranged 
makes  Pax  Te-cum,  Fi-lumexa.  So 
Filumena  was  at  once  accepted  as  a 
proper  name  and  canonized.  And 
because  as  many  miracles  were  performed 
at  her  tomb  as  at  that  of  the  famous  abbe' 
de  Paris  mentioned  in  Paley's  Evidences^ 
she  was  called  "  The  Nineteenth-Centurj' 
Miracle-Worker."  But  who  Filumena 
was,  or  if  indeed  she  ever  existed,  is  one 
of  those  impenetrable  secrets  which  no 
one  will  ever  know.  (See  St.  Filumena, 
p.  859.) 

Thaumatur'gus.  Gregory  bishop 
of  Neo-Caesarea,  in  Cappadocia,  was  so 
called  on  account  of  his  numerous 
miracles  (212-270). 

Alexander  of  Hohenlohb  was  a 
worker  of  miracles. 

Apollonius  op  Tya'na  "raised  the 
dead,  healed  the  sick,  cast  out  devils, 
freed  a  young  man  from  a  lamia  or 
vampire  of  which  he  was  enamoured, 
uttered  prophecies,  saw  at  Ephesus  the 
assassination  of  Domitian  at  Rome,  and 
filled  the  Avorld  with  the  fame  of  his 
sanctity  "  (a.d.  3-98).  —  PhilostrStos, 
Life  of  Apollonius  of  Tt/ana,  in  eight 
books. 

Francis  d'Assisi  (St.),  founder  of  the 
Franciscan  order  (1182-1226). 

J.  J.  Gassner  of  Bratz,  in  the  Tyrol, 
exorcised  the  sick  and  cured  their  diseases 
"  miraculously"  (1727-1779). 

Isidore  (St.)  of  Alexandria  (370-440). 
— Damascius,  Life  of  St.  Isidore  (sixth 
century). 

Ja^iblichus,  when  he  prayed,  was 
raised  ten  cubits  from  the  ground,  and 
Ms  body  and  dress  assumed  the  appear- 


ance of  gold.     At  Gadara  he  drew  from' 
two  fountains  the  guardian  spirits,  and 
showed  them  to  his  disciples. — Eunapius, 
Jamblichus  (fourth  century). 

Mahomet  "  the  prophet."  (1)  When 
he  ascended  to  heaven  on  Al  Borak,  the 
stone  on  which  he  stepped  to  mount  rose 
in  the  air  as  the  prophet  rose,  but  Maho- 
met forbade  it  to  follow  any  further,  and 
it  remained  suspended  in  mid-air.  (2) 
He  took  a  scroll  of  the  Koran  out  of  a 
bull's  horn.  (3)  He  brought  the  moon 
from  heaven,  made  it  pass  through  one 
sleeve  and  out  of  the  other,  then  allowed 
it  to  return  to  its  place  in  heaven. 

Pascal,  {Blaise)  was  a  miracle- 
worker  (1623-1662). 

Ploti'nus,  the  Neo-platonic  philo- 
sopher (205-270). — Porphyrius,  Vita  FlO' 
tini  (A.D.  301). 

Proclus,  a  Neo-platonic  philosopher 
(410-485).— MarinuS,  Vita  Procli  (fifth 
century). 

SospiTRA  possessed  the  omniscience  of 
seeing  all  that  was  done  in  every  part  of 
the  whole  world. — Eunapius,  (Edescus 
(fourth  century). 

Vespasian,  the  Roman  emperor,  cured 
a  blind  man  and  a  cripple  by  his  touch 
during  his  stay  at  Alexandria. 

Vincent  de  Paul,  founder  of  the 
"Sisters  of  Charity"  (1576-1660). 

Thaumaturgus  Physicus,  a 
treatise  on  natural  magic,  by  Gaspar 
Schott  (1657-9). 

Thaumaturgus  of  the  West,  St. 
Bernard  of  Clairvaux  (1091-1163). 

Theag'enes     and     Chariclei'a 

{The  Loves  of)^  a  love  story,  in  Greek,  by 
Heliodorus  bishop  of  Trikka  (fourth 
century).  A  charming  fiction,  largely 
borrowed  from  by  subsequent  novelists, 
and  especially  by  Mdlle.  de  Scude'ri, 
Tasso,  Guarini,  and  D'Urfe'.  The  tale 
is  this :  Some  Egyptian  brigands  met 
one  morning  on  a  hill  near  the  mouth  of 
the  Nile,  and  saw  a  vessel  laden  with 
stores  lying  at  anchor.  They  also  ob- 
served that  the  banks  of  the  Nile  were 
strewn  with  dead  bodies  and  the  frag- 
ments of  food.  On  further  examination, 
the}'  beheld  Charicleia  sitting  on  a  rock 
tending  Theagenes,  who  lay  beside  her 
severely  wounded.  Some  pirates  had 
done  it,  and  to  them  the  vessel  belonged. 
We  are  then  carried  to  the  house  of 
Nausicles,  and  there  Calasiris  tells  the 
early  history  of  Charicleia,  her  love  for 
Theagenes,  and  their  capture  by  the 
pirates. 


THEANA. 


989 


THELEME. 


Thea'na  (3  syl.)  is  Anne  countess 
of  Warwick. 

Ne  less  praiseworthy  I  Theana  read .  .  . 
She  is  tlie  well  of  bounty  and  brave  mind. 
Excelling  most  in  glory  and  great  light, 
The  oniiiment  is  she  of  womankind. 
And  court's  cliief  garland  with  all  virtues  dight 
Spenser,  Colin  Clout't  Come  Home  Again  (1595). 

Thebaid  (T/ie),  a  Latin  epic  poem 
in  twelve  books,  by  Statins  (about  a 
centut}'-  after  Virgil).  Laios,  king  of 
Thebes,  was  told  by  an  oracle  that  he 
would  have  a  son,  but  that  his  son  would 
be  his  murderer.  To  prevent  this,  when 
the  son  was  born  he  was  hung  on  a  tree 
by  his  feet,  to  be  devoured  by  wild 
beasts.  The  child,  however,  was  res- 
cued by  some  of  the  royal  servants,  who 
brought  him  up,  and  called  his  name 
Qi^dipos  or  Club-foot,  because  his  feet 
and  ankles  were  swollen  by  the  thongs. 
One  day,  going  to  Thebes,  the  chariot 
of  La'ios  nearly  drove  over  the  young 
QDdipos ;  a  quarrel  ensued,  and  Laios  was 
killed.  CEdipos,  not  knowing  whom  he 
had  slain,  went  on  to  Thebes,  and  ere 
long  married  the  widowed  queen  Jocasta, 
not  knowing  that  she  was  his  mother, 
and  by  her  he  had  two  sons  and  two 
daughters.  The  names  of  the  sons  were 
Et'eocles  and  Polynices.  These  sons,  in 
time,  dethroned  their  father,  and  agreed 
to  reign  alternate  years.  EtSScles  reigned 
first,  but  at  the  close  of  the  year  refused 
to  resign  the  crown  to  his  brother,  and 
Polynices  made  war  upon  him.  This 
war,  which  occurred  some  forty-two 
years  before  the  siege  of  Troy,  and 
about  the  time  that  DebSrah  was  fighting 
with  Sisera  (Judges  iv.),  is  the  subject 
of  the  T/iebaid. 

The  first  book  recapitulates  the  history 
given  above,  and  then  goes  on  to  say 
that  Polynices  went  straight  to  Argos, 
and  laid  his  grievance  before  king  Adras- 
tos  (bk.  i.).  Whileat  Argos,  he  married  one 
of  the  king's  daughters,  and  Tydeus  the 
other.  The  festivities  being  over,  Tydeus 
was  sent  to  Thebes  to  claim  the  throne 
for  his  brother-in-law,  and  being  in- 
solently dismissed,  denounced  war  against 
Eteocles.  The  villainous  usurper  sent 
fifty  ruffians  to  fall  on  the  ambassador  on 
his  way  to  Argos,  but  they  were  all  slain, 
except  one,  who  was  left  to  carry  back 
the  news  (bk.  ii,).  When  Tydeus  reached 
Argo?,  he  wanted  his  father-in-law  to 
march  at  once  against  Thebes,  but 
Adrastos,  less  impetuous,  made  answer 
that  a  great  war  required  time  for  its 
organization.  However,  KapSneus  (3  syl.), 
Biding  with  Tydeus  ITi' .dtice'],  roused  the 


mob  (bk.  iii.),  and  Adrastos  at  once  set 
about  preparations  for  war.  lie  placed 
his  army  under  six  chieftains,  viz.,  Poly- 
nices, Tydeus,  Amphiaraos,  Kapaneus, 
Parthenopseos,  and  HippomPdon,  he 
himself  acting  as  commander-in-chief 
(bk.  iv.).  P>ks.  v.,  vi.  describe  the 
march  from  Argos  to  Thebes.  On  the 
arrival  of  the  allied  army  before  Thebes, 
Jocasta  tried  to  reconcile  her  two  sons, 
but  not  succeeding  in  this,  hostilities 
commenced,  and  one  of  the  chiefs,  named 
Amphiaraos,  was  swallowed  up  bv  an 
earthquake  (bk.  vii.).  Next  day,  Tydeus 
greatly  distinguished  himself,  but  fell 
(bk.  viii.).  Hippomedon  and  Parthcno- 
piBos  were  both  slain  the  day  follow- 
ing (bk.  ix.).  Then  came  the  turn  of 
Kapaneus,  bold  as  a  tiger,  strong  as  a 
giant,  and  a  regular  dare-devil  in  war. 
He  actually  scaled  the  wall,  he  thought 
himself  sure  of  victory,  he  defied  even 
Jove  to  stop  him,  and  was  instantly 
killed  by  a  flash  of  lightning  (bk.  x.). 
Polynices  was  now  the  only  one  of  the 
six  remaining,  and  he  sent  to  Eteocles  to 
meet  him  in  single  combat.  The  two 
brothers  met,  they  fought  like  lions, 
they  gave  no  quarter,  they  took  no  rest. 
At  length,  Eteocles  fell,  and  Polynices, 
running  up  to  strip  him  of  his  arms,  was 
thrust  through  the  bowels,  and  fell  dead 
on  the  dead  body  of  his  brother.  Adras- 
tos now  decamped,  and  returned  to  Argos 
(bk.  xi.).  Creon,  having  usurped  the 
Theban  crown,  forbade  any  one  on  pain 
of  death  to  bury  the  dead  ;  but  when 
Theseus  king  of  Athens  heard  of  this 
profanity,  he  marched  at  once  to  Thebes, 
Creon  died,  and  the  crown  was  given  to 
Theseus  (bk.  xii.). 

Theban  Bard  (T/ie),  Theban 
Eagle,  or  Theban  Lyre,  Pindar,  born 
at  Thebes  (b.c.  522-442). 

Ye  that  in  fancied  vision  can  admire 
Ihe  sword  of  Brutus  and  the  Tlieiian  lyre. 

Campbell,  J'leasure*  of  Hope,  L  (1790). 

Thecla  {St.)j  said  to  be  of  noble 
family,  in  Ico'nium,  and  to  have  been 
converted  by  the  apostle  Paul.  She  is 
styled  in  Greek  martyrologies  the  proto- 
martyress,  but  the  book  called  The  Acts 
of  Paul  and  Thecla  is  considered  to  be 
apocryphal. 

On  the  selfsame  shelf 
With  the  writings  of  St.  Tliecla  herself. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  leyeiid  (1861). 

Thekla,  daughter  of  Wallenstein. — 
Schiller,  Wallenstein  (1799). 

Thdleme  (Abbey  of),  the  abbey  given 
by  Grangousier  to  friar  John  for  the  aid 


THELEME. 


990 


THEODORE. 


he  rendered  in  the  battle  against  Picro- 
chole  king  of  Lerne.  The  abbey  was  stored 
•with  everything  that  could  contribute  to 
sensual  indulgence  and  enjoyment.  It 
was  the  very  reverse  of  a  convent  or 
monastery.  No  religious  hypocrites,  no 
pettifogging  attorneys,  no  usurers  were 
admitted  within  it,  but  it  was  filled  with 
gallant  ladies  and  gentlemen,  faithful 
expounders  of  the  Scriptures,  and  every 
one  who  could  contribute  to  its  elegant 
recreations  and  general  festivity.  The 
motto  over  the  door  was:  " Facez  que 
VouLDUAS." — Rabelais,  Gargantua^  i. 
62-7  (15aa). 

TJie'leme,^  the  Will  personified.— Vol- 
taire, The'leme  and  Macare. 

The'lu,  the  female  or  woman. 

And  divers  coloured  trees  and  fresh  array  f  AatV] 
Much  grace  the  town  \head],  but  most  the  Thelu  gay ; 
But  all  in  winter  \old  age]  turn  to  snow,  and  soon  decay. 
Phlneas  Fletcher,  The  I^urple  Jtland,  v.  (1633). 

Thenot,  an  old  shepherd  bent  with 
age,  who  tells  Cuddy,  the  herdsman's  boy, 
the  fable  of  the  oak  and  the  briar.  An 
aged  oak,  once  a  most  royal  tree,  was 
wasted  by  age  of  its  foliage,  and  stood 
with  bare  head  and  sear  branches.  A 
pert  bramble  grew  hard  by,  and  snubbed 
the  oak,  calling  it  a  cumberer  of  the 
ground.  It  even  complained  to  the  lord 
of  the  field,  and  prayed  him  to  cut  it  down. 
The  request  was  obeyed,  and  the  oak  was 
felled ;  but  now  the  bramble  suffered 
from  the  storm  and  cold,  for  it  had  no 
shelter,  and  the  snow  bent  it  to  the 
ground,  where  it  was  draggled  and  de- 
filed. The  application  is  very  personal. 
Cuddy  is  the  pert,  flippant  bramble,  and 
Thenot  the  hoary  oak  ;  but  Cuddy  told 
the  old  man  his  tale  was  long  and  trashy, 
and  bade  him  hie  home,  for  the  sun  was 
set. — Spenser,  Shepheardes  Calendar^  ii, 
(1579). 

(Thenot  is  introduced  also  in  eel.  iv., 
and  again  in  eel.  xi.,  Avhere  he  begs 
Colin  to  fiing  something,  but  Colin  de- 
clines because  his  mind  is  sorrowing  for 
the  death  of  the  shepherdess  Dido.) 

The'not,  a  shepherd  who  loved  Corin 
chiefly  for  her  "  fidelity  "  to  her  deceased 
lover.  When  "  the  faithful  shepherdess  " 
knew  this,  in  order  to  cure  him  of  his 
passion,  she  pretended  to  return  his  love. 
Thenot  was  so  shocked  to  see  his  charm 
broken  that  he  lost  even  his  respect  for 
Corin,  and  forsook  her. — John  Fletcher, 
The  Faithful  Shepherdess  (1610). 

Theocritus  of  Syracuse,  in  Sicily 
(fl.  B.C.  280),  celebrated  for  his  idylls  in 


Doric  Greek.    Meli  is  the  person  referred 
to  below. 

Beliold  once  more, 
The  pitying  j,'ods  to  earth  restore 
Theociilus  of  Syracuse. 
Longfellow,  7V»e  Hai/side  Inn  {prelude,  1863). 

Theocritus  {The  Scotch),  Allan  Ram- 
sav,  author  of  The  Gentle  Shepherd  (1685- 
1758). 

T/ieocritus  {The  Sicilian),  Giovanni  Moli 
of  Palermo,  immortalized  by  his  eclogues 
and  idylls  (1740-1815). 

Theod'ofred,  heir  to  the  Spanish 
throne,  but  incapacitated  from  reigning 
because  he  had  been  blinded  by  Witi'za. 
Theodof  red  Avas  the  son  of  Chindasuintho, 
and  father  of  king  Roderick.  As  Witiza, 
the  usurper,  had  blinded  Theodofred,  so 
Roderick  dethroned  and  blinded  Witiza. 
— Southey.  Hodcrick,  etc.  (1814). 

*^*  In  mediaeval  times,  no  one  with 
any  personal  defect  was  allowed  to  reign, 
and  one  of  the  most  ordinary  means  of 
disqualifying  a  prince  for  succeeding  to  a 
throne  was  to  put  out  his  eyes.  Of  course, 
the  reader  will  call  to  mind  the  case  of 
our  own  prince  Arthur,  the  nephew  of 
king  John  ;  and  scores  of  other  instances 
in  Italian,  French,  Spanish,  German, 
Russian,  and  Scandinavian  history. 

Theod'omas,  a  famous  trumpeter  at 
the  siege  of  Thebes. 

At  every  court  ther  cam  loud  menstralcyo 
That  never  tronipfid  Joab  for  to  lieere, 
Ne  he  Theodonias  yit  half  so  cleere 
At  Tliebfis.  when  the  cit6  was  in  doute. 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales,  9592.  eta  (1388). 

Theodo'ra,  sister  of  Constantine  the 
Greek  emperor.  She  entertained  most 
bitter  hatred  against  Rogero  for  slaying 
her  son,  and  vowed  vengeance.  Rogero, 
being  entrapped  in  sleep,  was  confined  by 
her  in  a  dungeon,  and  fed  on  the  bread 
and  water  of  affliction,  but  was  ultimately 
released  by  prince  Leon. — Ariosto,  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

The'odore  (3  syl.),  son  of  general 
Archas  "the  loyal  subject"  of  the  great- 
duke  of  Muscovia.  A  colonel,  valorous 
but  impatient. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher, 
The  Loyal  Subject  (1618). 

The'odore  (3  syl.)  of  Ravenna,  brave, 
rich,  honoured,  and  chivalrous.  He  loved 
Ilonoria  "to  madness,"  but  "found  small 
favour  in  the  lady's  eyes."  At  length, 
however,  the  lad)'  relented  and  married 
him.  (See  Honoria.) — Dryden,  'Theo- 
dore and  Ilonoria  (from  Boccaccio). 

Theodore,  son  of  the  lord  of  Clarinsal, 
and  grandson  of  Alphonso.    His  fathet 


THEODORICK. 


991 


THERON. 


thonpjht  him  dead,  renounced  the  world, 
and  became  a  monk  of  St.  Nicholas,  as- 
suming the  name  of  Austin.  By  chance, 
Theodore  was  sent  home  in  a  Spanish, 
bark,  and  found  his  way  into  some  secret 
passage  of  the  count's  castle,  where  he 
was  seized  and  taken  before  the  count. 
Here  he  met  the  monk  Austin,  and  was 
made  known  to  him.  He  informed  his 
father  of  his  love  for  Adelaide,  the  count's 
daughter,  and  was  then  told  that  if  he 
married  her  he  must  renounce  his  estates 
and  title.  The  case  stood  thus :  If  he 
claimed  his  estates,  he  must  challenge 
the  count  to  mortal  combat,  and  renounce 
the  daughter;  but  if  he  married  Ade- 
laide, he  must  forego  his  rights,  for  he 
could  not  marry  the  daughter  and  slay 
his  father-in-law.  The  perplexity  is 
solved  by  the  death  of  Adelaide,  killed 
by  her  father  by  mistake,  and  the  death 
of  the  count  by  his  own  hand. — Robert 
Jephson,  Count  of  Narbonne  (1782). 

Theod'orick,  king  of  the  Goths, 
called  by  the  German  minnesingers  Dide- 
rick  of  Bern  (Verona). 

Theodorick  or  "  Alberick  of  Mortemar," 
an  exiled  nobleman,  hermit  of  Engaddi, 
and  an  enthusiast. — Sir  VV.  Scott,  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Theodo'rus  (3/asfcr),  a  learned  phy- 
sician employed  by  Ponocrates  to  cure 
Gargantua  of  his  vicious  habits.  The 
doctor  accordingly  *'  purged  him  canonic- 
ally  with  Anticyrian  hellebore,  cleansed 
from  his  brain  all  perverse  habits,  and 
made  him  forget  everything  he  had 
learned  of  his  other  preceptors." — Rabe- 
lais, Gargantua,  i.  23. 

Hellebore  was  made  use  of  to  purge  the  brain,  in  order 
to  fit  it  the  better  for  serious  study.— Pliny.  Natural 
JliUoi-y,  XXV.  S!5 ;  Aulus  Gellius,  Attic  Mghts,  xvii.  15.    • 

Theodo'sius,  the  hermit  of  Cappa- 
docia.  He  wrote  the  four  gospels  in 
letters  of  gold  (423-529). 

Theodosius.  who  of  old, 
Wrote  the  go.-ipels  in  letters  of  gold. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Theophilus  {St.),  of  Adana,  in 
Cilicia  (sixth  century).  He  was  driven 
by  slander  to  sell  his  soul  to  the  devil  on 
condition  that  his  character  was  cleared. 
The  slander  was  removed,  and  no  tongue 
wagged  against  the  thin-skinned  saint. 
Theophilus  now  repented  of  his  bargain, 
and,  after  a  fast  of  forty  days  and  forty 
nights,  was  visited  by  the  Virgin,  who 
bade  him  confess  to  the  bishop.  This  he 
did,  received  absolution,  and  died  within 
three  days   of  brain  fever.— Jacques  de 


Voragine,  The  Golden  Legends  (thirteenth 
century). 

This  is  a  very  stale  trick,  told  of  many 
a  saint.  Southey  has  poetized  one  of 
them  in  his  ballad  of  St.  Basil  or  The 
Sitiner  Saved  (1829).  ElCemon  sold  his 
soul  to  the  devil  on  condition  of  his  pro- 
curing him  Cyra  for  wife.  The  devil 
performed  his  part  of  the  bargain,  but 
Eleemon  called  ofF,  and  St.  Basil  gave 
him  absolution.     (See  Sinner  Saved.) 

Theophras'tus  of  France  {The), 
Jean  de  la  Bruybre,  author  of  Caracteres 
(1G46-1696). 

Theresa,  the  miller's  wife,  who 
adopted  and  brought  up  Amina,  the 
orphan, called  "the  somnambulist." — Bel- 
lini, La  Sonnambula  (libretto  by  Scribe, 
1831). 

Theresa,  daughter  of  the  count  pala- 
tine of  Padolia,  beloved  by  Mazeppa. 
Her  father,  indignant  that  a  mere  page 
should  presume  to  his  daughter's  hand, 
had  Mazeppa  bound  to  a  wild  horse,  and 
set  adrift.  But  the  future  history  of 
Theresa  is  not  related.— Byron,  Mazeppa 
(1819). 

Medora  [wife  of  the  Corsair],  Neuha  fin  The  Tslandi 
Leila  [in  The  Giaour],  Francesca  [in  The  Sieije  of 
Corinth],  and  Theresa,  it  has  been  alleged,  arc  but 
children  of  one  family,  with  differences  resulting  only 
from  climate  and  circumstance. — Finden.B^ron  Beauties. 

Theresa  {Siste?-),  with  Flora  M'lvor 
at  Carlisle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley 
(time,  George  II.). 

Theringe  {Mde.  de),  the  mother  of 
Louise  de  Lascours,  and  grandmother  of 
Diana  de  Lascours  and  Martha  alias 
Orgari'ta  "the  orphan  of  the  Frozen 
Sea,"— E.  Stirling,  The  Orphan  of  tlie 
Frozen  Sea  (1856). 

Thermopylae.  When  Xerxes  in- 
vaded Greece,  Leonidas  was  sent  with 
300  Spartans,  as  a  forlorn  hope,  to  defend 
the  pass  leading  from  Thessaly  into 
Locris,  by  which  it  was  thought  the 
Persian  host  would  penetrate  into  south- 
ern Greece.  The  Persians,  however, 
having  discovered  a  path  over  the  moun- 
tains, fell  on  Leonidas  in  the  rear,  and 
the  "brave  defenders  of  the  hot-gates" 
were  cut  to  pieces. 

Theron,  the  favourite  dog  of  Rode- 
rick the  last  Gothic  king  of  Spain. 
When  the  discrowned  king,  dressed  as  a 
monk,  assumed  the  name  of  "father 
Maccabee,"  although  his  tutor,  mother, 
and  even  Florinda  failed  to  recognize 
him,  Theron  knew  him  at  once,  fawned 


THEUSITES. 


992 


THIEVES  SCREENED. 


on  him  with  fondest  love,  and  would 
never  again  leave  him  till  the  faithful 
creature  died.  When  Eoderick  saw  his 
favourite, 

Ee  threw  his  arms  around  the  dog,  and  cried, 

While  tears  streamed  down,  "Tliou,  Theron,  thou  hast 

known 
Thy  poor  lost  master ;  Theron,  none  but  thou  ! " 

Southey,  Roderick,  etc.,  xv.  (1814), 

Thersi'tes  (3  si/l.),  a  scurrilous 
Grecian  chief,  "loquacious,  loud,  and 
coarse."  His  chief  delight  was  to  in- 
veigh against  the  kings  of  Greece.  He 
squinted,  halted,  was  gibbous  behind  and 
pinched  before,  and  on  his  tapering  head 
grew  a  few  white  patches  of  starveling 
down  (Iliad,  ii.). 

His  brag,  as  ThersitSs,  with  elbows  abroad. 

T.  Tusser,  five  Hundred  Poivta  of  Good 
llwbandry.  lir.  (1557). 

The'seus  (2  syl.),  the  Attic  hero. 
He  induced  the  several  towns  of  Attica 
to  give  up  tJieir  separate  governments 
and  submit  to  a  common  jurisdiction, 
whereby  the  several  petty  chiefdoms 
were  consolidated  into  one  state,  of 
which  Athens  was  the  capital. 

*^*  Similarly,  the  several  kingdoms  of 
the  Saxon  heptarchy  were  consolidated 
into  one  kingdom  by  Egbert ;  but  in  this 
latter  case,  the  might  of  arms,  and  not 
the  power  of  conviction,  was  the  instru- 
ment emploj'ed. 

Theseus  {Duke)  of  Athens.  On  his 
return  home  after  marrying  Hypolita, 
a  crowd  of  female  suppliants  complained 
to  him  of  Creon  king  of  Thebes.  The 
duke  therefore  set  out  for  Thebes,  slew 
Creon,  and  took  the  city  by  assault. 
Among  the  captives  taken  in  this  siege 
were  two  knights,  named  Palarnqn  and 
Arcite,  who  saw  the  duke's  sister  from 
their  dungeon  Avindow,  and  fell  in  love 
with  her.  When  set  at  liberty,  they  told 
heir  loves  to  the  duke,  and  Theseus  (2 
iyl.)  promised  to  give  the  lady  to  the 
best  man  in  a  single  combat.  Arcite 
overthrew  Palamon,  but  as  he  was  about 
to  claim  the  lady  his  horse  threw  him, 
and  he  died  ;  so  Palamon  lost  the  con- 
test, but  won  the  bride. — Chaucer,  Can- 
terbury  Tales  ("The  Knight's  Tale," 
1388). 

*^*  In  classic  story,  Theseus  is  called 
"  king ;  "  but  Chaucer  styles  him 
"duke,"  that  is,  duXy  "leader  or  emperor" 
(impei'dtor). 

Thes'pian  Maids  (The),  the  nine 
Muses.  So  called  from  Thes'pia,  in 
Baotia,  near  mount  Helicon,  often  called 
Thespia  Jiupes. 


Those  mod«st  Thespian  maids  thus  to  tbelr  Isis  sung. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xv.  (I(>i3). 

Thespi'o,  a  Muse.  The  Muses  wert 
called  Thespi'ades,  from  Thespia,  ia 
BcEo'tia,  at  the  foot  of  mount  Helicon. 

Tell  me,  oh,  tell  me  then,  thou  holy  Muse, 
SacieJ  Tliespio. 
Phineas  Fletcher,  TTie  Purple  Wand,  vii.  (1633). 

Thespis,  the  father  of  the  Greek 
drama. 

Thespi?,  the  first  professor  of  our  art. 

At  country  wakes  sang  ballads  from  a  cart. 

Drydeii,  Prologue  to  Sophonisba  (1729). 

Thes'tylis,  a  female  slave ;  any 
rustic  maiden. — Theocritos,  Idylls. 

With  Thestylis  to  bind  the  sheaves. 

Milton,  L' Allegro  {m^). 

Thet'is,  mother  of  Achilles.  She 
was  a  sea-nymph,  daughter  of  Nereus 
the  sea-god. — Grecian  Story. 

Theuerdank,  a  sobriquet  of  kaiser 
Maximilian  I,  of  Germany  (1459,  1493- 
1519). 

Thiebalt,  a  Provencal,  one  of 
Arthur's  escorts  to  Aix. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Anne  of  Geier stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Thieves  (T/ie  Two).  The  penitent 
thief  crucified  with  Jesus  has  been  called 
by  sundry  names,  as  Demas,  Dismas, 
Titus,  Matha,  and  Vicimus. 

The  impenitent  thief  has  been  called 
Gestas,  Dumachas,  Joca,  and  Justmus. 

In  tlie  Apocryphal  Gospel  ofNicodcmus 
the  former  is  called  Dysmas  and  the 
latter  Gestas.  In  the  Story  of  Joseph  cf 
Arimathea  the  former  is  called  Dema 
(ind  the  latter  Gestas.  Longfellow,  in 
his  Golden  Leyend,  calls  them  Titus  and 
Dumachus.  He  says  that  they  attacked 
Joseph  in  his  flight  into  Egypt.  Titus 
said,  "Let  the  good  people  go;"  but 
bumachus refused  to  do  so  till  he  "paid 
a  ransom  for  himself  and  family."  Upon 
this,  Titus  gave  his  fellow  forty  groats  ; 
and  the  infant  Jesus  said,  "  In  thirty 
years  I  shall  die,  and  you  two  with  Me. 
We  shall  be  crucified  together;  but  in 
that  day,  Titus,  this  deed  shall  be  re- 
membered." 

Thieves  {ITis  ancestors  proved).  It  is 
sir  Walter  Scott  who  wrote  and  proved 
his  "ancestors  were  thieves,"  in  the  Lay 
of  tlie  Last  Minstrel,  iv.  9. 

A  modern  author  spends  a  hundred  leaves 
To  prove  his  ancestors  notorious  thieves. 

The  Town  Jicloffva. 

Thieves  Screened.  It  is  said  of 
Edward  the  Confessor  that  one  day,  while 
lying  on  his  bed  for  his  afternoon's  nap, 
a  courtier  stole  into  his  chamber,  and, 


THIEVES  OF  HISTORIC  NOTE.     993     THIEVES  OF  HISTORIC  NOTE. 


seeing  the  king's  casket,  helped  himself 
freely  from  it.  He  returned  a  second  time, 
and  on  his  third  entrance,  Edward  said, 
"  Be  quick,  or  Hugoline  (the  chamber- 
lain) will  see  you."  The  courtier  Avas 
scarcely  gone,  when  the  chamberlain 
entered  and  instantly  detected  the  theft. 
The  king  said,  "  Never  mind,  Hugoline  ; 
the  fellow  who  has  taken  it  no  doubt  has 
greater  need  of  it  than  either  you  or  I." 
(Reigned  1042-1066.) 

Several  similar  anecdotes  are  told  of 
Robert  the  Pious,  of  France.  At  one 
time  he  saw  a  man  steal  a  silver  candle- 
stick off  the  altar,  and  said,  "Friend 
Ogger,  run  for  your  life,  or  you  will  be 
found  out."  At  another  time,  one  of 
the  twelve  poor  men  in  his  train  cut  off  a 
rich  gold  pendant  from  the  royal  robe, 
and  Robert,  turning  to  the  man,  said  to 
him,  "  Hide  it  quicklv,  friend,  before  any 
one  sees  it."     (Reigned  996-1031.) 

The  following  is  told  of  two  or  three 
kings,  amongst  others  of  Ludwig  the 
Pious,  who  had  a  very  overbearing  wife. 
A  beggar  under  the  table,  picking  up  the 
crumbs  which  the  king  let  down,  cut  off 
the  gold  fringe  of  the  royal  robe,  and  the 
king  whispered  to  him,  "  Take  care  the 
queen  doesn't  see  you." 

Thieves  of  Historic  Note. 

Autol'ycos,  son  of  Hermes  ;  a  very 
prince  of  thieves.  He  had  the  power  of 
changing  the  colour  and  shape  of  stolen 
goods,  so  as  to  prevent  their  being  recog- 
nized.— Greek  Fable. 

Baklow  {Jimmy),  immortalized  by 
the  ballad-song : 

My  name  it  is  Jimmy  Barlow ; 

1  was  born  in  the  town  of  Carlow  ; 

And  here  I  lie  in  Maryboro' jail, 

All  for  the  robbing  of  the  Dublin  mail. 

Cartouche,  the  Dick  Turpin  of 
France  (eighteenth  century). 

CoTTiNGTON  (John),  in  the  time  of  the 
Commonwealth,  who  emptied  the  pockets 
of  Oliver  Cromwell  when  lord  protector, 
stripped  Charles  II.  of  £1500,  and  stole 
a  watch  and  chain  from  lady  Fairfax. 

Duval  (Claude),  a  French  highway- 
man, noted  for  his  gallantry  and  daring 
(*-1670).  (See  below,  "James  Whit- 
ney," who  was  a  verj'  similar  character.) 

*^*  Alexander  Dumas  has  a  novel 
entitled  Claude  Duval,  and  .Miss  Robin- 
son has  introduced  him  in  White  Friars. 

Frith  (Mary),  usually  called  "Moll 
Cutpurse."  She  had  the  honour  of  rob- 
bing general  Fairfax  on  Hounslow  Heath. 
Mary  Frith  lived  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.,  and  died  at  the  age  of  75  years. 


***  Nathaniel  Field  has  introduced 
Mary  Frith,  and  made  merry  with  some 
of  her  pranks,  in  his  comedv  Amends  for 
Ladies  (1.618). 

Galloping  Dick,  executed  in  Ayles- 
bury in  1800. 

Grant  (Captain),  the  Irish  highway- 
man, executed  at  Maryborough  in  1816. 

Greenwood  (Samuel),  executed  at 
Old  Bailey  in  1822. 

Hassan,  the  "  Old  Man  of  the  Moun- 
tain," once  the  terror  of  Europe.  He 
was  chief  of  the  Assassins  (1056-il24). 

Hood  (Bobin)  and  his  "merry  men 
all,"  of  Sherwood  Forest.  Famed  in 
song,  drama,  and  romance.  Probably 
he  lived  in  the  reign  of  Richard  Cceur  da 
Lion. 

*^*  Sir  W.  Scott  has  introduced  him 
both  in  The  Talisman  and  in  Ivanhoe. 
Stow  has  recorded  the  chief  incidents  of 
his  life  (see  under  the  year  1213).  Ritson 
has  compiled  a  volume  of  ballads  re- 
specting him.  Drayton  has  given  a 
sketch  of  him  in  the  Polyolhion,  xxvi. 
The  following  are  dramas  on  the  same  out- 
law, viz.:— TAe  Playe  of  Eobyn  Hode,very 
proper  to  he  played  in  Maye  gam£s  (fif- 
teenth century) ;  Skelton,  at  the  com- 
mand of  Henry  VIII.,  wrote  a  drama 
called  The  Downfall  of  Eobert  Earl  of 
Huntington  (about  1520)  ;  The  Downfall 
of  Hobert  Earl  of  Huntington,  by  Munday 
(1597)  ;  The  Death  of  Robert  Earle  of 
Huntington,  otherwise  called  Hobin  Hood 
of  Merrie  Sherwodde,  by  H.  Chettle 
(1598).  Chettle's  drama  is  in  reality  a 
continuation  of  Munday's,  like  the  two 
parts  of  Shakespeare's  plays,  Henry  IV, 
and  Henry  V.  Bobin  Hood's  Penn'orths, 
a  play  by  Wm.  Hanghton  (1600)  ;  Bobin 
Hood  and  His  Pastoral  3f ay  Games  (1624), 
Bobin  Hood  and  His  Crew  of  Soldiers  ( 1 627) , 
both  anonymous  ;  The  Sad  Shepherd  or  a 
Tale  of  Bobin  Hood  (unfinished),  B.  Jonson 
(1637)  ;  Bobin  Hood,  an  opera  (1730)  ; 
Bobin  Hood,  an  opera  by  Dr.  Arne  and 
Burney  (1741)  :  Bobin  Hood,  a  musical 
farce  (1751) ;  Bobin  Hood,  a  comic  opera 
(1784) ;  Bd)in  Hood,  an  opera  by  O'Keefe, 
music  by  Shield  (1787) ;  Bobin  Hood,  by 
Macnally  (before  1820).  Sheridan  began 
a  drama  on  the  same  subject,  which  he 
called  The  Foresters. 

Perifhe'tes  (4  syl.)  of  ArgSlis,  sur- 
named  "  The  Club-i3earer,"  because  he 
used  to  kill  his  victims  with  an  iron 
club. — Grecian  Story. 

Procrustes  (3  syl.),  a  famous  robber 
of  Attica.     His  real  name  was  Polype- 
mon  or  Damastes,  but  he  received  the  so* 
3  B 


THINK. 


994    THIRTEEN  PRECIOUS  THINGS. 


briquet  of  Procrustes  or  "  The  Stretcher," 
from  his  practice  of  placing  all  victims 
that  fell  into  his  hands  on  a  certain 
bedstead.  If  the  victim  was  too  short 
to  fit  it,  he  stretched  the  limbs  to  the 
right  length  ;  if  too  long,  he  lopped  of£ 
the  redundant  part. — Grecian  Story. 

Re  A  ( William),  executed  at  Old  Bailey 
in  1828. 

Sheppard  (Jack) ,  an  ardent,  reckless, 
generous  youth,  wholly  unrivalled  as  a 
thief  and  burglar.  His  father  was  a 
carpenter  in  Spitalfields.  Sentence  of 
death  was  passed  on  him  in  August, 
1724 ;  but  when  the  warders  came  to 
take  him  to  execution,  they  found  he 
had  escaped.  He  was  apprehended  in 
the  following  October,  and  again  made 
his  escape.  A  third  time  he  was  caught, 
and  in  November  suffered  death.  Cer- 
tainly the  most  popular  burglar  that  ever 
lived  (1701-1724). 

*^*  Daniel  Defoe  made  Jack  Sheppard 
the  hero  of  a  romance  in  1724,  and  H. 
Ainsworth  in  1839. 

SiNis,  a  Corinthian  highwa3'^man,  sur- 
named  "The  Pine-Bender,"  from  his 
custom  of  attaching  the  limbs  of  his 
victims  to  two  opposite  pines  forcibly 
bent  down.  Immediately  the  trees  were 
released,  they  bounded  back,  tearing  the 
victim  limb  from  limb. — Grecian  Story, 

Ter'meros,  a  robber  of  Peloponnesos, 
who  killed  his  victims  by  cracking  their 
skulls  against  his  own. 

Turpi N  (Dick),  a  noted  highwayman 
(1711-1739).  His  ride  to  York  is  de- 
scribed by  H.  Ainsworth  in  his  Eookwood 
(1834). 

Whitney  {James),  the  last  of  the 
"  gentlemanly  "  highwaymen.  He  prided 
himself  on  being  "  the  glass  of  fashion, 
and  the  mould  of  form."  Executed  at 
!*(> iter's  Block,  near  Smithfield  (1G60- 
1G94). 

Wild  {Jonathan),  a  cool,  calculating, 
heartless  villain,  with  the  voice  of  a 
Stentor.  He  was  born  at  Wolverhamp- 
ton, in  Staffordshire,  and,  like  Sheppard, 
was  the  son  of  a  carpenter.  Unlike 
Sheppard,  this  cold-blooded  villain  was 
universally  execrated.  He  was  hanged 
at  Tyburn  (1682-1725). 

*^*  Defoe  made  Jonathan  Wild  the 
hero  of  a  romance  in  1725  ;  Fielding  in 
1744, 

Thijlk.  It  wa»  Descartes  who  said, 
"  I  think,  and  therefore  I  exist "  {Coglto, 
ergo  sum,  1596-1650), 

*'  Higher  than  himself  can  no  man 
thiak  "  was  the  saying  of  Protagfiras, 


Think.  "  Cogitation  resides  not  in 
that  man  that  does  not  think." — Shake- 
speare, Wintei^'s  Tale,  act  i.  sc.  2  (1604). 

Third  Founder  of  Rome  (The), 
Caius  Marius.  He  was  so  called  because 
he  overthrew  the  multitudinous  hordes  of 
Cambrians  and  Teutones  who  came  to 
lick  up  the  Romans  as  the  oxen  of  the 
field  lick  up  grass  (b.c.  102). 

*jf*  The  first  founder  was  Romulus, 
and  the  second  Camillus. 

Thirsil  and  Thelgon,  two  gentle 
swains  who  were  kinsmen.  Thelgon 
exhorts  Thirsil  to  wake  his  "too  long 
sleeping  Muse  ; "  and  Thirsil,  having  col- 
lected the  nymphs  and  shepherds  around 
him,  sang  to  them  the  song  of  I'he 
Purple  Island. — Phineas  Fletcher,  The 
Purple  Island,  i.,  ii.  (1633). 

Thirsty  (The),  Colman  Itadach,  sur- 
named  "The  Thirsty,"  was  a  monk  of  the 
rule  of  St.  Patrick.  Itadach,  in  strict 
observance  of  the  Patrician  rule,  refused 
to  quench  his  thirst  even  in  the  harvest- 
field,  and  died  in  consequence. 

Thirteen  Precious  Things  of 
Britain. 

1.  Dyrxwyn  (the  sword  of  Rhyd- 
derch  Hael).  If  any  man  except  Hael 
drew  this  blade,  it  burst  into  a  flame  from 
point  to  hilt. 

2.  The  Basket  of  Gwyddno 
Garanhir.  If  food  for  one  man  were 
put  therein,  it  multiplied  till  it  sufficed 
for  a  hundred. 

3.  The  Horn  of  Bran  Galed,  in 
which  was  always  found  the  very 
beverage  that  each  drinker  most  desired. 

4.  The  Platter  of  Rhegynydi> 
Ysgolhaig,  which  always  contained  the 
very  food  that  the  eater  most  liked. 

5.  The  Chariot  of  Morgan 
MwYNVAWR.  Whoever  sat  therein  was 
transported  instantaneously  to  the  place 
he  wished  to  go  to. 

6.  The  Halter  of  Clydno  Eiddyn. 
Whatever  horse  he  wished  for  was  always 
found  therein.  It  hung  on  a  staple  at 
the  foot  of  his  bed. 

7.  The  Knife  of  Llawfrodded 
Farchawg,  which  would  serve  twenty- 
four  men  simultaneously  at  any  meal. 

8.  The  Caldron  of  Tyrnog.  If 
meat  were  put  in  for  a  brave  man,  it  waa 
cooked  instantaneously ;  but  meat  for  a 
coward  would  never  get  boiled  therein. 

9.  The  W^hetstone  of  Tudwal 
Tuik;lud.  If  the  sword  of  a  brave  man 
were    sharpened    thereon,   its    cut 


1 


THIRTEEN  UNLUCKY. 


995 


THOMAS  A  KEMPIS. 


certain  death  ;  but  if  of  a  coward,  the 
cut  was  harmless. 

10.  The  Robe  of  Padarn  Beisrudd, 
•which  fitted  every  one  of  gentle  birth, 
but  no  churl  could  wear  it. 

11.  The  Mantle  of  Tegau  Eur- 
VRON,  which  only  fitted  ladies  whose 
conduct  was  irreproachable. 

12.  The  Mantle  of  king  Arthur, 
which  could  be  worn  or  used  as  a  carpet, 
and  whoever  wore  it  or  stood  on  it  was 
invisible.  This  mantle  or  carpet  was 
called  Gwenn. 

*^*  The  ring  of  Luned  rendered  the 
wearer  invisible  so  long  as  the  stone  of  it 
was  concealed. 

13.  The  Chessboard  of  Gwend- 
DOLEN.  When  the  men  were  placed 
upon  it  they  played  of  themselves.  The 
board  was  of  gold,  and  the  men  silver. 
—  Welsh  Romance. 

Thirteen  Unlucky.  It  is  said 
that  it  is  unlucky  for  thirteen  persons  to 
sit  down  to  dinner  at  the  same  table, 
because  one  of  the  number  will  die  before 
the  year  is  out.  This  silly  superstition  is 
based  on  the  '*  Last  Supper,"  when  Christ 
and  His  twelve  disciples  sat  at  meat 
together.  Jesus,  of  course,  was  crucified ; 
and  Judas  Iscariot  hanged  himself. 

Thirty  {The).  So  the  Spartan  senate 
established  by  Lycurgos  was  called. 

Similarly,  the  Venetian  senate  was 
called  "  The  Forty." 

Thirty  Tyrants  {The).  So  the 
governors  appointed  by  Lysander  the 
Spartan  over  Athens  were  called  (b.c. 
404).  They  continued  in  power  only 
eight  months,  when  Thrasybulos  deposed 
them  and  restored  the  republic. 

"The  Thirty"  put  more  people  to  death  in  eight 
months  of  peace  than  the  enemy  had  done  in  a  war  of 
thirty  yean. — Xenophon. 

Thirty  Tyrants  of  Rome  {The), 
a  fanciful  name,  applied  by  Trebellius 
Pollio  to  a  set  of  adventurers  who  tried 
to  makr  themselves  masters  of  Rome  at 
sundry  times  between  a.d.  260  and  267. 

The  number  was  not  thirty,  and  the 
analogy  between  them  and  "The  Thirty 
Tyrants  of  Athens  "  is  scarcely  percep- 
tible. 

Thirty  Years'  War  {The),  a 
series  of  wars  between  the  protestants 
and  catholics  of  Germany,  terminated  by 
the  "  Peace  of  Westphalia."  The  war 
arose  thus  :  The  emperor  of  Austria 
interfered  in  the  struggle  between  the 
protestants  and  catholics,  by  depriving 


the  protestants  of  Bohemia  of  their 
religious  privileges  ;  in  consequence  of 
which  the  protestants  flew  to  arms. 
After  the  contest  had  been  going  on  for 
some  years,  Richelieu  joined  the  protest- 
ants (1635),  not  from  any  love  to  their 
cause,  but  solely  to  humiliate  Austria  and 
Spain  (1618-1648). 

The  Peloponnesian  war  between  Athens 
and  Sparta  is  called  "  The  Thirty  Years' 
War  "  (B.C.  404-431). 

Thisbe  (2  syl.),  a  beautiful  Baby- 
lonian maid,  beloved  by  PyrSmus,  her 
next-door  neighbour.  As  their  parents 
forbade  their  marriage,  they  contrived  to 
hold  intercourse  with  each  other  through 
a  chink  in  the  garden  wall.  Once  they 
agreed  to  meet  at  the  tomb  of  Ninus. 
Thisbe  was  first  at  the  trysting-plaoe, 
but,  being  scared  by  a  lion,  took  to  flight, 
and  accidentallj'  dropped  her  robe,  which 
the  lion  tore  and  stained  with  blood. 
Pyramus,  seeing  the  blood-stained  robe, 
thought  that  the  lion  had  eaten  Thisbe, 
and  so  killed  himself.  When  Thisbe  re- 
turned and  saw  her  lover  dead,  she  killed 
herself  also.  Shakespeare  has  burlesqued 
this  prettv  tale  in  his  Midsummer  Might's 
Dream  (1592). 

Thom'alin,  a  shepherd  who  laughed 
to  scorn  the  notion  of  love,  but  was 
ultimately  entangled  in  its  wiles.  He 
tells  Willy  that  one  day,  hearing  a 
rustling  in  a  bush,  he  discharged  an 
arrow,  when  up  flew  Cupid  into  a  tree. 
A  battle  ensued  between  them,  and  when 
the  shepherd,  having  spent  all  his  arrows, 
ran  away,  Cupid  shot  him  in  the  hoel. 
Thomalin  did  not  much  heed  the  wound 
at  first,  but  soon  it  festered  inwardly  and 
rankled  daily  more  and  more. — Spenser, 
Shepheardes  Calendar,  iii.  (1579). 

Thomalin  is  again  introduced  in  eel. 
vii*.,  when  he  inveighs  against  the 
catholic  priests  in  general,  and  the  shep- 
herd Palinode  (3  syl.)  in  particular. 
This  eclogue  could  not  have  been  written 
before  1578,  as  it  refers  to  the  seques- 
tration of  Grindal  archbishop  of  Can^ 
terbury  in  that  year. 

Thomas  {Monsieur),  the  fellow-? 
traveller  of  Val'entine.  Valentine's  niece 
Mary  is  in  love  with  him. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas  (1619). 

Thomas  {Sir),  a  dogmatical,  prating, 
self-sufficient  squire,  whose  judgments 
are  but  "justices'  justice." — Crabbe, 
Borough,  x.  (1810). 

Thomas  a  Kempis,  the  pseudo- 


THOMAS  THE  RHYMER. 


996 


THORNTON. 


nym  of  Jean  Charlier  de  Gerson  (1363- 
1429).  Some  say,  of  Thomas  Hammer- 
lein  Maleolus  (1380-1471). 

Thomas  the  Rhymer  «r  "  Thomas 
of  Erceldoun,"  an  ancient  Scottish  bard. 
His  name  was  Thomas  Learmont,  and  he 
lived  in  the  days  of  Wallace  (thirteenth 
century). 

This  personage,  the  Merlin  of  Scotland,  .  .  .  was  a 
magician  as  well  as  a  poet  and  prophet.  He  is  alleged 
still  to  be  living  in  the  land  of  Fitery,  and  is  expected  to 
return  at  some  great  convul-ion  of  society,  in  wliich  he  is 
to  act  a  distinguished  part.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Cattle  Dan- 
gerous (time,  Henry  1.). 

*^*  If  Thomas  the  Rhymer  lived  in 
the  thirteenth  century,  it  is  an  ana- 
chronism to  allude  to  him  in  Castle 
DarKjerous^  the  plot  of  which  novel  is 
laid  in  the  twelfth  century. 

*^*  Thomas  the  Rhymer,  and  Thomas 
Rymer  were  totally  "different  persons. 
The  latter  was  an  historiographer,  who 
compiled  The  Foedcra  (1638-1713). 

Thopas  {Sir),  a  native  of  Popery ng, 
in  Flanders  ;  a  capital  sportsman,  archer, 
wrestler,  and  runner.  Sir  Thopas  re- 
solved to  marry  no  one  but  an  "  elf 
queen,"  and  accordingly  started  for  Faery- 
land.  On  his  way,  he  met  the  three- 
headed  giant  Olifaunt,  who  challenged 
him  to  single  combat.  Sir  Thopas  asked 
permission  to  go  for  his  armour,  and 
promised  to  meet  the  giant  next  day. 
Here  mine  host  broke  in  with  the  ex- 
clamation, "  Intolerable  stuff  !"  and  the 
story  was  left  unfinished.  —  Chaucer, 
Canterbury  Tales  ("The  Rime  of  Sir 
Thopas,"  1388). 

Thor,  eldest  son  of  Odin  and  Frigga ; 
strongest  and  bravest  of  the  gods.  He 
launched  the  thunder,  presided  over  the 
air  and  the  seasons,  and  protected  man 
from  lightning  and  evil  spirits. 

His  wife  was  Sif  ("  love"). 

His  chariot  was  drawn  by  two  he- 
goats. 

His  mace  or  hammer  was  called 
Mjolner. 

His  belt  was  Megingjard.  Whenever 
he  put  it  on  his  strength  was  doubled. 

His  palace  was  Thrudvangr.  It  con- 
tained 640  halls. 

Thursday  is  Thor's  day. — Scandinavian 
Mythology. 

The  word  means  "  Refuge  from  terror." 

Thoresby  {Broad),  one  of  the 
troopers  under  Fitzurse. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Thom'berry  {Job),  a  brazier  in 
Penzance.      He    was  a  blunt  but  kind 


man,  strictly  honest,  most  charitable, 
and  doting  on  his  daughter  Mary.  Job 
Thornberry  is  called  "John  Btill,"  and  is 
meant  to  be  a  type  of  a  genuine  English 
tradesman,  unsophisticated  by  cant  and 
foreign  manners.  He  failed  in  business 
"through  the  treachery  of  a  friend  ;"  but 
Peregrine,  to  whom  he  had  lent  ten 
guineas,  returning  from  Calcutta  after 
the  absence  of  thirty  years,  gave  him 
£10,000,  which  he  said  his  loan  had 
grown  to  by  honest  trade. 

Mary  Thornberry,  his  daughter,  in  love 
with  Frank  Rochdale,  son  and  heir  of  sir 
Simon  Rochdale,  whom  ultimately  she 
married. — G.  Colman,  junior,  John  Bull 
(1805). 

Thomhaugh  {Colonel),  an  officer  in 
Cromwell's  army. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Wood~ 
stoc/i  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Thomhill  {Sir  William),  alias  Mr. 
Burchell,  about  30  years  of  age.  Most 
generous  and  most  whimsical,  most  bene- 
volent and  most  sensitive.  Sir  AVilliam 
was  the  landlord  of  Dr.  Primrose,  the 
vicar  of  Wakefield.  After  travelling 
through  Europe  on  foot,  he  had  returned 
and  lived  incognito.  In  the  garb  and 
aspect  of  a  pauper,  Mr.  Burchell  is  intro- 
duced to  the  vicar  of  Wakefield.  Twice 
he  rescued  his  daughter  Sophia — once 
when  she  was  thrown  from  her  horse  into 
a  deep  stream,  and  once  when  she  was 
abducted  by  squire  Thomhill.  Ultimately 
he  married'her. — Goldsmith,  The  Vicar  of 
Wakefield  (1766). 

Thomhill  {Squire),  nephew  of  sir 
William  Thomhill.  He  enjoyed  a  large 
fortune,  but  was  entirely  dependent  on  his 
uncle.  He  was  a  sad  libertine,  who 
abducted  both  the  daughters  of  Dr. 
Primrose,  and  cast  the  old  vicar  into  jail 
for  rent  after  the  entire  loss  of  his  house, 
money,  furniture,  and  books  by  fire. 
Squire  Thomhill  tried  to  impose  upon 
Olivia  Primrose  by  a  false  marriage,  but 
was  caught  in  his  own  trap,  for  the 
marriage  proved  to  be  legal  in  every 
respect.— Goldsmith,  The  Vicar  of  Wake- 
field (1766). 

This  worthy  citizen  abused  the  aristocracy  much  on  the 
same  principle  as  the  fair  Olivia  depreciated  squire  Thom- 
hill ;— he  had  a  sneaking  affection  lor  what  he  abused.— 
Lord  Lyt'kon. 

Thornton  {Captain),  an  English 
officer.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Hob  Hoy  (time, 
George  I.). 

Thornton  {Cijril),  the  hero  and  title  of 
a  no /el  of  military  adventure,  by  captain 
Thomas  Hamilton  (1827). 


THOROUGH  DOCTOR. 


P97       THREE  A  DIVINE  NUMBER, 


Thorough  Doctor  {The).  William 
Varro  was  called  Doctor  Funddtus  (thir- 
teenth centurj'). 

Thoughtful  (Father),  Nicholas 
Cat'inet,  a  marshal  of  France.  So  called 
bv  his  soldiers  for  his  cautious  and 
thoughtful  policy  (1637-1712). 

Thoughtless  {Miss  Betty),  a  vir- 
tuous, sensible,  and  amiable  young  lady, 
utterly  regardless  of  the  conventionalities 
of  society,  and  wholly  ignorant  of  eti- 
quette. She  is  consequently  for  ever 
involved  in  petty  scrapes  most  mortifying 
to  her  sensitive  mind.  Even  her  lover  is 
alarmed  at  her  gaucherie,  and  deliberates 
whether  such  a  partner  for  life  is  de- 
sirable.—  Mrs.  Hevwood,  Miss  Betty 
Thoughtless  (1697-1758). 

(Mrs.  Heywood's  novel  evidently  sug- 
gested the  Evelina  of  Miss  Burney, 
1778.) 

Thoulouse  {Raymond  count  of),  one 
of  the  crusading  princes. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Count  Eobert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Thraso,  a  bragging,  swaggering 
captain,  the  Roman  Bobadil  {(l.v.). — 
Terence,  Tlie  Eunvjch. 

Thraso,  duke  of  Mar,  one  of  the  allies 
of  Charlemagne.  —  Ariosto,  Orlando 
Furioso  (1516). 

Threadneedle  Street  (London),  a 
corruption  of  Thridenal  Street,  i.e.  the 
third  street  from  Cheapside.  (Anglo- 
Saxon,  thridda,  "third.") 

Three  a  Divine  Number.  Py- 
thagoras calls  three  the  perfect  number, 
expressive  of  "beginning,  middle,  and 
end,"  and  he  makes  it  a  symbol  of  deity. 

American  Indians:  Otkon  {creator), 
Messou  {providence),  Atahuata  {the 
Logos). 

(Called  Otkon  by  the  Iroquois,  and 
Otkee  by  the  Virginians.) 

Armorica.  The  korrigans  or  fays  of 
Armorica  are  three  times  three. 

Brahmins  :  Brahma,  Vishnu,  Siva. 

BuDDftiSTS :  Buddha,  Annan  Sonsja, 
Rosia  Sonsja. 

(These  are  the  three  idols  seen  in 
Buddhist  temples  ;  Buddha  stands  in  the 
middle.) 

Christians  :  The  Father,  the  Son  {the 
Logos),  the  Holy  Ghost. 

When,  in  creation,  the  earth  was  with- 
out form  and  void,  "  the  Spirit  moved 
over  the  face,"  and  put  it  into  order. 

Egyptians  {Ancient).  Almost  each 
nome  had  its  own  triad,  but  the  most 


general  were  Osiris,  Isis,  Horns;  Eicton, 
Cneph  {creator),  Phtha. — Jamblichus. 

Etruscans.  Their  college  consisted 
of  three  times  three  gods. 

Lars  PorsCna  of  Clusinm. 

By  tlie  nine  gods  he  swore 
That  the  ureat  house  of  Tarquin 
Should  suffer  wroiig  no  more. 

Lord  Macaulay,  Lays  of  A  ncient  lioma 
{•'  Horatius,"  1W2). 

Kamtschadai.es  :  Koutkhou  {creator 
of  heaven),  Kouhttigith,  his  sister  {creator 
of  earth),  Outleigin  {creator  of  ocean). 

Parsees  :  Ahura  {the  creator),  Vohu 
Mano  ("entity"),  Akem  Mano  ("non- 
entity "). 

Persians:  Oromasdgs  or  Oromazes 
{the  good  principle),  Ari manes  {the  evil 
principle),  IMithras  {fecundity). 

Others  give  Zervane  {god  the  father), 
and  omit  Mithras  from  the  trinity. 

Peruvians  {Ancient) :  Pachama  {god- 
dess mother),  Virakotcha  {—Jupiter), 
Mamakotcha  {  =  Neptune).  They  called 
their  trinity  "Tangatanga"  {i.e.  "three 
in  one  "). 

PiiaiNiciANs:  Kolpia  {the  Logos),  Ba- 
aut  ("darkness"),  Mot  ("matter"). 

Romans  {Ancient) :  Jupiter  {god  of 
heaven),  Neptune  {qod  of  earth  and  sea), 
Pluto  {god  of  hell)! 

(Their  whole  college  of  gods  consisted 
of  four  times  three  deities.) 

Scandinavians:  Odin  ("life"),  Hse- 
nir  ("motion"),  Loda  ("matter"). 

Tahitians:  Taroataihetoomoo  (chief 
deity),  Tepapa  (the  fecund  principle), 
Tettoomatataya  (their  ojfspring). 

Lao-Tseu,  'the  Chinese  philosopher, 
savs  the  divine  trinity  is  :  Ki,  Hi,  Ouei. 

Orpheus  says  it  is:  Phanes  (light), 
UrJlnos  (heaven),  Kronos  (time). 

Plato  says  it  is  :  To  AgSthon  (good- 
ness), Nous  (intelligence),  Psuche  (the 
mundane  soul). 

Pythagoras  says  it  is:  Monad  (the 
unit  or  oneness).  Nous,  Psuche. 

Vossius  says  it  is  :  Jupiter  (divi7ie 
power),  Minerva  (the  Logos),  Juno  (divine 
progenitiveness) . 

Subordinate.  The  orders  of  Angels 
are  three  times  three,  viz.:  (1)  Seraphim, 
(2)  Cherubim,  (3)  Thrones,  (4)  Dominions, 
(6)  Virtues,  (6)  Powers,  (7)  Principalities, 
(8)  Archangels,  (9)  Angels.— Dionynms 
the  AreopSgite. 

In  heaven  above 
The  effulgent  bands  in  triple  circles  move. 

Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered,  xi.  13  (1575). 

The  Cities  of  Refuge  were  three  on 
each  side  the  Jordan. 

The  Fates  are  three  :  Clotho  (with  her 
distafP,  presides  at  birth),  Lachesis  (spins 


THREE  A  DIVINE  NUMBER.       998       THREE  A  DIVINE  NUMBER. 


the  thread  of  life),  AtrSpos  (cuts  the 
thread). 

The  Furies  are  three :  Tisipone, 
Alecto,  Megsera. 

The  Graces  are  three :  Euphros'yne 
{cheerfulness  of  mind),  Aglaia  (mirth), 
Thai  la  (good-tempered  jest) . 

The  Judges  of  Hades  are  three : 
Minos  (the  chief  baron),  JEslcus  (the  judge 
of  Europeans),  Khadamanthus  (the  judge 
of  Asiatics  and  Africans). 

The  Muses  are  three  times  three. 

Jupiter's  thunder  is  three-forked  (Iri- 
fidum)  ;  Neptune's  trident  has  three 
prongs  ;  Pluto's  dog  CerbSrus  has  three 
heads.  The  rivers  of  hell  are  three  times 
three,  and  Styx  flows  round  it  thrice 
three  times. 

In  Scandinavian  mythology,  there  are 
three  times  three  earths ;  three  times 
three  worlds  in  Niflheim ;  three  times 
three  regions  under  the  dominion  of  Hel. 

According  to  a  mediaeval  tradition,  the 
heavens  are  three  times  three,  viz.,  the 
Moon,  Venus,  Mercury,  the  Sun,  Mars, 
Jupiter,  Saturn,  the  fixed  stars,  and  the 
primum  mobile. 

Symbolic.  (1)  In  the  tabernacle  and 
Jewish  Temple. 

The  Temple  consisted  of  three  parts : 
the  porch,  the  Temple  proper,  and  the 
holy  of  holies.  It  had  tliree  courts ; 
tlie  court  of  the  priests,  the  court  of  the 
people,  and  the  court  of  foreigners.  The 
innermost  court  had  three  rows,  and 
three  windows  in  each  row  (1  Kings 
vi.  36  ;  vii.  4). 

Similarly,  Ezekiel's  city  had  three 
gates  on  each  side  (Ezek.  xlviii.  31). 
C5'rus  left  direction  for  the  rebuilding  of 
the  Temple:  it  was  to  be  three  score 
cubits  in  height,  and  three  score  cubits 
wide,  and  three  roAvs  of  great  stones 
were  to  be  set  up  (Ezra  vi.  3,  4).  In  like 
manner,  the  "  new  Jerusalem"  is  to  have 
four  times  three  foundations  :  (1)  jasper, 
(2)  sapphire,  (3)  chalcedony,  (4)  emerald, 
(5)  sardonyx,  (6)  sardius,  (7)  chrysolyte, 
(8)  beryl,  (9)  topaz,  (10)  chrysoprase, 
(11)  jacinth,  (12)  amethyst.  It  is  to 
have  three  gates  fronting  each  cardinal 
quarter  (Rev.  xxi.  13-20). 

(2)  In  the  Temple  Furniture:  The  golden 
candlestick  had  three  branches  on  each 
side  (Exod.  xxv.  32)  ;  there  were  three 
bowls  (ver.  33)  ;  the  height  of  the  altar 
was  three  cubits  (Exod.  xxvii.  1) ;  there 
were  three  pillars  for  the  hangings  (rer. 
14) ;  Solomon's  molten  sea  was  supported 
on  oxen,  three  facing  each  cardinal  point 
(1  Kings  vii.  25). 


(3)  Sacrifices  and  Offerings :  A  meat 
offering  consisted  of  three  tenth  deals  of 
fine  flour  (Lev.  xiv.  10)  ;  Hannah  offered 
up  three  bullocks  when  Samuel  was  devoted 
to  the  Temple  (1  Sam.  i.  24)  ;  three  sorts 
of  beasts — bullocks,  rams,  and  lambs- 
were  appointed  for  offerings  (^^umb. 
xxix.)  ;  the  Jews  were  commanded  to 
keep  three  national  feasts  yearly  (Exod. 
xxiii.  14-17) ;  in  all  criminal  charges  three 
witnesses  were  required  (Deut.  xvii.  6). 

Miscellaneous  Threes.  Jo^huasent 
three  men  from  each  tribe  to  survev  the 
land  of  Canaan  (Josh,  xviii.  4).  Moses 
had  done  the  same  at  the  express  command 
of  God(A^M/n6.xiii.).  Job  had  three  friends 
(/o6ii.  11).  Abraham  was  accosted  by  three 
men  (angels),  with  whom  he  pleaded  to 
spare  the  cities  of  the  plain  (Gen.  xviii. 
2).  Nebuchadnezzar  cast  three  men  into 
the  fiery  furnace  (Dan.  iii.  24).  David 
had  three  mighty  men  of  valour,  and  one 
of  them  slew  300  of  the  Philistines  with  his 
spear  (2  Sam.  xxiii.  9,  18).  Nebuchad- 
nezzar's image  was  three  score  cubits 
high  (Dan.  iii.  1).  Moses  was  hidden 
three  months  from  the  Egyptian  police 
(Exod.  ii.  2).  The  ark  of  the  covenant 
was  three  months  in  the  house  of  Obed- 
edom  (2  Sam.  vi.  11).  Balaam  smote 
his  ass  three  times  before  the  beast 
upbraided  him  (Numb.  xxii.  28).  Samson 
mocked  Delilah  three  times  (Judges  xvi. 
15).  Elijah  stretched  himself  three  times 
on  the  child  which  he  restored  to  life 
(1  Kings  xvii.  21).  The  little  horn 
plucked  up  three  horns  by  the  roots 
(Dan.  vii.  8).  The  bear  seen  by  Daniel 
in  his  vision  had  three  ribs  in  its  mouth 
(ver.  6).  Joab  slew  Absalom  with  three 
darts  (2  Sam.  xviii.  14).  God  gave 
David  the  choice  of  three  chastisements 
(2  Sam.  xxiv.  12).  The  great  famine 
in  David's  reign  lasted  three  years  (2 
Sam.  xxi.  1)  ;  so  did  the  great  drought 
in  Ahab's  reign  (Luke  iv.  25).  There 
were  three  men  transfigured  on  the 
mount,  and  three  spectators  (Matt.  xvii. 
1-4).  The  sheet  was  let  down  to  Peter 
three  times  (Acts  x.  IG).  There  are 
three  Christian  graces  :  Faith,  hope,  and 
charity  (1  Cor.  xiii.  13).  There  are 
three  that  bear  record  in  heaven,  and 
three  that  bear  witness  on  earth  (1  John 
v.  7,  8).  There  were  three  unclean  spirits 
that  came  out  of  the  mouth  of  the  dragon 
(Rev.  xvi.  13). 

So  again.  Every  ninth  ware  is  said 
to  be  the  largest. 

[  They}  watched  the  great  sea  fall. 
Wave  after  wave,  each  mightier  than  the  last; 
Till  last,  a  ninth  one,  gathering  half  the  d«ei> 


/ 


THREE  ARDENT  LOVERS,  ETC.    999    THREE  COUNSELLING  KNIGHTS. 


And  full  of  voices,  slowly  rose  and  plunged, 
Koaring,  and  all  the  wave  was  in  a  flame. 
Tennyson,  The  Holy  Grail 


A  wonder  is  said  to  last  three  times 
khree  daj's.  The  scourge  used  for 
criminals  is  a  "  cat  o'  nine  tails."  Pos- 
session is  nine  points  of  the  law,  being 
equal  to  (1)  money  to  make  good  a 
claim,  (2)  patience  to  carry  a  suit 
through,  (3)  a  good  cause,  (4)  a  good 
lawyer,  (5)  a  good  counsel,  (6)  good 
witnesses,  (7)  a  good  jury,  (8)  a  good 
judge,  (9)  good  luck.  Leases  used  to  be 
granted  for  999  years.  Ordeals  by  fire 
consisted  of  three  times  three  red-hot 
ploughshares. 

There  are  three  times  three  crowns 
recognized  in  heraldry,  and  three  times 
three  marks  of  cadency. 

We  show  honour  by  a  three  times 
three  in  drinking  a  health. 

The  worthies  are  three  Jews,  three 
pagans,  and  three  Christians :  viz., 
Joshua,  David,  and  Judas  Maccabaeus ; 
Hector,  Alexander,  and  Julius  Caesar ; 
Arthur,  Charlemagne,  and  Godfrey  of 
Bouillon.  The  worthies  of  London  are 
three  times  three  also :  (1)  sir  William 
Walworth,  (2)  sir  Henry  Pritchard,  (3) 
sir  William  Sevenoke,  (4)  sir  Thomas 
White,  (5)  sir  John  Bonham,  (6)  Chris- 
topher Croker,  (7)  sir  John  Hawkwood, 
(8)  sir  Hugh  Caverley,  (9)  sir  Henry 
Maleverer  (Richard  Johnson,  The  Nine 
Worthies  of  London). 

*^*  Those  who  take  any  interest  in  this 
subject  can  easily  multiply  the  examples 
here  set  down  to  a  much  greater  number. 
(See  below,  the  Welsh  Triads.) 

Three  Ardent  Lovers  ofBritain 

(2'he):  (1)  Caswallawn  son  of  "Beli,  the 
ardent  lover  of  Flur  daughter  of  Mug- 
nach  Gorr  ;  (2)  Tristan  or  Tristram  son 
of  Talluch,  the  ardent  lover  of  Yseult 
wife  of  March  Meirchawn  his  uncle, 
generally  called  king  Mark  of  Cornwall ; 
(3)  Kynon  son  of  Clydno  Eiddin,  the 
ardent  lover  of  Morvyth  daughter  of 
Urien  of  Rheged. —  Welsh  Triads. 

Three  Battle  Knights  (The)  in 
the  court  of  king  Arthur:  (1)  Cadwr 
earl  of  Cornwall ;  (2)  Launcelot  du  Lac  ; 
(3)  Owain  son  of  Urien  prince  of  Rheged, 
i.e.  Cumberland  and  some  of  the  ad- 
jacent lands.  These  three  would  never 
retreat  from  battle,  neither  for  spear, 
nor  sword,  nor  arrow  ;  and  Arthur  knew 
no  shame  in  fight  when  they  were  preseut. 
^  Welsh  Triads. 

Three  Beautiful  Women  (The) 


of  the  court  of  king  Arthur:  (1)  Gwen- 
hwyvar  or  Guenever  wife  of  king  Arthur ; 

(2)  Enid,  who  dressed  in  "  azure  robes," 
wife  of  Geraint ;  (3)  Tegau  or  Tegau 
Euron. —  Welsh  Triads. 

Three  Blessed  Rulers  (ITie)  of 
the  island  of  Britain  :  (1)  Bran  or  Vran, 
son  of  Llyr,  and  father  of  Caradawc  {Ca~ 
ractacus).  He  was  called  "The  Blessed" 
because  he  introduced  Christianity  into 
the  nation  of  the  Cymry  from  Rome  ;  he 
learnt  it  during  his  seven  years'  detention 
in  that  city  with  his  son.  (2)  Lleurig 
ab  Coel  ab  Cyllyn  Sant,  sumamed  "  The 
Great  Light."  He  built  the  cathedral  of 
Llandaff,  the  first  sanctuary  in  Britain. 

(3)  Cadwaladyr,  who  gave  refuge  to  all 
believers  driven  out  by  the  Saxons  from 
England. —  Welsh  Triads,  xxxv. 

Three  Calenders  (The),  three 
sons  of  three  kings,  who  assumed  the 
disguise  of  begging  dervises.  They  had 
each  lost  one  eye.  The  three  met  in  the 
house  of  Zobeide,  and  told  their  re- 
spective tales  in  the  presence  of  Haroun- 
al-Raschid  also  in  disguise.  (See  Calen- 
ders, p.  150.)  —  Arabian  Nights  {^^  The 
Three  Calenders"). 

Three  Chief  Ladies  (The)  of  the 
island  of  Britain  :  (1)  Branwen  daughter 
of  king  Llyr,  "the  fairest  damsel  in  the 
world  ;  "  (2)  Gwenhwyvar  or  Guenever 
wife  of  king  Arthur ;  (3)  iEthelflsed  the 
wife  of  iEthelred. 

Three  Closures  ( The)  of  the  island 
ofBritain:  (1)  The  head  of  Vran  son  of 
Llyr,  sumamed  "The  Blessed,"  which 
was  buried  under  the  W^hite  Tower  of 
London,  and  so  long  as  it  remained  there, 
no  invader  would  enter  the  island.  (2) 
The  bones  of  Vortiraer,  sumamed  "  The 
Blessed,"  buried  in  the  chief  harbour  of 
the  island ;  so  long  as  they  remained 
there,  no  hostile  ship  would  approach  the 
coast.  (3)  The  dragons  buried  by  Lludd 
son  of  Beli,  in  the  city  of  Pharaon,  in 
the  Snowdon  rocks.  (See  Three  Fatal 
Disclosures.)— We/sA  Triads,  liii. 

Three  Counselling  Knights 
(The)  of  the  court  of  king  Arthur:  (1) 
Kynon  or  Cynon  son  of  Clydno  Eiddin  ; 
(2)  Aron  son  of  Kynfarch  ap  Meirohion 
Gul;  (3)  Llywarch  Hen  son  of  Elidir 
LydauAvyn.  So  long  as  Arthur  followed 
the  advice  of  these  three,  his  success^was 
invariable,  but  when  he  neglected  to 
follow  their  counsel,  his  defeat  was  sure. 
—  Welsh  Triads. 


THREE  DIADEMED  CHIEFS.      1000 


THREE  MAKERS,  ETC. 


Three  Diademed  Chiefs  {The) 
of  the  island  of  Britain  :  (1)  Kai  son  of 
Kyner,  the  sewer  of  king  Arthur.  He 
cojild  transform  himself  into  any  shape 
he  pleased.  Always  ready  to  light,  and 
alwaj-s  worsted.  Half  knight  and  half 
buffoon.  (2)  Trystan  mab  Tallwch,  one 
of  Arthur's  tnree  heralds,  and  one  whom 
nothing  could  divert  from  his  purpose  ; 
he  is  generally  called  sir  Tristram.  (3) 
Gwevyl  mab  Gwestad,  the  melancholy. 
*'  When  sad,  he  would  let  one  of  his  lips 
drop  below  his  waist,  while  the  other 
turned  up  like  a  cap  upon  his  head." — 
The  Mabinogion,  227. 

Three  Disloyal  Tribes  (The)  of 
the  island  of  Britain:  (1)  The  tribe  of 
Goronwy  Pebyr,  which  refused  to  stand 
substitute  for  their  lord,  Llew  Llaw 
Gyffes,  when  a  poisoned  dart  was  shot  at 
hi'm  by  Llech  Goronwy  ;  (2)  the  tribe 
of  Gwrgi,  which  deserted  their  lord  in 
Caer  Greu,  when  he  met  Eda  Glinmawr 
in  battle  (both  were  slain)  ;  (3)  the 
tribe  of  Alan  Vyrgan,  which  slunk 
away  from  their  lord  on  his  journey  to 
Canilan,  where  he  was  slain. —  Welsh 
Triads,  xxxv. 

Three   Estates  of  the  Realm: 

the  nobility,  the  clergy,  and  the  com- 
monalty. 

N.B. — The  sovereign  is  not  one  of  the 
three  estates. 

Three  Patal  Disclosures  (The) 
of  the  island  of  Britain  :  (1)  That  of  the 
buried  head  of  Vran  "the  Blessed"  by 
king  Arthur,  because  he  refused  to  hold 
the  sovereignty  of  the  land  except  by 
his  own  strength ;  (2)  that  of  the  bones 
of  Vortimer  by  Vortigern,  out  of  love 
for  Ron  wen  {Rowena)  daughter  of  Hen- 
gist  the  Saxon ;  (3)  that  of  the  dragons 
in  Snowdon  by  Vortigern,  in  revenge  of 
the  Cymryan  displeasure  against  him  ; 
having  this  done,  he  invited  over  the 
Saxons  in  his  defence.  (See  Three 
Closures.) — Welsh  Triads,  liii. 

Three-Fingered  Jack,  the  nick- 
name of  a  famous  negro  robber,  who  was 
the  terror  of  Jamaica  in  1780.  He  was 
at  length  hunted  down  and  killed  in 
1781. 

Three  Golden-Tongued  Knights 
{The)  in  the  court  of  king  Arthur: 
(1)  Gwalchmai,  called  in  French  Gawain 
son  of  Gwyar ;  (2)  Drudwas  son  of 
Tryffin  ;  (3)'  Eliwlod  son  of  Madog  ab 
Ut'hur.  They  never  made  a  request  which 
was  not  at  once  granted, —  Welsh  Triads. 


Three  Great  Astronomers  ( The) 
of  the  island  of  Britain:  (1)  Gwydion 
son  of  Don.  From  him  the  Milky'  Way 
is  called  "  Caer  Gwydion."  He  called 
the  constellation  Cassiopeia  "The  Court 
of  Don  "  or  Llys  Don,  after  his  father  ; 
and  the  Corona  Borealis  he  called  "  Caer 
Arianrod,"  after  his  daughter.  (2)  Gwynn 
son  of  Nudd.  (3)  Idris. —  Welsh  Triads, 
ii.  325. 

Three  Holy  Tribes  (Tlie)  of  the 
island  of  Britain  :  (1)  That  of  Bran  or 
Vran,  who  introduced  Christianity  into 
Wales;  (2)  that  of  Cunedda  Wledig  ; 
and  (3)  that  of  Brychan  Brycheiniog. — 
Welsh  lYiadSy  xxxv. 

Three  Kings.  In  our  line  of  kings 
we  never  exceed  three  reigns  without 
interruption  or  catastrophe.  (See  Kings 
OF  England,  p.  517.) 

Three  Kings'  Day,  Twelfth  Day 
or  Epiphany,  designed  to  commemorate 
the  visit  of  the  "three  kings  "  or  "  Wise 
Men  of  the  East "  to  the  infant  Jesus. 

Three  Kings  of  Cologne  {The)^ 
the  three  "  Wise  Men  "  who  followed  the 
guiding  star  ' '  from  the  East "  to  Jeru- 
salem, and  offered  gifts  to  the  babe 
Jesus.  Their  names  were  Jaspar  or  Gas- 
par,  Melchior,  and  Balthazar ;  or  Apellius, 
AmSrus,  and  Damascus ;  or  Magalath, 
Galgalath,  and  Sarasin  ;  or  Ator,  Sator, 
and  Perat5ras.  Klopstock,  in  his  Messiah, 
saj's  the  Wise  Men  were  six  in  number, 
and  gives  their  names  as  Hadad,  Selima, 
Zimri,  Mirja,  Beled,  and  Sunith. 

*^*  The  toys  shown  in  Cologne  Cathe- 
dral as  the  "  three  kings  "  are  called 
Caspar,  Melchior,  and  Balthazar. 

Three  Learned  Knights  {Tlie) 
of  the  island  of  Britain  :  (1)  Gwalchmai 
ab  Gwyar,  called  in  French  romances 
Gawain  son  of  Lot ;  (2)  Llecheu  ab 
Arthur  ;  (3)  Rhiwallon  with  the  broom- 
bush  hair.  There  was  nothing  that  man 
knew  they  did  not  know. —  Welsh  Triads. 

Three-Leg  Alley  (London),  now 
called  Pemberton  Row,  Fetter  Lane. 

Three  Letters  {A  Man  of),  a  thief. 
A  Roman  phrase,  from  fur,  "a  thief." 

Tun'  trium  literarum  homo 
Me  vituperas  ?    Fur  1 

Plautus,  Aulularia,  ii.  4. 

Three  Makers  of  Golden  Shoes 

{The)  ot  the  island  of  Britain:  (1)  Cas- 
w^allawn  son  of  Beli,  when  he  went  to 
Gascony  to  obtain  Flur.     She  had  been 


THREE-MEN  WINE. 


1001 


THEOGMORTON  STREET. 


I 


abducted  for  Julius  Caesar,  but  was 
brought  back  by  the  prince.  (2)  Mana- 
wyddan  son  of  Llyr,  when  he  sojourned 
in  Lloegyr  (Entjland).  (3)  Llew  Llaw 
Gj'ffes,  when  seeking  arms  from  his 
mother. —  Welsh  Triads,  cxxiv. 

"  What  craft  shall  we  take  ?  "  said  Manawyddan.  .  .  . 
"  Let  us  take  to  making  shoes."  ...  So  he  bought  the 
best  cordwal  .  .  .  and  got  the  best  goldsmith  to  make 
cliu^ps  .  .  .  and  he  was  called  one  of  the  three  makers  of 
gold  shoes.— jf'Ae  Mabinogion  (*'  Manawyddan,"  twelfth 
century). 

Three-Men  Wine.  Very  bad  wine 
is  so  called,  because  it  requires  one  man 
to  hold  the  victim,  a  second  to  pour  the 
wine  down  his  throat,  and  the  third  is 
the  victim  made  to  drink  it. 

Abraham  Santa  Clara,  the  preaching 
friar,  calls  the  wine  of  Alsace  "three- 
men  wine." 

Three  per  Cents.  "The  sweet 
simplicity  of  the  three  per  cents."  This 
was  the  saying  of  Dr.  Scott  (lord 
Stowell),  brother  of  lord  Eldon  the 
great  Admiralty  judge. 

Three  Robbers  {The).  The  three 
stars  in  Orion's  belt  are  said  to  be 
"three  robbers  climbing  up  to  rob  the 
Ranee's  silver  bedstead." — Miss  Frere, 
Old  Deccan  Days,  28. 

Three  Stayers  of  Slaughter 
(The):  (1)  Gwgawn  Gleddyvrud ;  the 
name  of  his  horse  was  Buchestom.  (2) 
Morvran  eil  Tegid.  (3)  Gilbert  mab 
Cadgyffro. —  Welsh  Triads,  xxix. 

Three  Tailors  of  Tooley  Street 

(The),  three  worthies,  who  Jield  a  meet- 
ing in  Tooley  Street  for  the  redress  of 
popular  grievances,  and  addressed  a  peti- 
tion to  the  House  of  Commons,  while 
Canning  was  prime  minister,  beginning, 
"We,  the  people  of  England." 

Three  Tribe  Herdsmen  of  Bri- 
tain (17ie)  :  (1)  Llawnrodded  VarvaAve, 
who  tended  the  milch  cows  of  Nudd 
Hael  son  of  Senyllt ;  (2)  Bennren,  who 
kept  the  herd  of  Caradawc  son  of  Bran, 
Glamorganshire ;  (3)  Gwdion  son  of 
Don  the  enchanter,  who  kept  the  kin« 
of  Gwynedd  above  the  Conway.  All 
these  herds  consisted  of  21,000  milch 
cows. —  Welsh  Triads,  Ixxxv. 

Three  Tyrants  of  Athens  (The) : 
Pisistratos  (n.c.  6G0--400),  Hippias  and 
Hipparchos  (n.c.  527-490). 

(The  two  brothers  reigned  conjointly 
from  627-514,  when  the  latter  was  mur- 
dered.) 

Three    Unprofessional    Bards 


(The)  of  the  island  of  Britain  :  (1)  Rhy- 
awd  son  of  Morgant ;  (2)  king  Arthur ; 
(3)  Cadwallawn  son  of  Cadvan. —  Welsh 
Triads,  Ixxxix.  113. 

Three  Weeks  after  Marriage, 
a  comedy  by  A.  Murphy  (177G).  Sir 
Charles  Racket  has  married  the  daughter 
of  a  rich  London  tradesman,  and  three 
weeks  of  the  honeymoon  having  expired, 
he  comes  on  a  visit  to  the  lady's  father, 
Mr.  Drugget.  Old  Drugget  plumes  him- 
self on  his  aristocratic  son-in-law,  so 
far  removed  from  the  vulgar  brawls  of 
meaner  folk.  On  the  night  of  their 
arrival,  the  bride  and  bridegroom  quarrel 
about  a  game  of  Avhist ;  the  lady  main- 
tained that  sir  Charles  ought  to  have 
played  a  diamond  instead  of  a  club.  So 
angry  is  sir  Charles  that  he  resolves  to 
have  a  divorce  ;  and  although  the  quarrel 
is  patched  up,  Mr.  Drugget  has  seen 
enough  of  the  beau  monde  to  decline  the 
alliance  of  Lovelace  for  his  second 
daughter,  whom  he  gives  to  a  Mr. 
Woodley. 

Three  Writers  (The).  The  Scrip- 
tores  Tres  are  Richardus  Corinensis, 
Gildas  Badonicus,  and  Nennius  Ban- 
chorensis  ;  three  who  wrote  on  The 
Ancient  History  of  the  British  Nation, 
edited,  etc.,  by  Julius  Bertram  (1757). 

*^*  The  Five  Writers  or  Scriptores 
Quinque  are  five  English  chronicles  on 
the  early  history  of  England,  edited  by 
Thomas  Gale  (1691).  The  names  of  these 
chroniclers  are  :  William  of  Malmesbury, 
Henry  of  Huntingdon,  Roger  Hoveden, 
Ethelwerd,  and  Ingulphus  of  Croyland. 

The  Ten  Writers  or  Scriptores  Decern 
are  the  authors  of  ten  ancient  chronicles 
on  English  history,  compiled  and  edited 
by  Roger  Twysden  and  John  Seldon 
(i652).  The  collection  contains  the 
chronicles  of  Simeon  of  Durham,  John 
of  Hexham,  Richard  of  Hexham,  Ailred 
of  Rieval,  Ralph  de  Diceto,  John  Bromp- 
ton,  Gervase  of  Canterbury,  Thomas 
Stubbs,  William  Thorn,  and  Henry 
Knighton.     (See  Six  Chronicles.) 

Thresher  (Captain),  the  feigned 
leader  of  a  body  of  lawless  Irishmen, 
who  attacked,  in  1806,  the  collectors  of 
tithes  and  their  subordinates. 

Captain  Right  was  a  leader  of  the 
rebelliaus  peasantry  in  the  south  of  Ire- 
land in  the  eighteenth  century. 

Captain  Rock  was  the  assumed  name 
of  a  leader  of  Irish  insurgents  in  1822. 

Throgmorton    Street    (London), 


THRUMMY-CAP. 


1002 


THUNDER. 


So  named  from  sir  Nicholas  Throcmor- 
toD,  banker  (1513-1571). 

(Sir  Nicholas  took  part  in  Wyatt's 
rebellion.) 

Thrummy-Cap,  a  sprite  which 
fi{j;ures  in  the  fairy  tales  of  Northum- 
berland. He  was  a  *'  queer-looking  little 
auld  man,"  whose  scene  of  exploits 
generally  lay  in  the  vaults  and  cellars  of 
old  castles.  John  Skelton,  in  his  Coli/n 
Clout,  calls  him  Tom-a-Thrum,  and  says 
that  the  clergy  coald  neither  write  nor 
read,  and  were  no  wiser  than  this  cellar 
sprite. 

Thrush  (Song  of  the). 

White  hat,  white  hat; 
Cherry  do,  cherry  do  ; 
Pretty  Joe,  pretty  Joe. 

The  Storm  Thrush,  calling  for  rain, 
says  : 

Bill  Peters,  Bill  Peters. 

Bill  Peters,  Bill  Peters, 

Kiss  me  quick. 

Thu'le  (2  syl.),  the  most  remote 
northern  portion  of  the  world  known  to 
the  ancient  Greeks  and  Romans ;  but 
whether  an  island  or  part  of  a  continent 
nobody  knows.  It  is  first  mentioned  by 
Pythgas,  the  Greek  navigator,  who  says 
it  is  "  six  days'  sail  from  Britain,"  and 
that  its  climate  is  a  "  mixture  of  earth, 
air,  and  sea."  Ptolemy,  with  more  ex- 
actitude, tells  us  that  the  63*  of  north 
latitude  runs  through  the  middle  of 
Thule,  and  adds  that  "the  days  there 
are  at  the  equinoxes  Isic}  twenty-four 
hours  long."  This,  of  course,  is  a  blunder, 
but  the  latitude  would  do  roughly  for 
Iceland. 

(No  place  has  a  day  of  twenty-four 
hours  long  at  either  equinox ;  but  any- 
where beyond  either  polar  circle  the  day 
is  twenty-four  hours  long  at  one  of  the 
solstices.) 

Thu'le  (2  syl.).  Antonius  Diogenes, 
a  Greek,  wrote  a  romance  on  "  The  In- 
-credible  Things  beyond  Thule"  (Ta 
huper  Tlioulen  Apista),  which  has  fur- 
nished the  basis  of  many  subsequent 
tales.  The  work  is  not  extant,  but 
Photius  gives  an  outline  of  its  contents 
in  hiS  Bibliotheca. 

Thumb  {Tom),  a  dwarf  no  bigger 
thaa  a  man's  thumb.  He  lived  in  the 
reign  of  king  Arthur,  by  whom  he  was 
knighted.  He  was  the  son  of  a  dommon 
ploughman,  and  was  killed  by  the  poi- 
sonous breath  of  a  spider  in  the  reign  of 
Thunstonc,  the  successor  of  king  Arthur. 

Amongst  his  adventures  may  be  men- 


tioned the  following : — He  was  lying  one 
day  asleep  in  a  meadow,  when  a  cow 
swallowed  him  as  she  cropped  the  grass. 
At  another  time,  he  rode  in  tiie  ear  of  a 
horse.  He  crept  up  the  sleeve  of  a  giant, 
and  so  tickled  him  that  he  shook  his 
sleeve,  and  Tom,  falling  into  the  sea, 
was  swallowed  by  a  fish.  The  fish  being 
caught  and  carried  to  the  palace,  gave 
the  little  man  his  introduction  to  the 
king. 

*^*  The  oldest  version  extant  of  this 
nursery  tale  is  in  rhyme,  and  bears  the 
following  title: — Tom  Thumb,  His  Life 
and  Death  ;  wherein  is  declared  many  mn,j- 
vailous  acts  of  manhood,  full  of  wonder 
and  strange  merriments.  Which  little 
knight  lived  in  king  Arthur's  time,  and  was 
famous  in  the  court  of  Great  Brittaine. 
London  :  printed  for  John  Wright,  1630 
(Bodleian  Library).     It  begins  thus  : 

In  Arthur's  court  Tom  Thumbe  did  liue— 

A  man  of  mickle  might, 
The  best  of  all  the  Table  Round, 

And  eke  a  doughty  knight. 
His  stature  but  an  inch  iu  height. 

Or  quarter  of  a  span  ; 
Then  thinke  you  not  this  little  knight 

tVas  prou'd  a  valiant  man  ? 

N.B. — "Great  Britain"  was  not  a 
recognized  term  till  1701  (queen  Anne), 
when  the  two  parliaments  of  Scotland 
and  England  were  united.  Before  that 
time,  England  was  called  "  South  Britain," 
Scotland  "  North  Britain,"  and  Brittany 
"  Little  Britain."  The  date  1630  would 
carry  us  back  to  the  reign  of  Charles  I. 

Fielding,  in  1730,  wrote  a  burlesque 
opera  called  Tom  Thumb,  which  was 
altered  in  1778  by  Kane  O'Hara.  Dr. 
Arne  wrote  the  music  to  it,  and  his 
"  daughter  (afterwards  Mrs.  Gibber),  then 
only  14,  acted  the  part  of  '  Tom  Thumb  ' 
at  the  Hay  market  Theatre." — T.  Davies, 
Life  of  Garrick. 

*^*  Here  again  the  dates  do  not  correctly 
fit  in.  Mrs.  Gibber  was  born  1710,  and 
must  have  been  20  when  Fielding  pro- 
duced his  opera  of  Tom  Thumb. 

Thumb  {General  Tom),  a  dwarf  ex- 
hibited in  London  in  1846.  His  real 
name  was  Charles  S.  Stratton.  At  the 
age  of  25,  his  height  was  25  inches,  and 
his  weight  25  lbs.  He  was  born  at  Bridge- 
port, Connecticut,  United  States,  in  1832, 
and  died  in  January,  1879. 

They  rush  by  thousands  to  see  Tom  Thumb  They 
push,  they  fight,  they  scream,  Uiey  faint,  they  cry,  "  Help !  " 
and  "  Murder  1 "  They  see  my  bills  and  caravan,  but  do 
not  read  them.  Their  eyes  are  on  them,  but  their  sense 
is  gone.  ...  In  one  week  12,000  persons  paid  to  see  Tom 
Thumb,  while  only  133^  paid  to  see  my  "  Aristid6s."  — 
Haydon  the  artist,  JUS.  lyiary. 

Thunder  prognosticates  evil  accord^ 


THUNDER. 


1003 


THYESTEAN  REVENGE. 


ing  to  the  day  of  the  week  on  which  it 
occurs. 

Sondayes  thundre  shoiilde  brynge  the  deathe  of  learned 
men.  judges,  and  others;  Mondiiyes  tliundre,  the  deathe 
of  women  ;  Tuesdayes  thundre,  plentie  of  graine ;  Wednes- 
dayes  thundre.  the  deathe  of  harlottes  and  other  blod- 
Ehede ;  Thursdayes  thundre.  plentie  of  shepe  and  corne; 
Fridayes  thundre.  the  slaughter  of  a  great  man  and  other 
horril)le  murders ;  and  Saturdayes  thundre.  a  generall 
pestilent  plague  and  great  deathe. — L.  Digges.  A  Frog- 
nostication  Everloiting  of  Ryght  Good  Effecte  (1556). 

Thunder  {The  Giant),  a  giant  who  fell 
into  a  river  and  was  killed,  because  Jack 
cut  the  ropes  which  suspended  a  bridge 
whidi  the  giant  was  about  to  cross. — 
Jack  the  Giant-Killer. 

Thunder  {The  Sons  of).  James  and 
John,  the  sons  of  Zebedee,  were  called 
"  Boaner'ges." — Luke  ix.  5-4  ;  Mark  iii. 
17. 

Thunder  and  Lightning.  Stephen 
TI.  of  Hungary  was  Burnamed  Tonnant 
(1100,  1114-1131). 

Thunderbolt  {The).  Ptolemy  king 
of  Macedon,  eldest  son  of  Ptolemy  Soter 
I.,  was  so  called  from  his  great  impetu- 
osity (B.C.  ♦,  285-279). 

Handel  was  called  by  Mozart  "The 
Thunderbolt"  (1684-1759). 

Thunderbolt  of  Italy  {The), 
Gaston  de  Foix,  nephew  of  Louis  XII. 
(1489-1512). 

Thunderbolt  ofWar(77ie).  Roland 
is  so  called  in  Spanish  ballads. 

Tisaphernes  is  so  called  in  Tasso's  Jeru- 
salem Delivered,  xx.  (1575). 

Thunderer  {The),  the  Times  news- 
paper. This  popular  name  was  first 
given  to  the  journal  in  allusion  to  a 
paragraph  in  one  of  the  articles  con- 
tributed by  captain  Edward  Sterling, 
while  Thomas  Barnes  was  editor. 

We  thundered  forth  the  other  day  an  article  on  the 
subject  of  social  and  political  reform. 

Some  of  the  contemporaries  caught  up 
the  expression,  and  called  the  Times  "The 
Thunderer."  Captain  Sterling  used  to 
sign  himself  "Vetus"  before  he  was 
placed  on  the  staff  of  the  paper. 

Thundering  Legion  {The),  the 
twelfth  legion  of  the  Roman  army 
under  Marcus  Aurelius  acting  against 
the  Quadi,  a.d.  174.  It  was  shut  up  in 
a  defile,  and  reduced  to  great  straits 
for  want  of  water,  when  a  body  of  Chris- 
tians, enrolled  in  the  legion,  prayed  for 
relief.  Not  only  was  rain  sent,  but  the 
thunder  and  lightning  so  terrified  the  foe 
that  a  complete  victory  was  obtained,  and 
thfc  legion  was  ever  after  called  "The 


Thundering  Legion."— Dion  Cassius,  Bo- 
man  History,  Ixxi.  8  ;  Eusebius,  Ecclesi- 
astical History,  v.  5. 

The  Theban  legion,  i.e.  the  legion  raised 
in  the  Thebais  of  Kgypt,  and  composed 
of  Christian  soldiers  led  by  St.  Maurice, 
was  likewise  called  "The  Thundering 
Legion." 

The  term  "Thundering  Legion"  existed 
before  either  of  these  two  were  so  called. 

Thunstone  (2  syl.),  the  successor  of 
king  Arthur,  in  whose  reign  Tom  Thumb 
was  killed  by  a  spider. — Tom  Thumb. 

Thu'rio,  a  foolish  rival  of  Valentine 
for  the  love  of  Silvia  daughter  of  the 
duke  of  Milan. — Shakespeare,  The  Ttoo 
Gentleman  of  Verorux  (1595). 

Thursday  is  held  unlucky  by  the 
Swedes ;  so  is  it  with  the  Russians, 
especially  in  Esthonia. 

Thursday  {Black).  February  6, 1851,  is 
80  called  in  the  colony  of  Victoria,  from 
a  terrible  bush  fire  which  occurred  on 
that  day. 

Thwacker  {Quartermaster),  in  the 
dragoons.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Th'wackum,  in  Fielding's  novel,  The 
History  of  Tom  Jones,  a  Foundling  (1749). 

Thyamis,  an  Egyptian  thief,  nativtj 
of  Memphis. '  Theagenes  and  Charicloa 
being  taken  by  him  prisoners,  he  fell  in 
love  with  the  lady,  and  shut  her  up  in  a 
cave  for  fear  of  losing  her.  Being  closely 
beset  by  another  gang  stronger  than  his 
own,  he  ran  his  sword  into  the  heart  of 
Chariclea,  that  she  might  go  with  him 
into  the  land  of  shadows,  and  be  his  com- 
panion in  the  future  life. — Heliodorus, 
^thiopica. 

Like  to  the  Egyptian  thief,  at  point  of  death. 
Kill  what  I  love. 
Shakespeare.  Twelfth  Night,  act  v.  sc  1  (1614). 

Thyeste'an    Banquet    (in    Latin 

ccena  Thyestce),  a  cannibal  feast.  Thyest^s 
was  given  his  own  two  sons  to  eat  in  a 
banquet  served  up  to  him  by  his  brother 
Atreus  \^At.truce~\. 

Procne  and  Philomena  served  up  to 
Tereus  (2  syl.)  his  own  son  Itys. 

*^*  Milton  accents  the  word  on  the 
second  syllable  in  Paradise  Lost,  x.  688, 
but  then  he  calls  Chalybe'an  {Samson 
Aqonistes,  133)  "Chalyb'ean,"  ^Egc'an 
{Paradise  Lost,  i.  745)  "  ^E'gean,"  and 
Cambuscan'  he  calls  "  Cambus'can." 

Thyeste'an  Revenge,  blood  for 
blood,  tit  for  tat  of  bloody  vengeance. 


THYMBR^AN  GOD. 


1004 


TIBBS. 


1.  Thyestcs  seduced  the  wife  of  his 
brother  Atreus  (2  sy/.),  for  which  he  was 
banished.  In  his  banishment  he  carried 
off  his  brother's  son  PlisthSnes,  whom  he 
brought  up  as  his  own  child.  When  the 
bo}'  Avas  grown  to  manhood,  he  sent  him 
to  assassinate  Atreus,  but  Atreus  slew 
Plisthenes,  not  knowing  him  to  be  his 
son.  The  corresponding  vengeance  was 
this :  Thyestes  had  a  son  named  ^Egis- 
thos,  who  was  brought  up  by  king  Atreus 
as  his  own  child.  When  yEgisthos  was 
grown  to  manhood,  the  king  sent  him  to 
assassinate  Thyestes,  but  the  young  man 
slew  Atreus  instead. 

2.  Atreus  slew  his  own  son  Plisthenes, 
thinking  him  to  be  his  brother's  child. 
When  he  found  out  his  mistake,  he  pre- 
tended to  be  reconciled  to  his  brother, 
and  asked  him  to  a  banquet.  Thyestes 
went  to  the  feast,  and  ate  part  of  his  own 
two  sons,  which  had  been  cooked,  and 
were  set  before  him  by  his  brother. 

3.  Thyestes  defiled  the  wife  of  his 
brother  Atreus,  and  Atreus  married  Pe- 
lopia  the  unwedded  wife  of  his  brother 
Thj'estes.  It  was  the  son  of  this  woman 
by  Thyestes  who  murdered  Atreus  (his 
uncle  and  father-in-law). 

*^*  The  tale  of  Atreus  and  that  of 
QLdipus  arc  the  two  most  lamentable 
stories  of  historic  fiction,  and  in  some 
points  resemble  each  other :  Thus  (Edi- 
pus  married  his  mother,  not  knowing 
who  she  was  ;  Thyestes  seduced  his 
daughter,  not  knowing  who  she  was. 
Oedipus  slew  his  father,  not  knowing 
who  he  was  ;  Atreus  slew  his  son,  not 
knowing  who  he  was.  Q^^dipus  was 
driven  from  his  throne  by  the  sons  born 
to  him  by  his  own  mother ;  Atreus 
lAt'.ruce]  was  killed  by  the  natural  son 
of  his  own  wife. 

ThymbraB'an  G-od  (The)^  Apollo; 
so  called  from  a  celebrated  temple  raised 
to  his  honour  on  a  hill  near  the  river 
Thymbrius. 

Tlie  Thymbraean  god 
With  Mars  I  saw  and  Pallas. 

Dante,  Purgatory,  xii.  (1308). 

Thyrsis,  a  herdsman  introduced  in 
the  Idylls  of  Theocritos,  and  in  Virgil's 
Eclogue^  vii.  Any  shepherd  or  rustic  is  so 
called. 

Hard  by,  a  cottage  chimney  smokes 
From  betwixt  two  ag^d  oaks. 
Where  Corydon  and  Thyrsis,  met, 
Ai-e  at  their  savoury  dinner  set. 

Milton,  j: Allegro  (1638). 

Tli3rrsus,  a  long  pole  with  an  orna- 
Bieutal  head  of  ivy,  vine  leaves,  or  a  fir 
cone,   carried    by  Bacchus    and  by  his 


votaries  at  the  celebration  of  his  rites. 
It  was  emblematic  of  revelry  and 
drunkenness. 

[/  aoill]  abash  the  frantic  thyrsus  with  my  song. 

Akenside,  Hymn  to  the  Naiadi  (1767). 

Tibbs  {Beau),  a  poor,  clever,  dashing 
young  spark,  who  had  the  ha])py  art  of 
fancying  he  knew  all  the  haut  rrunde,  and 
that  all  the  monde  knew  him  ;  that  his 
garret  was  the  choicest  spot  in  London 
for  its  commanding  view  of  the  Thames  ; 
that  his  wife  was  a  lady  of  distinguished 
airs  ;  and  that  his  infant  daughter  would 
marry  a  peer.  He  took  off  his  hat  to 
every  man  and  woman  of  fashion,  and 
made  out  that  dukes,  lords,  duchesses, 
and  ladies  addressed  him  simply  as  Ned. 
His  hat  was  pinched  up  with  peculiar 
smartness  ;  his  looks  were  pale,  thin,  and 
sharp  ;  round  his  neck  he  wore  a  broad 
black  ribbon,  and  in  his  bosom  a  glass 
pin  ;  his  coat  was  trimmed  with  tar- 
nished lace  ;  and  his  stockings  were  silk. 
Beau  Tibbs  interlarded  his  rapid  talk  with 
fashionable  oaths,  such  as,  "  Upon  my 
soul !  egad !  " 

"  I  was  asked  to  dine  yesterday,"  he  says,  "  at  the 
duchess  of  Piccadilly's.  My  lord  Mudler  was  tliere. 
'  Ned,'  said  he,  '  I'll  hold  gold  to  silver  1  can  tell  you 
where  you  were  poaching  last  night  ...  I  hope,  Ned, 
it  will  improve  your  fortune.'  '  Fortune,  my  lord  ?  five 
hundred  a  year  at  least— great  secret— let  it  go  no  fur- 
ther.' My  lord  took  me  down  in  his  chariot  to  his 
country  seat  yesterday,  and  we  had  a  tete-d-tete  dinner  in 
the  country."  "  I  fancy  you  told  us  just  now  yftu  dined 
yesterday  at  the  duchess's,  in  town."  "  Did  I  so!"  replied 
he  coolly.  "  To  be  sure,  egad  !  now  I  do  remember— yes, 
I  had  two  dinners  yesterday." — Letter  liv. 

Mrs.  Tibbs,  wife  of  the  beau,  a  slattern 
and  a  coquette,  much  emaciated,  but  with 
the  remains  of  a  good-looking  woman. 
She  made  tM^enty  apologies  for  being  in 
dishabille ;  but  had  been  out  all  night  with 
the  countess.  Then,  turning  to  her  hus- 
band, she  added,  "And  his  lordship,  my 
dear,  drank  your  health  in  a  bumper." 
Ned  then  asked  his  wife  if  she  had  given 
orders  for  dinner.  "  You  need  make  no 
great  preparation — only  we  three.  My 
lord  cannot  join  us  to-day — something 
small  and  elegant  will  do,  such  as  a  tur- 
bot,  an  ortolan,  a " 

"Or,"  said  Mrs.  Tibbs,  "what  do  you  think,  my  dear, 
of  a  nice  bit  of  ox-cheek,  dressed  with  a  little  of  my  own 
sauce  ?  "  "  The  very  thing,"  lie  replies  ;  "  it  will  eat  well 
with  a  little  beer.  His  grace  was  very  fond  of  it,  and  I 
hate  the  vulgarity  of  a  great  lo-id  of  dishes."  The  citlten 
of  the  world  now  thought  it  time  to  decamp,  and  took 
his  leave,  Mrs.  Tibbs  assuring  him  that  dinner  would 
certainly  be  quite  ready  in  two  or  three  hours.— Letter  Iv. 

Mrs.  Tibbs's  lady's-maid,  a  vulgar, 
brawny  Scotch Avoman.  "  Where's  my 
lady  ?  "  said  Tibbs,  when  he  brought  to 
his  garret  his  excellency  the  ambassador 
of  China.  "  She's  a- washing  your  twa 
shirts  at  the  next  door,  because  they  won't 


TIBERT. 


1005 


TIDE-WAITERS. 


lend  us  the  tub  any  longer." — Goldsmith, 
A  Citizen  of  the  World  (1759). 

Tibert  (Sir),  the  name  of  the  cat,  in 
the  beast-epic  of  Bei/nard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Tibet  Talkapace,  a  prating  hand- 
maid of  Custance  the  gay  and  rich  widow- 
vainly  sought  by  Ralph  Roister  Doister. 
— Nicholas  Udall,  Ralph  Roister  Doister 
(first  English  comedy,  1534). 

The  metre  runs  thus  : 

I  bearde  our  nourse  speake  of  an  husbande  to-day 
Keady  for  our  mLitresse,  a  rich  man  and  gay ; 
And  we  shall  go  in  oiir  French  hoodes  every  day  .  .  . 
Then  shall  ye  see  Tibet,  sires,  treade  the  mosse  so  trimme . . . 
Not  luniijerdce,  clumperdee,  like  our  Spaniel  Kig. 

Tibs  {Mr.),  a  most  "useful  hand." 
He  will  write  j'ou  a  receipt  for  the  bite 
of  a  mad  dog,  tell  you  an  Eastern  tale  to 
perfection,  and  understands  the  business 
part  of  an  author  so  well  that  no  publisher 
can  humbug  him.  You  may  know  him 
by  his  peculiar  clumsiness  of  figure,  and 
the  coarseness  of  his  coat ;  but  he  never 
forgets  to  inform  you  that  his  clothes  are 
all  paid  for.  (See  Tibrs.) — Goldsmith, 
A  Citizen  of  the  World,  xxix.  (1759). 

Tibs's  Eve  {St.),  never.  St.  Tibs  is 
a  corruption  of  St.  Ubes.  There  is  no  such 
saint  in  the  calendar  ;  and  therefore  St. 
Tibs's  Eve  falls  neither  before  nor  after 
New  Year's  Day. 

Similar  jihrascs  are :  "  The  Latter 
Lammas,"  the  "  Greek  Kalends,"  the 
"  week  of  two  Thursdays,"  when  *'  Shrove 
Tuesday  falls  on  Wednesday,"  *'  once  in 
a  blue  moon,"  "in  the  reign  of  queen 
Dick,"  "when  two  Sundays  meet,"  etc. 

Tibullus  {The  French),  the  chevalier 
Evaristede  Parny  (1742-1814). 

Tiburce  (2  or  3  syl.),  brother  of 
Valirian,  converted  by  St.  Cecile,  his 
sister-in-law,  and  l)aptized  by  pope  Urban. 
Being  brought  before  the  prefect  Alma- 
chius,  and  commanded  to  worship  the 
image  of  Jupiter,  he  refused  to  do  so,  and 
was  decapitated. — Chaucer,  Canterbury 
Tales  ("  Second  Nun's  Tale,"  1388). 

*^*  When  Tiburce  is  followed  by  a 
vowel  it  is  made  2  syl.,  when  by  a  con- 
sonant it  is  3  syl.,  as  : 

And  after  this,  Tiburce  in  good  entente  (2  iyl.), 

With  Valirian  to  pope  Urban  went. 

At  this  thing  scbe  unto  Tiburce  tolde  (3  syL). 

Chaucer. 

Tibur'zio,  commander  of  the  Pisans 
)^i  their  attack  upon  Florence,  in  the 
fifteenth  century.  The  Pisans  were 
thoroughly  beaten  by  the  Florentines, 
led  by  Lu'ria  a  Moor,  and  Tiburzio  was 
taken  captive.     Tiburzio  tells  Luria  that 


the  men  of  Florence  will  cast  him  off  after 
peace  is  established,  and  advises  him  to 
jom  Pisa.  This  Luria  is  far  too  noble  to 
do,  but  he  grants  Tiburzio  his  liberty. 
Tiburzio,  being  examined  by  the  council 
of  Florence,  under  the  hope  of  finding 
some  cause  of  censure  against  the  Moor, 
to  lessen  or  cancel  their  obligation  to  him, 
"testifies  to  his  unflinching  probitv," 
and  the  council  could  find  no  cause"  of 
blame ;  but  Luria,  by  poison,  relieves 
the  ungrateful  state  of  its  obligation  to 
him. — Robert  Browning,  Luria. 

Tichborne  Dole  {The).  When  lady 
Mabellawas  dying,  she  requested  her  hus- 
band to  grant  her  the  means  of  leaving 
a  charitable  bequest.  It  was  to  be  a  dole 
of  bread,  to  be  distributed  annually  on  the 
Feast  of  the  Annunciation,  to  any  who 
chose  to  apply  for  it.  Sir  Roger,  her 
husband,  said  he  would  give  her  as  much 
land  as  she  could  walk  over  while  a  billet 
of  wood  remained  burning.  The  old  lady 
was  taken  into  the  park,  and  managed  to 
crawl  over  twenty-three  acres  of  land, 
which  was  accordingl}'  set  apart,  and  is 
called  "The  Crawls"  to  this  hour.  When 
the  lady  Mabella  was  taken  back  to  her 
chamber,  she  said,  "  So  long  as  this  dole 
is  continued,  the  family  of  Tichborne 
shall  prosper;  but  immediately  it  is  dis- 
continued, the  house  shall  fall,  from  the 
failure  of  an  heir  male.  This,"  she  added, 
"will  be  when  a  family  of  seven  sons  is 
succeeded  by  one  of  seven  daughters." 
The  custom  began  in  the  reign  of  Henry 
II.,  and  continued  till  1796,  when,  sin- 
gularly enough,  the  baron  had  seven  sons 
and  his  successor  seven  daughters,  and 
Mr.  Edward  Tichborne,  who  inherited  the 
Doughty  estates,  dropping  the  original 
name,  called  himself  sir  Edward  Doughty. 

Tickell  {Mark),  a  useful  friend, 
especially  to  Elsie  Lovell.  —  Wybert 
Reeve,  Parted. 

Tickler  {Timothy),  an  ideal  portrait  of 
Robert  Sym,  a  lawyer  of  Edinburgh 
(1750-1844). — Wilson,  iVbc<esJ.m6ros(anaj 
(1822-36). 

Tiddler.  (See  Tom  Tiddler's 
Ground.) 

Tiddy-DoU,  a  nickname  given  to 
Richard  Grenville  lord  Temple  (1711- 
1770). 

Tide-Waiters  {Ecclesiastical).  So 
the  Rev.  lord  Osborne  (S.  G.  O.)  calls 
the  clergy  in  convocation  whose  votes  do 
not  correspond  with  their  real  opinions. 


TIDER. 


1006 


TIMES. 


Tider  {Robin),  one  of  the  servants  of 
the  earl  of  Leicester. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Tiffany,  Miss  Alscrip's  lady's-maid  ; 

S;rt,  silly,  bold,  and  a  coquette. — General 
urgoyne.  The  Heiress  (1781). 

Tigg  {Montague),  a  clever  impostor, 
who  lives  by  his  wits.  He  starts  a 
bubble  insurance  office — "the  Anglo- 
Bengalee  Company  " — and  makes  con- 
siderable gain  thereby.  Having  dis- 
covered the  attempt  of  Jonas  Chuzzlewit 
to  murder  his  father,  he  compels  him  to 
put  his  money  in  the  "new  company," 
but  Jonas  finds  means  to  murder  him. — 
C.  Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Tiglath  -  Pile'ser,  son  of  Pul, 
second  of  the  sixth  dynasty  of  the  new 
Assyrian  empire.  The  word  is  Tiglath 
Pul  Assur,  *'  the  great  tiger  of  Assyria." 

Tigra'nes  (3  syL),  one  of  the  heroes 
slain  by  the  impetuous  Dudon  soon  after 
the  arrival  of  the  Christian  army  before 
Jerusalem. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered, 
iii.  (1675). 

Tigra'nes  (3  syL),  king  of  Arme'nia. 
■ — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  A  King  or  No 
King  (1619). 

Tigress  Nurse  (A).  Tasso  says 
that  Clorinda  was  suckled  by  a  tigress. 
■ — Jerusalem  Delivered,  xii. 

Koman  story  says  Romulus  and  Remus 
were  suckled  by  a  she-wolf. 

Orson,  the  brother  of  Valentine,  Avas 
suckled  by  a  she-bear,  and  was  brought 
up  by  an  eagle. —  Valentine  and  Orson. 

Tilburi'na,  the  daughter  of  the 
governor  of  Tilbury  Fort;  in  love  with 
Whiskerandos.  Hejr  love-ravings  are  the 
crest  unto  the  crest  of  burlesque  tragedy 
(see  act  ii.  1). — Sheridan,  The  Critic 
(1779). 

"  An  oyster  may  be  crossed  in  love,"  says  the  fjentle 
Tilburlna. — Sir  W.  Scott 

Tilbury  Fort  (The  governor  of), 
father  of  Tilburlna ;  a  plain,  matter-of- 
fact  man,  with  a  gushing,  romantic,  and 
love-struck  daughter.  In  Mr.  Puft's 
tragedy  The  Spanish  Armada. — Sheridan, 
The  Critic  (1779). 

Tim.  Syllabub,  a  droll  creature, 
equally  good  at  a  rebus,  a  riddle,  a 
bawdy  song,  or  a  tabernacle  hymn.  You 
may  easily  recognize  him  by  his  shabby 
finery,  his  frizzled  hair,  his  dirty  shirt, 
and  his  half-genteel,  but  more  than 
half-shabby  dress. — Goldsmith,  A  Citizen 
of  the  World,  xxix.  (1759). 


Times  {The),  a  newspaper  founded 
by  John  Walter,  in  1785.  It  was  first 
called  The  Jjondon  Daily  Universal  Register; 
in  1788  the  words  T'ke  Times  or  .  .  .  were 
added.  This  long  title  was  never  tolerated 
by  the  public,  which  always  spoke  of 
the  journal  as  IVie  Register,  till  the 
original  title  was  suppressed,  and  the 
present  title,  Ihe  Times,  remained.  In 
1803  John  Walter,  son  of  the  founder, 
became  manager,  and  greatly  improved 
the  character  of  the  paper,  and  in  1814 
introduced  a  steam  press.  He  died  in 
1847,  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son  John 
Walter  III.  In  the  editorial  department, 
John  (afterwards  "sir  John")  Stoddart 
(nicknamed  "Dr.  Slop"),  who  began  to 
write  political  articles  in  The  Tiiries  in 
1810,  was  appointed  editor  in  1812,  but 
in  1816  was  dismissed  for  his  rabid 
liatred  of  Napoleon.  He  tried  to  estab- 
lish an  opposition  journal.  The  New 
Times,  which  proved  an  utter  failure. 
Sir  John  Stoddart  was  succeeded  by  John 
Stebbing ;  then  followed  Thomas  Barnes 
("Mr.  T.  Bounce"),  who  remained  editor 
till  his  death,  in  1841.  W.  F.  A.  Delane 
came  next,  and  continued  till  1858,  when 
his  son,  John  Thaddeus  Delane,  succeeded 
him.  The  following  gentlemen  were 
connected  with  this  paper  between  1870 
and  1880  :— 

An  East  End  Incumbent,  Mr.  Rowsell,  a  volunteer 
correspondent. 

Anglican  us,  Arthur  P.  Stanley,  dean  of  Westminster, 
a  volunteer  correspondent. 

C,  Dr.  Cunimiiig,  who  often  dates  from  Dunrobin. 

C.  E.  T.,  Sir  Charles  E.  Trevelyan,  a  volunteer  corres- 
pondent. 

Church  Matters,  the  Rev.  Henry  Wace,  preacher  at 
Lincoln's  Inn. 

CiTlf  AkticLB,  M.  B.  Sampson. 

Colleagues  to  Corkespondents,  Dr.  Charles  Austin, 
■with  Messrs.  Dalliis,  Broome,  and  Kelly. 

Correspondents  in  every  chief  town  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  and  in  all  the  most  importtnt  foreign  countries. 

Critic.  /Vne  ArU,  Tom  Taylor  ;  Dramatic,  John 
Oxenford  (died  1876) ;  Musical,  T.  J.  Davidson. 

Editor,  John  Thaddeus  DeLine,  who  succefded  his 
father.  Assistant,  Mr.  Stebbings,  who  succeeded  G.  W. 
Dasent  ("  The  Hardy  Norseman  "). 

H.,  Vernon  Harcourt,  M.P.,  a  volunteer  correspon- 
dent. 

Hertfordshire  Incumbent,  Canon  Blakesley,  dean 
of  Lincoln. 

HisroRicus,  Vernon  Hareourt,  M.P.,  who  also  wrote 
slashing  articles  in  th^-Satarday  Jicvieic. 

Irish  Correspondent,  Dr.  G.  V.  Patten,  editor  and 
proprietor  of  the  Dublin  Daily  Kxprets. 

Irish  Matters,  O'Conor  Morris. 

J.  C,  Dr.  Cumming  (see  C),  a  volunteer  correspondent. 

Leaders,  Leonard  H.  Conrteney,  Dr.  Gallenga,  Mr. 
Knox,  Robert  Lowe,  Canon  Moseley,  Lawrence  OUphant. 

Manager  of  Office,  Mowbray  Morris. 

Manager  of  Printing  and  MACHiNERr,  Mr. 
Macdonald. 

Mercator,  lord  Overstone,  a  volunteer  correspondent. 

Military  Affairs,  captain  Hozier. 

Religious  Matters,  the  Rev.  Henry  Wace,  preacher 
at  Lincoln's  Inn. 

Reporters,  about  sixteen. 

RUNNVMEDE,  Benjamin  Disraeli,  afterwards  earl  of 
Beacon.sfield,  a  volunteer  correspondent 

8ENEX,  Grote  (died  1871),  a  volunteer  correspondent 


TIMIAS. 


1007 


TINACRIO. 


8.  O.  O..  the  Rev.  lord  Sidney  Godolphin  Osborne,  a 
rolunteer  corresjKindent. 

8PBCIAI,  Correspondent,  Dr.  W.  Howard  Russell, 
famous  for  his  letters  from  the  Crimea,  In  1854 ;  from 
India,  in  18.57  ;  from  America,  in  1861 ;  from  Bohemia, 
in  1866;  from  France,  on  the  Franco- Prussian  war,  in 
1870-71 ;  etc.  Occasionally,  captain  Hozier  has  acted  as 
•'Our  Own  Correspondent." 
'    Vetus,  capt.  Edw.  Sterling,  a  volunteer  correspondent. 

Viator,  John  Alexander  Kinglake,  a  volunteer  corres- 
pondent. 

»,»  Paper  Is  supplied  from  the  Taverham  Mills ;  ink 
by  Messrs.  Fleming  and  Co.,  Leith,  and  by  Messrs.  Blacli- 
well  and  Co.,  London  ;  Daily  issue,  between  70,000  and 
80,000,  wliich  can  be  thrown  from  the  press  in  two  hours ; 
Working  Staff,  350  hands. 

Called  *'  The  Thunderer"  from  an  article 
contributed  by  captain  E.  Sterling,  be- 
ginning :  "  We  thundered  forth  the  other 
day  an  article  on  the  subject  of  social 
and  political  reform  ;"  and  "The  Turn- 
about," because  its  politics  jump  with  the 
times,  and  are  not  fossilized  whig  or  tory. 

Tim'ias,  king  Arthur's  'squire.  He 
went  after  the  "wicked  foster,"  from 
whom  Florimel  fled,  and  the  "foster" 
with  his  two  brothers,  falling  on  him,  were 
all  slain.  Timias,  overcome  by  fatigue, 
now  fell  from  his  horse  in  a  swoon,  and 
Belphoebe  the  huntress,  happening  to  see 
him  fall,  ran  to  his  succour,  applied  an 
ointment  to  his  wounds,  and  bound  them 
with  her  scarf.  The  'squire,  opening  his 
eyes,  exclaimed,  "  Angel  or  goddess  ;  do 
I  call  thee  right?"  "Neither,"  replied 
the  maid,  "  but  only  a  wood-nymph." 
Then  was  he  set  upon  his  horse  and  taken 
to  Belphoebe's  pavilion,  where  he  soon 
"  recovered  from  his  wounds,  but  lost  his 
heart"  (bk.  iii.  6).  In  bk.  iv.  7  Bel- 
phoebe subsequently  found  Timias  in 
dalliance  with  Amoret,  and  said  to  him, 
"Is  this  thy  faith  ?  "  She  said  no  more, 
"  but  turned  her  face  and  fled."  This  is 
an  allusion  to  sir  Walter  Raleigh's  amour 
with  Elizabeth  Throgmorton  (Amof-et), 
one  of  the  queen's  maids  of  honour, 
which  drew  upon  sir  Walter  ( Timias)  the 
passionate  displeasure  of  his  royal  mis- 
tress {Belphoebe  or  queen  Elizabeth). — 
Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iii.  (1590). 

Timms  (Corporal),  a  non-com- 
missioned officer  in  Waverley's  regi- 
ment.—Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

Timo'leon,  the  Corinthian.  He 
hated  tyranny,  and  slew  his  own  brother, 
whom  he  dearly  loved,  because  he  tried 
to  make  himself  absolute  in  Corinth. 
"TimophSnes  he  loved,  but  freedom 
more." 

The  fair  Corinthian  boast 
Timoleon,  happy  temper,  mild  and  firm. 
Who  wept  the  brother  while  the  tyrant  bled. 

Thomson,  The  Seasons  ("  Winter,"  1726). 


Timon  the  Man-hater,  an  Athenian 
who  lived  in  the  time  of  the  Pelopon- 
nesian  war.  Shakespeare  has  a  drama 
so  called  _  (1609).  The  drama  begins 
with  the  joyous  life  of  Timon,  and  his 
hospitable  extravagance  ;  then  launches 
into  his  pecuniary  embarrassment,  and  the 
discovery  that  his  "professed  friends" 
will  not  help  him ;  and  ends  with  his 
flight  into  the  woods,  his  misanthropy, 
and  his  death. 

When  he  [Iforace  Walpofe^  talked  misanthropy,  bo 
out-Timoned  Timon. — Macaulay. 

*#*  On  one  occasion,  Timon  said,  "  I 
have  a  fig  tree  in  my  garden  which  I 
once  intended  to  cut  down  ;  but  I  shall 
let  it  stand,  that  any  one  who  likes  may 
go  and  hang  himself  on  it." 

Timon's  Banquet,  nothing  but 
cover  and  warm  water.  Being  shunned 
by  his  friends  in  adversity,  he  pretended 
to  have  recovered  his  money,  and  invited 
his  false  friends  to  a  banquet.  The  table 
was  laden  with  covers,  but  when  the 
contents  were  exposed,  nothing  was  pro- 
vided but  lukewarm  water.  (See  Scha- 
CABAC,  p.  875.) — Shakespeare,  Timon  of 
Athens,  act  iii.  sc.  6  (1609). 

Timoth'eos,  a  musician,  who  charged 
double  fees  to  all  pupils  who  had  learned 
music  before. — Quintilian,  De  Institutione 
Oratoria,  ii.  3. 

Ponocrates  made  him  forget  all  that  he  [Oari^antua] 
had  learned  under  otiier  masters,  as  TimOthCus  did  to 
his  disciples  who  had  been  taught  music  by  others.— 
Rabelais,  Gargantua,  i.  23  (1533). 

Timotheus,  placed  on  high 
Amid  the  tuneful  quire, 
With  flying  fingers  touched  the  lyre. 

Dryden,  Alexander's  Feast  (1697). 

Timothy  (Old),  ostler  at  John  Mengs's 
inn  at  Kirchhotf.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geier stein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Timothy  Quaint,  the  whimsical 
but  faithful  steward  of  governor  Heartall ; 
blunt,  self-willed,  but  loving  his  master 
above  all  things,  and  true  to  his  interests. 
—Cherry,  The  Soldier's  Daughter  (1804). 

Ti'murkan  the  Tartar,  and  conqueror 
of  China.  After  a  usurpation  of  twenty 
years,  he  was  slain  in  a  rising  of  the  people 
by  Zaphimri  "the  orphan  of  China," 

My  mind's  employeil  on  other  arts : 

To  sling  the  well-stored  quiver 

Over  this  arm,  and  wing  the  darts 

At  the  first  reindeer  sweeping  down  the  vale. 

Or  up  the  mountain  straining  every  nerve ; 

To  vault  the  neighing  steed,  and  urge  his  course. 

Swifter  that  wbirlwiiuls,  through  the  ranks  o/ war;— 

These  are  my  passions,  tliis  my  only  science. 

Raised  from  a  soldier  to  imperiid  sway, 

I  still  will  reign  in  terror. 

Murphy,  The  Orphan  of  China,  Ir.  1. 

Tinacrio    "the    Sage,"   father    of 


TINCLARIAN  DOCTOR. 


1008 


TIPPINS. 


Micomico'na  queen  of  Micom'icon,  and 
husband  of  queen  Zaramilla.  He  foretold 
that  after  his  death  his  daughter  would 
be  dethroned  by  the  giant  Pandafilando, 
but  that  in  Spain  she  would  find  a  cham- 
pion in  don  Quixote  who  would  restore 
her  to  the  throne.  This  adventure 
cornes  to  nothing,  as  don  Quixote  is 
taken  home  in  a  cage  without  entering 
upon  it. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote^  I.  iv. 
8  (1605). 

Tinclarian  Doctor  {The  Great), 
William  Mitchell,  a  whitesmith  and  tin- 
plate  worker  of  Edinburgh,  who  pub- 
lished Tinkler^s  Testament,  dedicated  to 
queen  Anne,  and  other  similar  works. 

The  reason  why  I  call  myself  the  Tinclarian  doctor  is 
because  I  am  a  tinklar,  and  cures  old  pans  and  lantruns. 
—Introduction  to  Tinkler's  Testament. 

*^*  Uniformit}'  of  spelling  must  not 
be  looked  for  in  the  "doctor's"  book. 
We  have  "Tinklar,"  "Tinkler,"  and 
"Tinclar-ian." 

Tinderbox  {Miss  Jennj/),  a  lady 
with  a  moderate  fortune,  whio  once  had 
some  pretensions  to  beauty.  Her  elder 
Bister  happened  to  marry  a  man  of 
quality,  and  Jenny  ever  after  resolved 
not  to  disgrace  herself  by  marrying  a 
tradesman.  Having  rejected  many  of 
her  equals,  she  became  at  last  the  go- 
verness of  her  sister's  children,  and  had 
to  undertco  the  drudgery  of  three  ser- 
vants without  receiving  the  -wages  of 
one. — Goldsmith,  A  Citizen  of  the  World, 
xxviii.  (1759). 

Tinker  {The  Immortal  or  Tlie  In- 
spired), John  Bunyan  (1628-1688). 

Elihu  Burritt,  United  States,  is  called 
"The  Learned  Blacksmith"  (1811-1879). 

Tinsel  {Lord),  a  tj^pe  of  that  worst 
specimen  of  aristocracy,  which  ignores 
all  merit  but  blue  blood,  and  would  rather 
patronize  a  horse-jockey  than  a  curate, 
scholar,  or  poor  gentleman.  He  would 
subscribe  six  guineas  to  the  concerts  of 
signor  Cantata,  because  lady  Dangle 
patronized  him,  but  not  one  penny  to 
"languages,  arts,  and  sciences,"  as  such. 
— S.  Knowles,  The  Hunchback  (1831). 

Tintag'el  or  Tixtagil,  a  strong  and 
magnificent  castle  on  the  coast  of  Corn- 
wall, said  to  have  been  the  work  of  two 
giants.  It  was  the  birthplace  of  king 
Arthur,  and  subsequently  the  royal  resi- 
dence of  king  Mark.  Dunlop  asserts 
that  vestiges  of  the  castle  still  exist. 

They  found  a  naked  child  ujwn  the  sands 
Of  dark  Tintagil  by  the  Cornish  sea, 
▲nd  that  was  Arthur. 

Tennysou,  Guinevere  (1868). 


Tinto  {Dick),  a  poor  artiat,  son  of 
a  tailor  in  the  village  of  Langdirdum, 
He  is  introduced  as  a  lad  in  the  Bride 
of  Lammermoor,  i.  This  was  in  the 
reign  of  William  HI.  He  is  again 
introduced  in  St.  Ronan's  Well,  i., 
as  touching  up  the  signboard  of  Meg 
Dods,  in  the  reign  of  George  III.  As 
William  III.  died  in  1702,  and  George 
III.  began  to  reign  in  1760,  Master  Dick 
must  have  been  a  patriarch  when  he 
worked  for  Mrs.  Dods. — Sir  W. 'Scott, 
Bride  of  Lammermoor  (1819) ;  St.  Ronan's 
Well  (1823). 

Meg  Dods  agreed  with  the  celebrated  Dick  Tinto  to 
repaint  her  father's  sign,  whicli  had  become  rather 
undecipherable.  Dick  accordingly  gilded  the  bishop's 
crook,  and  augmented  the  liorroi-s  of  the  devil's  aspect, 
until  it  became  a  terror  to  all  the  younger  fry  of  the 
school-house,— 5«.  Jionan's  Well,  i. 

Tintoretto,  the  historical  painter, 
whose  real  name  was  Jacopo  Robusti. 
He  was  called  //  Furioso  from  the  ex- 
treme rapidity  with  which  he  painted 
(1512-1594). 

Tintoretto  of  England  {The). 
W.  Dobson  was  called  "  The  Tintoret  ol 
England"  by  Charles  I.  (1610-1646). 

Tintoretto  of  Switzerland  {The)^ 
John  Huber  (eighteenth  century). 

Tipliany,  the  mother  of  the  three 
kings  of  Cologne.  The  word  is  mani- 
festlv  a  corruption  of  St.  Epiphany,  as 
Tibs'  is  of  St.  Ubes,  Taudry  of  St. 
Audry,  Tooley  [Street]  of  St.  Olaf, 
Telder  of  St.  Ethelred,  and  so  on. 

Scores  of  the  saints  have  similarly 
manufactured  names. 

Ti'phys,  pilot  of  the  Argonauts ; 
hence  any  pilot. 

Many  a  Tiphys  ocean's  depths  explore, 
To  open  wondrous  ways  untried  before. 

Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso,  viii.  (Hoole). 

*^*  Another  name  for  a  pilot  or  guid- 
ing power  is  Palinurus  ;  so  called  from 
the  steersman  of  yEneas. 

Een  Palinurus  nodded  at  the  helm. 

Pope,  The  Dunciad,  iv.  614  (1742). 

Tippins  {Lady),  an  old  lady  "with 
an  immense  obtuse,  drab,  oblong  face, 
like  a  face  in  a  tablespoon ;  and  a  dyed 
'  long  Avalk '  up  the  top  of  her  head,  as 
a  convenient  public  approach  to  the 
bunch  of  false  hair  behind."  She  delights 
"to  patronize  Mrs.  Veneering,"  and  Mrs. 
Veneering  is  delighted  to  be  patronized 
by  her  ladyship. 

Lady  Tippins  is  always  att«nded  by  a  lover  or  two.  and 
she  keei)s  a  little  list  of  her  lovers,  and  is  always  booking 
a  new  lover  or  striking  out  an  old  lover,  or  putting  a 
lover  in  her  black  list,  or  promoting  a  lover  to  her  blue 


TIPPLE. 


1009 


TISAPIIERNES. 


list,  or  adding  up  her  lovers,  or  otherwise  posting  her 
boolc,  which  she  calls  her  Cupidon. — C.  Dickens,  Our 
Mutual  f'riend,  IL  (1864). 

Tipple,  in  Dudley's  Flitch  of  Bacon, 
first  introduced  John  Edwin  into  notice 
(1750-1790). 

Edwin's  "Tipple,"  in  the  Flitch  of  Bacon,  was  an 
exquisite  treat.— lioaden. 

Tippoo  Saib  (Prince),  son  of  Hyder 
Ali  nawaub  of  Mysore.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
I7ie  Surgeon's  Daughter  (time,  Geor.e 
II.). 

Tips  or  "  Examination  Crams."  Re- 
cognized stock  pieces  of  what  is  called 
♦•  book  work  "  in  university  examina- 
tions are:  Fernat's  theorem ;  the  "  Ludus 
Trojanus  "  in  Virgil's  jEneid  (bk.  vi.)  ; 
Agnesi's  "Witch;"  the  "Cissoid"  of 
Diodes  ;  and  the  famous  fragment  of 
Solon,  generally  said  to  be  by  Euripides. 

In  law  examinations  the  stock  pieces 
are  the  Justinian  of  Sandars  ;  the  Digest 
of  Evidence  of  sir  James  Stephen ;  and 
the  Ancient  Law  of  sir  Henry  Maine. 

The  following  are  recognized  primers  : 
—Mill's  Logic;  Spencer's  First  Prin- 
ciples ;  Maine's  Ancient  Law ;  Lessing's 
Laocoon  ;  Ritter  and  Preller's  Fragmenta  ; 
Wheaton's  International  Law. 

Tip-tilted.  Tennyson  says  that 
Lynette  had  "her  slender  nose  tip-tilted 
like  the  petals  of  a  flower."— Tennyson, 
Gareth  and  Lynette  (1858). 

Tiptoe,  footman  to  Random  and 
Scruple.  He  had  seen  better  days,  but, 
being  found  out  in  certain  dishonest  trans- 
actions, had  lost  grade,  and  "  Tiptoe, 
who  once  stood  above  the  world,"  came 
mto  a  position  in  which  "  all  the  world 
stood  on  Tiptoe."  He  was  a  shrewd, 
lazy,  knowing  rascal,  better  adapted  to 
dubious  adventure,  but  always  sighing 
for  a  snug  berth  in  some  wealthy,  sober, 
old-fashioned,  homely,  county  family, 
with  good  wages,  liberal  diet,  and  little 
work  to  do.— G.  Colman,  Ways  a7id 
Means  (1788). 

Tiran'te  the  White,  the  hero  and 
title  of  a  romance  of  chivalry. 

"  Let  me  see  that  book,"  said  the  c\it6  ;  "  we  shall  find  in 
It  a  fund  of  amusement.  Here  we  shaU  find  that  famous 
knight  don  Kyrie  Elyson  of  Montalban,  and  Thomas  his 
broUier,  with  the  knight  Fonseca,  the  battle  whicliDetri- 
ante  fought  with  Alano,  the  stratagems  of  the  Widow 
Tranquil,  the  amour  of  the  empiess  with  her  squire,  and 
the  witticisms  of  lady  Brillianta.  Tliis  is  one  of  the 
most  iimu-ing  books  ever  written."— Cervantes,  Don 
Qt»ix«X«.  I.  i.   6  ilti  5). 

Tiresias,  a  Theban  soothsayer,  blind 

from    boyhood.     It  is   said  that  Athena 

deprived  him  of  sight,  but  gave  him  the 

power  of  understanding  the  language  of 

43 


birds,  and  a  staff  as  good  as  eyesight  to 
direct  his  way.  Another  tale  is  that, 
seeing  a  male  and  female  serpent  in 
copulation,  he  killed  the  male,  and  was 
metamorphosed  into  a  woman ;  seven 
years  later  he  saw  a  similar  phenomenon, 
and  killed  the  female,  whereupon  he  be- 
came a  man  again.  Thus,  when  Jupiter 
and  Juno  wished  to  know  whether  man 
or  woman  had  the  greater  enjoyment  in 
married  life,  they  referred  the  question  to 
TiresTas,  who  declared  that  the  pleasure  of 
the  woman  is  tenfold  greater  than  that 
of  the  man.     (See  C^neus.) 

"  In  troth,"  said  Jove  (and  as  he  ^pokehe  laughed, 
Willie  to  liis  queen  from  nectar  bowls  he  quaffed), 
"  The  sense  of  plea.sure  in  the  male  is  far 
More  dull  and  dead  than  wliat  you  females  share." 
Juno  the  truth  of  what  he  said  denietl ; 
Tiresias  therefore  must  the  case  decide. 
For  lie  the  pleasure  of  each  sex  had  tried. 

Addison,  The  TratuformaXion  of  Tiretia*  (1719). 
There  is  an  awkward  thing,  which  much  perplexes. 
Unless,  like  wise  Tiresias,  we  had  proved 
By  turns  the  difference  of  the  several  sexes, 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  xiv.  73  (1824). 

*^*  The  name  is  generally  pronounced 
Ti.re' .si.as,  but  Milton  calls  it  TC.re.sas: 

Blind  Thamyris  and  blind  MiieonidSs  [IlomerX 
And  Ti'r6s'as  and  Phineus  [Pi.nuce]  prophets  old. 
Paradise  Lost,  iii.  36  (16<>5). 

Tirlsneck  {Jonnie),  beadle  of  old  St. 
Ronan's.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St,  Honan's 
Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Tirso  de  Moli'na,  the  pseudonym 
of  Gabriel  Tellez,  a  Spanish  monk  and 
dramatist.  His  comedy  called  Convivando 
de  Fiedra  (1G26)  was  imitated  by  Moliere 
in  his  Festin  de  Pierre  (16G5),  and  has 
given  birth  to  the  whole  host  of  comedies 
and  operas  on  the  subject  of  "  don  Juan  " 
(1670-1648). 

Tiryns  (TJie  Gallery  of),  one  of 
the  old  Cyclopean  structures  mentioned 
by  Homer"  and  still  extant  in  ArgOlis. 
The  stones  of  this  "gallery  "  are  so  enor- 
mous that  two  horses  could  not  stir  the 
smallest  of  them. 

*^*  Similar  Cyclopean  structures  are 
the  "treasury  of  Atreus,"  the  "gate  of 
Lions,"  the  "tomb  of  Phoroneus"  (3s.v/.), 
and  the  "tomb  of  DanSos,"  all  m 
Mycenae. 

Tiryn'thian  Swain  (The),  Her'- 
cules,  called  in  Latin  Tirynthius  J/eros, 
because  he  generally  resided  at  Tirj-ns, 
a  town  of  Ar'golis,  in  Greece. 

Upon  his  shield  lay  that  Tirynthian  swain 

^wplt'rine  in  fiery  gore  and  poisonous  flame,  

Hitwife's"!dgift  ventmed  with  blotKjy  5tain.lS.:e  N^P««-1 
Phineai  Fletcher.  The  l'ur,,le  Wand,  vu.  (URB). 

Tisapher'nes  (4  s///.),  "the  thunder- 
bolt of  war."    He  wa«  in  the  army  of 
8  T 


TISBINA. 


1010 


TITIAN. 


Egypt,  and  was  slain  by  Rinaldo. — Tasso, 
Jerusalem  Delivered,  xx.  (1575). 

*^*  This  son  of  Mars  must  not  be  mis- 
taken for  Tissaphernes  the  Persian  satrap, 
who  sided  with  the  Spartans  in  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  war,  and  who  treacherously 
volunteered  to  guide  "  the  ten  thousand  " 
back  to  Greece. 

Tisbi'na,  wife  of  Iroldo.  Prasildo, 
a  Babylonish  nobleman,  falls  in  love  with 
her,  and  threatens  to  kill  himself.  Tisbina, 
to  divert  him,  tells  him  if  he  will  perform 
certain  exploits  which  she  deemed  im- 
possible, she  will  return  his  love.  These 
exploits  he  accomplishes,  and  Tisbina, 
with  Iroldo,  take  poison  to  avoid  dis- 
honour. Prasildo  discovers  that  the 
draught  they  have  taken  is  harmless,  and 
tells  them  so ;  whereupon  Iroldo  quits  the 
country,  and  Tisbina  marries  Prasildo. 
— Bojardo,  Orlando  Innamorato  (1495). 
(See  DiANORA,  p.  251 ;  and  Dorigen,  p. 
26G.) 

Tisellin,  the  raven,  in  the  beast-epic 
of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Tisiph'one  (4  syl.),  one  of  the  three 
Furies.  Covered  with  a  bloody  robe,  she 
sits  day  and  night  at  hell-gate,  armed 
with  a  whip.  Tibullus  says  her  head 
was  coifed  with  serpents  in  lieu  of  hair. 

The  Desert  Fairy,  with  her  head  covered  with  snakes, 
like  Tisiphonfl,  mounted  on  a  winged  griffin.— Comtesse 
1>  Aunoy,  t'airy  Tales  ("The  Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 

Ti'tan,  the  sun  or  IIclTos,  the  child  of 
Hyperi'on  and  Basil'ea,  and  grandson  of 
Coelum  or  heaven.  Virgil  calls  the  sun 
"  Titan,"  and  so  does  Ovid. 

.  .  .  primes  crastlnus  ortus 
Extulerit  Titan,  radiisque  retexerit  orbem. 

^neid,  iv.  118,  119. 

A  maiden  queen  that  shone  at  Titan's  ray. 

Spenser,  faery  Queen,  i.  4  (1590). 

Titans,  giants,  sons  of  Heaven  and 
Earth.  Their  names  were  OceSnos,  Koeos, 
Krios,  Hyperion,  Iap6tos,  and  Kronos. 

The  Titanides  were  Theia  [Thi-a'], 
Ehea,  Themis,  Mnemosyne,  Phoebe,  and 
Tethys. 

Titan'ia,  queen  of  the  fairies,  and  wife 
of  Oberon.  Oberon  wanted  her  to  give 
him  for  a  page  a  little  changeling,  but 
Titania  refused  to  part  with  him,  and  this 
led  to  a  fairy  quarrel.  Oberon,  in  revenge, 
anointed  the  eyes  of  Titania  during  sleep 
with  an  extract  of  "  Love  in  Idleness," 
the  effect  of  which  was  to  make  her  fall 
in  love  with  the  first  object  she  saw  on 
waking.  The  first  object  Titania  set 
eyes  on  happened  to  be  a  country  bump- 
Wn,  whom  Puck  had  dressed  up  with  an 


ass's  head.  While  Titania  was  fondling 
this  "unamiable  creature,"  Oberon  came 
upon  her,  sprinkled  on  her  an  antidote, 
and  Titania,  thoroughly  ashamed  of  her- 
self, gave  up  the  boy  to  her  sposo  ;  after 
which  a  reconciliation  took  place  between 
the  wilful  fairies. — Shakespeare,  Midsum- 
mer Nighfs  Dream  (1592). 

Tite  Barnacle  {Mr.),  head  of  the 
Circumlocution  Office,  and  a  very  great 
man  in  his  own  opinion.  The  family  had 
intermarried  with  the  Stiltstalkings,  and 
the  Barnacles  and  Stiltstalkings  found 
berths  pretty  readily  in  the  national  work- 
shop, where  brains  and  conceit  were  in 
inverse  ratio.  The  young  gents  in  the 
office  usually  spoke  with  an  eye-glass  in 
the  eye,  in  this  sort  of  style  :  "  Oh,  I  say  ; 
look  here !  Can't  attend  to  you  to-day, 
you  know.  But  look  here  !  I  say  ;  can't 
you  call  to-morrow?"  "  No."  "  Well,  but 
I  say  ;  look  here  !  Is  this  public  business  ? 
— anything  about — tonnage — or  that  sort 
of  thing  ?  "  Having  made  his  case  under- 
stood, Mr.  Clennam  received  the  follow- 
ing instructions  in  these  words  : — 

You  must  find  out  all  about  it.  Then  you'll  memo- 
rialize the  department,  according  to  the  regular  forms  for 
leave  to  memorialize.  If  you  get  it,  the  menwjrial  must  b« 
entered  in  that  deiwrtment,  sent  to  be  registered  in  thi3 
department,  then  sent  back  to  that  department,  then 
sent  to  this  department  to  be  countersigned,  and  then  it 
will  be  brouglit  regularly  before  that  department.  You'll 
find  out  when  the  business  passes  through  each  of  these 
stages  by  inquiring  at  both  departments  till  tUey  tell  you. 
— C.  Dickens,  Little  Dorrit,  x.  (1857). 

Titho'nus,  a  son  of  Laomedon  king 
of  Troy.  He  was  so  handsome  that 
Auro'ra  became  enamoured  of  him,  and 
persuaded  Jupiter  to  make  him  immortal ; 
but  as  she  forgot  to  ask  for  eternal  youth 
also,  he  became  decrepit  and  ugly,  and 
Aurora  changed  him  into  a  cicada  or 
grasshopper.  His  name  is  a  synonym  for 
a  very  old  man. 

Weary  of  aged  Tithon's  saffron  bed. 

Spenser,  Faiiry  Queen,  1.  ii.  7  (1690). 
.  .  .  thinner  than  Tithonus  was 
Before  be  faded  into  air. 

Lord  Lytton,  Tales  of  Miletus,  il. 

Titho'nus  {TJxe  Consort  of),  the  moon. 

Now  the  fair  consort  of  Tithonus  old. 
Arisen  from  lier  mate's  beloved  arms. 
Looked  palely  o'er  the  eastern  cliff. 

Dante,  Purgatory,  ix.  (1308). 

Tithor'ea,  one  of  the  two  chief  sum- 
mits of  Parnassus.  It  was  dedicated  to 
Bacchus,  the  other  (Lycorea)  being  dedi- 
cated to  the  Muses  and  Apollo. 

Titian  (Tiziano  Vecellio),  an  Italian 
landscape  painter,  especially  famous  for 
his  clouds  (1477-1576). 

Titian  {The  French),  Jacques Blanchard 
(1600-1638). 


TITIAN. 


1011 


TLALALA. 


IXttan  {The  Portuguese),  Alonzo  San- 
chez Coello  (1515-1590). 

Titmarsh  {Michael  Angelo),  a  pseu- 
donym used  by  Thackeray  in  a  number 
of  his  earlier  writings.  Like  Michael 
Angelo,  Thackeray  had  a  broken  nose. 

Titmouse  {Mr.  Tittlebat),  a  vulgar, 
ignorant  coxcomb,  suddenly  raised  from 
the  degree  of  a  linen-draper's  shopman  to 
a  man  of  fortune,  with  an  income  of 
£10,000  a  year. — Warren,  Ten  Thousand 
a  Year. 

Tito  Mele'ma,  a  Greek,  who  marries 
Romola. — George  Eliot,  Itomola, 

Titurel,  the  first  king  of  Graal-burg. 
He  has  brought  into  subjection  all  his 
passions,  has  resisted  all  the  seductions 
of  the  world,  and  is  modest,  chaste,  pious, 
and  devout.  His  daughter  Sigune  is  in 
love  with  Tschionatulander,  who  is  slain. 
— Wolfram  von  Eschenbach,  Titurel 
(thirteenth  century). 

*#*  Wolfram's  Titurel  is  a  tedious 
expansion  of  a  lay  already  in  existence, 
and  Albert  of  Scharfenberg  produced  a 
Young  Titurel,  at  one  time  thought  the 
best  romance  of  chivalry  in  existence, 
but  it  is  pompous,  stilted,  erudite,  and 
wearisome. 

Titus,  the  son  of  Lucius  Junius 
Brutus.  He  joined  the  faction  of  Tar- 
quin,  and  was^condemned  to  death  by  his 
father,  who,  having  been  the  chief  instru- 
ment in  banishing  the  king  and  all  his 
race,  was  created  the  first  consul.  The 
subject  has  been  often  dramatized.  In 
English,  by  N.  Lee  (1679)  and  John 
Howard  Payne  (1820).  In  French,  by 
Arnault,  in  1792 ;  and  by  Ponsard,  in 
1843.  In  Italian,  by  Alfieri,  Bruto ;  etc. 
It  was  in  Payne's  tragedy  that  Charles 
Kean  made  his  d^but  in  Glasgow  as 
"  Titus,"  his  father  playing  *'  Brutus." 

The  house  was  filled  to  overflowing ...  the  stirring 
Interest  of  the  play,  combined  with  tiie  natural  acting  of 
the  father  and  son,  completely  subdued  the  audience. 
Tliey  sat  suffused  in  tears  during  the  Inst  pathetic  inter- 
riew,  until  Brutus,  overwhelmed  by  Iris  emotions,  falls  on 
the  neck  of  Titus,  exclaiming,  in  a  burst  of  agony, 
"  Embrace  thy  wretched  father ! "  when  the  whole  theatre 
broke  forth  In  long  peals  of  applause.  Edmund  Kean 
then  whispered  in  his  son's  ear,  "  Charlie,  my  boy,  we  are 
doing  the  trick."— Cole,  Life  of  Charles  Kean. 

Titus,  "  the  delight  oi  man,"  the  Roman 
emperor,  son  of  Vespasian  (40,  79-81). 

Titus,  the  penitent  thief,  according  to 
Longfellow.  Dumfichus  and  Titus  were 
two  of  a  band  of  robbers,  who  attacked 
Joseph  in  his  flight  into  Egypt.  Titus 
said,  "  Let  these  good  people  go  in 
Veace  ;  "  but  Dumachus  replied,  "  First  let 


them  pay  their  ransom."  Whereupon 
Titus  handed  to  his  companion  forty 
groats  ;  and  the  infant  Jesus  said  to  him  : 

When  thirty  years  shall  have  gone  by 
I  at  Jerusalem  shall  die.  .  . 
On  tlie  accursed  tree. 
Then  on  My  right  and  My  left  side, 
Tliese  thieves  shall  both  be  crucified, 
And  Titus  thenceforth  shall  abide 
In  paradise  with  Me. 
Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Tityre  Tus  (long  u),  the  name 
assumed  in  the  seventeenth  century  by  a 
clique  of  young  blades  of  the  better  class, 
whose  delight  was  to  break  windows, 
upset  sedan-chairs,  molest  quiet  citizens, 
and  rudely  caress  pretty  women  in  the 
streets  at  night-time.  These  brawlers 
took  successively  many  titular  names, 
as  Muns,  Hectorsj  Scourers,  afterwards 
Nickers,  later  still  Hawcabites,  and  lastly 
Mohawks  or  Mohocks. 

"  Tityre  tu-s"  is  meant  for  the  plural 
of  *'  Tityre  tu,"  in  the  first  line  of  Virgil's 
first  Eclogue :  "  Tityre,  tu  patulae  recubana 
sub  tegmine  fagi,"  and  meant  to  imply 
that  these  blades  were  men  of  leisure  and 
fortune,  who  "lay  at  ease  under  their 
patrimonial  beech  trees." 

Tit'jrruSjinthe  Shepheardes  Calendar, 
by  Spenser  (eel.  ii.  and  vi.),  is  meant  for 
Chaucer. 

The  gentle  shepherd  sate  beside  a  spring  .  .  . 
Tliat  Colin  hight,  which  well  could  pipe  and  sing. 
For  lie  of  Tityrus  his  song  did  learn. 

Spenser,  The  Hhepheardet  Calendar,  xll.  (1579). 

Tityus,  a  giant,  whose  body  covered 
nine  acres  of  ground.  In  Tartarus,  two 
vultures  or  serpents  feed  for  ever  on  his 
liver,  which  grows  as  fast  as  it  is  gnawed 
away. 

Prometheus  (3  syl.)  is  said  to  have 
been  fastened  to  mount  Caucasus,  where 
two  eagles  fed  on  his  liver,  which  never 
wasted. 

Nor  unobserved  lay  stretched  upon  the  marie 
Tityus,  earth-born,  whose  body  long  and  large 
Covered  nine  acres.    There  two  vultures  sat. 
Of  appetite  insatiate,  atid  with  beaks 
For  ravine  bent,  unintermitting  gored 
His  liver.     Powerless  be  to  put  to  flight 
The  fierce  devourers.   To  this  penance  judged 
For  rape  intended  on  Latona  fair. 

Fenton's  Bomer't  Odystey,  xl.  (1716). 

Tizo'na,  the  Cid's  sword.  It  was 
buried  with  him,  as  Joyeuse  (Charle- 
magne's sword)  was  buried  with  Charle- 
magne, and  Durindana  with  Orlando. 

Tlal'ala,  sumamed  "The  Tiger," 
one  of  the  AztCcas.  On  one  occasion, 
being  taken  captive,  Madoc  released  him, 
but  he  continued  the  unrelenting  foe  of 
Madoc  and  his  new  colony,  and  was 
always  foremost  in  working  them  evil. 


TOAD  WITH  AN  R. 


1012 


TOBY  VECK. 


"When  at  length,  the  Aztecas,  being  over- 
come, migrated  to  Mexico,  Tlalala  refused 
to  quit  the  spot  of  his  father's  tomb,  and 
threw  himself  on  his  own  javelin. — 
Southey,  Madoc  (1805). 

Toad  with  an  E.,  worthlessness, 
mere  dung.  Anglo-Saxon,  tord  or  toord, 
(now  spelt  with  a  u)  ;  hence  in  the  Gospel 
of  St.  Luke  xiii.  8:  "He  answeringe 
seide  to  him,  Lord,  suffer  also  this  zeer, 
til  the  while  I  delue  [delve'\  aboute  it,  and 
sende  toordis  .  .  ." — Gothic  and  Anglo- 
Saxon  Gospels,  Bosworth,  p.  365 ;  Wyciiffe 
(1389). 

Good  husband  his  boon  Or  request  hath  afar ; 
111  husbitnd  as  soon  Hath  a  toad  with  an  R. 

Tusser,  J^ve  Hundred  Points,  etc.,  Hi.  16. 

Toad-Eater  {Pultenei/'s).  Henry 
Vane  was  so  called,  in  1742,  by  Sir 
Robert  AValpole.  Two  years  later,  Sarah 
Fielding,  in  David  Simple,  speaks  of 
"toad-eater"  as  "quite  a  new  word," 
and  she  suggests  that  it  is  "  a  metaphor 
taken  from  a  mountebank's  boy  eating 
toads  in  order  to  show  his  master's  skill 
in  expelling  poison,"  and  "  built  on  a 
supposition  that  people  who  are  in  a 
state  of  dependence  are  forced  to  do  the 
most  nauseous  things  to  please  and 
humor  their  patrons." 

Tobacco,  says  Stow,  in  his  Chronicle, 
was  first  brought  to  England  by  sir  John 
Hawkins,  in  1565  (7  Elizabeth). 

Before  that  Indian  weed  so  stronglj'  was  embraced, 
Wherei'i  such  mighty  sums  we  prodigally  waste. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xvi.  (1613). 

Tobo'so  {Dulcinifa  del),  the  lady 
chosen  by  don  Quixote  for  his  particular 
paragon.  Sancho  Panza  says  she  was 
*'  a  stout-built,  sturdy  wench,  who  could 
pitch  the  bar  as  well  as  any  young  fellow 
in  the  parish."  The  knight  had  been  in 
love  with  her  before  he  took  to  errantry. 
She  was  Aldonza  Lorenzo,  the  daughter 
of  Lorenzo  Corchuelo  and  Aldonza  No- 
gales  ;  but  when  signiorQuixilda  assumed 
the  dignity  of  knighthood,  he  changed 
the  name  and  style  of  his  lady  into 
Dulcinea  del  Toboso,  which  was  more 
befitting  his  rank.  —  Cervantes,  Do7i 
Quixote,  I.  i.  1  (1605). 

Toby,  waiter  of  the  Spa  hotel,  St. 
Ronan's,  kept  by  Sandie  Lawson. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  St.  Eonan's  Well  (time,  George 

Toby,  a  brown  Rockingham -ware  beer 
jug,  with  the  likeness  of  Toby  Filpot 
embossed  on  its  sides,  "a  goodly  jug  of 
well-browned  clay,  fashioned  into  the 
form  of  an  old  gentleman,  atop  of  whose 


bald  head  was  a  fine  froth  answering  to 

his  wig"  (ch.  iv.). 

Gabriel  lifted  Toljy  to  his  mouth,  and  took  a  hearty 
draught. — C.  D'K'ken%,  Master  Uumphrey't  Clock  ("Bar- 
naby  Rudge,"  xli.,  1841). 

Toby,  Punch's  dog,  in  the  puppet-show 
exhibition  of  Punch  and  Judy. 

In  some  versions  of  the  great  drama  of  Punch,  there  is 
a  small  dog  (a  modern  innovation),  supposed  to  be  the 
private  property  of  that  gentleman,  and  of  the  name  of 
Toby — always  Toby.  This  dog  has  been  stolen  in  youth 
from  another  gentleman,  and  fraudulently  sold  to  the 
confiding  hero  who,  having  no  guile  himself,  has  no 
suspicion  that  it  lurks  in  others ;  but  Toby,  entertaining  a 
grateful  recollection  of  his  old  master,  and  scorning  to 
attach  himself  to  any  new  patron,  not  only  refuses  to 
smoke  a  pipe  at  the  bidding  of  Punch,  but  (to  mark  his 
old  fidelity  more  strongly)  seizes  him  by  the  nose,  and 
wrings  the  same  with  violence,  at  which  instance  of 
canine  attachment  the  spectators  are  always  deeply 
affected.— C.  Dickens. 

Toby,  in  the  periodical  called  Punchy 
is  represented  as  a  grave,  consequen- 
tial, sullen,  unsocial  pug,  perched  on 
back  volumes  of  the  national  Menippus, 
•which  he  guards  so  stolidly  that  it  would 
need  a  very  bold  heart  to  attempt  to  filch 
one.  There  is  no  reminiscence  in  this 
Toby,  tike  that  of  his  peep-show  name- 
sake, of  any  previous  master,  and  no 
aversion  to  his  present  one.  Punch 
himself  is  the  very  beau-ideal  of  good- 
natured  satire  and  far-sighted  shrewd- 
ness, while  his  dog  (the  very  Diogenes  of 
his  tribe)  would  scorn  his  nature  if  he 
could  be  made  to  smile  at  anything. 

*^*  The  first  cover  of  immortal  Punch 
was  designed  by  A.  S.  Henning ;  the 
present  one  by  Richard  Doyle. 

Toby  ( Uncle),  a  captain,  who  was 
wounded  at  the  siege  of  Namur,  and  was 
obliged  to  retire  from  the  service.  He  is 
the  impersonation  of  kindness,  benevo- 
lence, and  simple-heartedness ;  his  courage 
is  undoubted,  his  gallantry  delightful  for 
its  innocence  and  modesty.  Nothing  can 
exceed  the  grace  of  uncle  Toby's  love- 
passages  with  the  Widow  Wadman.  It 
is  said  that  lieutenant  Sterne  (father  of 
the  novelist)  was  the  prototype  of  uncle 
Toby.— Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy  (1759). 

My  uncle  Toby  is  one  of  the  finest  compliments  ever 
paid  to  human  nature.  He  is  the  most  unoffending  of 
God's  creatures,  or,  as  the  French  would  express  it,  un  tel 
petit  bonhomme.  Of  his  bowling-green,  his  sieges,  and 
Tiis  amours,  who  would  say  or  think  anything  auiiss?^« 
Hazlitt. 

Toby  Veek,  ticket-porter  and 
jobman,  nicknamed  "Trotty"  from  his 
trotting  pace.  He  Avas  "  a  weak,  small, 
spare  man,"  who  loved  to  earn  his  money, 
and  heard  the  chimes  ring  words  in 
accordance  with  his  fancy,  hopes,  and 
fears.  After  a  dinner  of  tripe,  he  lived 
for  a  time  in  a  sort  of  dream,  and  woke 
up  on  New  Year's  Day  to  dance  at  his 


TODD. 


1013 


TOLMETES. 


daughter's   wedding. — C.   Dickens,    The 
Chimes  (1844). 

Todd  (Laurie),  a  poor  Scotch  nail- 
maker,  who  emigrates  to  America,  and, 
after  some  reverses  of  fortune,  begins  life 
again  as  a  backwoodsman,  and  greatly 
prospers. — Gait,  Laurie  Todd. 

Tod'gers  (Mrs.),  proprietress  of  a 
"commercial  boarding-house  ; "  weighed 
down  with  the  overwhelming  cares  of 
"  sauces,  gravy,"  and  the  wherewithal  of 
providing  for  her  lodgers.  Mrs.  Todgers 
had  a  "soft  heart"  for  Mr.  Pecksniff, 
widower,  and  being  really  kind-hearted, 
befriended  poor  Mercy  Pecksniff  in  her 
miserable  married  life  with  her  brutal 
husband  Jonas  Chuzzlewit. — C.  Dickens, 
Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1844). 

Tofa'na,  of  Palermo,  a  noted  poisoner-, 
who  sold  a  tasteless,  colourless  poison, 
called  the  Manna  of  St.  Nicola  of  Bara, 
but  better  known  as  Aqua  Tofana. 
Above  600  persons  fell  victims  to  this 
fatal  drug.  She  was  discovered  in  1669, 
and  died  1730. 

La  Spara  or  Hieronyma  Spara,  about  a 
century  previously,  sold  an  "elixir" 
equally  fatal.  The  secret  was  ultimately 
revealed  to  her  father  confessor. 

Tofts  (Mistress),  a  famous  singer 
towards  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  She  was  very  fond  of  cats,  and 
left  a  legacy  to  twenty  of  the  tabbj- 
tribe. 

Not  NiobS  mourned  more  for  fourteen  brats, 
Nor  Mistress  Tofts,  to  leave  her  twenty  cats. 
Peter  Pindar  [Dr.  Wolcotj,  Old  Simon  (1809). 

Togar'ma  ("  island  of  blue  waves"), 
one  of  the  Hebrides. — Ossian,  Death  of 
Guthullin. 

Togorma,  the  kingdom  of  Connal 
son  of  Colgar. — Ossian,  Fingal. 

Tohu  va  Bohu,  at  sixes  and  sevens, 
in  the  utmost  confusion,  topsy-turvy. 

The  earth  was  tohu  va  bohu,  that  is,  void  and  in  con- 
fusion ...  in  short,  a  chaos.  This  may  well  be  applied 
to  a  country  desolated  by  war.  [Note  by  £dit.  Bohn't 
«d.]— Kabelais,  Pantagruel,  iv.  17  (1545). 

Toinette,  a  confidential  female  ser- 
vant of  Argan  the  malade  imaginaire. 
"  Adroite,  soigneuse,  diligente,  et  surtout 
fidele,"  but  contractions,  and  always 
calling  into  action  her  master's  irritable 
temper.  In  order  to  cure  him,  she  pre- 
tends to  De  a  travelling  physician  of 
about  90  years  of  age,  although  she  has 
not  seen  twenty-six  summers  ;  and  in  the 
capacity  of  a  Galen,  declares  M.  Argan  is 


suffering  from  lungs,  recommends  that 
one  arm  should  be  cut  off,  and  one  eye 
taken  out  to  strengthen  the  remaining 
one.  She  enters  into  a  plot  to  open  the 
eyes  of  Argan  to  the  real  affection  of 
Angelique  (his  daughter),  the  false  love 
of  her  step-mother,  and  to  marry  the 
former  to  Cloante  the  man  of  her  choice, 
in  all  which  schemes  she  is  fully  success- 
ful. —  Moliere,  Le  Malade  Imaainaire 
(1673). 

Toison  d'Or,  chief  herald  of  Bur- 
gundy.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin  Durward 
and  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Toki,  the  Danish  William  Tell.  Saxo 
Grammaticus,  a  Danish  writer  of  the 
twelfth  century,  tells  us  that  Toki  once 
boasted,  in  the  hearing  of  Harald  Blue- 
tooth, that  he  could  hit  an  apple  with  his 
arrow  off  a  pole  ;  and  the  Danish  Gessler 
set  him  to  try  his  skill  by  placing  an 
apple  on  the  head  of  the  archer's  son 
(twelfth  century). 

Tolande  of  Anjou,  a  daughter  of 
old  king  Rend  of  Provence,  and  sister 
of  Margaret  of  Anjou  (wife  of  Henry  VI. 
of  England). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Tolbooth  (The),  the  principal  prison 
of  Edinburgh. 

The  Tolbooth  felt  defrauded  of  his  charms 
If  Jeffrey  died,  except  within  her  arms. 
Byron,  English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers  (1809). 

Lord  Byron  refers  to  the  "  duel " 
between  Francis  Jeffrey  editor  of  the 
Edinburgh  Review,  and  Thomas  Moore 
the  poet,  at  Chalk  Farm,  in  1806.  The 
duel  was  interrupted,  and  it  was  then 
found  that  neither  of  the  pistols  con- 
tained a  bullet. 

Can  none  remember  that  eventful  day. 

That  ever-glorious,  almost  fatal  fray. 

When  Little's  [Thomas  .Voore]  leadless  pistol  met  his  eys. 

And  Bow  Street  myrmidons  stood  laughing  by  i 

Ditto. 

Tole'do,  famous  for  its  sword-blades. 
Vienne,  in  the  Lower  Dauphine,  is  also 
famous  for  its  swords.  Its  martinet? 
(i.e.  the  water-mills  for  an  iron  forge) 
are  turned  by  a  little  river  called  Gere. 

Gargantua  gave  Touchfaucet  an  excellent  sword  of  n 
Vienne  blade  with  a  golden  scabbard.— Rabelais,  dar- 
gantiia,  i.  46  (1533). 

Tolme'tes  (3  syl.),  Foolhardinesa 
personified  in  The  Purple  Island,  fully 
described  in  canto  viii.  His  companions 
were  Arrogance,  Brag,  Carelessness,  and 
Fear.  (Greek,  tolmetes,  "a  foolhardy 
man.") 


TOM. 


1014 


TOM  TIDDLER'S  GROUND. 


Thug  ran  the  rash  Tolmetes,  never  viewing 
Tlie  fearful  fiends  tliat  duly  him  attended  .  .  . 
Much  would  he  Doldly  do,  but  much  more  boldly  vaunt. 
P.  Fletcher.  The  Purple  Island,  viii.  (1633). 

Tom,  "the  Portugal  dustman,"  who 
joined  the  allied  armj'  against  France  in 
the  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession. — Dr. 
Arbuthnot,  History  of  John  Bull  (1712). 

Tom,  one  of  the  servants  of  Mr. 
Peregrine  Lovel,  "with  a  good  deal  of 
Burly  honesty  about  him."  Tom  is  no 
Bneak,  and  no  tell-tale,  but  he  refuses  to 
abet  Philip  the  butler  in  sponging  on  his 
master,  and  wasting  his  property  in 
riotous  living.  When  Lovel  discovers 
the  state  of  affairs,  and  clears  out  his 
household,  he  retains  Tom,  to  whom  he 
entrusts  the  cellar  and  the  plate. — Rev. 
J.  Townley,  High  Life  Below  Stairs 
(1759). 

Tom  Folio,  Thomas  Rawlinson,  the 
bibliopoiist  (1681-1725). 

Tom.  Jones  (1  sijl.),  a  model  of 
generosity,  openness,  and  manly  spirit, 
mixed  with  dissipation.  Lord  Byron 
calls  him  "  an  accomplished  blackguard  " 
{Don  Juan,  xiii.  110,  1824). — Fielding, 
Ihm  Jones  (1749). 

A  hero  with  a  flawed  reputation,  a  hero  sponging  for  a 
guinea,  u  hero  who  cani.ot  pay  his  landlady,  and  is  obliged 
to  let  his  honour  out  to  hire,  is  absurd,  and  the  claim  of 
Tom  Jones  to  heroic  rank  is  quit*  untenable.— Thackeray. 

Tom.  Long,  the  hero  of  an  old  tale, 
entitled  The  Iierry  Conceits  of  Tom  Long, 
the  Carrier,  being  many  Pleasant  Passages 
and  Mad  Pranks  which  he  observed  in  his 
Travels.  This  tale  was  at  one  time 
amazingly  popular. 

Tom  Scott,  Daniel  Quilp's  boy, 
Tower  Hill.  Although  Quilp  was  a 
demon  incarnate,  yet  "between  the  boy 
and  the  dwarf  there  existed  a  strange 
kind  of  mutual  liking."  Tom  was  very 
fond  of  standing  on  his  head,  and  on  one 
occasion  Quilp  said  to  him,  "Stand  on 
your  head  again,  and  I'll  cut  one  of  your 
feet  off." 

The  boy  made  no  answer,  hut  directly  Quilp  had  shut 
him.selt  in,  stood  on  his  head  before  the  door,  then 
walked  on  his  hands  to  the  back,  and  stood  on  his  head 
there,  then  to  the  opposite  side  and  repeated  the  iter- 
formance.  .  .  .  Quilp,  knowing  his  disposition,  was  lying 
in  wait  at  a  little  distance,  armed  with  a  large  piece  of 
wood,  wliich,  being  rough  and  jagged,  and  studded  with 
broken  nails,  might  possibly  have  hurt  him,  if  it  had  been 
thrown  at  him.— C.  Dickens,  The  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  v. 
(1840). 

Tom.  Thumb,  the  name  of  a  very 
diminutive  little  man  in  the  court  of  king 
Arthur,  killed  by  the  poisonous  breath  of 
a  spider  in  the  reign  of  king  Thunstone, 
the  successor  of  Arthur.  In  the  Bodleian 
Library    there    is  a  ballad  about    Tom 


Thumb,  which  was  printed  in  1630. 
Richard  Johnson  wrote  in  prose  The 
History  of  Tom  Thumbe,  which  was 
printed  in  1621.  In  1630  Charles  Per- 
rault  published  his  tale  called  Le  Petit 
Poucet,  Tom  Thum  is  introduced  by 
Drayton  in  his  Nymphidia  (1563-1631). 

"Tom  "  in  this  connection  is  the  SAvedish 
tomt  ("a  nix  or  dwarf"),  as  in  Tompt- 
gubbe  ("a  brownie  or  kobold  ") ;  the  final 
t  is  silent,  and  the  tale  is  of  Scandinavian 
origin. 

Tom  TJiumb,  a  burlesque  opera,  altered 
by  Kane  O'Hara  (author  of  Midas), 
in  1778,  from  a  dramatic  piece  bj'  Field- 
ing the  novelist  (1730).  Tom  Thumb, 
having  killed  the  giants,  falls  in  love  with 
Huncamunca  daughter  of  king  Arthur. 
Lord  Grizzle  wishes  to  marry  the  prin- 
cess, and  when  he  hears  that  the  "  pygmy 
giant-queller"  is  preferred  before  him,  his 
lordship  turns  traitor,  invests  the  palace 
"  at  the  head  of  his  rebellious  rout,"  and 
is  slain  by  Tom.  Then  follows  the  bitter 
end  :  A  red  cow  swallows  Tom,  the  queen 
Dollallolla  kills  Noodle,  Frizaletta  kills 
the  queen,  Huncamunca  kills  Frizaletta, 
Doodle  kills  Huncamunca,  Plumantd 
kills  Doodle,  and  the  king,  being  left 
alone,  stabs  himself.  Merlin  now  enters, 
commands  the  red  cow  to  "return  our 
England's  Hannibal,"  after  which,  the 
wise  wizard  restores  all  the  slain  ones 
to  life  again,  and  thus  "jar  ending,"  each 
resolves  to  go  home,  "and  make  a  night 
on't." 

Soon  after  Liston  had  made  his  popular  hit  in  Field- 
ing's Tom  Thumb,  at  the  Haymarket  Theatre,  he  was 
invited  to  dine  in  the  City,  and  after  the  dessert  the  whole 
party  rose,  the  tables  and  chairs  were  set  back,  and 
Mr.  Liston  was  requested  *'  to  favour  Uie  company  with 
lord  Grizzle's  dancing  song  before  the  children  went  to 
bed."  As  nifiy  be  supposed,  Liston  took  his  hat  and 
danced  out  of  the  house,  nevermore  to  return.— C.  Itussell, 
Representative  Acton. 

Tom  Tiddler's  Ground,  a  nook 
in  a  rustic  by-road,  where  Mr.  Mopes  the 
hermit  lived,  and  had  succeeded  in  laying 
it  waste.  In  the  middle  of  the  plot  was 
a  ruined  hovel,  without  one  patch  of  glass 
in  the  windows,  and  with  no  plank  or 
beam  that  had  not  rotted  or  fallen  away. 
There  was  a  slough  of  water,  a  leailess 
tree  or  two,  and  plenty  of  filth.  Rumour 
said  that  Tom  Mopes  had  murdered  his 
beautiful  wife  from  jealous}',  and  had 
abandoned  the  world.  Mr.  Traveller  tried 
to  reason  with  him,  and  bring  him  back 
to  social  life,  but  the  tinker  replied, 
"When  iron  is  thoroughly  rotten,  you 
cannot  botch  it,  do  what  you  may." — C. 
Dickens,  j4  Christmas  Number  (1861). 


TOM  TILER  AND  HIS  WIFE.      1015 


TOMES. 


Tom  Tiler  and  His  Wife,  a 
transition  play  between  a  morality  and 
a  tragedy  (1578). 

Tom  Tipple,  a  highwayman  in 
captain  Macheath's  gang.  Peachum  calls 
him  "  a  guzzling,  soaking  sot,  always  too 
drunk  to  stand  himself  or  to  make  others 
stand.  A  cart,"  he  says,  "is  absolutely 
necessary  for  him." — Gay,  The  Beggar's 
Opera,  i.  (1727). 

Tom.  Tram.,  the  hero  of  a  novel 
entitled  Tlie  Mad  Pranks  of  Tom  Tram, 
Son-in-Law  to  Mother  Winter,  whereunto 
is  added  his  Merry  Jests,  Odd  Conceits, 
and  Pleasant  Tales  (seventeenth  cen- 
tury). 

All  your  wits  that  fleer  and  sham, 
Down  from  don  Quixote  to  Tom  Tram. 

Prior. 

Tom -a- Thrum,  a  sprite  which 
figures  in  the  fairy  tales  of  the  Middle 
Ages ;  a  "queer-looking  little  auld  man," 
whose  chief  exploits  were  in  the  vaults 
and  cellars  of  old  castles.  John  Skelton, 
speaking  of  the  clergy,  says  : 

Alas !  for  very  shame,  some  cannot  declyne  their  name  ; 
Some  cannot  scarsly  rede.  And  yet  will  not  drede 
For  to  kepe  a  cure.  ...    A-s  wyse  as  Tom-a-Thrum. 

Colyn  Clout  {time,  Henry  VIII.). 

Tom.  o'  Bedlam.,  a  ticket-of-leave 
madman  from  Bethlehem  Hospital,  or  one 
discharged  as  incurable. 

Tom  of  Ten  Thousand,  Thomas 
Thynne  ;  so  called  from  his  great  wealth. 
He  was  buried  in  Westminster  Abbey, 
but  why,  the  then  dean  has  not  thought 
fit  to  leave  on  record. 

Tom  the  Piper,  one  of  the  charac- 
ters in  the  ancient  morris-dance,  re- 
presented with  a  tabour,  tabour-stick,  and 
pipe.  He  carried  a  sword  and  shield,  to 
denote  his  rank  as  a  "  squire  minstrel." 
His  shoes  were  brown  ;  his  hose  red  and 
"  gimp-thighed ; "  his  hat  or  cap  red, 
turned  up  with  yellow,  and  adorned  with 
a  feather ;  his  doublet  blue,  the  sleeves 
being  turned  up  with  yellow  ;  and  he 
wore  a  yellow  cape  over  his  shoulders. 
(See  Morris-Dance.) 

Tom*S,  a  noted  coffee-house  in  Birchin 
Lane,  the  usual  rendezvous  of  young 
merchants  at  'Change  time. 

Tomahourich  {Muhm^  Janet  of), 
an  old  sibyl,  aunt  of  Robin  Oig  M'Com- 
bich  the  Highland  drover.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Two  Drovers  (time,  George  III.). 

Tom'alin,  a  valiant  fairy  knight, 
kinsman   of    king  ObSron.    Tomaim  is 


not  the  same  as  "  Tom  Thumb,"  as  we  are 
generally  but  erroneously  told,  for  in  the 
"  mighty  combat "  Tomalin  backed  Pig- 
wiggen,  while  Tom  Thum  or  Thumb 
seconded  king  Oberon.  This  fairy  battle 
was  brought  about  by  the  jealousy  of 
Oberon,  who  considered  the  attentions  of 
Pigwiggen  to  queen  Mab  were  "  far  too 
nice." — M.  Drayton,  Nymphidia  (1563- 
1631). 

Tomb  (Knight  of  the),  James  earl  of 
Douglas  in  disguise. 

His  armour  was  ingeniously  painted  so  ai  to  represent 
a  skeleton  ;  the  ribs  being  constituted  by  the  corselet  and 
its  back-piece.  The  shield  represented  an  owl  with  ita 
wings  spread — a  device  which  was  repeated  upon  the 
helmet,  which  appeared  to  be  completely  covered  by  an 
image  of  the  same  bird  of  ill  omen.  But  that  which  was 
particularly  calculated  to  excite  surprise  in  the  8|)ectntor 
was  the  great  height  and  thinness  of  the  figiu-e.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Coitle  Dangeruui,  xiv.  (time,  Henry  I.). 

Tomboy  (Priscilla),  a  self-willed, 
hoydenish,  ill-educated  romp,  of  strong 
animal  spirits,  and  wholly  unconventional. 
She  is  a  West  Indian,  left  under  the 
guardianship  of  Barnacle,  and  sent  to 
London  for  her  education.  Miss  Pris- 
cilla  Tomboy  lives  with  Barnacle's 
brother,  old  [Nicholas]  Cockney,  a 
grocer,  where  she  plays  boy-and-girl 
love  with  young  Walter  Cockney,  which 
consists  chiefly  in  pettish  quarrels  and 
personal  insolence.  Subsequently  she 
runs  off  with  captain  Sightly,  but  the 
captain  behaves  well  by  presenting  him- 
self next  day  to  the  guardian,  and  obtain- 
ing his  consent  to  marriage. —  The  Romp 
(altered  from  Bickerstaff's  Love  in  the 
City). 

Tomes  ITo-may'],  one  of  the  five 
physicians  called  in  by  Sganarelle  to 
consult  on  the  malady  of  his  daughter 
Lucinde  (2  syL).  Being  told  that  a  coach- 
man he  was  attending  was  dead  and 
buried,  the  doctor  asserted  it  to  be  quite 
impossible,  as  the  coachman  had  been  ill 
only  six  days,  and  Hippocrfites  had 
positively  stated  that  the  disorder  would 
not  come  to  its  height  till  the  fourteenth 
day.  The  five  doctors  meet  in  consulta- 
tion, talk  of  the  town  gossip,  their 
medical  experience,  their  visits,  anything, 
in  short,  except  the  patient.  At  length 
the  father  enters  to  inquire  what  deci- 
sion they  had  come  to.  One  says  Lucinde 
must  have  an  emetic,  M.  Tomfes  says  she 
must  be  blooded;  one  says  an  emetic 
will  be  her  death,  the  other  that  bleeding 
will  infallibly  kill  her. 

M.  Tomis.  Si  vous  ne  faltes  saigner  tout  k  I'heure  TOtr» 
fille,  c'est  une  personne  morte. 

M.  nesfoMndris.  Si  vous  la  faites  saigner,  elle  ne  lera 
pas  80  vie  dans  un  quart-d'-heure. 


TOMKINS. 


1016 


TOOTH. 


And  they  quit  the  house  in  great  anger 
(act  ii.  4). — Moliere,  L'Amoure  Medecin 
(1665). 

M.  TomSs  liked  correctness  in  medical  practice. — Ma- 
caulay. 

Tomkins  (Joseph),  secret  emissary 
of  Cromwell.  He  was  formerly  Philip 
Hazeldine,  alias  Master  Fibbet,  secretary 
to  colonel  Desborough  (one  of  the  parlia- 
mentary commissioners). — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Woodstock  (time,  Commonwealth). 

Tom'jrris,  queen  of  the  Massagetae. 
She  defeated  Cyrus,  who  had  invaded  her 
kingdom,  and,  having  slain  him,  threw 
his  head  into  a  vessel  filled  with  human 
blood,  saying,  "  It  was  blood  you  thirsted 
for  ;  now  take  your  fill !  " 

Great  bronze  valves  embossed  with  Tomyris. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  v. 
f/l  was  shown  the  scath  and  cruel  mangling  made 
By  Tomyris  on  Cyrus,  when  she  cried, 
"  Blood  thou  didst  thirst  for  ;  take  thy  fill  of  blood  !  " 
Dante,  Purgatory,  xii.  (1308). 

Ton-Iosal  was  so  heavy  and  un- 
■wieldy  that  when  he  sat  down  it  took 
the  whole  force  of  a  hundred  men  to 
set  him  upright  on  his  feet  again. — The 

Fiona. 

If  Fion  was  remarkable  for  his  stature,  "...  in  weight 
all  yielded  to  the  celebrated  Ton-Iosal. — J.  Macpherson, 
Dissertation  on  Ossian. 

Ton-Thena  ("j^re  of  the  wave"),  a 
remarkable  star  which  guided  Larthon  to 
Ireland,  as  mentioned  in  Ossian's  2'em'ora, 
vii.,  and  called  in  Cathlin  of  Clutha,  "the 
red  traveller  of  the  clouds." 

Tonio,  a  young  Tyrolese,  who  saved 
Maria,  the  suttler-girl,  when  on  the  point 
of  falling  down  a  precipice.  The  tAvo,  of 
course,  fall  in  love  with  each  other,  and 
the  regiment,  which  had  adopted  the 
suttler-girl,  consents  to  their  marriage, 
provided  Tonio  will  enlist  under  its  flag. 
No  sooner  is  this  done  than  the  mar- 
chioness of  Berkenfield  lays  claim  to  Maria 
as  her  daughter,  and  removes  her  to  the 
castle.  In  time,  the  castle  is  besieged  and 
taken  by  the  very  regiment  into  which 
Tonio  had  enlisted,  and,  as  Tonio  had 
risen  to  the  rank  of  a  French  officer,  the 
marchioness  consents  to  his  marriage  with 
her  daughter. — Donizetti,  Za  Figlia  del 
Eeggimento  (1840). 

Tonna  (Mrs.),  Charlotte  Elizabeth 
(1792-1846). 

Tonto  (Don  Cherubin),  canon  of  Tole'- 
do,  the  weakest  mortal  in  the  world, 
though,  by  his  smirking  air,  you  would 
fancy  him  a  wit.  When  he  hears  a  deli- 
cate performance  read,   he  listens  with 


such  attention  as  seems  full  of  intelli- 
gence, but  all  the  while  he  understands 
nothing  of  the  matter. — Lesage,  Gil  Bias, 
V.  12  (1724). 

Tonton,  the  smallest  dog  that  ever 
existed.  When  the  three  princes  of  a 
certain  king  were  sent  to  procure  the 
tiniest  dog  they  could  find  as  a  present  to 
their  aged  father,  the  White  Cat  gave  the 
youngest  of  them  a  dog  so  small  that  it 
was  packed  in  wadding  in  a  common 
acorn  shell. 

As  soon  as  the  acorn  was  opened,  they  all  saw  a  little 
dog  laid  in  cotton,  and  so  small  it  might  jump  through  a 
finger-ring  without  toucliing  it.  .  .  .  It  was  a  mixture  of 
several  colours ;  its  ears  and  long  hair  reached  to  the 
ground.  The  prince  set  it  on  the  ground,  and  forthwith 
the  tiny  creature  began  to  dance  a  sar.iband  witli  casta- 
nets.—Com  tesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tal^s  ("  The  White  Cat," 
168-2). 

Tony  Lumpkin,  a  young  booby, 
fond  of  practical  jokes  and  low  company. 
He  was  the  son  of  Mrs.  Hardcastle  by  lier 
first  husband. — Goldsmith,  She  Stoops  to 
ConqiLcr  (1773). 

Toodle,  engine-fireman,  an  honest 
fellow,  very  proud  of  his  wife  Polly  and 
her  family. 

Polly  Toodle,  known  by  the  name  of 
Richards,  wife  of  the  stoker.  Polly  was 
an  apple-faced  woman,  and  was  mother 
of  a  large  apple-faced  family.  This 
jolly,  homely,  kind-hearted  matron  was 
selected  as  the  nurse  of  Paul  Dombey,  and 
soon  became  devotedly  attached  to  Paul 
and  his  sister  Florence. 

Robin  Toodle,  known  as  "The  Biler" 
or  "  Rob  the  Grinder,"  eldest  son  of  Mrs. 
Toodle  wet-nurse  of  Paul  Dombey.  Mr. 
Dombey  gets  Robin  into  an  institution 
called  "  The  Charitable  Grinders,"  where 
the  worst  part  of  the  boy's  character  is 
freely  developed.  Robin  becomes  a  sneak, 
and  enters  the  service  of  James  Carker, 
manager  of  the  firm  of  Dombey  and 
Son.  On  the  death  of  Carker,  Robin 
enters  the  service  of  Miss  Lucretia  Tox. 
— C.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Tooley  Street,  London ;  a  corrup- 
tion of  St.  Olaf.  Similarly,  Taudry  is  a 
corruption  of  St.  Audry,  St.  Tibs  of  St. 
Ubes,  and  St.  Telders  of  St.  Ethelred. 

Toom  Tabard  (^^ empty  jacket"),  a 
nickname  given  to  John  Balliol,  because 
his  appointment  to  the  sovereignty  of 
Scotland  was  an  empty  name.  He  had 
the  royal  robe  or  jacket,  but  nothing  else 
(1259, 1292-1314). 

Tooth  (A  Wolfs).  At  one  time  a 
wolf's  tooth  was  worn  as  an  amulet  by 
children  to  charm  away  fear. 


TOOTH  WORSHIPPED. 


1017 


TORMES. 


Tooth  "Worshipped  (A).  The 
people  of  Ceylon  worship  the  tooth  of  an 
elephant ;  those  of  Malabar  the  tooth  of  a 
monkey.  The  Siamese  once  offered  a 
Portuguese  700,000  ducats  for  the  re- 
demption of  a  monkey's  tooth. 

Tooth-picks.  The  Romans  used 
tooth-picks  made  of  mastic  wood  in  pre- 
ference to  quills ;  hence  Rabelais  says  that 
prince  Gargantua  "  picked  his  teeth  with 
mastic  tooth-pickers"  (s'escuroit  les  dents 
av^ecques  ung  trou  de  lentisce),  bk.  i.  23. 

Leiitiscum  melius  ;  setl  si  tibi  frondea  cuspis 
Defuerit,  deuteg,  penna,  levare  potes. 

Martial,  ICpigranu,  xx.  24 

Toots  {Mr.),  an  innocent,  warm- 
hearted young  man,  just  burst  from  the 
bonds  of  Dr.  Blimber's  school,  and  deeply 
in  love  with  Florence  Dombey.  He  is 
famous  for  blushing,  refusing  what  he 
longs  to  accept,  and  for  saying,  "  Oh, 
it  is  of  no  consequence."  Being  very 
nervous,  he  never  appears  to  advantage, 
but  in  the  main  "  there  were  few  better 
fellows  in  the  world." 

"  I  assure  you,"  said  Mr.  Toots,  "  really  I  am  dreadfully 
sorry,  but  it's  of  no  consequence." — C.  Dickens,  Dombey 
and  Son,  xxviii.  (184«>). 

Topas  (Sir),  a  native  of  Poperyng, 
in  Flanders  ;  a  capital  sportsman,  archer, 
wrestler,  and  runner.  Chaucer  calls  him 
"  sir  Thopas  "  (q.v,). 

Topas  (Sir).  Sir  Charles  Dilke  was  so 
called  by  the  Army  and  Navy  Gazette, 
November  25,  1871  (1810-1869). 

Topham  (Master  Charles),  usher  of 
the  black  rod. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Peveril  of 
the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

To'phet,  "the  place  of  drums,"  from 
toph  ("a  drum").  So  called  in  allusion 
to  the  drums  and  timbrels  sounded  in  the 
valley  of  Hinnom  to  drown  the  cries  of 
children  sacrificed  to  this  idol.  Solomon 
introduced  the  worship,  and  built  a  temple 
to  Moloch  on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  '*  that 
opprobious  hill"  (1  Kings  xi.  7).  The 
valley  of  Hinnom  is  called  Gehenna,  and 
is  made  in  the  New  Testament  a  "  type 
of  hell." 

.  .  .  the  wisest  heart 
Of  Solomon  he  led  by  fraud  to  build 
HLs  temple  right  against  the  temple  of  God 
On  that  opprobious  hill ;  and  made  his  grove 
The  pleasant  valley  of  Hinnom,  Tophet  thence 
And  black  Gehenna  called,  the  type  of  hell. 

MUtou,  ParadUe  Lost,  i.  400.  etc.  {1668). 

Topsy,  a  young  slave-girl,  who  never 
knew  whether  she  liad  either  father  or 
mother,  and  being  asked  by  Miss  Ophelia 
St.  Glare  how  she  supposed  she  came  into 
the  world,  replied',  "  I  'spects  I  growed."— - 


Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe,  Uncle  Tom's  Cabim 

(1852). 

Tor  (Sir),  the  natural  son  of  king 
Pellinore  and  the  wife  of  Aries  the 
cowherd.  He  was  the  first  of  the  knights 
of  the  Round  Table.— Sir  T.  Malory, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  i.  24  (1470). 

Toralva  (The  licentiate),  mounted 
on  a  cane,  was  conveyed  through  the  air 
with  his  eyes  shut ;  "in  twelve  hours  he 
arrived  at  Rome,  and  the  following  morn- 
ing returned  to  Madrid.  During  his 
flight  he  opened  his  eyes  once,  and  found 
himself  so  near  the  moon  that  he  could 
have  touched  it  with  his  finger. — Cer- 
vantes, Bon  Quixote,  II.  iii.   5   (1616). 

(See  TORRALBA.) 

Torch-Race.  On  the  eve  of  the 
Panathenaea,  there  was  a  torch-race  in 
ancient  Greece,  in  which  the  runners  were 
expected  in  succession  to  carry  a  lighted 
torch  without  allowing  the  flame  to 
become  extinguished.  Each  passed  it  in 
turn,  and  each  received  it.  Plato  (Leg., 
vi.)  compares  the  transmission  of  life  to 
a  torch-race,  and  Lucretius  has  the  same 
idea:  "  Et  quasi  cursores  vitai  lampada 
trudunt"  {De  Rerum  Natura,  ii.  77). 
Thomas  Moore  says  the  nations  of  Europe 
caught  up  the  love  of  liberty  from  Eng- 
land, as  the  runners  in  a  torch-raee^" 
the  lighted  brand  from  one  to 
(See  Lempriere,  art.  '/Prpn\etheaS.") 

As  at  old  games  a  ruq/ier  snatched  the  tdtth  T 1 1  £ 


From  runner. 


Twas  like  a  torch- 

Of  Greece  perforiked  in  a^es  gone. 
When  the  fleet  youths,  in  ioiig«i 

Passed  the  bright  t^rch  tri(ii 
I  saw  the  expectant  nations  s' 

To  catch  the  coming  flanife 
I  saw,  from  ready  liand  to  ham 

The  clear  but  struggling  glory  bum. 

T.  Moore,  The  Torch  of  Liberty  (1814). 


es  gone, 

iig«rray,    033'  ^^  K   . 

and,  ^  "^ 


Tordenskiol  \^Tor' .den.skole']  or  the 
"Thunder-Shield."  So  Peder  Wessel 
vice-admiral  of  Denmark  (in  the  reign  of 
Christian  V.)  was  called.  lie  was 
brought  up  as  a  tailor,  and  died  in  a 
duel. 

From  Denmark  thunders  Tordenskiol ; 
Let  each  to  heaven  commend  his  soul. 
And  fly.  ,    , 

Longfellow,  King  Christian  [K.). 

Torfe  (Mr.  George),  provost  of  Ork- 
ney.—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Pirate  (time, 
William  III.). 

Tormes  (Lazarillo  de),  by  Diego 
Hurtado  deMendoza  (sixteenth  century) ; 
a  kind  of  Gil  Bias,  whose  adventures  and 
roguish  tricks  are  the  first  of  a  very  popular 


TORMOT. 


1018 


TOTHILL. 


sort  of  tiovel  called  the  Gusto  Ficaresco. 
Lesage  |ias  imitated  it  in  his  Gil  Bias, 
and  we  have  numberless  imitations  in  our 
own  language.    (See  Tyll  Owlyglass.) 

The  ideal  Yankee,  in  whom  European  prejudice  has 
combined  the  attrat^tive  traits  of  a  Giiies  de  Passamoute, 
a  Joseph  Surface,  a  Lazarillo  de  Tonnes,  a  Scapin,  a 
Tliersitfis,  and  an  Autolycus. — W.  H.  Hurlbut 

*^*  "  Gines  de  Passamonte,"  in  Don 
Quixote^  by  Cervantes;  "Joseph  Sur- 
face," in  The  School  for  Scandal,  by 
Sheridan  ;  "  Scapin,"  in  Les  Fourberies  de 
Scapin,  by  Moliere ;  "Thersites,"  in 
Homer's  Iliad,  i.  ;  "Autolycus,"  in  the 
Winter's  Tale,  by  Shakespeare. 

Tormot,  youngest  son  of  Torquil  of 
the  Oak  (foster-father  of  Eachin  M'lan). 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Ferth 
(time,  Henry  IV.). 

Tome'a,  a  lake  or  rather  a  river  of 
Sweden,  which  runs  into  the  gulf  of 
Bothnia. 

Still  pressing  on  beyond  Tomea's  lake. 

Thomson,  The  Seasons  ("  Winter,"  1726). 

Tor'neo,  a  town  in  Finland.  Often 
visited  by  travellers,  who  can  there 
witness  the  singular  phenomenon  of  the 
sun  remaining  above  the  horizon  both  day 
and  night  at  the  summer  solstice.  It 
belongs  now  to  Russia. 

Cold  as  the  rocks  on  Torneo's  hoary  brow. 

Campbell,  Pleasures  of  Bope,  ii.  (1799). 
We  find  our  author  {A.  F.  Skioldebrand^  pursuing  his 
Journey  northwards. .  .  .  and  his  description  of  the 
entrance  into  Westrobothnia  gives  us  a  high  idea  of 
the  richness  of  the  country  in  the  neighbourhood  of 
Jorneo.—Quarterlj/  Review,  April,  1814. 

Torquato,  that  is,  Torquato  Tasso,  the 
Italian  poet,  author  of  Jerusalem,  Delivered 
(1544-1595).  After  the  publication  of 
his  great  epic,  Tasso  lived  in  the  court 
of  Ferrara,  and  conceived  a  violent  passion 
for  Leonora,  one  of  the  duke's  sisters,  but 
fled,  in  1577,  to  Naples. 

Torquato's  tongue 
Was  tuned  for  slavish  pseans  at  the  throne 
Of  tinsel  pomp. 
Akenside,  Pleasures  of  Imagination,  ii.  (1744). 

Torquil  of  tlie  Oak,  foster-father 
of  Eachin  M'lan.  He  was  chief  of  the 
clan  Quhele,  and  had  eight  sons,  the 
finest  men  in  the  clan.  Torquil  was  a 
seer,  who  was  supposed  to  have  com- 
munication with  the  invisible  world,  and 
he  declared  a  demon  had  told  him  that 
Eachin  or  Hector  M'lan  was  the  only 
man  in  the  two  hostile  clans  of  Chattan 
and  Quhele  who  would  come  off  scath- 
less  in  the  approaching  combat  (ch.  xxvi.). 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Ferth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

A  parallel  combat  is  described  in  The 


Cid.  When  Sancho  of  Castile  was  stabbed 
by  BellTdo  of  Zamora,  Diego  Ordonez,  of 
the  house  of  Lara,  challenged  five  of  the 
knights  of  Zamora  to  single  combat. 
Don  Arias  Gonzalo  and  his  four  sons 
accepted  the  challenge.  Pedro  Arias 
was  first  slain,  then  his  brother  Diego. 
Next  came  Herman,  who  received  a 
mortal  wound,  but  struck  the  charger  of 
Diego  Ordonez.  The  charger,  furious 
with  pain,  carried  its  rider  beyond  the 
lists,  and  the  combat  was  declared  to  be 
drawn. 

Torralba  (Dr.),  carried  by  the  spirit 
Cequiel  from  Valladolid  to  Rome  and 
back  again  in  an  hour  and  a  half.  He 
was  tried  by  the  Inquisition  for  sorcery 
(time,  Charles  V.). — Joseph  de  Ossau 
Pellicer    (seventeenth    century).       (See 

TORALVA.) 

Torre  (Sir),  son  of  sir  Bernard,  baron 
of  Astolat.  His  brother  was  sir  Lavaine, 
and  his  sister  Elaine  "the  lily  maid  of 
Astolat."  He  was  blunt-mannered,  but 
not  without  kindness  of  heart. — Tenny- 
son, Idylls  of  the  King  ("  Elaine  "). 

The  word  "Torre"  isablunderforTirre. 
Sir  Torre  or  Tor,  according  to  Arthurian 
legend,  was  the  natural  son  of  Pellinore 
king  of  Wales,  "  begotten  on  Aries'  wife, 
the  cowherd  "  (pt.  ii.  108).  It  was  sir  Tirre 
who  was  the  brother  of  Elaine  (pt.  iii. 
122).— Sir  T.  Malory,  History  of  Frince 
Arthur  (1470). 

Tor'rismond,  general  of  the  forces 
of  Aragon.  He  falls  in  love  with  Leonora 
the  usurping  queen,  promised  in  marriage 
to  Bertran  prince  of  the  blood-royal,  but 
she  falls  in  love  with  Torrismond,  who 
turns  out  to  be  the  son  of  Sancho  the 
deposed  king.  Ultimately,  Sancho  is 
restored,  and  Leonora  is  married  to  Tor- 
rismond.— Dryden,  The  Spanish  Fryar 
(1680). 

Torso  Farna'se  (3  syl.),  Dirce  and 
her  sons,  the  work  of  Appollonius  and 
Tauriscus  of  Rhodes. 

Toshaeh  Beg,  the  "second"  of 
M 'Gillie  Chattanach  chief  of  the  clan 
Chattan,  in  the  great  combat. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Ferth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Tothill  or  Tuttle,  Westminster, 
said  to  be  a  corruption  of  Teut's  Hill,  i.e. 
the  Saxon  god  Mercurv,  called  Teut. 
"  Hermit's  Hill "  or  "  Ermin's  Hill,"  in 
the  vicinity,  is  said  to  be  the  same  word 
under  the  corrupted  classic  form  of 
Hermes,  which  also  means  Mercury. 


TOTTENHAM  IN  BOOTS. 


1019 


TOUCHSTONE. 


Tottenham  in  Boots,  a  popular 
toast  in  Ireland  in  1731.  Mr.  Tottenham 
gave  the  casting  vote  which  threw  out  a 
Government  bill  very  obnoxious  to  the 
Irish,  on  the  subject  of  the  Irish  parlia- 
ment. He  had  come  from  the  country, 
and  rushed  into  the  House,  without 
changing  his  boots,  just  in  time  to  give 
his  vote,  which  prevented  the  bill  from 
passing  by  a  majority  of  one. 

Totterly  (Lord),  an  Adonis  of  60, 
and  a  ci-devant  Jeune  Homine. — C.  Selby, 
The  Unfinished  Gentleman. 

Tottipottymoy,  a  "Hoghan  Mo- 
ghan,"  or  mock  mightiness,  like  the 
mayor  of  Garratt,  or  the  king  of  the 
Cannibal  Islands. 

The  mighty  Tottipottymoy 
Sent  to  our  elders  an  envoy. 
Complaining  sorely  of  the  breach 
Ot  league. 

S.  Butler,  Hudibrat,  ii.  2  (1664). 

Touch,  quality.  "  Of  noble  touch," 
of  noble  quality.  The  reference  is  to  the 
touchstone  by  which  gold  is  tried.  Gold 
articles  made  according  to  the  rules^of 
alloy  are  called  of  "  a  true  touch."  The 
"  touch  of  Pans  "  is  spoken  of  in  1300  : 
"  Laquelle  touche  passe  tous  les  ors  dont 
Ton  oeuvre  en  tous  pays."  In  1697  two 
goldsmiths  were  sentenced  to  the  pillory 
for  making  false  plate  and  counterfeiting 
"  her  majesty's  touch." 

The  lapis  Lydius  or  touchstone  is 
touched  by  the  gold,  and  leaves  a  mark 
behind,  the  colour  of  which  indicates  its 
purity. 

Gold  Is  tried  by  the  touchstone  and  men  by  gold.— 
Bacon. 

.  Touchet  [Too-sAai/].  When  Charles 
IX.  introduced  Henri  of  Navarre  to  Marie 
Touchet,  the  witty  Navarrese  made  this 
anagram  on  her  name,  Je  charnie  tout. 

Touehfaucet  (Captain),  in  Picro- 
chole's  army,  taken  captive  by  friar  John. 
Being  presented  to  Grangousier  and 
asked  the  cause  of  his  king's  invasion, 
he  replied,  *'  To  avenge  the  injury  done  to 
the  cake-bakers  of  Lerne"  (ch.  25,  26). 
Grangousier  commanded  his  treasurer  to 
give  the  friar  62,000  saluts  (£15,500)  in 
reward,  and  to  Touehfaucet  he  gave  "an 
excellent  sword  of  a  Vienne  blade,  with 
a  gold  scabbard,  and  a  collar  of  gold 
weighing  702,000  merks  (576,000  ounces), 
garnished  with  precious  stones,  and  valued 
at  £16,000  sterling,  by  way  of  present. 
Returning  to  king  Picrochole,  he  advised 
him  to  capitulate,  whereupon  Rashcalt 
cried  aloud,  "  Unhappy  the  prince  who 


has  traitors  for  his  counsellors ! "  and 
Touehfaucet,  drawing  "his  new  sword," 
ran  him  through  the  body.  The  king 
demanded  who  gave  him  the  sword,  and 
being  told  the  truth,  ordered  his  guardH 
*'  to  hew  him  in  pieces." — Rabelais,  Gar- 
gantua,  i.  45-47  (1533). 

Touching  for  the  King's  EviL 

It  is  said  that  scrofulous  diseases  were  at 
one  time  very  prevalent  in  the  island, 
and  that  Edward  the  Confessor,  in  answer 
to  earnest  prayer,  was  told  it  would  be 
cured  by  the  royal  touch.  Edward,  being 
gifted  with  this  miraculous  power,  trans- 
mitted it  as  an  heir-loom  to  his  succes- 
sors. Henry  VII.  presented  each  jierson 
touched  with  a  small  coin,  called  a  touch- 
piece  or  touch-penny. 

Charles  II.  of  England,  during  hi? 
reign,  touched  as  many  as  92,107  persons; 
the  smallest  number  (2983)  being  in  the 
year  1669,  and  the  largest  number  in 
1684,  when  many  were  trampled  to  death 
(see  Macaulay's /Tasfor.v  of  Enj/land,  xiv.). 
In  these  "touchings,"  John  Brown,  a 
royal  surgeon,  superintended  the  cere- 
mony.    (See  Macbeth,  act  iv.  sc.  3.) 

Prince  Charles  Edward,  who  claimed 
to  be  prince  of  Wales,  touched  a  female 
child  for  the  disease  in  1745. 

The  French  kings  claimed  the  same 
divine  power  from  Anne  of  Clovis,  a.d. 
481.  And  on  Easter  Sunday,  1686, 
Louis  XIV.  touched  1600,  using  these 
words,  Le  roy  te  touche,  Dieu  te  guerisse. 

*^*  Dr.  Johnson  was  the  last  person 
touched.  The  touch-piece  given  to  him 
has  on  one  side  this  legend,  Soli  Deo 
qloria,  and  on  the  other  side,  Anna.  D :  G. 
M.  BR.  F:  et  H.  REG.  ("  Anne,  by  the 
grace  of  God,  of  Great  Britain,  France, 
and  Ireland,  queen"). 

Our  good  Edward  he.  the  Confessor  and  king  .  .  . 
That  cancred  evil  cured,  bred  'twixt  the  throat  and  jaws. 
When  physic  could  not  find  the  remedy  nor  causa  .  . . 
He  of  Almiglity  God  obtained  by  earnest  prayer. 
This  tumour  by  a  king  miglit  cured  be  alone. 
Which  he  an  heir-loom  left  unto  the  English  throne. 

Drayton,  Polyolbum,  xi.  (1613). 

Touching    Glasses    in    drinking 

healths. 

When  prince  Charles  passed  over  Into  France,  after  U>« 
failure  of  the  expedition  in  1715,  his  sm«jrters  were 
beset  with  spies  on  every  hand.  It  so  .^a»'l>«;'«^^ .""'' 
^siouaUy  in  society  they  were  n*^'^'*;' ,^„,'*fVi^ 
the  king's  health,  but  it  was  tacitly  l"'',''"*";;^* '^*'  {^ 
king"  was  not  king  George,  but  »»'«  k'"*  °'*^? 
water."  To  express  this  symboliaUly.  one  f'^'^V^^^ 
o"er  another,  and  later  down,  the  foot  ol  one  |1*«WM 
touched  against  the  rim  of  anoUier.-.Vote*  and  querUl 
of  New  York,  October,  1859. 

Touchstone,  a    clown    filled  with 


•  uu.uo  and  cranks  and  wanton  wilea." 
The  original  of  this  character  was  Tarl- 


TOUCHWOOD. 


1020 


TOWEL. 


ton,  the  favourite  court  jester  of  queen 
Elizabeth. — Shakespeare,  As  You  Like  It 
(1598). 

His  famous  speech  is  "the  seven 
degrees  of  affront :  "  (1)  the  retort 
courteous,  (2)  the  quip  modest,  (3)  the 
reply  churlish,  (4)  the  reproof  valiant,  (5) 
the  counter-check  quarrelsome,  (6)  the  lie 
circumstantial,  and  (7)  the  lie  direct  (act 
v.  sc.  4). 

Tarleton  flMO-lSSS]  was  ininjitable  in  such  parts  as 
"  Lauiicelot  "  in  the  Merchant  of  Venice  [Shaketpeare] 
and  "Touchstone."  For  these  clowns'  parts  he  never  had 
an  equal,  and  never  will  have. — Baker.  Chronicles. 

Toueliwood  (Colonel),  "the  most 
passionate,  impatient,  unreasonable,  good- 
natured  man  in  Christendom."  Uncle  of 
major  and  Clarissa  Touchwood. 

Sophia  Touchwood,  the  colonel's  daugh- 
ter, in  love  with  her  cousin,  major 
Touchwood.  Her  father  wants  her  to 
marry  colonel  Clifford,  but  the  colonel 
has  fixed  his  heart  on  Clarissa,  the  major's 
sister. 

Major  Touchxcood,  nephew  of  colonel 
Touchwood,  and  in  love  with  his  cousin 
Sophia,  the  colonel's  daughter.  He 
fancied  that  colonel  Clifford  was  his  rival, 
but  Clifford  was  in  love  with  Clarissa,  the 
major's  sister.  This  error  forms  the  plot 
of  the  farce,  and  the  mistakes  which 
arise  Avhen  the  major  dresses  up  to  pass 
himself  off  for  his  uncle  constitute  its 
fun  and  entanglement. 

Clarissa  louchwood,  the  major's  sister, 
in  love  with  colonel  Clifford.  They  first 
met  at  Brighton,  and  the  colonel  thought 
her  Christian  name  was  Sophia ;  hence  the 
major  looked  on  him  as  a  rival. — T. 
Dibdin,  What  Next  i 

Touchwood  {Lord),  uncle  of  Melle'font 
{2syl.). 

Lady  Touchwood,  his  wife,  sister  of  sir 
Paul  Pliant.  She  entertains  a  criminal 
passion  for  her  nephew  Mellefont,  and, 
because  he  repels  her  advances,  vows 
to  ruin  him.  Accordingly,  she  tells  her 
husband  that  the  young  man  has  sought 
to  dishonour  her,  and  when  his  lordship 
fancies  that  the  statement  of  his  wife 
must  be  greatly  overstated,  he  finds 
Mellefont  with  lady  Touchwood  in  her 
own  private  chamber.  This  seems  to 
corroborate  the  accusation  laid  to  his 
charge,  but  it  was  an  artful  trick  of 
Maskwell's  to  make  mischief,  and  in  a 
short  time  a  conversation  which  he  over- 
hears between  lady  Touchwood  and  Mask- 
well  reveals  the  infamous  scheme  most 
fully  to  him. — Congreve,  The  Double 
Dealer  (1700). 


(Lord  and  lady  Touchwood  must  not 
be  mistaken  for  sir  Georye  and  lady 
Frances  Touchwood,  which  are  very  dif- 
ferent characters.) 

Their  Wildairs,  sir  John  Brutes,  lady  Touchwoods,  and 
Mrs.  Frails  are  conventional  reproductions  of  those  wild 
gallants  and  demireps  which  figure  in  the  licentious 
dramas  of  Dryden  and  ShadwelL— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Drama. 

*+*  "Wildair,"in  The  Constant  Couple, 
by  Farquhar ;  "  Brute,"  in  The  Pro- 
voked Wife,  by  Vanbrugh ;  "Mrs. 
Frail,"  in  Love  for  Love,  by  Congreve. 

Touchwood  {Sir  George),  the  loving 
husband  of  lady  Frances,  desperately 
jealous  of  her,  and  wishing  to  keep  her 
out  of  all  society,  that  she  may  not  los& 
her  native  simplicity  and  purity  of  mind. 
Sir  George  is  a  true  gentleman  of  most 
honourable  feelings. 

Lady  Frances  Touchwood,  the  sweet, 
innocent  wife  of  sir  George  TouchAvood. 
Before  her  marriage  she  was  brought  up 
in  seclusion  in  the  country,  and  sir  George 
tries  to  keep  her  fresh  and  pure  in  Lon- 
don.— Mrs.  Cowley,  The  Belle's  Strata- 
gem (1780). 

Tlie  calm  and  lovely  innocence  of  lady  Touchwood  could 
by  nolxKly  be  so  happily  represented  as  by  this  actress 
[J/r«.  Hartley,  1751-1824J.— T.  Davies. 

Touchwood  {Peregrine),  a  touchy  old 
East  Indian,  a  relation  of  the  Mowbray 
family.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Ponan's  Well 
(time,  George  IIL). 

Tough  (Mr.),  an  old  barrister. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Eedgauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Touran.  The  death  of  the  children 
of  Touran  forms  one  of  the  three  tragic 
stories  of  the  ancient  Irish.  The  other 
two  are  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Lir, 
and  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  ifsnach. 

Tournemine  (3  syl.),  a  Jesuit  of 
the  eighteenth  century,  fond  of  the  mar- 
vellous. "  II  aimait  le  merveilleux  et 
ne  renon9ait  qu'  avec  peine  k  y  croire." 

II  ressemble  k  Tournemine, 
U  croit  ce  qu'il  imagine. 

French  Proverb. 

Tours,  in  France,  according  to  fable, 
is  so  called  from  Turones,  a  nephew  of 
Brute  the  mythical  king  of  Britain. 

In  the  party  of  Brutus  was  one  Turones,  his  nepliew, 
inferior  to  none  in  courage  and  strength,  from  whom 
Tours  derived  its  name,  being  the  place  of  his  sepulture. 
— Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  British  BiiUory  (1143). 

Touthope  (Mr.),  a  Scotch  attorney 
and  clerk  of  the  peace. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Pob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Towel  {An  Oaken),  a  cudgel.  "  To 
be  rubbed  down  with  an  oaken  towel "  i« 
to  be  well  basted. 


TOWER  OF  HUNGER. 


1021 


TRADELOVE. 


She  ordered  the  fellow  to  he  drawn  through  a  horse- 
pond,  and  then  to  be  well  rubbed  down  with  an  oaken 
tovfd.—The  A  dventure  of  My  A  unt. 

Tovsrer  of  Hunger  (The),  Gualandi, 
the  tower  in  which  Ugolino  with  his  two 
sons  and  two  grandsons  were  starv^ed  to 
death  in  1288.— Dante,  Inferno  (1300). 

To"wer  of  London  (The)  was  really 
built  by  Gundulphus  bishop  of  Rochester, 
in  the  reign  of  William  I.,  but  tradition 
ascribes  it  to  Julius  Caesar. 

Ye  towers  of  Julius,  London's  lasting  shame. 

Gray,  The  Bard  (1757). 

Tower  of  Vathek,  built  with  the 
intention  of  reaching  heaven,  that  Vathek 
might  pry  into  the  secrets  seen  b}'  Ma- 
homet. The  staircase  contained  11,000 
stairs,  and  when  the  top  was  gained  men 
looked  no  bigger  than  pismires,  and 
cities  seemed  mere  bee-hives. — Beckford, 
Vathek  (1784). 

Townley  Mysteries,  certain  re- 
ligious dramas  ;  so  called  because  the  MS. 
containing  them  belonged  to  P.  Townley. 
These  dramas  are  supposed  to  have  been 
acted  at  Widkirk  Abbey,  in  Yorkshire. 
In  1831  they  were  printed  for  the  Surtees 
Society,  under  the  editorship  of  the  Rev. 
Joseph  Hunter  and  J.  Stevenson.  (See 
Coventry  Mysteries.) 

Tovsmly  (Colonel),  attached  to  Berin- 
thia,  a  handsome  young  widow,  but  in 
order  to  win  her  he  determines  to  excite 
her  jealousy,  and  therefore  pretends  love 
to  Amanda,  her  cousin.  Amanda,  how- 
ever, repels  his  attentions  with  disdain  ; 
and  the  colonel,  seeing  his  folly,  attaches 
himself  to  Berinthia. — Sheridan,  A  Trip 
to  Scarborough  (1777). 

Townly  (Lord),  a  nobleman  of  generous 
mind  and  high  principle,  liberal  and 
manly.  Though  very  fond  of  his  wife, 
he  insists  on  a  separation,  because  she  is 
so  extravagant  and  self-willed.  Lady 
Townly  sees,  at  length,  the  folly  of  her 
ways,  and  promises  amendment,  where- 
upon the  husband  relents,  and  receives 
her  into  favour  again. 

The  London  crltlcg  acknowledged  that  J.  G.  Holman'a 
"  lord  Townly "  was  the  perfection  of  the  nobleman  of 
the  d.iys  of  Chesterfield.  He  wa»  not  the  actor,  but  the 
dignified  lord  himself. — Donaldson. 

Ladij  Townly,  the  gay  but  not  unfaith- 
ful young  wife  of  lord  Townly,  who 
thinks  that  the  pleasure  of  life  consists 
in  gambling  ;  she  "cares  nothing  for  her 
husband,"  but  "  loves  almost  everything 
he  hates."     She  says  : 

I  dote  upon  a««emblie« ;  my  heart  bounds  at  a  ball ; 
and  at  an  opera  I  expire.  Then  I  love  play  to  distraction  ; 
cards  enchant  me  j  and  dice  put  me  out  of  my  little  wits. 


— Vanbrugh  and  Cibber,  The  Provoked  Htubarui.  UL  1 

I     (1728). 

I        The  part  which  at  once  establUhed  her  [Miu  AVirr«n*<»] 
I     fame  as  an  actress  was  '•  lady  Townly  "...  the  whole 

house  was  enraptured.— J/e»reoir  of  Eliuibtth  Counten  of 

Bcrhjt  (1829). 

(Mrs.  Pritchard,  Margaret  Woffington, 
Miss  Brunton,  Miss  M.  Tree,  and  Miss 
E.  Tree  were  all  excellent  in  this 
favourite  part.) 

Tox  (Miss  Lucretia),  the  bosom  friend 
of  Mr.  Dombey's  married  sister  (Mrs. 
Chick).  Miss  Lucretia  was  a  faded  lady, 
"as  if  she  had  not  been  made  in  fast 
colours,"  and  was  washed  out.  She 
"  ambled  through  life  without  any 
opinions,  and  never  abandoned  herself 
to  unavailing  regrets."  She  greatly 
admired  Mr.  Dombey,  and  entertained  a 
forlorn  hope  that  she  might  be  selected 
bj'  him  to  supply  the  place  of  his  de- 
ceased wife.  Miss  Tox  lived  in  Princess's 
Place,  and  maintained  a  weak  flirtation 
with  a  major  Bagstock,  who  was  very 
jealous  of  Mr.  Dombey. — C.  Dickens, 
Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Tozer,  one  of  the  ten  young  gentle- 
men in  the  school  of  Dr.  Blimber  when 
Paul  Dombey  was  there.  A  very  solemn 
lad,  whose  "shirt-collar  curled  up  the 
lobes  of  his  ears." — C.  Dickens,  Dombey 
and  Son  (1846). 

Trabb,  a  prosperous  old  bachelor,  a 
tailor  by  trade. 

He  was  having  his  breakfast  In  the  parlour  behind  the 
shop.  ...  He  had  sliced  his  hot  roll  into  three  featber- 
beds,  and  was  slipping  butter  in  between  the  blankets.  .  . 
He  was  a  prosperous  old  bachelor,  and  his  open  window 
looked  into  a  prosperous  little  garden  and  orchard,  and 
there  was  a  jjrosperous  iron  safe  let  into  the  wall  at  the 
side  of  the  fireplace,  and  without  doubt  heaps  of  hia 
prosperity  were  put  away  in  it  in  bags.— C.  Dickens, 
Great  Expectation*,  xix.  (1860). 

Tracy,  one  of  the  gentlemen  in  the 
earl  of  Sussex's  train. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Traddles,  a  simple,  honest  young 
man,  who  believes  in  everybody  and 
everything.  Though  constantly  failing, 
he  is  never  depressed  by  his  want  of  suc- 
cess. He  had  the  habit  of  brushing  his 
hair  up  on  end,  which  gave  him  a  look 
of  surprise. 

At  the  Creakle's  school,  when  I  was  miserable,  he  [Trad' 
dies]  would  lay  his  head  on  the  desk  for  a  little  whUe, 
and  then,  cheering  up,  would  dniw  skeletons  all  over  bU 
slate.— C.  Dickens,  David  Copperjie'.d,  vH.  (1849). 

Trade'love  (3fr.),  a  broker  on 
'Change,  one  of  the  four  guardians  of 
Anne  Lovely  the  heiress.  He  was  "  a 
fellow  that  would  out-lie  the  devil  for  the 
advantage  of  stock,  and  cheat  his  own 
father  in  a  bargain.     He  was  a  great 


TRAFFORD. 


1022 


TRANCHERA. 


stickler  for  trade,  and  hated  every  one 
that  wore  a  sword"  (act  i.  1).  Colonel 
Feignwell  passed  himself  off  as  a  Dutch 
merchant  named  Jan  van  Timtamtire- 
lereletta  herr  van  Feignwell,  and  made  a 
bet  with  Tradelove.  Tradelove  lost,  and 
cancelled  the  debt  by  giving  his  consent 
to  the  marriage  of  his  ward  to  the  sup- 
posed Dutchman. — Mrs.  Centlivre,  A  Bold 
Stroke  for  a  Wife  {\1 11), 

Trafford  {F.  G.),  the  pseudonym  of 
Mrs.  C.  E.  Riddell,  before  the  publica- 
ti:)n  of  George  Geith. 

Tragedy  {Father  of  Greek),  Thespis, 
the  Richardson  of  Athens.  Jischylos 
is  also  called  "The  Father  of  Greek 
Tragedy"  (b.c.  525-426). 

Tragedy  ( The  Fatlier  of  French),  Gamier 
(1534-1590). 

Tragedy  {The  First  English),  Gorhoduc, 
by  Thomas  Norton  and  Thomas  Sack- 
ville  (1569).  The  first  comedy  was  Ralph 
Roister  Doister,  by  Nicholas  Udall  (1664). 

Thornbury  says  the  coadjutor  of  Norton 
was  lord  Buckhurst,  and  Charles  Lamb 
maintains  that  lord  Buckhurst  "  supplied 
the  more  vital  parts;"  but  professor  Craik 
says  ISackville  was  the  worker  together 
with  Norton. 

Trained  Band,  the  volunteer  artil- 
lery, whose  ground  for  practice  was 
in  Moorfields.  John  Gilpin  was  ' '  captain 
of  the  band." 

A  Trained  Band  captain  eke  was  he. 
Of  famous  London  town. 

Ck»wper,  John  OUpin  (1782).  "T 

Trajan  (TAe  Second),  Marcus  Aurelius 
Claudius,  surnamed  GotMcus,  noted  for 
his  valour,  justice,  and  goodness  (215, 
268-270). 

Trajan  and  St.  Gregory.  It  is 
said  that  Trajan,  although  unbaptized, 
was  delivered  from  hell  in  answer  to 
the  prayers  of  St.  Gregory. 

There  was  storied  on  tlie  rock 
The  exalted  glory  of  the  Roman  prince, 
Whose  mighty  worth  moved  Gregory  to  earn 
His  mighty  conquest — Trajan  tlie  emperor. 

Dante,  Purgatory,  xi.  (1308). 

Trajan  and  the  Importunate 
Wido"W.  One  day,  a  mother  appeared 
before  the  emperor  Trajan,  and  cried, 
"Grant  vengeance,  sire!  My  son  is 
murdered."  The  emperor  replied,  "I 
cannot  stop  now ;  wait  till  I  return." 
"But,  sire,"  pleaded  the  widow,  "if  you 
do  not  return,  who  will  grant  me  justice?" 
"My  successor,"  said  Trajan.  "And 
can  Trajan  leave  to  another  the  duty  that 


he  himself  is  appointed  to  perform?" 
On  hearing  this,  the  emperor  stopped  his 
cavalcade,  heard  the  woman's  cause,  and 
granted  her  suit.  Dante  tells  this  tale  in 
his  Purgatory,  xi. — John  of  Salisbury, 
Folycraticus  de  Curialium  Nugis,  v.  8 
(twelfth  centufy). 

Dion  Cassius  {Roman  Historia,  Ixix.) 
tells  the  same  story  of  Hadrian.  When 
a  woman  appeared  before  him  with  a  suit 
as  he  was  starting  on  a  journey,  the 
emperor  put  her  off,  saying,  "I  have  no 
leisure  now."  She  replied,  "If  Hadrian 
has  no  leisure  to  perform  his  duties,  let 
him  cease  to  reign  ! "  On  hearing  this 
reproof,  he  dismounted  from  his  horse, 
and  gave  ear  to  the  woman's  cause. 

A  woman  once  made  her  appeal  to 
Philip  of  Macedon,  who,  being  busy  at 
the  time,  petulantly  exclaimed,  "  Woman, 
I  have  no  time  now  for  such  matters." 
"  If  Philip  has  no  time  to  render  justice," 
said  the  woman,  "  then  is  it  high  time  for 
Philip  to  resign  !  "  The  king  felt  the 
rebuke,  heard  the  cause  patiently,  and 
decided  it  justly. 

Tramecksan  and  Slameeksan, 
the  High-heels  and  Low-heels,  two  great 
political  factions  of  Lilliput.  The  ani- 
mosity of  these  Guelphs  and  Ghibellines  of 
punydom  ran  so  high  "  that  no  High-heel 
would  eat  or  drink  with  a  Low-heel,  and 
no  Low-heel  would  salute  or  speak  to  a 
High-heel."  The  king  of  Lilliput  was  a 
High-heel,  but  the  heir-apparent  a  Low- 
heel. — Swift,  Gulliver's  Travels  ("Voyage 
to  Lilliput,"  iv.,  1726). 

Tramp  {Gaffer),  a  peasant  at  th; 
execution  of  old  Meg  Murdochson. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (tim» 
George  II.). 

Tramtrist  {Sir),  the  name  assumes 
by  sir  Tristram  when  he  went  to  Ireland 
to  be  cured  of  his  wounds  after  his  com- 
bat with  sir  Marhaus.  Here  La  Belle 
Isold  (or  Isold  "  the  Fair")  was  his  leech, 
and  the  young  knight  fell  in  love  with 
her.  When  the  queen  discovered  that 
sir  Tramtrist  was  sir  Tristram,  who  had 
killed  her  brother,  sir  Marhaus,  in  combat, 
she  plotted  to  take  his  life,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  leave  the  island.  La  Belle 
Isold  subsequently  married  king  Mark  of 
Cornwall,  but  her  heart  was  ever  fixed 
on  her  brave  young  patient.  —  Sir  T. 
Malory,  History  of  Frince  Arthur,  ii.  9-12 
(1470). 

Tranchera,  Agricane's  sword,  which 
afterwards  belonged  to  Brandimart.— 
AriostOj  Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 


TRANIO. 


1023 


TRAVELLERS'  TALES. 


Tra'nio,  one  of  the  servants  of  Lu- 
centio  the  gentleman  who  marries  Bi- 
anca  (the  sister  of  Kathari'na  "the 
Paduan  shrew  ").— Shakespeare,  Taminq 
of  the  Shrew  {159i). 

Transfer,  a  usurer,  who  is  willing  to 
advance  sir  George  Wealthy  a  sum  of 
money  on  these  easy  terms :  (1)  5  per 
cent,  interest ;  (2)  10  per  cent,  premium  ; 
(3)  5  per  cent,  for  insuring  the  young 
man's  life  ;  (4)  a  handsome  present  to 
himself  as  broker ;  (5)  the  borrower  to 
pay  all  expenses  ;  and  (6)  the  loan  not 
to  be  in  cash  but  goods,  which  are  to  be 
taken  at  a  valuation  and  sold  at  auction 
at  the  borrower's  sole  hazard.  These 
terms  are  accepted,  and  sir  George  pro- 
mises besides  a  handsome  douceur  to 
Loader  for  having  found  a  usurer  so 
promptly.— Foote,  The  Minor  (1760). 

Transformations.  In  the  art  of 
transformation,  one  of  the  most  important 
things  was  a  ready  wit  to  adopt  in  an 
instant  some  form  which  would  give  you 
an  advantage  over  your  adversary  ;  thus, 
if  your  adversary  appeared  as  a  mouse, 
you  must  change  into  an  owl,  then  your 
adversary  would  become  an  arrow  to 
shoot  the  owl,  and  you  would  assume  the 
form  of  fire  to  burn  the  arrow,  where- 
upon your  adversary  would  become  water 
to  quench  the  fire ;  and  he  who  could  out- 
wit the  other  would  come  off  victorious. 
The  two  best  examples  I  know  of  this 
sort  of  contest  are  to  be  found,  one  in 
the  Arabian  Night s,  and  the  other  in  the 
Mahinogion. 

The  former  is  the  contest  between  the 
Queen  of  Beauty  and  the  son  of  the  daugh- 
ter of  Eblis.  He  appeared  as  a  scorpion, 
she  in  a  moment  became  a  serpent ;  where- 
upon he  changed  into  an  eagle,  she  into 
a  more  powerful  black  eagle  ;  he  became 
a  cat,  she  a  wolf ;  she  instantly  changed 
into  a  worm  and  crept  into  a  pomegranite, 
which  in  time  burst,  whereupon  he  as- 
sumed the  form  of  a  cock  to  devour  the 
seed,  but  it  became  a  fish  ;  the  cock  then 
became  a  pike,  but  the  princess  became  a 
blazing  fire,  and  consumed  her  adversary 
before  he  had  time  to  change. — "The 
Second  Calender." 

The  other  is  the  contest  between  Carid- 
wen  and  Gwion  Bach.  Bach  fled  as  a 
hare,  she  changed  into  a  greyhound ; 
whereupon  he  became  a  fish,  she  an  otter- 
bitch  ;  he  instantly  became  a  bird,  she 
a  hawk ;  but  he  became  as  quick  as 
thought  a  grain  of  wheat.  Caridwen 
now  became  a  hen,  and  made  for  the 


wheat-corn  and  devoured  him. 
liesin." 


Ta- 


Translator  -  General.  Philemon 
Holland  is  so  called  by  Fuller,  in  his 
Worthies  of^  England.  Mr.  Holland 
translated  Livy,  Pliny,  Plutarch,  Sue- 
tonius, Xenophon,  and  several  other 
classic  authors  (1551-1636). 

Trap  to  Catch  a  Sunbeam,  by 

Matilda  Anne  Planche  (afterwards  Mrs. 
Mackamess). 

Trapbois  {Old),  a  miser  in  Alsatia. 
Even  in  his  extreme  age,  "  he  was  be- 
lieved to  understand  the  plucking  of  a 
pigeon  better  than  any  man  in  Alsatia." 

Martha  Trapbois,  the  miser's  daughter, 
a  cold,  decisive,  masculine  woman,  who 
marries  Richie  Moniplies.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
27ie  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  L). 

Trap'oban  {The  Island  of),  ruled  over 
by  Alifanfaron.  It  is  in  the  Utopian 
Ocean,  92°  N.  lat.,  180°  2'  W.  long.— 
Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  iii.  4  (1005). 

Trapper  {T}ie).  Natty  Bumppo  is  bo 
called  in  The  Prairie.  He  is  introduced 
in  four  other  of  Cooper's  novels  as  "  The 
Deerslayer,"  "The  Pathfinder,"  "The 
Hawk-eye  "  in  The  Last  of  the  Mohicans^ 
and  "Natty  Bumppo"  in  The  Pioneers. 

Traveller  {The).  The  scheme  of 
this  poem  is  very  simple :  The  poet  sup- 
poses himself  seated  among  Alpine  soli- 
tudes, looking  down  upon  a  hundred 
kingdoms.  He  would  fain  find  some  spot 
where  happiness  can  be  attained,  but  the 
natives  of  each  realm  think  their  own  the 
best ;  yet  the  amount  of  happiness  in 
each  is  pretty  well  equal.  To  illustrate 
this,  the  poet  describes  the  manners  and 
gorernment  of  Italy,  Switzerland,  France, 
Holland,  and  England. — 0.  Goldsmith 
(1764). 

Traveller  {Mr.),  the  stranger  who  tried 
to  reason  with  Mr.  Mopes  and  bring 
him  back  to  society,  but  found  the  truth 
of  the  tinker's  remark,  "  When  iron  is 
thoroughly  rotten,  you  cannot  botch  it." 
— C.  Dickens,  A  C hristmas Number  {i%&\). 

Traveller's  Refage,  the  valley  of 
Fakreddin.— W.  Beckford,  Vathek  (1784). 

Travellers*  Tales.  Marco  Polo 
says,  "Certain  islands  lie  so  far  north  in 
the  Northern  Ocean,  that  one  going  thither 
actually  leaves  the  pole-star  a  triflo 
behind  to  the  south." 

A  Dutch  skipper  told  Master  Moxon, 
the  hydrographer  of  Charles  II.,  that  he 


TRAVELS,  ETC. 


1024 


TREE. 


had  himself  sailed  two  degrees  beyond 
the  pole. 

Maundeville  says,  in  Prester  John's 
country  is  a  sea  of  sand  which  ebbs  and 
flows  in  great  waves  without  one  drop  of 
water.  This  sea,  says  the  knight  of  St. 
Alban's,  men  find  full  of  right  good  fish 
of  most  delicious  eating. 

At  the  time  of  the  discover}^  of  America 
by  Columbus,  many  marvellous  tales  were 
rife  in  Spain.  It  was  said  that  in  one 
part  of  the  coast  of  El  Nombre  de  Dios, 
the  natives  had  such  long  ears  that  one  ear 
served  for  bed  and  the  other  for  counter- 
pane. This  reminds  one  of  Gwevyl  mab 
Gwestad,  one  of  whose  lips  hung  down  to 
his  waist,  and  the  other  covered  his  head 
like  a  cowl  (see  p.  1000).  Another  tale 
was  that  one  of  the  crew  of  Columbus 
had  come  across  a  people  who  lived  on 
sweet  scents  alone,  and  were  killed  by 
foul  smells.  This  invention  was  hardly 
original,  inasmuch  as  both  Plutarch  and 
Pliny  tell  us  of  an  Indian  people  who 
lived  on  sweet  odours,  and  Democritos 
lived  for  several  days  on  the  mere  effluvia 
of  hot  bread  (see  p.  G98).  Another  tale 
was  that  the  noses  of  these  smell-feeders 
were  so  huge  that  their  heads  were  all 
nose.  We  are  also  told  of  one-eyed  men ; 
of  men  who  carried  their  head  under  one 
of  their  arms  ;  of  others  whose  head  was 
in  their  breast ;  of  others  who  were  con- 
quered, not  by  arms,  but  by  the  priests 
holding  up  before  them  a  little  ivory 
crucifix — a  sort  of  Christian  version  of 
the  taking  of  Jericho  by  the  blast  of  the 
silver  trumpets  of  the  Levites  in  the  time 
of  Joshua. 

Travels  in  .  .  .  Remote  !N"a- 
tions,  by  "  Lemuel  Gulliver."  He  is  first 
shipwrecked  and  ciist  on  the  coast  of 
Lilliput,  a  country  of  pygmies.  Sub- 
sequently he  is  thrown  among  the  people 
of  Brobdingnag,  giants  of  tremendous 
size.  In  his  third  expedition  he  is  driven 
to  Laputa,  an  empire  of  quack  pretenders 
to  science  and  knavish  projectors.  And 
in  his  fourth  voyage  he  visits  the 
Houyhnhnms  [TTAm'.n'ms],  where  horses 
were  the  dominant  powers. — Dean  Swift 
(1726). 

Travers,  a  retainer  of  the  earl  of 
Northumberland. — Shakespeare,  2  Henry 
IV.  (1698). 

Travers  (Sir  Edmund),  an  old  bachelor, 
the  guardian  and  uncle  of  lady  Davenant. 
He  is  a  tedious  gossip,  fond  of  meddling, 
prosy,  and  wise  in  his  own  conceit.      "  It 


is  surprising,"  he  says,  "how  unwilling 
people  are  to  hear  my  stories.  When  in 
parliament  I  make  a  sf)eech,  there  is 
nothing  but  coughing,  hemming,  and 
shuffling  of  feet — no  desire  of  informa- 
tion." By  his  instigation,  the  match  was 
broken  off  between  his  niece  and  captain 
Dormer,  and  she  was  given  in  marriage  to 
lord  Davenant,  but  it  turned  out  that  his 
lordship  was  already  married,  and  his 
wife  living. — Cumberland,  2'he  Mysterious 
Husband  (1783). 

Travia'ta,  an  opera,  representing  the 
progress  of  a  courtezan.  Music  by  Verdi, 
and  libretto  from  La  Dame  aux  Came'lias^ 
a  novel  by  Alexandre  Dumas  _^Ys  (185G). 

Treachery  of  the  Long-Knives 

{The).  Hengist  invited  the  chief  British 
nobles  to  a  conference  at  Ambresbury, 
but  arranged  that  a  Saxon  should  be 
seated  beside  each  Briton.  At  a  given 
signal,  each  Saxon  was  to  slay  his  neigh- 
bour with  his  long  knife,  and  as  many  as 
460  British  nobles  fell.  Eidiol  earl  of 
Gloucester  escaped,  after  killing  seventy 
(some  say  660)  of  the  Saxons. —  Welsh 
Triads. 

Stonelienge  was  erected  by  Merlin,  at  the  command  of 
Anibrosius,  in  memory  of  the  plot  of  the  "  Loiig-Ki)ives." 
...  He  built  it  ©n  tlie  site  of  a  former  circle.  It  deviates 
from  older  bardic  circle*,  as  may  l>e  seen  by  conjparing  it 
with  Avebiiry,  Stanton-Drew,  Keswick,  etc.— Cambrian 
Biographt/,  jirt.  "  Merddin." 

Treasury  of  Peru  {The),  the 
Andes. 

Treasury  of  Sciences  {The), 
Bokhara,  which  has  103  colleges,  besides 
schools  and  360  mosques. 

Trecentisti,  the  Italian  worthies  of 
the  "Trecento"  (thirteenth  century). 
They  were  Dante  (1265-1321)  ;  Petrarch 
(1304-1374) ;  Boccaccio,  who  wrote  the 
Decameron.  Others  of  less  note  were 
Giotto,  Giovanna  da  Pisa,  and  Andrea 
Orcagna.   (SeeCiNQUECENXO,  Seicento.) 

In  Italy  he'd  ape  the  Trecentisti. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  iii.  86  (1820). 

Tree  {The  Bleeding).  One  of  the  in- 
dictments laid  to  the  charge  of  the  mar- 
quis of  Argyll,  so  hated  by  the  royalists 
for  the  part  he  took  in  the  execution  of 
Montrose,  Avas  this:  "That  a  tree  on 
which  thirty-six  of  his  enemies  were 
hanged  was  immediately  blasted,  and 
when  hewn  down,  a  copious  stream  of 
blood  ran  from  it,  saturating  the  earth, 
and  that  blood  for  several  years^  Avas 
emitted  from  the  roots." — Laiiig,  Hstor^ 
of  Scotland,  ii.  11  (1800)  ;  State  Trials, 
ii.  422. 


TREE. 


1025 


TREES,  ETC. 


Tree  {The  Largest).  The  largest  tree 
in  the  world  is  one  discovered,  in  1874,  in 
a  grove  near  Tule  River,  in  California. 
Though  the  top  has  been  broken  off,  it  is 
240  feet  high,  and  the  diameter  of  the 
tree  where  it  has  been  broken  is  12  feet. 
Tliis  giant  of  the  forest  is  called  "  Old 
Moses,"  from  a  mountain  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood, and  is  calculated  to  be  4840 
years  old !  The  hollow  of  its  trunk, 
which  is  111  feet,  will  hold  150  persons, 
and  is  hung  with  scenes  of  California,  is 
carpeted,  and  fitted  up  like  a  drawing- 
room,  with  table,  chairs,  sofa,  and  piano- 
forte. A  section  of  this  tree,  74  feet 
round  and  25  feet  across,  was  exhibited 
in  New  York,  in  1879,— See  New  York 
Herald. 

Tree  (Tlie  Poets'),  a  tree  which  grows 
over  the  tomb  of  Tan-Sein,  a  musician  at 
the  court  of  [Mohammed]  Akbar.  Who- 
ever chews  a  leaf  of  this  tree  will  be 
inspired  with  a  divine  melody  of  voice. — 
W.  Hunter. 

His  voice  was  as  sweet  as  if  he  had  chewed  the  leaves  of 
that  enchanted  tree  which  grows  over  the  tomb  of  th« 
musician  Tan-Sein.— Moore,  Lalla  Rookh  (1817). 

Tree  {The  Smginfj),  a  tree  each  leaf  of 
which  was  musical,  and  all  the  leaves 
joined  together  in  delightful  harmony. 
— Arabia7i  Nights  ("The  Story  of  the 
Sisterswho  envied  their  Younger  Sister"). 

In  the  Fairy  Tales  of  the  comtesse 
D' Annoy,  there  is  a  tree  called  "the 
singing  apple,"  of  precisely  the  same 
character,  but  the  apple  tree  gave  the 
possessor  the  inspiration  of  poetry  also. 
— "  Chery  and  Fairstar." 

Tree  of  Liberty  {The),  a  tree  or 
pole  crowned  with  a  cap  of  liberty,  and 
decorated  with  flags,  ribbons,  and  other 
devices  of  a  republican  character.  The 
idea  was  given  by  the  Americans  in  their 
War  of  Independence  ;  it  was  adopted  by 
the  Jacobins  in  Paris  in  1790,  and  by  the 
Italians  in  1848. 

Tree  of  Life  {The),  a  tree  in  the 
"  midst  of  the  garden  "  of  paradise,  which, 
if  Adam  had  plucked  and  eaten  of,  he 
would  have  "  lived  for  ever." — Gen.  ii.  9  ; 
iii.  22. 

Out  of  the  fertile  ground  [6od]  caused  to  grow 
All  trees  of  noblest  kind  for  sight,  smell,  taste ; 
And  all  amid  them  stood  the  Tree  of  Life, 
High  eminent,  blooming  ambrosial  fruit 
Of  vegetable  gold. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  215,  etc.  (I660), 

Tree  of  Knowledge  {The),  a  tree 
in  the  garden  of  paradise,  the  fruit  of 
which  Adam  and  KvQ  were  forbidden  to 
eat,  "lest  they  died."— tf^n.  ii.  9  ;  iii.  3. 


Next  to  [the  tree  of]  Ufa, 
...  the  Tree  of  Knowledge  grew  fait  by. 
Knowledge  of  good,  bougla  dejir  by  knowing  IlL 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lott.  iv.  'ii\  (160). 

Trees  noted  for  SpecifiocVirtues 
and  Uses. 

Those  articles  marked  n.  P.  are  from  Winiam  BrowMfa 
Britannia's  Pattorals  (1613). 

Alder,  good  for  water-pipes  and  ])ile8, 
capital  for  the  foundations  of  buildings 
situated  upon  bogs ;  it  becomes  black  as 
jet  and  almost  imperishable  when  used 
for  piles  in  swamps  or  under  water.  The 
Rialto  of  Venice  is  founded  on  alder.  It 
is  excellent  for  clogs,  shoe-heels,  wooden 
shoes,  cogs  for  mill-wheels,  tuniery, 
chairs,  poles,  and  garden  props. 
It  is  said  that  fleas  dislike  it. 
Alder  nourishes  whatever  plant  grows 
in  its  shadow. — B.  P. 

Ash,  the  Venus  of  the  forest. — Gilpin, 
Forest  Scenery  (1791). 

Used  for  all  tools  employed  in  hus- 
bandry, carts,  waggons,  wheels,  pulleys, 
and  oars.  It  bursts  into  leaf  between 
Maj'  13  and  June  14. 

Grass  will  grow  beneath  it. 
At  Donirey,  near  Clare,  is  the  hollow 
trunk  of  an  ash  tree  42  feet  in  circum- 
ference, in  which  a  little  school  used  to 
be  kept.— A.  Young,  Irish  Tour  {1715-6). 
In  Wobum  Park  is  an  ash  tree  90  feet 
high,  15  feet  in  girth  (3  feet  from  the 
ground),  and  containing  a  grand  total  of 
872  cubic  feet  of  timber.— Strutt,  Sylva 
Britannica. 

The  ash  tree  at  Camock,  planted  in 
1596,  supposed  to  be  the  largest  in  Scot- 
land, is  90  feet  high  and  19  feet  in  girth 
(5  feet  from  the  ground). — Ditto. 

Dr.  Walker  says  he  measured  an  ash 
tree  in  Lochaber  churchyard,  Scotland, 
58  feet  in  girt,h  (5  feet  from  the  ground). 
Aspen  Tree.  Nograss  will  grow  in  its 
vicinity.  The  legend  is  that  the  cross  of 
Jesus  was  made  of  this  wood,  and  hence 
its  leaves  were  doomed  to  tremble  till 
the  day  of  doom. 

Ah !  tremble,  tremble,  aspen  tree  I 
We  need  not  ask  thee  wliy  tliou  shakest ; 

For  if,  as  holy  legend  saith. 

On  thee  the  S;iviour  bletl  to  death. 
No  wonder,  aspen,  that  tliou  (juakest  I 

And,  till  in  judgment  all  assemble. 

Thy  leave*  aocussod  shall  wkii  and  trembly 

Beech  Tree,  employed  for  clogs,  tool 
handles,  planes,  mallets,  turnery,  large 
wooden  screws,  sounding-boards  of 
musical  instruments,  scabbards,  band- 
boxes, book-covers,  coflins,  chairs,  and 
bedsteads  ;  but  for  chairs  and  bedsteads 
it  is  not  fit,  as  it  is  a  favourite  resort  of 
the  ptinus  pectinicomis,  whose  eggs  are 
3  u 


TREES,  ETC. 


1026 


TREES,  ETC. 


deposited  on  the  surface  of  the  wood, 
and  the  young  worms  eat  their  way  in. 
Floats  for  nets  are  made  of  the  bark. 
It  is  excellent  for  wood  fires,  and  is 
called  in  France  bois  (TAndelle.  The  beech 
bursts  into  leaf  between  April  19  and 
May  7. 

"The  Twelve  Apostles."  On  an  island 
of  the  lake  Wetter,  were  twelve  majestic 
beech  trees,  now  reduced  to  eleven,  for  a 
zealous  peasant  cut  down  one  of  them, 
declaring  "  that  the  traitor  Judas  should 
have  no  part  nor  lot  with  the  faithful." 
On  these  beeches  are  cut  the  names  of 
Charles  XL,  Charles XII.,  queen  Eleonora, 
and  other  distinguished  visitors.  Other 
famous  beeches  are  the  Frankley  Beeches, 
in  Worcestershire. 

Virgil's  bowl,  divtni  opus  Alcimedontis, 
was  made  of  beech  wood,  and  Pliny  tells 
us  that  vessels  used  in  the  temples  were 
made  sometimes  of  the  same  wood. 

The  beech,  like  the  fir  and  chestnut,  is 
very  destructive  of  vegetation  beneath. 

Birch,  used  by  the  ancients  for  papyrus. 
The  wood  is  used  for  the  heels  of  shoes, 
cradles,  packing-boxes,  sabots,  drinking- 
cups,  brooms  or  besoms,  rods,  torches, 
and  charcoal. 

"It  supplies  the  northern  peasant  with 
his  house,  his  bread,  his  wine,  and  the 
vessels  to  put  it  in,  part  of  his  clothing, 
and  the  furniture  of  his  bed."  —  Sylvan 
Sketches. 

Birch  loves  the  coldest  places. — B.  P. 

Blackthorn  is  formed  into  teeth  for 
rakes  and  into  walking-sticks.  Letters 
written  on  linen  or  woollen  with  sloe- juice 
will  not  wash  out. 

It  is  said  that  Joseph  of  Arimathea 
planted  his  staff  on  the  south  ridge  of 
Weary-all  Hill  (now  Werrall),  where  it 
grew  and  put  forth  blossoms  every 
Christmas  Day  afterwards.  The  original 
tree  was  destroyed  in  the  reign  of  Charles 
I.  by  a  puritan  soldier,  who  lost  his  life 
by  a  splinter  which  wounded  him  while 
so  employed.  The  variety  which 
blossoms  twice  a  year  is  now  pretty 
common. 

The  Holy  Thorn  has  been  introduced  Into  many  parts, 
and  is  now  grown  in  several  gardens  about  Glastonbury 
and  its  vicinity.  Pilgrimages  continued  to  be  made  to 
this  tree  even  in  Mr.  Ejston's  time,  who  died  1721.— 
Warner,  Evening  l'o»t,  January,  1753. 

Box,  used  for  turnery,  combs,  mathe- 
matical instruments,  knife-handles,  tops, 
screws,  button-moulds,  wood  engravings. 
Box  wood  will  sink  in  water. 

A  decoction  of  box  wood  promotes  the 
growth  of  hair,  and  an  oil  distilled  from 
its  shavings  is  a  cure  for  hemorrhoidsj 


tooth-ache,  epilepsy,  and  stomach-worms; 
so  we  are  told. 

Cedar,  used  for  cigar-boxes.  It  is 
hateful  to  moths  and  fleas,  and  hence  it 
is  used  for  lining  wardrobes  and  drawers. 

Chicrry  Tree,  used  by  the  turner, 
formed  into  chairs  and  hoops.  It  is  stained 
to  imitate  mahogany,  to  which  wood,  both 
in  grain  and  colour,  it  approaches  nearer 
than  any  other  of  this  country.  It  is 
stained  black  for  picture-frames.  The 
cherry  tree  was  first  introduced  from 
Flanders  into  Kent,  in  the  reign  of 
Henry  VIII. 

More  than  a  hundred  men,  during  a  siege,  were  kept 
Alive  for  nearly  two  months,  without  any  other  susten- 
ance than  a  little  of  this  gum  taken  into  the  mouth  and 
suffered  gradually  to  dissolve.— HasselquLst,  Iter  Paltet- 
tinum  (1757). 

Chestnut  Tree,  the  tree  introduced 
into  the  pictures  of  Salvator  Rosa.  The 
wood  is  used  by  coopers  and  for  water- 
pipes,  because  it  neither  shrinks  nor 
changes  the  colour  of  any  liquor  it  con- 
tains. It  is,  however,  bad  for  posts,  and 
grass  will  not  grow  beneath  its  shade. 

Staves  that  nor  shrink  nor  swell. 

The  cooper's  close-wrought  cask  to  chestnut  owes. 

Dodsley. 

The  roof  of  Westminster  Abbey,  and 
that  of  the  "Parliament  House,"  Edin- 
burgh, are  made  of  chestnut  wood. 

In  Cobham  Park,  Kent,  is  a  chestnut 
tree  40  feet  in  girth  (5  feet  from  the 
ground). — Strutt,  Sylva  Britannica. 

At  Tortworth,  in  Gloucestershire,  is  a 
chestnut  tree  52  feet  in  girth.  Even  in 
1150  it  was  called  "the  great  chestnut 
tree  of  Tortworth."  Mr.  Marsham  says  it 
was  540  years  old  when  king  John  came 
to  the  throne,  which  would  carry  us  back 
to  the  heptarchy.  If  so,  this  tree  has 
tallied  the  whole  history  of  England  from 
the  Roman  period  to  our  own. 

The  horse  chestnut  bursts  into  leaf 
between  March  17  and  April  19.  The 
Spanish  chestnut  fully  a  month  later. 

Cypress  hurts  the  least  of  all  trees  by 
its  droppings. — B.  P. 

Dog  Rose.  So  called  by  the  Greeks 
(kunorodon),  because  the  root  was  deemed 
a  cure  for  the  bite  of  a  mad  dog. 

Elder  Tree,  used  for  skewers,  tops 
of  angling-rods,  needles  for  netting, 
turnery.  The  pith  is  used  for  electro- 
meters and  in  electrical  experiments. 

An  infusion  of  elder  leaves  will  destroy 
insects  on  delicate  plants  better  thaB 
tobacco-juice ;  and  if  turnips,  cabbages, 
fruit  trees,  etc.,  are  brushed  with  a  branch 
of  elder  leaves,  no  insect  will  infest  the 
plants. — Philosophical  Transactions,  v.  62 
p.  348. 


TREES,  ETC. 


1027 


TREES,  ETC. 


Elm  is  used  for  axle-trees,  mill -wheels, 
keels  of  boats,  gunwales,  chairs,  coffins, 
rails,  gates,  under-ground  pipes,  pumps, 
millwork,  pattens. 

Grass  will  grow  beneath  its  shade. 
The  elm  is  pre-eminent  for  the  tenacity 
of  its  wood,  which  never  splinters.  It  is 
the  first  of  forest  trees  to  burst  into  leaf. 
Toads  and  frogs  are  often  embedded  in 
elm  trees.  They  crept  into  some  hollow 
place  or  crack,  and  became  imprisoned  by 
the  glutinous  fluid  of  the  new  inner  bark 
(liber  and  alburnum).  Some  have  been 
found  alive  when  the  tree  is  cut  down, 
but  they  need  not  have  been  embedded 
long. 

At  Hampstead  there  was  once  a  famous 
hollow  elm,  which  had  a  staircase  within 
and  seats  at  the  top.— Park,  Topography. 
At  Blythfield,  in  Staffordshire,  was  an 
elm  which,  Ray  tells  us,  furnished  8660 
feet  of  planks,  weighing  97  tons. 

The  elm  at  Chequers,  Buckinghamshire, 
was  planted  in  the  reign  of  Stephen  ;  the 
ehell  is  now  31  feet  in  girth.  The  Chep- 
stead  Elm,  Kent,  contains  268  feet  of 
timber,  and  is  15  feet  in  girth ;  it  is  said 
to  have  had  an  annual  fair  beneath  its 
shade  in  the  reign  of  Henry  V.  The  elm 
at  Crawley,  in  Sussex,  is  70  feet  high  and 
35  feet  in  girth.— Strutt,  Sylva  Bri- 
tannica. 

Fig  Tree.  The  leaves  of  this  tree  have 
the  property  of  maturing  game  and  meat 
hung  amongst  them. 

Fir  Tree.  In  Ireland  the  bog  firs, 
beaten  into  string,  are  manufactured  into 
rope,  capable  of  resisting  the  weather 
much  longer  than  hempen  ropes.  The 
bark  can  be  used  for  tan.  Tar  and  pitch 
are  obtained  from  the  trunk  and  branches. 
The  thinnings  of  fir  forests  will  do  for 
hop-poles,  scantlings,  and  rafters,  and  its 
timber  is  used  by  builders. 

Grass  will  not  grow  beneath  fir  trees. 
Guelder  Rose.     From  the  bark  of  the 
root  birdlime  is  made.    The  shoots  make 
excellent  bands  for  faggots. 

Evelyn  says  a  decoction  of  the  leaves 
will  dye  the  hair  black  and  strengthen  it. 
Hazel  Tree.  The  wood  makes  ex- 
cellent charcoal  for  forges.  Fishing-rods, 
walking-sticks,  crates,  hoops  for  barrels, 
shoots  forspringlesto  fasten  down  thatch, 
hurdles,  etc.,  are  made  of  this  wood. 
Hazel  chips  will  clear  turbid  wine  m 
twenty-four  hours,  and  twigs  of  hazel 
twisted  together  will  serve  for  yeast  in 
brewing.  . 

Hazel  wands  were  used  in  divination, 
for  detecting  minerals,  water-springs,  and 


hid    treasures.     (See   Doustsrswivkl, 

p.  270.) 

By  whatsoever  occult  virtue  the  forked  haad  itiek  4i» 
covers  not  only  gubterraiieous  trenxure,  but  crimlnab 
guilty  of  murder  and  other  crimes,  made  out  lo  lulamiily 
by  the  attestation  of  magiitrates  and  divers  other  le«m«d 
and  credible  persons  who  have  critically  exaniined  n»tt«ta 
of  fact,  is  certainly  next  to  a  miracle,  and  rcqulrw  a 
•trong  faith.— Evelyn,  Sylva  (1664). 

The  small  hole  bored  through  the  shell 
of  hazel  nuts  is  not  the  work  of  squirrels, 
but  of  field  mice ;  squirrels  always  split 
the  shells. 

Holly  Tree.  Birdlime  is  made  from 
it.  The  wood  is  used  for  veneering, 
handles  of  knives,  cogs  for  mill-wheels, 
hones  for  whetting  knives  and  razors, 
coachmen's  whips,  Tunbridge  ware. 

Ivy.  The  roots  are  used  by  leather- 
cutters  for  whetting  their  knives ;  and 
when  the  roots  are  large,  boxes  and  slabs 
are  made  from  them. 

It  is  said  that  apricots  and  peaches 
protected  in  winter  by  ivy  fencing  become 
remarkably  productive. 

Juniper  is  never  attacked  by  worms. 
—B.  P. 

The  wood  is  used  for  veneenng ;  and 
alcohol  or  spirits  of  wine,  impregnated 
with  the  essential  oil  of  juniper  berries,  is 
gin  (or  juniper  water) ;  for  the  French 
genevre  means  "  a  juniper  berry."  Ordi- 
narily, gin  is  a  malt  liquor,  distilled  a 
second  time,  with  the  addition  of  juniper 
berries,  or  more  frequently,  with  the  oil 
of  turpentine.  . 

Larch,  very  apt  to  warp,  but  it  resists 
decay.  It  bursts  into  leaf  between  March 
21  and  April  14. 

Le  boisdu  mil6ze  femporte  en  ^"t^.«' ^.f"J^  "! 
celui  des  pins  et  des  sapins.  On  en  fait  d«»^f  """l^,'*  .*» 
conduits  d'eaux  gouterraines,  de  bonnes  cliarpeiites;  U 
en tre  dansrconstruction  des  PetiU  b4time|a.  de  m«v 
Les  peintres  s'en  servant  pour  faire  les  cadres  de  leurt 
tableVux.-BouUlet,  Diet.  Univ.  de»  Science*. 

Lime  or  Linden  Tree.  Grinling 
Gibbons,  the  great  carver  in  wood,  used 
no  other  wood  but  that  of  the  lime  tree, 
which  is  soft,  light,  smooth,  close-grained, 
and  not  subject  to  the  worm,  tor  the 
same  reason,  it  is  the  chief  ^""teria  of 
Tunbridge  ware.  Bellonius  sUtes  that 
the  Greeks  used  the  wood  for  making 

\ime  wood  makes  excellent  charcoal  for 
gunpowder,  and  is  employed  * ^J"  »>u"on8 
Ind  leather-cutters'  boards.  The  flowers 
afford  the  best  honey  for  bees,  and.  the 
famous  Kowno  honey  is  madeexclusiiely 
from  the  linden  blossoms. 

Twas  one  of  the  trees  from  which 
papyrus  was  made,  and  in  the  l»^^>;ary  of 
Vienna  is  a  work  of  Cicero  written  on 
the  inner  bark  of  the  linden. 


TREES,  ETC. 


1028 


TREES,  ETC. 


One  other  thing  is  worth  mentioning. 
Hares  and  rabbits  will  never  injure  the 
bark  of  this  tree. 

The  lime  is  the  first  of  all  trees  to  shed 
its  leaves  in  autumn.  It  bursts  into  leaf 
between  April  6  and  May  2. 

At  Deopham,  in  Norfolk,  was  a  lime 
tree  which,  Evelyn  tells  us,  was  3G  feet  in 
girth  and  90  feet  in  height.  Strutt  tells 
us  of  one  in  Moor  Park,  Hertfordshire, 
17  feet  in  girth  (3  feet  above  the  ground) 
and  100  feet  high  ;  it  contained  875  feet 
of  timber.  He  also  mentions  one  in 
Cobham  Park,  28  feet  in  girth  and  90 
feet  in  height. 

The  lime  tree  in  the  Grisons  is  upwards 
of  590  years  old. 

Maple  Tree,  employed  for  cabinet- 
work, gunstocks,  screws  for  cider  presses, 
and  turnery.  The  Tigri.n  and  Pantherine 
tables  were  made  of  maple.  The  maple 
tables  of  Cicero,  Asinius  Callus,  king 
Juba,  and  the  Mauritanian  Ptolemy, 
"  are  worth  their  weight  in  gold." 

At  Knowle,  in  Kent,  there  is  a  maple 
tree  which  is  14  feet  in  girth. — Strutt, 
Si/lva  Britannica. 

Mountain  Ash  or  Rowan  Tree,  used 
for  hoops,  and  for  bows,  comes  next  to 
the  yew.  It  forms  good  and  lasting 
posts,  and  is  made  into  hurdtes,  tables, 
spokes  of  wheels,  shafts,  chairs,  and  so 
on.  The  roots  are  made  into  spoons  and 
knife-handles.  The  bark  makes  excel- 
lent tan. 

Twigs  of  rowan  used  to  be  carried 
about  as  a  charm  against  witches.  Scotch 
dairy-maids  drive  their  cattle  with  rowan 
rods ;  and  at  Strathspey,  in  Scotland,  at 
one  time,  sheep  and  lambs  were  made 
to  pass  through  hoops  of  rowan  wood  on 
May-day. 

In  Wales,  the  rowan  used  to  be  con- 
sidered sacred ;  it  was  planted  in  church- 
yards, and  crosses  made  of  the  wood  were 
commonly  worn. 

Their  spells  were  vain.    The  hags  returned 

To  tkie  queen  in  sorrowful  mood. 
Crying  Ihiit  witches  have  no  power 

Where  there  is  rown  tre-e  wood. 
The  Laidley  Worm  of  Spindletton  Hetcght. 

Myrtle.  Some  northern  nations  use 
it  instead  of  hops.  The  catkins,  boiled  in 
water,  throw  up  a  waxy  scum,  of  which 
candles  are  made  by  Dutch  boers.  Hot- 
tentots (according  to  Thunberg)  make  a 
cheese  of  it.  Myrtle  tan  is  good  for 
tanning  calf-skins. 

Laid  under  a  bed,  it  keeps  off  fleas  and 
moths. 

Oak  Tree,  the  king  of  the  forest  and 
patriarch  of  trees,  wholly  unrivalled  in 


stature,  strength,  and  longevity.  The 
timber  is  used  for  ship-building,  the  bark 
for  tanning  leather,  and  the  gall  for 
making  ink.  Oak  timber  is  used  for 
every  work  where  durability  and  strength 
are  required. 

Oak  trees  best  resist  the  thunder- 
stroke.— B.  P,  (William  Browne  is  re- 
sponsible for  this  statement.)  It  bursts 
into  leaf  between  April  10  and  May  2G. 

In  1757  there  was  an  oak  in  earl 
Powis's  park,  near  Ludlow,  16  feet  in 
girth  (6  feet  from  the  ground)  and  60 
feet  high  (Marsham).  Panshanger  Oak, 
in  Kent,  is  19  feet  in  girth,  and  contains 
1000  feet  of  timber,  though  not  yet  in  its 
prime  (Marsham).  Salcey  Forest  Oak, 
in  Korthamptonshire,  is  24  feet  in  girth 
(Marsham).  Gog,  in  Yardley  Forest,  is 
28  feet  in  girth,  and  contains  1658  cubic 
feet  of  timber.  The  king  of  Wynnstay 
Park,  North  Wales,  is  30  feet  in  girth. 
The  Queen's  Oak,  Huntingfield,  Suffolk, 
from  which  queen  Elizabeth  shot  a  buck, 
is  35  feet  in  girth  (Marsham).  Shel- 
ton  Oak,  near  Shrewsbury,  called  the 
"  Grette  Oake "  in  1543,  which  served 
the  great  Glendower  for  a  post  of  obser- 
vation in  the  battle  of  Shrewsbury  (1403), 
is  37  feet  in  girth  (Marsham).  Green 
Dale  Oak,  near  Welbeck,  is  38  feet  in 
girth,  11  feet  from  the  ground  (Evelyn). 
Cowthorpe  Oak,  near  Wetherby,  is  48 
feet  in  girth  (Evelyn).  The  great  oak 
in  Broomfield  Wood,  near  Ludlow,  was, 
in  1764,  68  feet  in  girth,  23  feet  high, 
and  contained  1455  feet  of  timber  (Light- 
foot). 

Beggar's  Oak,  in  Blithfield  Park,  Staf- 
fordshire, contains  827  cubic  feet  of 
timber,  and,  in  1812,  was  valued  at  £200 
(Marsham).  Fredville  Oak,  Kent,  con- 
tains 1400  feet  of  timber  (Marsham). 
But  the  most  stupendous  oak  ever  grown 
in  England  was  that  dug  out  of  Hatfield 
Bog  :  it  was  12  feet  in  girth  at  the  larger 
end,  6  feet  at  the  smaller  end,  and  120 
feet  in  length  ;  so  that  it  exceeded  the 
famous  larch  tree  brought  to  Rome  in  the 
reign  of  Tiberius,  as  Pliny  states  in  his 
Natural  History. 

(These  are  all  from  Marsham's  Bath 
Soc,  i. ;  the  S(/lva  Caledonia ;  Evelyn's 
Sylva  ;  The  Journal  of  a  Naturalist ;  or 
from  Strutt's  three  works — Sylva  Britan- 
nica, DelicicB  Sylvarwn,  and  Mag.  Nat. 
IJist.) 

Swilcar  Oak,  in  Needham  Forest,  is 
GOO  years  old  (Strutt).  The  Oak  of  the 
Partizans,  in  the  forest  of  Parey,  St. 
Ouen,  is  above  660  years  old,     Wallace's 


TREES,  ETC. 


1029 


TREES,  ETC. 


Oak,  which  stood  on  the  spot  where  the 
*'  patriot  hero  "  was  born  (Elderslie, 
near  Paisley)  was  probably  700  years  old 
when  it  was  blown  down  in  1859.  Salcey 
Forest  Oak,  in  Northamptonshire,  is 
above  1000  years  old.  William  the  Con- 
queror's Oak,  Windsor  Great  Park,  is  at 
least  1200  years  old.  Winfarthing  Oak, 
Norfolk,  and  Bentley  Oak,  were  700 
years  old  at  the  Conquest,  more  than 
800  years  ago.  Cowthorpe  Oak,  near 
Wetherby,  is  1600  years  old  (professor 
Burnet).  The  great  oak  of  Saintes,  in 
the  Charente  Inferieur,  is  reckoned  from 
1800  to  2000  years  old.  The  Damorey  Oak, 
Dorsetshire,  was  2000  years  old  when  it 
was  blown  down  in  1703.  In  the  Com- 
monwealth, it  was  inhabited  by  an  old 
man,  and  used  as  an  ale-house;  its  cavity 
was  15  feet  in  diameter  and  17  feet  in 
height. 

In  the  Water  W^alk  of  IMagdalen  Col- 
lege, Oxford,  was  an  oak  supposed  to 
have  existed  before  the  Conquest ;  it  was 
a  notable  tree  when  the  college  was 
founded  in  1448,  and  was  blown  down  in 
1789.  On  Abbot's  Oak,  Woburn,  the 
vicar  of  Puddington,  near  Chester,  and 
Roger  Hobbs  abbot  of  W^oburn  were 
hung,  in  1537,  by  order  of  Henry 
VIII.,  for  refusing  to  surrender  their 
sacerdotal  rights  (Marsham).  The  Bull 
Oak,  Wedgenock  Park,  and  the  Plestor 
Oak,  Colborne,  were  both  in  existence 
.it  the  Conquest.  The  Shellard's  Lane 
Oak,  Gloucestershire,  is  one  of  the 
oldest  in  the  island  {Journal  of  a 
Naturalist,  i.). 

The  Cadenham  Oak,  near  Lyndhurst, 
in  the  New  Forest,  buds  '•  on  old  Christ- 
mas Day,"  and  has  done  so  for  at  least 
two  centuries  ;  it  is  covered  with  foliage 
at  the  usual  time  of  other  oak  trees.  The 
same  is  said  of  the  tree  against  which  the 
arrow  of  Tyrrel  glanced  when  Rufus  was 
killed  (Camden). 

Olivk,  used  in  wainscot,  because  it 
never  gapes,  cracks,  or  cleaves. — B.  P. 

The  eight  olive  trees  on  the  Mount  of 
Olives  were  flourishing  800  years  ago, 
when  the  Turks  took  Jerusalem. 

OsiEK,  used  for  puncheons,  wheels 
for  catching  eels,  bird-cages,  baskets, 
hampers,  hurdles,  edders,  stakes,  rake- 
handles,  and  poles. 

Peah  Trek,  used  for  turnery,  joiners' 
tools,  chairs,  and  picture-frames. 

It  is  worth  knowing  that  pear  grafts 
on  a  quince  stock  produce  the  most 
abundant  and  luscious  fruit. 

PiNB  Tree.    The  "  Old  Guardsman," 


m  Vancouver's  Island,  is  the  largest 
Dougas  pine.  It  is  16  feet  in  diameter, 
51  feet  in  girth,  and  150  feet  in  height. 
At  one  time  it  was  60  feet  higher,  but  its 
top  was  broken  off  in  a  storm. 

Le  pin  est  employ<5  en  charpeiite,  en  planches,  en  tuyaux 
pour  la  coiiduite  des  eaux.  en  borilaKes  pour  leg  ponu  dt-a 
vaisseaux.  11  fournit  aussi  la  risine.— Bouillet,  Diet. 
Vniv.  des  Seiencet. 

Plane  Tree.  Grass  delights  to  grow- 
in  its  shade. — B.  P. 

Poplar  Tree,  sacred  to  Hercules. 
No  wood  is  so  little  liable  to  tike  fire. 
The  wood  is  excellent  for  wood  carvings 
and  wainscoting,  floors,  laths,  packing- 
boxes,  and  turnery. 

Black  Poplar.  The  bark  is  used  by 
fishermen  for  buoying  their  nets;  brooms 
are  made  of  its  twigs.  In  Flanders, 
clogs  are  made  of  the  wood. 

The  poplar  bursts  into  leaf  between 
March  6  and  April  19. 

Rose  Tree.  The  rose  is  called  the 
"  queen  of  flowers."  It  is  the  emblem  of 
England,  as  the  thistle  is  of  Scotland,  the 
shamrock  of  Ireland,  and  the  lily  of 
France. 

It  has  ever  been  a  favourite  on  graves 
as  a  memorial  of  affection  ;  hence  Pro- 
pertius  says,  "Et  tenera  poneret  ossa 
rosa."  In  Rome,  the  day  when  the  pope 
blesses  the  golden  rose  is  called  Dominica 
in  Posa.  The  long  intestine  strife  be- 
tween the  rival  houses  of  York  and 
Lancaster  is  called  in  history  the  "  War 
of  the  White  and  Red  Roses,"  because 
the  badge  of  the  Yorkists  was  a  white 
rose  and  that  of  the  Lancastrians  a  red 
one.  The  marriage  of  Henry  VII.  with 
Elizabeth  of  York  is  called  the  '•  Union 
of  the  Two  Roses." 

The  rose  was  anciently  considered  a 
token  of  secrecy,  and  hence,  to  whisper 
a  thing  sub  rosa  means  it  is  not  to  be 
repeated. 

In  Persian  fable,  the  rose  is  the  night- 
ingale's bride.  "  His  queen,  his  garden 
queen,  the  rose." 

Sallow,  excellent  for  hurdles,  handles 
of  hatchets,  and  shoemakers'  boards. 
The  honey  of  the  catkins  is  good  for  bees, 
and  the  Highlanders  use  the  bark  for 
tanning  leather. 

Spruce  Tree  (T/ie)  will  reach  to  the 
age  of  1000  years  and  more.  Spruce  is 
despised  by 'English  carpenters,  "as  a 
sorr)'^  sort  of  wood." 

II  fournit  une  bitre  dite  mpinette,  en  Anpl.-ils  *!>rtic« 
beer,  qu'en  pnStend  «tre  dminenient  anti-scorbutique.— 
Bouillet,  Diet.  Univ.  des  Sciences. 

Sycamore  Tree,  used  by  turners  for 


TREES,  ETC. 


1030 


TREES,  ETC. 


bowls  and  trenchers.  It  burst  into  leaf 
between  March  28  and  April  23. 

St.  Hierom,  who  lived  in  the  fourth 
century  a.d.,  asserts  that  he  himself  had 
seen  the  sycamore  tree  into  which  Zac- 
cheus  climbed  to  see  Jesus  in  His  passage 
from  Jericho  to  Jerusalem. — Luke  xix.  4. 

Strutt  tells  us  of  a  sycamore  tree  in 
Cobham  Park,  Kent,  26  feet  in  girth  and 
90  feet  high.  Another  in  Bishopton, 
Renfrewshire,  20  feet  in  girth  and  60 
feet  high. — Sijlva  Britannica. 

Grass  will  flourish  beneath  this  tree, 
and  the  tree  will  thrive  by  the  sea-side. 

Tamarisk  Tkke  does  not  dislike  the 
sea-spray,  and  therefore  thrives  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  sea. 

The  Romans  used  to  wreathe  the  heads 
of  criminals  with  tamarisk  withes.  The 
Tartars  and  Russians  make  whip-handles 
of  the  wood. 

The  tamarisk  is  excellent  for  besoms. 
— i?.  P. 

Upas  Tree,  said  to  poison  everything 
in  its  vicinity.  This  is  only  fit  for  poetry 
and  romance. 

Walnut,  best  wood  for  gunstocks ; 
cabinet-makers  use  it  largely. 

This  tree  thrives  best  in  valleys,  and  is 
most  fertile  when  most  beaten. — B.  F, 

a  woni.in,  a  spaniel,  and  walnut  tree. 

The  more  you  be:it  them,  the  better  they  be. 

Taylor,  the  "  water-poet  "  (1630). 
Uneasy  seated  by  funereal  Yeugh, 
Or  Walnut,  whose  malignant  touch  impairs 
▲11  generous  fruits. 

Philips,  Cyder,  1.  (1706). 

Whitethorn,  used  for  axle-trees,  the 
handles  of  tools,  and  turnery. 

The  identical  whitethorn  planted  by 
queen  Mary  of  Scotland  in  the  garden- 
court  of  the  regent  Murray,  is  still  alive, 
and  is  about  5  feet  in  girth  near  the  base. 
—Jones,  Edinburgh  Illustrated. 

The  Troglodytes  adorned  the  graves  of 
their  parents  Avith  branches  of  whitethorn. 
It  formed  the  nuptial  chaplet  of  Athenian 
bridjes,  and  the  fasces  nuptiarum  of  the 
Roman  maidens. 

Every  shepherd  tells  his  tale 
Under  the  hawthorn  in  the  dale. 

Milton,  L'AUegro  (1638). 

Willow,  used  for  clogs,  ladders, 
trenchers,  pill-boxes,  milk-pails,  butter- 
firkins,  bonnets,  cricket  bats,  hop-poles, 
cradles,  crates,  baskets,  etc.  It  makes 
excellent  charcoal,  and  a  willow  board 
will  sharpen  knives  and  other  tools  like 
a  hone. 

Willows  to  panting  shepherds  shade  dispense, 
To  bees  their  honey,  and  to  corn  defence. 

(Jooge,  Virgil's  Georgics,  ii. 

It  is  said  that  victims  were  enclosed 


in  wicker-work  made  of  willow  wood, 
and  consumed  in  fires  by  the  druids. 
Martial  tells  us  that  the  old  Britons  were 
very  skilful  in  weaving  willows  into 
baskets  and  boats  {Epigrams,  xiv.  99). 
The  shields  which  so  long  resisted  the 
Roman  legions  were  willow  wood  covered 
with  leather. 

Wych  Elm,  once  in  repute  for  arrows 
and  long-bows.  Affords  excellent  wood 
for  the  wheeler  and  millwright.  The 
young  bark  is  used  for  securing  thatch 
and  bindings,  and  is  made  into  rope. 

The  wych  elm  at  Polloc,  Renfrewshire, 
is  88  feet  high,  12  feet  in  girth,  and 
contains  669  feet  of  timber.  One  at  Tut- 
bury  is  16  feet  in  girth. — Strutt,  Sylva 
Britannica. 

At  Field,  in  Staffordshire,  is  a  wych 
elm  120  feet  high  and  25  feet  in  girth 
about  the  middle. — Plot. 

Yew  Tree.  The  wood  is  converted 
into  bows,  axle-trees,  spoons,  cups,  cogs 
for  mill-wheels,  flood-gates  for  fish-ponds 
(because  the  wood  does  not  soon  decay), 
bedsteads  (because  bugs  and  fl«as  will  not 
come  near  it).  Gate-posts  of  yew  are  more 
durable  than  iron  ;  the  steps  of  ladders 
should  be  made  of  this  woo(?  ;  and  no 
material  is  equal  to  it  for  market-stools. 
Cabinet-makers  and  inlayers  pri?;e  it. 

In  Aberystwith  churchyard  is  a  yew 
tree  24  feet  in  girth,  and  another  in  Sel- 
born  churchyard  of  the  same  circumfer- 
ence. One  of  the  yews  at  Fountain  Abbey, 
Yorkshire,  is  26  feet  in  girth  ;  one  at 
Aldworth,  in  Berkshire,  is  21  feet  in 
girth ;  one  in  Totteridge  churchyard  32 
feet ;  and  one  in  Fortingal  churchyard,  in 
Perthshire  (according  to  Pennant),  is  52 
feet  in  circumference  (4  feet  from  the 
ground). 

The  yew  tree  in  East  Lavant  church- 
yard is  31  feet  in  girth,  just  below  the 
spring  of  the  branches.  There  are  five 
huge  branches  each  as  big  as  a  tree,  with 
a  girth  varying  ■  from  6  to  14  feet.  The 
tree  covers  an  area  of  51  feet  in  every 
direction,  and  above  150  feet  in  circuit. 
It  is  above  1000  years  old. 

The  yew  tree  at  Martley,  Worcester,  is 
346  years  old,  being  planted  three  days 
before  the  birth  of  queen  Elizabeth. 
That  in  Harlington  churchyard  is  above 
850  years  old.  That  at  Ankerwyke,  near 
Staines,  is  said  to  be  the  same  under 
which  king  John  signed  Magna  Charta, 
and  to  have  been  the  trysting-tree  of 
Henry  VIII.  and  Anne  Boleyne.  Three 
yew  trees  at  Fountain  Abbey,  we  are 
told,  were  full-grown  trees  in  1128,  when 


TREES,  ETC. 


1031 


TRENT. 


the  founders  of  the  abbey  held  council 
there  in  the  reign  of  William  Ruf  us.  The 
yew  tree  of  Braburn,  in  Kent  (according 
to  De  Candolle),  is  3000  years  old ! !  It 
may  be  so,  if  it  is  true  that  the  yew  trees 
of  Kingley  Bottom,  near  Chichester,  were 
standing  when  the  sea-kings  landed  on 
the  Sussex  coast,  and  those  in  Norbury 
Park  are  the  very  same  which  were 
standing  in  the  time  of  the  ancient 
drnids. 

Grass  will  grow  beneath  alder,  ash, 
cypress,  elm,  plane,  and  sycamore ;  but 
not  beneath  aspen,  beech,  chestnut,  and 
fir. 

Sea-spray  does  not  injure  sycamore  or 
tamarisk. 

Chestnut  and  olive  never  warp ;  larch 
is  most  apt  to  warp. 

For  posts  the  best  woods  are  yew,  oak, 
and  larch ;  one  of  the  worst  is  chestnut. 
For  picture-frames,  maple,  pear,  oak,  and 
cherry  are  excellent. 

Fleas  dislike  alder,  cedar,  myrtle,  and 
yew  ;  hares  and  rabbits  never  injure  lime 
bark ;  moths  and  spiders  avoid  cedar ; 
worms  never  attack  juniper.  Beech  and 
ash  are  very  subject  to  attacks  of  insects. 
Beech  is  the  favourite  of  dormice,  acacia 
of  nightingales. 

For  binding  faggots,  the  best  woods 
are  guelder  rose,  hazel,  osier,  willow,  and 
mountain  ash. 

Knives  and  all  sorts  of  instruments 
may  be  sharpened  on  ivy  roots,  willow, 
and  holly  wood,  as  well  as  on  a  hone. 

Birdlime  is  made  from  holly  and  the 
guelder  rose. 

Baskets  are  made  of  osier,  willow,  and 
other  wicker  and  withy  shoots  ;  besoms, 
of  birch,  tamarisk,  heath,  etc.  ;  hurdles, 
of  hazel  ;  barrels  and  tubs,  of  chestnut 
and  oak  ;  fishing-rods,  of  ash,  hazel,  and 
blackthorn ;  gunstocks,  of  maple  and 
walnut  ;  skewers,  of  elder  and  skewer 
wood ;  the  teeth  of  rakes,  of  blackthorn, 
ash,  and  the  twigs  called  withy. 

The  best  woods  for  turnery  are  box, 
alder,  beech,  sycamore,  and  pear ;  for  Tun- 
brid./e  ware,  lime  ;  for  wood  carving,  box, 
lime,  and  poplar;  for  clogs,  willow,  alder, 
and  beech  ;  for  oars,  ash. 

Beech  is  called  the  cabinet-makers'  wood  ; 
oak  and  elm,  the  ship-builders'  ;  ash,  the 
u}hf"'J-wriijhts\ 

There  are  several  beautiful  lists  of  trees 
given  by  poets.  For  example,  in  Tasso, 
Jerusalem  Delivered,  iii.,  at  the  end,  where 
ineu  are  seat  to  cut  down  trees  for  the 
funeral  pile  of  Dudon.  In  Statius,  Ihe 
Thcbaid,  vi.,  where  the  felling  of  trees  for 


the  pile  of  the  infant  ArchemOrus  is  (I» 
scribed.  In  Spenser,  Faeri^  Queen,  I.  i: 
8,  9,  where  the  Red  Cross  Knight  and  th< 
lady  seek  shelter  during  a  storm,  and 
much  admire  the  forest  trees. 

Trees  of  the  Sun  and  Moon, 

oracular  trees  growing  "  at  the  extremity 
of  India,"  mentioned  in  the  Italian  ro- 
mance of  Guerino  Meschinot. 

Tregeagle,  the  giant  of  Dosmary 
Pool,  on  Bodmin  Downs  (Cornwall). 
When  the  wintry  winds  blare  over  tlie 
downs,  it  is  said  to  be  the  giant 
howling. 

Trelawny  Ballad  (The)  is  by  the 
Rev.  R.  S.  Hawker  of  Morwenstow. — 
Notes  and  Queries,  441  (June,  1876). 

Tremor  {Sir  Luke),  a  desperate 
coward,  living  in  India,  who  made  it  a 
rule  never  to  fight  either  in  his  own  house, 
his  neighbour's  house,  or  in  the  street. 
This  lily-livered  desperado  is  everlastingly 
snubbing  his  wife.  (See  Trippkt,  p. 
1034.) 

Lady  Tremor,  daughter  of  a  grocer,  and 
grandchild  of  a  wig-maker.  Very  sensi- 
tive on  the  subject  of  her  plebeian  birth, 
and  wanting  to  be  thought  a  ladj'  of  high 
family.— Mrs.  Inchbald,  Such  Things  Are 
(1786). 

Tremydd  ap  Tremhidydd,  the 

man  with  the  keenest  sight  of  all  mortals. 
He  could  discern  "  a  mote  in  the  sunbeam 
in  any  of  the  four  quarters  of  the  world." 
Clustfein  ap  Clustfeinydd  was  no  less  cele- 
brated for  his  acuteness  of  hearing,  "his 
ear  being  distressed  by  the  movement  of 
dew  in  June  over  a  blade  of  grsiss."  The 
meaning  of  these  names  is,  "Sight  the  son 
of  Seer,"  and  "  Ear  the  son  of  Hearer." — 
The  Mabinogion  ("  Notes  to  Geraint,"  etc., 
twelfth  century). 

Trenmor,  great-grandfather  of  Fin- 
gal,  and  king  of  Morven  (north-west  of 
Scotland).  His  wife  was  Inibaca,  daugh- 
ter of  the  king  of  Lochlin  or  Denmark.— 
Ossian,  Fingal,  yi.  „  ^  ,u     .:    ^ 

In  Temora,  n.,  he  is  called  the  first 
king  of  Ireland,  and  father  of  Conar. 

Trent,  says  Drayton,  is  the  third 
in  size  of  the  rivers  of  England,  the  two 
larger  being  the  Thames  and  the  Severn. 
Arden  being  asked  which  ot  her  rills  she 
intended  to  be  the  chief,  the  wizard 
answered,  the  Trent,  for  trent  means 
"thirty,"  and  thirty  rivers  should  con- 
tribute to  its  stream,  thirty  different  sorta 


TRENT. 


1032 


TKIERMAIN. 


of  fish  should  live  in  it,  and  thirty  abbeys 
be  built  on  its  banks. 

...  my  name  I  take 
Tliat  thirty  doth  import  ;  thus  thirty  rivers  make 
My  greatness  .  .  .  thirty  ablwys  great 
Upon  my  fruitful  banks  times  formerly  did  seat ; 
And  tliirty  kinds  of  fisli  within  my  streams  do  live. 
To  me  this  name  of  Trent  did  from  tliat  numlwr  give. 
Drayton,  Polyolblon,  xii.  (1613),  and  xxvi.  (162*i). 

Trent  (Fred),  the  scapegrace  brother  of 
little  Nell.  **  He  was  a  young  man  of 
one  and  twenty  ;  well-made,  and  certainly 
handsome,  but  dissipated,  and  insolent  in 
air  and  bearing."  The  mystery  of  Fred 
Trent  and  little  Nell  is  cleared  up  in 
ch.  Ixix. — C.  Dickens,  The  Old  Curiosity 
Shop  (1840). 

Tres  (Scriptores) :  Richardus  Corin- 
ensis  or  Richard  of  Cirencester  (fourteenth 
century) ;  Gildas  Badonicus  ;  and  Nennius 
Banchorensis ;  published  by  professor 
Bertram  (1757). 

Tresham  (Mr.),  senior  partner  of 
Mr.  Osbaldistone,  senior. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Hob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Tresham  (Richard),  same  as  general 
Witherington,  who  first  appears  as 
Matthew  Middlemas. 

Richard  Tresham,  the  son  of  general 
Witherington.  He  is  also  called  Richard 
ISIiddlemas. — SirW.  Scott,  The  Suryeon's 
JJaujhter  (time,  George  II.). 

Tres' ham  (Thorold  lord),  head  of  a  noble 
family,  whose  boast  was  that  "no  blot 
had  ever  stained  their 'scutcheon,"  though 
the  family  ran  back  into  pre-historic 
times.  He  was  a  j'^oung,  unmarried  man, 
with  a  sister  Mildred,  a  girl  of  14,  living 
with  him.  His  near  neighbour,  Henry 
earl  of  Mertoun,  asked  permission  to  pay 
his  addresses  to  Mildred,  and  Thorold 
accepted  the  proposal  with  much  pleasure. 
The  old  warrener  next  day  told  Thorold 
he  had  observed  for  several  weeks  that 
a  3'^oung  man  climbed  into  Mildred's 
chamber  at  night-time,  and  he  Avould 
have  spoken  before,  but  did  not  like  to 
bring  his  young  mistress  into  trouble. 
Thorold  wrung  from  his  sister  an  acknow- 
ledgment of  the  fact,  but  she  refused  to 
give  up  the  name,  yet  said  she  was  quite 
willing  to  marrj'  the  earl.  This  Thorold 
thought  would  be  dishonourable,  and  re- 
solved to  lie  in  wait  for  the  unknown 
visitor.  On  his  approach,  Thorold  dis- 
covered it  was  the  earl  of  Mertoun,  and 
he  slew  him,  then  poisoned  himself,  and 
Mildred  died  of  a  broken  heart. — Robert 
Browning,  A  Blot  on  the  ^Scutcheon. 

Tressilian  (Edmund),  the  betrothed 


of  Amy  Robsart.  Am}'  marries  the 
earl  of  Leicester,  and  is  killed  by  falling 
into  a  deep  pit,  to  which  she  had  been 
scandalously  inveigled. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Tre'visan  (Sir),  a  knight  to  whom 
Despair  gave  a  hempen  rope,  that  he 
might  go  and  hang  himself. — Spenser, 
Faery  Qiieen,  i.  (1690). 

Tribulation  [Wholesome],  a 
pastor  of  Amsterdam,  who  thinks  "the 
end  will  sanctify  the  means,"  and  uses 
"the  children  of  perdition"  to  promote 
his  own  object,  which  he  calls  the  "  work 
of  God."  He  is  one  of  the  dupes  of 
Subtle  "  the  alchemist "  and  his  factotum 
Face. — Ben  Jonson,  27ie  Alchemist  (1610). 

Tribune  of  the  People  (The), 
John  Bright  (1811-        ). 

Tricolour,  the  national  badge  of 
France  since  1789.  It  consists  of  the 
Bourbon  white  cockade,  and  the  blue  and 
r6'</ cockade  of  the  city  of  Paris  combined. 
It  was  Lafayette, who  devised  this  sym- 
bolical union  of  king  and  people,  and 
when  he  presented  it  to  the  nation, 
"Gentlemen,"  said  he,  "I  bring  you  a 
cockade  that  shall  make  the  tour  of  the 
world."  (See  Storneu-o  Verses,  p. 
948.) 

If  you  win  wear  a  livery,  let  it  at  least  be  that  of  the  city 
of  Paris— blue  and  red,  my  friends. — Dumas,  Six  year* 
Afterward*,  xv.  (1846). 

Tricoteuses     de     Robespierre 

(Les),  femmes  qui  assistaient  en  tricotant 
aux  se'ances  de  la  Convention,  des  clubs 
populaires,  et  du  tribunal  re'volutionnaire. 
Encourage'es  par  la  commune,  elles  se 
porte'rent  h,  de  tels  exces  qu'on  les 
surnomma  les  Furies  de  la  guillotine. 
Elles  disparurent  avec  la  societe'  des 
Jacobins. — Bouillet,  Diet.  Universel, 

Trier  main  (The  Bridal  of),  a  poem 
by  sir  Walter  Scott,  in  four  cantos,  v»'ith 
introduction  and  conclusion  (1813).  In 
the  introduction,  Arthur  is  represented  as 
the  person  who  tells  the  tale  to  Lucy,  his 
bride.  Gynetb,  a  natural  daughter  of 
king  Arthur  and  Guendolen,  was  pro- 
mised in  marriage  to  the  bravest  knight 
in  a  tournament ;  but  she  suffered  so  many 
combatants  to  fall  without  dropping  the 
warder,  that  Merlin  threw  her  into  an 
enchanted  sleep,  from  which  she  was  not 
to  wake  till  a  kni<:;ht  as  brave  ns  those 
who  had  fallen  claimed  her  in  marriage. 
After  the  lapse  of  600  years,  sir  Roland 
de  Vaux,  baron  of  Triermain,  undertook 


TRIFALDI. 


1033 


TRIP  TO  SCARBOROUGH. 


to  break  the  spell,  but  had  first  to  over- 
come four  temptations,  viz.,  fear,  avarice, 
pleasure,  and  ambition.  Having  come 
off  more  than  conqueror,  Gyneth  awoke, 
and  became  his  bride. 

Trifal'di  {The  countess),  called  "  The 
Afflicted  Duenna"  of  the  princess  Anto- 
nomasia  (heiress  to  the  throne  of  Candaya) . 
She  was  called  Trifaldi  from  her  robe, 
which  was  divided  into  three  triangles, 
each  of  which  was  supported  by  a  page. 
The  face  of  this  duenna  was,  by  the 
enchantment  of  the  giant  Malambru'no, 
covered  with  a  large,  rough  beard,  but 
when  don  Quixote  mounted  Clavileno 
the  Winged,  "  the  enchantment  was 
dissolved." 

The  renowned  knight  don  Quixote  de  la  Mancha  hath 
achieved  the  adventure  merely  by  attempting  it.  Malam- 
bruno  is  appeased,  and  the  chin  of  the  Dolorida  duena  is 
again  beitfdless.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II.  iii.  4  5  (1615). 

Trifal'din  of  the  "  Bushy  Beard" 
(white  as  snow),  the  gigantic  'squire  of 
"The  Afflicted  Duenna"  the  countess 
Trifaldi.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  II.  iii. 
4  (1616). 

Trifle  (Miss  Penelope),  an  old  maiden 
sister  of  sir  Penurious  Trifle.  Stiff  as  a 
ramrod,  prim  as  fine  airs  and  graces 
could  make  her,  fond  of  long  words,  and 
delighting  in  phrases  modelled  in  true 
Johnsonian  ponderosity. 

Trifle  {Miss  Sukey),  daughter  of  sir 
Penurious,  tricked  into  marriage  with 
Mr.  Hartop,  a  young  spendthrift,  who  fell 
in  love  with  her  fortune. 

*^*  Sir  Penurious  Trifle  is  not  intro- 
duced, but  Hartop  assumes  his  character, 
and  makes  him  fond  of  telling  stale  and 
pointless  stories.  He  addresses  sir  Gre- 
gory as  '*  you  knight." — Foote,  The 
Anights  (1754). 

Trim  {Corporal),  uncle  Toby's 
orderlv.  Faithful,  simple-minded,  and 
most  affectionate.  Voluble  in  speech, 
but  most  respectful.  Half  companion, 
but  never  forgetting  he  is  his  master's 
servant.  Trim  is  the  duplicate  of  uncle 
Toby  in  delf.  The  latter  at  all  times 
shows  himself  the  officer  and  the  gentle- 
man, born  to  command  and  used  to 
obedience,  while  the  former  ahvays 
carries  traces  of  the  drill-yard,  and  shows 
that  he  has  been  accustomed  to  receive 
orders  with  deference,  and  to  execute 
them  wiih  military  precision.  It  is  a 
great  compliment  to  say  that  the  corporal 
was  worthv  such  a  noble  master. — Sterne, 
T/,e  Life  and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy 
(1759).^^ 


Trim,  instead  of  being  the  oppnaite,  li .  . .  tha  dnpB- 
cate  of  uncle  Tohy  ...  yet  ...  i«  the  chanurter  oC  Ite 
coiiuiion  soldier  nicely  dl:scriniiiuited  from  tbiU  of  tlM 
officer.  His  wliole  cnrriage  Ixsars  traces  of  tli«  drill-jrarA, 
which  are  wanting  in  the  sujierlor.  Under  the  lUUM  of 
a  servant,  he  i*  in  reality  a  companion,  and  a  deligblAd 
mixture  of  familiarity  .  .  .  and  respt^t.  ...  It  U  enougk 
to  say  that  Trim  w.is  wortliy  to  walk  behind  hb  nuuter.— 
£lwiu,  ed.  of  the  quarterly  Review  (luKt-A)). 

Trimalchi,  a  celebrated  cook  in  the 
reign  of  Nero,  mentioned  by  Petronius. 
He  had  the  art  of  giving  "to  the  most 
common  fish  the  flavour  and  appearance 
of  the  most  highly  esteemed.  Like  Ude, 
he  said  that  "  sauces  are  the  soul  of 
cookery,  and  cookery  the  soul  of  festivity," 
or,  as  the  cat's-meat  man  observed,  "  tis 
the  seasonin'  as  does  it." 

Trinacria.  Sicily  is  so  called  from 
its  three  promontories  (Greek,  tria  akra) : 
(1)  Pelo'rus  (Capo  di  Faro),  in  the  north, 
called  Faro  from  the  pharos  ;  (2)  Pachy'- 
nus  (Capo  di  Passaro),  in  the  south  ;  (3) 
Lilyhm'uin  (Capo  di  Marsella  or  Capo  di 
Boco),  in  the  west. 

Our  ship 
Had  left  behind  Trinacria's  burning  Ulo, 
And  visited  the  margin  of  the  Nile. 

Falconer,  The  Shipwreck,  i.  {178J) 

Trin'culo,  a  jester.  —  Shakespeare, 

The  Tempest  (1609). 

A  miscarriage  .  .  .  would  (like  the  loss  of  TrincnWa 
bottle  in  the  horse-poiid)  be  attended  not  only  with 
dishonour  but  with  infinite  loss.— Sir  W.  Scott 

Trin'ket  {Lord),  a  man  of  fashion 
and  a  libertine. 

He  is  just  polite  enough  to  be  able  to  be  very  ur 
mannerly,  with  a  great  deal  of  good  breeding ;  is  Ji|s» 
handsome  enough  to  malie  him  excessively  vain  of  lite 
person  :  and  has  just  reflection  enough  to  finish  hlni  for 
rcoxcomb;  qualifications.  .  .  very  common  among  .  .^ 
men  of  quality. -G.  CoUnan.  The  Jealoiu  II  V«.  n.  » 
(1761). 

Tri'nobants,  people  of  Trinoban'- 
tium,  that  is,  Middlesex  and  Essex. 
Their  chief  town  was  Tri'novant,  now 
London. 

So  eastward  where  by  Thames  the  Trlnobants  "^^^^ 
To    Trinovant   their   town  .  .  .  That    Loudon  now  «• 

The  ^^ns". '.  .  their  east  kingdom  called  r^-^f*} 

Drayton,  Polyolbwn,  xvL  (1613). 

Tri'novant,  London,  the  chief  town 
of  the  Trinobantes  ;  culled  in  fable, 
"  Troja  Nova."     (See  Tkoyxovant.) 

Trinauet,  one  of  the  seven  attendants 
of  Fortunio.  His  gift  was  that  he  could 
drink  a  river  and  be  thirsty  again.       Are 

you  always    thirsty  V"    ^f  «d   F^^f"""'' 
''  No,"  said  the  man,  "  only  after  eatmg 
salt  meat,  or  upon  a  wager.  --Comtesse 
D'Aimoy,      Fcdry     Tales    ("iortuuio, 
1G82). 
Trip    to    Scarborough    (-4),    a 


TRIPE. 


1034 


TRISTRAM. 


comedy  by  Sheridan  (1777),  based  on 
The  Relapse,  by  Vanbrugh  (1697).  Lord 
Foppington  goes  to  Scarborough  to 
marry  Miss  Hoyden,  daughter  of  sir 
Tunbelly  Clumsy,  but  his  lordship  is  not 
known  personally  to  the  knight  and  his 
daughter.  Tom  Fashion,  younger  brother 
of  lord  Foppington,  having  been  meanly 
treated  by  hie  elder  brother,  resolves  to 
outwit  him ;  so,  passing  himself  off  as  lord 
Foppington,  he  gets  introduced  to  sir 
Tunbelly,  and  marries  Miss  Hoyden  before 
the  rightful  claimant  appears.  When  at 
length  lord  Foppington  arrives,  he  is 
treated  as  an  impostor,  till  Tom  Fashion 
explains  the  ruse.  As  his  lordship 
behaves  contumeliously  to  the  knight, 
matters  are  easily  arranged,  lord  Fop- 
pington retires,  and  sir  Tunbelly  accepts 
Tom  Fashion  as  his  son-in-law  with 
good  grace. 

Tripe  (1  syl.),  the  nickname  of  Mrs. 
Hamilton,  of  Covent  Garden  Theatre 
(1730-1788). 

Mrs.  Hamilton,  being  hissed,  came  forward  and  said, 
"  Gemmen  and  ladies,  I  suppose  as  liow  you  liiss  nie 
because  I  did  not  play  at  Mrs.  Bellamy's  benefit  I  would 
have  done  so,  but  she  said  as  how  my  audience  were  all 
tripe  people."  When  the  fair  speechifier  got  thus  far,  the 
pit  roared  out,  "  Well  said.  Tripe  I  "  a  title  she  retained 
till  she  quitted  the  theatre.— Jfewotr  of  Mrt.  Hamilton 
(1803). 

Triple  Alliance  (7%<?). 

1.  A  treaty  between  Great  Britain, 
Sweden,  and  the  United  Provinces,  in 
1668,  for  the  purpose  of  checking  the 
ambition  of  Louis  XIV. 

2.  A  treaty  between  George  I.  of 
England,  Philip  duke  of  Orleans  regent 
of  France,  and  the  United  Provinces,  for 
the  purpose  of  counteracting  the  plans  of 
Alberoni  the  Spanish  minister,  1717. 

Trippet  (Beau),  who  "  pawned  his 
honour  to  Mrs.  Trippet  never  to  draw 
sword  in  any  cause,"  whatever  might  be 
the  provocation.     (See  Tremor,  p.  1031.) 

Mrs.  Trippet,  the  beau's  wife,  who 
"  would  dance  for  four  and  twenty  hours 
together,"  and  play  cards  for  twice  that 
length  of  time.  —  Garrick,  The  Lying 
Valet  (1740). 

Tripping  as  an  Omen. 

When  Julius  Caesar  landed  at  Adrume- 
tum,  in  Africa,  he  happened  to  trip  and 
fall  on  his  face.  This  would  have  been 
considered  a  fatal  omen  by  his  army, 
but,  with  admirable  presence  of  mind,  he 
exclaimed,  "Thus  take  I  possession  of 
thee,  0  Africa !  " 

A  similar  story  is  told  of  Scipio. 
Upon   his   arrival    in    Africa,  he    also 


happened  to  trip,  and,  observing  that 
his  soldiers  looked  upon  this  as  a  bad 
omen,  he  clutched  the  earth  with  his 
two  hands,  and  cried  aloud,  "  Now, 
Africa,  I  hold  thee  in  my  grasp ! " — Don 
Quixote,  II.  iv.  6. 

When  William  the  Conqueror  leaped 
on  shore  at  Bulverhythe,  he  fell  on  his 
face,  and  a  great  cry  went  forth  that  the 
omen  was  unlucky  ;  but  the  duke  ex- 
claimed, '*  I  take  seisin  of  this  land  with 
both  my  hands  !  " 

The  same  story  is  told  of  Napoleon 
in  Egypt ;  of  king  Olaf,  son  of  Harald, 
in  Norway  ;  of  Junius  Brutus,  who, 
returning  from  the  oracle,  fell  on  the 
earth,  and  cried,  " 'Tis  thus  I  kiss  thee, 
mother  Earth  !  " 

When  captain  Jean  C(3eurpreux  tripped 
in  dancing  at  the  Tuileries,  Napoleon  III. 
held  out  his  hand  to  help  him  up,  and 
said,  "Captain,  this  is  the  second  time 
I  have  seen  you  fall.  The  first  was  by 
my  side  in  the  field  of  Magenta."  Then 
turning  to  the  lady  he  added,  "Madam, 
captain  Coeurpreux  is  henceforth  com- 
mandant of  my  Guides,  and  will  never 
fall  in  duty  or  allegiance,  I  am  persuaded." 

Trismegistus  {^'■thrice  greatest"), 
Hermes  the  Egyptian  philosopher,  oi 
Thoth  councillor  of  Osiris.  He  invented 
the  art  of  writing  in  hieroglyphics, 
harmony,  astrology,  magic,  the  lute  and 
lyre,  and  many  other  things. 

Tris'sotin,  a  bel  esprit.  Philaminte 
(3  syl.),  a,femme  savante,  wishes  him  to 
marry  her  daughter  Henriette,  but  Hen- 
riette  is  in  love  with  Clitandre.  The 
difficulty  is  soon  solved  by  the  announce- 
ment that  Henriette's  father  is  on  the 
verge  of  bankruptcy,  whereupon  Trissotin 
makes  his  bow  and  retires. — Moliere, 
Les  Femmes  Savantes  (1672). 

Trissotin  is  meant  for  the  abbd  Crotin, 
who  affected  to  be  poet,  gallant,  and 
preacher.  His  dramatic  name  was  "  Tri- 
cotin." 

Tristram  {Sir),  son  of  sir  Meliodas 
king  of  Li'ones  and  Elizabeth  his  wife 
(daughter  of  sir  Mark  king  of  Cornwall). 
He  was  called  Tristram  ("sorrowful"), 
because  his  mother  died  in  giving  him 
birth.  His  father  also  died  when  Tris- 
tram was  a  mere  lad  (pt.  ii.  1).  He  was 
knighted  by  his  uncle  Mark  (pt.  ii.  5),  and 
married  Isond  le  Blanch  Mains,  daughter 
of  Howell  king  of  Britain  [Brittany]  ; 
but  he  never  loved  her,  nor  would  he 
live  with  her.  His  whole  love  was  cen- 
tred on  his  aunt,  La  Belle  Isond,  wife 


TRISTRAM'S  BOOK. 


1035 


TRIUMVIRATK 


of  king  Mark,  and  this  unhappy  attach- 
ment was  the  cause  of  numberless 
troubles,  and  ultimately  of  his  death. 
La  Belle  Isond,  however,  was  quite  as 
culpable  as  the  knight,  for  she  herself 
told  him,  "  My  measure  of  hate  for  Mark 
is  as  the  measure  of  my  love  for  thee  ;  " 
and  when  she  found  that  her  husband 
would  not  allow  sir  Tristram  to  remain 
at  Tintag'il  Castle,  she  eloped  with  him, 
and  lived  three  years  at  Joyous  Guard, 
near  Carlisle.  At  length  she  returned 
home,  and  sir  Tristram  followed  her. 
His  death  is  variously  related.  Thus  the 
History  of  Prince  Arthur  says  : 

When  by  means  of  a  treaty  sir  Tristram  brought  again 
La  Beale  Isond  unto  king  Mark  from  Joyous  Guard,  the 
false  traitor  king  Mark  slew  tlie  noble  knight  as  he  sat 
harping  before  bis  lady,  I-a  Beale  Isond,  with  a  sharp- 
ground  glaive,  which  be  thrust  into  him  from  behind 
his  back.— Pt.  iii.  147  (1470). 

Tennyson  gives  the  tale  thus  :  He  says 
that  sir  Tristram,  dallying  with  his  aunt, 
hung  a  ruby  carcanet  round  her  throat  5 
and,  as  he  kissed  her  neck  : 

Out  of  the  dark,  just  as  the  lips  had  touched. 
Behind  him  rose  a  shadow  and  a  shriek — 
"  Mark's  way ! "  said  Mark,  and  clove  him  thro'  the  brain. 
Tennyson,  IdylU  ("  The  Last  Tournament"). 

Another  tale  is  this  :  Sir  Tristram  was 
severely  wounded  in  Brittany,  and  sent 
a  dying  request  to  his  aunt  to  come  and 
see  him.  If  she  consented,  a  white  flag 
was  to  be  hoisted  on  the  mast-head  of  her 
ship  ;  if  not,  a  black  one.  His  wife  told 
him  the  ship  was  in  sight,  displaying  a 
black  flag,  at  which  words  the  strong 
man  bowed  his  head  and  died.  When 
his  aunt  came  ashore  and  heard  of  his 
death,  she  flung  herself  on  the  body, 
and  died  also.  The  two  were  buried  in 
one  grave,  and  Mark  planted  over  it  a 
rose  and  a  vine,  which  became  so  inter- 
woven it  was  not  possible  to  separate 
them. 

*^*  Sir  Launcelot,  sir  Tristram,  and 
sir  Lamorake  were  the  three  bravest  and 
best  of  the  150  knights  of  the  Round 
Table,  but  were  all  equally  guilty  in 
their  amours:  Sir  Launcelot  with  the 
queen  ;  sir  Tristram  with  his  aunt,  king 
Mark's  wife  ;  and  sir  Lamorake  with  his 
aunt,  king  Lot's  wife. 

Tristram's  Book  {Sir).  Any  book 
of  venery,  hunting,  or  hawking  is  so 
called. 

Tristram  began  good  measures  of  blowing  good  blasts 
of  venery,  and  of  chace,  and  of  all  manner  of  vemun. 
All  the^e  terms  have  we  still  of  hawking  and  hunting, 
mnd  therefore  a  book  of  venery  ...  is  called  The  Book 
of  Sir  y  rt^mTrt.— Sir  T.  Malory,  Uittwry  of  Prince 
Arthur,  U.  3  (1470). 

Sir    Tristram's   Horse,   Passetreul    or 


Passe  Brewell.  It  is  called  both,  bat 
one  seems  to  be  a  clerical  error. 

(Passe  Brewell  is  in  sir  T.  Malory's 
History  of  Prince  Arthur,  ii.  08.) 

History  of  Sir  Tristram  or  Tristan, 
The  oldest  story  is  by  Gotfrit  of  Stras- 
bourg, a  minnesinger  (twelfth  century), 
entitled  Tristan  and  Isolde.  It  was  con- 
tinued by  Ulrich  of  Turheim,  by  Hein- 
rich  of  Freyburg,  and  others,  to  the 
extent  of  many  thousand  verses.  The 
tale  of  sir  Tristram,  derived  from  Welsh 
traditions,  was  versified  by  Thomas  the 
Rhymer  of  Erceldoune. 

The  second  part  of  the  History  of 
Prince  Arthur,  compiled  by  sir  T. 
Malory,  is  almost  exclusively  confined 
to  the  adventures  of  sir  Tristram,  as  the 
third  part  is  to  the  adventures  of  sir 
Launcelot  and  the  quest  of  the  holy 
graal  (1470). 

Matthew  Arnold  has  a  poem  entitled 
Tristram ;  and  R.  Wagner,  in  18(55,  pro- 
duced his  opera  of  Tristan  and  Isolde. 

See  Michel,  Tristan ;  Recueil  de  ce  qui 
reste  des  Poem^s  relatifs  a  ses  Aventures 
(1835). 

Tristrem  I'Hermite,  provost-mar- 
shal of  France  in  the  reign  of  Louis  XI. 
Introduced  by  sir  W.  Scott  in  Quentm 
Durward  (1823)  and  in  Anne  of  Geierstein 
(1829). 

Tritheim  (/.),  chronicler  and  theo- 
logian of  Treves,  elected  abbot  of  Span- 
heim  at  the  age  of  22  years.  He  tried 
to  reform  the  monks,  but  produced  a 
revolt,  and  resigned  his  office.  He  was 
then  appointed  abbot  of  Wtirzburg  (1402- 
1510). 

Old  Tritheim,  busied  with  his  class  the  while. 

R.  Browning,  Paraceltut,  L  (1836). 

Triton,  the  sea-trumpeter.  He 
blows  through  a  shell  to  rouse  or  allay 
the  sea.    A  post-Hesiodic  fable. 

Have  sight  of  Proteus  coming  from  the  sea. 
Or  hear  old  Triton  blow  his  wreathed  horn. 

Wordsworth. 

Trito'nia's    Sacred    Fane,   the 

temple  of  Minerva,  which  once  crowned 
"the  marble  steep  of  Sunium  "  or  Co- 
lonna,  the  most  southern  point  of  Attica. 

Ther«  [on  cape  Colonna],  reared  by  fair  deyoUon  to 

sustain 
In  elder  Umes  Tritonia's  sacred  fane.  .  m9«oi 

Falconer,  The  Hhipwreek,  UL  0  (176SV 

Triumvirate  (The)  in  English 
history:  The  duke  of  Marlborough  con- 
trolling foreign  affairs,  lord  Godolphm 
controlling  council  and  parliament,  and 
the  duchess  of  Marlborough  controlling 
the  court  and  queen. 


TRIUMVIRATE  OF  ENGLAND.     1036 


TROJAN. 


Triumvirate  of  England  {The) : 
Gower,  Chaucer,  and  Lydgate,  poets. 

Triumvirate  of  Italian  Poets 
{Tlie) :  Dante,  Boccaccio,  and  Petrarch. 

Boccaccio  wrote  poetry,  without  doubt, 
but  is  now  chiefly  known  as  "  The  Father 
of  Italian  Prose."  These  three  are  more 
correctly  called  the  "  Trecentisti  "  (<?.«.). 

Triv'ia,  Diana;  so  called  because 
she  had  three  faces,  Luna  in  heaven, 
Diana  on  earth,  and  Hecate  in  hell. 

The  noble  Brutus  went  wise  Trivia  to  inquire, 
To  show  them  wh^re  tlie  stock  of  ancient  Troy  to  place. 
M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion,  I  (1612). 

Gay  has  a  poem  in  three  books,  called 
Trivia  or  the  Art  of  Walking  the  Streets 
of  London.  The  first  book  describes  the 
'*  implements  for  walking  and  the  signs 
of  the  weather."  The  second  book  de- 
scribes the  difficulties,  etc.,  of  "walking 
by  day  ; "  and  the  third,  the  dangers  of 
"  walking  by  night "  (1712). 

*j*  "Trivium"has  quite  another  mean- 
ing, being  an  old  theological  term  for  the 
three  elementary  subjects  of  education, 
viz.,  grammar,  rhetoric,  and  logic.  The 
"  quaSrivium  "  embraced  music,  arith- 
metic, geometry,  and  astronomy,  and  the 
two  together  were  called  the  seven  arts 
or  sciences. 

Troglodytes  (3  or  4  syl.).  Accord- 
ing to  Pliny  {Nat.  Hist.,  v.  8),  the  Trog- 
lodytes lived  in  caves  under  ground,  and 
fed  on  serpents.  In  modern  parlance  we 
call  those  who  live  so  secluded  as  not  to 
be  informed  of  the  current  events  of  the 
day,  troglodytes.  Longfellow  calls  ants 
by  the  same  name. 

[Thou  the]  nomadic  tribes  of  ants 

Dost  i)ers»3cute  and  overwhelm 

These  hapless  troglodytes  of  tliy  realm. 

Longfellow,  To  a  Child. 

Troglody'tes  (4  syl.),  one  of  the  mouse 
heroes  in  the  battle  of  the  frogs  and 
mice.  He  slew  Pelion,  and  was  slain  by 
Lymnoc'haris. 

The  strong  Lymnocharis,  who  viewed  with  ire 
A  victor  triumph  and  a  friend  expire  ; 
With  heaving  arms  a  rocky  fragnient  caught, 
And  fiercely  flung  where  Troglodytes  fought  .  .  . 
Full  on  his  sinewy  neck  the  fragnient  fell, 
And  oer  his  eyelids  clouds  eternal  dwell. 
Parnell,  Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice  (about  1712). 

Troil  [Magnus),  the  old  udaller  of 
Zetland. 

Brenda  Troil,  the  udaller's  younger 
daughter.  She  marries  Mordaunt  Mer- 
toun. 

Minna  Troil,  the  udaller's  elder  daugh- 
ter. In  love  with  the  pirate. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  llie  Pirate  (time,  William  III.). 


(A  udaller  is  one  who  holds  his  lands 
by  allodial  tenure.) 

Tro'ilus  (3  syl.),  a  son  of  Priam 
king  of  Troy.  In  the  picture  described 
bj'  Virgil  {JEneid,  i.  474-478),  he  is  repre- 
sented as  having  thrown  down  his  arms 
and  fleeing  in  his  chariot  "  impar  con- 
gressus  Achilli ; "  he  is  pierced  with  a 
lance,  and,  having  fallen  backwards, 
still  holding  the  reins,  the  lance  with 
which  he  is  transfixed  "scratches  the 
sand  over  which  it  trails." 

Chaucer  in  his  Troilus  and  Creseide, 
and  Shakespeare  in  his  drama  of  Troilus 
and  Cressida,  follow  Lollius,  an  old 
Lombard  romancer,  historiographer  of 
Urbi'no,  in  Italy.  Lollius's  tale,  wholly 
unknown  in  classic  fiction,  is  that  Troilus 
falls  in  love  with  Cressid  daughter  of  the 
priest  Chalchas,  and  Pandarus  is  em- 
ployed as  a  go-between.  After  Troilus 
has  obtained  a  promise  of  marriage  from 
the  priest's  daughter,  an  exchange  of 
prisoners  is  arranged,  and  Cressid,  falling 
to  the  lot  of  Diomed,  prefers  her  new 
master  to  her  Trojan  lover. 

Chaucer's  Troilus  and  Creseide  is  not 
one  of  the  Canterbury  Tales,  but  quite 
an  independent  one  in  five  books.  It 
contains  8246  lines,  nearly  3000  of  which 
are  borrowed  from  the  Filostrato  of 
Boccaccio. 

Trois  Chapitres  {Les)  or  The 
TiiKEE  Chapters,  three  theological 
works  on  the  "  Incarnation  of  Christ  and 
His  dual  nature."  The  authors  of  these 
"  chapters"  are  Theodore  of  Mopsuestia, 
Theodoret  of  Cyrrhus,  and  Ibas  of  Edessa. 
The  work  was  condemned  in  653  as  here- 
tical, 

Trois  Echelles,  executioner. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Quentin  Durward  and  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Trois  Eveches  {Les)  or  The 
Three  Bishoprics,  Metz,  Toul,  and 
Verdun.  They  for  a  long  time  belonged 
to  Germany,  but  in  1552  were  united  to 
France ;  in  1871  Metz  was  restored  to 
the  German  empire. 

Trojan,  a  good  boon  companion,  a 
plucky  fellow  or  man  of  spirit.  Gads- 
hill  says,  "  There  are  other  Trojans  \jnen 
of  spirif]  that  ...  for  sport  sake  are 
content  to  do  the  profession  [of  thieviwi] 
some  grace."  So  in  Love's  Labour's  Lost, 
"Unless  you  play  the  honest  Trojan, 
the  poor  wench  is  cast  away"  (unless 
you  are  a  man  of  sutlirieMl;  spirit  to  i.ct 
honestly,  the  girl  is  ruined). 


TROMATHON. 


1037 


TROUILLOGAN. 


"lie's  a  regular  Trojan,"  means  lie  is 
un  brave  homme,  a  capital  fellow. 

Trom'athon,  a  desert  island,  one  of 
the  Orkney  group. — Ossian,  Oithona. 

Trompart,  a  lazy  but  wily-witted 
knave,  grown  old  in  cunning.  He  ac- 
companies Braggadoccio  as  his  'squire 
(bk.  ii.  3),  but  took  to  his  heels  v/hen 
Talus  shaved  the  master,  "reft  his 
shield,"  blotted  out  his  arms,  and  broke 
his  sword  in  twain.  Being  overtaken, 
Talus  gave  him  a  sound  drubbing  (bk.  v. 
3).— Spenser,  Faery  Queen  (1690-6). 

Trondjem's  Cattle  {Remember  the 
bishop  of),  i.e.  look  sharp  after  your 
property  ;  take  heed,  or  you  will  suffer 
for  it.  The  story  is,  a  certain  bishop  of 
Trondjem  ITron'.yem']  lost  his  cattle  by 
the  herdsman  taking  his  eye  off  them  to 
look  at  an  elk.  Now,  this  elk  was  a  spirit, 
and  when  the  herdsman  looked  at  the 
cattle  again  they  were  no  bigger  than 
mice ;  again  he  turned  towards  the  elk, 
in  order  to  understand  the  mystery,  and, 
while  he  did  so,  the  cattle  all  vanished 
through  a  crevice  into  the  earth. — Miss 
Martineau,  Feats  on  the  Fiord  (1839). 

Troph.o'iiios,  the  architect  of  the 
temple  of  Apollo,  at  Delphi.  After 
death,  he  was  worshipped,  and  had  a 
famous  cave  near  Lebadia,  called  "  The 
Oracle  of  Trophonios." 

The  mouth  of  this  cave  was  three  yards  high  and  two 
wide.  Those  wlio  coiisulteil  tlie  oracle  liad  to  fast 
several  days,  and  then  to  descend  a  steep  liidder  till  they 
reached  a  narrow  gullet.  Tliey  were  then  seized  hy  the 
feet,  and  dragged  violently  to  the  bottom  of  the  cave, 
where  they  were  assailed  by  the  most  unearthly  noises, 
bowlings,  shrieks,  bellowings,  with  lurid  lights  and 
sudden  glares,  in  the  midst  of  whUli  uproar  and  phan- 
tasmagoria the  oracle  was  pronounced.  The  votaries  were 
then  seized  unexpectedly  by  the  feet,  and  thrust  out  of  the 
cave  without  ceremony.  If  any  resisted,  or  attempted  to 
enter  in  any  other  way,  he  was  instantly  murdered. — 
Plutarch,  Lives. 

Trotley  (Sir  John),  an  old-fashioned 
coimtry  gentleman,  who  actually  prefers 
the  obsolete  English  notions  of  domestic 
life,  fidelity  to  wives  and  husbands, 
modesty  in  maids,  and  constancy  in 
lovers,  to  the  foreign  free  and  easy 
manners  which  allow  married  people 
unlimited  freedom,  and  consider  licen- 
tiousness bon  ton. — Garrick,  Bon  Ton 
(1776).     (See  Priory,  p.  793.) 

Trotter  [Job),  servant  to  Alfred 
Jingle.  A  sly,  canting  rascal,  who  has 
at  least  the  virtue  of  fidelity  to  his 
master.  Mr.  Pickwick's  generosity 
touches  his  heart,  and  he  shows  a  sincere 
gratitude  to  his  benefactor. — C.  Dickens, 
Tlie  Fickwick  Papers  (1836). 


Trotter  (Nelly),  fishwoman  at  old  St. 
Ronan's.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Jionan's  Well 
(time,  George  III.). 

Trotters,  the  Punch  and  Judy  show- 
man ;  a  little,  good-natured,  unsuspicious 
man,  very  unlike  his  misanthropic  com- 
panion, Thomas  Codlin,  who  played  the 
panpipes  and  collected  the  money. 

His  real  name  was  Harris,  but  It  had  graduallr 
merged  into  Trotters,  with  the  prefatory  adjecUvo 
'■  Short,"  by  reason  of  the  small  size  of  his  legs.  Short 
Trotters,  however,  being  a  compound  name.  Incon- 
venient in  friendly  dialogue,  he  was  called  either  Trolten 
or  Short,  and  never  Short  Trotters,  except  on  occasions 
of  ceremony.— C.  Dickens,  The  Old,  Curiotity  Shop,  xvii. 
(1840). 

Trotty,  the  sobriquet  of  Toby  Vcck, 
ticket-porter  and  jobman. 

They  called  him  Trotty  from  his  pace,  which  meant 
speed,  if  it  didn't  make  it.  He  could  have  walked 
faster,  perhaps ;  most  likely ;  but  rob  him  of  his  trot, 
and  Toby  would  have  taken  to  his  bed  and  died.  It 
bespattered  him  with  mud  in  dirty  weather  ;  It  cost  him 
a  world  of  trouble  ;  he  could  have  walked  with  infinitely 
greater  ease ;  but  that  was  one  reason  for  his  clinging  to 
his  trot  so  tenaciously.  A  weak,  small,  spare  old  man ; 
he  was  a  very  Herculfis,  this  Toby,  in  his  good  iuten- 
Uons.— C.  Dickens,  The  Chimes,  I  (1844). 

Trotwood  (Betsey),  usually  called 
"Miss  Betsey,"  great-aunt  of  David 
Copperfield.  Her  idiosyncrasy  was  don- 
keys. A  dozen  times  a  day  would  she 
rush  on  the  green  before  her  house  to 
drive  off  the  donkeys  and  donkey-boys. 
She  was  a  most  kind-hearted,  worfiby 
woman,  who  concealed  her  tenderness  of 
heart  under  a  snappish  austerity  of 
manner.  Miss  Betsey  was  the  true  friend 
of  David  Copperfield.  She  married  in 
her  young  days  a  handsome  man,  who 
ill-used  her  and  ran  away,  but  preyed  on 
her  for  money  till  he  died. — C.  Dickens, 
David  Copperfield  (1849). 

Trouil'logan,  a  philosopher,  whose 
advice  was,  "Do  as  you  like."  Panurge 
asked  the  sage  if  he  advised  him  to 
marry.  "Yes,"  said  Trouillogan.  "What 
say  you?"  asked  the  prince.  "Let  it 
alone,"  replied  the  sage.  "  Which  would 
you  advise?"  inquired  the  prince. 
" Neither,"  said  the  sage.  "Neither?" 
cried  Panurge ;  "  that  cannot  be." 
"Then  both,"  replied  Trouillogan. 
Panurge  then  consulted  several  others, 
and  at  last  the  oracle  of  the  Holy 
Bottle.— Rabelais,  Fantagruel^  iii.  35 
(1645). 

Molifere  has  introduced  this  joke  in  his 
Mariage  Forc€  (1664).  Sganare  .e  asks 
his  friend  Geronimo  if  he  would  advise 
him  to  marry,  and  he  answers,  "  No." 
"But,"  says  the  old  man,  "I  like  the 
young  woman."  "Then  marry  her  by 
all  means."  "That  is  your  advice?" 
says  Sganarelle.    "  My  advice  is  do  ai 


TROVATORE. 


1038 


TRUNNION. 


you  like,"  says  the  friend.  Sganarelle 
next  consults  two  philosophers,  then 
some  gipsies,  then  declines  to  marry, 
and  is  at  last  compelled  to  do  so,  nolens 
volens. 

Trovato're  (4  syl.)  or  "  The  Trou- 
badour "  is  Manri'co,  the  supposed  son  of 
Azuce'na  the  gipsy,  but  in  reality  the 
son  of  Garzia  (brother  of  the  conte  di 
Luna).  The  princess  Leono'ra  falls  in 
love  with  the  troubadour,  but  the  count, 
entertaining  a  base  passion  for  her,  is 
about  to  put  Manrico  to  death,  when 
Leonora  intercedes  on  his  behalf,  and 
promises  to  give  herself  to  him  if  he  will 
spare  her  lover.  The  count  consents  ; 
but  while  he  goes  to  release  his  captive, 
Leonora  kills  herself  by  sucking  poison 
from  a  ring.  When  Manrico  discovers 
this  sad  calamity,  he  dies  also. — Verdi, 
//  Trovatore  (1863). 

(This  opera  is  based  on  the  drama  of 
Gargia  Guttierez^  a  fifteenth  century 
story.) 

Troxartas  (3  syl.),  king  of  the  mice 
and  father  of  Psycarpax  who  was 
drowned.  The  word  means  *'  bread- 
eater." 

Fix  their  counsel  .  .  . 
Where  great  Troxartas  crowned  in  glory  reigns  .  .  • 
psycarpax'  father,  father  now  no  morel 
I'arnell,  Battle  of  the  tVogs  and  Mice,  L  (about  1712). 

Troy's  Six  Gates  were  (according 
to  Theobald)  Dardan,  Thymbria,  Ilia, 
Scaea,  Trojan,  and  Antenorides. 

Priam's  six-gat«d  city : 
Dardan,  and  Tymbria,  Helias,  Chetas,  Troien, 
And  Antenoridfes. 
Shakespeare,   I'roilut  and   Cresiida  (proL,  1602). 
His  cyte  compassed  enuyrowne 
Hadde  gates  VI.  to  entre  into  the  townee 
The  firste  of  all  .  .  .  was  .  .  .  called  DjirdanydCs ; 
.  .  .  Tymbria  was  named  the  seconde  ; 
And  the  thyrde  oalJed  Helyas ; 
The  fourthe  gate  hyghte  also  Cetheas ; 
The  fyfthe  Trojana;  syxth  Anthonyd^s. 

Lydgate.  Troy  Boke  (1613). 

Troy'novant  or  New  Troy,  Lon- 
don. This  blunder  arose  from  a  con- 
fusion of  the  old  British  tri-nouhant, 
meaning  "  new  town,"  with  Troy  novant, 
♦'new  Troy."  This  blunder  gave  rise  to 
the  historic  fable  about  Brute,  a  descend- 
ant of  JEne'aSy  colonizing  the  island. 

For  noble  Britons  sprong  from  Trojans  bold. 
And  Troy-uovant  was  built  of  old  Troyes  ashes  cold. 
Spenser,  Faer^  Queen,  iiL  3  (1590). 

Trudge,  in  Love  in  a  Bottle,  by  Far- 
quhar  (1(J98). 

True  Thomas,  Thomas  the  Rhymer. 
So  called  from  his  prophecies,  the  most 
noted  of  which  was  his  prediction  of  the 
death  of    Alexander  III.   of    Scotland, 


made  to  the  earl  of  March.  It  is  re- 
corded in  the  Scotichronicon  of  Fordun 
(1430). 

Trueworth,  brother  of  Lydia,  and 
friend  of  sir  William  Fondlove. — S. 
Knowles,  The  LoVe-Chase  (1837). 

Trull  {Dolly).  Captain  Macheath 
says  of  her,  "  She  is  always  so  taken  up 
with  stealing  hearts,  that  she  does  not 
allow  herself  time  to  steal  anything 
else "  (act  ii.  1). — Gay,  The  Beggar's 
Opera  (1727). 

Trulla,  the  daughter  of  James 
Spencer,  a  quaker.  She  was  first  dis- 
honoured by  her  father,  and  then  by 
Simeon  Wait  (or  Magna'no)  the  tinker. 

He  Trulla  loved,  Trulla  more  bright 
Than  burnished  armour  of  her  knight, 
A  bold  virago,  stout  and  UxW 
As  Joau  of  France  or  English  MalL 

S.  BuUer,  Hudibrat,  i.  2  (1663). 

Trul'liber  (Parson),  a  fat  clergy- 
man ;  ignorant,  selfish,  and  slothful. — 
Fielding,  'The  Adventures  of  Joseph 
Andrews  (1742). 

Parson  Barnabas,  Parson  Tnilliber,  sir  Wilful  Wit- 
would,  sir  Francis  Wronghead,  squire  Western,  squire 
Sullen ;  such  were  the  people  who  composed  the  main 
strength  of  the  tory  party  for  sixty  years  after  the  Revo- 
lution. — MacauUy . 

♦**  "Sir  Wilful  Witwould,"  in  The 
Way  of  the  World,  by  Congreve  ;  "sir 
Francis  Wronghead,"  in  The  Provoked 
Husband,  by  C. Gibber ;  "squire  Western," 
in  Tom  Jones,  by  Fielding ;  "  squire 
Sullen,"  in  The  Beaux'  Stratagem,  by 
Farquhar. 

Trunnion  {Commodore  Hawser),  a 
one-eyed  naval  veteran,  who  has  retired 
from  the  service  in  consequence  of  in- 
juries received  in  engagements  ;  but  he 
still  keeps  garrison  in  his  own  house, 
which  is  defended  with  drawbridge  and 
ditch.  He  sleeps  in  a  hammock,  and 
makes  his  servants  sleep  in  hammocks, 
as  on  board  ship,  takes  his  turn  on 
watch,  and  indulges  his  naval  tastes  in 
various  other  ways.  Lieutenant  Jack 
Hatchway  is  his  companion.  When  he 
went  to  be  married,  he  rode  on  a  hunter 
which  he  steered  like  a  ship,  according 
to  the  compass,  tacking  about,  that  he 
might  not  "  go  right  in  the  wind's  eye." 
— T.  Smollett,  The  Adventures  of  Pere- 
grine Pickle  (1750). 

It  is  vain  to  criticize  the  manoeuvre  of  Trunnion,  tacking 
his  way  to  church  on  his  wedding  day,  in  consequence  of 
a  head  ynixi.—Kncyc.  Brit.,  Art.  "  Romance." 

*^*  Dickens  has  imitated  this  in  Wem- 
mick's  house,  which  had  flag  and  draw- 
bridge, fortress  and  gun  in  miniature ; 


TRUSTY. 


TULKINGHORN. 


but  the  conceit  is  more  suited  to  *'a 
naval  veteran"  than  a  lawyer's  clerk. 
(See  Wemmick.) 

Trusty  (Mrs.),  landlady  of  the 
Queen's  Arms,  Romford.  Motherly, 
most  kind-hearted,  a  capital  caterer, 
whose  ale  was  noted.  Bess  *'  the  beg- 
gar's daughter"  took  refuge  with  her,  and 
was  most  kindly  treated.  Mrs.  Trusty 
wished  her  son  Ralph  to  take  Bess  to 
wife,  but  Bess  had  given  her  heart  to 
Wilford,  the  son  of  lord  Woodvillc,  her 
cousin. — S.  Knowles,  The  Beggar  of 
Bethnal  Green  (1834). 

Truth  in  a  Well.  Cicero  says, 
"  Naturam  accusa,  quae  in  prof  undo 
veritatem,  ut  ait  Democritus,  penitus 
abstruseris." — Academics,  i.  10. 

Cleanthes  is  also  credited  with  the 
phrase. 

Tryamour  {Sir)^  the  hero  of  an  old 
metrical  novel,  and  the  model  of  all 
knightly  virtues. 

Try'anon,  daughter  of  the  fairy 
king  w^o  lived  on  the  island  of  Ole'ron. 
"  She  was  as  white  as  a  lily  in  May,  or 
snow  that  snoweth  on  winter's  day,"  and 
her  "haire  shone  as  golde  wire."  This 
paragon  of  beauty  married  sir  Launfal, 
king  Arthur's  steward,  whom  she  carried 
off  to  "  Oliroun,  her  jolif  isle." — Thomas 
Chestre,  Sir  Launfal  (fifteenth  century). 

Trygon,  a  poisonous  fish.  Ulysses 
was  accidentally  killed  by  his  son  Tele- 
gOnos  with  an  arrow  pointed  with 
trygon-bone. 

The  lord  of  IthSca. 
Struck  by  the  poisonous  trygon 's  bone,  expired. 
West,  Triumphs  of  the  Gout  ("Lucian,"  1750). 

Tryphon,  the  sea-god's  physician. 

They  send  in  haste  for  Tr)phon,  to  apply 
Salves  to  his  wounds,  and  medicines  of  might ; 
For  Tryphon  of  sea-gods  the  sovereign  leech  is  hight. 
Spenser,  faery  Queen,  iii.  4  (ISaO). 

Tubal,  a  wealthy  Jew,  the  friend  of 
Shylock. — Shakespeare,  The  Merchant  of 
Venice  (a  drama,  1598). 

Tuck,  a  long,  narrow  sword  (Gaelic 
tnca,  Welsh  twca,  Italian  stocco,  French 
estoc).  In  Hamlet  the  word  "tuck"  is 
erroneously  printed  stuck  in  Malone's 
edition. 

If  he  by  chance  escape  your  venomed  tuck, 
Our  purpose  may  hold  there. 

Shakespeare,  Hamlet,  act  iv.  sc.  7. 

Tuck  {Friar),  the  "  curtal  friar  of 
Fountain's  Abbey,"  was  the  father  con- 
fessor of  Robin  Hood.  He  is  represented 
tis  a  sleek-headed,  pudgy,  paunchy,  pug- 


nacious clerical  Falstaff,  very  fat  and 
self-indulgent,  very  humorous,  and  some- 
what coarse.  His  dress  was  a  russet 
habit  of  the  Franciscan  order,  a  red 
corded  girdle  with  gold  tassel,  red  stock- 
ings, and  a  wallet. 

Sir  Walter  Scott,  in  his  Jvanhoe,  calls 
him  the  holy  clerk  of  Copnianhurst,  and 
describes  him  as  a  "  large,  strong-built 
man  in  a  sackcloth  gown  and  hood,  girt 
with  a  rope  of  rushes."  He  had  a  round, 
bullet  head,  and  his  close-shaven  crown 
wa,s  edged  with  thick,  stifle,  curly  black 
hair.  His  countenance  was  bluff  and 
jovial,  eyebrows  black  and  bushy,  fore- 
head well-turned,  cheeks  round  and 
ruddy,  beard  long,  curly,  and  black, 
form  brawny  (ch.  xv.). 

In  the  May-day  morris-dance,  the  friar 
is  introduced  in  full  clerical  tonsure,  with 
the  chaplet  of  white  and  red  beads  in  his 
right  hand,  a  corded  girdle  about  his 
waist,  and  a  russet  robe  of  the  Francis- 
can order.  His  stockings  red,  his  girdle 
red  ornamented  with  gold  twist  and  a 
golden  tassel.  At  his  girdle  hung  a 
wallet  for  the  reception  of  provisions, 
for  "  Walleteers  "  had  no  other  food  but 
what  they  received  from  begging.  Friar 
Tuck  was  chaplain  to  Robin  Hood  the 
May-king.     (See  Morris-Dance.) 

In  this  our  spacious  isle,  I  think  there  Is  not  one 
But  he  hath  heard  some  talk  of  Hood  and  Little  John ; 
Of  Tuck,  the  merry  friar,  which  many  a  sennon  made 
In  praise  of  Robin  Hood,  his  outlaws,  and  their  trade. 
Drayton,  Folyolbion,  xxvL  (1622). 

Tud  {Morgan),  chief  physician  of  king 
Arthur. — Tlie  Mabinogion  ("  Geraint," 
twelfth  century). 

Tug  {Tom),  the  waterman,  a  straight- 
forward, honest  young  man,  who  loves 
Wilelmi'na  the  daughter  of  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bundle,  and  when  he  won  the 
waterman's  badge  in  rowing,  he  won  the 
consent  of  "  the  gardener's  daughter"  to 
become  his  loving  and  faithful  wife. — C. 
Dibdin,  The  Waterman  (1774). 

Tukely,  the  lover  of  Sophia.  As 
Sophia  has  a  partiality' to  the  Hon.  Mr. 
Daffodil,  "the  male  coquette,"  Tukelv 
dresses  in  woman's  clothes,  makes  an 
appointment  with  Daffodil,  and  gets  him 
to  slander  Sophia  and  other  ladies,  con- 
cealed among  the  trees.  They  thus  hear 
his  slanders,  and,  presenting  theniselvei 
before  him,  laugh  him  to  scorn.— Garrick, 
Tlw  Male  Coquette  (1758). 

Tulk'inghorn  {Mr.),  attomey-at- 
law  and  legal  adviser  of  the  Dedlocks. 
Very  silent,  and  perfectly  self-contained, 
but,  knowing  lady  Dedlock's  secret,  heis 


TULLY. 


1040 


TURKOMANS. 


like  the  sword  of  Dam'ocles  over  her 
head,  and  she  lives  in  ceaseless  dread  of 
him.— C.  Dickens,  Bieak  House  (1852). 

Tully,  Marcus  Tullius  Cicero,  the 
great  Roman  orator  (b.c.  106^3).  He 
was  proscribed  by  Antony,  one  of  the 
triumvirate,  and  his  head  and  hands,  being 
cut  off,  were  nailed  by  the  orders  of 
Antony  to  the  Rostra  of  Rome. 

Ye  fond  adorers  of  departed  fame. 

Who  warm  at  Scii>io's  worth  or  Tally's  name. 

Campbell,  Pleaturet  of  Hope,  i.  (1799). 

The  Judas  who  betrayed  Tully  to  the 
sicarii  was  a  cobbler.  The  man  who 
murdered  him  was  named  Herennius. 

Tun  {The  Heidelberg)  or  The  Tun 
OF  EuPACii,  a  large  butt,  which  holds 
four  score  hogsheads. 

Quid  vetat  Erpachium  vas  annumerare  vetustii 

Miraclis?    Quo  noii  vastius  orbis  habet ; 

Dixeris  hoc  recte  Pelagug  viniqiie  paludem  ; 

Nectare  qu%  Bacchi  nocte  dieque  tluit. 

Althamar. 
Of  all  earth's  wonders,  Erpach's  monstrous  tun 
I  deem  to  be  the  most  astounding  one  ; 
A  sea  of  wine  'twill  hold.     You  siiy  aright, 
A  sea  of  nectar  flows  there  day  and  night. 

E.C.B. 

*^*  The  Cistertian  tun,  made  by  the 
order  of  St.  Bernard,  contained  300  hogs- 
heads.— Robert  Cenault,  De  Vera  Mensu- 
rarum  Fonderumque  Jiatione  (1647). 

IVie  tun  of  Clervaujc  contained  as  many 
hogsheads  as  there  are  days  in  a  year. — 
Furetiere,  art.  "  Tonne." 

St.  BeneVs  tun  ("la  sacre  botte  de  St. 
Benoist"),  still  to  be  seen  at  the  Benedic- 
tines of  Bologna-on-the-Sea,  is  about  the 
same  size  as  that  of  Clervaux. — Menage, 
art.  "Couteille." 

"I  will  drink,"  said  the  friar  [John\  "both  to  thee 
and  to  tliy  liorse.  ...  1  have  already  supped,  yet  will  I 
eiit  never  a  wliit  the  less  for  that,  for  1  liave  a  paved 
stomacli  as  hollow  as  .  .  .  St.  Benet's  boot  "—Rabelais, 
Oargantua,  i.  39  (1533). 

*^*  St.  Benet's  "boot"  means  St. 
Benet's  botte  or  "  butt,"  and  to  this  Long- 
fellow refers  in  The  Golden  Legend,  when 
he  speaks  of  "the  rascal  \^friar  John} 
who  drank  wine  out  of  a  boot." 

Tun  gay,  the  one-legged  man  at 
Salem  House. 

He  generally  acted,  with  his  strong  voice,  as  Mr.  Creakle's 
interpreter  to  the  boys.— C.  Dickens,  David  Copperfield. 
Ti.(1849). 

Tunstall  (Frank),  one  of  the  appren- 
tices of  David  Ramsay,  the  watch jiiaker. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Fortunes  of  Nigel 
(time,  James  I.). 

Tupman  (Tracy),  M.P.C.,  a  sleek, 
fat  young  man,  of  very  amorous  disposi- 
tion. He  falls  in  love  with  every  pretty 
giil  he  sees,  and  is  consequently  always 


getting  into   trouble. — C.    Dickens,   T/te 
Pickwick  Tapers  (1836). 

Tura,  a  castle  of  Ulster. — Ossian, 
Fingal. 

Turbulent  School  of  Fiction 
(The),  a  school  of  German  romance 
writers,  who  returned  to  the  feudal  ages, 
and  wrote  between  1780  and  1800  in  the 
style  of  Mrs.  Radcliffe.  The  best  known 
are  Cramer,  Spiers,  Schlenkert,  and  Veit 
Weber. 

Turcaret,  a  comedy  by  Lesage 
(1708),  in  which  the  farmers-general  of 
France  are  gibbeted  unmercifully.  He 
is  a  coarse,  illiterate  man,  who  has 
grown  rich  by  his  trade.  Any  one  who 
has  risen  from  nothing  to  great  wealth, 
and  has  no  merit  beyond  money-making, 
is  called  a  Turcaret. 

Turcos,  native  Algerian  infantry 
officered  by  Frenchmen.  The  cavalry 
are  called  Spahis. 

Turk  Gregory,  Gregory  VII.  (Hil- 
debrand) ;  so  called  for  his  furious  raid 
upon  royal  prerogatives,  especially  his 
contest  with  the  emperor  [of  Germany] 
on  the  subject  of  investiture.  In  1075 
he  summoned  the  emperor  Henry  IV.  to 
Rome  ;  the  emperor  refused  to  obey  the 
summons,  the  pope  excommunicated  him, 
and  absolved  all  his  subjects  from  their 
allegiance ;  he  next  declared  Henry  de- 
throned, and  elected  a  new  kaiser,  but 
Henry,  finding  resistance  in  vain,  begged 
to  be  reconciled  to  the  pope.  He  was  now 
commanded,  in  the  midst  of  a  severe 
winter,  to  present  himself,  with  Bertha 
his  wife,  and  their  infant  son,  at  the 
castle  of  Canossa,  in  Lombardy ;  and 
here  they  had  to  stand  three  days  in  the 
piercing  cold  before  the  pope  would  con- 
descend to  see  him,  but  at  last  the  proud 
prelate  removed  the  excommunication, 
and  Henry  was  restored  to  his  throne. 

Turkish  Spy  (TAe),  Mahmut,  who 
lived  forty-five  years  undiscovered  in 
Paris,  unfolding  *  the  intrigues  of  the 
Christian  courts,  between  1G37  and  1682. 
The  author  of  this  romance  is  Giovanni 
Paolo  Mara'na,  aijd  he  makes  it  the 
medium  of  an  historical  novel  of  th« 
period  (1684). 

*^*  Ward  wrote  an  imitation  of  the 
book,  which  he  called  The  London  Spy. 

Turkomans,  a  corruption  of  Turk- 
imams  ("  Turks  of  the  true  faith  ").  The 
first  chief  of  ihe  Turks  who  embraced 
Islam  called  his  people  so  to  distinguish 


TURN  THE  TABLES. 


1041 


TURQUINE. 


them  from  the  Turks  who  had  not  em- 
braced that  faith. 

Turn  the  Tables,  to  rebut  a  charge 
by  a  counter-charge,  so  that  the  accused 
becomes  in  turn  the  accuser,  and  the 
blamed  charges  the  blamcr. — See  Dic- 
tionary of  Phrase  and  Fable,  873. 

It  enahles 
A  matron,  who  her  husband's  foible  knows. 
By  a  few  timely  words  to  turn  tlie  tables. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  L  75. 

Turnabout  (The),  the  Times  news- 
paper. The  editor,  T.  Barnes,  was  called 
*'  Mr.  T.  Bounce." 

TurnbuU  (Michael),  the  Douglas's 
dark  huntsman. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle 
Dangerous   (time,  Henry  I.). 

TurnbuU  {Mr.  Thomas),  also  called 
*'  Tom  Turnpenny,"  a  canting  smuggler 
and  schoolmaster. — Sir  W.  Scott,  lied- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Tumip-Hoer,  George  I.  So  called 
because,  when  he  first  came  over  to  Eng- 
land, he  proposed  planting  St.  James's 
Park  with  turnips  (1G60,  1714-1727). 

Turnpenny  {Mr.),  banker  at  March- 
thorn.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St.  Rman's  Well 
(time,  George  IH.). 

Turnpenny  {Tom),  also  called  "Thomas 
TurnbuU,"  a  canting  smuggler  and  school- 
master.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Redgauntlet  (time, 
George  III.). 

Turntippit  {Old  lord),  one  of  the 
privy  council  in  the  reign  of  William  III. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor 
(1819). 

Turon,  the  son  of  Brute's  sister,  slew 
600  Aquitanians  with  his  own  hand  in 
one  single  fight. 

Where  Turon,  .  .  .  Brute's  sister's  yaliant  son,  .  .  . 
Bix  hundred  slew  outright  thro'  his  peculiar  strength ; 
By  multitudes  of  men,  yet  overpressed  at  length, 
His  noble  uncle  there,  to  his  immortal  name 
The  city  Xuroit  [2'oi*r«]  built,  and  well  endowed  the  same. 
Drayton,  Polyolblon,  i.  (1612). 

Turpin,  a  churlish  knight,  who  re- 
fuses hospitality  to  sir  Calepine  and 
Serena,  although  solicited  to  do  so  by 
his  wife  Blanida  (bk.  vi.  3).  Serena  told 
prince  Arthur  of  this  discourtesy,  and 
the  prince,  after  chastising  Turpin,  dis- 
knighted  him,  and  prohibited  him  from 
bearing  arms  ever  after  (bk.  vi.  7).  The 
disgraced  churl  now  vowed  revenge ; 
so  off  he  starts,  and  seeing  two  knights, 
complains  to  them  of  the  wrongs  done 
to  himself  and  his  dame  by  "a  recreant 
knight,"  whom  he  points  out  to  them. 
The  two  champions  instantly  challenge 


the  prince  •«  as  a  foul  woman-wronger, *• 
and  defy  him  to  combat.  One  of  the 
two  champions  is  soon  slain,  and  the  other 
overthrown,  but  is  spared  on  craving  bin 
life.  The  survivor  now  returns  to  Turpin 
to  relate  his  misadventure,  and  when  they 
reach  the  dead  body  see  Arthur  asleep. 
Turpin  proposes  to  kill  him,  but  Arthur 
starts  up  and  hangs  the  rascal  on  a  tree 
(bk.  vi.  7).— Spenser,  Faery  Queen  (1596). 

Turpin,  "  archbishop  of  Rheims,"  the 
hypothetical  author  of  a  Chronicle,  pur- 
porting to  be  a  history  of  Charlemagne's 
Spanish  adventures  in  777,  by  a  con- 
temporary. This  fiction  was  declared 
authentic  and  genuine  by  pope  Calixtua 
II.  in  1122,  but  it  is  now  generally  at- 
tributed to  a  canon  of  Barcelona  in  the 
eleventh  century. 

The  tale  says  that  Charlemagne  went 
to  Spain  in  777,  to  defend  one  of  his  allies 
from  the  aggressions  of  a  neighbouring 
prince.  Having  conquered  Navarre  and 
Aragon,  he  returned  to  France.  He  then 
crossed  the  Pyrenees,  and  invested  Pam- 
peluna  for  three  months,  but  without 
success.  He  tried  the  effect  of  prayer, 
and  the  walls,  like  those  of  Jericho,  fell 
down  of  their  own  accord.  Those  Sara- 
cens who  consented  to  be  baptized,  he 
spared,  but  the  rest  were  put  to  the  sword. 
Being  master  of  Pampeluna,  the  hero 
visited  the  sarcophagus  of  James  ;  and 
Turpin,  who  accompanied  him,  baptized 
most  of  the  neighbourhood.  Charle- 
magne then  led  back  his  army  over  the 
Pyrenees,  the  rear  being  under  the  com- 
mand of  Roland.  The  main  army  reached 
France  in  safety,  but  50,000  Saracens  fell 
on  the  rear,  and  none  escaped. 

Turpin  {Dick),  a  noted  highwayman, 
executed  at  York  (1739). 

Ainsworth  has  introduced  into  Hook- 
wood  Turpin's  famous  ride  to  York  on  his 
steed  Black  Bess.  It  is  said  that  Maginn 
really  wrote  this  powerful  description 
(1834). 

Turpin  { The  French  Dick)  is  Cartouche, 
an  eighteenth  century  highwayman.  W. 
H.  Ainsworth  made  him  the  hero  of  a 
romance  (1841). 

Tur'quine  {Sir)  had  sixty-four  of 
king  Arthur's  knights  in  prison,  all  of 
whom  he  had  vanquished  by  his  own  hand. 
He  hated  sir  Launcelot,  because  he  had 
slain  his  brother,  sir  Car'ados,  at  the 
Dolorous  Tower.  Sir  launcelot  chal- 
lenged sir  Turquine  to  a  trial  of  strength, 
and  slew  him,  after  which  he  liberated 
3  X 


TURQUOISE. 


1042  TWELVE  APOSTLES  OF  IRELAND. 


the  captive  knights.— Sir  T.  Malorj'-, 
History  of  Prince  Arthur^  i.  108-110 
(1470). 

Turquoise  (2  syl.),  a  precious  stone 
found  in  Persia.  Sundry  virtues  are 
attached  to  it :  (1)  It  indicates  by  its  hue 
the  state  of  the  wearer's  health  ;  (2)  it 
indicates  by  its  change  of  lustre  if  any 
peril  awaits  the  wearer ;  (3)  it  removes 
animosity  between  the  giver  and  the  re- 
ceiver ;  (4)  it  rouses  the  sexual  passion, 
and  hence  Leah  gave  a  turquoise  ring 
to  Shy  lock  "  when  he  was  a  bachelor," 
in  order  to  make  him  propose  to  her. — 
See  Thomas  Nicols,  Lapidary. 

Tur'veydrop  {Mr.),  a  selfish,  self- 
indulgent,  conceited  dancing-master,  who 
imposes  on  the  world  by  his  majestic 
appearance  and  elaborate  toilette.  He 
lives  on  the  earnings  of  his  son  (named 
Prince,  after  the  prince  regent),  who 
reveres  him  as  a  perfect  model  of  "de- 
portment."— C.  Dickens,  Bleak  House 
(1862). 

The  proudest  depcarted  from  the  cover  of  their  habitual 
reserve,  and  from  the  maintenance  of  that  staid  deport- 
ment whicli  tlie  Oriental  Turveydrop  considers  ti»e  best 
proof  of  iiigh  state  and  regal  dignity.— W.  H.  Russell,  The 
Prince  of  Tourt,  etc.  (1877). 

Tuscan  Poet  (The),  Ludovico 
Ariosto,  born  at  Reggio,  in  Modena 
(1474-1533).  Noted  for  his  poem  en- 
titled Orlando  Furioso  (in  French  called 
Boland). 

The  Tuscan  poet  doth  advance 
The  frantic  paladin  of  France. 

M.  Drayton,  Nymphidia  (1563-1631). 

Tuti villus,  the  demon  who  collects 
all  the  fragments  of  words  omitted, 
mutilated,  or  mispronounced  by  priests 
in  the  performance  of  religious  services, 
and  stores  them  up  in  that  "  bottomless  " 
pit  which  is  "paved  with  good  inten- 
tions."— Langland,  Vision  of  Piers  Plow- 
man, 547  (1362)  ;  and  the  Townley 
Mysteries,  310,  319,  etc. 

Tutsan,  a  corruption  of  la  touts  saine ; 
the  botanical  name  is  Hyper  icon  Androsa'- 
mum.  The  leaves  applied  to  fresh  wounds 
are  sanative.  St.  John's  wort  is  of  the 
same  family,  and  that  called  Perfo7'a'tum 
used  to  be  called  Fuga  dcemonum,  from 
the  supposition  of  its  use  in  maniacal 
disorders,  and  a  charm  against  evil  spirits. 

The  hermit  gathers  .  .  . 

The  healing  tutsan  then,  and  plantane  for  a  sore. 
Drayton,  I'olyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

(The  plantain  or  plantago  is  astringent, 
and  very  good  for  cuts  and  other  sores.) 

Twain  {Mark),  S,  L-  Clemens. 

Twajjgdillo,  the  fiddler,  in  Somer- 


ville's  Hobbinol,  a  burlesque  poem  in  three 
cantos.  Twangdillo  had  lost  one  leg  and 
one  eye  by  a  stroke  of  lightning  on  the 
banks  of  the  Ister,  but  was  still  merry- 
hearted. 

He  tickles  every  string  to  every  note ; 
He  liends  his  pliant  neck,  his  single  eye 
Twinkles  with  joy,  his  active  stump  beats  time. 

Ilobbiiwl  or  The  Jiural  Games,  i.  (1740). 

Tweed,  a  cloth  woven  diagonally ;  a 
mere  blunder  for  "  twill." 

It  was  the  word  "  tweels"  blotted  and  ill-written  on  an 
invoice,  which  gave  rise  to  the  now  familiar  name  of 
"tweed."  It  was  adopted  by  James  Locke,  of  London, 
after  the  error  was  discovered,  as  especially  suitable  to 
these  goods  so  largely  manufactured  on  the  banks  of  the 
Tweed. — The  Border  Advert  iter. 

Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee. 

The  prince  of  Wales  was  the  leader  of 
the  Handel  party,  supported  by  Pope  and 
Dr.  Arbuthnot ;  and  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough led  the  Bononcinists,  and  was 
supported  by  most  of  the  nobility. 

Some  say,  compared  to  Bononcini, 
Tliat  mynheer  Handel's  but  a  ninny ; 
Others  aver  that  he  to  Handel 
Is  scarcely  fit  to  hold  a  candle  ; 
Strange  all  this  difference  should  be 
'Twixt  Tweedledum  and  Tweedledee. 

J.  Byrom  (stenographist,  1691-1763). 

Twelfth  Night,  a  drama  by  Shake- 
speare. The  story  came  originally  from 
a  novelletti  by  Bandello  (who  died  1555), 
reproduced  by  Belleforest  in  his  Histoires 
Tragiques,  from  which  Shakespeare  ob- 
tained his  story.  The  tale  is  this  :  Viola 
and  Sebastian  were  twins,  and  exactly 
alike.  When  grown  up,  they  were  ship- 
wrecked off  the  coast  of  Illyria,  and  both 
were  saved.  Viola,  being  separated  from 
her  brother,  in  order  to  obtain  a  livelihood, 
dressed  like  her  brother  and  took  the 
situation  of  page  under  the  duke  Orsino. 
The  duke,  at  the  time,  happened  to  be  in 
love  with  Olivia,  and  as  the  lady  looked 
coldly  on  his  suit,  he  sent  Viola  to  ad- 
vance it,  but  the  wilful  Olivia,  instead  of 
melting  towards  the  duke,  fell  in  love 
with  his  beautiful  page.  One  day,  Se- 
bastian, the  twin-brother  of  Viola,  being 
attacked  in  a  street  brawl  before  Olivia's 
house,  the  lady,  thinking  him  to  be  the 
page,  invited  him  in,  and  they  soon  grew 
to  such  familiar  terms  that  they  agreed  to 
become  man  and  wife.  About  the  same 
time,  the  duke  discovered  his  page  to 
be  a  beautiful  woman,  and,  as  he  could 
not  marry  his  first  love,  he  made  Viola 
his  wife  and  the  duchess  of  Illyria. 

Tw^elve    Apostles    of   Ireland 

{The),  twelve  Irish  prelates  of  the  sixth 
century,    disciples     of    St.    Finnian    of 
Clonard, 
1.    CiARAN   or   Keiran,  bishop  and 


TWELVE  KNIGHTS,  ETC.  1043 


TWELVE  PALADINS. 


abbot  of  Saigbir  (now  Seir-Keiran,  King's 
County). 

2.  CiARAN  or  Keiran,  abbot  of  Clom- 
nacnois. 

3.  CoLUMCiLLE  of  Hy  (now  Jona). 
This  prelate  is  also  called  St.  Columba. 

4.  Brendan,  bishop  and  abbot  of 
Clonfert. 

6.  Brendan,  bishop  and  abbot  of  Birr 
(now  Farsonstown,  King's  County). 

6.  Columba,  abbot  of  Tirdaglas. 

7.  MoLAisE  or  Laisre,  abbot  of  Dam- 
hiris  (now  Devenish  Island,  in  lough 
Erne). 

8.  Cainnech,  abbot  of  Aichadhbo^ 
in  Queen's  County. 

9.  RuADAN  or  RoDAN,  abbot  of  Lorrha, 
in  Tipperary  County. 

10.  MoBi  Clairenecjj  {i.e.  "the  flat- 
faced"),  abbot  of  Glasnooidhan  (now 
Glasnevin,  near  Dublin). 

11.  Senell,  abbot  of  Cluain-inis,  in 
lough  Erne. 

12.  N^^NNATH  or  Nennith,  bishop  and 
abbot  of  Inisniuige-Samh  (now  Inismao- 
Saint,  in  lough  Erne). 

Twelve  Knights  of  the  Round 
Ts-ble.  Dryden  says  there  were 
twelve  paladins  and  twelve  knights  of 
the  Round  Table.  The  table  was  made 
for  150,  but  as  twelve  is  the  orthodox 
number,  the  following  names  hold  the 
most  conspicuous  places: — (1)  Launce^- 
lyiOT,  (2)  Tristram,  and  (3)  Lamoracke, 
the  three  bravest;  (4)  Tor,  the  firgt  made; 
(5)  Galahad,  the  chaste;  (6)  Gaw'ain, 
the  courteous ;  (7)  Garbth,  the  big- 
handed  ;  (8)  Palomides,  the  Saracen  or 
unbaptized ;  (9)  Kay,  the  rude  and 
boastful;  (10)  Mark,  the  dastard;  (11) 
Mordred,  the  traitor ;  and  the  twelfth, 
as  in  the  case  of  the  paladins,  must  be 
selected  from  one  of  the  following  names, 
all  of  which  are  seated  with  the  prince  in 
the  frontispiece  attached  to  the  History 
of  Prince  Arthur,  compiled  by  sir  T. 
Malory  in  1470  :— Sirs  Acolon,  Ballamorc, 
Beleobus,  Belvoure,  Bersunt,  Bors,  Ector 
de  Maris,  Ewain,  Floll,  Gaheris,  Galohalt, 
Grislet,  Lionell,  Marhaus,  Paginet,  Pel- 
leas,  Percival,  Sagris,  Superabilis,  and 
Turquine. 

Or  we  may  take  from  the  Mabinogion 
the  three  "  battle  knights,"  Cadwr, 
Launcelot,  and  Owain ;  the  three 
"counselling knights,"  Kynon,  Aron,  and 
Llywarch  Hen;  the  three  "diademed 
knights,"  Kai,  Trystan,  and  Gwevyl ; 
and  the  three  "  golden-tongued,"  Gwalch- 
mai,  Drudwas,  and  Eliwlod,  many  of 
which  are  unknown  in  modern  atory. 


Sir  Walter  Scott  names  sixteen  of 
renown,  seated  round  the  king  : 

There  Galatid.  utt  with  manly  grace. 
Yet  maiden  meekness  in  his  fa^ ; 
There  Morolt  of  the  iron  outce ; 

And  lovelorn  Trittrem  tliere; 
And  Dinridtim,  with  lively  aUnoe ; 
And  Lanval,  with  the  fairy  knre; 
And  Mordred,  with  bb  looks  aikanee  | 

Dranor  and  Oelvidere. 
Why  »iiould  I  tell  of  nurabeni  more  t 
Sir  Cay,  sir  Banier,  and  sir  Uore. 

Sir  Caradoc  the  keen. 
And  gentle  Guwain's  courteous  lore, 
Jfcrtorde  MarMS,  and  I'elllnore, 
▲lid  Lancelot,  that  evermore 

Looked  stol'n-wise  on  the  queen. 

Uridal  of  iriermain,  \L  \i  (ISU). 

Twelve  Paladins  [The),  twelve 
famous  warriors  in  Charlemagne's  court. 

1.  AsTOLPHO,  cousin  of  Roland,  de- 
scended fron>  Charles  Martel.  A  great 
boaster,  fool-hardy,  and  singularly  hand- 
some. It  was  Aitolpho  who  went  to  the 
moon  to  fetch  back  Orlando's  {Roland's) 
brains  when  mad. 

2.  Fekumi'.uas  or  Fierabras,  a  Sara- 
cen, afterwards  converted  and  baptized. 

3.  Florismart,  the  fidas  Ac/uites  of 
Roland  or  Orlando. 

4.  Ganblon,  the  traitor,  count  of 
Mayence.  Placed  by  Dante  in  the  In- 
ferno, 

6.  Maugris,  in  Italian  Malagigi, 
cousin  to  Rinaldo,  and  son  of  Beuves  of 
Aygremont.  He  was  brought  up  by 
Oriande  the  fairy,  and  became  a  great 
enchanter. 

6.  Namo  or  Nayme  de  Bavibre. 

7.  Ogier  the  Dane,  thought  to  bo 
Holger  the  hero  of  Denmark,  but  some 
affirm  that  "  Dane "  is  a  corruption  of 
Vamn^;  so  called  because  he  was  not 
baptized. 

8.  Oliver,  son  of  Regnier  comte  de 
Gennes,  the  rival  of  Roland  in  all  feats 
of  arms. 

9.  Otuel,  a  Saracen,  nephew  to  Fer- 
ragus  or  Ferracute.  He  was  converted, 
and  married  a  daughter  of  king  Charle- 
magne, 

10.  Rinaldo,  son  of  duke  Aymon, 
and  cousin  to  Roland.  Angelica  fell  in 
lo%'e  with  him,  but  he  requited  not  her 
affection. 

11.  Roland,  called  Orlando  in  Italian, 
comte  de  Cenouta.  He  was  Charle- 
magne's nephew,  his  mother  being  Bertlie 
the  king's  sister,  and  his  father  Millon. 

12.  One  of  the  following  names,  all  of 
which  are  called  paradins,  and  probably 
supplied  vacancies  caused  by  dcjith  :— 
Basin  de  Genevois,  Geoffrey  de  Friseg, 
Guerin  due  de  Lorraine,  Guillaume  de 
I'Estoc,  Guy  de  Bourgogne,  HoCl  comt« 


TWELVE  WISE  MASTERS. 


1044 


TWITCHER. 


ce  Nantes,  Lambert  prince  of  Bruxelles, 
Richard  due  de  Normand)',  Riol  du  Mans, 
Samson  due  de  Bourgogne,  and  Thiery. 

*^*  There  is  considerable  resemblance 
between  the  twelve  selected  paladins  and 
the  twelve  selected  Table  knights.  In 
each  case  there  were  three  pre-eminent  for 
bravery :  Oliver,  Roland,  and  Rinaldo 
(paladins)  ;  Launcelot,  Tristram,  and  La- 
morticke  (Table  knights).  In  each  was  a 
Saracen:  Ferumbras  (the paladin)  ;  Palo- 
mides  (the  Table  knight).  In  each  was  a 
traitor :  Ganelon  (the  paladin)  ;  Mordred 
(the  Table  knight),  like  Judas  Iscariot  in 
the  apostolic  twelve. 

Who  bear  the  bows  were  knights  in  Arthur's  reign, 
Twelve  tliey,  and  twelve  the  peers  of  Charleinain. 
Drjden,  The  Flower  aitd  the  Leaf. 

Twelve  Wise  Masters  (77ie),  the 
original  corporation  of  the  mastersingers. 
Hans  Sachs,  the  cobbler  of  NUrnberg, 
was  the  most  renowned  and  the  most 
voluminous  of  the  mastersingers,  but  he 
■was  not  one  of  the  original  twelve.  He 
lived  1494-1576,  and  left  behind  him 
thirty-four  folio  vols,  of  MS.,  containing 
208  plays,  1700  comic  tales,  and  about 
460  lyric  poems. 

Here  Hans  Sachs,  the  cobbler-poet,  laureate  of  the  gentle 

craft. 
Wisast  of  the  Twelve  Wise  Masters,  in  huge  folios  sang 

and  laughed. 

Longfellow,  Nuremberg. 

*^*  The  original  corporation  consisted 
of  Heinrik  von  Mneglen,  Konrad  Harder, 
Master Altschwert,  Master Barthel  Regen- 
bogen  (blacksmith),  Master  Muscabliit 
(tailor),  Hans  Blotz  (barber),  Hans 
Rosenbliit  (armorial  painter),  Sebastian 
Brandt  (jurist^,  Thomas  Murner,  Hans 
Folz  (surgeon),  Wilhelm  Weber,  and 
Hans  Sachs  (cobbler).  This  last,  though 
not  one  of  the  founders,  was  so  superior 
to  them  all  that  he  is  always  reckoned 
among  the  wise  mastertsingers. 

T'wemlovsr  (Mr.),  first  cousin  to  lord 
Snigsworth ;  "an  innocent  piece  of 
dinner-furniture,"  in  frequent  requisition 
by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Veneering.  He  is  de- 
scribed as  "grey,  dry,  polite,  and  suscep- 
tible to  east  wind;"  he  wears  "first-gentle- 
nian-in-Europe  collar  and  cravat ; "  "  his 
cheeks  are  drawn  in  as  if  he  had  made 
a  great  effort  to  retire  into  himself  some 
years  ago,  and  had  got  so  far,  but  never 
any  further."  His  great  mystery  is  who 
is  Mr.  Veneering's  oldest  friend  ;  is  he 
himself  his  oldest  or  his  newest  acqitaint- 
ance  ?  He  couldn't  tell. — C.  Dickens,  Our 
Mutual  Friend  (1864). 

TwickerLham  (The  Bard  of),  Alex- 


ander Pope,  who  lived  for  thirty  years  at 
Twickenham  (1688-1744). 

Twi^ythe  (The  Eev.  Mr.),  clergy- 
man at  Fasthwaite  Farm,  held  by  Farmer 
Williams. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

T"win  Brethren  (The  Great),  Castor 
and  Pollux. 

Back  comes  the  chief  in  triumph 

Who,  in  the  hour  of  fight. 
Hath  seen  tiie  Great  Twin  Brethren 

In  harness  on  his  right. 
Safe  comes  the  ship  to  haven, 

Tliro'  billows  and  thro'  gales, 
If  once  the  Great  I'win  Brethren 

Sit  shilling  on  the  sails. 
Lord  Macaukiy,  Lnyg  of  Ancient  Rome  ("Battle 
of  the  Lake  Regillus,"  xL.  1842). 

Twin  Diamonds  (The),  two  Cape 
diamonds,  one  of  which  is  of  a  clear 
cinnamon  colour,  and  was  found  in  the 
river-bed  of  the  Vaal.  These,  with  the 
Dudley  and  StCAvart  diamonds,  have  all 
been  discovered  in  Africa  since  1870. 

Twineall  (The  Hon.  Mr.),  a  young 
man  who  goes  to  India,  intending  to 
work  himself  into  place  by  flattery  ;  but, 
wholly  mistaking  character,  he  gets 
thrown  into  prison  for  treason.  Twineall 
talks  to  sir  Luke  Tremor  (who  ran  away 
from  the  field  of  battle)  of  his  glorious 
deeds  of  fight ;  to  lady  Tremor  (a 
grocer's  daughter)  of  high  birth,  sup- 
posing her  to  be  a  descendant  of  the 
kings  of  Scotland ;  to  lord  Flint  (the 
sultan's  chief  minister)  of  the  sultan's 
dubious  right  to  the  throne,  and  so  on. — 
Mrs.  Inchbald,  9iich  Things  Are  (1786). 

Twist  (Oliver),  the  son  of  Mr.  Brown- 
low's  oldest  friend  and  Agnes  Fleming  ; 
half-brother  to  "Manks."  He  was  born 
and  brought  up  in  a  workhouse,  starved, 
and  ill-treated  ;  but  was  always  gentle, 
amiable,  and  pure-minded.  '  His  asking 
for  more  gruel  at  the  workhouse  because 
he  was  so  hungry,  and  the  astonishment 
of  the  officials  at  such  daring  impudence, 
is  capitallv  told. — Charles  Dickens,  Oliver 
Twist  (1837). 

Twitcher  (Harry).  Henry  lord 
Brougham  [Broom]  was  so  called,  from 
his  habit  of  twitching  his  neck  (1778- 

1868). 

Don't  you  recollect,  North,  some  years  ago  that  Murray's 
name  was  on  our  title-pnge  ;  and  that,  being  alarmed  for 
Subscription  Jamie  [sir  James  Mackintosh]  and  Harry 
Twitcher,  he  .  .  .  scratched  his  name  out? — Wilson, 
A'octes  Ambrosianoe  (1822-36). 

Twitcher  (Jemmy),  a  cunning  and 
treacherous  highwayman  in  Macheath'a 
gang. — Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opera  (1727). 

Twitcher  (Jemmy),  the  nickname  of  John 


TWO  DROVERS. 


1046 


TYBALT. 


lord  Sandwich,  noted  for  his  liaison  with 
Miss  Ray  (1718-1792). 

When  sly  Jemmy  TwitcUer  had  smugged  up  his  face 
With  a  lick  of  court  whitewash  and  pious  grimace. 
Avowing  he  went  where  three  sisters  of  old. 
In  haruUess  society,  guttle  and  scold. 

Gray  (1716-1771). 

Two  Drovers  {The),  a  tale  in  two 
chapters,  laid  in  the  reign  of  George  III., 
written  by  sir  Walter  Scott  (1827).  It  is 
one  of  the  "  Chronicles  of  the  Canongate  " 
(see  p.  186),  supposed  to  be  told  by  Mr. 
Croftangry.  Robin  Oig  M'Combich,  a 
Highland  drover,  revengeful  and  proud, 
meets  with  Harry  Wakefield,  a  jovial 
English  drover,  and  quarrels  with  him 
about  a  pasture-field.  They  fight  in 
Heskett's  ale-house,  but  are  separated. 
Oig  goes  on  his  way  and  gets  a  dagger, 
with  which  he  returns  to  the  ale-house, 
and  stabs  Harry  who  is  three  parts 
drunk.  Being  tried  for  murder,  he  is 
condemned  and  executed. 

Two  Eyes  of  Greece  {The),  Athens 
and  Sparta. 

Athens,  the  eye  of  Greece,  mother  of  arts 
And  eloquence. 

Milton. 

Two  Gentlemen  of  Vero'na,  a 

drama  by  Shakespeare,  the  story  of  which 
is  taken  from  the  Diana  of  Montemayor 
(sixteenth  century).  The  tale  is  this  : 
Protheus  and  Valentine  were  two  friends, 
and  Protheus  was  in  love  with  a  lady  of 
Verona,  named  Julia.  Valentine  went  to 
sojourn  in  Milan,  and  there  fell  in  love 
with  Silvia,  the  duke's  daughter,  who  was 
promised  in  marriage  to  Ihurio.  Pro- 
theus, being  sent  by  his  father  to  Milan, 
forgot  Julia,  fell  in  love  with  Silvia,  and, 
in  order  to  carry  his  point,  induced  the 
duke  to  banish  Valentine,  who  became 
the  captain  of  a  banditti,  into  whose  hands 
Silvia  fell.  Julia,  unable  to  bear  the 
absence  of  her  lover,  dressed  in  boy's 
clothes,  and,  going  to  Milan,  hired  herself 
as  a  page  to  Protheus,  and  when  Silvia  was 
lost,  the  duke,  with  Thurio,  Protheus  and 
his  page,  went  in  quest  of  hef.  She  was 
soon  discovered,  but  when  Thurio  at- 
tempted to  take  possession  of  her,  Va- 
lentine said  to  him,  "  I  dare  you  to  touch 
her;"  and  Thurio  replied,  "None  but 
a  fool  would  fight  for  a  girl."  The  duke, 
disgusted,  gave  Silvia  to  Valentine  ;  and 
Protheus,  ashamed  of  his  conduct,  begged 
pardon  of  Valentine,  discovered  his  page 
to  be  Julia,  and  married  her  (1595). 

Two  Kings  of  Brentford  {The). 
In  the  duke  of  Buckingham's  farce 
called   Tlie   Rehearsal    (1671),   the    two 


kings  enter  hand-in-hand,  dance  to- 
gether, sing  together,  walk  arm-in-arm, 
and,  to  heighten  the  absurdity,  they  are 
made  to  smell  of  the  same  nosegay  (act 
ii.  2). 

Two-Legged  Mare  {Tlie),  a 
gallows.     Vice  says  to  Tyburn  : 

I  will  help  to  bridle  the  two-legged  mare. 

Like  WW,  to  Like,  etc  {li<i:). 

Two-Shoes  {Goody),  a  nursery  tale 
by  Oliver  Goldsmith  (1765).  Goody 
Two-shoes  was  a  very  poor  child,  whose 
delight  at  having  a  pair  ot  shoes  was  so 
unbounded  that  she  could  not  forbear 
telling  every  one  she  met  that  she  had 
"two  shoes,"  whence  her  name.  She 
acquired  knowledge  and  became  wealthy. 
The  title-page  states  that  the  tale  is  for 
the  benefit  of  those. 

Who  from  a  state  of  rags  and  care. 
And  having  shoes  but  half  a  pjiir. 
Their  fortune  and  tlieir  fame  sliould  fix. 
And  gallop  in  a  coach  and  six. 

Two  Strings  to  Your  Bow,  a 

farge  by  Jephson  (1792).  Lazarillo,  want- 
ing a  master,  enters  the  service  of  don 
Felix  and  also  of  Octavio  at  the  same 
time.  He  makes  perpetual  blunders, 
such  as  giving  letters  and  money  to  tlie 
wrong  master ;  but  it  turns  out  that  don 
Felix  is  donna  Clara,  the  betrothed  of 
Octavio.  The  lovers  meet  at  the  Eagle 
hotel,  recognize  each  other,  and  become 
man  and  wife. 

Two  Unlucky.  In  our  dynasties 
two  has  been  an  unlucky  number  ;  thus : 
Ethelred  II.  was  forced  to  abdicate; 
Harold  II.  was  slain  at  Hastings ;  Wil- 
liam II.  was  shot  in  the  New  Forest; 
Henrj'  II.  had  to  fight  for  his  crown,  which 
was  usurped  by  Stephen  ;  Edward  II.  was 
murdered  at  Berkeley  Castle;  Richard 
II.  was  deposed  ;  ^larles  II.  was  driven 
into  exile;  James  II.  was  obliged  to 
abdicate;  George  II.  was  worsted  at 
Fontenov  and  Uwfeld,  was  disgraced 
bv  general  Braddock  and  admiral  Byng, 
and  was  troubled  by  Charles  Edward  the 
Young  Pretender. 

Two  or  Three  Berries.  "Vet 
cleaning  grapes  shall  be  left  in  it,  as  Uie 
shaking  of  an  olive  tree,  two  or  three 
berries  in  the  top  of  the  uppermost 
hough."— Isaiah  xvii.  6. 

The  tree  of  life  has  been  shaken. 

And  but  few  of  us  linger  now. 

Like  the  prophet's  two  or  three  bernei 

on  the  top  of  the  "H-;Xw^il:j,,.rt.^ 

Tvb'alt,  a  fiery  young  nobleman  of 
Verona,  nephew  to   lady  Capale^  and 


TYBALT. 


1046 


TYLL  OWLYGLASS. 


cousin  to  Juliet.  He  is  slain  in  combat 
bv  Ro'meo. — Shakespeare,  Borneo  and 
Juliet  (1595). 

The  name  is  given  to  the  cat  in  the 
beast-epi  c  called  Jieynard  the  Fox.  Hence 
Mercutio  calls  him  "rat-catcher"  (act 
iii.  sc.  1),  and  when  Tybalt  demands  of 
him,  "What  wouldst  thou  have  with 
me?"  Mercutio  replies,  "Good  king  of 
cats,  nothing  but  one  of  your  nine  lives  " 
(act  iii.  sc.  1). 

Tybalt^  a  Lombard  officer,  in  love 
with  Laura  niece  of  duke  Gondibert. 
The  story  of  Gondibert  being  unfinished, 
no  sequel  of  this  attachment  is  given. — 
Sir  W.  Davenant,  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Tybalt  or  Tibert,  the  cat,  in  the  beast- 
epic  of  Reynard  the  Fox  (1498). 

Tyburn  {Kings  of),  hangmen. 

Tyburn  Tree  {The),  a  gallows;  so 
called  because  criminals  were  at  one 
time  hung  on  the  elm  trees  which  grew 
on  the  banks  of  the  Tvburn.  The  "  Holy 
Maid  of  Kent,"  Mrs.  I'urner  the  poisoner, 
Felton  the  assassin  of  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham, Jack  Sheppard,  Jonathan  Wild, 
lord  Ferrers  who  murdered  his  steward. 
Dr.  Dodd,  and  Mother  Brownrigg,  "all 
died  in  tlieir  shoes  "  on  the  Tyburn  tree. 

Since  laws  were  made  for  every  degree, 
To  curb  \-ice  in  otiiers  as  well  as  in  me  \.Mache(Uh\ 
I  wonder  we  ha'iit  better  company 
•NeatU  l>burn  tree. 

Gay,  The  Beggar' t  Opera  (1727). 

Tybumia,  the  Portman  and  Gros- 
vcnor  Square  districts  of  London.  So 
called  from  the  little  bourne  or  stream 
named  Tyburn.  At  one  time,  elm  trees 
grew  on  the  brook-side,  and  Roger  de 
Mortimer,  the  paramour  of  queen  Eleanor, 
was  hung  thereon. 

Tycho,  a  vassal  of  the  bishop  of  Traves, 
in  the  reign  of  kaiser  Henry  IV.  He 
promised  to  avenge  his  lord  and  master, 
who  had  been  plundered  by  count  Adal- 
bert, the  leader  of  a  bandit.  So,  going  to 
the  count's  castle,  he  craved  a  draught  of 
water.  The  porter  brought  him  a  cup 
of  wine,  and  Tycho  said,  "  Thank  thv 
lord  for  his  charity,  and  tell  him  he  shall 
meet  with  his  reward."  Then,  returning 
home,  he  procured  thirty  large  wine- 
barrels,  in  each  of  which  he  concealed  an 
armed  retainer  and  weapons  for  two 
others.  Each  cask  was  then  carried  by 
two  men  to  the  count's  castle,  and  when 
the  door  was  opened,  Tycho  said  to  the 
porter,  "  I  am  come  to  recompense  thy 
lord  and  master,"  and  the  sixty  men 
carried  in  the  thirtv  barrels.    When  count 


Adalbert  went  to  look  at  the  present,  at 
a  signal  given  by  Tycho  the  tops  of  the 
casks  flew  off,  and  the  ninety  armed  men 
slew  the  count  and  his  brigands,  and  then 
burnt  the  castle  to  the  ground. 

Of  course,  every  reader  will  instantly 
see  the  resemblance  of  this  tale  to  that  of 
"  Ali  Baba  or  the  Forty  Thieves"  {Arabian 
Nights'  Entertainments). 

Tyler  {Wat),  a  frugal,  honest,  in- 
dustrious, skilful  blacksmith  of  Essex  ; 
with  one  daughter,  Alice,  pretty,  joyous, 
innocent,  and  modest.  With  all  his 
frugality  and  industry,  Wat  found  it  very 
hard  to  earn  enough  for  daily  bread,  and 
the  tax-collectors  came  for  the  poll-tax, 
three  groats  a  head  for  a  war  to  main- 
tain our  conquests  in  France.  Wat  had 
saved  up  the  money,  and  proffered  six 
groats  for  himself  and  wife.  The  col- 
lectors demanded  three  groats  for  Alice 
also,  but  Tyler  said  she  was  under  15 
years  of  age,  whereupon,  one  of  the 
collectors  having  "  insulted  her  virgin 
modesty,"  Tyler  felled  him  to  the  ground 
with  his  sledge-hammer.  The  people 
gathered  round  the  smith,  and  a  general 
uprising  ensued.  Richard  II.  sent  a 
herald  to  Tyler  to  request  a  parley,  and 
pledging  his  royal  word  for  his  safe 
conduct.  The  sturdy  smith  appointed 
Smithfield  for  the  rendezvous,  and  there 
Tyler  told  the  king  the  people's  griev- 
ances ;  but  while  he  was  speaking,  William 
Walworth,  the  lord  mayor,  stabbed  him 
from  behind,  and  killed  him.  The  king, 
to  pacify  the  people,  promised  the  poll-tax 
should  be  taken  off  and  their  grievances 
redressed,  but  no  sooner  had  the  r«ob 
dispersed  than  the  rebels  were  cut  down 
wholesale,  and  many,  being  subjected  to 
a  mockery  trial,  were  infamously  exe- 
cuted.—Southey,  Wat  Tyler  (1794,  pub- 
lished 1817). 

Tyll  Ow^lyglass  or  Tyll  Owle- 
GLAS3,  by  Thomas  Mumer,  a  Franciscan 
monk  of  Strasbourg  (1475-1536) ;  the 
English  name  of  the  German  "Tyll 
Eulenspiegel."  Tyll  is  a  mechanic  of 
Brunswick,  who  runs  from  pillar  to  post 
as  charlatan,  physician,  lansquenet,  fool, 
valet,  artist,  and  Jack-of-all-trades.  He 
undertakes  anything  and  everything,  but 
invariably  "spoils  the  Egyptians"  who 
trust  in  him.  He  produces  popular  pro- 
verbs, js  brimful  of  merry  mischief, 
droll  as  Sam  Slick,  indifferent  honest  as 
Gil  Bias,  light-hearted  as  Andrew  Bode, 
as  full  of  tricks  as  Scapin,  and  as  popular 
as  Robiu  Hood.    The  book  is  crammed 


TYLWYTH  TEG. 


1047 


TYSON. 


with  observations,  anecdotes,  fables,  bon 
mots,  facetiae,  and  shows  forth  the  om- 
nipotence of  common  sense.  There  are 
two  good  English  versions  of  this  popular 
picaresco  romance — one  printed  by  William 
Copland,  and  entitled  The  Merryc  Jeste 
of  a  Man  called  Ilowleglass,  and  the  manij 
Marvellous  Thiwjes  and  Jestes  which  he  did 
in  his  Lyfe  in  Eastland;  and  the  other 
published  in  1860,  translated  by  K.  R.  H. 
Mackenzie,  and  illustrated  by  Alfred 
Crowquill.  In  1720  was  brought  out  a 
modified  and  abridged  edition  of  the 
German  story. 

To  few  mortals  has  it  been  granted  to  earn  such  a  place 
In  universal  history  as  Tyll  Eulenspiegel  [U'len-spee'.g'll 
Now,  after  five  centuries,  Tyll's  native  village  is  pointed 
out  with  pride  to  the  traveller,  and  his  tombstone  .  .  . 
still  stands  ...  at  MOUen,  near  Lubeck,  where,  since 
1350,  [»tcj  his  once  nimble  bones  have  been  at  rest— 
Carlyle. 

Tyl"wyth  Teg,  or  the  "  Family  of 
Beauty,"  elves  who  "  dance  in  the  moon- 
light on  the  velvet  sward,"  in  their  airy 
and  flowing  robes  of  blue  and  green, 
white  and  scarlet.  These  beautiful  fays 
delight  in  showering  benefits  on  the 
human  race. — The  MaUnogion  (note,  p. 
263). 

Tyneman  (2  syL),  Archibald  IV^. 
earl  of  Douglas.  So  called  because  he 
was  always  on  the  losing  side. 

Tyre,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  means  Holland. 
*'  Egypt,"  in  the  same  satire,  means 
France. 

I  mourn,  my  countrymen,  your  lost  estat*  .  .  . 
Now  all  vour  liberties  a  spoil  are  made, 
Egypt  and  Tyrus  intercept  your  trade. 

Pt.  1.  (lOol/. 

Tyre  (Archbishop  of),  with  the  cru- 
saders.—Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Talisman 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Tyrian  Cyn'osure  (3  syl.),  Ursa 
Minor.  Ursa  Major  is  called  by  Milton 
"The  Star  of  Arcady,"  from  Calisto, 
daughter  of  Lyca'on  the  first  kmg  of 
Arcadia,  who  was  changed  into  this  con- 
stellation. Her  son  Areas  or  Cynosura 
was  made  the  Lesser  Bear.— Pausamas, 
Itinerary  of  Greece,  viii.  4. 

And  thou  shalt  be  our  star  of  Arcady, 
Or  Tyrian  Cynosure.  , 

MHton,  Comut,  343  (1634). 

Tyrie,  one  of  the  archers  in  the 
Scottish  guard  of  Louis  XL— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Quentin  Durward  (time,  Edward 
IV.). 

Turie  (The  Rev.  Michael),  minister  of 
Glenorquhy.-Sir  W.  Scott,  The  High- 
land Widow  (time,  George  XL). 


Tyroglyphus  (^'the  cheese-scooper  "), 
one  of  the  mouse  princes  slain  in  the 
battle  of  the  frogs  and  mice  by  Lym- 
nisius  ("  the  laker  "). 


Lymnisini  good  Tyroglyphus  i 
Prince  of  the  mice  that  haunt  the  ilowuy  nim ; 
Lost  to  the  milky  fares  and  rural  seat. 
He  came  to  perish  on  the  bank  of  fste. 
Parnell,  Battle  o/th«  Progt  and  Mice,  iU.  (about  ITIS). 

Tyrrel  (Francis),  the  nephew  of  Mr. 
Mortimer.  He  loves  Miss  Aubrey  "  with 
an  ardent,  firm,  disinterested  love."  On 
one  occasion.  Miss  Aubrey  was  insulted 
by  lord  Courtland,  with  whom  Tyrrel 
fought  a  duel,  and  was  for  a  time  in 
hiding  5  but  when  Courtland  recovered 
from  his  wounds,  Tyrrel  re-appeared,  and 
ultimately  married  the  lady  of  his  affec- 
tion.— Cumberland,  The  Fashionable  Lover 
(1780). 

Tyrrel  (Frank)  or  Martigny  earl  ol 
Etherington,  son  of  the  late  earl  and  la 
comtesse  de  Martigny  his  wife.  He  is 
supposed  to  be  illegitimate.  Frank  is  in 
love  with  Clara  Mowbray,  daughter  of 
Mr.  Mowbray  of  St.  Ronan's.— Sir  W. 
Scott,   St.  Jiomn's  Well  (time,   George 

m.). 

Tyrtaeos,  selected  by  the  Spartans 
as  their  leader,  because  his  lays  inspired 
the  soldiers  to  deeds  of  daring.  The 
following  is  a  translation  of  one  of  his 
martial  songs : — 

Oh,  how  joyous  to  fall  in  the  face  of  the  foe, 

For  country  and  altar  to  die ! 
But  a  lot  more  ignoble  no  mortal  can  know. 
Than  with  children  and  parents,  heart-broken  witn  woe. 

From  home  as  an  exile  to  fly. 
Unrecompensed  labour,  starvaflon,  and  scorn, 

The  feet  of  the  captive  attend ; 
Di-honoured  hU  race,  by  rude  foes  overborne; 
From  altar,  from  country,  from  kith  and  kin  torn ; 

No  brother,  no  sister,  no  friend. 
To  the  field,  then  I    Be  strong,  and  aciuit  ye  like  men  1 

Who  shall  fear  for  his  country  to  fall  J 
Ye  younger,  in  ranks  firmly  serriwi  remain  : 
Ye  elders,  though  weak,  look  on  Bight  with  disdain. 

And  honour  your  fatherland  a  caU  I  g.  c.  R 

TyrtcBOS  (The  Spanish),  Manuel  Jos6 
Quintana,  whose  odes  stimulated  the 
Spaniards  to  vindicate  their  liberty  at 
the  outbreak  of  the  War  of  Indepen- 
dence (1772-1857).  .   ^  .       , 

**  Who  can  tell  the  influence  of  such 
odes  as  the  Marseillaise,  or  some  of  the 
Jacobite  songs,  on  the  spirit  of  a  people  J 
Even  the  music-hall  song,  ;'^^  e  don  t 
want  to  fight,"  almost  roused  the  English 
nation  into  a  war  with  Russia  m  18<  8. 

Tyson  (Kate),  a  romantic  young  lady, 
>rho  marries  Frank  Cheeney.-Wybert 
Reeve,  Farted. 


UBALDO. 


1018 


UL-ERIN. 


U. 


Ubaldo,  one  of  the  crusaders,  mature 
in  age.  He  had  visited  many  regions, 
"from  polar  cold  to  Libya's  burning 
soil."  He  and  Charles  the  Dane  went  to 
bring  back  Kinaldo  from  the  enchanted 
c&stle. — Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered {Iblb). 

Ubaldo  and  Ricardo,  two  men 
sent  by  Honoria  queen  of  Hungary,  to 
tempt  the  fidelity  of  Sophia,  because  the 
queen  was  in  love  Avith  her  husband. 
Mathias.  Immediately  Sophia  under- 
stood the  object  of  their  visit,  she  had. 
the  two  men  confined  in  separate  rooms, 
where  they  were  made  to  earn  their  food 
bv  spinning. — Massinger,  The  Picture 
(1629). 

Ube'da  (Orhaneia  of),  a  painter  who 
drew  a  cock  so  preposterously  that  he 
was  obliged  to  write  under  it,  "This  is  a 
cock,"  in  order  that  the  spectator  might 
know  what  was  intended  to  be  repre- 
sented.— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote^  II.  i.  3 
(1G15). 

Uberti  {Farinata  Degli),  a  noble 
Florentine,  leader  of  the  Ghibelline 
faction.  Danto  represents  him  in  his 
Inferno  as  lying  in  a  fiery  tomb  yet  open 
and  not  to  be  closed  till  the  last  judg- 
ment. 

Uberto,  count  d'Este,  etc. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Udaller,  one  who  holds  land  by  allo- 
dial tenure.  Magnus  Troil  was  a  udaller, 
in  sir  W.  Scott's  Pirate. 

Ude,  the  most  learned  of  cooks, 
author  of  La  Science  de  Gueule.  He 
says,  "  Coquus  nascitur  not  fit."  That 
"  music,  dancing,  fencing,  painting,  and 
mechanics  possess  professors  under 
20  years  of  age,  but  pre-eminence  in 
cooking  is  never  attained  under  30." 
He  was  premier  artiste  to  Louis  XVI., 
then  to  lord  Sefton,  then  to  the  duke  of 
York,  then  chef  de  cuisine  at  Crockf  ord's. 
It  is  said  that  he  quitted  the  earl  of 
Sefton  because  one  of  his  lordship's 
guests  added  pepper  to  his  soup.  He 
was  succeeded  by  Francatelli. 

*^*  Vatel,  we  are  told,  committed 
suicide  (1671*)  during  a  banquet  given  by 
the  prince  de  Conde,  because  the  lobsters 
for  the  turbot  sauce  did  not  arrive  in 
time. 


Udolpho  {The  Mysteries  of)^  a  ro- 
mance by  Mrs.  Kadcliffe  (1790). 

Ugo,  natural  son  of  Niccolo  III.  of 
Ferrara.  His  father  had  for  his  second 
wife  Parisi'na  Malatesta,  between  whom 
and  Ugo  a  criminal  attachment  arose. 
When  Niccolo  was  informed  thereof,  he 
had  both  brought  to  open  trial,  and  both 
were  condemned  to  suffer  death  by  the 
common  headsman. — Frizzi,  History  of 
Ferrara. 

Ugoli'no,  count  of  Gheradesca,  a 
leader  of  the  Guelphi  in  Pisa.  He  was 
raised  to  the  highest  honours,  but  the 
archbishop  Ruggie'ri  incited  the  Pisans 
against  him,  his  castle  was  attacked,  two 
of  his  grandsons  fell  in  the  assault,  and 
the  count  himself,  with  his  two  sons  and 
two  surviving  grandsons,  were  imprisoned 
in  the  tower  of  the  Gualandi,  on  tlie 
Piazza  of  the  Anziani.  Being  locked  in, 
the  dungeon  key  was  flung  into  the  Arno, 
and  all  food  was  withheld  from  them. 
On  the  fourth  day,  his  son  Gaddo  died, 
and  by  the  sixth  day  little  Anselm  with 
the  two  graortchildren  "fell  one  by  one." 
Last  of  all  the  count  died  also  (1288), 
and  the  dungeon  was  ever  after  called 
"  The  Tower  of  Famine." 

Dante  has  introduced  this  story  in  his 
Inferno,  and  represents  Ugolino  as  de- 
vouring most  voraciouslj'  the  head  of 
Kuggieri,  while  frozen  in  the  lake  of  ice. 

Chaucer,  in  his  Canterbury  Tales, 
makes  the  monk  briefly  tell  this  sad 
story,  and  calls  the  count  "Hugeline  of 
Pise." 

Oh  thou  Pisa,  shame  !  .  .  .  What  if  fame 
Reported  that  tliy  castles  were  betrayed 
By  Ugolino,  yet  no  right  hadst  thou 
To  stretch  his  children  on  the  rack  .  .  . 
Their  tender  years  .  .  .  uncapable  of  guilt. 

Dante,  HeU,  xxxiii.  (1300). 

Remember  Ugolino  condescends 
To  eat  the  head  of  his  arch-enemy 
The  moment  after  he  poiit«ly  endGi 
His  tale. 

Byron,  Don  Juan,  ii.  83  (1819>. 

triad,  Ulster. 

When  Ulad's  three  champions  lay  sleeping  in  gore. 

T.  Moore,  lri$h  Melodies,  iv.  ("  Avenging 
and  Bright . ,  ."  1814). 

Ula'nia,  queen  of  Islanda.  She  sent 
a  golden  shield  to  Charlemagne,  to  be 
given  as  a  prize  to  his  bravest  knight, 
and  whoever  won  it  might  claim  the 
donor  in  marriage. — Ariosto,  Orlando 
FuriosOy  XV.  (1516). 

Ul-Erin,  the  guiding  star  of  Ireland. 

When  night  came  down,  I  struck  at  times  tlie  warning 
ooss.  I  struck  and  looked  on  high  for  fiery-haired  Ul- 
Erin  ;  nor  absent  was  the  star  of  heaven  ;  it  travelled  red 
between  the  clouds.— Ossian,  Temora,  ir. 


ULFIN. 


1049 


ULYSSES. 


TJlfin,  the  page  of  Gondibert's  jjrand- 
Bire,  and  the  faithful  Achates  of  Gondi- 
bert's father.  He  cured  Gondibert  by  a 
cordial  kept  in  his  sword  hilt. — Sir  W. 
Davenant,  Gondibert  (died  1668). 

Ulien's  Son,  Rodomont. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

TTlin,  an  enchantress,  who  had  no 
power  over  those  who  remained  faithful 
to  Allah  and  their  duty ;  but  if  any  fell 
into  error  or  sin,  she  had  full  power  to  do 
as  she  liked.  Thus,  when  Misnar  (sultan 
of  India)  mistrusted  the  protection  of 
Allah,  she  transformed  him  into  a  toad. 
When  the  vizier  Horam  believed  a  false 
report,  obviously  untrue,  she  trans- 
formed him  also  ■  into  a  toad.  And 
when  the  princess  Hemjunah,  to  avoid 
a  marriage  projected  by  her  father, 
ran  away  with  a  stranger,  her  indiscre- 
tion placed  her  in  the  power  of  the  en- 
chantress, who  transformed  her  likewise 
into  a  toad.  Ulin  was  ultimately  killed 
by  Misnar  sultan  of  Delhi,  who  felled 
her  to  the  ground  with  a  blow. — Sir  C. 
Morell  [J.  Ridley],  Tales  of  the  Genii, 
vi.,  viii.  (1751). 

Ullin,  Fingal's  aged  bard,  called  "the 
sweet  voice  of  resounding  Cona." 
Ullin,  the  Irish  name  for  Ulster. 

He  pursued  the  chase  on  Ullin,  on  the  moss-corered  tip 
of  Drumardo.— Ossian,  Temora,  ii. 

UUin's  Daughter  (Lord),  a  young 
lady  who  eloped  with  the  chief  of  Ulva's 
Isle,  and  induced  a  boatman  to  row  them 
over  Lochgyle  during  a  storm.  The  boat 
was  capsized  just  as  lord  Ullin  and  his 
retinue  reached  the  shore.  He  saw  the 
peril,  he  cried  in  agony,  "Come  back, 
come  back  !  and  I'll  forgive  j-our  High- 
land chief;"  but  it  was  too  late,  the 
"waters  wild  rolled  o'er  his  child,  and 
he  was  left  lamenting."— Campbell,  Lord 
Ullin' s  Laughter  (a  ballad). 

Ul-Lochlin,  the  guiding  star  of 
Lochlin-  or  Scandinavia.— Ossian,  Cath- 
Loda,  ii. 

Ulric,  son  of  Werner  (i.e.  count  of 
Siegendorf).  With  the  help  of  Gabor, 
he  saved  the  count  of  Stral'enheim  from 
the  Oder  ;  but  murdered  him  afterwards 
for  the  wrongs  he  had  done  his  father 
and  himself,  especially  in  seeking  to 
oust  them  of  the  princely  inheritance  of 
Siegendorf.— Byron,  Werner  (1822). 

Ulri'ca,  in  Charles  XLL,  by  J.  R. 
Planche  (1826). 


Ulri'ca,  a  girl  of  great  beauty  and 
noble  determination  of  character,  natural 
daughter  of  Ernest  de  Fridberg.  Dresncd 
in  the  clothes  of  Herman  (the  deaf  and 
dumb  jailer-lad),  she  gets  access  to  the 
dungeon  where  her  father  is  confined  as 
a  "  prisoner  of  State,"  and  contrives  his 
escape,  but  he  is  recaptured.  Where- 
upon Christine  (a  young  woman  in  the 
service  of  the  countess  Marie)  goes 
direct  to  Frederick  II.  and  obtains  his 
pardon.— E.  Stirling,  The  Prisoner  of 
State  (1847). 

Ulri'ca,  alias  Maktha,  mother  of 
Bertha  the  betrothed  of  Hercward 
(3  s.(//.)-— Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Ulri'ca,  daughter  of  the  late  thane  of 
Torquilstone  ;  alias  Dame  Urfried,  an  old 
sibyl  at  Torquilstone  Castle.  —  Sir  W. 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Ulster  (The  kings  of).  The  kings  of 
Ulster  were  called  O'Neil ;  those  of  Mun- 
ster,  O'Brien  ;  of  Connawjht, O'Connor;  of 
Leinster,  MacMorrough ;  and  of  Meath^ 
O'Melaghlin. 

Urtima  Thule  (2  syl.),  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  world  ;  the  most  northern 
point  known  to  the  ancient  Romans. 
Pliny  and  others  say  it  is  Iceland  ;  Cam- 
den says  it  is  Shetland.  It  is  the  Gothic 
tiule  ("the  most  remote  land"). 

Tibi  servlat  ultima  ThuW. 

Virgil,  aeor(rie*.  J.  30. 

Ultimus    Romano'rum,    Horace 

Walpole  (1717-1797). 

Ulvfagre,  the  fierce  Dane,  who  mas- 
sacred the  Culdees  of  lo'na,  and  having 
bound  Aodh  in  iron,  carried  him  to  the 
church,  demanding  of  him  where  he  had 
concealed  the  church  treasures.  At  that 
moment  a  mysterious  gigantic  figure  in 
white  appeared,  and,  taking  Uh-fagre  by 
the  arm,  led  him  to  the  statue  of  St. 
Columb,  which  instantly  fell  on  him  and 
killed  him. 


The  tottering  image  i 

Down  from  its  lofty  |>edo8tal ; 
On  Ulvfagre's  helm  It  cnwhed. 
Helmet,  and  skiril,  and  flesh,  and  brain. 
It  crushed  as  millstones  crush  the  grain. 
11  uuaucu  Caiiipi)ell  RnUlura. 

Ulysses,  a  corrupt  form  of  Odusseus 
\0.dus'.suce\,  the  king  of  Ithaca.  He 
is  one  of  the  chief  heroes  m  Homers 
Iliad,  and  the  chief  hero  of  the  Odgssey. 
Homer  represents  him  as  being  craftily 
wise  and  full  of  devices.    VirgU  ascnbet 


L'LYSSES  AND  POLYPHEMOS.      1050   ULYSSES  OF  THE  HIGHLANDS. 


to  him  the  invention  of  the  Wooden 
Horse. 

Ulysses  was  very  unwilling  to  join  the 
expedition  to  Troy,  and  pretended  to  be 
mad.  Thus,  when  Palamedes  came  to 
summon  him  to  the  war,  he  was  sowing 
salt  instead  of  barley. 

Ulysses's  Bow.  Only  Ulysses  could 
draw  this  bow,  and  he  could  shoot  an 
arrow  from  it  through  twelve  rings. 

William  the  Conqueror  had  a  bow 
•which  no  arm  but  his  own  could  bend. 

Robin  Hood's  bow  could  be  bent  by 
no  hand  but  his  own. 

*^*  Statins  says  that  no  one  but  Ka- 
psineus  IKap' .a.niice}  could  poise  his 
spear : 

His  cypress  spear  with  steel  encircled  shone, 
Not  to  be  poised  but  by  his  hand  alone. 

Thebaid,  v. 

Ulysses's  Dog,  Argus,  which  recognized 
his  master  after  an  absence  of  twenty 
years.  (See  Thekon,  king  Roderick's 
dog,  p.  991.) 

Ulysses  and  Polyphemos. 

Ulysses  and  his  crew,  having  reached 
the  island  of  Sicily,  strayed  into  the  cave 
of  Polyphemos,  the  giant  Cyclops.  Soon 
as  the  monster  returned  and  saw  the 
strangers,  he  seized  two  of  them,  and, 
having  dashed  out  their  brains,  made  his 
Bupper  ofE  them,  "nor  entrails  left,  nor 
yet  their  marrowy  bones  ; "  then  stretched 
he  his  huge  carcase  on  the  floor,  and  went 
to  sleep.  Next  morning,  he  caught  up 
two  others,  devoured  them  for  his  break- 
fast, then  stalked  forth  into  the  open  air, 
driving  his  flocks  before  him.  At  sun- 
down he  returned,  seized  other  two  for 
his  supper,  and  after  quaffing  three  bowls 
of  wine,  fell  asleep.  Then  it  was  that 
Ulysses  bored  out  the  giant's  eye  with  a 
green  olive  stake  heated  in  the  fire.  The 
monster  roared  with  pain,  and  after 
searching  in  vain  to  seize  some  of  his 
tormentors,  removed  the  rock  from  the 
mouth  of  the  cave  to  let  out  his  goats 
and  sheep.  Ulysses  and  his  companions 
escaped  at  the  same  time  by  attaching 
themselves  to  the  bellies  of  the  sheep, 
and  made  for  their  ship.  Polyphemos 
hurled  rocks  at  the  vessel,  and  nearly 
succeeded  in  sinking  it,  but  the  fugitives 
made  good  their  flight,  and  the  blinded 
monster  was  left  lamenting. — Hom^j;, 
Odyssey,  ix. 

*^*  An  extraordinary  parallel  to  this 
tale  is  told  in  the  third  voyage  of  Sind- 
bad  the  sailor.  Sindbad's  vessel  was 
driven  by  a  tempest  to  an  island  of  pyg- 
mies, and  advancing  into  the  interior  the 


crew  came  to  a  "high  palace,"  into 
which  they  entered.  At  sundown  came 
home  the  giant,  "tall  as  a  palm  tree.; 
and  in  the  middle  of  his  forehead  was 
one  eye,  red  and  fiery  as  a  burning  coal." 
Soon  as  he  saw  the  intruders,  he  caught 
up  the  fattest  of  them  and  roasted  him 
for  his  supper,  then  lay  down  to  sleep, 
and  "  snored  louder  than  thunder."  At 
daybreak  he  left  the  palace,  but  at  night 
returned,  and  made  his  meal  off  another 
of  the  crew.  This  was  repeated  a  third 
night,  but  while  the  monster  slept, 
Sindbad,  with  a  red-hot  spit,  scooped  out 
his  eye.  "The  pain  he  suffered  made 
him  groan  hideously,"  and  he  fumbled 
about  the  place  to  catch  some  of  his  tor- 
mentors "on  whom  to  glut  his  rage;" 
but  not  succeeding  in  this,  he  left  the 
palace,  "bellowing  with  pain."  Sind- 
bad and  the  rest  lost  no  time  in  making 
for  the  sea  ;  but  scarcely  had  they  pushed 
off  their  rafts  when  the  giant  approached 
with  many  others,  and  hurled  huge  stones 
at  the  fugitives.  Some  of  them  even 
ventured  into  the  sea  up  to  their  waists, 
and  every  raft  was  sunk  except  the  one 
on  which  Sindbad  and  two  of  his  com- 
panions made  their  escape.  —  Arabian 
Nights  ("  Sindbad  the  Sailor,"  third 
voyage). 

Another  similar  tale  occurs  in  the 
Basque  legends,  in  which  the  giant's 
name  is  Tartaro,  and  his  eye  was  bored 
out  with  spits  made  red  hot.  As  in  the 
previous  instances,  some  seamen  had 
inadvertently  wandered  into  the  giant's 
dwelling,  and  Tartaro  had  banqueted  on 
three  of  them,  when  his  eye  was  scooped 
out  by  the  leader.  This  man,  like 
Ulysses,  made  his  escape  by  means  of 
a  ram,  but,  instead  of  clinging  to  the 
ram's  belly,  he  fastened  round  his  neck 
the  ram's  bell,  and  threw  over  his  back  a 
sheep-skin.  When  Tartaro  laid  his  hand 
on  the  skin,  the  man  left  it  behind  and 
made  good  his  escape. 

That  all  these  tales  are  borrowed  from 
one  source  none  can  doubt.  The  Hiad  of 
Homer  had  been  translated  into  Syriac  by 
Theophilus  Edessenes,  a  Christian  Ma- 
ronite  monk  of  mount  LibSnus,  during 
the  caliphate  of  Harun-ur-Rashid  (a.d. 
786-809).— See  Notes  arid  Queries,  April 
19,  1879. 

Ulysses  of  Brandenburg  {The)y 
Albert  III.  elector  of  Brandenburg,  also 
called  "The  German  Achilles"  (1414- 
1486). 

Ulysses  of  the  Highlands  {The), 
sir    Evan    Cameron,    lord    of    Lochiel 


UMBRA. 


1051 


UNDINE. 


[Lok.keel''],  and  surnamed  "The  Black" 
(died  1719). 

♦^*  It  was  the  son  of  sir  Evan  who 
was  called  "  The  Gentle  Lochiel." 

Umbra  (Obsequious),  in  Garth's  Dis- 
pcnsary,  is  meant  for  Dr.  Gould  (1699). 

Umbriel'  (2  syh),  the  tutelar  angel 
of  Thomas  the  apostle,  once  a  Sadducee, 
and  always  hard  of  conviction. — Klop- 
stock,  The  Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Umbriel  {Um.hreel''\,  a  sprite  whom 
Spleen  supplies  with  a  bagful  of  "  sighs, 
sobs,  and  cross  words,"  and  a  vialful  of 
"  soft  sorrows,  melting  grief,  and  flowing 
tears."  When  the  baron  cuts  off  Belinda's 
lock  of  hair,  Umbriel  breaks  the  vial 
over  her,  and  Belinda  instantly  begins 
sighing  and  sobbing,  chiding,  weeping, 
and  pouting. — Pope,  Rape  of  the  Lock 
(1712). 

Umbriel,  a  dusky,  melancholy  sprite 

As  ever  sullied  the  fair  face  of  lij-'ht, 

Down  to  the  central  earth,  his  jjroper  scene, 

Eepaired,  to  search  the  gloomy  cave  of  Si)leen. 

Canto  iv.  13,  etc. 

U'na,  truth  ;  so  called  because  truth 
is  one.  She  goes,  leading  a  lamb  and 
riding  on  a  white  ass,  to  the  court  of 
Gloriana,  to  crave  that  one  of  her  knights 
might  undertake  to  slay  the  dragon 
which  kept  her  father  and  mother 
prisoners.  The  adventure  is  accorded  to 
the  Red  Cross  Knight,  and  the  two  start 
forth  together.  A  storm  compels  them 
to  seek  shelter  in  a  forest,  and  when  the 
storm  abates  they  get  into  Wandering 
Wood,  where  they  are  induced  by  Archi- 
mago  to  sleep  in  his  cell.  A  vision  is 
sent  to  the  knight,  which  causes  him  to 
quit  the  cell,  and  Una,  not  a  little  sur- 
prised at  this  discourtesy,  goes  in  search 
of  him.  In  her  wanderings  she  is 
caressed  bj'  a  lion,  who  becomes  her 
attendant.  After  many  adventures,  she 
finds  St.  George  "the  Red  Cross  Knight ;" 
he  had  slain  the  dragon,  though  not 
without  many  a  fell  wound ;  so  Una 
takes  him  to  the  house  of  Holiness,  where 
he  is  carefully  nursed  ;  and  then  leads 
him  to  Eden,  where  they  are  united  in 
marriage. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i. 
(1590). 

Una,   one   of  Flora   M'lvor's  attend- 
ants.—Sir    W.    Scott,     Waverley   (time, 
George  II.). 
Unadorned  Adorned  the  Most. 

.  .  .  loveliness 
Needs  not  the  foreign  aid  of  ornament. 
But  Is,  when  unadorned,  adorned  tlie  most 
Tliomaon,  teuton*  ("Autumn;   laviuia,"  1730). 


Uneas,  son  of  Chingachcook,  sur- 
named "  Deer-foot."— F.  Cooper,  lAXst  of 
the  Mohicans  ;  Tlie  Pathfinder ;  and  Tke 
Pioneer. 

Unborn  Doctor  {The),  of  Moor- 
fields.  Not  being  bom  a  doctor,  he 
called  himself  "  The  Un-bom  Doctor." 

Uncle  Sam,  the  United  States 
Government ;  so  called  from  Samuel 
Wilson,  one  of  the  inspectors  of  pro- 
visions in  the  American  War  of  Inde- 
pendence. Samuel  Wilson  was  called  by 
his  workmen  and  others  "Uncle  Sam," 
and  the  goods  which  bore  the  contractor's 
initials,  E*A.  U*S.  (meaning  "  Elbert 
Anderson,  United  States "),  were  read 
"  Elbert  Anderson,"  and  "  Uncle  Sam." 
The  joke  was  too  good  to  die,  and  Uncle 
Sam  became  svnonymous  with  U.S. 
(United  States).  ' 

Uncle  Toby,  a  captain  who  had  been 
wounded  at  the  siege  of  Namur,  and  had 
been  dismissed  the  service  on  half-pay. 
Most  kind  and  benevolent,  modest  and 
simple-minded,  but  brave  and  firm  in  his 
own  opinions.  His  gallantry  towards 
Widow  Wadman  is  exquisite  for  its 
modesty  and  chivalry.  Uncle  Toby  re- 
tains his  military  tastes  and  camp  habits 
to  the  last. — Sterne,  The  Life  and  Opinions 
of  Tristram  Shandy,  Gentleman  (1759). 

But  what  shall  I  say  to  thee,  thou  quintessence  of  the 
milk  of  human  kindness,  .  .  .  thou  master  of  the  best  of 
corporals,  .  .  .  thou  high  and  only  final  Christiiin  gentle- 
man, .  .  .  divine  uncle  Tubyt  ....  He  who  creat«Kl 
thee  was  the  wisest  man  since  the  (lays  of  Stuikespeara 
himself.— Leigh  Hunt. 

Uncle  Tom,  a  negro  slave  of  un- 
affected piety,  and  most  faithful  in  the 
discharge  of  all  his  duties.  His  master,  a 
humane  man,  becomes  embarrassed  in  his 
affairs,  and  sells  him  to  a  slave-dealer. 
After  passing  through  various  hands,  and 
suffering  intolerable  cruelties,  he  dies. — 
Mrs.  Beecher  Stowe,  Uncle  Tom's  C'oWh 
(1852). 

*^*  The  original  of  this  character  was 
the  negro  slave  subsequently  ordained 
and  called  "the  Rev.  J.  Henson."  He 
was  in  London  1876,  1877,  took  part  in 
several  religious  services,  and  was  even 
presented  to  her  majesty  queen  Victoria, 

Undine  [Oon-deen],  a  water-sylph, 
who  was  in  early  childhood  changed  for 
the  voung  child  of  a  fisherman  living  on 
a  peninsula  near  an  enchanted  forest. 
One  day,  sir  Huldbrand  took  shelter  in 
the  fisherman's  hut,  fell  in  love  with 
Undine,  and  married  her.  Being  thus 
united  to  a  man,  the  sylph  received  a  soul. 


UNGRATEFUL  BIRD. 


1052 


URANIA. 


Not  long  after  the  wedding,  sir  Huld- 
brand  returned  homeward,  but  stopped 
awhile  in  the  city  which  lay  on  the  other 
side  of  the  forest,  and  met  there  Bertalda, 
a  beautiful  but  haughty  lady,  whom  they 
invited  to  go  with  them  to  their  home, 
the  Castle  Ringstettin.  For  a  time  the 
knight  was  troubled  with  visions,  but 
Undine  had  the  mouth  of  a  well  closed 
up,  and  thus  prevented  the  water-sprites 
from  getting  into  the  castle.  In  time,  the 
knight  neglected  his  wife  and  became 
attached  to  Bertalda,  who  was  in  reality 
the  changeling.  One  day,  sailing  on  the 
Danube,  the  knight  rebuked  Undine  in 
his  anger,  and  immediately  she  was 
snatched  away  by  sister  sylphs  to  her 
water  home.  Not  long  after,  the  knight 
proposed  to  Bertalda,  and  the  wedding 
day  arrived.  Bertalda  requested  her  maid 
to  bring  her  some  water  from  the  well ; 
so  the  cover  was  removed,  Undine  rose 
from  the  upheaving  water,  went  to  the 
chamber  of  sir  Huldbrand,  kissed  him, 
and  he  died.  Thej'  buried  him,  and  a 
silver  stream  bubbled  round  his  grave ; 
it  was  Undine  who  thus  embraced  him, 
true  in  life  and  faithful  in  death. — De  la 
Motte  Fouque',  Undine  (1807). 

*^*  This  romance  is  founded  on  a  tale 
by  Theophrastus  Paracelsus,  in  his  Treatise 
on  Elemental  Sprites. 

Ungrateful  Bird  {The).  The  pe- 
wit or  green  plover  is  so  called  in  Scot- 
land. 

Tlie  green  plover  or  pewtt  .  ,  .  Is  called  "the  ungrate- 
ful bird."  for  that  it  comes  to  Scotland  to  breed,  and  then 
returns  to  England  with  its  young  to  feed  the  enemy. — 
Captain  Burt,  Letters/rom  ttie  North  of  Scotland  (1726). 

Ungrateful  Guest  (The),  a  soldier 
in  the  army  of  Philip  of  Mac6don,  who 
had  been  hospitably  entertained  by  a 
villager.  Being  asked  by  the  king  what 
he  could  give  him  in  reward  of  his 
services,  the  fellow  requested  he  might 
have  the  farm  and  cottage  of  his  late 
host.  Philip,  disgusted  at  such  baseness, 
had  him  branded  with  the  words,  The 
Ungrateful  Guest. 

U'nicorn.  The  unicorn  and  lion 
are  always  like  cat  and  dog,  and  as  soon 
as  a  lion  sees  his  enemy  he  betakes  him 
to  a  tree.  The  unicorn,  in  his  blind  fury 
running  pell-mell  at  his  foe,  darts  his 
horn  fast  into  the  tree,  and  then  the  lion 
falls  upon  him  and  devours  him. — Gesner, 
JlistorioE  Animalium  (1551-87). 

Wert  thou  the  unicorn,  pride  and  wrath  would  con- 
found thee,  and  make  thine  own  self  the  conquest  of  thy 
Itary.— Slialiespeare,  Timon  of  Athens,  iv.  3  (1G09). 

Unique  (The),  Jean  Paul   Richter, 


whose  romances  are  quite  unique  and 
belong  to  no  school  (1763-1825). 

Universal  Doctor,  Alain  de  Lille 
(1114-1203). 

*^*  Sometimes  Thomas  Aquinas  is  also 
called  Doctor  Universalis  (1224-1274). 

Unknown  (The  Great),  sir  Walter 
Scott,  who  published  the  Waverley  novels 
anonymously  (1771-1832). 

Unlearned  Parliament  (The). 
The  parliament  convened  by  Henry  IV. 
at  Coventry,  in  Warwickshire  (1404),  was 
so  called  because  lawyers  were  excluded 
from  it. 

Unlicked  Bear,  a  lout,  a  cub.  It 
used  to  be  thought  that  the  bear  brought 
forth  only  a  shapeless  mass  of  flesh, 
which  she  licked  into  shape  and  life  after 
birth. 

Like  to  a  chaos,  or  an  unlicked  bear-whelp. 
That  carries  no  impression  like  tlie  dam. 

Shakespeare,  3  Jlenrif  VI.  act  iU.  sc  2  (1895). 

Unlucky  Possessions,  the  gold  of 
Nibelungen  and  the  gold  of  Tolosa  (p. 
391),  Graysteel  (p.  402),  Harmonia's 
necklace  (p.  425),  Sherborne,  in  Dorset- 
shire (p.  903),  etc. 

Unready  (TAe),  Ethelred  II.  (*,  978- 
1016). 

♦^*  " Unready  "  does  not  mean  "never 
ready  or  prepared,"  but  lacking  rede,  i.e. 
"wisdom,  judgment,  or  kingcraft." 

Unreason  (The  abbot  of),  or  Father 
HowLEGLAS,  one  of  the  masquers  at 
Kennaquhair. — Sir  VV.  Scott,  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Unvvrashed  ( The  Great),  the  common 
people.  It  was  Burke  who  first  applied 
this  term  to  the  artizan  class. 

Upholsterer  (The),  a  farce  by 
Murphy  (1758).  Abraham  Quidnunc, 
upholsterer,  in  St.  Martin's-in-the-Fields, 
being  crazed  with  politics,  so  neglects 
his  business  for  the  affairs  of  Europe, 
that  he  becomes  a  bankrupt ;  but  at  this 
crisis  his  son  John,  who  had  married 
the  widow  of  a  rich  planter,  returns  from 
the  West  Indies,  pays  off  his  father's 
debts,  and  places  him  in  a  position  where 
he  may  indulge  his  love  for  politics  with- 
out hampering  himself  with  business. 

Ura'nia,  sister  of  Astrophel  (sir  Philip 
Sidney),  is  the  countess  of  Pembroke. 

Urania,  sister  unto  Astrophel, 
In  whose  brave  mind,  as  in  a  golden  coffer, 
All  heavenly  gifts  and  riches  lock6d  are. 
More  rich  than  pearls  of  IntL 
Spenser,  Colin  Clout's  Come  Home  Again  (1595). 

Ura'nia,  daughter  of  the  l^ing  of  Sicily, 


URANIAN  VENUS. 


1053 


URSA  MAJOR. 


who  fell  in  love  with  sir  Guy  (eldest  son 
of  St.  George,  the  patron  saintof  England). 
— R.  Johnson,  The  Seven  Champions^  etc., 
iii.  2  (1617). 

TJra'nian  Venus,  i.e,  "Celestial 
Venus,"  the  patroness  of  chaste  and  pure 
love. 

Venus  pandemos  or  popularis  is  the 
Venus  of  the  animal  passion  called 
"love." 

Venus  etaira  or  amlca  is  the  Venus  of 
criminal  sensuality. 

The  seal  was  Cupid  bent  above  a  scroll. 
And  o'er  his  head  Uranian  Venus  hung 
And  raised  the  blinding  bandage  from  his  eyes. 
Tennyson,  The  Princest,  i.  (1830). 

Urban  (Sylvdnus),  the  hypothetical 
editor  of  The  Gentleman's  Magazine. 

In  the  summer  of  1825  I  had  apartments  in  the  Rue 
Verte,  Brussels.  My  locataire  .  .  .  a  M.  Urbain  .  .  . 
informed  me  that  he  was  of  lineal  descent  from  an 
Englishman  of  that  name,  .  .  .  wliose  prsenomen  was 
*'Syl vain.  "—See  Kotes  and  Queries. 

Urchin,  a  hedgehog,  a  mischievous 
little  fellow,  a  dwarf,  an  imp. 

We'll  dress  like  urchins. 
Shakespeare,  Merri/  Hives  of  Windsor,  act  It. sc.  4 (1596). 

Ureus,  the  Egyptian  snake,  crowned 
with  a  mitre,  and  typical  of  heaven. 

Urfried  (Dame),  an  old  sibyl  at  Tor- 
quilstone  Castle ;  alias  Ulrica,  daughter  of 
the  late  thane  of  Torquilstone. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Urgan,  a  human  child  stolen  by  the 
king  of  the  fairies,  and  brought  up  in 
elf-land.  He  was  sent  to  lay  on  lord 
Richard  the  "  curse  of  the  sleepless  eye  " 
for  killing  his  wife's  brother.  Then, 
said  the  dwarf  to  Alice  Brand  (the  wife 
of  lord  Richard),  "if  any  woman  will 
sign  my  brow  thrice  with  a  cross,  I  .shall 
resume  my  proper  form."  Alice  signed 
him  thrice,  and  Urgan  became  at  once 
"the  fairest  knight  in  all  Scotland,"  and 
Alice  recognized  in  him  her  own  brother 
Ethert.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Lady  of  the  Lake, 
iv.  12  (1810). 

Urganda,  a  potent  fairy  in  the 
Amddis  de  Gaul  and  other  romances  of 
tue  Carlovingian  cycle. 

This  Urganda  teemed  to  be  aware  of  her  own  im- 
portance.— Smollett. 

Ur'gel,  one  of  Charlemagne's  pala- 
dins, famous  for  his  enormous  strength. 

U'riel  (3  syl.)  or  IsraJBLl,  the  angel 
who  is  to  sound  the  resurrection  trumpet. 
—Al  Koran. 

Uriel,  one  of  the  seven  great  spirits, 
Whose  stiition  was  in  the  sun.    The  word 


means  "God's  light"  (see  2  EadroM  ir., 

v.,  X.  28). 

The  archangel  Uriel,  one  of  the  wren 

Wlio  in  Go<i'a  presence,  nearest  to  His  throiM. 

Stand  ready  at  command. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  111.  648.  etc  (1669). 

*+*  Longfellow  calls  liim  "  the  minister 
of  Mars,"  and  says  that  he  inspires  man 
with  "fortitude  to  bear  the  brunt  and 
suffering  of  life."— TAe  Golden  Legend. 
iii.  (1851). 

U'rien,  the  foster-father  of  prince 
Madoc.  He  followed  the  prince  to  his 
settlement  in  North  America,  south  of 
the  Missouri  (twelfth  century). — Southey, 
Madoc  (1805). 

Urim,  in  Garth's  Dispensary,  is  de- 
signed for  Dr.  Atterbury. 

Urim  was  civil  and  not  void  of  sense. 
Had  humour  and  courteous  confidence,  .  .  . 
Constant  at  feasts,  and  each  decoruni  knew,' 
And  soon  as  the  dessert  appeared,  withdrew. 

The  Dispensary,  L  (16(0). 

Urim,   and   Thummim  was  the 

"  stone "  which  gave  light  in  the  ark. 
Our  version  says  that  God  commanded 
Noah  to  make  a  window,  but  the  transla- 
tion should  be  "to  make  a  light." — See 
Paracelsus,  Urim  and  Thummim. 

Urim  and  Thummim,  the  spectacles 
given  by  an  angel  to  Joseph  Smith,  to 
enable  him  to  read  the  revelation  written 
in  "reformed  Egyptian"  on  the  plates 
hidden  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  in 
Ontario.  These  spectacles  are  described 
as  "  two  transparent  stones  set  in  the  rim 
on  a  bow  fastened  to  a  breastplate." 
Smith  deciphered  the  plates,  and  Oliver 
Cowdery  took  down  the  words,  "  because 
Smith  was  no  scholar." 

Urra'ca,  sister  of  Sancho  II.  of 
Castile,  and  queen  of  ZamOra. — Toema 
del  Cid  Campeador  (1128). 

Urre  (Sir),  one  of  the  knights  of  the 
Round  Table.  Being  wounded,  the  king 
and  his  chief  knights  tried  on  him  the 
effect  of  "handling  the  wounds"  {i.e. 
touchiug  them  to  heal  them),  but  failed. 
At  last,  sir  Launcelot  was  invited  to  trj', 
and  as  he  touched  the  wounds  they 
severally  healed.— Arthurian  liomance. 

Urrie  {Sir  John),  a  parliamentary 
leader.— Sir  \V.  Scott,  Legend  of  Mont- 
rose (time,  Charles  I.). 

Ursa  Major,  Calisto,  daughter  of 
Lycaou,  violated  by  Jupiter,  and  con- 
verted by  Juno  into  a  bear;  whercu^jon  the 
king  of  gods  and  men  placed  her  in  the 
Zodiac  as  a  constellation.  The  Great 
Bear  is  also  called  "  HeUice"  (see  p.  «6), 


URSA  MAJOR, 


1054 


USELESS  PARLIAMENT. 


Drsa  Major.  Dr.  Johnson  was  so  called 
by  Boswell's  father  (1709-1784). 

My  father's  opinion  of  Dr.  Johnson  may  be  conjectured 
from  the  name  he  afterwards  gave  him,  which  was  "  Ursa 
Major  ; "  but  it  is  not  true,  as  has  been  reported,  that  it 
was  in  consequence  of  my  saying  that  he  Wivs  a  constella- 
tion of  genius  and  literature.— Boswcll  (1791). 

Ursa  Minor,  also  called  Cynosura 
("the  dog's  tail"),  from  its  circular 
sweep.     The  pole-star  is  a  in  the  tail. 

"  Why,  Tom.  your  wife's  a  perfect  star ; 

In  truth,  no  woinati's  finer." 
Says  Tom,  ''  Your  simile  is  just, 

My  wife's  an  Ursa  Minor." 

The  Eaglet  (1827). 

Ursel  (Zedekias)^  the  imprisoned  rival 
of  the  emperor  Alexius  Comnenus  of 
Greece. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Ur'sula,  mother  of  Elsie,  and  wife  of 
Gottlieb  [Got.leeb']^  a  cottage  farmer  of 
Bavaria. — Hartmann  Von  der  Aue,  Poor 
Henry  (twelfth  century) ;  Longfellow, 
Golden  Legend  (1851). 

Ur'sula,  a  gentlewoman  attending  on 
Hero. — Shakespeare,  Mnch  Ado  about 
Nothing  (IGOO). 

Ur'sula,  a  silly  old  duenna,  vain  of  her 
saraband  dancing ;  though  not  fair  yet 
fat  and  fully  forty.  Don  Diego  leaves 
Leonora  under  her  charge,  but  Leander 
soon  finds  that  a  little  flattery  and  a  few 
gold  pieces  will  put  the  dragon  to  sleep, 
and  leave  him  free  of  the  garden  of  his 
Hesperides. — I.  Bickerstaff,  The  Padlock 
(1768). 

Ursula  (Sister),  a  disguise  assumed  at 
St.  Bride's  by  the  lady  Margaret  de  Haut- 
lieu. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle  Dartgerous 
(time,  Henry  I.). 

Ur'sula  (Saint),  daughter  of  Dianotus 
king  of  Cornwall  ( brother  and  successor 
of  Caradoc  king  of  Cornwall).  She  was 
asked  in  marriage  by  Conan  [Meriadoc] 
of  Armorica  or  Little  Britain.  Going  to 
France  with  her  maidens,  the  princess 
was  driven  by  adverse  winds  to  Cologne, 
where  she  and  "  her  11,000  virgins  "  were 
martyred  by  the  Huns  and  Picts  (Octo- 
ber 21,  237).  Visitors  to  Cologne  are 
still  shown  piles  of  skulls  and  bones 
heaped  in  the  wall,  faced  with  glass, 
which  the  verger  asserts  to  be  the  relics 
of  the  martj'red  virgins  ;  but,  like  Iphis, 
they  must  have  changed  their  sex  since 
death,  for  most  undoubtedly  many  of  the 
bones  are  those  of  men  and  boys. — See 
Geoffrey,  British  History,  v.  15,  16. 

A  calendar  in  the  Freisingen  Codex 
notices  them  as  "  SS.  XI.  M.  VIR- 
GiiiUM,"  ue,  "eleven  holy  virgin  mar- 


tyrs ;  "  but,  by  making  the  "M"  intc 
a  Roman  figure  equal  1000,  we  hav« 
XIM  =  11,000;  soiiic  =  300. 

Ursula  is  the  Swabian  ursul  or  horsel 
("the  moon"),  and,  if  this  solution  is 
accepted,  then  the  "virgins  who  bore  her 
company  "  are  the  stars.  Ursul  is  the 
Scandinavian  Hulda. 

Those  who  assert  the  legend  to  be 
based  on  a  fact,  have  supplied  the  follow- 
ing names  as  the  most  noted  of  the 
virgins,  and,  as  there  are  but  eleven 
given,  it  favours  the  Freisingen  Codex: 
— (1)  Ursula,  (2)  Sencia  or  Sentia,  (3) 
Gregoria,  (4)  Pinnosa,  (5)  Martha,  (6) 
Saula,  (7)  Brittola,  (8)  Saturnina,  (9) 
Rabacia,  Sabatia,  or  Sambatia,  (10)  Sa- 
turia  or  Saturnia,  and  (11)  Palladia. 

In  1837  was  celebrated  with  great 
splendour  the  sixteenth  centenary  "ju- 
bilee of  their  passion." 

Bright  Ursula  the  third,  who  undertook  to  guide 

The  eleven  thousand  maids  to  Little  Britain  sent. 

By  seiis  and  bloody  meo  devoured  as  they  went: 

Of  which  we  find  these  four  have  been  for  saints  preferred. 

And  with  their  leader  still  do  live  encalendered : 

St  Agnes,  Cor'dula,  Odillia,  Florence,  which 

With  wondrous  sumptuous  shrines  those  ages  did  enrir.a 

At  Cullen. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1G22). 

Use  of  Pests.  David  once  said  he 
could  not  imagine  why  a  wise  deity 
should  have  created  such  things  as  spiders, 
idiots,  and  mosquitos  ;  but  his  life  showed 
they  were  all  useful  to  him  at  any  rate. 
Thus,  when  he  fled  from  Saul,  a  spider 
spun  its  web  at  the  mouth  of  the  cave, 
and  Saul,  feeling  assured  that  the  fugi- 
tive could  not  have  entered  the  cave 
without  breaking  the  web,  passed  on 
without  further  search.  Again,  when  he 
was  taken  captive  before  the  king  of 
Gath,  he  feigned  idiocy,  and  the  king 
dismissed  him,  for  he  could  not  believe 
such  a  driveller  could  be  the  great 
champion  who  had  slain  Goliath.  Once 
more,  when  he  entered  into  the  tent  of 
Saul,  as  he  was  crawling  along,  Abner, 
in  his  sleep,  tossed  his  legs  over  him. 
David  could  not  stir,  but  a  mosquito 
happened  to  bite  the  leg  of  the  sleeper, 
and,  Abner  shifting  it,  enabled  David 
to  effect  his  escape. — 2 he  Talmud.  (See 
Vikgil's  Gnat,  p.  1071.) 

Used  Up,  an  English  version  of 
VHomrne  Blas€,  of  Felix  Auguste  Dn- 
vert,  in  conjunction  with  Auguste  Theo- 
dore de  Lauzanne.  Charles  Mathcvs 
made  this  dramatic  trifle  popular  in 
England. — Boucicault,    Used    Up  (1845), 

Useless  Parliament  (Tl\£),  the 
first    parliament    held    in    the  reign  of 


USNACH. 


1055 


VAFRINO. 


Charles  I.  (June  18,  1625).  It  was  ad- 
journed to  Oxford  in  August,  and  dis- 
solved twelve  days  afterwards. 

Usnach.  or  Usna.  Conor  king  of 
Ulster  put  to  death  by  treachery  the 
three  sons  of  Usnach.  This  led  to  the 
desolating  war  against  Ulster,  which 
terminated  in  the  total  destruction  of 
Eiuan.  This  is  one  of  the  three  tragic 
stories  of  the  ancient  Irish.  The  other  two 
are  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Touran, 
and  The  Death  of  the  Children  of  Lir. 

Avenging  and  bright  falls  the  swift  sword  of  Erin 

On  him  who  tl)e  brave  sons  of  Usna  betrayed  !  .  .  . 
By  the  red  cloud  tliat  hung  over  Conor's  dark  dwelling 

When  Ulad's  tliree  champions  lay  sleeping  in  gore  .  .  . 
We  swear  to  avenge  them. 

T.  Moore,  Irish  Melodies,  iv.  ("Avenging 
and  Bright  ..."  1814). 

Uta,  queen  of  Burgundy,  mother  of 
Kriemhild  and  Gxinther.— The  Nibelun- 
gen  Lied  (twelfth  century).  . 

XJtha,  the  "  white-bosomed  daughter 
of  Herman."  She  dwelt  "by  Thano's 
stream,"  and  was  beloved  by  Frothal. 
When  Fingal  was  about  to  slay  Frothal, 
she  interposed  and  saved  his  life. — Ossian, 
Carrie-  TImra. 

Uthal,  son  of  Larthmor  petty  king  of 
Berrathon  (a  Scandinavian  island).  He 
dethroned  his  father,  and,  being  very 
handsome,  was  beloved  by  Nina-Tho'ma 
(daughter  of  a  neighbouring  prince),  who 
eloped  with  him.  Uthal  proved  incon- 
stant, and,  confining  Nina-Thoma  in  a 
desert  island,  fixed  his  affections  on 
another.  In  the  mean  time,  Ossian  and 
Toscar  arrived  at  Berrathon.  A  fight 
ensued,  in  which  Uthal  was  slain  in 
single  combat,  and  Larthmor  restored  to 
his  throne.  Nina-Thoma  was  also  re- 
leased, but  all  her  ill  treatment  could 
not  lessen  her  deep  love,  and  when  she 
heard  of  the  death  of  Uthal  she  languished 
and  died.— Ossian,  Berrathon. 

Uthal  or  Cuthal,  one  of  the  Orkneys. 
• — Ossian,  Oithona. 

"  The  dark  chief  of  Cuthal "  (the  same 
as  "  Dunrommath  lord  of  Uthal "). 

Uther  or  Uter,  pendragon  or  war- 
chief  of  the  Britons.  He  married  Igerna 
widow  of  Gorlois,  and  was  by  her  the 
father  of  Arthur  and  Anne.  This  Arthur 
was  the  famous  hero  who  instituted  the 
knights  of  the  Round  Table.— Geoffrey, 
History  of  Britain,  viii.  20  (1142). 

TJtborno,  a  bay  of  Denmark,  into 
which  Fingal  was  driven  by  stress  of 
weather.     It  was  near  the  residence  of 


Stamo   king    of   Lochlin   (Denmark),-^ 
Ossian,  Cath-Loda,  i. 

TJto'pia,  a  political  romance  by  sir 

Thomas  More. 

The  word  means  "  nowhere "  (Greek, 
ou-topos).  It  is  an  imaginary  iiiland, 
where  everything  is  perfect — the  laws,  the 
politics,  the  morals,  the  institutions,  etc. 
The  author,  by  contrast,  shows  the  evils 
of  existing  laws.  Carlyle,  in  his  Sartor 
Hesartus^  has  a  place  called  "  Weissnicht- 
wo"  [  Vice-neckt-vo,  "I  know  not  where"]. 
The  Scotch  "  Kennaquhair "  means  the 
same  thing  (1524). 

Adoam  describes  to  Telemachus  the 
country  of  Betique  (in  Spain)  as  a  Uto- 
pia.— Fe'nelon,  Te1,^maque,  viii. 

Utopia,  the  kingdom  of  Grangousier. 
"  Parting  from  Me'damoth,  Pantag'niel 
sailed  with  a  northerly  wind  and  parsed 
Me'dam,  Gel'asem,  and  the  Fairy  Isles ; 
then,  keeping  Uti  to  the  left  and  Uden  to 
the  right,  he  ran  into  the  port  of  Utopia, 
distant  about  3^  leagues  from  the  city  of 
the  Amaurots." 

*^*  Parting  from  Mcdamoth  ("from 
no  place"),  he  passed  Medam  ("no- 
where"), Gelasem  ("hidden  land"),  etc. ; 
keeping  to  the  left  Uti  ("nothing  at 
all ")  and  to  the  right  Uden  ("  nothing  "), 
he  entered  the  port  of  Utopia  ("no 
place"),  distant  3|  leagues  from  Amauros 
("the  vanishing  point").— See  Maps  for 
the  Blind,  published  by  Nemo  and  Co., 
of  Weissnichtwo. 

(These  maps  were  engraved  by  Outis 
and  Son,  and  are  very  rare.) 

Uzziel  {Uz'.zcel],  the  next  in  com- 
mand to  Gabriel.  The  word  means  "God'a 
strength."  — Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iv. 
782  (1665). 


V. 

Vadius,  a  grave  and  heavy  pedant.— 
Molibre,  Les  Femmes  &ivantes  (IGri). 

*^*  The  model  of  this  character  was 
Menage,  an  ecclesiastic  noted  for  his  wifc 
and  learning. 

Vafri'no,  Tancred's  'squire,  practised 
in  all  disguises,  and  learned  m  all  Uie 
Eastern  languages.    He  was  sent  aa  a  spy 


VAINLOVE. 


1056 


VALENTINE  AND  ORSON. 


to  the  Egyptian  camp. — Tasso,  Jerusalem 
Delivered  (1675). 

Vain'love,  a  gav  young  man  about 
town. — Congreve,  jTAe  Old  Bachelor 
(1693). 

Valantia  {Count) ^  betrothed  to  the 
marchioness  Merida,  whom  he  "loved  to 
distraction  till  he  found  that  she  doted 
on  him,  and  this  discovery  cloyed  his 
passion."  He  is  light,  inconsiderate,  un- 
principled, and  vain.  For  a  time  he 
intrigues  with  Amantis  "  the  child  of 
Nature,"  but  when  Amantis  marries  the 
marquis  Almanza,  the  count  says-  to 
Merida  she  shall  be  his  wife  if  she  will 
promise  not  to  love  him. — Mrs.  Inchbald, 
Child  of  Nature.      (See  Thenot,  p.  990.) 

Valclusa,  the  famous  retreat  of 
Petrarch  (father  of  Italian  poetry)  and 
his  mistress  Laura,  a  lady  of  Avignon. 

At  last  tbe  Muses  rose  .  .  .  from  fair  Valclusa's  bowers. 
Akeik^ide,  PUaturet  of  Imagination,  il  (1744). 

Valdarno  or  Val  d'Amo,  the  valley 
of  the  Amo,  in  which  Florence  is  situated. 

.  .  .  from  the  top  of  Fesolfi  [in  Tu*cani/i 
Or  in  VaUlsmo. 

Milton,  ParadUe  Lost,  i.  293,  etc.  (1065). 

Valdes  (2  syL)  and  Cornelius, 

friends  of  Dr.  Faustus,  who  instruct  him 
in  magic,  and  induce  him  to  sell  his  soul 
that  he  may  have  a  *'  spirit"  to  wait  on 
him  for  twentv-four  years. — C.  Marlowe, 
Dr.  Faustus  (1589). 

"Valence  (Sir  Ayiner  tf<?),  lieutenant 
of  sir  John  de  Walton  governor  of  Doug- 
las Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle  Dan- 
gerous (time,  Henry  I.). 

Valantia.  The  southern  part  of  Scot- 
land was  so  called  in  compliment  to 
Valens  the  Roman  emperor. 

Valenti'na,  daughter  of  the  conte 
di  San  Bris  governor  of  the  Louvre.  She 
was  betrothed  to  the  conte  di  Nevers,  but 
loved  Raoul  [di  Nangis],  a  huguenot,  by 
whom  she  was  beloved  in  return.  When 
Raoul  was  offered  her  hand  by  the  prin- 
cess Margheri'ta  di  Valois,  the  bride  of 
Henri  le  Bernais  {Henri  IV.),  he  rejected 
it,  out  of  jealousy ;  and  Valentina,  out 
of  pique,  married  Nevers.  In  the  Bar- 
tholomew slaughter  which  ensued,  Nevers 
fell,  and  Valentina  married  her  lirst  love 
Raoul,  but  both  were  shot  by  a  party  of 
musketeers  under  the  command  of  her 
father  the  conte  di  San  Bris. — Meyerbeer, 
Les  Huguenots  (1836). 

Valentine,  one  of  the  "two  gentle- 
men of  Verona  \ "  the  other  "  gentleman  " 


was  Protheus.  Their  two  servinz-meD 
were  Speed  and  Launce.  Valentine  mar- 
ried Silvia  daughter  of  the  duke  of 
Milan,  and  Protheus  married  Julia.  The 
rival  of  Valentine  was  Thurio. — Shake- 
speare, The  Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona 
(1595). 

Valentine,  a  gentleman  in  attendance 
on  the  duke  of  Illyria. — Shakespeare, 
Twelfth  Night  (1602). 

Val'entine  (3  syl.),  a  gentleman  just 
returned  from  his  travels.  In  love  with 
Cellide  (2  syl.),  but  Cellide  is  in  love 
with  Francisco  (Valentine's  son). — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  Mons.  Thomas  (a 
comedy,  before  1620). 

Valen'tine  (3  syl.),  a  gallant  that  will 
not  be  persuaded  to  keep  his  estate. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Wit  without 
Money  (1639). 

Valentine,  brother  of  Margaret.  Mad- 
dened by  the  seduction  of  his  sister,  he 
attacks  Faust  during  a  serenade,  and  is 
stabbed  by  Mephistopheles.  Valentine 
dies  reproaching  his  sister  Margaret. — 
Goethe,  Faust  (1798). 

Valentine  [Legend],  eldest  son  of  sir 
Sampson  Legend.  He  has  a  tendre  for 
Angelica,  an  heiress  whom  he  eventually 
marries.  To  prevent  the  signing  away 
of  his  real  property  for  the  advance  of 
£4000  in  cash  to  clear  his  debts,  he  feigns 
to  be  mad  for  a  time.  Angelica  gets  the 
bond,  and  tears  it  before  it  is  duly  signed. 
— Congreve,  Love  for  Love  (1695). 

*^*  This  was  Betterton's  great  part. 

Valentine  {Saint),  a  Romish  priest,  who 
befriended  the  martyrs  in  the  persecution 
of  Claudius  II.,  and  was  in  consequence 
arrested,  beaten  with  clubs,  and  linally 
beheaded  (February  14,  270).  Pope 
Julius  built  a  church  in  his  honour,  near 
Ponte  Mole,  which  gave  its  name  to  the 
gate  Porta  St.  Valentini,  now  called 
"Porta  del  Popolo,"  and  by  the  ancient 
Romans  "  Porta  Flaminia." 

*^*  The  15th  Februaiy  was  the  festi- 
val of  Februta  Juno  (Juno  the  fructifyer), 
and  tbe  Roman  Catholic  clergy  substi- 
tuted St.  Valentine  for  the  heathen  god- 
dess. 

Valentine  and  Orson,  twin  sons 
of  Bellisant  and  Alexander  (emperor  of 
Constantinople).  They  were  born  in  a 
forest  near  Orleans.  While  the  mother 
was  gone  to  hunt  for  Orson,  who  had 
been  carried  off  b^'  a  bear,  Valentine  was 


VALENTINE  DE  GREY. 


1057 


VALIANT-FOR-TRUTH, 


carried  off  by  kin^  Pepin  (his  uncle).  In 
due  time,  Valentine  married  Clerimond, 
the  Green  Knight's  sister. —  Valentine  and 
Orson  (fifteenth  century). 

Valentine  de  Grey  (Sir),  an  Eng- 
lishman and  knight  of  France.  He  had 
*'an  ample  span  of  forehead,  full  and 
liquid  eyes,  free  nostrils,  crimson  lips, 
well-bearded  chin,  and  yet  his  wishes 
were  innocent  as  thought  of  babes."  Sir 
Valentine  loved  Hero,  niece  of  sir 
William  Sutton,  and  in  the  end  married 
her. — S.  Knowles,  Woman's  Wit,  etc, 
(1838), 

Valentin'ian  [III.],  emperor  of 
Rome  (419,  425-455).  During  his  reign, 
the  empire  was  exposed  to  the  invasions 
of  the  barbarians,  and  was  saved  from 
ruin  only  by  the  military  talents  of 
Aet'ius,  whom  the  faithless  emperor 
murdered.  In  the  year  following,  Valen- 
tinian  was  himself  "  poisoned "  by 
[Petronius]  Maximus,  whose  wife  he 
had  violated.  He  was  a  feeble  and  con- 
temptible prince,  without  even  the  merit 
of  brute  courage.  His  wife's  name  was 
Eudoxia. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Valen- 
tinian  (1G17). 

Valenti'no,  Margheri'ta's  brother,  in 
the  opera  of  Faust  e  Mar(j/ienta,  by 
Gounod  (1869). 

Valere  (2  syL),  son  of  Anselme  (2 
syl.)  who  turns  out  to  be  don  Thomas 
d'Alburci,  a  nobleman  of  Naples.  During 
an  insurrection,  the  family  was  exiled 
and  suffered  shipwreck.  Valere,  being  at 
the  time  only  seven  years  old,  was  picked 
up  by  a  Spanish  captain,  who  adopted 
him,  and  with  whom  he  lived  for  sixteen 
years,  when  he  went  to  Paris  and  fell  in 
love  with  Elise  the  daughter  of  Har'- 
pagon  the  miser.  Here  also  Anselme, 
after  wandering  about  the  world  for  ten 
years,  had  settled  down,  and  llarpagon 
wished  him  to  marry  Elise ;  but  the  truth 
being  made  clear  to  him  that  Valere  was 
his  own  son,  and  Elise  in  love  with  him, 
matters  were  soon  adjusted. — Moliere, 
DAvare  (16G7). 

Valere  (2  syl.),  the  "gamester." 
Angelica  gives  him  a  picture,  and  enjoins 
Uim  not  to  lose  it  on  pain  of  forfeiting 
her  hand.  He  loses  the  picture  in  play, 
and  Angelica,  in  disguise,  is  the  winner 
of  it.  After  a  time,  Valere  is  cured  of 
his  vice  and  happily  united  to  Angelica. 
— Mrs.  Centlivre,  IVie  Gamester  (1709). 

Vale'ria,  sister  of  Valerius,  and  friend 
45 


of    Horatia.— Whitehead,     T/ie 
Father  (1741). 

Vale'ria,  a  blue-stocking,  who  delighta 
in  vivisection,  entomology,  women's 
rights,  and  natural  philosophv.— Mn. 
Centlivre,  The  Basset  Table  (170G). 

Vale'rian  {valere,  "to  be  hale"),  a 
plant  of  which  cats  are  especially  fond. 
It  is  good  in  nervous  complaints',  and  a 
sovereign  remedy  for  cramps.  "  It  hath 
beene  had  in  such  veneration  that  no 
brothes,  pottage,  or  physical  1  mcates  are 
woorth  anything  if  this  be  not  at  one 
end."     (See  Valikian.) 

Valerian  then  he  crops,  and  purposely  doth  stamp. 
To  apply  unto  the  placn  that's  halcti  with  the  cramp. 
Drayton,  Pol^lbion,  xlii.  (1613). 

Vale'rio,  a  noble  young  Neapolitaa 
lord,  husband  of  Evanthe  (3  syL).  This 
chaste  young  wife  was  parted  from  her 
husband  by  Frederick,  the  licentious 
brother  of  Alphonso  king  of  Naples,  who 
tried  in  vain  to  seduce  her,  and  then 
offered  to  make  her  any  one's  wife  for  a 
month,  at  the  end  of  which  time  the 
libertine  should  suffer  death.  No  one 
would  accept  the  offer,  and  ultimately 
the  lady  was  restored  to  her  husband. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  A  Wife  for  a 
Month  (1624). 

Valerius,  the  hero  and  title  of  a 
novel  by  J.  G.  Lockhart  (1821).  Vale- 
rius is  the  son  of  a  Roman  commander 
settled  in  Britain.  After  the  death  of  bis 
father,  he  is  summoned  to  Rome,  to  take 
possession  of  an  estate  to  which  he  is  the 
heir.  At  the  villa  of  Capito  he  meets 
with  Athanasia,  a  lady  who  unites  the 
Roman  grace  with  the  elevation  of  the 
Christian.  Valerius  becomes  a  Christian 
also,  and  brings  Athanasia  to  Britain. 
The  display  at  the  Fhivian  amphitheatre 
is  admirably  described.  A  Christian 
prisoner  is  brought  forward,  either  to  re- 
nounce his  faith  or  die  in  the  arena ;  of 
course,  the  latter  is  his  lot. 

This  is  one  of  the  best  Roman  stories 
in  the  language. 

Vale'rius,  the  brother  of  Valeria.  Ho 
was  in  love  with  Horacia,  but  Horatia 
was  betrothed  to  Caius  Curiatius.— NN'hite- 
head,  T/ie  Roman  Father  (1741). 

Valiant  {The),  Jean  IV.  of  BritUny 
(1338,  1364-1399). 

Valiant-for-Truth,  a  brave  Chris- 
tian, who  fought  three  foes  at  once.  Uia 
sword  was  "  a  right  Jerusalem  b.ade,  so 
he  prevailed,  but  was  wounded  m  tbd 
3y 


VALIRIAN. 


1058 


VANBEEST  BROWN. 


encounter.  He  joined  Christiana's  party 
in  their  journey  to  the  Celestial  City. — 
Bunyan,  PilgrMs  Progress,  ii.  (1684). 

Valirian,  husband  of  St.  Cecilia. 
Cecilia  told  him  she  was  beloved  by  an 
anjiel,  who  constantly  visited  her ;  and 
Valirian  requested  to  see  this  visitant. 
Cecilia  replied  that  he  should  do  so,  if 
he  went  to  pope  Urban  to  be  baptized. 
This  he  did,  and  on  returninjir  home  the 
angel  gave  him  a  crown  of  lilies,  and  to 
Cecilia  a  crown  of  roses,  both  from 
the  garden  of  paradise.  Valirian,  being 
brought  before  the  prefect  Almachius  for 
heresv,  was  executed. — Chaucer,  Cantcr- 
buri/  'Tales  ("  The  Second  Nun's  Tale," 
1388).    (See  Valerian.) 

Valladolid'  {Tlie  doctor  of),  Sm- 
grado,  who  applied  depletion  for  everj' 
disease,  and  thought  the  best  diet  con- 
sisted of  roast  apples  and  warm  water. 

I  condemned  a  variety  of  dishes,  and  argiiing  lilie  tlie 
doctor  of  Valladolid,  "Unhappy  are  those  who  require 
to  be  always  on  the  watcli.for  fear  of  overloading  their 
Btomachs  I "— Lesage,  GU  Bias,  vil.  5  (1735). 

Valley  of  Humiliation,  the 
place  where  Christian  encountered  Apoll- 
yon  and  put  him  to  flight, — Bunyan, 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Valley  of  Waters  (The),  the  Medi- 
terranean Sea. 

Tlie  valley  of  waters,  widest  next  to  that 

Which  doth  the  earth  engarlind,  shapes  its  course 

Ik  tw  cen  discordant  shores  [Europe  and  Africa\ 

Dante,  Paradise,  Ix.  (1311). 

Valley  of  the  Shadow  of  Death, 

a  "  wilderness,  a  land  of  deserts  and  of 
pits,  a  land  of  drought,  and  of  the 
shadow  of  death"  (Jer.  ii.  6).  "The 
light  there  is  darkness,  and  the  way  full 
of  traps  ...  to  catch  the  unwary." 
Christian  had  to  pass  through  it  after  his 
encounter  with  Apollyon. — Bunyan,  Fil- 
grini's  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

t  Though  I  walk  through  the  valley  of  the  shadow  of 
deatli.  I  will  feor  no  evil :  for  Thou  art  with  me ;  Thy  rod 
and  Thy  staff  they  comfort  me. — Psalm  xxiii.  4. 

Valunder,  the  Vulcan  of  Scandi- 
navian mythology,  noted  for  a  golden 
arm-ring,  on  which  was  wrought  all  the 
heathen  deities  with  their  attributes.  It 
was  once  stolen  by  Sote,  but  being  re- 
covered by  Thorsten,  became  an  heir- 
loom, and  of  course  descended  to  Frithjof 
as  one  of  his  three  inheritances,  the  other 
two  being  the  sword  Angurva'del  and 
the  self-acting  ship  Elllda. — Tegne'r, 
Frithjof  Saga,  iii.  (1825). 

Farewell,  and  take  in  memory  of  our  love 
My  arm-ring  here,  Valunder's  beauteous  work. 
With  heavenly  wonders  graven  on  the  gold. 


Valver'de  (3  syl.),  a  Spaniard,  in  lore 
with  Elvi'ra.  He  is  the  secretary  of 
Pizarro,  and  preserves  at  the  end  the  life 
of  Elvira. — Sheridan,  Pizarro  (altered 
from  Kotzebue,  1799). 

Va'men,  a  dwarf,  who  asked  Baly, 
the  giant  monarch  of  India,  to  permit 
him  to  measure  out  three  paces  to  build 
a  hut  upon.  The  kind  monarch  smiled 
at  the  request,  and  bade  the  dwarf  mea- 
sure out  what  he  required.  The  first  pace 
compassed  the  whole  earth,  the  second 
the  whole  heavens,  and  the  third  all 
pandalon  or  hell.  Baly  now  saw  that  the 
dwarf  was  no  other  than  Vishnu,  and  he 
adored  the  present  deity. — Hindu  Mytho- 
logy. 

*^*  There  is  a  Basque  tale  the  exact 
counterpart  of  this. 

Vamp,  bookseller  and  publisher. 
His  opinion  of  books  was  that  the  get-up 
and  binding  were  of  more  value  than  the 
matter.  "Books  are  like  women;  to 
strike,  they  must  be  well  dressed.  Fine 
feathers  make  fine  birds.  A  good  paper, 
an  elegant  type,  a  handsome  motto,  and 
a  catching  title,  have  driven  many  a  dull 
treatise  through  three  editions." — Foote, 
The  Author  (1757). 

Van  {The  Spirit  of  the),  the  fairy 
spirit  of  the  Van  Pools,  in  Carmarthen. 
She  married  a  j'oung  Welsh  farmer,  but 
told  him  that  if  he  struck  her  thrice,  she 
would  quit  him  for  ever.  They  went  to 
a  christening,  and  she  burst  into  tears, 
whereupon  her  husband  struck  her  as  a 
mar-joy;  but  she  said,  "I  weep  to  see 
a  child  brought  into  this  vale  of  tears." 
They  next  went  to  the  child's  funeral, 
and  she  laughed,  whereupon  her  husband 
struck  her  again  ;  but  she  said,  "  I  truly 
laugh  to  think  what  a  joy  it  is  to  change 
this  vale  of  tears  for  that  better  land, 
where  there  is  no  more  sorrow,  but  plea- 
sures for  evermore."  Their  next  visit 
was  to  a  wedding,  where  the  bride  was 
young  and  the  man  old,  and  she  said 
aloud,  "  It  is  the  devil's  compact.  The 
bride  has  sold  herself  for  gold."  The 
farmer  again  struck  her,  and  bade  her 
hold  her  peace  ;  but  she  vanished  away, 
and  never  again  returned. —  Welsh  My- 
thology. 

Van  Tromp.  The  van  preceding 
this  proper  name  is  a  blunder. 

"  Van  "  before  Tromp  ...  is  a  gross  mistake,  ...  as 
ludicrous  as  Van  Cromwell  or  Fan  TAon\L.—Note*  and 
Queries,  November  17,  1877. 

Vanbeest  Brown  {Captain),  alias 
Dawson,  alias  Dudley,  alias  Harry  Ber- 


VANBERG. 


1059 


VANTOM. 


tram,  son  of  Mr.  Godfrey  Bertram  laird 
of  EUangowan. 

Vanbeest  Brown,  lieutenant  of  Dirk 
Hatteraick. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Guy  Manner- 
imj  (time,  George  II.). 

Vanberg  {Major),  in  Charles  XII., 
by  J.  K.  Pianche  (1826). 

Vanda,  wife  of  Baldric.  She  is  the 
spirit  with  the  red  hand,  who  appears  in 
the  haunted  chamber  to  the  lady  Eveline 
Berenger  *'  the  betrothed." — Sir  W. 
Scott,  'The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Van'dunke  (2  s>jL),  burgomaster  of 
Bruges,  a  drunken  merchant,  friendly  to 
Gerrard  king  of  the  beggars,  and  falsely 
considered  to  be  the  father  of  Bertha. 
His  wife's  name  is  Margaret.  (Bertha  is 
in  reality  the  daughter  of  the  duke  of 
Brabant.)— Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

"Vandyek  {The  English),  William 
Dobson,  painter  (1610-1647). 

Vandyek  in  Little,  Samuel 
Cooper.  In  his  epitaph  in  old  St.  Pan- 
eras  Church,  he  is  called  "the  Apelles  of 
his  age"  (1609-1672). 

Vandyek  of  Pranee,  Hyacinth 
Rigaud  y  Ros  (1659-1743). 

Vandyek  of  Sculpture,  Antoine 
Coysevox  (1640-1720). 

Vanessa,  Miss  Esther  Vanhomrigh, 
a  young  lady  who  proposed  marriage  to 
dean  Swift.  The  dean  declined  the  pro- 
posal in  a  poetical  trifle  called  Cadenus 
and  Vanessa. 

Essa,  i.e.  Esther,  and  Van,  the  pet  form 
of  Vanhomrigh ;  hence  Van-essa. 

Vanity,  the  usher  of  queen  Lucifgra. 
—Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  4  (1590). 

Vanity,  a  town  through  which  Chris- 
tian and  Faithful  had  to  pass  on  their 
way  to  the  Celestial  City. 

Almost  five  thousand  years  agotie,  there  were  Pi'?rlms 
walki.«  to  the  Celestial  City.  .  .  .and  Beelzebub, 
ApoIIvon.  and  Legion  .  .  .  perceived,  by  he  Path  that 
the  pilgrims  made,  that  their  way  to  the  city  lay  through 
this  town  of  Vanity  .—Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  L  (W>/ »). 

Vanity  Fair,  a  fair  established  by 
Beelzebub,  ApoUyon,  and  Legion,  for  the 
sale  of  earthly  "vanities,"  creature 
comforts,  honours,  decorations,  and  carnal 
delights.  It  was  held  in  Vanity  town, 
and  lasted  all  the  year  round.  Christian 
and  Faithful  had  to  pass  through  thetair, 
which  they  denounced,  and  were  con- 
sequently arrested,  beaten,  and  put  into 
a  cage.  Next  day,  being  taken  before 
justice    Hate-good,    Faithful    Was    con- 


demned to  be  burnt  alive. — BuDyan,  Film 
grim's  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

***  A  iooking-glii88  is  called  Vanity 
Fair. 

Vanity  Fair  is  the  name  of  a  periodical 
noted  for  its  caricatures  signed  "Ape," 
and  set  on  foot  by  signor  Pellegrini. 

Vanity  Fair,  a  novel  by  W.  M.  Tbacke> 
ray  (1848).  Becky  (Rebecca)  Sharp,  the 
daughter  of  a  poor  painter,  dashing,  selfish, 
unprincipled,  and  very  clever,  contrivca 
to  marry  Rawdon  Crawley,  afterwards 
his  excellency  colonel  Crawley,  C.B., 
governor  of  Coventry  Island.  Rawdoa 
expected  to  have  a  large  fortune  left  him 
by  his  aunt.  Miss  Crawley,  but  was  dis- 
inherited on  account  of  his  marriage  with 
Becky,  then  ft  poor  governess.  Becky  con- 
trives to  live  in  splendour  on  "nothings 
year,"  gets  introduced  at  court,  and  is 
patronized  by  lord  Steyne  earl  of  (iaunt ; 
but  this  intimacy  giving  birth  to  a  great 
scandal,  Becky  breaks  up  her  establish- 
ment, and  is  reduced  to  the  lowest 
Bohemian  life.  Afterwards  she  becomes 
the  "female  companion"  of  Joseph 
Sedley,  a  wealthy  "collector,"  of  Bog- 
gley  WoUah,  in  India.  Having  in- 
sured his  life  and  lost  his  money,  he 
dies  suddenly  under  very  suspicious  cir- 
cumstances, and  Becky  lives  for  a  time 
in  splendour  on  the  Continent.  Subse- 
quently she  retires  to  Bath,  where  she 
assumes  the  character  of  a  pious,  charit- 
able lady  Bountiful,  given  to  all  good 
works.  The  other  part  of  the  storv  is 
connected  with  Amelia  Sedley,  daughter 
of  a  wealthy  London  stock-broker,  who 
fails,  and  is'reduced  to  indigence.  Cap- 
tain George  Osborne,  the  son  of  a  London 
merchant,  marries  Amelia,  and  old  Os- 
borne disinherits  him.  The  young  people 
live  for  a  time  together,  when  George  la 
killed  in  the  battle  of  Waterloo.  Amelia 
is  reduced  to  great  poverty,  but  is  be- 
friended by  captain  Dobbin,  who  loves 
her  to  idolatry,  and  after  many  years  of 
patience  and  great  devotion,  she  consents 
to  marry  him.  Becky  Sharp  rises  from 
nothing  to  splendour,  and  then  falls ; 
Amelia  falls  from  wealth  to  indigence, 
and  then  rises. 

Vanoc,  son   of  Merlin,   one  of  th« 
knights  of  the  Round  Table. 

Young  Vanoc  of  the  beanile*  face 
(Fame  spoke  the  youth  of  Mer  In  «  nwe), 
0-e^powircd.  at  Gynetir*  fo-.t^t-^  Wed. 
His  hearfs  blood  dyed  her  wndiOs  red. 
Sii  W.  Scott,  BridiU  of  Trtermatn,  li.  » (WI* 

VHTitom  (Mr.).      Sir  John  SincUi* 
tellu^thTMr.  vintomdrankintwenty^ 


VANWELT. 


1060 


VATHEK. 


three  years,  36,688  bottles  (i.e.  59  pipes) 
of  wine. — Code  of  Health  and  Longevity 
(1807). 
***  Between  four  and  five  bottles  a  day. 

Van  welt  {Tan)^  the  supposed  suitor 
of  Rose  Flammock.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Vapians  ( The),  a  people  from  Utopia, 
who  passed  the  equinoctial  of  Queubus, 
"a  torrid  zone  lying  somewhere  beyond 
three  o'clock  in  the  morning." 

In  sooth,  thou  wast  In  very  gracious  fooling  last  night, 
when  thou  spokest  ...  of  the  Vapians  passing  the 
equinoctial  of  Queubus.— SJiakespeare,  Twelfth  Night, 
act  ii.  sc.  3  (1602). 

Vapid,  the  chief  character  in  TJie 
Dramatist^  by  F.  Reynolds,  and  said  to 
be  meant  for  the  author  himself.  He 
goes  to  Bath  "  to  pick  up  characters." 

Varbel,  *'the  lowly  but  faithful 
'squire"  of  Floreski  a  Polish  count.  He 
is  a  quaint  fellow,  always  hungry. — J.  P. 
Kemble,  Lodoiska  (1791). 

Varden  {Gabriel),  locksmith,  Clerk- 
enwell  ;  a  round,  red-faced,  sturdy 
yeoman,  with  a  double  chin,  and  a  voice 
husky  with  good  living,  good  sleeping, 
good  humour,  and  good  health.  He  was 
past  the  prime  of  life,  but  his  heart  and 
spirits  were  in  full  vigour.  During  the 
Gordon  riots,  Gabriel  refused  to  pick  the 
lock  of  Newgate  prison,  though  at  the  im- 
minent risk  of  his  life. 

Mrs.  Varden  [J/arfAa],  the  lock- 
smith's wife  and  mother  of  Dolly,  a 
woman  of  "imcertain  temper"  and  a  self- 
martyr.  When  too  ill-disposed  to  rise, 
especially  from  that  domestic  sickness 
ill  temper,  Mrs.  Varden  would  order  up 
"the  little  black  teapot  of  strong  mixed 
tea,  a  couple  of  rounds  of  hot  buttered 
toast,  a  dish  of  beef  and  ham  cut  thin 
without  skin,  and  the  Protestant  Manual 
in  two  octavo  volumes.  Whenever  Mrs. 
Varden  was  most  devout,  she  was  always 
the  most  ill-tempered."  When  others 
were  merry,  Mrs.  Varden  was  dull ;  and 
when  others  were  sad,  Mrs.  Varden  was 
cheerful.  She  was,  however,  plump  and 
buxom,  her  handmaiden  and  "  com- 
forter" being  Miss  Miggs.  Mrs.  Varden 
was  cured  of  her  folly  by  the  Gordon  riots, 
dismissed  Miggs,  and  lived  more  happily 
and  cheerfully  ever  after. 

Do(l>i  Varden,  the  locksmith's  daugh- 
ter; a  pretty,  laughing  girl,  with  a  roguish 
face,  lighted  up  by  the  loveliest  pair  of 
sparkling  eyes,  the  very  impersonation  of 
good  humour  and  blooming  beauty.  She 
married  Joe  Wiliet,  and  conducted  with 


him  the  Maypole  inn,  as  never  country 
inn  was  conducted  before.  They  greatly 
prospered,  and  had  a  large  and  happy 
family.  Dolly  dressed  in  the  Watteau 
style  ;  and  modern  Watteau  costume  and 
hats  were,  in  1876-6,  called  "  Dolly  Var- 
dens."  —  C.  Dickens,  Barnaby  'Evdge 
(1841). 

Vari'na,  Miss  Jane  Warj-ng,  to  whom 
dean  Swift  had  a  penchant  when  he  was 
a  young  man.  Varina  is  a  Latinized 
form  of  "Waryng." 

Varney  {Richard,  afterwards  sir 
Richard),  master  of  the  horse  to  the  earl 
of  Leicester. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Varro  ( The  British).  Thomas  Tusser, 
of  Essex,  is  so  called  by  Warton  (1615- 
1580). 

Vasa  {Gustavus),  &  drama,  by  H. 
Brooke  (1730).  Gustavus,  having  effected 
his  escape  from  Denmark,  worked  for  a 
time  as  a  common  labourer  in  the  copper- 
mines  of  Dalecarlia  [Dah' .le.karl' .j/a'] ;  but 
the  tyranny  of  Christian  II.  of  Denmark 
having  driven  the  Dalecarlians  into  re- 
volt, Gustavus  was  chosen  their  leader. 
The  revolters  made  themselves  masters 
of  Stockholm  ;  Christian  abdicated  ;  and 
Sweden  became  an  independent  kingdom 
(sixteenth  century). 

Vashti.  W^hen  the  heart  of  the  king 
[Ahasuerus]  was  merry  with  wine,  he 
commanded  his  chamberlains  to  bring 
Vashti,  the  queen,  into  the  banquet  hall,  to 
show  the  guests  her  beauty  ;  but  she 
refused  to  obey  the  insulting  order,  and 
the  king,  being  wroth,  divorced  her. — 
Esther  i.  10,  19. 

O  Vashti,  noble  Vashti !    Summoned  out, 
She  kept  her  state,  and  left  the  drunken  king 
To  brawl  at  Slitishan  underneath  the  palms. 

Tennyson,  The  Princess,  iii.  (1830). 

Vatel,  the  cook  who  killed  himself, 
because  the  lobster  for  his  turbot  sauce 
did  not  arrive  in  time  to  be  served  up  at 
the  banquet  at  Chantilly,  given  by  the 
prince  de  Conde'  to  the  king. 

Vath'ek,  the  ninth  caliph  of  the  race 
of  the  Abassides,  son  of  Motassem,  and 
grandson  of  Haroun-al-Raschid.  When 
angry,  "one  of  his  eyes  became  so 
terrible  that  whoever  looked  at  it  either 
swooned  or  died."  Vathek  was  induced 
by  a  malignant  genius  to  commit  all 
sorts  of  crimes.  He  abjured  his  faith, 
and  bound  himself  to  Eblis,  under  the 
hope  of  obtaining  the  throne  of  the  pre- 
Adamite  sultans.  This  throne  eventually 
turned  out  to  be  a  vast  chamber  in  tho 


VATHEK'S  DRAUGHT. 


1061 


VEHMGERICHT. 


abyss  of  Eblis,  where  Vathek  found  him- 
self a  prisoner  without  hope.  His  wife 
was  Nouron'ihar,  daughter  of  the  emir 
Fakreddin,  and  his  mother's  name  was 
Catharis.— W.  Beckford,  Vathek  (1784). 

Vathek's  Draught,  a  red-and- 
yellow  mixture  given  him  by  an  emissary 
of  Eblis,  which  instantaneously  restored 
the  exhausted  body,  and  filled  it  with 
unspeakable  delight.  —  W.  Beckford, 
Vatliek  (1784). 

Vato,  the  wind-spirit. 

Even  Zoroaster  imagined  tliere  was  an  evil  spirit,  called 
Vato,  tliat  could  excite  violent  storms  of  wind.— T.  Kow 
[i.e.  Dr.  Pegge],  Gentleman' t  Miigazine,  January,  1763. 

Vaudeville  (^Father  of  the)^  Oliver 
Basselin  (fifteenth  centurj-). 

Vaughan,  the  bogie  of  Bromyard, 
exorcised  by  nine  priests.  Nine  candles 
were  lighted  in  the  ceremony,  and  all  but 
one  burnt  out.  The  priests  consigned 
Nicholas  Vaughan  to  the  Red  Sea ;  and, 
casting  the  remaining  candle  into  the 
river  Frome,  threw  a  huge  stone  over 
it,  and  forbade  the  bogie  to  leave  the 
Red  Sea  till  that  candle  re-appeared  to 
human  sight.  The  stone  is  still  called 
"Vaughan's  Stone." 

Vaugirard  {The  deputies  of).  The 
usher  announced  to  Charles  VIII.  of 
France,  "The  deputies  of  Vaugirard." 
"  How  many  V"  asked  the  king.  "Only 
one,  may  it  please  your  highness." 

Canning  says  that  three  tailors  of 
Tooley  Street,  Southwark,  addressed  a 
petition  of  grievances  to  the  House,  be- 
ginning, "  We,  the  people  of  England." 

Vauxhall.  The  premises  in  the 
manor  of  Vauxhall  were  the  property  of 
Jane  Vaux  in  1615,  and  the  house  was 
then  called  "  Stockdens.Ij,  From  her  it 
passed  through  various  hands,  till  it  be- 
came the  property  of  Mr.  Tyers  in  1752. 
"  The  Spring  Gardens  at  Vauxhall  "  are 
mentioned  in  the  Spectator  as  a  place  of 
great  resort  in  1711 ;  but  it  is  generally 
thought  that  what  we  call  "Vauxhall 
Gardens  "  were  opened  for  public  amuse- 
ment in  1730. 

The  tradition  tliat  Vauxhall  was  the  property  of  Guy 
Fawkes  ihence  the  name  of  "  Fauxeshall  ")  is  erroneous. 
—Lord  W.  P.  Lennox,  C'eUbnties,  etc.,  I.  141. 

Vauxhall  Slice  {A),  a  slice  of  meat, 
especially  ham,  as  thin  as  it  is  possible  to 
cut  it. 

Slices  of  pale-coloured,  stale,  dry  ham,  cut  so  thin  that 
31  "Vauxhall  slice"  liecame  provprbiaL— Lord  W.  V. 
Lennox,  Celebrities,  etc.,  I.  vii, 

V.  D.  M.  I.  M.,  Verhum  Dei  manet 
in  aternum  ("the  Word  of  God  cndureth 


forever").  This  wa«  the  inKriptkMi«l 
the  Lutheran  bishops  in  the  diet  «l 
Spires.  Philip  of  Hessen  said  the  inHaato 
stood  for  Verbum  diaboli  manet  m  tpiaoupis 
("the  word  of  the  devil  abideth  in  the 
iLutheraii]  bishops"). 

Veal  {Mrs.),  an  imaginary  person, 
whom  Defoe  feigned  to  have  api>€arcd, 
the  day  after  her  death,  to  Mrs.  linr);rav« 
of  Canterbury,  on  September  8,  1705. 

Defoe's  conduct  in  regard  to  the  well-known  tmportMrt, 
Mrs.  Veals  gho^t,  would  jiuilify  lu  in  believUig  ktaa  to  be. 
like  Gil  Bias,  "tant  soi  peu  Mpou.'—Mnetc  BrU^An. 
"  Romance." 

Veal's  Apparition  {Mrs.).  It  is 
said  that  Mrs.  Veal,  the  day  after  her 
death,  appeared  to  Mrs.  Bargrave,  at 
Canterbury,  September  8,  1705.  This 
cock-and-bull  story  was  affixed  by  Daniel 
Defoe  to  Drelincourt's  book  of  Cunsola" 
tions  against  the  Fears  of  Death,  and  such 
is  the  matter-of-fact  style  of  the  narra- 
tive that  most  readers  thought  the  fiction 
was  a  fact. 

Vec'ehio  {Peter),  a  teacher  of  mnsie 
and  Latin ;  reputed  to  be  a  wizard. — 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Chamon 
(1620). 

Veck  {Toby),  nicknamed  "Trotty;"  a 
ticket-porter,  who  ran  on  errands.  One 
New  Year's  Eve  he  ate  tripe  for  dinner, 
and  had  a  nightmare,  in  which  he  fancied 
he  had  mounted  up  to  the  steeple  of  a 
neighbouring  church,  and  that  goblins 
issued  out  of  the  bells,  giving  reality  to 
his  hopes  and  fears.  He  was  roused 
from  his  sleep  by  the  sound  of  the  bells 
ringing  in  the  new  vear.  (See  Mkq.) — 
C.  Dickens,  T/ie  Chimes  (1844). 

Vecta,  Isle  of  Wight.  Pliny  {Natural 
History,  iv.  30)  calls  it  Vccti$.  The 
Britons  called  it  Guith. 

The  green  banks  of  Vec««. 
Akenside,  Jlymn  to  tkt  Saiad*  (X7S7). 

Vegliantino  [Val.yan.tee'.no'L  Or^ 
lando's  horse.— Anosto,  Orlatuio  Furioso 
(1516).    Also  called  Yeillantif. 

Vehmgericht  orTHK  Holy  Vbiisie, 
a  secret  tribunal  of  Westphalia,  the  prin- 
cipal seat  of  which  was  in  Dortmund.  Tlie 
members  were  called  "  Free  Judges.'  It 
took  cognizance  of  all  crimes  m  the  law- 
less period  of  the  Middle  Ages,  and  thOM 
condemned  by  the  tribunal  were  made 
away  with  by  some  secret  means,  but 
no  one  knew  by  what  hand.  Being  des- 
patched, the  dead  body  was  hung  on  a 
tree  to  advertise  the  fact  and  deter  others. 
The  tribunal  existed  at  the  tune,  of 
Charlemagne,   but  was  at  its  zemth  of 


VEHMIQUE  TRIBUNAL. 


1062 


VENEERING. 


power  in  the  twelfth  century.  Sir  W. 
Scott  has  introduced  it  in  his  Anne  of 
Geier stein  (time,  Edwari  lY.). 

Was  Rebecca  guilty  or  not?  The  Vehmgericht  of  the 
Bervauts'  hall  pronounced  against  her.— Thackeray, 
Vanity  Fair,  xliv.  (1848). 

Vehmique  Tribunal  {The),  or  the 
Secret  Tribunal,  or  the  court  of  the  Holy 
Vehme,  said  to  have  been  founded  by 
Charlemagne.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geiersiein  {time,  Edward  IV.). 

Veil  of  St.  Agatha,  a  miraculous 
yeil  belonging  to  St,  Agatha,  and  de- 
posited in  the  church  of  the  city  of 
Catania,  in  Sicily,  where  the  saint 
suffered  martyrdom.  "It  is  a  sure 
defence  against  the  eruptions  of  mount 
Etna."  It  is  very  true  that  the  church 
itself  was  overwhelmed  with  lava  in 
1698,  and  some  20,000  of  the  inhabitants 
perished  ;  but  that  was  no  fault  of  the 
veil,  which  would  have  prevented  it  if  it 
could.  Happily,  the  veil  was  recovered, 
and  is  still  believed  in  by  the  people. 

Veilchen  {Annette),  attendant  of 
Anne  of  Geierstein.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne 
of  Geierstein  (time.  Edward  IV.). 

Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan 
{The),  Hakim  ben  Allah,  sumamed  Mo- 
kanna  or  "The  Veiled,"  founder  of  an 
Arabic  sect  in  the  eighth  century.  He 
wore  a  veil  to  conceal  his  face,  which  had 
been  greatly  disfigured  in  battle.  He 
gave  out  that  he  had  been  Adam,  Noah, 
Abraham,  and  Moses.  When  the  sultan 
Mahadi  marched  against  him,  he  poisoned 
all  his  followers  at  a  banquet,  and  then 
threw  himself  in  a  cask  containing  a 
burning  acid,  which  entirely  destroyed 
his  bodv. 

♦^*  thomas  Moore  has  made  this  the 
subject  of  a  poetical  tale  in  his  Lalla 
Rookh  ("The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Kho- 
rassan," 1817). 

There,  on  that  throne,  ...  sat  the  prophet-chief. 
The  great  Mokanna.    O'er  his  features  hung 
The  veil,  the  silver  veil,  which  he  had  flung 
In  mercy  there,  to  hide  from  mortal  sight 
His  dazzling  brow,  till  man  could  bear  its  light 

•  •••«• 

"  'Tis  time  these  features  were  unc  urtained  i  nov)\. 
Tliis  brow,  whose  light — oh,  rare  celestial  light! — 
Hath  been  reserved  to  bless  thy  favoured  siglit  .  .  . 
Turn  now  and  look  ;  tl>en  wonder,  if  thou  wilt, 
That  I  should  hate,  should  take  revenge,  by  guilt. 
Upon  the  hand  whose  mischief  or  whose  mirth 
Sent  me  thus  maimed  and  monstrous  upon  earth  .  .  * 
Here— judge  if  hell,  with  all  its  pjwer  to  damn, 
Can  add  one  curse  to  the  foul  thing  I  am  !  " 

He  raised  the  veil ;  the  maid  turned  slowly  round, 
Looked  at  him,  shrieked,  and  sunk  upon  the  ground. 
The  Veiled  Prophet  of  Khorassan. 

Veipsey,  an  intermittent  spring  in 
Yorlvshxre,   called  "prophetic"  because. 


when  unusually  high,  it  foretells  a  coming 
dearth. 

Then  my  prophetic  spring  at  Veipsey  I  may  show. 
That  some  yeiirs  is  dried  up,  some  years  ngain  doth  flow ; 
But  when  it  breaketh  out  with  an  immoderate  birth. 
It  tells  the  followuig  year  of  a  penurious  de.irth. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxviii  (1622). 

Velasquez,  the  Spanish  governor 
of  Portugal  in  1640,  when  the  people,  led 
by  don  Juan  duke  of  Braganza,  rose  in 
rebellion,  shook  off  the  Spanish  yoke, 
and  established  the  duke  on  the  throne, 
under  the  name  and  title  of  Juan  or  John 
IV.  The  same  dynasty  still  continues. 
Velasquez  was  torn  to  pieces  by  the  mob. 
The  duchess  calls  him  a 

Discerning  villain. 
Subtle,  Insidious,  false,  and  plausible ; 
He  can  with  ease  assume  all  outward  forms  ... 
While  with  the  lynx's  beam  he  penetrates 
The  deep  reserve  of  every  other  breast 

R.  Jephson,  Braganza,  ii.  2  (1785), 

Velinspeck,  a  country  manager,  to 
whom  Matthew  Stuffy  makes  applica- 
tion for  the  post  of  prompter. — Charles 
Mathews,  At  Home  (1818). 

Vellum,  in  Addison's  comedy  Tha 
Drummer  (1715). 

Velvet  ( The  Rev.  Morphine),  a  popular 
preacher,  who  feeds  his  flock  on  eau 
sucre'e  and  wild  honey.  He  assures  his 
hearers  that  the  way  to  heaven  might 
once  be  thorny  and  steep,  but  now  "  every 
hill  is  brought  low,  every  valley  is  filled 
up,  the  crooked  ways  are  made  straight, 
and  even  in  the  valley  of  the  shadow  of 
death  they  need  fear  no  evil,  for  One  will 
be  with  them  to  support  and  comfort 
them." 

Venedo'tia,  Wales. 

The  Venedotian  floods,  that  ancient  Britons  were. 
The  mountains  kept  them  back. 

M.  Drayton,  Polyolbion.  iv.  (1612). 

Veneering  {Mr.),  a  new  man,  "forty, 
wavy-haired,  dark,  tending  to  corpulence, 
sly,  mysterious,  filmy  ;  a  kind  of  well- 
looking  veiled  prophet,  not  prophesying." 
He  was  a  drug  merchant  of  the  firm  of 
Chicksey,  Stobbles,  and  Veneering.  The 
two  former  were  his  quondam  masters, 
but  their  names  had  "become  absorbed 
in  Veneering,  once  their  traveller  or  com- 
mission agent." 

Mrs.  Veneering,  a  new  woman,  "fair, 
aquiline-nosed  and  fingered,  not  so  much 
light  hair  as  she  might  have,  gorgeous  in 
raiment  and  jewels,  enthusiastic,  pro- 
pitiatory, conscious  that  a  corner  of  her 
husband's  veil  is  over  herself." 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Veneering  were  bran-new  people,  in  a 
bran-new  house,  in  a  bran-new  quarter  of  London. 
Everything  about  the  Veneerings  was  spick  and  span 
new.  All  their  furniture  was  new,  all  their  friends  were 
new,  all  their  servants  were  new,  their  pIa^e  was  new, 
their  carriage  was  new,  their  harness  was  new,  their  horsoi 


VENEERING  OF  SOCIETY.         1063 


VENUS. 


were  new.  their  pictures  were  new,  they  themselves  were 
patible  with  fheir  having  a  bran-new  baby. 

In  the  Veneering  establishment  from  the  hall  chalrg 
with  the  new  coat  of  arms,  to  the  ^and  pianoforte  with 
the  new  fiction,  and  upstairs  again  to  the  new  fire-escape 
nil  things  were  in  a  state  of  high  varnish  and  polish  — c' 
Dickens,  Our  Mutual  tYiend,  ii.  (1864). 

Veneering  of  Society  {The), 
flashy,  rich  merchants,  who  delight  to 
overpower  their  guests  with  the  splendour 
of  their  furniture,  the  provisions  of  their 
tables,  and  the  jewels  of  their  wives  and 
daughters. 

Venerable  Bede  {The).  Two 
accounts  are  given  respecting  the  word 
venerable  attached  to  the  name  of  this 
•'wise  Saxon."  One  is  this:  When 
blind,  he  preached  once  to  a  heap  of 
stones,  thinking  himself  in  a  church,  and 
the  stones  were  so  affected  by  his  elo- 
quence that  they  exclaimed,  "Amen, 
venerable  Bede ! "  This,  of  course,  is 
based  on  the  verse  Luke  xix.  40. 

The  other  is  that  his  scholars,  wishing 
to  honour  his  name,  wrote  for  epitaph  : 

Hsec  sunt  in  fossa. 
Bedae  presbyteri  ossa ; 

but  an  angel  changed  the  second  line  into 
*' Bedae  venerabilis  ossa"  (672-735). 

***  The  chair  in  which  he  sat  is  still 
preserved  at  Jarrow.  Some  years  ago  a 
sailor  used  to  show  it,  and  always  called 
it  the  chair  of  the  "great  admiral  Bede." 

Venerable  Doctor  {Tlie),  William 
de  Champeaux  (*-1121). 

Venerable  Initiator  {Tlie),  Wil- 
liam of  Occam  (1276-1347). 

Venery.  Sir  Tristram  was  the  in- 
ventor of  the  laws  and  terms  of  venery. 
Hence  a  book  of  venery  was  called  A 
Book  of  Tristram. 

Of  sir  Tristram  came  all  the  good  terms  of  venery  and 
of  hunting ;  and  Uie  sizes  and  measures  of  blowing  of  an 
horn.  And  of  him  we  had  first  all  the  terms  of  hawking; 
and  which  were  beasts  of  chase  and  beasts  of  venery.  and 
which  were  vermin  ;  and  all  tlie  blasts  that  belong  to  all 
tnanner  of  games.  First  to  the  uncoupling,  to  the  seek- 
ing, to  the  rechase,  to  the  flight,  to  the  death,  and  to  the 
strake ;  and  many  other  blasts  and  terms  shall  all  manner 
of  gentlemen  have  cause  to  the  world's  end  to  praise  air 
Tristram,  and  to  pray  for  his  soul.— Sir  T.  Malory,  HiUory 
of  PHnce  Arthur,  ii.  138  (1470). 

Venice  Glass.  The  drinking-glasses 
of  the  Middle  Ages  made  of  Venice  glass 
were  said  to  possess  the  peculiar  property 
of  breaking  into  shivers  if  poison  were 
put  into  them. 

Tis  said  that  our  Venetian  crystal  has 
Such  pure  antipathy  to  poison,  as 
To  burst,  if  aught  of  venom  touches  it 

Byron,  The  Two  Foscari,  v.  1  (1820). 

Venice  Preserved,  a  tragedy  by 
T.  Otwftv  (1G82).  A  conspiracy  was 
formed  by  Renault  a  Frenchman,  Elliot 


an  Englishman,  Bedamar,  Pien«,  n< 
others,  to  murder  the  Venetian  MfSate. 
Jaflier  was  induced  by  his  friend  Pierro 
to  join  tl»e  conspirator*,  and  jjave  hit 
y/ife  as  hostage  of  his  good  faith.  As 
Renault  most  grossly  insulted  the  ladv, 
Jaflier  took  her  away,  when  she  per- 
suaded her  husband  to  reveal  the  plot 
to  her  father  Priuli,  under  the  promise  of 
a  general  amnesty.  The  senate  violated 
the  i)romise  made  by  Priuli,  and  con- 
manded  all  the  conspirators  except 
JafHer  to  be  broken  on  the  wheel.  Jafiier, 
to  save  his  friend  Pierre  froiu  the  torture, 
stabbed  him,  and  then  himself.  Uelvi- 
dera  went  mad  and  died. 


Venice  of  the  East, 
capital  of  Burmah. 


Bangkok, 


Venice  of  the  North,  Stockholm 
(Sweden).  Sometimes  Amsterdam  is  to 
called,  from  its  numerous  watcr-couTMS 
and  the  opulence  of  its  citizens.    It  has 

290  bridges. 

They  went  to  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  the  Venice  ot  lb* 

Nortli.— 7'A«  Dragoiuuivt,  i. 

Venice  of  the  West,  Glasgow. 

Another  element  in  the  blazon  of  the  Venice  of  tb* 
West  is  a  fisli  laid  across  the  stem  of  the  tree.- 


(See  Fish  and  thk  Kino,  p.  33«J.) 

Ventid'ius,  an  Athenian  imprisoned 
for  debt.  Tiinon  paid  his  debt,  and  set 
him  free.  Not  long  after,  the  fatlicr  of 
Ventidius  died,  leaving  a  large  fortune, 
and  the  young  mau  ottered  to  refund  the 
loan,  but  Timon  declined  to  take  it, 
saying  that  the  money  was  a  free  gift. 
When  Timon  got  into  diflficulties,  he  ap- 
plied to  Ventidius  for  aid ;  but  Ventidius, 
i;iro  tVio  rocf    iiroB  "  fouud  bai*  metal, 


-Shakespeare,  Titmrn 


like  the  rest,  was 
and  "denied  him.' 
of  Athens  (1609). 

Ventid'ius,  the  general  of  Marc  An- 
tony. 

♦^*  The  master  scene  between  Vai- 
tidius  and  Antony  in  this  tragedy  is  copied 
from  I'he  Maid's  2 r(j<;t(/v  (by  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher),Ventidiusbeing\he  "Melan- 
tius  "  of  Beaumont  and  Fletcher's  drama. 
— Dryden,  All  for  Love  or  the  World  WtU 
Lost  (1678). 

Ventriloquist.  The  best  that  ever 
lived  was  Brabant,  the  engastrimisth  of 
Franyois  I.  of  France. 

Venus  {Paintings  of).  Vksus  Axa- 
dyom'ene  or  Venus  rising  from  tlie  sea 
and  wringing  her  golden  tresses,  by 
Apelles.  Apellcs  also  put  his  name  to 
a   "Sleeping   Venus."     Tradition   »yi 


VENUS. 


1064 


VENUSBEEG. 


that  Campaspe  (afterwards  his  wife)  was 
the  model  of  his  Venus. 

The  Rhodian  Vknus,  referred  to  by 
Campbell,  in  his  Pleasures  of  Hope, 
ii.,  is  the  Venus  spoken  of  by  Pliny, 
XXXV.  10,  from  which  Shakespeare  has 
drawn  his  picture  of  Cleopatra  in  her 
barge  {Antony  and  Cleopatra,  act  ii.  sc. 
2).     The  Khodian  was  Protog'enes. 

When  first  the  Rhodian's  mimic  art  arrayed 

The  queen  of  Beauty  in  her  Cyprian  bliade. 

The  liappy  master  mingled  in  his  piece 

Each  loolt  tliat  charmed  him  in  the  fair  of  Greece  .  .  . 

Love  on  the  picture  smiled.    Expression  poured 

Her  mingling  spirit  there,  and  Greece  adored. 

Pleaturet  of  Hope,  ii.  (1799). 

Venus  (Statues  of).  The  Cnidian 
Venus,  a  nude  statue,  bought  by  the 
Cnidians.     By  Praxiteles. 

The  Coax  Venus,  a  draped  statue, 
bought  by  the  Coans.     By  Praxiteles. 

The  Venus  de'  Medici,  a  statue  dug 
up  in  several  pieces  at  Hadrian's  villa, 
near  Tiv'oli  (seventeenth  century),  and 
placed  for  a  time  in  the  Medici  palace  at 
Kome,  whence  its  name.  It  was  the  work 
of  Cleom'enes  the  Athenian.  All  one  arm 
and  part  of  the  other  were  restored  by 
Bandinelli.  In  1680  this  statue  was 
removed  to  the  Uffizi  gallery  at  Florence. 
It  was  removed  to  Paris  by  Napoleon, 
but  was  afterwards  restored. 

The  Venus  of  Arles,  with  a  mirror 
in  the  right  hand  and  an  apple  in  the 
left.  This  statue  is  ancient,  but  the 
mirror  and  apple  are  by  Girardin. 

The  Venus  of  Milo.  The  "Venus 
Victorious"  is  called  the  "Venus  of 
Milo,"  because  it  was  brought  from  the 
island  of  Milo,  in  the  iEgean  Sea,  by 
admiral  Dumont  d'Urv'ille  in  1820.  It 
is  one  of  the  chefs  (Tosuvre  of  antiquity, 
and  is  now  in  the  Louvre  of  Paris. 

The  Pauline  Venus,  by  Canova. 
IModelled  from  Pauline  Bonaparte,  prin- 
cess Borghese. 

I  went  by  chance  into  the  room  of  the  Pauline  Venus  ; 
my  mouth  will  taste  bitter  all  d-iy.  How  venial !  how 
gaudy  and  vile  she  is  witii  lier  gilded  upholstery  1  It  is 
the  most  hateful  thing  that  ever  wasted  marble.— Ouida, 
Ariadiid,  i  1. 

The  Venus  Pandkmos,  the  sensual 
and  vulgar  Venus  (Greek,  pan-demos,  for 
the  vulgar  or  populace  generally)  ;  as 
opf)Osed  to  the  "  Uranian  Venus,"  the 
beau-ideal  of  beauty  and  loveliness. 

Amongst  the  deities  from  the  upper  chamber  a  mortal 
came,  the  light,  lewd  woman,  wlio  had  bared  her  charms 
to  live  for  ever  here  in  marble,  in  counterfeit  of  the  Venus 
Paudemos. — Oiiida,  Aritidne,  i.  1. 

Gibson's  Venus,  slightly  tinted,  was 
shown  in  the  International  Exhibition  of 
1862. 

Venusj  the  highest  throw  with  the  four 


tali  or  three  tesserce.  The  best  cast  ol 
the  tali  (or  four-sided  dice)  was  four 
different  numbers ;  but  the  best  cast  of 
the  tesserce  (or  ordinary  dice)  was  three 
sixes.  The  worst  throw  was  called  cania 
— three  aces  in  tesserce  and  four  aces  in 
tali. 

Venus  (The  Isle  of),  a  paradise  created 
by  "  Divine  Love"  for  the  Lusian  heroes. 
Here  Uranian  Venus  gave  Vasco  da  Gama 
the  empire  of  the  sea.  This  isle  is  not 
far  from  the  mountains  of  Imaus,  whence 
the  Ganges  and  Indus  derive  their  source. 
— Camoens,  Lusiad,  ix.  (1572). 

*^*  Similar  descriptions  of  paradise 
are:  "the  gardens  of  AlcinSus"  (Odys^ 
sey,\u.);  "the  island  of  Circe"  (Odys- 
sey, X.)  ;  Virgil's  "  Elysium  "  (JEneid, 
vi.)  ;  "the  island  and  palace  of  Alci'na" 
(Orlando  Furioso,  vi.,  vii.)  5  "  the  country 
of  Logistiila"  (Orlando  Furioso,  x.)  ; 
"  Paradise,"  visited  by  Astolpho  (Orlando 
Furioso,  xxxiv.)  ;  "the  island  of  Arrai'- 
da  "  (Jerusalem  Delivered)  ;  "the  bower 
of  Acrasia"  (Faery  Queen)-,  "the  palace 
with  its  forty  doors"  (Arabian  NiyhtSy 
"Third  Calender"),  etc. 

Venus  (Ura'nian),  the  impersonation 
of  divine  love  ;  the  presiding  deity  of  the 
Lusians. — Camoens,  Lusiad  (1572). 

"Venus  and  Adonis.  Adonis,  a 
most  beautiful  boy,  was  greatly  beloved 
by  Venus  and  Proserpine.  Jupiter  de- 
cided that  he  should  live  four  months 
with  one  and  four  months  with  the  other 
goddess,  and  the  rest  of  the  year  he  might 
do  what  he  liked.  One  day,  he  was  killed 
by  a  wild  boar  during  a  chase,  and  Venus 
was  so  inconsolable  at  the  loss  that  the 
infernal  gods  allowed  the  boy  to  spend 
six  months  of  the  year  with  Venus  on  the 
earth,  but  the  other  six  he  was  to  spend 
in  hell.  Of  course,  this  is  an  allegory  of 
the  sun,  which  is  six  months  above  and 
six  months  below  the  equator. 

*^*  Shakespeare  has  a  poem  called 
Venv^  and  Adonis  (1693),  in  which  Adonis 
is  made  cold  and  passionless,  but  Venus 
ardent  and  sensual. 

Venus  of  Cleom'enes  (4  syl.), 
now  called  the  "  Venus  de'  Medici "  or 
"Venus  de  Medicis." 

Venus  of  the  Forest  (The).  The 
ash  tree  is  so  called  by  Gilpin. 

Venusberg,  the  mountain  of  fatal 
delights.  Here  Tannhauser  tarried,  and 
when  pope  Urban  refused  to  grant  him 
absolution,  he  returned  thither,  to  be 
never  more  seen. —  German  Legend, 


VERDONE. 


1065 


VERTAIGNE. 


Ver'done  (2  syl.),  nephew  to  Cham- 
pernal  the  husband  of  Lami'ra. — Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,  The  Little  French 
Lawyer  (1647). 

Verdugo,  captain  under  the  governor 
of  Segovia.  —  Beaumont  and  Flatcher, 
TJie  PUgrim  (1621). 

Vere  {Mr.  Richard),  laird  of  Ellies- 
law,  a  Jacobite  conspirator. 

Miss  Isabella  Vere,  the  laird's  daughter. 
She  marries  j'^oung  Patrick  Eamscliffe 
laird  of  i:arnscliffe.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Black  Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Vere  (Sir  Arthur  de),  son  of  the  earl 
of  Oxford.  He  first  appears  under  the 
assumed  name  of  Arthur  Philipson. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstem  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

Verges  (2  syl.),  an  old-fashioned 
constable  and  night-watch,  noted  for  his 
blundering  simplicity.  —  Shakespeare, 
Much  Ado  about  Nothing  (1600). 

Vergiv'ian  Sea,  that  part  of  St. 
George's  Channel  where  tides  out  of  the 
north  and  south  seas  meet.  The  Irish  Sea 
is  sometimes  so  called. 

.  .  .  bears  his  boisterous  waves  into  the  narrower  mouth 
Of  the  Vergiviiui  Sea ;  where  meeting,  from  the  south, 
■  Great  Neptune's  surlier  tides,  with  tlieir  robustious  shocks 
Each  other  shoulder  up  against  the  griesly  rocks. 

Drayton.  PolyolHon,  x.  {1612). 

Vergob'retus,  a  dictator  selected 
by  the  druids,  and  possessed  of  unlimited 
power  both  in  war  and  state  during  times 
of  great  danger. 

This  temporary  king  or  vergobretus  laid  down  his  office 
at  the  end  of  the  war .—2)i«er<atJon  on  the  Era  of  Ouian. 

"Verisopht  (Lord  Frederick),  weak 
and  silly,  but  far  less  vicious  than  his 
bear-leader,  sir  Mulberry  Hawk.  He 
drawled  in  his  speech,  and  was  altogether 
"  very  soft."  Ralph  Nickleby  introduced 
his  niece  Kate  to  the  young  nobleman  at 
a  bachelor's  dinner-party,  hoping  to  make 
of  the  introduction  a  profitable  invest- 
ment, but  Kate  was  far  too  modest  and 
virtuous  to  aid  him  in  his  scheme. — C. 
Dickens,  Nicholas  Nickleby  (1838). 

Vermilion  Sea  (The),  the  gulf  of 
California. 

Vernon  (Diana),  niece  of  sir  Hilde- 
brand  Osbaldistone.  She  has  great 
beaut)',  sparkling  talents,  an  excellent 
disposition,  high  birth,  and  is  an  en- 
thusiastic adherent  of  an  exiled  king. 
Diana  Vernon  marries  Frank  Osbaldi- 
stone. 

Sir  Frederick  Vernon,  father  of  Diana, 
a  political  intriguer,  called  "his  excel- 


lency the  earl  of  Beauchamp."  He  ink 
appears  as  father  Vaughan  [  Faimj.— bir 
W.  Scott,  Hob  Hoy  (time,  George  1.). 


Ver'olame  (3  syL)  or  Verulam,  •* « 
stately  nymph"  of  Isis.  Seeing  her 
stream  besmeared  with  the  blood  of  St, 
Alban,  she  prayed  that  it  might  be 
diverted  into  another  channel,  and  her 
prayer  was  granted.  The  place  where 
St.  Alban  was  executed  was  at  that  time 
called  Holmhurst. — Robert  of  Gloucester, 
Chronicle  (in  verse),  57  (thirteenth  cen- 
tury). 

***  A  poetical  account  of  this  legend 
is  also  given  by  W.  Browne  in  his  Brita^ 
nid's  Pastorals,  iv.  (1613). 

Veron'ica,  the  maiden  who  handed 
her  handkerchief  to  Jesus  on  His  way  to 
Calvary.  The  "Man  of  sorrows"  wiped 
His  face  with  it,  returned  it  to  the  maiden, 
and  it  ever  after  had  a  perfect  likcne.<ts 
of  the  Saviour  photographed  on  it.  The 
handkerchief  and  the  maiden  were  both 
called  Veronica  (i.e.  vera  iconica,  "the  true 
likeness  "). 

*^*  One  of  these  handkerchiefs  is  pre- 
served in  St.  Peter's  of  Rome,  and  another 
in  Milan  Cathedral. 

Verrina,  the  republican  who  mur- 
ders Fiesco. — Schiller,  Fiesco  (1783). 

Versailles  (The  German),  Cassel ; 
80  called  from  its  gardens,  conserN-atories, 
fountains,  and  colossal  statue  of  Hercules. 

Versailles  of  Poland,  the  palace, 
etc.,  of  the  counts  of  Braniski,  which  now 
belong  to  the  municipality  of  Bialystok. 

Versatile  (Sir  George),  a  scholar, 
pleasing  in  manners,  warm-hearted, 
generous,  with  the  seeds  of  virtue  and 
the  soul  of  honour,  but  being  deficient 
in  stability,  he  takes  his  colour,  like  the 
chamelion,  from  the  objects  at  hand. 
Thus,  with  Maria  Delaval  he  is  manly, 
frank,  affectionate,  and  noble  ;  with  lord 
Vibrate,  hesitating,  undecided,  and  tossed 
with  doubts  ;  with  lady  Vibrate,  boister- 
ously gav,  extravagant,  and  light-hearted. 
Sir  George  is  betrothed  to  :Maria  Delaval, 
but  the  death  of  his  father  delays  tiie 
marriage.  He  travels,  and  gives  a  flmg 
to  youthful  indulgences.  After  a  time, 
he  meets  Maria  Delaval  by  accident,  his 
better  nature  prevails,  and  he  offcre  her 
his  hand,  his  heart,  his  title,  and  his 
fortune.— Holcroft,  Jie's  Much  to  Blame 
(1790). 

Vertaigne  (2  or  3  syQ,  » i 


VERVAIN. 


1066 


VICAR  OF  BRAY. 


and  judge,  father  of  Lamfra  and  Beaupre. 
—Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Little 
French  Lawyer  (1647). 

Vervain  or  Verbe'na,  i.e.  herba  bona, 
used  by  the  Greeks  and  Romans  in  their 
Bacrifices  and  sacred  rites,  and  by  the 
druids  in  their  incantations.  It  was  for 
apces  a  reputed  deobstruent,  especially 
efficacious  in  scrofulous  complaints,  the 
bite  of  rabid  animals,  antipathies,  and 
megrims. 

Drayton  says  "  a  wreath  of  vervain 
heralds  wear  "  as  a  badge  of  truce.  Am- 
bassadors also  wore  a  chaplet  of  vervain 
on  denouncing  war. 

The  hermit  .  .  .  the  holy  vervain  finds, 
Which  he  about  his  head  tliat  hath  the  megrim  binds. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xlii.  (1613). 

Vesey  {Sir  John)^  a  baronet,  most 
worldly  wise,  and,  being  poor,  gives 
himself  the  nickname  of  "  Stingy  Jack," 
that  he  may  be  thought  rich.  Forthwith 
his  £10,000  was  exaggerated  into  £40,000. 
Sir  .John  wanted  his  daughter  to  marry 
Alfred  Evelyn,  but,  feeling  very  uncertain 
about  the  stability  of  the  young  man's 
money,  shilly-shallied  about  it ;  and  in 
the  mean  time,  Georgina  married  sir 
Frederick  Blount,  and  Evelyn  was  left 
free  to  marry  Clara  Douglas,  whom  he 
greatly  loved. — Lord  L.  Bulwer  Lytton, 
Money  (1840). 

Vestris,  called  "The  God  of  Dancing," 
used  to  say,  "Europe  contains  only  three 
truly  great  men — mvself,  Voltaire,  and 
Frederick  of  Prussia '^  (1729-1808). 

Veto  {Monsieur  and  Madame),  Louis 
XVI.  and  Marie  Antoinette.  The  king 
had  the  power  of  putting  his  veto  on  any 
decree  of  the  National  Assembly  (1791), 
in  consequence  of  which  he  was  nick- 
named "  Capet  Veto." 

*^*  The  name  occurs  in  the  celebrated 
song  called  La  Carmagnole,  which  was 
sung  to  a  dance  of  the  same  name. 

Vetus,  in  the  Times  newspaper,  is  the 
nom  de  plume  of  Edward  Sterling  (1773- 
1847),  "The  Thunderer"  (1812-13). 

Vexhelia,  wife  of  Osmond  an  old 
Varangian  guard. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Count 
Bobert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Vlioles  (1  syl.),  a  lawyer  who  draws 
Richard  Carstone  into  his  toils.  He  is 
always  closely  buttoned  up,  and  speaks 
in  a  lifeless  manner,  but  is  pre-eminently 
a  "most  respectable  man." — C.  Dickens, 
mmk  Iloitse  (1852), 


Vi  et  Armis.— Cicero,  2  Philippic, 
xli.  107. 

Vibrate  {Lord),  a  man  who  can  nevor 
make  up  his  mind  to  anything,  and, 
"  like  a  man  on  double  business  bent,  he 
stands  in  pause  which  he  shall  first  begin, 
and  both  neglects."  Thus,  he  would  say 
to  his  valet,  "  Order  the  coachman  at 
eleven.  No ;  order  him  at  one.  Come 
back  !  order  him  in  ten  minutes.  Stay  ! 
don't  order  him  at  all.  Why  don't  you 
go  and  do  as  I  bid  you  ? "  or,  "  Tell 
Harry  to  admit  the  doctor.  No,  not 
just  yet;  in  five  minutes.  I  don't  know 
when.  Was  ever  man  so  tormented  ?  " 
So  with  everything. 

Lady  Vibrate,  wife  of  the  above.  Ex- 
travagant, contradictious,  fond  of  gaiety, 
hurrj'^,  noise,  embarrassment,  confusion, 
disorder,  uproar,  and  a  whirl  of  excite- 
ment.    She  says  to  his  lordship : 

1  am  all  gaiety  and  good  humour ;  you  are  all  tnrmoil 
and  lamentation.  I  sing,  laugh,  and  welcome  plcitsure 
wherever  I  find  it ;  you  take  your  lantern  to  look  for 
misery,  which  the  sun  itself  cannot  discover.  You  may 
think  proper  to  l)e  as  miserable  as  Job  ;  but  don't  expect 
me  to  be  a  Job's  wife.— Act  ii.  L 

Lady  Jane  Vibrate,  daughter  of  lord 
and  lady  Vibrate.  An  amiable  young 
lady,  attached  to  Delaval,  whom  she 
marries. — Holcroft,  He's  Much  to  Blame 
(1790). 

Vicar  of  Bray  {The).  Mr.  Brome 
says  the  noted  vicar  was  Simon  Alleyn, 
vicar  of  Bray,  in  Berkshire,  for  fifty 
years.  In  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII.  he  was 
catholic  till  the  Reformation  ;  in  the  reign 
of  Edward  VI,  he  was  calvinist;  in  the 
reign  of  Mary  he  was  papist ;  in  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth  he  was  protestant.  No 
matter  who  was  king,  he  resolved  to 
die  the  vicar  of  Bray. — D'Israeli,  Curiosi- 
ties of  JAterature. 

Another  statement  gives  the  name  of 
Pendleton  as  the  true  vicar.  He  was 
afterwards  rector  of  St.  Stephen's,  Wal- 
brook  (Edward  VI.  to  Elizabeth). 

Hadyn  says  the  vicar  referred  to  in  tLe 
song  was  Simon  Symonds,  who  lived  in 
the  Commonwealth,  and  continued  vicar 
till  the  reign  of  W^illiam  and  Mary.  He 
was  independent  in  the  protectorate,  epis- 
copalian under  Charles  II.,  papist  under 
James  II.,  moderate  protestant  under 
William  and  Mary. 

*^*  The  song  called  The  Vicar  of  Bray 
was  written  in  the  reign  of  George  I.,  by 
colonel  Fuller  or  an  officer  in  Fuller's 
regiment,  and  does  not  refer  to  Alleyn, 
Pendleton,  or  Symonds,  but  to  some  real 
or  imaginary  person  who  was  vicar  of  Bray 
from  Charles  II.  to  George  I.    The  first 


VICAR  OF  WAKEFIELD. 


1067 


VICTORIOUS. 


verse  begins:  "In  good  king  Charles's 
golden  days,''  I  was  a  zealous  high- 
churchman.  Ver.  2  :  "  When  royal 
James  obtained  the  crown,"  I  found  the 
Church  of  Rome  would  fit  my  constitu- 
tion. Ver.  3 :  "  When  William  was  our 
king  declared,"  I  swore  to  him  allegiance. 
Ver.  4 :  "  When  gracious  Anne  became 
our  queen,"  I  became  a  tory.  Ver.  5 : 
♦'When  George,  in  pudding-time  came 
o'er,"  I  became  a  whig.  And  "George 
my  lawful  king  shall  be — until  the  times 
do  alter." 

'  I  have  had  a  long  chase  after  the  vicar  of  Bray,  on 
whom  the  proverb.  .  .  .  Mr.  Fuller,  in  his  Worthiet.  .  .  . 
takes  no  notice  of  him.  ...  I  am  informed  it  is  Simon 
AUcyn  or  Allen,  who  was  vioar  of  Bray  about  1540,  and 
died  1588.— Brome  to  liawHns,  June  14,  1735.  (See 
Letters  from  the  Bodleian,  II.  i.  100.) 

Vicar  of  Wakefield    (The),  Dr. 
Primrose,  a  simple-minded,  pious  clergy- 
man, with  six  children.     He  begins  life 
with  a  good  fortune,  a  handsome  house, 
and  wealthy  friends,  but  is  reduced  to 
utter  poverty  without  any  fault   of  his 
own,  and,  being  reduced  like  Job,  like  Job 
he  is  restored.     First,  he  loses  his  fortune 
through  the  rascality  of  the  merchant 
who  held  it.      His  next  great  sorrow  was 
the    elopement  of  his  eldest  daughter, 
Olivia,  with  squire  Thornhill.     His  third 
was  the  entire  destruction  by  fire  of  his 
house,   furniture,  .and    books,    together 
with  the  savings  which  he  had  laid  by 
for    his    daughters'    marriage    portions. 
His  fourth  was  being  incarcerated  in  the 
county  jail  by  squire  Thornhill  for  rent, 
his  wife  and  family  being  driven  out  of 
house  and  home.      His  fifth  was  the  an- 
nouncement  that    his    daughter    Olivia 
"was    dead,"    and    that    his    daughter 
Sophia    had  been  abducted.      His  sixth 
was  the  imprisonment  of  his  eldest  son, 
George,  for  sending  a  challenge  to  squire 
Thornhill.      His  cup  of  sorrow  was  now 
full,    and    comfort    was    at    hand:    (1) 
Olivia  was  not  really  dead,  but  was  said 
to  be  so  in  order  to  get  the  vicar  to 
submit  to  the  squire,  and  thus  obtain  his 
release.     (2)   His  daughter   Sophia  had 
been  rescued  by  Mr.  Burchell  (sir  William 
Thornhill),  who  asked  her  hand  in  mar- 
riage.    (3)  His  son  George  was  liberated 
from  prison,  and   married  Miss  Wilmot, 
an  heiress.     (4)  Olivia's  marriage  to  the 
squire,  which  was  said  to  have  been  in- 
formal, was  shown  to  be  legal  and  binding. 
(b)  The  old  vicar  was  released,  re-esta- 
blished in  his  vicarage,  and  recovered  a 
part    of    his   fortune.— Goldsmith,     I  he 
Ticar  of  Wakefield  (1766). 
*J*  This  novel  has  been  dramatized 


several  times  :  In  1819  it  was  performed 
in  the  Surrey  Theatre;  in  1823  it  wm 
turned  into  an  opera;  in  1850  Tom 
Taylor  dramatized  it  ;  in  1878  W.  G. 
Wills  converted  it  into  a  drama  of  four 
acts,  entitled  Olivia. 

The  real  interest  of  the  story  llet  In  th«  devdopmmt  of 
the  character  of  the  amiable  vicar,  lo  rich  in  hcavctiljr, 
so  poor  in  earthly  wisdom ;  iiossessiii^  little  for  hinucK. 
yetready  to  make  that  little  lesg,  whenever  ml»ry  ap- 
peals to  his  compassion.  Witli  enough  ot  wurldly  vanity 
about  him  to  show  that  he  shares  the  weaknen  of  imr 
nature;  ready  to  he  imposed  upon  by  oo«mogunle« and 
f  ctitious  bills  of  exchange,  and  yet  commanding,  bjr  the 
simple  anil  serene  dignity  of  goodnesB,  the  recpeet  evea 
of  the  profligate.— .Bnci/c.  Brit.,  Art.  "  Boaunoe.'* 

Victor  Amade'us  (4  syl.),  king  of 
Sardinia  (1665,  1675-1732),  noted  for  his 
tortuous  policy.  He  was  fierce,  audacious, 
unscrupulous,  and  selfish,  profound  in 
dissimulation,  prolific  in  resources,  and 
a  "  breaker  of  vows  both  to  God  and 
man."  In  1730  he  abdicated,  but  a  few 
months  later  wanted  to  regain  the  throne, 
which  his  son,  Charles  Emmanuel,  refused 
to  resign.  On  again  plotting  to  recover 
the  crown,  he  was  arrested  by  D'Orme» 
the  prime  minister,  and  died. — R.  Brown- 
ing, King  Victor  and  King  Charles 
Emmanuel. 

Victor's  Library  {St.),  a  library  of 
trashy  books,  especially  controversial 
divinity.  (See  Libkary.)  —  Rabelais, 
Fantag'ruel,  ii.  7  (1533). 

Victoria  (Donna),  the  young  wife  of 
don  Carlos.  Don  Carlos  had  given  to 
donna  Laura  (a  courtezan)  the  deeds  of 
his  wife's  estate;  and  Victoria,  to  get  them 
back,  dressed  in  man's  apparel,  assumed 
the  name  of  Florio,  and  made  love  to 
Laura.  Having  secured  a  footing,  she 
introduced  Gasper  as  the  rich  uncle  of 
Victoria,  and  Gasper  persuaded  Laura 
that  the  deeds  were  wholly  worthless, 
whereupon  Laura  tore  them  to  pieces. 
By  this  mancEUvre  the  estate  was  saved, 
and  don  Carlos  rescued  from  ruin.— Mrs. 
Cowley,  A  Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband 
(1782). 

Victoria  Tower  ( The).  The  tower 
of  the  palace  of  Westminster  is  called 
"The  Monarchy  in  Stone,"  because  it 
contains,  in  chiselled  kings  and  heraldic 
designs,  the  sculptured  history  of  the 
British  sovereigns. 


Victorious  (The).   Almanzori 
"  victorious."    The  caliph  Almanzor  w«a 
the  founder  of  Bagdad. 

Thou.  too.  art  fallen,  Bagdad,  city  of  p««cel 

Thou.  ti«,  hast  liad  tliy  day  I  .  .  . 
Thy  founder  The  Victorious.  . 

Southey.  Thalaba  the  Dettroftr.  r.  6  OTV)- 


VICTORY. 


1068 


VINCENTIO. 


Victory  {The),  Nelson's  ship. 

At  the  head  of  the  line  goes  the  Victory, 

With  Nelson  on  the  deck, 
And  on  his  breast  the  orders  shine 

Like  the  stars  on  a  shattered  ^vreck. 

Lord  Lytton.  Ode.  iii.  »  (1839). 

Vidar,  the  god  of  wisdom,  noted  for 
his  thick  shoes,  and  not  unfrequently 
called  "  The  god  with  the  thick  shoes." 
— Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Vienne,  like  Toledo,  was  at  one  time 
noted  for  its  sword-blades. 

Oargantua  gave  Touchfaucet  an  excellent  sword  of  a 
Vienne  blade  with  a  golden  scabbard.— Rabelais,  Gar- 
gantua,  i.  46  (1533). 

Vienne  {The  archbishop  of),  chancellor 
of  Burgundj'. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of 
Geierstein  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Vifell,  father  of  Viking,  famous  for 
being  the  possessor  of  Angurva'del,  the 
celebrated  sword  made  in  the  East  by 
dwarfs.  Vifell  won  it  from  Bjorn  Bloe- 
tand,  and  killed  with  it  the  giant  lernhos, 
whom  he  cleft  from  head  to  waist  with  a 
single  stroke.  Vifell  left  it  to  Viking, 
Viking  to  Thorsten,  and  Thorsten  to  his 
son  Frith]  of.  The  hilt  of  the  sword  was 
gold,  and  the  blade  written  with  runes, 
which  were  dull  in  times  of  peace,  but  in 
war  glittered,  "  red  as  the  crest  of  a  cock 
when  he  fighteth."  —  Tegner,  Frithjof 
Saga,'ni.  (1825). 

Villalpando  {Gaspar  Cardillos  de),  a 
Spanish  theologian,  controversialist,  and 
commentator  (1505-1670). 

"  Truly,"  replied  the  canon,  "  I  am  better  acquainted 
with  books  of  chivalry  than  with  Villalpando's  divinity.  "— 
Cervantes,  Von  (Quixote,  I.  iv.  17  (1605). 

Ville  Sonnante  {La).  Avignon  is 
so  called  by  Kabelais,  from  its  numerous 
bell-towers. 

Ville'rius,  in  Davenant's  Siege  of 
Ehodes  (1666). 

.  .  .  pale  with  envy,  Singleton  forswore 
The  lute  and  sword,  which  he  in  triumph  bore. 
And  vowed  he  ne'er  would  act  Villerius  more. 

Drjden,  MacFiecknoe  (1682). 

*^,*  This  Avas  a  favourite  part  of 
Singleton. 

Villers  {M^r.),  a  gentleman  who  pro- 
fessed a  supreme  contempt  for  women, 
and  declared,  if  he  ever  married,  he  should 
prefer  Widow  Racket  to  his  executioner. — 
Mrs.  Cowley,  The  Belle's  Stratagem  (1780) . 

Villiard,  a  villain,  from  whose  hands 
Charles  Belmont  rescued  Fidelia. — E. 
Moore,  The  Foundling  (1748). 

Vincent  {Jenkin)  or  "Jin  Vin,"  one 
of  old  Ramsay's  apprentices,  in  love  with 
Margaret  Ramsay. — Sir  W.  Scott,  For- 
tunes of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 


Vincent  de  la  Rosa,  a  boastful, 
vain,  heartless  adventurer,  son  of  a  poor 
labourer;  who  had  served  in  the  Italian 
wars.  Coming  to  the  village  in  which 
Leandra  lived,  he  induced  her  to  elope 
with  him,  and,  having  spoiled  her  of  her 
jewels,  money,  and  other  valuables,  de- 
serted her,  and  she  was  sent  to  a  convent 
till  the  affair  had  blown  over. 

He  wore  a  gay  uniform,  bedecked  with  glass  buttons  and 
eteel  ornaments ;  to-day  he  dressed  himself  in  one  piece 
of  finery,  and  to-morrow  in  another.  He  would  seat 
himself  upon  a  bench  under  a  large  poplar,  and  eutertiiin 
the  villagers  with  his  travels  and  exploits,  assuring  them 
there  was  not  a  country  in  the  whole  world  he  had  not 
seen,  nor  a  battle  in  which  he  had  not  taken  part.  He 
h.id  slain  more  Moors  than  ever  Tunis  or  Moroc-co  pro- 
duced ;  and  as  to  duels,  he  had  fought  more  than  ever 
Gante  had,  or  Luna,  Diego  Gaicia  de  Paredez,  or  any 
other  champion,  always  coming  off  victorious,  and  without 
losing  one  drop  of  blood.— Cer\'antes,  Don  Quixote,  1.  iv. 
20  ("The  Gottt-herd's  Story,"  1605). 

Vincen'tio,  duke  of  Vienna.  He 
delegates  his  office  to  Angelo,  and  leaves 
Vienna  for  a  time,  under  the  pretence  of 
going  on  a  distant  journey  ;  but,  by  as- 
suming a  monk's  hood,  he  observes  incof/- 
nito  the  conduct  of  his  different  officers. 
Angelo  tries  to  dishonour  Isabella,  but 
the  duke  re-appears  in  due  time  and 
rescues  her,  while  Angelo  is  made  to 
marry  Mariana,  to  whom  he  was  already 
betro'thed.  —  Shakespeare,  Measure  for 
Measure  (1603). 

*^*  Mariana  was  Angelo's  wife  by 
civil  contract,  or,  as  the  duke  says  to  her, 
"He  is  thy  husband  by  pre-contract," 
though  the  Church  had  not  yet  sanctified 
the  union  and  blessed  it.  Still,  the  duke 
says  that  it  would  be  "no  sin"  in  her 
to  account  herself  his  wife,  and  to  per- 
form towards  him  the  duties  of  a  wife. 
Angelo's  neglect  of  her  was  "  a  civil 
divorce,"  which  would  have  been  a  "  sin  " 
if  the  Church  had  sanctified  the  union, 
but  which,  till  then,  was  only  a  moral  or 
civil  offence.  Mariana  also  considered 
herself  Angelo's  "wife,"  and  calls  him 
"her  husband."  This  is  an  interesting 
illustration  of  the  "civil  contract"  of 
matrimony  long  before  "The  Marriage 
Registration  Act"  in  1837. 

Vincen'tio,  an  old  gentleman  of  Pisa,  in 
Shakespeare's  comedy  called  The  learning 
of  the  Shrew  (1693). 

Vinccntio,  the  troth-plight  of  Evadne 
sister  of  the  marquis  of  Colonna.  Being 
himself  without  guile,  he  is  unsuspicious, 
and  when  Ludovico,  the  traitor,  tells  him 
that  Evadne  is  the  king's  wanton,  he  be- 
lieves it  and  casts  her  off.  This  brings 
about  a  duel  between  him  and  Evadne'a 
brother,  in  which  Vincentio  falls.     He  i» 


VINCENTIO. 


1069 


VIOLET. 


not,  however,  killed  ;  and  when  the  vil- 
lainy of  Ludovico  is  broui^ht  to  light,  he 
re-appears  and  marries  Evadne. — Shell, 
Evadhe  or  The  Statue  (1820). 

Vincentio  (Don),  a  young  man  who  was 
music  mad,  and  said  that  the  summum 
bonum  of  life  is  to  get  talked  about. 
Like  queen  Elizabeth,  he  loved  a  "  crash  " 
in  music,  plenty  of  noise  and  fury. 
Olivia  de  Zuniga  disgusted  him  by  main- 
taining the  jew's-harp  to  be  the  pVince  of 
musical  instruments. — Mrs.  Cowley,  A 
Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband  (1782). 

Vingolf,  the  paradise  of  Scandi- 
navian mythology. 

Ah.  Ingeborg,  how  fair,  how  near  doth  stand 
Each  earthly  joy  to  two  fond  loving  hearts  1 
If  boldly  grasped  whene'er  the  time  is  ripe, 
It  follows  willingly,  and  tiuild.*  for  them 
A  vingolf  even  liere  on  earth  below. 

Tegn^r,  Frithjof  Saga,  viii.  (1825). 

Vi'ola,  sister  of  Sebastian  ;  a  young 
lady  of  Messaline.  They  were  twins, 
and  so  much  alike  that  they  could  be 
distinguished  only  by  their  dress.  Yiola 
and  her  brother  were  shipwrecked  off  the 
coast  of  Illyria,  Viola  was  brought  to 
shore  by  the  captain,  but  her  brother  was 
left  to  shift  for  himself.  Being  a 
stranger  in  a  strange  land,  Viola  dressed 
as  a  page,  and,  under  the  name  of 
Cesario,  entered  the  service  of  OrsTno  duke 
of  Ilh'ria.  The  duke  greatly  liked  his 
beautiful  page,  and,  when  he  discovered 
her  true  sex,  married  her. — Shakespeare, 
Twelfth  Night  (1602). 

Vi'ola  and  Hono'ra,  daughters  of 
general  Archas  "the  loyal  subject"  of 
the  great-duke  of  Muscovia. — Beaumont 
and  Fletcher,   The  Loyal  Subject  (1618). 

Violan'te  (4  syl.),  the  supposed  wife 
of  don  Henrique  (2  syl.)  an  uxorious 
Spanish  nobleman.  —  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher,  The  Spanish  Curate  (1622). 

Violante,  the  betrothed  of  don  Alonzo 
of  Alcazar,  but  given  in  marriage  by  king 
Sebastian  to  Henri'quez.  This  caused 
Alonzo  to  desert  and  join  the  emperor  of 
Barbary.  As  renegade  he  took  the  name 
of  Dorax,  and  assumed  the  Moorish  cos- 
tume. In  the  war  which  followed,  he 
saved  Sebastian's  life,  was  told  that 
Henriquez  had  died  in  battle,  and  that 
♦Violante,  who  never  swerved  from  his  love, 
being  a  young  widow,  was  free  and  willing 
to  be  his  wife.— Dryden,  Von  Sebastian 
(1690). 

Violante,  an  attendant  on  the  princess 
Anna  Comnena  the  historian. — Sir  W. 


Scott,    Count    Robert   of    Paria    (tioM. 

Rufus). 

Violante  (4  syl.),  wife  of  Pietro  (2  ro'.), 
and  putative  mother  of  Pompilia.  Vio- 
lante provided  this  supposititioiiB  child 
partly  to  please  old  Pietro,  and  partly  to 
cheat  the  rightful  heirs.— R.  Brownmir, 
The  Ring  and  the  Book,  ii. 

Violan'te  {Donna),  daughter  of  don 
Pedro,  a  Portuguese  nobleman,  who 
intends  to  make  her  a  nun  ;  but  she  falls 
in  love  with  don  Felix,  the  son  of  don 
Lopez.  Isabella  (sister  of  don  Felix),  in 
order  to  escape  a  hateful  marriage,  takes 
refuge  with  donna  Violante  (4  syl.),  who 
"keeps  the  secret"  close,  even  at  the 
risk  of  losing  her  sweetheart,  for  Felix 
discovers  that  a  colonel  Briton  calls  at 
the  house,  and  supposes  Violante  to  be 
the  object  of  his  visits.  Ultimately,  the 
mystery  is  cleared  up,  and  a  double 
marriage  takes  place. — Mrs.  Centlivre, 
The  Wonder  (1714). 

Mrs.  Yates  (in  the  List  act),  with  Garrlclt  as  "  don  Frili," 
was  admirable.  Felix,  thinking  he  hn.t  gone  too  for.  appllei 
himself  to  soothe  his  Violante.  She  turns  from  him  juid 
draws  away  her  chair ;  he  follows,  and  she  dntws  further 
away.  At  length,  by  his  winning,  entreating,  and  njul. 
ing.  she  is  gradually  induced  to  melt,  and  Anally  ntake*  it 
up  with  him.  Her  condest-ension  .  .  .  wat  «lmi' 
her  dignity  was  great  and  lofty,  .  .  .  and  when  by  ( 
she  laid  mide  her  frown,  and  her  lips  relaxed  into  a  i 
.  .  .  nothing  could  be  more  lovely  and  IrreaisUbl*.  .  .  . 
It  laid  the  whole  audience,  as  well  as  tiie  lover,  at  hw  lnL 
—William  Goodwin. 

Violen'ta,  any  young  lady  non- 
entity ;  one  who  contributes  nothing  to 
the  amusement  or  conversation  of  a  }>arty. 
Violenta  is  one  of  the  dramatis  persona  at 
Shakespeare's  AlVs  Well  that  Ends  Well, 
but  she  only  enters  once,  and  then  she 
neither  speaks  nor  is  spoken  to  (1598). 
(See  RoGEKO,  p.  839,  third  art.) 

Violen'ta,  the  fairy  mother  who  bronght 
up  the  young  princess  who  was  metamor- 
phosed into  a  white  cat  for  refusing  to 
marry  Migonnet  (a  hideously  misshapen 
fairv).— Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  2xtU$ 
("  the  White  Cat,"  1682). 

Violet,  the  ward  of  lady  Arundel. 
She  is  in  love  with  Norman  the  "sea- 
captain,"  who  turns  out  to  be  the  son  of 
ladv  Arundel  by  her  first  husband,  and 
heir  to  the  title  and  estates.— Lord  Lytton, 
The  Sea-Captain  (1839). 

Violet  (Father),  a  sobriquet  of  Na- 
poleon I. ;  also  called  "  Corporal  Violet" 
(1769,  1804-1815,  died  1821). 

*^*  Violets  were  the  flower*  of  the 
empire,  and  when,  in  1879,  the  ex-em- 
press Eugenie  was  visited  at  Chi»U'hur»t 
by  those   who   sympathized    with   her 


VIOLET-CROWNED  CITY. 


1070  VIRGIL  OF  OUR  DRAMATIC  POETS. 


in  the  death  of  her  son,  "  the  prince 
imperial,"  they  were  worn  as  symbols  of 
attachment  to  the  imperial  family  of 
France.  The  name  was  given  to  Na- 
poleon on  his  banishment  to  Elba  (1815), 
and  implied  that  "he  would  return  to 
France  with  the  violets." 

Violet-Crowned  City  {The). 
Athens  is  so  called  by  Aristophanes 
(loffTti^avo?)  (see  Equites,  1323  and  1329  ; 
and  Acharnians,  637).  Macaulay  refers 
to  Athens  as  "the  violet-crowned  city." 
Ion  (a  violet)  was  a  representative  king 
oif  Athens,  whose  four  sons  gave  names 
to  the  four  Athenian  classes ;  and  Greece, 
in  Asia  Minor,  was  called  Ionia.  Athens 
was  the  city  of  "  Ion  crowned  its  king," 
and  hence  was  "  the  Ion  crowned "  or 
king  Ion's  citj'.  Translating  the  word 
Ion  into  English,  Athens  was  the  "Violet- 
crowned"  or  king  Violet's  city.  Of 
course,  the  pun  is  the  chief  point,  and 
was  quite  legitimate  in  comedy. 

Similarly,  Paris  is  called  the  "city  of 
lilies,"  by  a  pun  between  Louis  and  lys 
(the  flower-de-luce),  and  France  is  V empire 
des  lys  or  Verapire  des  Louis. 

By  a  similar  pun,  London  might  be 
called  "  the  noisy  town,"  from  hlud, 
*' noisy." 

Violetta,  a  Portuguese,  married  to 
Bellield  the  elder  brother,  but  deserted 
by  him.  The  faithless  husband  gets  be- 
trothed to  Sophia  (daughter  of  sir  Ben- 
jamin Dove),  who  loves  the  younger 
brother.  Both  Violetta  and  the  younger 
brother  are  shipwrecked  and  cast  on  the 
coast  of  Cornwall,  in  the  vicinity  of  squire 
Belfield's  estate  ;  and  Sophia  is  informed 
that  her  "betrothed"  is  a  married  man. 
She  is  therefore  free  from  her  betrothal, 
and  marries  the  j'ounger  brother,  the 
man  of  her  choice;  while  the  elder 
brother  takes  back  his  wife,  to  whom  he 
becomes  reconciled.  —  R.  Cumberland, 
The  Brothers  (1769). 


Violin  (Motto  on  a). 

In  silvis  vtva  silui ;  canora  jam  mortua  cano. 
Mute  when  alive,  I  heard  the  Teathered  throng; 

E.  C.  B. 


Vocal  now  dead,  I  emulate  their  song. 


Violin  (The  Angel  with  the).  Rubens'g 
"  Harmony  "  is  an  angel  of  the  male  sex 
playing  a  bass-viol. 

The  angel  with  the  violin, 
Painted  by  Rapliael,  (?)  he  seemed. 

Longfellow,  The  Wayside  Inn  (1863). 

Violin-Makers  ( The  best) :  Gasparo 
di  Salo  (1560-1610)  ;  Nicholas  Amati 
(1596-1684)  ;  Antonio  Stradivari  (1670- 
1728)  ;  Joseph  A.  Guarneri  (1683-1746). 


*^;*  Of  these,  Stradivari  was  the  bist, 
and  Nicholas  Amati  the  next  best. 

The  following  are  eminent,  but  not 
equal  to  the  names  given  above  : — Joseph 
Steiner  (1620-1667)  ;  Matthias  Klotz 
(1650-1696).     (See  Otto,  On  the  Violin.) 

Vipers.  According  to  Greek  and 
Roman  superstition,  the  female  viper, 
after  copulation,  bites  off  the  head  of  the 
male.  Another  notion  was  that  young 
vipers  came  into  the  world  by  gnawing 
their  way  through  the  mother,  and  kill- 
ing her. 

Else,  viper-like,  their  parents  they  devour, 

For  all  Power's  children  easily  covet  power. 

Lcid  Brooke,  Treatie  an  Hmnan  Learniny  (1554-1628). 

Vipont  (Sir  Ralph  de),  a  knight  of 
St.  John.  He  is  one  of  the  knights 
challengers.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 

Virgil,  in  the  Gesta  Boinanorum,  is 
represented  as  a  mighty  but  benevolent 
enchanter,  and  this  is  the  character  that 
Italian  romances  give  him. 

Similarly,  sir  Walter  Scott  is  called 
"  The  Great  Wizard  of  the  North." 

Virgil,  in  Dante,  is  the  personification 
of  human  wisdom,  Beatrice  of  the  wisdom 
which  comes  of  faith,  and  St.  Bernard  of 
spiritual  wisdom.  Virgil  conducts  Dante 
through  the  Inferno  and  through  Purga- 
tory too,  till  theseven  P's  (peccata  "sins") 
are  obliterated  from  his  brow,  when 
Beatrice  becomes  his  guide.  St.  Bernard 
is  his  guide  through  a  part  of  Paradise. 
Virgil  says  to  Dante  : 

What  reason  here  discovers,  /  have  power 
To  show  thee  ;  that  which  lies  beyond,  expect 

From  Beatrice faith  not  reason's  task. 

Dante,  Purgatory,  xviiL  (130S). 

Virgil.  The  inscription  on  his  tomb 
(said  to  have  been  written  by  himself) 
was: 

Mantua  me  genuit ;  Calabri  rapuere ;  tenet  nunc 
Parthenope  ;  cecini  pascua,  rura,  duces. 

In  Mantua  was  I  born  ;  Calabria  saw  me  die ; 

Of  sheep,  fields,  wars  I  sung ;  and  now  in  Naples  lie. 
E.  C.  B. 

Virgil  (The  Christian),  Giacomo  San- 
nazaro  (1458-1530). 

Marco  Girolamo  Vida,  author  of  Chris- 
tias  (in  six  books),  is  also  called  "  The 
Christian  Virgil"  (1490-1566). 

*^*  Aurelius  Clemens  Prudentius  of 
Spam  is  called  by  Bentley  "The  Virgil 
and  Horace  of  Christians  "  (348-*). 

Virgil  of  our  Dramatic  Poets 

(The).      Ben    Jonson    is    so    called    by 
Dryden  (1574-1637). 

Shakespeare  was  the  Homer  or  father  of  our  dramatic 
poets :  Jonson  was  the  Virgil,  and  pattern  of  elaborate 
writing.  I  admire  rare  Ben,  but  I  love  Shakespeare,— 
Drjdeu. 


VIRGIL  OF  THE  FRENCH  DRAMA.    1071 


VIRGINS. 


Virgil  of  the  French   Drama 

{The).     Jean  Racine  is  so  called  by  sir 
Walter  Scott  (1639-1699). 

Virgil's  Courtship.  Godfrey  Gobi- 
lyve  told  Graunde  Amoure  that  Virgil 
the  poet  once  made  proposals  to  a  lady 
of  high  rank  in  the  Roman  court,  who 
resolved  to  pimish  him  for  his  presump- 
tion. She  told  him  that  if  he  would 
appear  on  a  given  night  before  her  win- 
dmv,  he  should  be  drawn  up  in  a  basket. 
Accordingly  he  kept  his  appointment, 
got  into  the'  basket,  and,  being  drawn 
some  twenty  feet  from  the  ground,  was 
left  there  dangling  till  noon  next  day, 
the  laugh  and  butt  of  the  court  and  city. 
— Stephen  Hawes,  The  Fasse-tyme  of 
Flesure,  xxix.  (1515). 

Virgil's  Gnat  (the  Cidex,  ascribed  to 
Virgil).  A  shepherd,  having  fallen  asleep 
in  the  open  air,  was  on  the  point  of 
becoming  the  prey  of  a  serpent,  when 
a  gnat  stung  him  on  the  eyelid.  The 
shepherd  crushed  the  gnat,  but  at  the 
same  time  alarmed  the  serpent,  which 
the  shepherd  saw  and  beat  to  death. 
Next  night,  the  gnat  appeared  to  the 
shepherd  in  a  dream,  and  reproached  him 
for  ingratitude,  whereupon  he  raised  a 
monument  in  honour  of  his  deliverer. 
Spenser  has  a  free  translation  of  this 
story,  which  he  calls  VirfjiVs  Gnat  (1580). 
(See  Use  of  Pests,  p.  1054.) 

Virgile  du  Rabut  {Le),  "The 
Virgil  of  the  Plane,"  Adam  Bellaut, 
the  joiner-poet,  who  died  1662.  He 
was  pensioned  by  Richelieu,  patronized 
by  the  "Great  Conde',"  and  praised  by 
Pierre  Corneille. 

Virgil'ia  is  made  by  Shakespeare 
the  wife  of  Coriolanus,  and  Volumnia  his 
mother;  but  historically  Volumnia  was 
his  wife  and  Vetu'ria  his  mother. — Corio- 
lanus (1610). 

The  old  man's  merriment  in  Menenius ;  the  lofty  lady's 
dignity  in  Volumnia ;  the  bridal  modesty  In  Virgilia  ;  the 
patrician  and  military  haughtiness  in  Coriolanus ;  the 
plebeian  malignity  and  tribunitian  Insolence  in  Brutus  and 
Bicinius,  make  a  very  pleasing  and  interesting  variety.— 
Dr,  Johnson,  On  Coriolanus. 

Virgil'ius,  Feargil  bishop  of  Saltz- 
burg,  an  Irishman.  He  was  denounced 
as  a  heretic  for  asserting  the  existence  of 
antipodes  (♦-784).  (See  Hekesy,  p. 
438.) 

Virgin  Fort  (The).  Widin,  in  Euro- 
oean  Turkey,  is  so  called  by  the  Turks, 
because  it  has  never  been  taken  by  as- 
sault. 


*J*  Metz,  in  France,  wn«  so  called  fai 

the  Franco-Prussian  war  (1870-1). 

Virgin  Bgiot,  maidenly  chastity; 
the  allusion  being  to  the  zones  worn  by 
marriageable  young  women.  GirU  did 
not  wear  a  zone,  and  were  therefore 
called  "Ungirded"  {dis-cintce). 

If  thou  dost  break  her  virgin  knot  befor* 
All  sanctimonious  ceremuiiles  may 
With  full  and  holy  rite  he  inlniiterwl. 
No  sweet  aspersion  shall  tlie  be*ven  let  hB 
To  make  this  contract  grow. 
Shakespeare,  The  Tempett,  act  It.  «c.  1  flAWl 

Virgin  Martyr  {The),  a  tragedy  by 
Philip  Massinger  (1622); 

Virgin  Mary  (The)  is  addreiwed  by 
the  following  titles  :  —  "  Empress  and 
Queen  of  Heaven;"  "Empress  and  Queen 
of  Angels ;  "  "  Empress  and  Queen  of 
the  Earth ;"  "Ijidy  of  the  Universe  or  of 
the  World  ; "  "  Mistress  of  the  World  ; " 
"Patroness  of  all  Men;"  "Advocate 
for  Sinners  ;  "  "  Mediatrix  ;"  "  Gate  of 
Paradise  ;  "  "  Mother  of  Mercies  and  of 
Divine  Grace  ; "  "  Goddess ; "  "  The  only 
Hope  of  Sinners,"  etc.,  etc. 

It  is  said  that  Peter  FuUo,  in  480,  was 
the  first  to  introduce  inrocations  to  the 
Virgin. 

Virgin  Modesty.  John  Wilmot, 
earl  of  Rochester,  was  so  called  by  Charles 
II.,  because  of  his  propensity  to  blush- 
ing (1647-1680). 

Virgin  Queen  {The),  Elizabeth 
(1633,  1558-1603). 

Virgin  Unmasked  {The),  a  farce 
by  H.  Fielding.  Goodwill  had  acquired 
by  trade  £10,000,  and  resolved  to  give  his 
daughter  Lucy  to  one  of  his  relations,  in 
order  to  keep  the  money  in  the  family. 
He  sent  for  her  bachelor  relations,  and 
told  them  his  intention  ;  they  were  Blister 
(the  apothecary),  Coupee  (the  dancing- 
master),  and  Quaver  (the  singing-master). 
They  all  preferred  their  professions  to  the 
young  lady,  and  while  they  were  quarrel- 
ling about  the  superiority  of  their  respec- 
tive callings,  Lucy  married  Thomas  the 
footman.  Old  Goodwill  says,  "  I  don't 
know  but  that  my  daughter  has  made  a 
better  choice  than  if  she  had  married  one 
of  these  booby  relations." 

Virgins  {The  Eleven  ThottsanJ). 
Ursul  or  Horsel  in  Swabia,  like  Huldn 
in  Scandinavia,  means  "  the  moon,"  and 
her  eleven  thousand  virgins  are  the  stars. 
The  bones  shown  in  Cologne  a«  Uiose  ot 
the  eleven  thousand  virgins  are  those 
of  males  and  females  of  all  ages,  and 
were  taken  from  an  old  Roman  cemetAiy 


VIRGINIA. 


1072    ,       VISION  OF  JUDGMENT. 


acioss  which  the  wall  of  Cologne  ran 
(1106). 

Virginia,  a  young  RQman  plebeian 
of  great  beauty,  decoyed  by  Appius 
Claudius,  one  of  the  decemvirs,  and 
claimed  as  his  slave.  Her  father,  Vir- 
ginius,  being  told  of  it,  hastened  to  the 
forum,  and  arrived  at  the  moment  when 
Virginia  was  about  to  be  delivered  up  to 
Appius.  He  seized  a  butcher's  knife, 
stabbed  his  daughter  to  the  heart,  rushed 
from  the  forum,  and  raised  a  revolt. 

This  has  been  the  subject  of  a  host  of 
tragedies.  In  French,  by  Mairet  (1628), 
by  Leclerc  (1646),  by  Campistron  (1683), 
by  La  Beaumelle  (1760),  by  Chabanon 
(1769),  bv  Laharpe  (1786),  by  Leblanc 
du  Guillet  (1786),  by  Guiraud  (1827),  by 
Latour  St.  Ybars  (1845),  etc.  In  Italian, 
by  Alfieri  (1783).  In  German,  by  Gott- 
hold  Lessing  (eighteenth  century).  In 
English,  by  John  Webster,  entitled  Ap- 
pius and  Virginia  (16o4) ;  by  Miss  Brooke 
(1760)  ;  J.  S.  Knowles  (1820),  Virginius. 

It  is  one  of  lord  Macaulay's  lays  (1842), 
supposed  to  be  sung  in  the  forum  on  the 
day  when  Sextus  mnd  Licinus  were 
elected  tribunes  for  the  fifth  time. 

Virginia,  the  daughter  of  Mde.  de  la 
Tour.  Madame  was  of  a  good  family  in 
Normandy,  but,  having  married  beneath 
her  social  position,  was  tabooed  by  her 
family.  Her  husband  died  before  the 
birth  of  his  first  child,  and  the  widow 
went  to  live  at  Port  Louis,  in  the  Mau- 
ritius, where  Virginia  was  born.  Their 
only  neighbour  was  Margaret,  with  her 
love-child  Paul,  an  infant.  The  two 
children  grew  up  together,  and  became 
strongly  attached ;  but  when  Virginia 
was  15  years  old,  her  wealthy  great-aunt 
adopted  her,  and  requested  that  she  might 
be  sent  immediately  to  France,  to  finish 
her  education.  The  "  aunt "  wanted  her 
to  marry  a  French  count,  and,  as  Virginia 
refused  to  do  so,  disinherited  her  and 
Bent  her  back  to  the  INIauritius.  When 
within  a  cable's  length  of  the  island,  a 
hurricane  dashed  the  ship  to  pieces,  and 
the  corpse  of  Virginia  was  cast  on  the 
shore.  Paul  drooped,  and  died  within 
two  months. — Bernardin  de  St.  Pierre, 
Faul  et  Virgine  (1788). 

*^*  In  Cobb's  dramatic  version  of  this 
story,  Virginia's  mother  is  of  Spanish 
origin,  and  dies  committing  Virginia  to 
the  charge  of  Dominique,  a  faithful  old 
negro  servant.  The  aunt  is  donna  Leo- 
nora de  Guzman,  who  sends  don  Antonio 
de  Guardes  to  bring  Virginia  to  Spain,  and 


there  to  make  her  his  bride.  She  ia 
carried  to  the  ship  by  force  ;  but  scarcely 
is  she  set  on  board  when  a  hurricane 
dashes  the  vessel  to  pieces.  Antonio  ia 
drowned,  but  Virginia  is  rescued  by  Al- 
hambra,  a  runaway  slave,  whom  she  has 
befriended.  The  drama  ends  with  the 
marriage  between  Virginia  and  Paul 
(1756-1818). 

Virginius,  father  of  the  Roman 
Virginia,  the  title  of  a  tragedy  by  S. 
Knowles  (1820).  (Forthetale,  see  Vir- 
ginia.) 

Macready  (1793-1873)  made  the  part  of 
"Virginius"  in  Knowles's  drama  so  called, 
but  the  first  to  act  it  was  John  Cooper,  in 
Glasgow  (1820). 

Virgivian  Sea.    (See  Vergiviajt.) 

Vir'olam,  St.  Alban's. 

Brave  Voadicia  made  ...  to  Virolam. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  viii.  (1612). 

Virtues  {The  Seven) :  (1)  Faith,  (2) 
hope,  (3)  charity,  (4)  prudence,  (5) 
justice,  (6)  fortitude,  and  (7)  temperance. 
The  first  three  are  called  "the  holy 
virtues." 

I  [Virffil]  with  those  abide 
Who  the  three  holy  virtues  put  not  on, 
But  understood  the  rest,  and  without  blame 
Followed  them  all. 

Dantfi,  Purgatory,  vii.  (1308). 

Virtues  and  Faults. 

Be  to  her  virtues  very  kind  ; 
Be  to  her  faults  a  little  Wind ; 
Let  all  her  ways  be  unconflned  ; 
And  clap  a  padlock  on  her  mind. 

Prior,  An  Jingluh  Padlock  (1696), 

.Visin,  a  Russian  who  had  the  power 
of  blunting  weapons  by  a  look.  Starchat'- 
erus,  the  Swede,  when  he  went  against 
him,  covered  his  sword  with  thin  leather, 
and  by  this  means  obtained  an  easy  vic- 
tory. 

Vision  of  Judgment  ( The),  a  poem 
in  twelve  parts,  by  Southey,  written  in 
hexameter  verse  (1820).  The  laureate  . 
supposes  that  he  has  a  vision  of  George 
III.,  just  dead,  tried  at  the  bar  of  heaven. 
Wilkes  is  his  chief  accuser,  and  Washing- 
ton his  chief  defender.  Judgment  is 
given  by  acclamation  in  favour  of  the 
king,  and  in  heaven  he  is  welcomed  by 
Alfred,  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  Edward 
III.,  queen  Elizabeth,  Charles  I.,  and 
William  III.,  Bede,  friar  Bacon,  Chaucer, 
Spenser,  the  duke  of  Marlbjorough,  and 
Berkeley  the  sceptic,  Hogarth,  Burke  the 
infidel,  Chatterton  who  made  away  wiih 
himself,  Canning,  Nelson,  and  all  the 
royal  family  who  were  then  dead. 

*^*  Of  all  the  literary  productions  ever 


VITALIS. 


1078 


XMued  from  the  press,  never  was  one 
printed  of  worse  taste  than  this.  Bvron 
wrote  a  quiz  on  it  called  The  Vision  of 
Judgimnt,  la  106  stanzas  of  eight  liuea 


VOICE. 


each  (1820). 

V 
berg,  a   Swedish  poet. 


Vita'lis,  the  pseudonym  of  Eric  Si  5- 

Tg,  a  Swedish  poet.     (Latin,  vita  lis, 

"  life  IS  a  strife.")  ' 


Viti'za  or  Witi'za,  king  of  the 
Visigoths,  who  put  out  the  eyes  of  Cor- 
dQva  the  father  of  Roderick.  He  was 
himself  dethroned  and  blinded  by  Rode- 
rick.—Southey,  Roderick^  the  Last  of  the 
Goths  (1814).  ■' 

Vitruvius  (The  English),  Inigo 
Jones  (1572-1652).  ^*  ^ 

Vivian,  brother  of  Maugis  d'Agre- 
mont,and  son  of  dukeBevisof  Agremont. 
He  was  stolen  in  infancy  by  Tapinel,  and 
Bold  to  the  wife  of  Sorgalant.— J?07rtan  de 
Maugis  d" Agremont  et  de  Vivian  son  Frere. 

Vivian,  son  of  Buovo  (2  sgl.),  of  the 
house  of  Clarmont,  and  brother  of  Aldiger 
and  Malagigi.— Ariosto,  Orlando  Furwso 
(1516). 

Viviane  (3  sgl.),  daughter  of  Dyonas 
a  ravasour  of  high  lineage,  and  generally 
called  the  "  Lady  of  the  Lake."  Meriin, 
in  his  dotage,  fell  in  love  with  her,  and 
she  imprisoned  him  in  the  forest  of  Bre- 
ce'liande,  in  Brittany.  Viviane  induced 
Merlin  to  show  her  how  a  person  could 
be  imprisoned  by  enchantment  without 
walls,  towers,  or  chains,  and  after  he  had 
done  so,  she  fondled  him  into  a  sleep  under 
a  whitethorn  laden  with  flowers.  While 
thus  he  slept,  she  made  a  ring  with  her 
wimple  round  the  bush,  and  performed 
the  other  needful  ceremonies,  whereupon 
he  found  himself  enclosed  in  a  prison 
stronger  than  the  strongest  tower,  and 
from  that  imprisonment  was  never  again 
released. — Merlin  (a  romance). 

***  See  the  next  article. 

"Viv'ien  or  Vivian,  the  personifica- 
tion of  shameless  harlotry,  or  the  crown- 
ing result  to  be  expected  from  the 
infidelity  of  queen  Guin'evere.  This  wily 
wanton  in  Arthur's  court  hated  all  the 
knights,  and  tried  without  success  to 
seduce  "  the  blameless  king."  With 
Merlin  she  succeeded  better,  for,  being 
pestered  with  her  importunity,  he  told  her 
the  secret  of  his  power,  as  Samson  told 
Delilah  the  secret  of  his  strength.  Having 
learnt  this,  Vivien  enclosed  the  magician 
in  a  hollow  oak,  where  he  was  confined 
as  one  dead,  "  lost  to  life,  and  use,  and 
name,  and  fame." — Tennyson,  Idylls  of 


(8m 
Prmc$ 


Arthur, ,  60,  Nimue  (?  .Vm.J«)  ij  Ui«  fr« 
who  inveigled  Merlm  out  of  hi,  ^ 

And  so  upon  a  time  It  liapp«,ed  tlui  U 
to  h^T[mmue\  in  a  lock,  whe/STwi  J«L!I 
wrought  by  endMntn,ent.  *l.~^'£Si.-^  . 
by  tier  subUe  cmft  ami  working,  '''--^w^^.  ** 
under  that  stone,  to  let  her  *\iJ\ulS^Z^^M 
"^e  wrought  to  there  for  him  that  »«  cm.  Zi?2i  ^ 
aUhU  craft.    And  «,  she  depwud  .idS? SSTttSt: ^ 

the  British  Icon.  Enraged  agafinst  th« 
Romans,  who  had  defiled  her  two  daoifh- 
ters,  she  excited  an  insurrection  aninst 
them,  and  while  Suetonius  Paulrnu».the 
Roman  governor,  was  in  Mona  {Arujlesta), 

?n^nnn\^''^^^^'*",''"^  London,  and  sleW 
70,000  Romans.      Being   at  length   de- 
feated by  Suetonius  Paulinas,  she  put  aa 
end  to  her  life  by  poison  (a.d.  61). 
Cowper  has  an  ode  on  Boadicea  (1790). 

Brave  Voadicta  made  with  her  resolvwleft  mea 

slie'*r'if' ■  "*'*""''■'•  "'"^  ««««  with  fire  wd  awm4 
TiU  leveUed  with  the  earth  ...  etc 

Drayton.  PoitotbioH.  tIH.  (MUJ. 

Voadine  (2  syl.),  bishop  of  London, 
who  reproved  Vortiger[nj  for  lovin^f 
another  man's  wife  and  neglecting  bin 
own  queen,  for  which  reproof  the  good 
bishop  was  murdered. 

...  g(X)d  Vi>adine.  who  reprored 
Proud  Vortiger.  his  kinn,  unlawfully  that  loTed 
Another's  wanton  wife,  and  wronged  hij  nupttel  hti. 
For  which  by  that  stern  prince  unjustly  luunlerM. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  juUv.  (ItttS). 

***  This  is  ver>'  like  the  story  of  John 
the  Baptist  and  Herod. 

Voice  (Human).  The  following  ani- 
mals possessed  both  human  voice  and 
articulate  siieech,  ,jpeaking  in  the  lan- 
guage of  their  masters : — 

Al  Borak,  the  animal  which  conveyed 
Mahomet  to  the  seventh  heaven.  He  not 
only  spoke  good  Arabic,  but  had  abo  a 
human  face. 

Arion,  the  wonderful  horse  which 
Hercules  gave  to  Adrastos.  It  not  only 
spoke  good  Greek,  but  both  his  near  feet 
were  those  of  a  man. 

Balaam's  Ass  spoke  Hebrew  to  B»- 
laara  on  one  occasion. — NutrA.  xxii. 

The  Black  Pigeons,  one  of  which 
gave  the  responses  in  the  temple  of  Atn- 
mon,  and  the  other  in  l)odontL.—Ctajisio 
Story. 

The  Bulbul-Hezar,  which  had  not 
onlv  human  speech,  but  was  oracular  also. 
—Arabian  Nights  ("The  Two  Sisters"). 

Comrade,  Fortunio's  horse,  si»oke  with 
the  voice  of  a  man. — Coratcsse  l>'Aaiioy, 
Fairy  Tales  ("  Fortunio  "). 

8  z 


VOITURE. 


1074 


VOLUSPA  SAGA. 


The  little  Green  Bird,  which  Fairstar 
obtained  possession  of,  not  only  an- 
swered in  words  any  questions  asked  it, 
but  was  also  prophetic  and  oracular. — 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("  Chery 
and  Fairstar"). 

Katmir,  the  dog  of  the  Seven  Sleepers, 
spoke  Greek. — Al  Koran,  xviii. 

Saleh's  Camel  used  to  go  about 
crying,  in  good  Arabic,  "  Ho  !  everyone 
that  wanteth  milk,  let  him  come,  and  I 
will  give  it  him." — Sale,  Al  Koran,  vii. 
(notes). 

The  Serpent  which  tempted  Eve  to  eat 
of  the  forbidden  fruit. — Gen.  iii. 

Temliha,  the  king  of  serpents,  had  the 
gift  of  human  speech. — Comte  de  Caylus, 
Oriental  Tales  ("  History  of  Aboutaleb"). 

Xanthos,  one  of  the  horses  of  Achilles, 
announced  to  the  hero,  in  good  Greek,  his 
approaching  death. — Classic  Fable. 

Vpiture  (2  syl.),  a  French  poet, 
idolized  by  his  contemporaries  in  the 
reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  but  now  only 
known  by  name  (1598-1648). 

E'en  rival  wits  did  Voiture's  death  deplore. 
And  the  gay  mourned,  who  never  mourned  before; 
The  truest  hearts  for  Voiture  heaved  with  sighs ; 
Voiture  was  wept  by  all  the  brightest  eyes. 

Pope,  EjAttle  to  Mu»  Mount  (1715). 

Voland  (Squire),  the  devil.  (Ger- 
man, Junker  Voland.) 

Volan'te  (3  syl.),  one  of  the  three 
daughters  of  Balthazar.  Lively,  witty, 
sharp  as  a  needle,  and  high-spirited. 
She  loves  the  count  Montalban ;  but 
when  the  count  disguises  himself  as  a 
father  confessor,  in  order  to  sound  her  love 
for  him,  she  sees  the  trick  in  a  moment, 
and  says  to  him,  "Come,  count,  pull  ofE 
your  lion's  hide,  and  confess  yourself  an 
ass."  Subsequently,  all  ends  happily  and 
well.— J.  Tobin,  The  Honeymoon  (1804). 

Volet'ta,  Free-will  personified. 

Voletta, 

Whom  neither  man,  nor  fiend,  nor  God  constrains. 
Phineaa  Fletcher.  The  Purple  Island,  vl.  <1(>33). 

Volksmahrehen  {^^ popular  tales"), 
in  German,  the  best  exponents  being  Lud- 
•wig  Tieck  (1773-1853),  Musaus  (1735- 
1787),  De  la  Motte  Fouque  (see  Undine), 
Chamisso  (see  Schlemihl,  Peter), 
Wilhelm  Hauff  (1802-1827),  Achim  von 
Arnim  (1781-1831),  Clemens  Brentano 
(1777-1842),  Zschokke  (1771-1 848),Hoff- 
mann  (1776-1822),  Gustav  Freytag  "  The 
German  Dickens"  (1816-1878),  and  the 
brothers  Grimm. 

Vol'pone  (2  syl.)  or  The  Fox,  a 
comedy  by  Ben  Jonson  (1605).  Volpone,  a 


rich  Venetian  nobleman,  without  children, 
feigns  to  be  dying,  in  order  to  draw  gifts 
from  those  who  pay  court  to  him  under 
the  expectation  of  becoming  hia  heirs. 
Mosca,  his  knavish  confederate,  persuades 
each  in  turn  that  he  is  named  for  the 
inheritance,  and  by  this  means  exacts 
many  a  costly  present.  At  the  end,  Vol- 
pone  is  betrayed,  his  property  forfeited, 
and  he  is  sentenced  to  lie  in  the  worst 
hospital  in  all  Venice. 

Jonson  has  three  great  comedies :  Vol  pone  or  The  Fox, 
Efdcene  or  the  Silent  Woman,  and  The  Alchemist. — R. 
Citanibers,  Engli»h  Literature,  i.  192. 

Volscius  {Prince),  a  military  hero, 
who  falls  in  love  with  the  fair  Par- 
then8pe,  and  disputes  with  prince  Pretty- 
man  upon  the  superiority  of  his  sweet- 
heart to  Cloris,  whom  prince  Prettyman 
sighs  for. — Duke  of  Buckingham,  The 
Rehearsal  (1671). 

Why,  this  is  worse  than  prince  Volscius  in  love  I— Sir 
W.  Scott. 

Oh.  be  merry,  by  all  means.  Prince  Volscius  in  love  I 
Ha,  ha,  ha  I— W.  Congreve,  The  Double  Dealer  (1694). 

Volsunga  Saga  {The),  a  collection 
of  tales  in  verse  about  the  early  Teutonic 
heroes,  compiled  by  Ssemund  Sigfnsson 
in  the  eleventh  century.  A  prose  version 
was  made  some  200  years  later  by  Snorro 
Sturleson.  This  saga  forms  a  part  of 
the  Rhythmical  or  Elder  Edda  and  of  the 
Prose  or  Younger  Edda. 

Voltaire  {The  German),  Johann 
Wolfgang  von  Goethe  (1749-1838). 

Christoph  Martin  Wieland  is  also  called 
"The  German  Voltaire"  (1733-1813). 

Voltaire  {The  Polish),  Ignatius  Krasicki 
(1774-1801). 

Voltaire  {The Russian),  Alex.  P.  Snmo- 
rokof  (1727-1777). 

Vol'timand,  a  courtier  in  the  court 
of  Claudius  king  of  Denmark. — Shake- 
speare, Hamlet  (1596). 

Volumnia  was  the  wife  of  Coriolanus, 
and  Vetu'ria  his  mother ;  but  Shakespeare 
makes  Virgilia  the  wife,  and  Volumnia 
the  mother. — Coriolanus  (1610). 

The  old  man's  merriment  in  Menenius ;  the  lofty  lady's 
dignity  in  Volumnia ;  the  bridal  modesty  in  Virgilia ;  the 
patrician  and  military  haughtiness  in  Coriolanus;  the 
pleteian  malignity  and  tribunitian  insolence  in  Brutus 
and  Siciniu*.  make  a  very  pleasing  and  interesting  variety. 
—Dr.  Johnson. 

Voluspa  Saga  {The),  the  prophecy 
of  Vola.  It  contains  between  200  and 
300  verses,  and  resembles  the  Sibylline 
books  of  ancient  Rome.  The  Voluspa 
Saga  gives,  in  verse,  a  description  of 
chaos,  the  formation  of  the  world,   the 


VORST. 


1075 


VULCAN'S  BADGE. 


creation  of  all  animals  (including  dwarfs 
and  giants,  genii  and  devils,  fairies  and 
goblins),  the  final  conflagration  of  the 
world,  and  its  renewal,  when  it  will 
appear  in  celestial  beaut}-,  like  the  new 
Jerusalem  described  in  the  book  of  the 
Revelation. 

Vorst  (Peterkin),  the  sleeping  sentinel 
at  Powys  Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Be- 
trothed (time,  Henry  II.). 

Vortigern,  consul  of  the  Gewisseans, 
who  crowned  Constans  king  of  Britain, 
although  he  was  a  monk,  but  treach- 
erously contrived  to  get  him  assassinated 
afterwards,  and  then  usurped  the  crown. 
He  married  Rowen'a  daughter  of  Hen- 
gist,  and  was  burnt  to  death  in  a  tower 
Bet  on  fire  during  a  siege  by  Ambrosius. — 
Geoffrey,  British  History,  vi.  6:  viii.  1 
(1142). 

Vortigern,  a  drama  put  forward  by 
Henry  W.  Ireland  (1796)  as  a  newly  dis- 
covered play  by  Shakespeare.  It  was 
brought  out  at  Drury  Lane  Theatre  by 
John  Kemble.  Dr.  Parr  declared  it  to 
be  his  opinion  that  the  play  was  genuine. 

Mrs.  Siddons,  writing  to  Mrs.  Piozzi,  says :  "AH sensible 
persons  are  convinced  that  Voriit/ern  is  a  most  audacious 
imposture.  If  not,  I  can  only  say  tliat  Shaliespeare's 
writings  are  more  unequal  timn  those  of  any  other  man  " 
(April  2,  1796).— Fitzgerald,  Lives  of  the  Kemblet,  i.  338. 

Vortigern  and  Hengist.  The 
account  of  the  massacre  of  the  Long- 
Knives,  given  by  Geoffrey,  in  his  British 
History,  vi.  15,  differs  greatly  from  that 
of  the  Welsh  Triads  (see  Stonehengk  a 
Tkophy,  p.  947).  Geoffrey  says  that 
Hengist  came  over  with  a  large  army,  at 
which  king  Vortigern  was  alarmed.  To 
allay  this  suspicion,  Hengist  promised  to 
send  back  all  the  men  that  the  king  did 
not  require,  and  begged  Vortigern  to 
meet  him  in  conference  at  Ambrius  (Am- 
bresbury),  on  May-day.  Hengist,  in  the 
mean  time,  secretly  armed  a  number  of 
his  soldiers  with  "long  knives,"  and  told 
them  to  fall  on  the  Britons  during  the 
conference,  when  he  uttered  the  words, 
"  Nemet  oure  Saxas."  This  they  did, 
and  4G0  "barons  and  consuls "  fell.  It 
does  not  appear  from  this  narrative  that 
the  slaughter w^as  due  "to  the  treachery 
of  Vortigern,"  but  was  wholly  the  work 
of  Hengist.  Geoffrey  calls  the  earl  of 
Gloucester  "  Eldol,"  and  not  "Eidiol." 

Vor'tigem's  Tower,  like  Penel'- 
ope's  web,  is  a  work  ever  beginning  and 
never  ending.  Vortigern  was  told  by  his 
magicians  to  build  a  strong  tower  for  his 
own  security ;  so  he  commandedhis  work- 


men to  build  one  on  mount  Erir,  bat 
whatever  they  built  one  d«y  wm  wholly 
swallowed  up  by  the  earth  during  the 
night.— Geottrey,  Brititti  Hittory^  »i.  17 
(1142). 

Voa  non  Vobia,  The  tal«  is  that 
Virgil  wrote  an  epigram  od  AiagtutiM 
Caesar,  which  so  much  pleased  the  em- 
peror that  he  desired  to  know  who  was 
the  author.  As  Virgil  did  not  cUim  the 
lines,  one  Bathyllus  declared  they  were 
his.  This  displeased  Virgil,  and  be  wrute 
these  four  words,  Sic  u«  non  vobis  .  ,  . 
four  times  as  the  commencemeDt  of  four 
lines,  and  Bathyllus  was  requestod  to 
finish  them.  This  he  could  not  do,  bak 
Virgil  completed  the  lines  thus : 

Sic  vos  non  vobU  nldiflcatb  aTn ; 

Sic  ros  non  vobii  rlllen  fertt*  o*«| 
Sic  Toc  non  robis  maUifloMi*  cpw ; 
Sic  vos  non  vobli  (ertis  antn  botw. 
Not  for  yourselves  your  nesta  ye  tong-bifiU  boOd} 

Not  for  yourselves  ye  sheep  your  Beecw  bmr ; 
Not  for  yourselves  your  hives  ye  bras  b«*«  SIM; 
Not  tot  yourselves  ye  oxen  drsw  Uie  ituam. 

I.CB. 

Vox  et  praeterea  NihiL  A  Spar- 
tan, pulling  a  nightiagale,  and  finding 
only    a    very    small     body,   exclaimed, 

•fwni  TV  Tit  eoffi,  Kai  ouiiv  aWo  ("  V  OlCC  ait 

thou,   and  nothing    more  "). — Plutarch, 

Apophthegmata  Laconica. 

Vran  {Bendigeid,  i.e. "  Blessed  "),  king 
of  Britain  and  father  of  Caradawc  (Cb- 
ractacus).  He  was  called  "Blessed** 
because  he  introduced  Christianity  into 
this  island.  Vran  had  shared  the  cap> 
tivity  of  his  son,  and  had  learned  the 
Christian  faith  during  his  seven  yean* 
detention  in  Rome. 

Vran  or  Bran  the  Blessed,  son  of  Uyr,  flnl  biwiglit  tfw 

faith  of  Christ  to  tlie  nation  of  Um  Cnuy  fniMi  IflM^ 
where  he  was  seven  years  a  bustace  (or  bU  sou  Owa4»wik 
whom  the  Eonians  made  prtioner  Uiroush  rrafl  aarf  dM 
treachery  of  Aregwedd  FAeddawg  {,t'artUmamdmml— 
Wtltk  Triad*,  sxxv. 

Vran's  Caldron  restored  to  life 
whoever  was  put  therein,  but  the  re- 
vivified never  recovered  speech.  (See 
Medea's  Kkttlk,  p.  627.) 

••I  will  give  thee."  saW  BwidlitaM  Vrwi.  •"•  mMtmi. 
the  property  of  which  is  that  kf  one  o(  thy  mm  ha  i*^ 
to-day,  and  be  cast  Uie.'ein  to-niorrow.  b«  wUl  b>  m^m 
as  he  was  at  the  best,  t\f\>t  that  h«  wtl  Ml  npla  Ml 
speech."— yAK  Mabinof/Um  ("  Bnuiwao."  Ms,  tmmk 
century). 

Vrience  {Kirui),  one  of  the  knights 
of  the  Round  Table.  He  married  Morgan 
le  Fay,  half-sister  of  kinjj  Arthur.— iiir 
T.  Malory,  History  of  Trmu  Aram- 
(1470). 

Vulcan's  Badge,  the  badge  of 
cuckoldom.  Vulcan  was  the  husband  of 
Venus,  with  whom  Maw  intrigued. 


VULNERABLE  PARTS. 


1076 


WADE. 


We  know 
Better  than  he  have  worn  Vulcan's  badge. 
(T)  Shakespeare,  Titut  Andronictu,  act  ii.  sc.  1  (1503). 

Vulnerable  Parts. 

Achili.es  was  vulnerable  only  in  the 
heel.  When  his  mother  Thetis  dipped 
him  in  the  river  Styx,  she  held  him  by 
the  heel,  aud  the  water  did  not  touch  this 
part. — A  Post-Homeric  Story. 

Ajax,  son  of  Telamon,  could  be 
wounded  only  behind  the  neck  ;  some  say 
only  in  one  spot  of  the  breast.  As  soon 
as  he  was  born,  Alcldes  covered  him  with 
a  lion's  skin,  which  rendered  the  whole 
body  invulnerable,  except  in  a  part  where 
the  skin  had  been  pierced  by  Hercules. 

Ant^os  was  wholly  charmed  against 
death  so  long  as  he  touched  the  earth. — 
Lucan,  F/iarsalia,  iv. 

Feur ACUTE  (3  syl.)  was  only  vulner- 
able in  the  naval. — Turpin,  Chronicle  of 
Charlemagne. 

He  is  called  Ferrau,  son  of  Landfusa, 
by  Ariosto,  in  his  Orlando  Furioso. 

Megissogwon  was  only  vulnerable  at 
one  tuft  of  hair  on  his  head.  A  wood- 
pecker revealed  the  secret  to  Hiawatha, 
who  struck  him  there  and  killed  him. — 
Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  ix. 

OiiiLLO  was  impervious  to  death  unless 
one  particular  hair  was  cut  off  ;  wherefore 
Astolpho,  when  he  encountered  the  robber, 
only  sought  to  cut  off  this  magic  hair. — 
Ariosto,  Orlando  Furioso. 

Orlando  was  invulnerable  except  in 
the  sole  of  his  foot,  and  even  there  nothing 
could  injure  him  except  the  prick  of  a 
pin. — Italian  Classic  Fable. 

Siegfried  was  invulnerable  except 
in  one  spot  between  the  shoulders,  on 
which  a  leaf  stuck  when  he  dipped  his 
body  in  dragon's  blood. — The  Nibelungen 
Lied. 

*+*  The  Promethean  unguent  rendered 
the  body  proof  against  fire  and  wounds 
of  any  sort.  Medea  gave  Jason  some  of 
this  unguent. — Classic  Story. 

Vulture  (The  Black),  emblem  of  the 
ancient  Turk,  as  the  crescent  is  of  the 
modern  Ottoman  empire. 

And  that  black  vulture,  which  with  dreadful  wing 
O'ersliadows  half  the  earth,  whose  dismal  sight 

Frightened  the  Muses  from  theii-  native  spring, 
Ahcidy  stoops,  and  fliigs  with  weary  wing. 

Phineas  Fletcher,  The  J'urple  Wand,  vii.  (1633), 

Vulture  Hopkins.  John  Hopkins 
was  so  called  from  his  rapacious  mode  of 
acquiring  money.  He  was  the  architect 
of  his  own  fortune,  and  died  worth 
£300,000  (in  1732). 


*^*  Pope  refers  to  John  Hopkins  inth« 
lines  : 

When  Hopkins  dies,  a  thousand,  lights  attend 
The  wretch  who,  living,  saved  a  candle  end. 


w. 

Wabster  {Michael)^  a  citizen  ox 
Perth.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth 
(time,  Henry  IV.). 

Wabun,  son  of  Mudjekeewis ;  the 
Indian  Apollo.  He  chases  darkness  over 
hill  and  dale  with  his  arrows,  wakes  man, 
and  brings  the  morning.  He  married 
Wabun- Annung,  who  was  taken  to  heaven 
at  death,  and  became  the  morning  star. 
— Longfellow,  Hiawatha  (1856). 

Wabun  -  Annung,  the  morning 
star,  a  country  maiden  who  married 
Wabun  the  Indian  Apollo. — Longfellow, 
Hiawatha  (1855). 

"Wackbairn  [Mr.),  the  schoolmaster 
at  Libberton. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of 
Midlothian  (time,  George  II.). 

Wackles  (Mrs.  and  the  Misses),  of 
Chelsea,  keepers  of  a  "Ladies'  Seminary." 
English  grammar,  composition,  geo- 
graphy, and  the  use  of  dumb-bells,  by 
Miss  Melissa  Wackles ;  writing,  arith- 
metic, dancing,  music,  and  general  fasci- 
nation, by  Miss  Sophy  Wackles  ;  needle- 
work, marking,  and  samplery,  by  Miss 
Jane  Wackles  ;  corporal  punishment  and 
domestic  duties  by  Mrs.  Wackles.  Miss 
Sophy  was  a  fresh,  good-natured,  buxom 
girl  of  20,  who  owned  to  a  soft  impeach- 
ment for  Mr.  Swiveller,  but  as  he  held 
back,  she  married  Mr.  Cheggs,  a  well-to- 
do  market  gardener. — C.  Dickens,  Tl^e 
Old  Curiosity  Shop,  viii.  (1840). 

Wade  {Miss),  a  handsome  young 
woman,  brought  up  by  her  grandmother, 
with  a  small  independence.  She  looked 
at  every  act  of  kindness,  benevolence, 
and  charity  with  a  jaundiced  eye,  and 
attributed  it  to  a  vile  motive.  Her 
manner  was  suspicious,  self-secluded, 
and  repellent;  her  temper  proud,  fiery, 
and  unsympathetic.  Twice  she  loved — in 
one  case  she  jilted  her  lover,  in  the 
other  she  was  herself  jilted.  The  latter 
was  Henry  Gowan,  who  married  I*et  the 
daughter  of  Mr.   Meagles,   and  in  con- 


WADMAN. 


1077 


WALBECK. 


equence  of  this  marriage,  Misa  Wade 
hated  Gowan,  his  vrife,  the  Meagleaes, 
and  all  their  friends.  She  enticed  Tatty- 
coram  away  from  Mr.  Meagles,  and  the 
two  beautiful  young  women  lived  to- 
gether for  a  time,  nursing  their  hatred  of 
man  to  keep  it  warm. — C.  Dickens,  Little 
Dorrit,  ii.  21  (1867). 

Wadman  {Widow),  a  comely  widow, 
who  would  full  fain  secure  uncle  Toby 
for  her  second  husband.  Amongst  other 
wiles,  she  pretends  to  have  something  in 
her  eye,  and  gets  uncle  Toby  to  look  for 
it.  As  the  kind-hearted  hero  of  Namur 
does  so,  the  gentle  widow  gradually 
places  her  face  nearer  and  nearer  the 
captain's  mouth,  under  the  hope  that  he 
will  kiss  and  propose. — Sterne,  The  Life 
and  Opinions  of  Tristram  Shandy  (1759). 

W"a'geniin  (3  syL),  the  cry  of  the 
young  lads  and  lasses  of  the  North 
American  tribes,  when  in  harvesting  they 
light  upon  a  crooked  and  mildewed  ear 
of  maize,  emblematic  of  old  age. 

And  whene'er  a  youth  or  maiden 
Found  a  crooked  ear  in  hustling,  .  .  . 
Bliglited,  niililewed,  or  misshapen. 
Then  they  laughed  and  sang  together, 
Crept  and  limped  about  the  corn-flelds 
Mimicked  in  their  gait  and  gestures 
Some  old  man  bent  almost  double. 
Singing  singly  or  together, 
"  Wagemin,  the  thief  of  corn-fields  I " 

Longfellow,  Biawatha,  xiii.  (1855). 

"Wagner,  the  faithful  servant  and 
constant  companion  of  Faust,  in  Mar- 
lowe's drama  called  The  Life  and  Death 
of  Dr.  Faustus  (1589)  ;  in  Goethe's  Faust 
(German,  1798)  ;  and  in  Gounod's  opera 
of  Faust  (1859). 

Wagner  is  a  type  of  the  pedant  He  sacrifices  himself  to 
books  as  Faust  does  to  knowledge  .  .  .  the  dust  of  folios 
is  his  element,  parchment  the  source  of  his  inspiration. 
,  .  .  He  is  one  of  those  wlio,  in  the  presence  of  Niiigara, 
would  vex  you  with  questions  about  arrow-headed  in- 
■criptions  ...  or  the  origin  of  the  Pelasgi.— Lewes. 

■Wa'hela,  Lot's  wife,  who  was  con- 
federate with  the  men  of  Sodom,  and  gave 
them  notice  when  a  stranger  came  to  visit 
her  husband.  Her  sign  was  smoke  by  day 
and  fire  by  night.  Wahela  was  turned  into 
a  pillar  of  salt.— Jallalo'ddin,  Al  Zarnakh. 

"Wa'ila  (3  syL),  wife  of  Noah,  who 
told  the  people  her  husband  was  dis- 
traught. 

The  wife  of  Noah  [Wdila]  and  the  wife  of  Lot  [Wd- 
hela]  were  both  unbelievers,  .  .  .  and  it  shall  be  said 
unto  them  at  tlie  last  day,  "  Enter  ye  into  hell  fire,  with 
those  who  enter  therein."— ^i  Kordn,  Ixvl. 

"Wainamoi'nen,  the  Orpheus  of 
Finnish  mythology.  His  magic  harp 
performed  similar  wonders  to  that  ot 
Orpheus  (2  syL).  It  was  made  of  the 
bones  of  a  pike  ;  that  of  Orpheus  was 


of  tortoisesbell.  Th«  "  belored  "  al 
Wainamoincn  was  a  treasare  called  8«»* 
po,  which  was  lost  as  the  poet  iMdMd 
the  vefgc  of  the  realms  of  darkoew ;  the 
"bel(«ed"  of  Orpheoa  was  Evrydlc^ 
who  was  lost  just  as  the  poet  reached  the 
confines  of  earth,  after  hiB  detoeni  into 
hell. 

*if*  See  Kalewala,  Rune,  xxii.  It  it 
very  beautiful.  An  e.xtract  is  in^en  in 
Baring  Gould's  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ants. 
440-444. 

Waistcoat  {The  M.  BX  Uie  clerical 
waistcoat.  M.  B.  meant  "Mark  [of  tht] 
Beast."  These  waistcoats  are  so  called 
because  they  were  first  worn  (in  the 
middle  of  the  nineteenth  century)  bjr 
clergymen  who  were  supposed  to  hare 
popish  tendencies. 

"Waitwell,  the  lackey  of  Edward 
Mirabell,  and  husband  of  Foible  jjover- 
nante  of  the  household  of  lady  Wishfort. 
By  his  master's  request,  Waitwell  perso- 
nates sir  Roland,  and  makes  love  to  lady 
Wishfort,  but  the  trick  is  discovered 
before  much  mischief  is  done. — W.  Con- 
greve.  The  Way  of  the  World  (1700). 

Wakefield  {Harry),  the  English 
drover  killed  by  Robm  Oig. — Sir  W. 
Scott,   The   Two  Drovers  (time,  George 

m.). 

Wakeman  (<Si>  George),  physician 
to  Henrietta  Maria  queen  o^  Charles  I.— 
Sir  W.  Scott,  I'everU  of  the  Peak  (Ume, 
Charles  11.). 

Walbeck  {Per/tin)  assumed  him«elf 
to  be  Kiohard  duke  of  York,  the  younger 
son  of  Edward  IV.,  supposed  to  be  mur- 
dered by  order  of  liichard  III.  in  the 
Tower.  ^ 

Parallel  Instances.  The  youngeet  eon 
of  Ivan  IV.  of  Russia  was  named  Dl- 
mitri,  i.e.  Demetrius.  He  was  bora  i« 
1581,  and  was  mysteriously  assawinated 
in  1591,  some  say  by  Godounov  the  8«c- 
cessor  to  the  throne.  Several  impoctMf 
assumed  to  be  Dimitri,  the  most  remaik- 
able  appeared  in  Poland  in  1^  who 
was  recognized  as  czar  in  1606,  bat 
perished  the  vear  following. 

Martin  Guerre,  in  the  sixteenth  cen- 
tury, left  his  wife,  to  whom  he  had  been 
married  ten  years,  to  jom  the  army 
in  Spain.  In  the  eighth  year  of  hw 
absence,  one  Amaud  du  Tilh  turned  to 
be  Martin  Guerre,  and  wm  reoeived  by 
the  wife  as  her  husband.  F or  three  y«u» 
he  lived  with  her,  recopired  byaU  bet 
friends  and  relations,  but  the  letwn  oX 


WALDECK. 


1078 


WALKING  STEWART. 


Martin  himself  dispelled  the  illusion, 
and  Arnaud  was  put  to  death. 

The  great  Tichborne  case  was  a  similar 
imposition.  One  Orton  assumed  to  be  sir 
Roger  Tichborne,  and  was  even  acknow- 
ledged to  be  so  by  sir  Roger's  mother ; 
but  after  a  long  and  patient  trial  it  was 
proved  that  the  claimant  of  the  Tichborne 
estates  was  no  other  than  one  Orton  of 
Wapping. 

In  German  history,  Jakob  Rehback,  a 
miller's  man,  assumed,  in  1345,  to  be  Wal- 
demar,  an  Ascanier  margraf.  Jakob  was 
a  menial  in  the  service  of  the  margraf. 

Waldeek  (Martin),  the  miner,  and 
hero  of  a  story  read  by  Lovel  to  a  picnic 
party  at  the  ruins  of  St.  Ruth's  Priory. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Antiqiuxry  (time, 
George  III.). 

Walde'grave  (2  syL),  leader  of  the 
British  forces,  which  joined  the  Hurons 
in  extirpating  the  Snake  Indians,  but  he 
fell  in  the  fray  (pt.  i.  18). 

Julia  Waldegrave,  wife  of  the  above. 
She  was  bound  to  a  tree  with  her  child 
by  some  of  the  Indians  during  the  attack. 
Outalissi,  a  Snake  Indian,  unbound  them, 
took  them  home,  and  took  care  of  them  ; 
but  the  mother  died.  Her  last  request 
was  that  Outalissi  would  carry  her  child 
to  Albert  of  Wy'oming,  her  friend,  and 
beg  him  to  take  charge  of  it. 

Henry  Waldegrave,  the  boy  brought  by 
Outalissi  to  Albert.  After  staying  at 
Wyoming  for  three  years,  his  English 
friends  sent  for  him  (he  was  then  12 
years  old).  When  grown  to  manhood, 
he  returned  to  Wyoming,  and  was  mar- 
ried to  Gertrude  ;  but  three  months  after- 
wards Outalissi  appeared,  and  told  them 
that  Brandt  was  coming  with  his  English 
soldiers  to  destroy  the  village.  Both 
Albert  and  Gertrude  were  shot  in  the 
attack  ;  and  Henry  joined  the  tvcmy  of 
Washington. — Campbell,  Gertrude  of 
Wyornimj  (1809). 

*^*  Campbell  accents  Wyoming  on  the 
first  syllable,  but  the  accent  is  generally 
thrown  on  the  second. 

"Waldemar  Fitzurse  (Lord),  a 
baron  following  prince  John  of  Anjou 
(brother  of  Richard  Cocur  de  Lion). — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Waldstetten  (The  countess  of),  a 
relative  of  the  baron.  He  is  one  of  the 
characters  in  Donnerhugel's  narrative. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein  (time, 
Edward  IV.). 

"Wales.      Geoffrey    says,    after    the 


famine  and  pestilence  which  drove  Cad- 
wallader  into  Armorica  (Bretagne),  the 
people  were  no  longer  called  Britons  but 
Gualenses,  a  word  derived  either  from 
Gualo  their  leader,  or  Guales  their  queen, 
or  from  their  barbarism. — British  History, 
xii.  19  (1142). 

*^.*  Milner  says  the  Welsh  are  those 
driven  west  by  the  Teutonic  invaders 
and  called  Wtlisc-men  ("strangers  or 
foreigners") ;  Corn-wall  was  called  "West 
Wales,"  and  subsequently  the  Com  (Latin, 
cornu)  or  horn  held  by  the  Walls. — ■ 
Geography. 

The  Saxon  wealh,  plu.  wealhas  or  weal- 
as,  " foreigners,"  meaning  "not  of  Saxon 
origin,"  and  also  "  slaves  or  subjugated 
men,"  is  the  correct  origin  of  the  word. 

Wales  (South).  At  one  time  the 
whole  eastern  division  of  South  Wales 
was  called  Gwent,  but  in  its  present  re- 
stricted sense  the  word  Gwent  is  applied 
to  the  county  of  Monmouth  only. 

"Walk  (Knave)  is  meant  for  colonel 
Hewson,  generally  called  "Walk, 
Knave,  Walk,"  from  a  tract  written  by 
Edmund  Gayton,  to  satirize  the  party, 
and  entitled  Walk,  Knaves,  Walk. — S. 
Butler,  Iludibras  (1663-78). 

Walker  (T^r.),  one  of  the  three  great 
quacks  of  the  eighteenth  century,  the 
others  being  Dr.  Rock  and  Dr.  Timothy 
Franks.  Goldsmith,  in  his  Citizen  of  the 
World,  has  a  letter  (Ixviii.)  wholly  upon 
these  three  worthies  (1759). 

Walker  (Helen),  the  prototype  of  Jeanie 
Deans.  Sir  W.  Scott  caused  a  tombstone 
to  be  erected  over  her  grave  in  Irongray 
churchyard,  Kirkcudbright  [Ke.koo'.bry], 

Walker  (Hookey),  John  Walker,  out- 
door clerk  to  Longman,  Clementi,  and 
Co.,  Cheapside.  He  was  noted  for  his 
hooked  nose,  and  disliked  for  his  official 
duties,  which  were  to  see  that  the  men 
came  and  left  at  the  proper  hour,  and 
that  they  worked  during  the  hours  of 
work.  Of  course,  the  men  conspired  to 
throw  discredit  on  his  reports  ;  and  hence 
when  any  one  draws  the  "  long-bow,"  the 
hearer  exclaims,  "  Hookey  Walker !  "  aa 
much  as  to  say,  "  I  don't  believe  it." 

Walking  Gentleman  (.4).  Thomas 
Colley  Grattan  published  his  Highways 
and  Byeways  under  this  signature  (1825). 

Walking  Stewart,  John  Stewart, 
an  English  traveller,  who  walked  through 
Hindustan,  Persia,  Nubia,  Abyssinia,  the 
Arabian  Desert,  Europe,  and  the  North 


WALKING-STICK. 


1079 


WALTHAM'S  CALF. 


American  states ;  "crazy  beyond  the  reach 
of  hellebore,  yet  sublime  and  divinely  be- 
nignant. ...  He  had  seen  more  of  the 
earth's  surface,  and  had  communicated 
more  with  the  children  of  the  earth,  than 
any  man  before  or  since." — De  Qaincey 
(1856). 

"Walking-Stick  {Henry  VIIL's), 
the  great  Danish  club  shown  in  the 
armoury  of  the  Tower. 

Walkingshaw  (Miss),  mistress  of 
the  chevalier  Charles  Edward  the  Young 
Pretender.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Bedgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Wallace's  Larder,  the  dungeon  of 
Ardrossan,  in  Ayrshire,  where  Wallace 
had  the  dead  bodies  thrown  when  the 
garrison  was  surprised  by  him  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  I. 

"Douglas's  Larder"  is  a  similar  phrase, 
meaning  that  horrible  compound  of  dead 
bodies,  barrels  of  flour,  meal,  wheat, 
malt,  wine,  ale,  and  beer,  all  mixed 
together  in  Douglas  Castle  by  the  order 
of  lord  James  Douglas,  when,  in  1306,  the 
garrison  was  surprised  by  him. 

"Wallenrode  {The  earl  of),  an  Hun- 
garian crusader.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

"Waller,  in  love  with  Lydia  lady's- 
maid  to  Widow  Green.  His  love  at  first 
was  not  honourable,  because  his  aristo- 
cratic pride  revolted  at  the  inferior  social 
position  of  Lydia ;  but  when  he  knew 
her  real  worth,  he  loved  her,  proposed 
marriage,  and  found  that  she  was  the 
Bister  of  Trueworth,  who  had  taken 
service  to  avoid  an  obnoxious  marriage. 
— S.  Knowles,  The  Love-Chase  (1837). 

"Waller's  Plot,  a  plot  organized,  in 
1643,  by  Waller  the  poet,  agamst  the 
parliamentary  party.  The  object  was  to 
secure  the  king's  children,  to  seize  the 
most  eminent  of  the  parliamentarians,  to 
capture  the  Tower,  and  resist  all  taxes 
imposed  for  the  support  of  the  parlia- 
mentary army. 

"Walley  {Richard),  the  regicide,  whose 
story  is  told  by  major  Bridgenorth  (a 
roundhead)  at  his  dinner-table.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Feceril  of  tlie  Feak  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

"Wallflowers,  young  ladies  m  a  ball- 
room, who  have  no  partners,  and  who  sit 
or  stand  near  the  walls  of  the  ball-room. 

Walnut  Tree.  Fuller  says :  "  A 
walnut  tree  must  be  manured  by  beating, 


or  else  it  will  not  bear  fruit."    Falttall 
makes  a  similar  remark   on  the 


mile  plant,  "The  more  it  is  trodden  oa. 
the  faster  it  grows."  The  almond  aoa 
some  other  plants  are  said  to  thrira  bf 

being  bruised. 

A  woman,  a  spaniel,  and  walnnt  tree 

The  more  you  beat  them,  the  bettar  tbajr  te. 


Taylor,  tb«  "  wat«r-pM»-  (li 

Walnut  Web.  ^Vhen  the  thret 
princes  of  a  certain  king  were  sent  to  ftnd 
out  "a  web  of  cloth  which  would  paaa 
through  the  eye  of  a  fine  needle,"  the 
White  Cat  furnished  the  youngest  of  the 
three  with  one  spun  by  the  cats  of  her 
palace. 

The  prince  .  .  .  took  out  of  hli  box  a  walnut,  wbirli  h* 
cracked  .  .  .  and  saw  a  small  haael  nut.  whicb  b«  •TMka4 
also  .  .  .  and  found  therein  a  kamol  of  wai.  ...  la  tali 
kernel  of  wax  was  hidden  a  single  grmia  of  wbwl,  md  In 
the  grain  a  small  millet  seed.  ...  On  ofMataf  Hm  mllrt. 
he  drew  out  a  web  of  cloth  400  jrariU  k>ni(.  and  In  h  wm 
woven  all  sorts  of  birds,  boaiia,  and  fl»he«;  IMta  and 
flowers  ;  the  sun.  moon,  and  start :  the  portraUs  of  klnfi 
and  queens,  and  many  other  wonderful  desiipu.— OmbIMM 
D'Aunoy.  fairy  Tale*  ("The  White  Oat,"  IMS). 

Walsingham,  the  affianced  of  Helen 
Mowbray.  Deceived  by  appearances,  he 
believed  that  Helen  was  the  mistress  of 
lord  Athunree,  and  abandoned  her;  but 
when  he  discovered  his  mistake,  he  mar- 
ried her.— S.  Knowles,  Woman's  Wit, 
etc.  (1838). 

Walsingham  {Lord),  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth's court.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilicorth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Walter,  marquis  of  Saluzzo,  in  Italy, 
and  husband  of  Grisilda,  the  peasant's 
daughter  {q.v.).  —  Chaucer,  Ciintaintry 
Tales  ("The  Clerk's  Tale,"  1388). 

*^*  This  tale,  of  course,  is  allegorical ; 
lord  Walter  takes  the  place  of  deity,  and 
Grisilda  tvpifies  the  true  Christian,  In 
all  her  privations,  in  all  her  sorrows,  in 
all  her  trials,  she  says  to  her  lord  and 
master,  "  Thy  will  be  done." 

Walter  {Master),  "the  hunchback," 
guardian  of  Julia.  A  worthy  man,  liberal 
and  charitable,  frank  and  hooest.  who 
turns  out  to  be  the  earl  of  Rochdale  and 
father  of  Julia.— S.  Knowles,  Tha  Jhutck- 
back  (1831). 

Walter  [Purst],  father-in-law  of 
Tell.— Rossini,  Guytielmo  Tell  (opera, 
1829). 

Waltham'B  Calf  {As  mse  as),  a 
thorough  fool.  This  calf,  it  is  said,  ran 
nine  miles  when  it  was  hungry  to  gci 
suckled  by  a  bull. 

Doctor  naupa'tus.  Bacbljr  1 
Dronken  as  a  naoute  At  r  " 


WALTHEOF. 


1080 


WANDERING  WOOD. 


Under  a  notaries  signe  Was  made  a  diulne ; 
As  wise  as  Wjiltom's  calf. 
John  Skelton,  Coign  CJout  (time.  Henry  VIII.). 

"Waltheof  {The  abbot),  abbot  o£  St. 
Wilhold's  Priory. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe 
(tiuie,  Richard  I.). 

Waltheof  (Father),  a  grey  friar,  con- 
fessor to  the  duchess  of  Rothesay. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Ferth  (time, 
Henry  IV.). 

"Walton  {Lord),  father  of  Elvi'ra, 
who  promised  his  daughter  in  marriage 
to  sir  Richard  Forth,  a  puritan  officer  ; 
but  Elvira  had  already  plighted  her  love 
to  lord  Arthur  Talbot,  a  cavalier.  The 
betrothal  was  set  aside,  and  Elvira  mar- 
ried Arthur  Talbot  at  last. — Bellini,  // 
Furitani  (opera,  1834). 

Walton  {Sir  John  dc),  governor  of 
Douglas  Ca«tle.  —  Sir  W.  Scott,  Castle 
Dangerous  (time,  Henry  I.). 

"Wamba,  *'the  son  of  Witless,"  the 
jester  of  Cedric  the  Saxon  of  Rother- 
wood. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time, 
Richard  I.). 

Wampum,  a  string  or  belt  of  whelk- 
shells,  current  with  the  North  American 
Indians  as  a  medium  of  exchange,  and 
always  sent  as  a  present  to  those  with 
whom  an  alliance  or  treaty  is  made. 

Peace  he  to  tliee !  my  words  this  lielt  approve. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  i.  14  (1800). 
Our  wampum  league  thy  bretliren  did  embrace. 

Ditto,  i.  15. 

"Wanderers.  It  is  said  that  gipsies 
are  doomed  to  be  wanderers  on  the  face 
of  the  earth,  because  they  refused  hospi- 
tality to  the  Virgin  and  Child  when  the 
holy  family  fled  into  Egypt.  (See  Wild 
Huntsman.) — Aventinus,  Annalium  Boi- 
orum,  iibri  septem  (1664). 

Wandering  Jew  {The),  Kartaph'i- 
los  (in  LaivaCartaphilus),  the  door-keeper 
of  the  judgment  hall,  in  the  service  of 
Pontius  Pilate.  The  tradition  is  that 
this  porter,  while  haling  Jesus  before 
Pilate,  struck  Him,  saying,  "  Get  on 
faster!"  whereupon  Jesus  replied,  "I 
am  going  fast  enough  ;  but  thou  shalt 
tarry  till  I  come  again." 

*^*  The  earliest  account  of  this  tradi- 
tion is  in  the  Book  of  the  Chronicles  of 
the  Abf>ey  of  St.  Alban's,  copied  and  con- 
tinued by  Matthew  Paris  (12':>8).  In  1242 
Philip  Meuskes,  afterwards  bishop  of 
Tournay,  wrote  the  "  rhymed  chronicle." 

Kartaphilos,  we  are  told,  was  baptized 
by  Ananias,  who  baptized  Paul,  and  re- 


ceived the  name  of  Joseph. — See  Book  of 
the  Chronicles  of  the  Abbey  of  St.  Alban's. 

Another  tradition  says  the  Jew  was 
Ahasue'rus,  a  cobbler,  and  gives  the  story 
thus :  Jesus,  overcome  by  the  weight  of 
the  cross,  stopped  at  the  door  of  Ahasue- 
rus,  when  the  man  pushed  Him  away, 
saying,  "Be  off  with  you!"  Jesus  re- 
plied, "  I  am  going  off  truly,  as  it  is 
written  ;  but  thou  shalt  tarry  till  I  come 
again." 

*^*  This  legend  is  given  by  Paul  von 
Eitzen,  bishop  of  Schleswig,  in  1547. — 
See  Greve,  Memoirs  of  FaiJ,  von  Eitzen, 
Hamburgh  (1744). 

In  Germany,  the  Wandering  Jew  is  as- 
sociated with  John  Buttadaeus,  who  was 
seen  at  Antwerp  in  the  thirteenth,  fifteenth, 
and  sixteenth  centuries,  and  at  Brussels 
in  1774. 

*^*  Leonard  Doldius  of  Niimberg,  in 
his  Praxis  Alchymice  (1604),  says  the  Jew 
Ahasuerus  is  sometimes  called  Buttadaeus. 

In  France,  the  name  given  to  the  Jew  is 
Isaac  Laquedem  or  Lakedion. 

*^*  See  Mitternacht,  Dissertatio  in 
Johan.,  xxi.  19. 

Salathiel  ben  Sadi  is  the  name  of  the 
Wandering  Jew  in  Croly's  novel  entitled 
Salathiel  (1827). 

Eugene  Sue  introduces  a  Wandering 
Jew  in  his  novel  called  Le  Juif  Errant 
(1845).  Gait  has  also  a  novel  called  The 
Wandering  Jew. 

Poetical  versions  of  the  legend  have 
been  made  by  A.  W.  von  Schlegel,  Die 
Warnuny ;  by  Schubert,  Ahasuer ;  by 
Goethe,  Aus  Meinem  Leben,  all  in  German. 
By  Mrs.  Norton,  The  Undyiny  One,  in 
English  ;  etc.  The  legend  is  based  on 
St.  John's  Gospel  xxi.  22.  "  If  I  will 
that  he  tarry  till  I  come,  what  is  that  to 
thee  ?  "  The  apostles  thought  the  words 
meant  that  John  would  not  die,  but  tra- 
dition has  applied  them  to  some  one  else. 

Wandering  Knight  {The),  El 
Donzel  del  Febo  ("the  Knight  of  the 
Sun"),  is  so  called  in  the  Spanish  ro- 
mance entitled  2'he  Mirror  of  Kniyhthood, 

Eumen'edes  is  so  called  in  Peele's  Old 
Wives'  Tale  (1590). 

Wandering  Willie,  the  blind 
fiddler,  who  tells  the  tale  about  sir  Robert 
Redgauntlet  and  his  son  sir  John. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Redyauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Wandering  Wood,  which  contained 
the  den  of  Error.  Error  was  a  monster, 
like  a  woman  upwards,  but  ending  in  a 
huge  dragon's  tail  with  a  venomous  sting. 
The  fijst  encounter  of   the   Red  Cross 


WANTLEY. 


1081 


WARDLE. 


Knight  was  with  this  monster,  whom  he 
slew. — Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  i.  1  (1590). 
*^*  When  piety  {the  Red  Cross  Knujht) 
once  forsakes  the  oneness  of  truth 
{Una),  it  is  sure  to  get  into  "  Wandering 
Wood,"  where  it  will  be  attacked  by 
♦'  Error." 

"Wantley  {Dragon  of),  a  monster 
slain  by  More  of  More  Hall,  who  procured 
a  suit  of  armour  studded  with  spikos, 
and,  proceeding  to  the  lair,  kicked  the 
dragon  in  its  mouth,  where  alone  it  was 
vulnerable. — Percy,  Eeliques  of  Ancient 
Poetry. 

One  of  Carey's  farces  is  entitled  The 
Dragon  of  Wantley. 

"Wapping  of  Denmark  {The), 
Elsinore  (3  syL). 

"War.  The  Seven  Weeks'  War  was 
between  Prussia  and  Austria  (1866). 

Tlie  Seven  Months'  War  was  between 
Prussia  and  France  (1870-71). 

The  Seven  Years'  War  was  between 
Austria  and  Prussia  (1756-1763). 

The  Thirty  Years'  War  was  between 
the  protestants  and  papists  of  Germany 
(1618-1648). 

The  Hundred  Years'  War  was  between 
England  and  France  (1340-1453). 

■War-Cries.  At  Senlac  the  English 
had  two,  "  God  Almighty  !  "  and  "  Holy 
Cross  !  "  The  latter  was  probably  the 
cry  of  Harold's  men,  and  referred  to 
Waltham  Cross,  which  he  held  in  special 
reverence. 

The  Norman  shout  was  "God  help 
us !" 

The  Welsh  war-cry  was  "  Alleluia ! " 

Loiid,  sharp  shrieks  of  "  Alleluia  I "  blended  with  those 
of  "  Out  I  Out  I  Holy  Crosse  I  "—Lord  Lyttoii,  ffaroJd. 

%*  "Ouct!  Ouct!"  was  the  cry  in 
full  flight,  meaning  that  the  standards 
were  to  be  defended  with  closed  shields. 

The  old  Spanish  war-cry  was  "  St. 
lago  !  and  close,  Spain  !  " 

Mount,  chivalrous  hidalgo ;  not  in  vain 
Kevive  the  cry,  "  Su  lago  1  aiid  close,  Spain  I 

Byron,  Age  0/  Broiue,  vii.  (1821). 

*^*  Cervantes  says  the  cry  was  "  St. 
lago  !  charge,  Spain  !  " 

Mr.  Bdchelor,  there  is  a  time  to  retreat  as  well  as  to 
advance.  The  cry  must  always  be,  "  St.  lago  I  charge, 
Spain  1  "—Don  (Quixote,  II.  i.  4  (1615). 

In  the  battle  of  Pharsalia,  the  war-cry 
of  Pompey's  army  was  "  Hercules  In- 
victus!"  and  of  Caesar's  army,  "Venus 
Victrix ! " 

"War  of  Wartburg,  a  poetic  con- 
test at  Wartburg  Castle,  in  which  Vogel- 

46 


weid    triumphed    over     lloinrich     too 
Ofterdingen. 

Tliey  renewed  the  war  of  WartbiirK, 
Which  the  hard  hail  fought  before. 
Longfellow,  Walter  von  der  Vogelwcid. 

Ward  {ArtSmus),  Charles  F.  Urownb 
of  America,  author  of  His  Book  of  Ooak$ 
(1866).     He  died  in  London  in  1867. 

Ward  {Dr.),  a  footman,  famous  for 
his  *'  friars'  balsam."  He  was  called  to 
proscribe  for  George  II.,  and  died  1761. 
Dr.  Ward  had  a  claret  stain  on  his  left 
cheek,  and  in  Hogarth's  famous  picture, 
"  The  Undertakers'  Arms,"  the  cheek  i$ 
marked  gules.  He  forms  one  of  the 
three  figures  at  the  top,  and  occupies  the 
right  hand  side  of  the  spectator.  The 
other  two  figures  are  Mrs.  Mapp  and  Dr. 
Taylor. 

Warden  {Henry),  a/tasHENHY  Wet.l- 
WOOD,  the  protestant  preacher.  In  the 
Abbot  he  is  chaplain  of  the  ladv  Marv  at 
Avenel  Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  I'/te  Monas- 
tery (time,  Elizabeth). 

Warden  {Michael),  a  young  man  of 
about  30,  well-made  and  good-looking, 
light-hearted,  capricious,  and  without 
ballast.  He  had  been  so  wild  and  ex- 
travagant that  Snitchey  and  Craggs  told 
him  it  would  take  six  years  to  nurse  his 
property  into  a  healthy  state.  Michael 
Warden  told  them  he  was  in  love  with 
Marion  Jeddler,  and  her,  in  due  time,  ho 
married.— C.  Dickens,  T/ie  Battle  of  Life 
(1846). 

Warden  Pie  {A),  a  pie  made  of 
Warden  pears. 

Myself  with  denial  I  mortify 
With  a  dainty  hit  of  a  warden  pie. 

The  J^riar  of  Order*  Grap. 

"Wardlaw,  land-steward  at  Osbaldi- 
stone  Hall.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Hob  Hoy  (time, 
George  I.). 

Wardlaw  {Henry  of),  archbishop  of  St. 
Andrew's.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of 
Perth  (time,  Henry  IV.). 

Wardle  {Mr.),  an  old  country  gentle- 
man, who  had  attended  some  of  the  meet- 
ings of  "  The  Pickwick  Club,"  and  felt 
a  liking  for  Mr.  Pickwick  and  his  three 
friends,  whom  he  occasionally  entertamcd 
at  his  house.  ,  ,       ,  „ 

Miss  llsabellal  Wardle,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Wardle.  She  marries  Augustus  Snod- 
grass,  M.P.C.  ,  .        ,  ., 

Miss  Emily  Wardle,  daughter  of  Mr. 
Wardle.  She  marries  TAr.  Trundle.— U 
Dickens,  The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 


WARDOUR. 


1082 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


Wardour  (Sir  Arthur)  of  Knock- 
winnock  Castle. 

Isabella  Wardour,  daughter  of  sir 
Arthur.     She  marries  lord  Geraldin. 

Captain  Reginald  Wardour^  son  of  sir 
Arthur.     He  is  in  the  army. 

Sir  Richard  Wardour  or  "Richard 
with  the  Red  Hand,"  an  ancestor  of  sir 
Arthur. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Hie  Antiquary 
(time,  George  III.). 

Ware  {Bed  of),  a  great  bed,  twelve 
feet  square,  assigned  bj'  tradition  to  the 
earl  of  Warwick  the  "  king  maker." 

A  mighty  large  bed  [the  bed  o'  honour\  bigger  by 
half  tlian  the  great  bed  of  Ware ;  ten  ttiousand  people 
may  lie  in  it  together  and  never  feel  one  another.— G. 
Farquhar,  The  Recruiting  Officer  (1707). 

Hie  bed  of  Og  king  of  Bashan,  which 
was  fourteen  feet  long,  and  a  little  more 
than  six  feet  wide,  was  considerably 
smaller  than  the  great  bed  of  Ware. 

His  bedstead  was  a  bedstead  of  iron  .  .  .  nine  cubits 
was  the  length  thereof,  and  four  cubits  the  breadth  of  it, 
after  the  cubit  of  a  man.— jDc«^.  iii.  11. 

"Waring  (Sir  Walter),  a  justice  of  the 
peace,  whose  knowledge  of  the  law  was 
derived  from  Matthew  Medley,  his  facto- 
tum. His  sentences  were  justices'  justice, 
influenced  by  prejudice  and  personal 
feeling.  An  ugly  old  hag  would  have 
found  from  him  but  scant  mercy,  while  a 
pretty  girl  could  hardly  do  wrong  in  sir 
Walter's  code  of  law. — Sir  H.  B.  Dudley, 
The  Woodman  (1771). 

Warman,  steward  of  Robin  Hood 
while  earl  of  Huntingdon.  He  betrayed 
his  master  into  the  hands  of  Gilbert 
Hoode  (or  Hood),  a  prior,  Robin's  uncle. 
King  John  rewarded  Warman  for  this 
treachery  by  appointing  him  high  sheriff 
of  Nottingham. 

Tlie  ill-fac't  miser,  bribed  on  either  hand, 
Is  Warman,  one  the  steward  of  his  house, 
Who,  Judas-like,  betraies  his  liberall  lord 
Into  the  hands  of  that  relentlesse  prior 
Calde  Gilbert  Hoode,  uncle  of  Huntington. 
Skelton,  Downfall  of  Robert  Karl  of  Huntington 
(Henry  VIII.). 

Warming'-Pan  Hero  {The),  James 
Francis  Edward  Stuart  (the  first  Pre- 
tender). According  to  the  absurd  story 
set  afloat  by  the  disaff'ected  at  the  time 
of  his  birth,  he  was  not  the  son  of  Mary 
d'Este,  the  wife  of  James  II.,  but  a  na- 
tural child  of  that  monarch  by  Mary 
Beatrice  of  Modena,  and  he  had  been 
conveyed  to  the  royal  bed  in  a  warming- 
pan,  with  the  intention  of  palming  him 
off  upon  the  British  people  as  the  legiti- 
mate heir  to  the  throne. 

"Warner,  the  old  steward  of  sir  Charles 
Cropland,  who  grieves  to  see  the  timber 


of  the  estate  cut  down  to  supply  the  ex- 
travagance of  his  young  master. — G.  Col- 
man,  The  Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 

■Warning-Givers. 

Alasnam's  Miuror.  This  mirror 
remained  unsullied  when  it  reflected  a 
chaste  and  pure-minded  woman,  but  be- 
came dim  when  the  woman  reflected  by 
it  was  faithless,  wanton,  or  light. — Ara- 
bian Nights  ("  Prince  Zeyn  Alasnam  "). 

Ants.  Alexander  Ross  says  that  the 
"  cruel  battle  between  the  Venetians  and 
Insubrians,  and  also  that  between  the 
Liegeois  and  the  Burgundians  in  which 
30,000  men  were  slain,  were  both  presig- 
nified  by  combats  between  two  swarms  of 
ants." — Arcana  Microcosmi  (appendix, 
219). 

Bahman's  Knife  {Prince).  When 
prince  Bahman  started  on  his  exploits, 
he  gave  his  sister  Parirade  a  knife  which, 
he  told  her,  would  remain  bright  and 
clean  so  long  as  he  was  safe  and  well,  but, 
immediately  he  was  in  danger  or  dead, 
would  become  dull  or  drop  gouts  of  blood. 
—Arabian  Niijhts  ("The  Two  Sisters"). 

Bay  Trees.  The  withering  of  bay 
trees  prognosticates  a  death. 

"Tis  thought  the  king  Is  dead  .  .  . 

The  bay  trees  iu  our  country  are  all  withered. 

Shakespeare.  Richard  II.  (1597). 

N.B.  —  The  bay  was  called  b}'  the 
Romans  "the  plant  of  the  good  angel," 
because  "  neyther  falling  sicknes,  neyther 
devyll,  wyll  infest  or  hurt  one  in  that 
place  whereas  a  bay  tree  is."  —  Thomas 
Lupton,  Syxt  Book  of  Notable  Thinges 
(1660). 

Bee.  The  buzzing  of  a  bee  in  a  room 
indicates  that  a  stranger  is  about  to  pay 
the  house  a  visit. 

Birtha's  Emerald  Ring.  The  duke 
Gondibert  gave  Birtha  an  emerald  ring 
which,  he  said,  would  preserve  its  lustre 
so  long  as  he  remained  faithful  and  true, 
but  would  become  dull  and  pale  if  he 
proved  false  to  her.  —  Wm.  Davenant, 
Gondibert. 

Brawn's  Head  (2%e).  A  boy  brought 
to  king  Arthur's  court  a  brawn's  head,  over 
which  he  drew  his  wand  thrice,  and  said, 
"  There's  never  a  traitor  or  a  cuckold  who 
can  carve  that  head  of  brawn." — Percy, 
Reliques  ("The  Boy  and  the  Mantle"). 

Canace's  Mirror  indicated,  by  its 
lustre,  if  the  person  whom  the  inspector 
loved  was  true  or  false. — Chaucer,  Canter^ 
bury  Tales  ("  The  Squire's  Tale  "). 

Candles.  The  shooting  forth  of  a  parcel 
of  tallow  called  a  winding-sheet,  from  the 
top  of  a  lighted  candle,  gives  warning  to 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


1083 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


the  house  of  an  approaching  death  ;  but  a 
bright  spark  upon  the  burning  wick  is 
the  promise  of  a  letter. 

Cats  on  the  deck  of  a  ship  are  said 
to  "carry  a  gale  of  wind  in  their  tail,"  or 
to  presage  a  coming  storm.  When  cats 
are  very  assiduous  in  cleaning  their  ears 
and  head,  it  prognosticates  rain. 

Cattle  give  warning  of  an  earthquake 
by  their  uneasiness. 

Children  Playing  Soldiers  on  a 
road  is  said  to  forebode  approaching  war. 

Coals.  A  cinder  bounding  from  the 
fire  is  either  a  purse  or  a  coffin.  Those 
which  rattle  when  held  to  the  ear  are 
tokens  of  wealth ;  those  which  are  mute 
and  solid  indicate  sickness  or  death. 

Corpse  Candles.  The  vfnis  fatuus, 
called  by  the  Welsh  canhwyll  cyrph  or 
"corpse  candle," prognosticates  death.  If 
small  and  of  pale  blue,  it  denotes  the  death 
of  an  infant ;  if  large  and  yellow,  the 
death  of  one  of  full  age. 

Captain  Leather,  chief  magistrate  of  Belfast,  in  1690, 
being  sliipwreclced'  on  the  Isle  of  Man,  was  told  that 
thirteen  of  his  crew  were  lost,  for  thirteen  corpse  candles 
had  l)een  seen  moving  towards  the  churchyard.  It  is  a 
fact  that  tliirteen  of  the  men  were  drowned  in  this 
wreck.— Sacheverell,  Isle  of  Man,  15. 

Cradle.  It  forebodes  evil  to  the  child 
if  anj'  one  rocks  its  cradle  when  empty. 
— Ainerican  Superstition. 

Crickets.  Crickets  in  a  house  are  a 
sign  of  good  luck,  but  if  they  suddenly 
leave  it  is  a  warning  of  death. 

Crow(^).  A  crow  appearing  to  one  on 
the  left  hand  side  indicates  some  im- 
pending evil  to  the  person ;  and  flying 
over  a  house,  foretells  evil  at  hand  to  some 
of  the  inmates.    (See  below,  *'  Raven.") 

Sape  sinistra  cava  pra:dixit  ab  ilice  cornex, 

Virgil,  Eclogiie,  i. 

Crowing  of  a  Cock.  Themistocles 
was  assured  of  his  victory  over  Xerxes 
by  the  crowing  of  a  cock,  on  his  way  to 
Artemisium  the  day  before  the  battle. — 
LloN'd,  Stratagems  of  Jerusalem,  285. 

Crowinff  of  a  hen  indicates  approach- 
ing disaster. 

Death  -  Warnings  in  Private 
Families. 

1.  In  Germany.  Several  princes  of 
Germany  have  their  special  warning-givers 
of  death.  In  some  it  is  the  roaring  of  a 
lion,  in  others  the  howling  of  a  dog.  In 
some  it  is  the  tolling  of  a  bell  or  striking 
of  a  clock  at  an  unusual  time,  in  others  it 
is  a  bustling  noise  about  the  castle. — The 
Living  Library,  284  (1621). 

2.  In  Berlin.  A  White  Lady  appears 
to  some  one  of  the  household  or  guard, 
to  announce  the  death  of    a  prince  of 


HohenzoUern.     She  was  duly  seen  on  the 
eve  of  prince  Waldemar's  death  in  1879. 

3.  In  Bohemia.  "Spectrum  foeminium 
vestitu  lugubri  apparere  solet  in  arco 
quadam  illustris  familise,  antequam  una 
ex  conjugibus  dominorum  illorum  e  vita 
decebat." — Debrio,  Disquisitiones  Magicae, 
692. 

4.  In  Great  Britain.  In  Wales  the 
corpse  candle  appears  to  warn  a  family 
of  impending  death.  In  Carmarthen 
scarcely  any  person  dies  but  some  one 
sees  his  light  or  candle. 

In  Northumberland  the  warning  light  is 
called  the  person's  tvaff,  in  Cumberland 
a  swarth,  in  Ross  a  task,  in  some  parts  of 
Scotland  afye-token. 

King  James  tells  us  that  the  wraith  o£ 
a  person  newly  dead,  or  about  to  die, 
appears  to  his  friends. — Demonology,  125. 

Edgewell  Oak  indicates  the  coming 
death  of  an  inmate  of  Castle  Dalhousie  by 
the  fall  of  one  of  its  branches. 

5.  In  Scotland.  The  family  of  Roth- 
murchas  have  the  Bodachau  Dun  or  the 
Ghost  of  the  Hill. 

The  Kinchardines  have  the  Spectre  of 
the  Bloody  Hand. 

Gartinbeg  House  used  to  be  haunted  by 
Bodach  Gartin. 

The  house  of  TuUoch  Gorms  used  to  be 
haunted  by  Maug  Monlach  or  the  Girl 
with  the  Hairy  Left  Hand. 

Death-watch  (The).  The  tapping 
made  by  a  small  beetle  called  the  death- 
watch  is  said  to  be  a  warning  of  death. 

The  cliambermaids  christen  this  worm  a  "  Death-watch," 

Because,  like  a  watch,  it  always  cries  "click  ; " 

Then  woe  be  to  those  in  the  house  who  are  sick. 

For  sure  as  a  gun  they  will  give  up  the  ghost. 

If  the  maggot  cries  "  click  "  when  it  scratches  a  post 

Swift 

DiviNiNG-RoD  (77je).  A  forked  hazel 
rod,  suspended  between  the  balls  of  the 
thumbs,  was  atone  time  supposed  to  indi- 
cate the  presence  of  water-springs  and 
precious  metals  by  inclining  towards  the 
earth  beneath  which  these  things  might 
be  found.  Dousterswivel  obtained  money 
by  professing  to  indicate  the  spot  of 
buried  wealth  by  a  divining-rod. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Antiquary. 

Dogs.  The  howling  of  a  dog  at  night 
forebodes  death. 

A  cane  praeviso  funere  dlsce  mori. 

B.  Keuchen,  Crepundkt,  113  (1662). 

Capitolinus  tells  us  that  the  death  of 
Maximlnus  was  presaged  by  the  howling 
of  dogs.  Pausanias  (in  his  Messenla) 
says  the  dogs  brake  into  a  fierce  howl  just 
before  the  overthrow  of  the  Messenians. 
Fincelius  says  the  dogs  in  Mysinia  flocked 
together  and  howled  just  before  the  over- 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


1084 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


throw  of  the  Saxons  in  1553.  Virgil  says 
the  same  thing  occurred  just  previous  to 
the  battle  of  Pharsalia. 

Dogs  give  warning  of  death  by  scratch- 
ing on  the  floor  of  a  house. 

Dotterels. 

When  dotterels  do  first  appear, 
It  shows  that  frost  is  very  near ; 
But  when  that  dotterels  do  go, 
Then  you  may  look  for  heavy  snow. 

Salisbury  Saying. 

Dreams.  It  will  be  remembered  that 
Joseph,  the  husband  of  Mary,  was  Avarned 
by  a  dream  to  flee  from  Judaea,  and  when 
Herod  was  dead  he  was  again  warned  by 
a  dream  to  *'turn  aside  into  the  parts  of 
Galilee."— ^aif.  ii.  13,  19,  22. 

In  the  Old  Testament,  Pharaoh  had  a 
warning  dream  of  a  famine  which  he  was 
enabled  to  provide  against. — Gen.  xli. 
15-36. 

Pharaoh's  butler  and  baker  had  warn- 
ing dreams,  one  being  prevised  thereby 
of  his  restoration  to  favour,  and  the  other 
warned  of  his  execution. — Gen,  xl.  5-23. 

Nebuchadnezzar  had  an  historic  dream, 
which  Daniel  explained.— Z>an.  ii.  1, 31-45. 

Abimelech  king  of  Egypt  was  warned 
by  a  dream  that  Sarah  was  Abraham's 
wife  and  not  his  sister. — Gen,  xx.  3-16. 

Jacob  had  an  historic  dream  on  his  way 
to  Haran. — Gen.  xxviii.  12-15. 

Joseph,  son  of  Jacob,  had  an  historic 
dream,  revealing  to  him  his  future  great- 
ness.— Gen.  xxxvii.  5-10. 

Daniel  had  an  historic  dream  about 
four  beasts  which  indicated  four  king- 
doms {Dan.  vii.).  Whether  his  "visions" 
were  also  dreams  is  uncertain  (see  chs. 
viii.,  X.). 

It  would  require  many  pages  to  do 
justice  to  this  subject.  Bland,  in  his 
Popular  Antiquities,  in.  134,  gives  "A 
Dictionary  of  Dreams"  in  alphabetic 
order,  extracted  from  The  Royal  Dream- 
Book. 

Drinking-Horns.  King  Arthur  had 
a  horn  from  which  no  one  could  drink 
who  was  either  unchaste  or  unfaithful. 
The  cuckold's  horn,  brought  to  king 
Arthur's  court  by  a  mysterious  boy,  gave 
warning  of  infidelity,  inasmuch  as  no 
one  unfaithful  in  love  or  unleal  to  his 
lieg?  lord  could  drink  therefrom  without 
spilling  the  liquor.  The  coupe  enchante'e 
possessed  a  similar  property. 

Eagle.  Tarquinius  Priscus  was  as- 
sured that  he  would  be  king  of  Rome,  by 
an  eagle,  which  stooped  upon  him,  took 
off  his  cap,  rose  in  the  air,  and  let  the 
cap  fall  again  upon  his  head. 

Aristander  assured  Alexander  of  his 


victory  over  Darius  at  the  battle  of  Arbela, 
by  the  flight  of  an  eagle. — Lloyd,  Strata- 
gems of  Jerusalem,  290. 

Ear  (TAe).  If  the  left  ear  tingles  or 
burns,  it  indicates  that  some  one  is  talk- 
ing evil  of  you ;  if  the  right  ear,  some 
one  is  praising  you.  The  foreboded  evil 
may  be  averted  by  biting  the  little  finger 
of  the  left  hand. 

Laudor  et  adverse,  sonat  auris,  tedor  ab  ore ; 
Dextra  bono  tinnit  muraiure,  lava  nialo. 

K.  Keuchen,  Crepundia,  113  (1662) 

Epitaphs  {Reading).  If  you  would 
preserve  your  memory,  be  warned  against 
reading  epitaphs.  In  this  instance  the 
American  superstition  is  the  warning- 
giver,  and  not  the  act  referred  to. 

Fir  Trees.  "  If  a  firr  tree  be  touched, 
withered,  or  burned  with  lighting,  it  is 
a  warning  to  the  house  that  the  master 
or  mistress  thereof  shall  shorth"^  dye." — 
Thomas  Lupton,  Syxt  Book  of  Rotable 
Thinges,  iii.  (1660). 

Fire.  The  noise  occasioned  when  the 
enclosed  gas  in  a  piece  of  burning  coal 
catches  fire,  is  a  sure  indication  of  a 
quarrel  between  the  inmates  of  the  house. 

Florimel's  Girdle  would  loosen  or 
tear  asunder  if  any  woman  unfaithful  or 
unchaste  attempted  to  put  it  on. — Spen- 
ser, Faery  Queen. 

Gates  of  Gundof'orus  {The).  No  one 
carrying  poison  could  pass  these  gates. 
They  were  made  of  the  horn  of  the  horned 
snake,  by  the  apostle  Thomas,  who  built 
a  palace  of  sethym  wood  for  this  Indian 
king,  and  set  up  the  gates. 

Grotto  of  Ephesus  ( The)  contained  a 
reed,  which  gave  forth  musical  sounds 
when  the  chaste  and  faithful  entered  it, 
but  denounced  others  by  giving  forth 
harsh  and  discordant  noises.  —  Lord 
Lytton,  Tales  of  Miletus,  iii. 

Hare  Crossing  the  Road  {A).  It 
was  thought  by  the  ancient  Romans  that 
if  a  hare  ran  across  the  road  on  which  a 
person  was  travelling,  it  was  a  certain 
omen  of  ill  luck. 

Lepus  quoque  occurrens  in  via,  infortunatum  iter  pne- 
sagit  et  ominosum.— Alexander  ab  Alexaudro,  Oenialium 
Merum,  HUH  VI.  v.  la  p.  685. 

Nor  did  we  meet,  with  nimble  feet, 

One  little  fearful  leirut. 
That  certain  sign,  as  some  divine. 
Of  fortune  bad  to  keep  iis. 

Elliion,  Trip  to  Benwell,  Ix. 

Hoopoe  {The).  The  country  people 
of  Sweden  consider  the  appearance  of  the 
hoopoe  as  the  presage  of  war. — Pennant, 
Zoology,  i.  258. 

Lizards  warn  men  of  the  approach  of 
a  serpent. 

Looking-glasses.  If  a  looking-glass 
is  broken,  it  is  a  warning  that  some  one 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


1085 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


in  the  house  will  ere  long  lose  a  friend. 
Grose  says  it  "  betokens  a  mortality  in 
the  family,  commonly  the  master." 

To  break  a  looking-glass  is  prophetic 
that  the  person  will  never  get  married ; 
or,  if  married,  Avill  lose  the  person  wedded. 

Magpies  are  prophetic  birds.  A  com- 
mon Lincolnshire  proverb  is,  "  One  for 
sorrow,  two  for  mirth,  three  for  a  wed- 
ding, four  for  death ;"  or  thus :  "  One  for 
sorrow,  two  for  mirth,  three  a  wedding, 
four  a  birth." 

Augurs  and  understood  relations  have, 
By  niagotpies  and  cliouglis  and  rooks,  brought  forth 
The  secret'st  man  of  blood. 

Sliakespeare,  Macbeth  (1606). 

Alexander  Ross  tells  us  that  the  battle 
between  the  British  and  French,  in  which 
the  former  were  overthrown  in  the  reign 
of  Charles  VIII.,  was  foretold  by  a 
skirmish  between  magpies  and  jackdaws. 
— Arcana  Microcosmi  (appendix,  219). 

Mantle  (2'Ae  Ic'st).  A  boy  brought 
to  king  Arthur's  court  a  mantle,  which  no 
one  could  wear  who  was  unfaithful  in 
love,  false  in  domestic  life,  or  traitorous 
to  the  king.  If  any  such  attempted  to 
put  it  on,  it  puckered  up,  or  hung  slouch- 
ingly,  or  tumbled  to  pieces.  —  Percy, 
Jieliques  ("  The  Boy  and  the  Mantle  "). 

Meteous.  Falling  stars,  eclipses, 
comets,  and  other  signs  in  the  heavens, 
portend  the  death  or  fall  of  princes. 

Meteors  fright  the  fixed  stars  of  heaven  ; 

The  pale-faced  moon  looks  bloody  on  the  earth  .  .  . 

These  signs  forerun  the  death  or  fall  of  kings. 

Shakespeare,  Kichard  II.,  act  ii.  sa  4  (1597). 

Consult  Matt.  xxiv.  29  ;  Luke  xxi.  25. 

Mice  ani>  Rats.  If  a  rat  or  mouse, 
during  the  night,  gnaw  our  clothes,  it  is 
indicative  of  some  impending  evil,  perhaps 
even  death. 

Nos  autem  ita  leves,  atque  inconsiderati  sumus,  ut  si 
mures  corroserint  aliquid  quorum  est  opus  hoc  unum, 
monstrum  putemus  ?  Ante  vero  Marsicum  bellum  quod 
Clypeos  Lanuvii — mures  rosissent,  maxumum  id  porten- 
tum  haruspices  esse  dixerunt  Quasi  vero  quicquam 
intersit,  mures  diem  noctcm  aliquid  rodentes,  scuta  an 
cribra  corroserint  .  .  .  cum  vestis  a  soricibus  roditur, 
plus  timere  suspicionem  futuri  mail,  quam  praesens  dam- 
num dolere.  Unde  illud  eleganter  dictum  est  Catonis, 
qui  cum  esset  consultus  a  quodam,  qui  sibi  erosas  esse 
CaliKas  diceret  a  soricibus,  respondit ;  non  esset  illud 
monstrum;  sed  vere  monstrum  habendum  fuisse.  si 
•orices  a  Caligiii  roderentur.— Cicerd,  Divinatio,  ii.  27. 

.  Mole-spots.  A  mole-spot  on  the 
armpits  promises  wealth  and  honour ; 
on  the  ankle  bespeaks  modesty  in  men, 
courage  in  women ;  on  the  right  breast 
is  a  sign  of  honesty,  on  the  left  forebodes 
poverty ;  on  the  chin  promises  wealth ; 
on  the  right  ear,  respect,  on  the  left  fore- 
bodes dishonour;  on  the  centre  of  the 
Joreliead  bespeaks  treachery,  sullenness, 
and  untidiness  ;  on  the  right  temple  fore- 
shows that  you  will  enjoy  the  friendship 


of  the  great ;  on  the  left  temple  forebodes 
distress  ;  on  the  right  foot  bespeaks  wis- 
dom, on  the  left,  rashness ;  on  the  right 
side  of  the  heart  denotes  virtue,  on  the 
left  side,  wickedness ;  on  the  knee  of  a 
man  denotes  that  he  will  have  a  rich 
wife,  if  on  the  left  knee  of  a  woman,  she 
may  expect  a  large  family ;  on  the  Up 
is  a  sign  of  gluttony  and  talkativeness ; 
on  the  neck  promises  wealth  ;  on  the 
nose  indicates  that  a  man  will  be  a 
great  traveller ;  on  the  thigh  forebodes 
poverty  and  sorrow ;  on  the  throat,  wealth 
and  health  ;  on  the  wrist,  ingenuity. 

Moon  {The).  When  the  "mone  lies 
sair  on  her  back,  or  when  her  horns  are 
pointed  towards  the  zenith,  be  warned  in 
time,  for  foul  weather  is  nigh  at,  hand." 
— Dr.  Jamieson. 

Foul  weather  may  also  be  expected 
"when  the  new  moon  appears  with  the 
old  one  in  her  arms." 

Late,  late  yestreen  I  saw  the  new  moona. 

Wi'  the  auld  moone  in  her  nrme, 
And  I  feir,  I  feir,  my  deir  master, 

That  we  will  come  to  liarme. 

The  Uallad  of  air  Patrick  Spence. 

To  see  a  new  moon  for  the  first  time 
on  the  right  hand,  and  direct  before  you, 
is  lucky  ;  but  to  see  it  on  the  left  hand, 
or  to  turn  round  and  see  it  behind  you,  is 
the  contrary. 

If  you  first  see  a  new  moon  through 
glass,  your  wish  will  come  to  pass. 

Nails.  A  white  spot  on  the  thumb 
promises  a  present ;  on  the  index  finger 
denotes  a  friend  ;  on  the  long  finger,  a  foe  ; 
on  the  third  finger,  a  letter  or  sweetheart ; 
on  the  little  finger,  a  journey  to  go. 

In  America,  white  spots  on  the  nails 
are  considered  lucky. 

Nourgehan's  Bracelet  gave  warn- 
ing of  poison  by  a  tremulous  motion  of 
the  stones,  which  increased  as  the  poison 
approached  nearer  and  nearer. — Comte  de 
Caylus,  Oriental  Tales  ("The  Four  Talis- 
mans "). 

Opal  turns  pale  at  the  approach  of 
poison. 

Owls.  The  screeching  of  an  owl  fore- 
bodes calamity,  sickness,  or  death.  On 
one  occasion  an  owl  strayed  into  the 
Capitol,  and  the  Romans,  to  avert  the 
evil,  underwent  a  formal  lustration. 

The  Roman  senate,  when  withia 

The  city  walls  an  owl  was  seen. 

Did  cause  their  clergy  with  lustrations  .  .  . 

The  round-faced  prodigy  f  avert. 

Butler,  Uudibras,  II.  iii.  707  (1664). 

The  death  of  Augustus  was  presaged 
by  an  owl  singing  [screeching]  upon  the 
top  of  the  Curia. — Xiphilinus,  Abridgment 
of  Dion  Cassius, 


WAKNING-GIVERS. 


108G 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


The  death  of  CominOdus  Antonius,  the 
emperor,  was  forboded  by  aa  owl  sitting 
on  the  top  of  his  chamber  at  Lanuvium. 
— Julius  Obsequens,  Frudlijies,  85. 

The  murder  of  Julius  Ctesar  was  pre- 
saged by  the  screeching  of  owls. 

The  bird  of  night  did  sit, 
E'en  at  noonday,  upon  tlie  market-place. 
Hooting  and  shrieking. 
Shakespeare,  Juliu*  Ctetar,  act  i.  sc.  3  (1607). 

The  death  of  Valentinian  was  presaged 
by  an  owl,  which  perched  on  the  top  of  a 
house  where  he  used  to  bathe. — Alexander 
Ross,  Arcana  Microcosnii  (appendix, 
218). 

Antony  was  warned  of  his  defeat  in 
the  battle  of  Actiura  by  an  owl  flying 
into  the  temple  of  Concord. — Xiphilinus, 
Abridgment  of  Dion  Cassius. 

The  great  plague  of  Wurtzburg,  in 
Franconia,  in  1542,  was  foreboded  by  the 
screeching  of  an  owl. 

Alexander  Ross  says  :  "  About  twenty 
years  ago  I  did  observe  that,  in  the  house 
■where  I  lodged,  an  owl  groaning  in  the 
■window  presaged  the  death  of  two  emi- 
nent persons,  who  died  there  shortly 
after." — Ai-cana  Microcosmi. 

Peacocks  give  warning  of  poison  by 
rufliing  their  feathers. 

Pkkviz's  String  of  Pearls  {Prince). 
When  prince  Perviz  went  on  his  exploit, 
he  gave  his  sister  Parizade  a  string  of 
pearls,  saying,  "  So  long  as  these  pearls 
move  readily  on  the  string,  you  may  feel 
assured  that  I  am  alive  and  well ;  but  if 
they  stick  fast,  they  will  indicate  to  you 
that  I  am  dead." — Arabian  Nights  ("  The 
Two  Sisters"). 

Pigeons.  It  is  considered  by  many  a 
sure  sign  of  death  in  a  house  if  a  white 
pigeon  perches  on  the  chimney. 

Pigs  running  about  with  straws  in  their 
mouths  give  warning  of  approaching  rain. 

Rats  forsaking  a  ship  forebode  its 
wreck,  and  forsaking  a  house  indicate 
that  it  ia  on  the  point  of  falling  down. 
(See  "  Mice.") 

Ravens.  The  raven  is  said  to  be  the 
most  prophetic  of  "inspired  birds."  It 
bodes  both  private  and  public  calamities, 
"To  have  the  foresight  of  a  raven"  is  a 
proverbial  expression. 

The  great  battle  fought  between  Bene- 
ventum  and  Apicium  was  portended  by  a 
skirmish  between  ravens  and  kites  on  the 
same  spot. — Jovianus  Pontanus. 

An  irruption  ot  the  Scythians  into 
Thrace  was  presaged  by  a  skirmish  be- 
tween crows  and  ravens. — Nicetas. 

Cicero  was  warned  of  his  approaching 
death  by  some  ravens  fluttering  about 


him  just  before  he  was  murdered  by 
Popilius  Caenas. — Macaulay,  Mistorv  of 
St.  Kilda,  176. 

Alexander  Ross  says:  "Mr.  Draper,  a 
young  gentleman,  and  my  intimate  friend, 
about  four  or  five  years  ago  had  one  or 
two  ravens,  which  had  been  quarrelling 
on  the  chimney,  fly  into  his  chamber, 
and  he  died  shortly  after."  —  Arcana 
Microcosmi. 

Rhinoceros's  Horns.  Cups  made  of 
this  material  will  give  warning  of  poison 
in  a  liquid  by  causing  it  to  effervesce. 

Salt  spilt  towards  a  person  indicates 
contention,  but  the  evil  may  be  averted 
by  throwing  a  part  of  the  spilt  salt  over 
the  left  shoulder. 

Prodige,  subverso  casu  leviore  salino, 
Si  inal  venturmn  conjicis  omen  ;  adest. 

K.  Keucben,  Crepundia,  215  (166'2). 

Shears  and  Sieve  (The),  ordeals  by 
fire,  water,  etc.,  single  combats,  the 
cosned  or  cursed  morsel,  the  Urim  and 
Thummim,  the  casting  of  lots,  were  all 
employed  as  tests  of  innocence  or  guilt 
in  olden  times,  under  the  notion  that  God 
would  direct  the  lot  ariorht,  according  to 
Dan.  vi.  22. 

Shoes.  It  was  thought  by  the 
Romans  a  bad  omen  to  put  a  shoe  on  the 
wrong  foot. 

Augustus,  having  b'  oversight. 
Put  on  his  left  shoe  for  his  right. 
Had  like  to  have  been  skin  that  day 
By  soldiers  mutin'ing  for  pay. 

Butler,  ITudibrag. 
Auguste  .  .  .  restoit  immobile  et  constern6  lorsqn'il 
lui  arrivoit  par  m6garde  de  mettre  le  Soulier  droit  au 
pied  gauche.— St.  Foix,  Euai*  iur  Paris,  v.  145. 

Shooting  Pains.  All  sudden  pains 
are  warnings  of  evil  at  hand. 

Timeo  quod  rerum  gesserim  hie,  ita  dorsus  totus  prurit. 
— Plautus,  Miles  Glorioms. 

By  the  pricking  of  my  thumbs. 
Something  evil  this  way  comes. 

Shakespeare,  Macbeth  (1606). 

Sneezing.  Once  a  wish,  twice  a  kiss, 
thrice  a  letter,  and  oftener  than  thrice 
something  better. 

Sneezing  before  breakfast  is  a  forecast 
that  a  stranger  or  a  present  is  coming. 

Sneezing  at  night-time.  To  sneeze 
twice  for  three  successive  nights  denotes 
a  death,  a  loss,  or  a  great  gain. 

Si  duae  8t«nmtationes  fiant  omni  nocte  ab  aliquo,  et 
lllud  corjtinuitur  per  tres  noctes,  signo  est  quod  aliquis 
vel  aliqua  de  domo  morietur  vel  nliud  damnum  domul 
contingct,  vel  maximum  lucrum. — Hornmanims,  Z>« 
Miraculis  Mortiwrum,  163. 

Eustathius  says  that  sneezing  to  the 
left  is  unlucky,  but  to  the  right  lucky. 
Hence,  whonThemistocles  was  ottering 
sacrifice  before  his  engagement  with 
Xerxes,  and  one  of  the  soldiers  on  his 
right  hand  sneezed,  Euphrantides  the 
soothsayer  declared   the    Greeks  would 


WARNING-GIVERS. 


1087 


WARWICK. 


Burely  gain  the  victory. — Plutarch,  Lives 
("  Themistocles  "). 

Soot  on  Bars.  Flakes  of  sheeted 
soot  hanging  from  the  bars  of  a  grate 
foretell  the  introduction  of  a  stranger. 

Nor  less  amused  have  I  quiescent  watched 
The  souty  fihns  that  play  upon  the  bars 
Pendulous,  and  foreboding  .  .  ,  some  stranger's   near 
approach. 

CJowper,  Winter  Evening. 

Sophia's  Picture,  given  to  Mathias, 
turned  yellow  if  the  giver  was  in  danger 
or  in  temptation ;  and  black  if  she  could 
not  escape  from  the  danger  or  if  she 
yielded  to  the  temptation. — Massinger, 
The  Picture  (1629). 

Spiders  indicate  to  gold-searchers 
where  it  is  to  be  found. 

Stag's  Horn  is  considered  in  Spain  to 
give  warning  of  an  evil  eye,  and  to  be  a 
safeguard  against  its  malignant  influences. 

Stone.  To  find  a  perforated  stone  is 
a  presage  of  good  luck. 

Swallows  forecast  bad  weather  by 
flying  low,  and  fine  weather  by  flying 
high. 

Teeth  wide  apart  warn  a  person  to 
seek  his  fortune  away  from  his  native 
place. 

Thunder.  Thunder  on  Sunday  por- 
tends the  death  of  some  learned  man, 
judge,  or  author;  on  Monday,  the  death 
of  women  ;  on  Tuesday,  plenty  of  grain  ; 
on  Wednesday,  the  death  of  harlots,  or 
bloodshed ;  on  Thursday,  plenty  of  sheep, 
cattle,  and  corn  ;  on  Friday,  the  death  of 
some  great  man,  murder,  or  battle ;  on 
Saturday  it  forebodes  pestilence  or  sick- 
ness.— Leonard  Digges,  A  Prognostica- 
tion Everlasting  of  Ryght  Good  Effecte 
(1656). 

Tolling  Bell.  You  will  be  sure  of 
tooth-ache  if  you  eat  while  a  funeral  bell 
is  tolling.  Be  warned  in  time  hy  this 
American  superstition,  or  take  the  con- 
sequences. 

Veipsey,  a  spring  in  Yorkshire,  called 
"prophetic,"  gives  due  warning  of  a  dearth 
by  rising  to  an  unusual  height. 

Venetian  Glass.  If  poison  is  put 
into  liquor  contained  in  a  vessel  made  of 
Venetian  glass,  the  vessel  will  crack  and 
fall  to  pieces. 

Warning  Stones.  Bakers  in  Wilt- 
shire and  in  some  other  coimties  used  to 
put  a  certain  kind  of  pebble  in  their  ovens, 
to  give  notice  when  the  oven  was  hot 
enough  for  baking.  When  the  stone 
turned  white,  the  oven  was  fit  for  use. 

Water  of  .Jealousy  {The).  This 
was  a  beverage  which  the  Jews  used  to 
assert  no  adulteress  could  drink  without 


bursting. — Five  Philosophical  Questions 
Answered  (1653). 

White  Rose  {The).  A  white  rose 
gave  assurance  to  a  twin-brother  of  the 
safety  or  danger  of  his  brother  during 
his  absence.  So  long  as  it  flourished  and 
remained  in  its  pride  of  beauty,  it  indi- 
cated that  all  went  well,  but  as  it  drooped, 
faded,  or  died,  it  was  a  warning  of 
danger,  .sickness,  or  death. — The  Twin- 
Brothers^ 

Witch  Hazel.  A  forked  twig  of  witch 
hazel,  made  into  a  divining-rod,  was  sup- 
posed, in  the  fifteenth,  feixteenth,  and 
seventeenth  centuries,  to  give  warning  of 
witches,  and  to  be  efficacious  in  discover- 
ing them. 

Worms.  If,  on  your  way  to  a  sick 
person,  you  pick  up  a  stone  and  find  no 
living  thing  under  it,  it  tells  you  that  the 
sick  person  will  die,  but  if  you  find  there 
an  ant  or  worm,  it  presages  the  patient's 
recovery. 

Si  visitans  oegrum,  lapidem  inrentum  per  viam  attollat, 
et  sub  lapide  inveniatur  vermis  se  movens,  aut  formica 
vivens,  faustum  omen  est,  et  indicium  fore  ut  segor  con- 
valescat,  si  nihil  invenitur  res  est  concl:unata  et  oerta 
mors. — Buchardi'.s,  Drecretorum,  lib.  xix. 

"Warren  {Widow),  "twice  married 
and  twice  a  widow."  A  coquette  of  40, 
aping  the  airs  of  a  girl ;  vain,  weak,  and 
detestable.  Harry  Dornton,  the  banker's 
son,  is  in  love  with  her  daughter,  Sophia 
Freelove  ;  but  the  widovr  tries  to  win  the 
young  man  for  herself,  by  advancing 
money  to  pay  off  his  friend's  debts.  When 
the  father  hears  of  this,  he  comes  to  the 
rescue,  returns  the  money  advanced,  and 
enables  the  son  to  follow  his  natural  in- 
clinations by  marrying  the  daughter 
instead  of  the  designing  mother. 

A  girlish,  old  coquette,  who  would  rob  her  daughter, 
and  leave  her  husband's  son  to  rot  in  a  dungeon,  that  she 
might  marry  the  first  fool  she  could  find.— Holcroft,  The 
Road  to  Ruin,  v.  2  (1792). 

"Wart  {Thomas),  a  poor,  feeble, ragged 
creature,  one  of  the  recruits  in  the  army 
of  sir  John  Falstaff. — Shakespeare,  2 
Henry  IV.,  act  iii.  sc.  2  (1598). 

"Warwick  {The  earl  of),  a  tragedy 
by  Dr.  T.  Franklin.  It  is  the  last  days 
and  death  of  the  "  king  maker"  (1767). 

Warwick  { The  Bouse  of) .  Of  this  house 
it  is  said,  "  All  the  men  are  without  fear, 
and  all  the  women  without  stain."  This 
brag  has  been  made  by  many  of  our  noble 
families,  and  it  is  about  as  complimentary 
as  that  paraded  of  queen  Victoria,  that 
she  is  a  faithful  wife,  a  good  mother, 
and  a  virtuous  woman.  It  is  to  be  hoped 
that  the'same  may  be  said  of  most  of  her 
subjects  also. 


WARWICK  LANE. 


1088 


WAT'S  DYKE. 


Warwick  Lane  (City),  the  site  of 
the  house  belonging  to  the  Beauchamps, 
earls  of  Warwick. 

Washington  of  Africa  {The). 
William  Wilberforce  is  so  called  by  lord 
Byron.  As  Washington  was  the  chief 
instrument  in  liberating  America,  so 
Wilberforce  was  the  chief  instigator  of 
slave  emancipation. 

Thou  moral  Washington  of  Africa. 

Don  JuLin,  xiv.  82  (1824). 

Washington  of  Colombia,  Simon 
Bolivar  (1786-1831). 

Wasky,  sir  Iring's  sword. 

Riglit  through  the  head-piece  straight 

The  knight  sir  Hagan  paid, 
With  his  resistless  Wasky, 

That  sharp  and  peerless  blade. 

mbelangen  Lied,  35  a210). 

Wasp,  in  the  drama  called  Bartholo- 
mew Fair,  by  Ben  Jonson  (1611). 

Benjamin  Johnson  [1G65-1742],  commonly  called  Ben 
Johnson.  .  .  .  seemed  to  be  proud  to  weiir  the  poet's 
double  name,  being  particularly  great  in  all  that  author's 
plays  that  were  usually  performed,  viz..  "Wasp,"  "Cor- 
biiacio,"  "  Morose,"  and  "  Ananias." — Chetwood,  nutory 
of  the  Stage. 

*^*  "  Corbaccio,"  in  The  Fox;  "Mo- 
rose," in  The  Silent  Woman  ;  and  "Ana- 
nias," in  The  Alchemist. 

Waste  Time  Utilized. 

Baxter  wrote  his  Saint's  Everlasting 
Jiest  on  a  bed  of  sickness  (1015-1691). 

Bloomfikld  composed  The  Farmer's 
Boy  in  the  intervals  of  shoemaking  (1766- 
1823). 

Bkamah  (Joseph),  a  peasant's  son, 
occupied  his  spare  time  when  a  mere  boy 
in  making  musical  instruments,  aided  by 
the  village  blacksmith.  At  the  age  of 
16,  he  hurt  his  ankie  while  ploughing,  and 
employed  his  time  while  confined  to  the 
house  in  carving  and  making  woodwares. 
In  another  forced  leisure  from  a  severe 
fall,  he  employed  his  time  in  contriving 
and  making  useful  inventions,  which 
•ultimately  led  him  to  fame  and  fortime 
(1749-1814). 

Bunyan  wrote  his  Pilgrim's  Progress 
while  confined  in  Bedford  jail  (1628- 
1688). 

BuuRiTT  (Elihu)  made  himself  ac- 
quainted with  t£n  languages  while  plying 
his  trade  as  a  village  blacksmith  (Hebrew, 
Greek,  Syriac,  Spanish,  Bohemian,  Polish, 
Danish,  Persian,  Turkish,  and  Ethiopic). 
His  father  was  a  village  cobbler,  and 
Elihu  had  only  .six  months*  education, 
and  that  at  the  school  of  his  brother 
(18U-1879). 

Carey,  the  missionary  and  Oriental 
translator,  learnt  the  rudiments  of  Eastern 


languages  while  employed  in  making  and 
mending  shoes  (1761-1834). 

Clement  {Joseph),  son  of  a  poor  weaver, 
was  brought  up  as  a  thatcher,  but,  by 
utilizing  his  waste  moments  in  self-edu- 
cation and  works  of  skill,  raised  himself 
to  a  position  of  great  note,  giving  em- 
ployment to  thirty  workmen  (1779-1844). 

CoBiJETT  learnt  grammar  in  the  waste 
time  of  his  service  as  a  common  soldier 
(1762-1835). 

D'Aguesseau,  the  great  French  chan- 
cellor, observing  that  Mde.  D'Aguesseau 
always  delayed  ten  or  twelve  minutes 
before  she  came  down  to  dinner,  began 
and  completed  a  learned  book  of  three 
volumes  (large  quarto),  solely  during 
these  "  waste  minutes."  This  work  went 
through  several  editions  (1668-1751). 

Etty  utilized  indefatigably  every  spare 
moment  he  could  pick  up  when  a  journey- 
man printer  (1787-1849). 

Ferguson  taught  himself  astronomy 
while  tending  sheep  in  the  service  of  a 
Scotch  farmer  (1710-1776). 

Franklin,  while  working  as  a  journey- 
man printer,  produced  his  Dissertation  on 
JAberty  and  Necessity,  Pleasure  and  Pain 
(1706-1790). 

Miller  {Hugh)  taught  himself  geology 
while  working  as  a  mason  (1802-1856). 

Paul  worked  as  a  tentmaker  in  intervals 
of  travel  and  preaching. 

*^*  This  brief  list  must  be  considered 
only  as  a  hint  and  heading  for  enlarge- 
ment. Of  course,  Henry  Cort,  William 
Fairbairn,  Fox  of  Derby,  H.  Maudslay, 
David  Mushet,  Murray  of  Leeds,  J. 
Nasmyth,  J.  B.  Neilson,  Roberts  of 
Manchester,  Whitworth,  and  scores  of 
others  will  occur  to  every  reader.  Indeed, 
genius  for  the  most  part  owes  its  success 
to  the  utilization  of  waste  time. 

Wastle  {William),  pseudonym  of 
John  Gibson  Lockhart,  in  Blackwood's 
Magazine  (1794-1854). 

Wat  Dreary,  alias  Brown  Will, 
a  highwayman  in  captain  Macheath's 
gang.  Peachum  says  "  he  has  an  under- 
hand way  of  disposing  of  the  goods  he 
stole,"  and  therefore  he  should  allow  him 
to  remain  a  little  longer  "  upon  his  good 
behaviour." — Gay,  The  Beggar's  Opera^ 
i.  (1727). 

Wat*s  Dyke,  a  dyke  which  runs 
from  Flintshire  to  Beachley,  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Wye.  The  space  between  Wat's 
Dyke  and  Offa's  Dyke  was  accounted 
neutral  ground.  Here  Danes  and  Saxons 
might  traffic  with  the  British  without 


WATER. 


1089    WATLING  STREET  OF  THE  SKY. 


\ 


molestation.  The  two  dykes  are  in 
some  places  as  much  as  three  miles 
asunder,  but  in  others  they  approach 
within  600  yards  of  each  other. 

Archdeacon  Williams  saj^s  that  Offa's 
Dyke  was  never  a  line  of  defence,  and 
that  it  is  certainly  older  than  OUa,  as 
five  Roman  roads  cross  it. 

There  is  a  famous  thing 
Called  Offa's  Dyke,  that  reaclieth  far  in  length. 
All  kinds  of  ware  the  Panes  might  thither  bring; 
It  was  free  groutid,  and  called  the  Britons'  strength. 
Wat's  Dyke,  likewise,  about  the  same  was  set. 
Between  which  two  both  Danes  and  Britons  met 
In  traffic. 

Churchyard,  Worthineu  of  Walet  (1587). 

Water  (The Dancing),  a  magic  spring 
of  water,  which  ensured  perpetual  youth 
and  beauty. — Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy 
Tales  ("  Chery  and  Fairstar,"  1682). 

Water  (The  Yellow),  a  magic  spring  of 
water,  which  had  this  peculiarity :  If 
only  a  few  drops  of  it  were  placed  in  a 
basin,  no  matter  how  large,  they  would 
fill  the  basin  without  overflowing,  and 
form  a  fountain. — Arabian  Nights  ("  The 
Two  Sisters  "). 

"Water-Poet  (The),  John  Taylor, 
the  Thames  waterman  (1580-1654). 

Water  Standard,  Cornhill.  This 
was  the  spot  from  which  miles  were 
measured.  It  stood  at  the  east  end  of 
the  street,  at  the  parting  of  four  ways. 
In  1582  Peter  Morris  erected  there  a 
water  standard  for  the  purpose  of  supply- 
ing water  to  Thames  Street,  Gracechurch 
Street,  and  Leadenhall ;  and  also  for 
cleansing  the  channels  of  the  streets 
towards  Bishopsgate,  Aldgate,  the  Bridge, 
and  Stocks'  Market. — Stow,  Survey  of 
London,  459  (1598). 

*^*  There  was  another  water  standard 
near  Oldbourne. 

Any  substantial  building  for  the  supply 
of  water  was  called  a  standard;  hence 
the  Standard  in  Cheap,  made  in  1430  by 
John  Wills,  mayor,  "  with  a  small  stone 
cistern."  Our  modern  drinking-foun- 
tains  are  "  standards." 

Water- Wraith,  the  evil  spirit  of 
the  waters. 

By  this  the  storm  grew  loud  apace. 
The  water-wraitli  was  shrieking. 

Campbell,  Lord  UlUm  Daughter, 

Water  frora  the  Fountain  of 
Lions,  a  sovereign  remedy  for  fevers  of 
every  kind. — Arabian  Nights  ("Ahmed 
and  Pari-Banou"). 

Water  made  Wine.  Alluding  to 
the  first  miracle  of  Christ,  Richard  Cra- 
shaw  says  (1643) : 

The  conscious  water  saw  its  God,  and  blufibed. 


Water  of  Jealousy  (7%e).  This  was 
a  beverage  which  the  Jews  used  to  aflirm 
no  adulteress  could  drink  without  burst- 
ing. —  Five  Philosophical  Questions  An~ 
swered  (1653). 

Water  of  Life.  This  water  has  the 
property  of  changing  the  nature  of  poison, 
and  of  making  those  salutary  which  were 
most  deadly'.  A  fairy  gave  some  in  a  phial 
to  Fiorina,  and  assured  her  that  however 
often  she  used  it,  the  bottle  would  alwaj's 
remain  full. — Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy 
Tales  ("  Fiorina,"  1682). 

Water  of  Youth.  In  the  Basque 
legends  we  are  told  of  a  "water,"  one 
drop  of  which  will  restore  youth  to  the 
person  on  whom  it  is  sprinkled.  It  will 
also  restore  the  dead  to  life,  and  the  en- 
chanted to  their  original  form.  This 
legend  is  widely  spread.  It  is  called 
"the  dancing  water"  in  the  tale  called 
The  Princess  Fairstar^  by  the  comtesse 
D'Aunoy  (1682). 

W^aters  (Father  of),  Irawaddy  in  Bur- 
mah.    The  Mississippi  in  North  America. 

Waterman  (The),  Tom  Tug.  It  is 
the  title  of  a  ballad  opera  by  Charles 
Dibdin  (1774).  (For  the  plot,  see  Wilel- 
MiNA  Bundle.) 

Watkins  ( William),  the  English  at- 
tendant on  the  prince  of  Scotland. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time, 
(Henry  IV.). 

Watkin*s  Pudding  (Sir),  a  famous 
Welsh  dish  ;  so  named  from  sir  Watkin 
Lewis,  a  London  alderman,  who  was  very 
fond  of  it. 

Watling  Street  and  the  Poss. 

The  vast  Roman  road  called  Watling 
Street  starts  from  Richborough,  in  Kent, 
and,  after  passing  the  Severn,  divides  into 
two  branches,  one  of  which  runs  to 
Anglesey,  and  the  other  to  Holy  Head. 

The  Foss  runs  north  and  south  from 
Michael's  Mount,  in  Cornwall,  to  Caith- 
ness, the  northern  extremity  of  Scotland. 

Those  two  mighty  ways,  the  Watling  and  the  Foss  .  .  . 

...  the  first  doth  hold  her  way 

From  Dover  to  the  farth'st  of  fruitful  Anglesey; 

The  second,  south  and   north,  frora   Michael's  utmost 

mount 
To  Caithness,  which  the  farth'st  of  Scotland  we  account 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 
Secunda  via  principalis  dlcitur  "  Watellngstreate,"  ten- 
dens  ab  euro-tiustro  in  zepliyrum  septentrionaleni.     In- 
cipit  enim  a  Dovaria,  tendens  per  medium  Cantiffi,  juxta 
London,   per    S.   Albanum,    Dunstaphuu,    Stratfordiam, 
Towcestriam,    Litleburne,    per   montem    Gilberti    juxta 
Salopiam,  deinde  per  Stratton  et  per  medium  Walliee, 
usque  Cardiaan.^Lelaud,  Itinerary  of  Mngland  (1712) 

Watling  Street  of  the  Sky  (TAe), 
the  Milky  Way. 

4  ▲ 


WATTS. 


1090 


WAYLAND  WOOD. 


"Watts  {Dr.  Isaac).  It  is  said  that 
Isaac  Watts,  being  beaten  bj'  his  father 
for  wasting  his  time  in  writing  verses, 
exclaimed : 

0  father,  pity  on  me  take, 
And  I  will  no  more  verses  make. 

Ovid,  the  Latin  poet,  is  credited  with  a 
similar  anecdote : 

Parce,  precor,  genitor,  poshac  non  versificabo. 

"Wauch  (Mansie)f  fictitious  name  of 
D.  M.  Moir,  author  of  The  Life  of  Mansie 
Watich,  Jailor  in  Dal/ieith,  written  by 
himself  (1828). 

"Waverley,  the  first  of  Scott's  histo- 
rical novels,  published  in  1814.  The 
materials  are  Highland  feudalism,  mili- 
tary bravery,  and  description  of  natural 
scenery.  There  is  a  fine  vein  of  humour, 
and  a  union  of  fiction  with  history.  The 
chief  characters  are  Charles  Edward  the 
Chevalier,  the  noble  old  baron  of  Brad- 
wardine,  the  simple  faithful  clansman 
Evan  Dhu,  and  the  poor  fool  Davie  Gel- 
latley  with  his  fragments  of  song  and 
scattered  gleams  of  fancy. 

Scott  did  not  prefix  his  name  to  iVaverlei/,  being  afraid 
that  it  might  compromise  Lis  i>oetlcal  reputation.— 
Chamliers,  Jinglish  JAterature,  iL  686. 

Waverley  {Captain  Edward)  of  Waver- 
ley  Honour,  and  hero  of  the  novel  called 
by  his  name.  Being  gored  by  a  stag,  he 
resigned  his  commission,  and  proposed 
marriage  to  Flora  M'lvor,  but  was  not 
accepted.  Fergus  M'lvor  (Flora's  brother) 
introduced  him  to  prince  Charles  Edward. 
He  entered  the  service  of  the  Young 
Chevalier,  and  in  the  battle  of  Preston 
Pans  saved  the  life  of  colonel  Talbot.  The 
colonel,  out  of  gratitude,  obtained  the 
pardon  of  young  Waverley,  who  then 
married  Kose  Bradwardine,  and  settled 
down  quietly  in  Waverley  Honour. 

Mr.  Eichard  Waverley^  the  captain's 
father,  of  Waverley  Honour. 

Sir  Everard  Waverley^  the  captain's 
uncle. 

Mistress  Rachel  Waverley^  sister  of  sir 
Everard.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time, 
George  II.). 

"Wax  {A  lad  o'),  a  spruce  young  man, 
like  a  model  in  wax.  Lucre'^tius  speaks 
of  persona  cerea,  and  Horace  of  the 
waxen  arms  of  Telephus,  meaning  beauti- 
ful in  shape  and  colour. 

A  man,  young  lady  I    Lady,  such  a  man 

As  all  the  world Why,  he's  a  man  o'  wax. 

Shaliespeare,  Jiomeo  and  Juliet  (1595). 

Way  of  the  World  ( The),  a  comedy 
by  W.  Congreve  (1700).  The  "way  of 
ihe  world"  is  to  tie  up  settlements  to 


wives,  to  prevent  their  husbands  squan- 
dering their  wives'  fortunes.  Thus,  Fain- 
all  wanted  to  get  into  his  power  the 
fortune  of  his  wife,  whom  he  hated,  but 
found  it  was  "in  trust  to  Edward  Mira- 
bell,"  and  consequently  could  not  be 
tampered  with. 

Way  to  Keep  Him  ( The),  a  comedy 
by  A.  Murphy  (1760).  The  object  of 
this  drama  is  to  show  that  women,  after 
marriage,  should  not  wholly  neglect  their 
husbands,  but  should  try  to  please  them, 
and  make  home  agreeable  and  attractive. 
The  chief  persons  are  Mr.  and  Mrs, 
Lovemore.  Mr.  Lovemore  has  a  virtuous 
and  excellent  wife,  whom  he  esteems  and 
loves  ;  but,  finding  his  home  insufferably 
dull,  he  seeks  amusement  abroad  ;  and 
those  passions  which  have  no  play  at 
home  lead  him  to  intrigue  and  card- 
playing,  routes  and  dubious  society.  The 
under-plot  is  this  :  Sir  Bashful  Constant 
is  a  mere  imitator  of  Mr.  Lovemore,  and 
lady  Constant  sufl'ers  neglect  from  her 
husband  and  insult  from  his  friends, 
because  he  foolishly  thinks  it  is  not  comme 
il  faut  to  love  after  he  has  married  the 
woman  of  his  choice. 

Ways  and  Means,  a  comedy  by 
Colman  the  younger  (1788).  Random 
and  Scruple  meet  at  Calais  two  young 
ladies,  Harriet  and  Kitty,  daughters  of 
sir  David  Dunder,  and  fall  in  love  with 
them.  They  come  to  Dover,  and  acci- 
dentally meet  sir  David,  who  invites  them 
over  to  Dunder  Hall,  where  they  are  intro- 
duced to  the  two  young  ladies.  Harriet  is 
to  be  married  next  day,  against  her  will,  to 
lord  Snolts,  a  stumpy,  "gummy"  noble- 
man of  five  and  forty  ;  and,  to  avoid  this 
hateful  match,  she  and  her  sister  agree  to 
elope  at  night  with  the  two  young  guests. 
It  so  happens  that  a  series  of  blunders 
in  the  dark  occur,  and  sir  David  himself 
becomes  privy  to  the  whole  plot,  but,  to 
prevent  scandal,  he  agrees  to  the  two 
marriages,  and  discovers  that  the  young 
men,  both  in  family  and  fortune,  are 
quite  suitable  to  be  his  sons-in-law. 

Wayland  (Launcelot)  or  Wayland 
Smith,  farrier  in  the  vale  of  Whitehorse. 
Afterwards  disguised  as  the  pedlar  at 
Cumnor  Place. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilvoorth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Wayland  Wood  (Norfolk),  said  to 
be  the  site  where  "the  babes  in  the 
wood"  were  left  to  perish.  According 
to  this  tradition,  "  Wayland  Wood  "  is  a 
corruption  of  Wailing  Wood. 


WEALTH  MAKES  WORTH. 


1091 


WEDDING  DAY. 


"Wealth  makes  "Worth. 

A  man  of  wealth  is  dubbed  a  man  of  worth. 

Pope,  Imitations  of  Horace,  vi.  81  (1734). 
Et  genus,  et  formam,  regina  Pecunia  donat, 
Ac  bene  nummatum  decorat  Suadela  Veinisque. 

Horace,  Epist.,  vi. 
Beauty  and  wisdom  money  can  bestow, 
Venus  and  wit  to  wealth  their  honours  throw. 

E.  C.  B. 

WealtheoAV  (2  syl.),  wife  of  Hroth- 
gar  king  of  Denmark. 

VVealtheow  went  fortli ;  mindful  of  their  races,  she  .  .  . 
greeted  the  men  in  tlie  liall.  The  freeborn  lady  first 
handed  tlie  cup  to  tiie  prince  of  the  Kast  Danes.  .  .  .  The 
Lidy  of  tlie  Helmings  tlien  went  aliouteveiy  part  .  .  .  slie 
gave  treasure-vessels,  until  the  opportunity  occurred  that 
slie  (a  queen  hung  round  with  rings)  .  .  .  bore  forth  tlie 
mead-cup  to  Beowulf.  .  .  .  and  thanked  God  that  her  will 
was  accomplished,  that  an  earl  of  Denmarlc  was  a  guarantee 
against  crime. —/<eoj«MV(Anglo-Saxon  epic,  sixth  century). 

Wealthy  {Sir  William) ^  a  retired  City- 
merchant,  with  one  son  of  prodigal  pro- 
pensities. In  order  to  save  the  young  man 
from  ruin,  the  father  pretends  to  be  dead, 
disguises  himself  as  a  German  baron,  and, 
with  the  aid  of  coadjutors,  becomes  the 
chief  creditor  of  the  young  scapegrace. 

Sir  George  Wealthy,  the  son  of  sir 
William.  After  having  run  out  his 
money,  Lucy  is  brought  to  him  as  a  cour- 
tezan ;  but  the  young  man  is  so  moved 
with  her  manifest  innocence  and  tale  of 
sorrow  that  he  places  her  in  an  asylum 
where  her  distresses  would  be  sacred, 
"  and  her  indigent  beauty  would  be 
guarded  from  temptation."  Afterwards 
she  becomes  his  wife. 

Mr.  Richard  Wealthy^  merchant,  the 
brother  of  sir  William ;  choleric,  straight- 
forward, and  tyrannical.  He  thinks 
obedience  is  both  law  and  gospel. 

Lxicy  Wealthy,  daughter  of  Richard. 
Her  father  wants  her  to  marry  a  rich 
tradesman,  and,  as  she  refuses  to  do 
so,  turns  her  out  of  doors.  She  is 
brought  to  sir  George  Wealthy  as  a  fitle 
dejoie;  but  the  young  man,  discerning 
her  innocence  and  modesty,  places  her 
in  safe  keeping.  He  ultimately  finds  out 
that  she  is  his  cousin,  and  the  two 
parents  rejoice  in  consummating  a  union 
so  entirel}"^  in  accordance  with  both  their 
wishes.— Foote,  The  Minor  (1760). 

Weary-all  Hill,  above  Glaston- 
bury, to  the  left  of  Tor  Hill.  This  spot 
is  the  traditional  landing-place  of  Joseph 
of  Arimathea ;  and  here  is  the  site 
(marked  by  a  stone  bearing  the  letters 
A.  I.  A.D.  XXXI.)  of  the  holy  thorn. 

When  the  saint  arrived  at  Glastonbury, 
weary  with  his  long  journey,  he  struck 
his  staff  into  the  ground,  and  the  staff 
became  the  famous  thorn,  the  site  being 
called  "  Weary-all  Hill." 


Weatherport  (Captain),  a  naval 
officer.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Firate  (time, 
William  III.). 

Weaver-Poet  of  Inverary  {The)^ 

William  Thorn  (1799-1850). 

Wea'zel  {Timothy),  attomey-at-law 
at  Lestwithiel,  employed  as  the  agent  of 
Penruddock. — Cumberland,  The  Wheel  of 
Fortune  (1778). 

Web  in  a  Millet  Seed  {The), 
This  was  a  web  wrapped  in  a  millet  seed. 
It  was  400  yards  long,  and  on  it  were 
painted  all  sorts  of  birds,  beasts,  and 
tishes ;  fruits,  trees,  and  plants ;  rocks  and 
shells ;  the  sun,  moon,  and  stars ;  the  like- 
nesses of  all  the  kings  and  queens  of  the 
earth,  and  many  other  curious  devices. 

Tlie  prince  took  out  of  a  rubj  box  a  walnut,  which  he 
cracked.  .  . .  and  saw  inside  it  a  small  hazel  nut,  which 
he  cracked  also,  and  found  inside  a  kernel  of  wax.  He 
peeled  Uie  kernel,  and  discovered  a  corn  of  wheat,  and  in 
the  wheat  a  grain  of  millet,  wliich  contained  the  web. — 
Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Tales  ("The  White  Cat,"  1682), 

Wedding.  The  fifth  anniversary  is 
the  Wooden  Wedding,  because  on  that 
occasion  the  suitable  offerings  to  the  wife 
are  knick-knacks  made  of  wood. 

The  twenty-fifth  anniversary  is  called 
the  Silver  Wedding,  because  the  woman 
on  this  occasion  should  be  presented  with, 
a  silver  wreath. 

The  fiftieth  anniversary  is  called  the 
Gold-en  Wedding,  because  the  wreath  or 
flowers  presented  should  be  made  of  gold. 
In  Germany,  the  marriage  ceremony 
was  repeated  on  the  fiftieth  anniversary. 
In  1879  William,  king  of  Prussia  and 
emperor  of  Germany,  celebrated  his 
"  golden  wedding." 

The  seventy-fifth  anniversary  is  called 
the  Diamond  Wedding,  because  the  correct 
present  to  the  wife  of  such  a  standing 
would  be  a  diamond.  This  period  is 
shortened  into  the  sixtieth  anniversary. 

Mr.  T.  Morgan  Owen,  of  Bronwylfa, 
Rhyl,  says  there  are  in  Llannefydd 
churchyard,  near  Denbigh,  the  two  fol- 
lowing inscriptions : — 

(1)  John  and  Elin  Owen,  married  1579, 
died  1G59.     Announced  thus  : 

Whom  one  nuptial  bed  did  containe  for  80  years  do 
here  remaine.  Here  lieth  the  body  of  Elin,  wife  of  lohn 
Owen,  who  died  the  '25  day  of  March,  1659.  Here  lietli  tlio 
body  of  lohn  Owen,  who  died  the  23  day  of  August,  1659. 

(2)  Katherine  and  Edward  lones,  mar- 
ried 1638,  died  1708.     Announced  thus  : 

They  lived  amicably  together  in  matrimony  70  years. 
Here  lyeth  the  body  of  Katherine  Davies,  the  wife  of 
Edward  lones,  who  was  buried  the  '27  day  of  May,  1708, 
aged  91  years.  Here  the  body  of  Edward  lones,  son  of  lobn- 
ap-Daviil,  Gent.,  lyeth,  who  was  buried  the  14  day  of  May, 
1708,  aged  91  yeass.—1'imes,  July  4, 1879  (weekly  edition). 

Wedding  Day  (The),  a  comedy  by 


WEEPING  PHILOSOPHER. 


1092 


WELLBORN. 


Mrs.  Inchbald  (1790).  The  plot  is  this  : 
Sir  Adam  Contest  lost  his  first  wife  by 
shipwreck,  and  "twelve  or  fourteen 
years"  afterwards  he  led  to  the  altar 
a  young  girl  of  18,  to  whom  he  was 
always  singing  the  praises  of  his  first 
wife — a  phoenix,  a  paragon,  the  ne  plus 
ultra  of  wives  and  women.  She  did 
everything  to  make  him  happy.  She 
loved  him,  obeyed  him  ;  ah  !  "he  would 
never  look  upon  her  like  again."  On  the 
wedding  day,  this  pink  of  wives  and 
women  made  her  appearance,  told  how 
she  had  been  rescued,  and  sir  Adam  was 
dumfounded.  "  He  was  happy  to  bewail 
her  loss,"  but  to  rejoice  in  her  restora- 
tion was  quite  another  matter. 

Weeping  Philosopher  {The)^  He- 
raclitos,  who  looked  at  the  folly  of  man 
with  grief  (fl.  B.C.  500).    (See  Jeddler.) 

Weir  (3Iajor),  the  favourite  baboon 
of  sir  Robert  Redgauntlet.  In  the  tale  of 
"Wandering  Willie,"  sir  Robert's  piper 
went  to  the  infernal  regions  to  obtain  the 
knight's  receipt  of  rent,  which  had  been 
paid  ;  but  no  receipt  could  be  found, 
because  the  monkey  had  carried  it  to  the 
castle  turret.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Medgauntlet 
(time,  George  III.). 

Weissniehtwo  \^Vice-neckt-vo],  no- 
where. The  word  is  German  for  "  I 
know  not  where,"  and  was  coined  by 
Carlyle  {Sartor  liesartus,  1833).  Sir  W. 
Scott  has  a  similar  Scotch  compound, 
"  Kennaquhair"  ("  I  know  not  where  "). 
Cervantes  has  the  "island  of  Trapoban" 
(i.e.  of  "dish-clouts,"  from  trapos^  the 
Spanish  for  "a  dish-clout").  Sir  Thomas 
More  has  "Utopm"  (Greek,  ou  topos,  "no 
place  ").  We  nught  add  the  "  island  of 
MedSma"  (Greek,  "nowhere"),  the 
"peninsula  of  Udamoges"  (Greek,  "no- 
where on  earth"),  the  country  of  "Ken- 
nahtwhar,"  etc.,  and  place  them  in  the 
great  "Nullibian"  ocean  ("nowhere"), 
in  any  degree  beyond  180°long.and  90°lat. 

WelTord,  one  of  the  suitors  of  "the 
Scornful  Lady"  (no  name  is  given  to 
the  lady). — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Scornful  Lady  (1616). 

Well.  Three  of  the  most  prominent 
Bible  characters  met  their  wives  for  the 
first  time  by  wells  of  water,  viz.,  Isaac, 
Jacob,  and  Moses. 

Eliezer  met  Rebekah  by  a  well,  and 
arranged  with  Bethuel  for  her  to  become 
Isaac's  wife. — Gen.  xxiv. 

Jacob  met  Rachel  by  the  well  of  Haran. 
— Gen,  xxix. 


When  Moses  fled  from  Egypt  into  the  land 
of  Midian,  he  "  sat  down  by  a  well,"  and 
the  seven  daughters  of  Jethro  came  there 
to  draw  water,  one  of  whom,  named  Zip- 
porah,  became  his  wife. — Exod.  ii.  15-21. 

The  princess  NausicSa,  daughter  of 
AlcinSos  king  of  the  Phseacians,  was 
with  her  maidens  washing  their  dirty 
linen  in  a  rivulet,  when  she  first  encoun- 
tered Ulysses. — Homer,  Odyssey,  vi. 

Well.  "  A  well  and  a  green  vine  run- 
ning over  it,"  emblem  of  the  patriarch 
Joseph.  In  the  church  at  Totnes  is  a 
stone  pulpit  divided  into  compartments, 
containing  shields  decorated  with  the 
several  emblems  of  the  Jewish  tribes. 
On  one  of  the  shields  is  "a  well  and  a 
green  vine  running  over  it." 

Joseph  is  a  fruitful  bough,  even  a  fruitful  bough  by  a 
well ;  whose  branches  run  over  the  wall. — Gen.  xlix.  22. 

Well  of  English  Undefiled.    So 

Spenser  calls  Chaucer. 

Dan  Chaucer,  well  of  English  undefilecl. 

On  Fame's  eternal  bead-roll  wortliy  to  be  filed. 

Spenser,  Faery  Queen,  iv.  2  (1596). 

Welland,  a  river  of  England,  which 
passes  by  Stamford,  etc.,  and  empties 
itself  into  the  Wash.  Drayton  speaks  of 
an  ancient  prophecy  which  brought  to 
this  river  great  reverence  : 

That  she  alone  should  drown  all  Holland,  and  should  SM 
Her  Stamford  ...  as  renowned  for  libentl  arts  .  .  . 
As  they  in  Cambridge  are,  or  Oxford  ever  were. 

Polyolbion,  xxiv.  (1622). 

*^*  The  "Holland"  here  referred  to 
is  not  the  Netherlands,  but  a  district  of 
Lincolnshire  so  called.  (See  Holland, 
p.  448.) 

Well-Beloved  (The),  Charles  IV.  of 
France,  Le  Bien-Aime'  {\m^,  1380-1422). 

Louis  XV.  of  France,  Le  Bien-Aime 
(1710,  1715-1774). 

Well-Founded  Doctor  {The), 
Mg\di\-as  de  Colonna  ;  also  called  "The 
Most  Profound  Doctor"  {Doctor  Fundatis^ 
simus  et  Theologorum  Princeps) ;  some- 
times sumamed  "  Romanus,"  because  he 
was  born  in  the  Campagna  di  Roma,  but 
more  generally  "  Colonna,"  from  a  town 
in  the  Campagna  (1247-1316). 

Wellborn  {Francis,  usually  called 
Frank),  nephew  of  sir  Giles  Overreach, 
and  son  of  sir  John  Wellborn,  who  "bore 
the  whole  sway  "  of  Northamptonshire, 
kept  a  large  estate,  and  was  highly 
honoured.  Frank  squandered  away  the 
property,  and  got  greatly  into  debt,  but 
induced  lady  Allworth  to  give  him  her 
countenance,  out  of  gratitude  and  respect 
to  his  father.     Sir  Giles  fancies  that  the 


WELLER. 


1093 


WERE-WOLF. 


rich  dowager  is  about  to  marry  hi  a 
nephew,  and,  in  order  to  bring  about  this 
desirable  consummation,  not  only  pays 
all  his  debts,  but  supplies  him  liberally 
with  ready  money.  Beini;  thus  freed 
from  debt,  and  having  sown  his  wild  oats, 
young  Wellborn  reforms,  and  lord  Lovell 
gives  him  a  "company." — Massinger,  A 
New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts  (1625). 

"Weller  (Samuel),  boots  at  the  White 
Hart,  and  afterwards  servant  to  IMr. 
Pickwick,  to  whom  he  becomes  devotedly 
attached.  Rather  than  leave  his  master 
when  he  is  sent  to  the  Fleet,  Sam  Weller 
gets  his  father  to  arrest  him  for  debt. 
His  fun,  his  shrewdness,  his  comparisons, 
his  archness,  and  his  cunning  on  behalf 
of  his  master  are  unparalleled. 

Tony  Weller,  father  of  Sam  ;  a  coach- 
man of  the  old  school,  who  drives  a  coach 
between  London  and  Dorking.  Naturally 
portly  in  size,  he  becomes  far  more  so  in 
his  great-coat  of  many  capes.  Tony 
wears  top-boots,  and  his  hat  has  a  low 
crown  and  broad  brim.  On  the  stage- 
box  he  is  a  king,  elsewhere  he  is  a  mere 
greenhorn.  He  marries  a  widow,  land- 
lady of  the  Marquis  of  Granby,  and  his 
constant  advice  to  his  son  is,  "Sam, 
beware  of  the  widders." — C.  Dickens, 
The  Pickwick  Papers  (1836). 

■Wellington  of  Gamblers  (Tlie). 
Lord  Rivers  was  called  in  Paris  Le  Wel- 
lington des  Joueurs. 

Wellington's  Horse,  Copenhagen. 
It  died  at  the  age  of  27. 

Wemmiek,  clerk  of  Mr.  Jaggers  the 
lawyer.  He  lived  at  Walworth.  Wem- 
miek was  a  dry  man,  rather  short  in 
stature,  with  square,  wooden  face.  "There 
were  some  marks  in  the  face  which  might 
have  been  dimples  if  the  material  had 
been  softer."  His  linen  was  frayed  ;  he 
wore  four  mourning  rings,  and  a  brooch 
representing  a  lady,  a  weeping  willow, 
and  a  cinerary  urn.  His  ej'^es  were  small 
and  glittering ;  his  lips  small,  thin,  and 
mottled  ;  his  age  was  between  40  and  50 
years.  Mr.  Wemmiek  wore  his  hat  on 
the  back  of  his  head,  and  looked  straight 
before  him,  as  if  nothing  was  worth  look- 
ing at.  Mr.  Wemmiek  at  home  and  Mr. 
Wemmiek  in  his  office  were  two  distinct 
beings.  At  home,  he  was  his  "  own 
engineer,  his  own  carpenter,  his  own 
plumber,  his  own  gardener,  his  own  Jack- 
of -all-trades,"  and  had  fortified  his  little 
wooden  bouse  like  commodore  Trunnion 
(q.v.).    His  father  lived  with  him,  and 


he  called  him  "The  Aged."  The  old 
man  was  very  deaf,  but  heated  the  poker 
Avith  delight  to  fire  off  the  nine  o'clock 
signal,  and  chuckled  with  joy  because 
he  could  hear  the  bang.  The  house  had 
a  "real  flagstaff,"  and  a  plank  Avhich 
crossed  a  ditch  some  four  feet  wide  and 
two  feet  deep  was  the  drawbridge.  At 
nine  o'clock  p.m.  Greenwich  time  the 
gun  (called  "  The  Stinger")  was  fired. 

The  piece  of  ordnance  was  mounte<l  in  a  separate 
fortres-i,  constructed  of  lattice-work.  It  was  protected 
from  the  weatlier  by  an  ingenious  little  tarpaulin  con> 
tiivance  in  the  nature  of  an  umbrella.— C.  I>ickcns,  Oreat 
expectations,  xxv.  (1860). 

(This  is  a  bad  imitation  of  Smollett. 
In  commodore  Trunnion  such  a  conceit  is 
characteristic,  but  in  a  lawyer's  clerk  not 
so.  Still,  it  might  have  passed  as  a  good 
whim  if  it  had  been  original.) 

"Wenlock  (Wild  Wenlock),  kinsman  of 
sirHugodeLacy  constable  of  Chester.  His 
head  is  cut  off  by  the  insurgents. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

"Weno'nah.,  mother  of  Hiawatha  and 
daughter  of  Noko'mis.  Nokomis  was 
swinging  in  the  moon,  when  some  of  her 
companions,  out  of  jealousy,  cut  the 
ropes,  and  she  fell  to  earth  "like  a 
falling  star."  That  night  was  born  her 
first  child,  a  daughter,  whom  she  named 
Wenonah.  In  due  time,  this  lovely 
daughter  was  wooed  and  won  by  Mudje- 
kee'wis  (the  west  wind),  and  became  the 
mother  of  Hiawatha.  The  false  West 
Wind  deserted  her,  and  the  young  mother 
died. 

Fair  Nokomis  bore  a  daughter. 
And  she  called  her  name  Wenonah. 

Longfellow,  Hiawatha,  iiL  (1855). 

Wentworth  (Eva),  the  beau-ideal 
of  female  purity.  She  was  educated  in 
strict  seclusion.  De  Courcy  fell  in  love 
with  her,  but  deceived  her;  whereupon 
she  died  calmly  and  tranquilly,  elevated 
by  religious  hope.  (See  Zaira.) — Rev. 
C.  R.  Maturin,  Women  (a  romance,  1822). 

W"ept.  "We  wept  when  we  came 
into  the  world,  and  every  day  tells  us 
why." — Goldsmith,  The  Good-Natured 
Man,  i.  1  (1768). 

Werburg  (-S'^.),  born  a  princess.  By 
her  prayers,  she  drove  the  wild  geese 
from  Weedon. 

She  falleth  in  her  yay  with  Weedon,  where,  'tis  said, 
St.  Werburg,  princely  born — a  most  religious  mai<l — 
From  tliose  peculiar  lields,  by  prayer  the  wild  geese  drova. 
Drayton,  I'otyolbion,  xxiii.  [l^sl). 

"Were-Wolf  (2  syL),  a  man-wolf,  a 
man  transformed  into  a  wolf  temporarily 
or  otherwise. 


WERNER. 


1094 


WEST  INDIAN. 


Oft  through  the  forest  dark, 
Followed  the  were-wolfs  bark. 
Longfellow,  The  Skeleton  in  A-i 

Werner,  the  boy  said  to  have  been 
crucified  at  Bacharach,  on  the  Rhine,  by 
the  Jews.     (See  Hugh  of  Lincoln.) 

The  innocent  boy  who,  some  years  back. 
Was  taken  and  crucified  by  the  Jews 
In  that  ancient  town  of  Bacharach. 

Longfellow,  The  Golden  Legend  (1851). 

"Werner  or  Kruitaner  (count  of 
Siegendorf),  father  of  Ulric.  Being 
driven  from  the  dominions  of  his  father, 
he  wandered  about  for  twelve  years  as  a 
beggar,  hunted  from  place  to  place  by 
count  Stral'enheim.  At  length,  Stra- 
lenheini,  travelling  through  Silesia,  was 
rescued  from  the  Oder  by  Gabor  {alias 
Ulric),  and  was  lodged  in  an  old  tumble- 
down palace,  where  Werner  had  been 
lodging  for  some  few  days.  Here  Wer- 
ner robbed  the  count  of  a  rouleau  of  gold, 
and  next  day  the  count  was  murdered  by 
Ulric  (without  the  connivance  or  even 
knowledge  of  Werner).  When  Werner 
succeeded  to  the  rank  and  wealth  of 
count  Siegendorf,  he  became  aware  that 
his  son  Ulric  was  the  murderer,  and  de- 
nounced him.  Ulric  departed,  and  Wer- 
ner said,  "The  race  of  Siegendorf  is  past." 
—Byron,  Werner  (1821). 

(This  drama  is  borrowed  from  "Kruitz- 
ner  or  The  German's  Tale,"  in  Miss  H. 
Lee's  Canterbury  Tales,  1797-1805.) 

Werther,  a  young  German  student, 
of  poetic  fancy  and  very  sensitive  dis- 
position, who  falls  in  love  with  Lotte  (2 
syl.)  the  betrothed  and  afterwards  the 
wife  of  Albert.  Werther  becomes 
acquainted  with  Lotte's  husband,  who  in- 
vites him  to  stay  with  him  as  a  guest.  In 
this  visit  his  love  blazes  out  into  a  ter- 
rible passion,  and  after  vainly  striving 
to  fight  it  down,  he  puts  an  end  to  his 
misery  by  shooting  himself. — Goethe, 
iSorroios  of  Young  Werther — 1774. 

**.*  Goethe  represents  himself,  or 
rather  one  of  the  moods  of  his  mind,  in 
the  character  of  Werther.  The  catas- 
trophe, however,  is  borrowed  from  the 
fate  of  a  schoolfellow  of  his  named  Jeru- 
salem, who  shot  himself  on  account  of  a 
hopeless  passion  for  a  married  woman. 
"Albert"  and  "Lotte"  were  sketohed 
from  his  friends  Albert  and  Charlotte 
Kestner,  a  young  couple  with  whom  he 
had  relations  not  unlike  those  of  Wer- 
ther in  the  early  part  of  the  story  with 
the  fictitious  characters. 

Werther  of  Politics.     The  marquis 


of  Londonderry  is  so  called  by  lord 
Byron.  Werther,  the  personification  of 
maudlin  sentimentality,  is  the  hero  of 
Goethe's  romance  entitled  Tlie  Sorrows  of 
Werther  (1774). 

It  is  the  first  time  since  the  Normans,  that  England  haa 
been  insulted  by  a  minister  who  could  not  speak  English, 
and  that  parliament  permitted  itself  to  be  dictated  to  in 
the  language  of  Mrs.  Malaprop.  ...  Let  us  hear  no  more 
of  this  man,  and  let  Ireland  remove  the  ashes  of  her 
Grattan  from  the  sanctuary  of  Westminster.  Shall  the 
Patriot  of  Hunianity  repose  by  the  Werther  of  Politics? 
— Byron,  Don  Juan  (preface  to  canto  vi.,  etc.,  1824). 

Wer'therism  (th=t),  spleen,  me- 
grims from  morbid  sentimentality,  a 
settled  melancholy  and  disgust  of  life. 
The  word  is  derived  from  the  romance 
called  The  Sorrows  of  Werther,  by  Goethe 
(1774),  the  gist  of  which  is  to  prove 
"  Whatever  is  is  wrong." 

Wessel  (Peder),  a  tailor's  apprentice, 
who  rose  to  the  rank  of  vice-admiral  of 
Denmark,  in  the  reign  of  Christian  V. 
He  was  called  Tor'denskiold  (3  si/L),  cor- 
rupted into  Tordenskiol  (the  "Thunder 
Shield  "),  and  M^as  killed  in  a  duel. 

North  Sea !  a  glimpse  of  Wessel  rent 
Thy  murky  sky.  .  .  . 
From  Denmark  thunders  Tordenskiol; 
Let  each  to  heaven  commend  his  soul. 
And  fly. 

Longfellow,  King  Christian  [K.]. 

Wessex,  Devonshire,  Somersetshire, 
Wiltshire,  and  their  adjacents.  Ivor  son 
of  Cadwallader,  and  Ini  or  Hiner  his 
nephew,  were  sent  to  England  by  Cad- 
wallader when  he  was  in  Rome,  to 
"  govern  the  remnant  of  the  Britons." 

As  the  generals,  [Ac] 

His  nephew  Ivor  chose,  and  Hiner  for  his  pheer ; 
Two  most  undaunted  sp'rits  these  valiant  Britons  were. 
The  first  who  Wessex  won. 

Drayton,  Polyomon,  Ix.  (1612). 

(The  kingdom  of  Wessex  was  founded 
in  495  by  Cerdic  and  Cynric,  and  Ini  was 
king  of  Wessex  from  688  to  726.  Instead 
of  being  a  British  king  who  ousted  the 
Saxons,  he  was  of  the  royal  line  of 
Cerdic,  and  came  regularly  to  the  succes- 
sion.) 

West  Indian  (The),  a  comedy  by 
R.  Cumberland  (1771).  Mr.  Belcour,  the 
adopted  son  of  a  wealthy  Jamaica  mer- 
chant, on  the  death  of  his  adopted  father 
came  to  London,  to  the  house  of  Mr. 
Stockwell,  once  the  clerk  of  Belcour, 
senior.  This  clerk  had  secretly  married 
Belcour's  daughter,  and  when  her  boy  was 
born  it  was  "  laid  as  a  foimdling  at  her 
father's  door."  Old  Belcour  brought  the 
child  up  as  his  own  son,  and  at  death 
"  bequeathed  to  him  his  whole  estate." 
The  young  man  then  came  to  London  as 
the  guest  of  Mr.  Stockwell,  the  rich  i».er- 


WESTERN. 


1095 


WHETSTONE  CUT,  ETC. 


chant,  and  accidentally  encountered  in 
the  street  Miss  Louisa  Dudley,  with  whom 
he  fell  in  love.  Louisa,  with  her  father 
captain  Dudley,  and  her  brother  Charles, 
all  in  the  greatest  poverty,  were  lodjjjing 
with  a  Mr.  Fulmer,  a  small  bookseller. 
Belcour  gets  introduced,  and  after  the 
usual  mistakes  and  hairbreadth  escapes, 
makes  her  his  wife. 

"Western  (Squire),  a  jovial,  fox-hunt- 
ing country  gentleman,  supremely  igno- 
rant of  book-learning,  very  prejudiced, 
selfish,  irascible,  and  countrified ;  but 
shrewd,  good-natured,  and  very  fond  of 
his  daughter  Sophia. 

Philip,  earl  of  Pembroke  and  Montgomery,  was  in 
cliaracter  a  squire  Western,  choleric,  boisterous,  illiterate, 
selfish,  absuid,  and  cowardly,— Osborne,  Secret  UUtory, 
L218. 

Squire  Western  stands  alone  ;  imitated  from  no  proto- 
type, and  in  himself  an  inimital)le  picture  of  ignorance, 
prejudice,  irascibility,  and  rusticity,  united  with  natural 
shrewdness,  constitutional  good  humour,  and  an  in- 
stinctive affection  for  bis  daughter. — Kncyc.  Brit.,  Art 
*'  Fielding." 

Sophia  Western,  daughter  of  squire 
Western.  She  becomes  engaged  to  Tom 
Jones  the  foundling.  —  Eielding,  Tom 
Jones  (1749). 

There  now  are  no  squire  Westerns,  as  of  old; 

Ami  our  Sophias  are  not  so  enii)hatic, 
But  fair  as  them  [gic\  or  fairer  to  l)ehoid. 

Byron,  Don  JtMn,  xiii.  110  (1824). 

"Westlock  (John),  a  quondam  pupil 
of  Mr.  Pecksniff  ("architect  and  land 
surveyor").  John  Westlock  marries 
Ruth,  the  sister  of  Tom  Pinch.  — C. 
Dickens,  Martin  Chuzzlewit  (1843). 

■Westminster  Abbey  of  Den- 
mark (The),  the  cathedral  of  Roeskilde, 
some  sixteen  miles  west  of  Copenhagen. 

"Westmoreland,  according  to  fable, 
is  West-Mar-land.  Mar  or  Marius,  son 
of  Arvirugus,  was  king  of  the  British, 
and  overthrew  Rodric  the  Scythian  in  the 
north-west  of  England,  where  he  set  up 
a  stone  with  an  inscription  of  this  victory, 
*'  both  of  which  remain  to  this  day." — 
Geoffrey,  British  History,  iv.  17  (1142). 

"Westward  Hoe,  a  comedy  by 
Thomas  Dekker  (1607).  The  Rev.  Charles 
Kingsley  published  a  novel  in  1854  en- 
titled Westward  Ho!  or  The  Voyages  and 
Adventures  of  Sir  Amyas  Leigh  in  the 
Reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth.  (See  East- 
ward Hoe.) 

"Wether  al  (Stephen),  surnamed 
"Stephen  Steelheart,"  in  the  troop  of 
lord  Waldemar  Fitzurse  (a  baron  follow- 
ing prince  John).— Sir  W.  Scott,  Ivanhoe 
(time,  Richard  I.). 


"Wetherell  (Elizabeth),  Miss  Susan 
Warner,  authoress  of  The  Wide  Wide 
World  (1852),  Queechy  (1853),  etc. 

"Wetzweiler  (Tid)  or  Le  Gloricux, 
the  court  jester  of  Charles  "the  Bold" 
duke  of  Burgundy.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Quen- 
tin  Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

"Whachum,  journeyman  to  Sid- 
rophel.  He  was  Richard  Green,  who 
published  a  pamphlet  of  base  ribaldry, 
called  Hudibras  in  a  Snare  (1667). 

A  paltry  wreteli  he  had,  half-starved. 
That  him  in  place  of  zany  served, 
Hight  Whachum. 

S.  BuUer,  Btidibras,  IL  S  (1664). 

"Whally  Eyes,  i.e.  Whale-like  eyes. 
Spenser  says  that  "Whally  eyes  are  a 
sign  of  jealousy." — Faery  Queen^  I.  iv. 
24  (1590). 

"Whang,  an  avaricious  Chinese  miller, 
who,  by  great  thrift,  was  pretty  well  off, 
but,  one  day,  being  told  that  a  neighbour 
had  found  a  pot  of  money  which  he  had 
dreamt  of,  began  to  be  dissatisfied  with 
his  slow  gains  and  longed  for  a  dream 
also.  At  length  the  dream  came.  He 
dreamt  there  was  a  huge  pot  of  gold 
concealed  under  his  mill,  and  set  to  work 
to  find  it.  The  first  omen  of  success  was 
a  broken  mug,  then  a  house-tile,  and  at 
length,  after  much  digging,  he  came  to  a 
stone  so  large  that  he  could  not  lift  it. 
He  ran  to  tell  his  luck  to  his  wife,  and  the 
two  tugged  at  the  stone,  but  as  they  re- 
moved it,  down  fell  the  mill  in  utter  ruins. 
— Goldsmith,  A  Citizen  of  the  World,  Ixx. 
(1759). 

What  Next?  a  farce  by  T.  Dibdin. 

Colonel  Clifford  meets  at  Brighton 
two  cousins,  Sophia  and  Clarissa  Touch- 
wood, and  falls  in  love  with  the  latter, 
who  is  the  sister  of  major  Touchwood, 
but  thinks  her  Christian,  name  is  Sophia, 
and  so  is  accepted  by  Sophia's  father,  who 
is  colonel  Touchwood.  Now,  it  so  hap- 
pens that  major  Touchwood  is  in  love 
with  his  cousin  Sophia,  and  looks  ou 
colonel  Clifford  as  his  rival.  The  major 
tries  to  outwit  his  supposed  rival,  but 
finds  they  are  both  in  error,  that  it  is 
Clarissa  whom  the  colonel  wishes  to 
marry,  and  that  Sophia  is  quite  free  to 
follow  the  bent  of  her  own  and  the 
major's  choice. 

"Wheel  of  Fortune  ( The),  a  comedy 
by  R.  Cumberland  (1779). 

*^.*  For  the  plot  and  talc,  see  Penrud- 

DOCK. 

"Whetstone   Cut  by  a  Razor. 


WHIMS. 


1096 


WHITE  BIRDS. 


Accius  Navius,  the  augur,  cut  a  whet- 
stone with  a  razor  in  the  presence  of  Tar- 
quin  the  elder. 

In  short,  'twas  liis  fate,  unemployed  or  in  place,  sir, 

To  eat  mutton  cold,  and  tut  blocks  with  a  razor. 

Goldsmith,  RetaluUion  ("Burke"  is  referred  to,  1774). 

Whims  (Qiieen),  the  monarch  of 
Whinidom,  or  country  of  whims,  fancies, 
and  literary  speculations.  Her  subjects 
were  alchemists,  astrologers,  fortune- 
tellers, rhj'mers,  projectors,  schoolmen, 
and  so  forth.  The  best  way  of  reaching 
this  empire  is  '*  to  trust  to  the  whirlwind 
and  the  current."  When  Pantagruel's 
ship  ran  aground,  it  was  towed  off  by 
7,000,000  drums  quite  easily.  These 
drums  are  the  vain  imaginings  of  whim- 
syists.  Whenever  a  person  is  perplexed 
at  any  knotty  point  of  science  or  doctrine, 
some  drum  will  serve  for  a  nostrum  to 
pull  him  through. — Rabelais,  Fantagruel, 
V.  18,  etc.  (1545). 

■Whim'sey,  a  whimsical,  kind- 
hearted  old  man,  father  to  Charlotte  and 
"  3'oung  "  Whimsey. 

As  suspicious  of  everybody  above  him,  as  if  he  bad  been 
bred  a  rogue  himself.— Act  i.  1. 

Charlotte  Whimsey^  the  pretty  daughter 
of  old  Whimsey  ;  in  love  with  Monford. 
— James  Cobb,  The  First  Floor. 

Whip  with  Six  Lashes,  the  "  Six 
Articles"  of  Henry  VIII.  (1639). 

Whipping  Boy.  A  boy  kept  to  be 
whipped  when  a  prince  deserved  chas- 
tisement. 

Baknaby  Fitzpatrick  stood  for  Ed- 
ward VI. 

D'OssAT  and  Du  Perrox,  afterwards 
cardinals,  were  whipped  by  Clement  VIII. 
for  Henri  IV.  of  France. — Fuller,  Church 
History,  ii.  342  (1655). 

MuNGO  Murray  stood  for  Charles  I. 

Raphafx  was  flogged  for  the  son  of 
the  marquis  de  Leganez,  but,  not  seeing 
the  justice  of  this  arrangement,  he  ran 
away. — Lesage,  Gil  Bias,  v.  1  (1724). 

Whisker,  the  pony  of  Mr.  Garland, 
Abel  Cottage,  Finchley. 

There  approached  towards  him  a  little,  clattering,  jing- 
ling, four-wheeled  chaise,  drawn  by  a  little,  obstinate- 
looking,  rough-coated  pony,  and  driven  by  a  little,  fat, 
placid-faced  old  gentleman.  Beside  the  little  old  gentle- 
man sat  a  little  old  lady,  plump  and  placid  like  himself, 
and  the  pony  was  coming  along  at  his  own  pace,  and 
doing  exactly  as  he  pleased  with  the  whole  concern.  If 
the  old  gentleman  remonstrated  by  shaking  the  reins,  the 
pony  replied  by  shaking  his  head.  It  was  plain  that  the 
utmost  the  pony  would  consent  to  do  was  to  go  in  his  own 
way, .  .  ,  after  his  own  fashion,  or  not  at  all.— C.  Dickens, 
The  Old  Curiosity  Shop,  xiv.  (1840). 

Whisker andos  (Bon  Fero'lo),  the 
sentimental  lover  of  Tilburina. — Sheridan, 
The  Critic,  ii.  1  (1779). 


Whist  {Father  of  the  game  of), 
Edmond  Hoyle  (1672-1709). 

WTiistle  ( The).  In  the  train  of  Anne 
of  Denmark,  when  she  went  to  Scotland 
with  James  VI.,  was  a  gigantic  Dane  of 
matchless  drinking  capacity.  He  had  an 
ebony  whistle  which,  at  the  beginning  of 
a  drinking  bout,  he  would  lay  on  the  table, 
and  whoever  was  last  able  to  blow  it,  was 
to  be  considered  the  "  Champion  of  the 
Whistle."  In  Scotland  the  Dane  was  de- 
feated by  sir  Robert  Laurie  of  Maxwelton, 
who,  after  three  days'  and  three  nights' 
hard  drinking,  left  the  Dane  under  the 
table,  and  "blew  on  the  whistle  his 
requiem  shrill."  The  whistle  remained 
in  the  family  several  years,  when  it  was 
won  by  sir  Walter  Laurie,  son  of  sir 
Robert ;  and  then  by  Walter  Riddel '  of 
Glenriddel,  brother-in-law  of  sir  Walter 
Laurie.  The  last  person  who  carried  it 
off  was  Alexander  Ferguson  of  Craig- 
darroch,  son  of  "  Annie  Laurie,"  so  well 
known. 

***  Burns  has  a  ballad  on  the  subject, 
called  The  Whistle. 

Whistle.  The  blackbird,  says  Drayton, 
is  the  only  bird  that  whistles. 

Upon  his  dulcet  pipe  the  merle  doth  only  play. 

Polyolbion,  xiii.  (1613). 

Whistled.  * '  He  whistled  as  he  went, 
for  want  of  thought." — Dry  den,  Cymon 
and  Iphigenia, 

Whistler  {The),  a  young  thief, 
natural  son  of  sir  G.  Staunton,  whom  he 
shot  after  his  marriage  with  Effie  Deans. 
—Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Midlothian  (time, 
George  II.). 

Whistling.  Mr.  Townley,  of  Hull, 
says,  in  Notes  and  Queries,  August  2, 
1879,  that  a  Roman  Catholic  checked  his 
wife,  who  was  whistling  for  a  dog :  "  If 
you  please,  ma'am,  don't  whistle.  Every 
time  a  woman  whistles,  the  heart  of  the 
blessed  Virgin  bleeds." 

Une  poule  qui  chante  le  coq  et  une  fille  qui  siffle  por- 
tent malheur  dans  la  maison. 
La  poule  ne  doit  point  chanter  devant  le  coq. 
A  whistling  woman  and  a  crowing  hea 
Are  neither  good  for  God  or  men. 

Whitaker  {Richard),  the  old  steward 
of  sir  Geoffery  Peveril. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peverilof  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Whitchurch,  in  Middlesex  (or  Little 
Stanmore),  is  the  parish,  and  William 
Powell  was  the  blacksmith,  made  cele- 
brated bv  Handel's  Harmonious  Black-' 
smith.    Powell  died  1780. 

White  Birds.    Some  Mohammedans 


WHITE  CAT. 


1097     WHITE  HORSE  OF  WANTAGE. 


believe  that  the  spirits  of  the  faithful  (if 
neither  prophets  nor  martyrs)  abide 
under  the  throne  of  God,  in  the  form  of 
white  birds.  Martyrs  are  green  birds, 
and  prophets  are  taken  to  paradise  direct 
in  propria  persona. 

White  Cat  (The).  A  certain  queen, 
desirous  of  obtaining  some  fairy  fruit, 
was  told  she  might  gather  as  much  as 
she  would  if  she  would  give  to  them  the 
child  about  to  be  born.  The  queen 
agreed,  and  the  new-bom  child  was 
carried  to  the  fairies.  When  of  marriage- 
able age,  the  fairies  wanted  her  to 
marry  INIigonnet  a  fairy-dwarf,  and,  as 
she  refused  to  do  so,  changed  her  into  a 
white  cat.  Now  comes  the  second  part. 
An  old  king  had  three  sons,  and  promised 
to  resign  the  kingdom  to  that  son  who 
brought  him  the  smallest  dog.  The 
youngest  son  wandered  to  a  palace,  where 
he  saw  a  white  cat  endowed  with  human 
speech,  who  gave  him  a  dog  so  tiny  that 
the  prince  carried  it  in  an  acorn  shell. 
The  father  then  said  he  would  resign  his 
crown  to  that  son  who  brought  him  home 
a  web,  400  yards  long,  which  would  pass 
through  the  eye  of  a  needle.  The  White 
Cat  gave  the  prince  a  toil  400  yards  long 
packed  in  the  shale  of  a  millet  grain.  The 
king  then  told  his  sons  he  would  resign  his 
throne  to  that  son  who  brought  home  the 
handsomest  bride.  The  White  Cat  told 
the  prince  to  cut  off  its  head  and  tail. 
On  doing  so,  the  creature  resumed  her 
human  form,  and  was  acknowledged  to 
be  the  most  beautiful  woman  on  the  earth. 

Her  eyes  committed  theft  upon  all  hearts,  and  her 
sweetness  kept  tliem  captive.  Her  shape  was  majestic, 
her  air  noble  and  modest,  her  wit  flowing,  her  manners 
eng.aging.  In  a  word,  she  was  beyond  everything  that 
was  lovely.— Comtesse  D'Aunoy,  Fair]/  Tale*  ("  The  White 
Cat,"  1682). 

"WTiite  Clergy  {The)^  the  parish 
priests,  in  contradistinction  to  The  Black 
Clergy  or  monks,  in  Russia. 

"WTiite  Cross  Knights,  the 
Knights  Hospitallers.  The  Knights 
Templars  wore  a  7'ed  cross. 

The  White  Cross  Knight  of  the  adjacent  Isla 
Eobert  Browning,  37»«  Return  of  tlie  Drvtet,  L 

"White     Devil    of   Wallaehia. 

George  Castriota,  known  as  "Scander- 
be<r,"  was  called  by  the  Turks  "The 
White  Devil  of  Wallachia"  (1404-1467). 

"WTiite  Elephant  {Kinfi  of  the),  a 
title  of  the  kings  of  Ava  and  Siam. 

"WTiite  Fast  (The),  the  day  of  atone- 
ment in  the  Jewish  synagogues. 


White  Friars  (JTie),  the  Carmelites, 
who  dress  in  white. 

*^*  There  is  a  novel  by  Miss  Robinson 
called  White  Friars. 

WTiite  Hoods  (or  Chaperons  Blancs), 
the  insurgents  of  Ghent,  led  by  Jean 
Lyons,  noted  for  their  fight  at  Minne- 
water  to  prevent  the  digging  of  a  canal 
which  they  fancied  would  be  injurious  to 
trade. 

Saw  the  fight  at  Minnewater.  nw  tha  "White  Hoods" 
moving  west. 

Longfellow,  The  Belfry  of  Bruges. 

White  Horse  (A),  the  Saxon  banner, 
still  preserved  in  the  royal  shield  of  the 
house  of  Hanover. 

A  burly,  genial  race  has  raised 
The  White  Horse  sUndard. 

T.  Woolner,  ily  Beauiiful  Lady. 

White  Horse  (Lords  of  the),  the  old 
Saxon  chiefs,  whose  standard  was  a 
white  horse. 

And  tampered  with  the  lords  of  the  White  Horse. 
Tennyson,  Guinevere. 

"WTiite  Horse  of  the  Peppers, 
a  sprat  to  catch  a  mackerel.  After  the 
battle  of  the  Boyne,  the  estates  of  many 
of  the  Jacobites  were  confiscated,  and 
given  to  the  adherents  of  William  III. 
Amongst  others,  the  estate  of  the  Peppers 
was  forfeited,  and  the  Orangeman  to 
whom  it  was  awarded  went  to  take  pos- 
session. "  Where  was  it,  and  what  was 
its  extent?"  These  were  all-important 
questions ;  and  the  Orangeman  was  led 
up  and  down,  hither  and  thither,  for 
several  davs,  under  pretence  of  showing 
them  to  him.  He  had  to  join  the  army 
by  a  certain  day,  but  was  led  so  far  a- 
field  that  he  agreed  to  forego  his  claim 
if  supplied  with  the  means  of  reaching 
his  regiment  within  the  given  time. 
Accordingly,  the  "white  horse,"  the 
pride  of  the  family,  and  the  fastest 
animal  in  the  land,  was  placed  at  his 
disposal.the  king's  grant  was  revoked,  and 
the  estate  remained  in  the  possession  of 
the  original  owner.— S.  Lover,  Stories  and 
Legends  of  Ireland  (1832-34). 

"WTiite  Horse  of  Wantage  (Berk- 
shire), cut  in  the  chalk  hills.  The  horse 
is  374  feet  long,  and  may  be  seen  at  the 
distance  of  fifteen  miles.  It  commemorates 
a  great  victory  obtained  by  Alfred  over 
the  Danes,  called  the  battle  of  iEscesdun 
(Ashdown),  during  the  reign  of  his  brother 
Ethelred  in  871.     (See  Red  Horse.) 

In  this  battle  all  the  flower  of  the  barbarian  youth  wa* 
there  glain,  so  that  neitlier  before  nor  since  Wiis  ever  such 
a  destruclion  known  since  the  Saxons  first  gained  liriUiin 
by  their  arms.— Ethelwerd,  Chronicle,  U.  A.  871.  (8e« 
also  Asser,  Life  of  A  If  red,  year  87L} 


WHITE  KING. 


1098 


WHITE  ROSE. 


White  King,  the  title  of  the  emperor 
of  Muscovy,  from  the  white  robes  which 
these  kings  were  accustomed  to  use. 

Sunt  qui  principem  Moscoviae  Album  Regem  nuncu- 
pant.  Ego  quidem  causani  diligeiiter  quserebanj,  cur 
regis  albi  nomine  appeJIaretur  cum  nemo  principum 
Moscoviae  eo  titulo  antea  [BaHHus  Ivanwich]  esset  usus. 
.  .  .  Credo  autem  ut  Persam  nunc  propter  rubea  tegu- 
menta  capitis  "  Kissilpassa  "  (i.e.  rubeum  caput)  vocaiit; 
ita  reges  Moscoviae  propter  alba  tegumenta  "Albos 
Keges  "  appellari.— Sigismund. 

*^*  Perhaps  it  may  be  explained  thus: 
Muscovy  is  always  called  "Russia  Alba," 
as  Poland  is  called  "  Black  Russia." 

White  Kinrj.  So  Charles  I.  is  called  by 
Herbert.  His  robe  of  state  was  white 
instead  of  purple.  At  his  funeral  the 
snow  fell  so  thick  upon  the  pall  that  it 
was  quite  white.  —  Herbert,  Memoirs 
(1764). 

White  Lady  {The),  "La  Dame 
d'Aprigny,"  a  Norman  fee,  who  used  to 
occupy  the  site  of  the  present  Rue  de  St. 
Quentin,  at  Bayfeux. 

La  Dame  Abonde,  also  a  Norman  f(?e. 

Vocant  dominam  Abuiidiam  pro  eo  quod  domibus, 
quas  frequentant,  abundantiam  bonoruni  temporalium 
pra;sti\re  putantur  non  aliter  tibi  sentiendum  est  neque 
aliter  quam  quemadmoduai  de  illis  audivisti— Williuiu 
of  Auvergue  (1248). 

White  Lady  (Tlie),  a  ghost  seen  in 
different  castles  and  palaces  belonging  to 
the  royal  family  of  Prussia,  and  supposed 
to  forebode  the  death  of  some  of  the  royal 
family,  especially  one  of  the  children. 
The  last  appearance  was  in  1879,  just  prior 
to  the  death  of  prince  Waldemar.  Twice 
she  has  been  heard  to  speak,  e.g. :  In 
December,  1G28,  she  appeared  in  the 
palace  at  Berlin,  and  said  in  Latin,  "I 
wait  for  j  udgment ; "  and  once  at  the  castle 
of  Neuhaus,  in  Bohemia,  when  she  said 
to  the  princess,  in  German,  "It  is  ten 
o'clock  ;"  and  the  lady  addressed  died  in  a 
few  weeks. 

There  are  two  white  ladies,  in  fact — one 
the  countess  Agnes  of  Orlamunde,  and 
the  other  the  princess  Bertha  von  Rosen- 
berg, who  lived  in  the  fifteenth  century. 
The  former  wa.j  buried  alive  in  a  vault  in 
the  palace.  She  was  the  mistress  of  a 
margrave  of  Brandenburgh,  by  whom 
she  had  two  sons.  When  the  prince  be- 
came a  widower,  Agnes  thought  he  would 
marry  her,  but  he  made  the  sons  an  ob- 
jection, and  she  poisoned  them,  for  which 
crime  she  was  buried  alive.  Another 
version  is  that  she  fell  in  love  with 
the  prince  of  Parma,  and  made  away 
with  her  two  dau<>:hters,  who  were  an 
obstacle  to  her  marriage,  for  which  crime 
she  was  doomed  to  "walk  the  earth"  as 
an  apparition. 


The  princess  Bertha  is  troubled  because 
an  annual  gift,  which  she  left  to  the 
poor,  has  been  discontinued.  She  appears 
dressed  in  white,  and  carrying  at  her  side 
a  bunch  of  keys. 

It  may  interest  those  who  happen  to  be  learned  in 
Berlin  legends,  to  know  that  the  Wliite  Lady,  whose 
visits  always  precede  the  death  of  some  memtier  of  tl>e 
royal  family,  was  seen  on  the  eve  of  prince  Waldemar's 
death.  A  soldier  on  guard  at  the  old  castle  was  the 
witness  of  the  apparition,  and  in  his  fright  fled  to  the 
guard-room,  where  he  w!u  at  once  arrested  for  deserting 
his  post.— Brie/,  April  4,  1879. 

White  Lady  of  Avenel  (2  syL), 
a  tutelary  spirit. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Monastery  (time,  Elizabeth). 

White  Lady  of  Ireland  (The), 
the  benshee  or  domestic  spirit  of  a  family, 
who  takes  an  interest  in  its  condition, 
and  intimates  approaching  death  by  wail- 
ings  or  shrieks. 

WTiite  Man*s  Grave  (The),  Sierra 
Leone,  in  Africa. 

White  Merle  (TTie).  Among  the 
old  Basque  legends  is  one  of  a  "white 
merle,"  which,  by  its  singing,  restores 
sight  to  the  blind. — Rev.  W.  Webster, 
Basque  Legends,  182  (1877). 

*^*  The  French  have  a  similar  story, 
called  Le  Merle  Blanc. 

White  Moon  (Knight  of  the),  Sam- 
son Carrasco.  He  assumed  this  cog- 
nizance when  he  went  as  a  knight-errant 
to  encounter  don  Quixote.  His  object 
was  to  overthrow  the  don  in  combat,  and 
then  impose  on  him  the  condition  of 
returning  home,  and  abandoning  the  pro- 
fession of  chivalry  for  twelve  months. 
By  this  means  he  hoped  to  cure  the  don 
of  his  craze.  It  all  happened  as  the 
barber  expected:  the  don  was  overthrown, 
and  returned  to  his  home,  but  soon  died. 
— Cervantes,  I>on  Quixote,  II.  iv.  12,  etc. 
(1615). 

White  Mount  in  London  (77ie), 
the  Tower,  which  the  Welsh  bards  insist 
was  built  by  the  Celts.  Others  ascribe 
"the  Towers  of  Julius"  to  the  Romans  ; 
but  without  doubt  they  are  a  Norman 
foundation. 

Take  my  head  and  bear  it  unto  the  White  Mount,  in 
London,  and  bury  it  there,  with  the  face  towards  France. 
— I'he  Mabinogion  ("Br^nwen,"  etc.,  twelfth  century). 

White  Queen  (The),  Mary  queen  of 
Scots  (La  Heine  Blanche) ;  so  called  by  the 
French,  because  she  dressed  in  white  in 
mourning  for  her  husband. 

White  Rose  (The),  the  house  of 
York,  whose  badge  it  was.  The  badge 
of  the  house  of  Lancaster  was  the  Red 
Rose. 


WHITE  ROSE  OF  ENGLAND.      1099 


WHITTINGTON. 


Richard  de  la  Pole  is  often  called  "  The 

White  Rose." 

White  Rose  of  England  {The). 
Perkin  Warbeck  was  so  called  by  Mar- 
garet of  Burgundy  sister  of  Edward  IV, 
(*-1499). 

White  Rose  of  Raby  ( The),  Cecily, 
wife  of  Richard  duke  of  York,  and  mother 
of  Edward  IV.  and  Richard  III.  She  was 
the  youngest  of  twenty-one  children. 

*^*  A  novel  entitled  The  White  Hose  of 
Kahy  was  published  in  1794. 

White  Rose  of  Scotland  {The), 
lady  Katherine  Gordon,  the  [?  fifth] 
daughter  of  George  second  earl  of  Huntly 
by  his  second  wife  [princess  Annabella 
Stuart,  youngest  daughter  of  James  I. 
of  Scotland].  She  married  Richard  of 
England,  styled  "duke  of  York,"  but 
better  known  as  "Perkin  Warbeck." 
She  had  three  husbands  after  the  death 
of  "Richard  of  England."  Probably 
lady  Katherine  was  called  the  "White 
Rose"  from  the  badge  assumed  bv  her 
first  husband  "  the  White  Rose  of  York," 
and  "Scotland"  was  added  from  the 
country  of  her  birth.  Margaret  of  Bur- 
gundy always  addressed  Perkin  Warbeck 
as  "  The  White  Rose  of  England." 

WTiite  Rose  of  York  ( The),  Edward 
Courtney  earl  of  Devon,  son  of  the  marquis 
of  Exeter.  He  died  at  Padua,  in  queen 
Mary's  reign  (1553). 

White  Surrey,  the  favourite  charger 
of  Richard  III. 

Saddle  White  Surrey  for  the  field  to-morrow. 
Shakespeare,  Richard  III.  act  v.  sc.  3  (1697). 

White  Tsar  of  His  People.    The 

emperor  of  Russia  is  so  called,  and  claims 
the  empire  of  seventeen  crowns. 

White  Widow  {The),  the  duchess 
of  Tyrconnel,  wife  of  Richard  Talbot  lord 
deputy  of  Ireland  under  James  II.  After 
the  death  of  her  husband,  she  supported 
herself  by  her  needle.  She  wore  a  white 
mask,  and  dressed  in  white. — Pennant, 
Account  of  London,  147  (1790). 

White  Witch  {A),  a  "witch"  who 
employs  her  power  and  skill  for  the 
benefit  and  not  the  harm  of  her  fellow- 
mortals. 

Whites  {The),  an  Italian  faction  of 
the  fourteenth  century.  The  Guelphs  of 
Florence  were  divided  into  the  Blacks 
who  wished  to  open  their  gates  to  Charles 
de  Valois,  and  the  Whites  who  opposed 
him.   The  poet  Dante  was  a  "White,"  and 


when  the  "  Blacks  "  in  1302  got  the  upper 
hand,  he  was  exiled.  During  his  exile 
he  composed  his  immortal  epic,  the  Divina 
Commedia. 

Whitecraft  {John)y  innkeeper  and 
miller  at  Altringham. 

Dame  Whitecraft,  the  pretty  wife  of 
the  above. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the 
Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Whitfield  of  the  Stage  {The), 
Quin  was  so  called  by  Garrick  (1716- 
1779).  Garrick  himself  is  sometimes  so 
denominated  also. 

Whitney  {James),  the  Claude  Duval 
of  English  highwaymen.  He  prided  him- 
self on  being  "the  glass  of  fashion  and 
the  mould  of  form."  Executed  at  Porter's 
Block,  near  Smithfield  (1660-1694). 

WTiit-Sunday.  One  of  the  etymo- 
logies of  this  word  is  Wit  or  Wisdom 
Sunday  ;  the  day  on  which  the  Spirit  of 
Wisdom  fell  upon  the  apostles. 

This  day  Whitsonday  is  cald. 
For  wisdom  and  wit  serene  fald. 
Was  zonen  to  the  apostles  as  this  day. 

Camb.  Univ.  AISS.  Ld..  i.  1,  p.  234. 

Whittington  {Dick),  a  poor  orphan 
country  lad,  who  heard  that  London  was 
"paved  with  gold,"  and  went  there  to 
get  a  living.  When  reduced  to  starving 
point,  a  kind  merchant  gave  him  employ- 
ment in  his  family  to  help  the  cook,  but 
the  cook  so  ill  treated  him  that  he  ran 
away.  Sitting  to  rest  himself  on  the 
roadside,  he  heard  Bow  bells,  and  they 
seemed  to  him  to  say,  "  Turn  again, 
Whittington,  thrice  lord  mayor  of  Lon- 
don ; "  so  he  returned  to  his  master. 
By-and-by  the  master  allowed  him,  with 
the  other  servants,  to  put  in  an  adventure 
in  a  ship  bound  for  Morocco.  Richard 
had  nothing  but  a  cat,  which,  however,  he 
sent.  Now  it  happened  that  the  king  of 
Morocco  was  troubled  by  mice,  which 
Whittington's  cat  destroyed  ;  and  this  so 
pleased  his  highness  that  he  bought  the 
mouser  at  a  fabulous  price.  Dick  com- 
menced business  with  this  money,  soon 
rose  to  great  wealth,  married  his  master's 
daughter,  was  knighted,  and  thrice  elected 
lord  mayor  of  London — ^in  1398, 1406,  and 
1419. 

*^*  A  cat  is  a  brig  built  on  the  Nor- 
wegian model,  with  narrow  stern,  pro- 
jecting quarters,  and  deep  waist. 

Another  solution  is  the  word  achat, 
"  barter." 

Keis,  the  son  of  a  poor  widow  of  Siraf, 
embarked  for  India  with  his  sole  pro- 
perty, a  cat.    He  arrived  at  a  time  when 


WHITTLE. 


1100 


WIDOW. 


the  palace  was  so  infested  by  mice  and 
rats  that  thej'  actually  invaded  the  king's 
food.  This  cat  cleared  the  palace  of  its 
vermin,  and  was  purchased  for  a  large 
sum  of  money,  which  enriched  the 
widow's  son. — Sir  William  Ouseley  (a 
Persian  story). 

ALPHONSo,aPortuguese,  being  wrecked 
on  the  coast  of  Guinea,  had  a  cat,  which 
the  king  bought  for  its  weight  in  gold. 
With  this  money  Alphonso  traded,  and 
in  five  years  made  £6000,  returned  to 
Portugal,  and  became  in  fifteen  years  the 
third  magnate  of  the  kingdom. — Descrip- 
tion of  Guinea. 

**♦  See  Keightley,  Tales  and  Popular 
Fictions,  241-266. 

Whittle  (Thomas),  an  old  man  of  63, 
who  wants  to  cajole  his  nephew  out  of 
his  lady-love,  the  Widow  Brady,  only  23 
years  of  age.  To  this  end  he  assumes 
the  airs,  the  dress,  the  manners,  and  the 
walk  of  a  beau.  For  his  thick  flannels, 
he  puts  on  a  cambric  shirt,  open  Avaist- 
coat,  and  ruffles ;  for  his  Welsh  Avig,  he 
wears  a  pigtail  and  chapeau  bras  ;  for  his 
thick  cork  soles,  he  trips  like  a  dandy  in 
pumps.  He  smirks,  he  titters,  he  tries  to 
be  quite  killing.  He  discards  history  and 
solid  reading  for  the  Amorous  Repository, 
Cupid's  Revels,  Hymen's  Delight,  and 
Ovid's  Art  of  Lofce.  In  order  to  get  rid 
of  him,  the  gay  young  widow  assumes 
to  be  a  boisterous,  rollicking,  extrava- 
gant, low  Irishwoman,  deeply  in  debt, 
and  utterly  reckless.  Old  Whittle  is 
thoroughly  alarmed,  induces  his  nephew 
to  take  the  widow  oif  his  hands,  and  gives 
him  £5000  for  doing  so. — Garrick,  The 
Irish  Widow  {VlUl). 

Who's  the  Dupe?  Abraham  Doiley, 
a  retired  slop-seller,  with  £80,000  or  more. 
Being  himself  wholly  uneducated,  he  is  a 
great  admirer  of  "  laming,"  and  resolves 
that  his  daughter  Elizabeth  shall  marry 
a  great  scholar.  Elizabeth  is  in  love 
with  captain  Granger,  but  the  old  slop- 
seller  has  fixed  his  heart  on  a  Mr.  Gradus, 
an  Oxford  pedant.  The  question  is 
how  to  bring  the  old  man  round.  Gradus 
is  persuaded  to  change  his  style  of 
dress  to  please  the  lady,  and  Granger  is 
introduced  as  a  learned  pundit.  The  old 
man  resolves  to  pit  together  the  two 
asjnrants,  and  give  Elizabeth  to  the  best 
scholar.  Gradus  quotes  two  lines  of 
Greek,  in  which  the  word  panta  occurs 
four  times ;  Granger  gives  some  three  or 
four  lines  of  English  fustian.  Gradus 
tells  the  old  man  that  what  Granger  said 


was  mere  English ;  but  Doiley,  in  the 
utmost  indignation,  replies,  "  Do  you 
think  I  don't  know  my  own  mother 
tongue  ?  Oif  with  your  pantry,  which  you 
call  Greek  !  t'other  is  the  man  for  my 
money  ; "  and  he  gives  his  daughter  to  the 
captain. — Mrs.  Cowley,  Who's  the  Dupe '/ 

Whole  Duty  of  Man  {The).  Sir 
James  Wellwood  Moncrieff,  bart.,  was  so 
called  by  Jeffrey  (1776-1851). 

Wicket  Gate  (The),  the  entrance  to 
the  road  which  leads  to  the  Celestial  City. 
Over  the  door  is  written :  "  Knock,  and 

IT     SHALL     BE     OPENED     UNTO    YOU." — 

Bunyan,  Pilgrim's  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

Wickfield  {Mr.),  a  lawyer,  father  of 
Agnes.  The  "  'umble  "  Uriah  Heep  was 
his  clerk. 

Agnes  Wickfield,  daughter  of  Mr.  Wick- 
field ;  a  young  lady  of  sound  sense  and 
domestic  habits,  lady-like  and  afi'ection- 
ate.  She  is  the  second  wife  of  David 
Copperfield. — C.  Dickens,  David  Copper- 
field  (1849). 

Wickham  {Mrs.),  a  waiter's  wife. 
Mrs.  Wickham  was  a  meek,  drooping 
woman,  always  ready  to  pit}'-  herself  or 
to  be  pitied,  and  with  a  depressing  habit 
of  prognosticating  evil.  She  succeeded 
Polly  Toodles  as  nurse  to  Paul  Dombey. 
— C.  Dickens,  Dombey  and  Son  (1846). 

Wiclevista,  Wicliffism. 

Some  of  them  barke,  Clatter  and  carpe,  Of  that  heresy  art 
Called  Wicleulsta,  The  deuelishe  dogiiiatista. 

J.  Skelton,  Colyn  Clout  (linie,  Henry  VIII.). 

Wieliffe,  called  "  The  Morning  Star 
of  the  Reformation"  (1324-1384). 

Widdrington  {Roger),  a  gallant 
squire,  mentioned  in  the  ballad  of  Chevy 
Chase.  He  fought  "  upon  his  stumps," 
after  his  legs  were  smitten  off.  (See 
Benbow.) 

Widenostrils  (in  French  Bringue- 
narilles),  a  huge  giant,  who  "had  swal- 
lowed everj'  pan,  skillet,  kettle,  frying- 
pan,  dripping-pan,  saucepan,  and  caldron 
in  the  land,  for  want  of  windmills,  his  usual 
food."  He  was  ultimately  killed  by ' '  eating 
a  lump  of  fresh  butter  at  the  mouth  of  a 
hot  oven,  by  the  advice  of  his  physician." 
— Kabelais,  Pantag'ruel',  iv.  17  (1545). 

Widerolf,  bishop  of  Strasbourg  (997), 
was  devoured  by  mice  in  the  seventeenth 
3'ear  of  his  episcopate,  because  he  sup- 
pressed the  convent  of  Seltzen  on  the 
Khine.     (See  Hatto.) 

Widow  {Goldsmith's),  m  ih^  Deserted 
Village,  par.  9.  "All  the  blooming  flush 
of  life  is  fled  "  from  Auburn : 


WIDOW. 


1101 


WIG. 


An  but  yon  widowed,  solitary  tiling, 
Tliat  feebly  bends  (reside  the  plashy  spring ; 
She,  wretched  luatroii,  forced  in  age,  for  bread. 
To  strip  the  brook,  with  mantling  cresses  spread, 
To  pick  her  wintry  faggot  from  tlie  thorn. 
To  seek  her  nightly  shed,  and  weep  till  morn; 
She  only  left  of  all  the  harmless  train, 
Tiie  sad  historian  of  the  pensive  plain. 

Her  name  was  Catherine  Geraghty. 

Widoto  (The),  courted  bj'  sir  Hudi- 
bras,  was  the  relict  of  Amminadab  Wilmer 
or  Willmot,  an  independent,  slain  at  Edge- 
hill.  She  was  left  with  a  fortune  of  £200 
a  year.  The  knight's  "  Epistle  to  the 
Lady  "  and  the  "  Lady's  Reply,"  in  which 
she  declines  his  offer,  are  usually  ap- 
pended to  the  poem  entitled  Hvuii.br as. 

Widow  Blackacre,  a  perverse, 
bustling,  masculine,  pettifogging,  litigious 
woman. — Wycherly,  The  Flain  Dealer 
(IG77). 

Widow  Flockhart,  landlady  at 
Waverley's  lodgings  in  the  Canongate. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George 
II.). 

Widow's  Curl  {A),  a  small  re- 
fractory lock  of  hair  that  will  not  grow 
long  enough  to  be  bound  up  with  the 
tresses,  but  insists  on  falling  down  in  a 
curl  upon  the  forehead.  It  is  said  that 
this  curl  indicates  widoAvhood. 

Widow's  Peak  {A),  a  point  made 
in  some  foreheads  bj'^  the  hair  projecting 
towards  the  nose  like  a  peak.  It  is  said 
to  indicate  widowhood. 

Wieland's  Sword,  Balmung.  It 
was  so  sharp  that  it  cleft  Amilias  in 
twain  without  his  knowing  it;  when, 
however,  he  attempted  to  stir,  he  fell 
into  two  pieces. — Scandinavian  Mythology. 

Wiever  (Old),  a  preacher  and  old 
conspirator. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Feveril  of  the 
Teak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Wife  (The),  a  drama  by  S.  Knowles 
(I800).  Mariana,  daughter  of  a  Swiss 
burgher,  nursed  Leonardo  in  a  dangerous 
sickness — an  avalanche  had  fallen  on  him, 
and  his  life  was  despaired  of,  but  he 
recovered,  and  fell  in  love  with  his  young 
and  beautiful  nurse.  Leonardo  intended 
to  return  to  Mantua,  but  was  kept  a 
prisoner  by  a  gang  of  thieves,  and  JNfa- 
riana  followed  him,  for  she  found  life 
intolerable  without  him.  Here  count 
riorio  fell  in  love  with  her,  and  obtained 
her  guardian's  consent  to  marry  her  ;  but 
Mariana  refused  to  do  so,  and  was  ar- 
raigned before  the  duke  (Ferrardo),  who 
gave  judgment  against  her.  Leonardo 
was  at  the  trial  disguised,  but,  throwing 


off  his  mask,  was  found  to  be  the  real 
duke  supposed  to  be  dead.  He  assumed 
his  rank,  and  married  Mariana ;  but, 
being  called  to  the  wars,  left  Ferrardo 
regent.  Ferrardo,  being  a  villain,  hatched 
up  a  plot  against  the  bride  of  infidelity 
to  her  lord,  but  Leonardo  would  give  no 
credit  to  it,  and  the  whole  scheme  of 
villainy  was  fully  exposed. 

*^*  The  tale  of  Shakespeare's  Mid- 
summer Night's  Bream  hinges  on  a  similar 
"  law  of  marriage." 

Wife  for  a  Month  (A),  a  drama 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1624).  The 
"wife"  is  Iwanthe  (3  syL),  the  chaste 
wife  of  Valerio,  parted  by  Frederick  tl»e 
licentious  brother  of  Alphonso  kip^  of 
Naples.  She  repels  his  base  advances, 
and,  to  punish  her,  he  offers  to^^gr^e  her 
to  any  one  for  one  month,  at  the  end  of 
which  time  he  is  to  die.  No^^^  wiU 
accept  the  offer,  and  the  ladyHsTrestored 
to  her  husband. 

Wife  of  Bath.,  one  of  the  pilgrims 
to  the  shrine  of  Thomas  h  Becket. — 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales  (1388). 

Wife   of  Bath's    Tale.    ^One  of 

king  Arthur's  knights  was  condemned  to 
death  for  ill  using  a  lady,  bu^  Guinever 
interceded  for  him,  and  l^he  king  gave 
him  over  to  her  to  do  what  she  liked. , 
The  queen  said  she  would  spare  his  life, 
if,  by  that  day  twelve  months,  he  would 
tell  her  "  What  is  that  which  woman 
loves  best  ?  "  The  knight  made  inquiry 
far  and  near  for  a  solution,  but  at  length 
was  told  by  an  old  woman,  that  if  he 
would  grant  her  a  request,  she  would  tell 
him  the  right  answer  to  the  queen's  ques- 
tion. The  knight  agreed.  The  answer 
suggested  was  this  :  Women  like  best  to 
have  their  own  way  and  to  be  paramount ; 
and  the  request  she  made  was  that  he 
would  marry  her.  This  the  knight  at 
first  revolted  from,  because  she  was  poor, 
old,  and  ugly.  The  woman  then  asked 
him  which  he  preferred,  to  have  her  as  she 
was  and  a  faithful  wife,  or  to  have  her 
young  and  fair.  He  replied  he  would 
leave  the  decision  with  her.  Whereupon 
she  threw  off  her  mask,  and  appeared 
before  him  young,  beautiful,  and  rich. — 
Chaucer,  Canterbury  Tales  (1888). 

*^*  This  tale  is  borrowed  from  Gower's 
Confessio  Amantis,  i.,  where  Florent 
promises  to  marry  a  deformed  old  hag, 
who  taught  him  the  solution  of  a  riddle. 

Wig,  the  Latin  pilucca,  "a  head  of 
hair,"  through  the  French  perruque  (our 


WIGGED  PRINCE. 


1102 


WILD  HORSES. 


periwig).  In  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth 
century,  there  were  thirty-three  different 
sorts  of  wigs  in  use :  the  artichoke,  bag, 
barrister's,  bishop's,  brush,  bush,  buckle 
chain,  chancellor's,  corded  wolf's  paw, 
count  Saxe's  mode,  the  crutch,  the  cut 
bob,  the  detached  buckle,  the  drop, 
Dutch,  full,  half  natural,  Jansenist  bob, 
judge's,  ladder,  long  bob,  Louis,  periwig, 
pigeon's  wing,  rhinoceros,  rose,  scratch, 
she-dragon,  small  back,  spinage  seed, 
staircase,  Welsh,  and  wild  boar's  back. 

His  periwig  was  large  enough  to  have  loaded  a  camel, 
and  lie  bestowed  upon  it  at  least  a  bushel  of  powder. — 
Brown,  Letters  (time,  Charles  11.). 

"Wigged  Prince  {The  Best).  The 
guardian,  uncle-in-law,  and  first  cousin 
of  the  duke  of  Brunswick  was  called 
"The  Best  Wlgged  Prince  in  Christen- 
dom." 

Wight  {Isle  of).  So  called  from 
Wihtgar,  great-grandson  of  king  Cedric, 
who  conquered  the  island. — The  Anglo- 
Saxon  Chronicle. 

*^*  Of  course,  this  etymology  is  not 
philologically  correct.  Probably  gvoyth, 
"the  channel"  (the  channel  island),  is 
the  real  derivation. 

Wigniore  Street  (London).  So 
called  from  Harley  earl  of  Oxford  and 
Mortimer,  created  baron  Harley  of  Wig- 
more,  in  Herefordshire  (1711). 

Wild  {Jonathan)^  a  cool,  calculating, 
heartless  villain,  with  the  voice  of  a 
Stentor.  He  was  bom  at  Wolverhamp- 
ton, in  Staffordshire,  and,  like  Jack 
Sheppard,  was  the  son  of  a  carpenter. 

He  had  ten  maxims :  (1)  Never  do 
more  mischief  than  is  absolutely  necessary 
for  success  ;  (2)  Know  no  distinction,  but 
let  self-interest  be  the  one  principle  of 
action  ;  (3)  Let  not  j'our  shirt  know  the 
thoughts  of  your  heart;  (4)  Never  for- 
give an  enemy ;  (5)  Shun  poverty  and 
distress  ;  (6)  Foment  jealousies  in  your 
gang ;  (7)  A  good  name,  like  money, 
must  be  risked  in  speculation  ;  (8)  Coun- 
terfeit virtues  are  as  good  as  real  ones, 
for  few  know  paste  from  diamonds ;  (9) 
Be  your  own  trumpeter,  and  don't  be 
afraid  of  blowing  loud  ;  (10)  Keep  hatred 
concealed  in  the  heart,  but  wear  the  face 
of  a  friend. 

Jonathan  W^ild  married  six  wives. 
Being  employed  for  a  time  as  a  detective, 
he  brought  to  the  gallows  thirty-five 
highwaymen,  twenty-two  burglars,  and 
ten  returned  convicts.  He  was  himself 
executed  at  last  at  Tyburn  for  house- 
breaking (1682-1726). 


Daniel  Defoe  has  made  Jonathan  Wild 
the  hero  of  a  romance  (1725).  Fielding 
did  the  same  in  1743.  The  hero  in  these 
romances  is  a  coward,  traitor,  hj'pocrite, 
and  tyrant,  unrelieved  by  human  fueling, 
and  never  betrayed  into  a  kind  or  good 
action.  The  character  is  historic,  but 
the  adventures  are  in  a  measure  fictitious. 

Wild  Boar  of  Ardennes,  William 
de  la  Marck. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Quentin 
Durward  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

*^*  The  count  de  la  Marck  was  third 
son  of  John  count  de  la  Marck  and 
Aremberg.  He  was  arrested  at  Utrecht, 
and  beheaded  by  order  of  Maximilian 
emperor  of  Austria,  in  1485. 

Wild  Boy  of  Hameln,  a  human 
being  found  in  the  forest  of  Herts- 
wold,  in  Hanover.  He  walked  on  all 
fours,  climbed  trees  like  a  monkey,  fed 
on  grass  and  leaves,  and  could  never  be 
taught  to  articulate  a  single  word.  He 
was  discovered  in  1725,  was  called  "Peter 
the  Wild  Boj^,"  and  died  at  Broadway 
Farm,  near  Berkhampstead,  in  1785. 

*^*  Mdlle.  Lablanc  was  a  wild  girl 
found  by^  the  villagers  of  Soigny,  near 
Chalons,  in  1731.  She  died  in  Paris  in 
1780. 

Wild-Goose  Chase  ( 77«e),  a  comedy 
by  Beaumont  and  Fletcher  (1652).  The 
"  wild  goose "  is  Mirabel,  who  is 
"  chased  "  and  caught  by  Oriana,  whom 
he  once  despised. 

Wild  Horses  ( Death  by)  The  hands 
and  feet  of  the  victim  were  fastened  to 
two  or  four  wild  horses,  and  the  horses, 
being  urged  forward,  ran  in  different 
directions,  tearing  the  victim  limb  from 
limb. 

Mettius  Suffetius  was  fastened  to 
two  chariots,  which  were  driven  in  op- 
posite directions.  This  was  for  deserting 
the  Roman  standard  (b.c.  669). — Livy, 
Annals,  i.  28. 

Salcede,  a  Spaniard,  employed  by 
Henri  III.  to  assassinate  Henri  de  Guise, 
failed  in  his  attempt,  and  was  torn  limb 
from  limb  bj'  four  wild  horses. 

Nicholas  de  Salvado  was  torn  to 
pieces  by  wild  horses  for  attempting  the 
life  of  William  prince  of  Orange. 

Balthazar  de  GEKRARDwas  similarly 
punished  for  assassinating  the  same  prince 
(1684). 

John  Chastel  was  torn  to  pieces  by 
wild  horses  for  attempting  the  life  of 
Henri  IV.  of  France  (1694). 

Francois  Ravaillac  suffered  a  similar 


WILD  HUNTSMAN. 


1103 


WILDING. 


death  for  assassinating  the  same  prince 
(1610). 

Wild  Huntsman  {The),  a  spectral 
hunter  with  dogs,  who  frequents  the 
Black  Forest  to  chase  wild  animals. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Wild  Huntsman  (from  Burner's 
ballad). 

*^*  The  legend  is  that  this  huntsman 
was  a  Jew,  who  would  not  suffer  Jesus  to 
drink  from  a  horse-trough,  but  pointed 
to  some  water  collected  in  a  hoof-print, 
and  bade  Him  go  there  and  drink. — Kuhn 
von  Schwarz,  Nordd.  Sagen,  499. 

The  French  story  of  Le  Grand  Veneur 
is  laid  in  Fontaiuebleau  Forest,  and  is 
supposed  to  refer  to  St.  Hubert. — Father 
Mutthieu. 

The  English  name  is  "  Heme  the 
Hunter,"  once  a  keeper  in  Windsor  Forest. 
— Shakespeare,  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor^ 
act  iv.  sc.  4. 

The  Scotch  poem  called  Albania  con- 
tains a  full  description  of  the  wild  hunts- 
man. 

*^*  The  subject  has  been  made  into  a 
ballad  by  Burger,  entitled  Der  WUde 
Jdger. 

"Wild  Man  of  the  Forest,  Orson, 
brother  of  Valentine,  and  nephew  of  king 
Pepin. —  Valentine  and  Orson  (fifteenth 
century). 

"Wild  Oats,  a  drama  by  John  O'Keefe 
(1798). 

Wild  Wenlock,  kinsman  of  sir 
Hugo  de  Lacy,  besieged  by  insurgents, 
who  cut  off  his  head. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Betrothed  (time,  Henry  II.). 

Wildair  (Sir  Harry),  the  hero  of  a 
comedy  so  called  by  Farquhar  (1701). 
The  same  character  had  been  introduced 
in  the  Constant  Couple  (1700),  by  the  same 
author.  Sir  Harry  is  a  gay  profligate, 
not  altogether  selfish  and  abandoned,  but 
very  free  and  of  easy  morals.  This  was 
Wilks's  and  Peg  Woffington's  great  part. 

Their  Wildalrs,  sir  John  Brutes,  lady  Touchwoods,  and 
Mrs.  Frails  are  conventional  reproductions  of  those  wild 
galUints  and  demireps  which  figure  in  the  licentioiis 
dramas  of  Dryden  and  Shadwell.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

***  *'  Sir  John  Brute,"  in  The  Provoked 
Wife  (Vanbrugh)  ;  "lady  Touchwood," 
in  T/ie  Belle's  Stratagem  (Mrs.  Cowley)  ; 
"Mrs.  Frail,"  in  Congreve'a  Lwe  for 
Love, 

Wildblood  of  the  Vale  {Young 
Dick),  a  friend  of  sir  Geoffrey  Peveril. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Fever il  of  the  Peak  (time, 
Charles  II.). 


Wilde  {Johnny),  a  small  farmer  of 
Rodenkirchen,  in  the  isle  of  Kugen.  One 
day,  he  found  a  little  glass  slipper  belong- 
ing to  one  of  the  hill-folk.  Next  day,  a 
little  brownie,  in  the  character  of  a  mer- 
chant, came  to  redeem  it,  and  Johnny 
Wilde  demanded  as  the  price  "that  he 
should  find  a  gold  ducat  m  every  furrow 
he  ploughed."  The  bargain  was  con- 
cluded, but  before  the  year  was  over  he 
had  worked  himself  to  death,  looking  for 
ducats  in  the  furrows  which  he  ploughed. 
— RUgen  Tradition, 

Wildenhaim  {Baron),  father  of 
Amelia.  In  his  youth  he  seduced  Agatha 
Friburg,  whom  he  deserted.  Agatha  bore 
a  son,  Frederick,  who  in  due  time  became 
a  soldier.  Coming  home  on  furlough,  he 
found  his  mother  on  the  point  of  star- 
vation, and,  going  to  beg  alms,  met  the 
baron  with  his  gun,  asked  alms  of  him,  and 
received  a  shilling.  He  demanded  more 
money,  and,  being  refused,  collared  the 
baron,  but  was  soon  seized  by  the  keepers, 
and  shut  up  in  the  castle  dungeon.  Here 
he  was  visited  by  the  chaplain,  and  it 
came  out  that  the  baron  was  his  father. 
As  the  baron  was  a  widower,  he  married 
Agatha,  and  Frederick  became  his  heir. 

Amelia  Wildenhaim,  daughter  of  the 
baron.  A  proposal  was  made  to  marry 
her  to  count  Cassel,  but  as  the  count  was 
a  conceited  puppy,  without  "  brains  in 
his  head  or  a  heart  in  his  bosom,"  she 
would  have  nothing  to  say  to  him.  She 
showed  her  love  to  Anhalt,  a  j'oung 
clergyman,  and  her  father  gave  his  con- 
sent to  the  match. — Mrs.  Inchbald,  Lovers^ 
Vows  (altered  from  Kotzebue,  1800). 

Wildfire  {Madge),  the  insane  daughter 
of  old  Meg  Murdochson  the  gipsy  thief. 
Madge  had  been  seduced  when  a  girl,  and 
this,  with  the  murder  of  her  infant,  had 
turned  her  brain. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart 
of  Midlothian  (time,  George  II.), 

Wilding  {Jack),  a  young  gentleman 
fresh  from  Oxford,  who  fabricates  the 
most  ridiculous  tjiles,  which  he  tries  to 
pass  off  for  facts  ;  speaks  of  his  adven- 
tures in  America,  which  he  has  never 
seen  ;  of  his  being  entrapped  into  mar- 
riage with  a  Miss  Sibthorpe,  a  pure 
invention.  Accidentallj'  meeting  a  Miss 
Grantam,  he  sends  his  man  to  learn  her 
name,  and  is  told  it  is  Miss  Godfrey,  an 
heiress.  On  this  blunder  the  "  f  im  "  of 
the  drama  hinges.  When  Miss  Godfrey 
is  presented  to  him,  he  does  not  know  her, 
and  a  person  rushes  in  who  declares  she  is 
his  wife,  and  that  her  maiden  name  was 


WILDING. 


1104 


WILFORD. 


Sibthorpe.  It  is  now  Wilding's  turn  to 
be  dumfounded,  and,  wholly  unable  to 
unravel  the  mystery,  he  rushes  forth, 
believing  the  world  is  a  Bedlam  let  loose, 
—S.  Foote,  The  Liar  (1761). 

Wilding  {Sir  Jasper),  an  ignorant  but 
wealthy  country  gentleman,  fond  of  fox- 
hunting. He  dresses  in  London  like  a 
fox-hunter,  and  speaks  with  a  "HoicI 
tally-ho!" 

Young  Wilding,  son  of  sir  Jasper,  about 
to  marry  the  daughter  of  old  Philpot  for 
the  dot  she  will  bring  him. 

Maria  Wilding,  the  lively,  witty,  high- 
spirited  daughter  of  sir  Jasper,  in  love 
with  Charles  Beaufort.  Her  father  wants 
her  to  marry  George  Philpot,  but  she 
frightens  the  booby  out  of  his  wits  by 
her  knowledge  of  books  and  assumed 
eccentricities.  —  Murphy,  The  Citizen 
(1757  01  1761). 

"Wildrake,  a  country  squire,  delight- 
ing in  horses,  dogs,  and  field  sports.  He 
was  in  love  with  "neighbour Constance," 
daughter  of  sir  William  Fondlove,  with 
whom  he  used  to  romp  and  quarrel  in 
childhood.  He  learnt  to  love  Constance  ; 
and  Constance  loved  the  squire,  but  knew 
it  not  till  she  feared  he  was  going  to 
marry  another.  When  they  each  dis- 
covered the  state  of  their  hearts,  they 
agreed  to  become  man  and  wife. — S. 
Knowles,  The  Love-Chase  (1837). 

Wildrake  {Roger),  a  dissipated  royalist. 
— Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time,  Com- 
monwealth). 

Wilelmi'na  [Bundle],  daughter  of 
Bundle  the  gardener.  Tom  Tug  the 
waterman  and  Robin  the  gardener  sought 
her  in  marriage.  The  father  preferred 
honest  Tom  Tug,  but  the  mother  liked 
better  the  sentimental  and  fine-phrased 
Robin.  Wilelmina  said  he  who  first  did 
any  act  to  deserve  her  love  should  have 
it.  Tom  Tug,  b.y  winning  the  waterman's 
badge,  carried  olf  the  bride. — C.  Dibdin, 
The  Waterman  (1774). 

Wilfer  {Reginald),  called  by  his  wife 
R.  W.,  and  by  his  fellow-clerks  Rumty. 
He  was  clerk  in  the  drug-house  of  Chick- 
sey,  Stobbles,  and  Veneering.  In  person 
Mr.  Wilfer  resembled  an  overgrown 
cherub  ;  in  manner  he  was  shy  and  re- 
tiring. 

Mr.  Reginald  Wilfer  was  a  poor  clerk,  so  poor  indeed 
tliiit  he  bad  never  yet  attained  the  modest  object  of  his 
ambition,  which  was  to  wear  a  conii)lete  new  suit  of 
clotlies,  Jiat  and  boots  included,  at  one  time.  His  black 
hat  was  brown  before  he  could  afford  a  coat;  his  panta- 
loons were  white  at  the  seams  and  knees  before  he  could 


buy  a  pair  of  boots?  his  boots  had  worn  out  before  he 
could  treat  himself  to  new  pantaloons;  and  by  the  time  he 
worked  round  to  the  hat  again,  that  shining  modern  article 
roofed  in  an  ancient  ruiu  of  various  periods. — Ch.  iv. 

Mrs.  Wilfer,  wife  of  Mr.  Reginald. 
A  most  majestic  woman,  tall  and  angular. 
She  wore  gloves,  and  a  pocket-handker- 
chief tied  under  her  chin.  A  patronizing, 
condescending  woman  was  Mrs.  Wilfer, 
with  a  mighty  idea  of  her  own  importance. 
"Viper!"  "  Ingrate ! "  and  such  like 
epithets  were  household  words  with  her. 

Bella  Wilfer,  daughter  of  Mr.  and  IMrs. 
Wilfer.  A  wayward,  playful,  affection- 
ate, spoilt  beauty,  "  giddy  from  the 
want  of  sonie  sustaining  purpose,  and 
capricious  because  she  was  always 
fluttering  among  little  things."  Bella 
was  so  pretty,  so  womanly,  and  yet  so 
childish  that  she  was  always  captivating. 
She  spoke  of  herself  as  "the  lovely 
woman,"  and  delighted  in  "doing  the 
hair  of  the  family."  Bella  Wilfer  married 
John  Harmon  (John  Rokesmith),  the 
secretary  of  Mr.  Boffin  "  the  golden 
dustman." 

Lavinia  Wilfer,  youngest  sister  of  Bella, 
and  called  "The  Irrepressible."  Lavinia 
was  a  tart,  pert  girl,  but  succeeded  in 
catching  George  Sampson  in  the  toils  of 
wedlock. — C.  Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend 
(1864). 

Wilford,  in  love  with  Emily,  the 
companion  of  his  sister  Miss  Wilford. 
This  attachment  coming  to  the  knowledge 
of  Wilford's  uncle  and  guardian,  was 
disapproved  of  by  him  ;  so  he  sent  the 
young  man  to  the  Continent,  and  dis- 
missed the  young  lady.  Emily  went  to 
live  with  Goodman  Fairlop,  the  wood- 
man, and  there  Wilford  discovered  her  in 
an  archery  match.  The  engagement  was 
renewed,  and  ended  in  marriage. — Sir  H. 
B.  Dudley,  Tlie  Woodman  (1771). 

Wilford,  secretary  of  sir  Edward  Mor- 
timer, and  the  suitor  of  Barbara  Rawbold 
(daughter  of  a  poacher).  Curious  to  know 
what  weighed  on  his  master's  mind,  he 
pried  into  an  iron  chest  in  sir  Edward's 
library;  but  while  so  engaged,  sir  Edward 
entered,  and  threatened  to  shoot  him.  He 
relented,  however,  and  having  sworn  Wil- 
ford to  secrecy,  told  him  how  and  why  he 
had  committed  murder.  Wilford,  unable 
to  endure  the  watchful  and  jealous  eye  of 
his  master,  ran  away ;  but  sir  Edward 
dogged  him  from  place  to  place,  and  at 
length  arrested  him  on  the  charge  of 
theft.  Of  course,  the  charge  broke  down, 
Wilford  was  acquitted,  sir  Edward  con- 
fessed himself  a  murderer,  and  died.    (See 


WILFORD. 


1105 


WILL-O'-WISP. 


Williams,    Caleb.) — G.   Colman,    The 
Iron  Chest  (1796). 

*^*  This  is  a  dramatic  version  of  God- 
win's novel  called  Caleb  Williams  (1794). 
Wilford  is  "Caleb  Williams,"  and  sir 
Edward  Mortimer  is  "  Falkland." 

Wilford,  supposed  to  be  earl  of  Roch- 
dale. Three  things  he  had  a  passion  for : 
•'  the  finest  hound,  the  finest  horse,  and 
the  finest  wife  in  the  three  kingdoms." 
It  turned  out  that  Master  Walter  "  the 
hunchback"  was  the  earl  of  Rochdale,  and 
Wilford  was  no  one. — S.  Knowles,  The 
Hunchback  (1831). 

Wilford  (Lord),  the  truant  son  of  lord 
Woodville,  who  fell  in  love  with  Bess, 
the  daughter  of  the  "blind  beggar  of 
Bethnal  Green."  He  saw  her  by  accident 
in  London,  lost  sight  of  her,  but  resolved 
not  to  rest  night  or  day  till  he  found  her  ; 
and,  said  he,  "If  I  find  her  not,  I'm 
tenant  of  the  house  the  sexton  builds." 
Bess  was  discovered  in  the  Queen's  Arms 
inn,  Romford,  and  turned  out  to  be  his 
cousin. — S.  Knowles,  The  Beggar  of 
Bethnal  Green  (1834). 

Wilfred,  "  the  fool,"  one  of  the  sons 
of  sir  Hildebrand  Osbaldistone  of  Osbal- 
distone  Hall.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Rob  Boy 
(time,  George  I.). 

"Wilfrid,  son  of  Oswald  WyclifFe  ;  in 
love  with  Matilda,  heiress  of  Rokeby's 
knight.  After  various  vilhiinies,  Oswald 
forced  from  Matilda  a  promise  to  marry 
Wilfrid.  Wilfrid  thanked  her  for  the 
promise,  and  fell  dead  at  her  feet. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Rokebi/  (1813). 

•Wilfrid  or  Wilfrith  (St.).  In  681 
the  bishop  Wilfrith,  who  had  been  bishop 
of  York,  being  deprived  of  his  see,  came 
to  Sussex,  and  did  much  to  civilize  the 
people.  He  taught  them  how  to  catch 
fish  generally,  for  before  they  only  knew 
how  to  catch  eels.  He  founded  the 
bishopric  of  the  South  Saxons  at  Selsey, 
afterwards  removed  to  Chichester,  founded 
the  monastery  of  Ripon,  built  several 
ecclesiastical  edifices,  and  died  in  709. 

Bt  Wilfrid,  i^ent  from  York  into  this  realm  received 
( Wliom  the  Northumbrian  folk  had  of  his  see  bereaved), 
And  on  the  south  of  Thames  a  seat  did  him  afford. 
By  whom  the  people  first  received  the  saving  word. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xi.  (1613). 

Wilhelm.  Meister  [Mice.ter],  the 
hero  and  title  of  a  philosophic  novel  by 
Goethe.  This  is  considered  to  be  the  first 
true  German  novel.  It  consists  of  two 
parts  published  under  two  titles,  viz., 
The  Apprenticeship  of  WUiielm  Meister 
47 


(1794-96),  and  The  Travels  of  WUhelm 
Meister  (1821). 

Wilkins  {Peter),  Robert  Pultock  of 
Clement's  Inn,  author  of  The  Life  and 
Adventures  of  Peter  Wilkins,  a  Cornish 
Man  (1750). 

The  tale  is  this:  Peter  Wilkins  is  a 
mariner,  thrown  on  a  desert  shore.  In 
time,  he  furnishes  himself  from  the  wreck 
with  many  necessaries,  and  discovers  that 
the  country  is  frequented  by  a  beautiful 
winged  race  called  glumms  and  gawrcA's, 
whose  wings,  when  folded,  serve  them 
for  dress,  and  when  spread,  are  used  for 
flight.  Peter  marries  a  gawrey,  by  name 
Youwarkee,  and  accompanies  her  to 
Nosmnbdsgrsutt,  a  land  of  semi-darkness, 
where  he  remains  many  years. 

Peter  Wilkhit  is  a  work  of  uncommon  beauty.— 
Coleridge,  Table  Talk  (1835). 

"Wilkinson  (James),  servant  to  Mr. 
Fairford  the  lawyer.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Bed- 
gauntlet  (time,  George  III.). 

Will  (Belted),  William  lord  Howard, 
warden  of  the  western  marches  (1563- 

1610). 

His  Bilboa  blade,  by  Marchmen  felt. 
Hung  in  a  bro,ad  and  studded  l>elt ; 
Hence,  in  rude  phrase,  the  Borderers  still 
Called  noble  Howard  "Belted  Will." 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Las/  /Mst  of  the  Latt  Mimtrel  (1805). 

Will  Laud,  a  smuggler,  with  whom 
Margaret  Catchpole  (q.v.)  falls  in  love. 
He  persuades  her  to  escape  from  Ipswich 
jail,  and  supplies  her  with  a  seaman's 
dress.  The  two  are  overtaken,  and  Laud 
is  shot  in  attempting  to  prevent  the  re- 
capture of  Margaret. — Rev.  R.  Cobbold, 
Margaret  Catchpole. 

"Will  and  Jean,  a  poetic  story  by 
Hector  Macneill  (1789).  Willie  Gair- 
lace  was  once  the  glory  of  the  town,  and 
he  married  Jeanie  Miller.  Just  about  this 
time  Maggie  Howe  opened  a  spirit  shop 
in  the  village,  and  Willie  fell  to  drinking. 
Having  reduced  himself  to  beggar^'-,  he 
enlisted  as  a  soldier,  and  Jeanie  had  "to 
beg  her  bread."  Willie,  having  lost  his 
leg  in  battle,  was  put  on  the  Chelsea 
"bounty  list;"  and  Jeanie  was  placed, 
by  the  duchess  of  Buccleuch,  in  an  alms- 
cottage.  Willie  contrived  to  reach  the 
cottage,  and 

Jean  ance  mair.  In  fond  affection. 
Clasped  her  Willie  to  her  breast 

Will-o'-Wisp  or  Will-with-a-wisp. 
Here  Will  is  no  proper  name,  but  a 
Scandinavian  word  equivalent  to  mislead- 
ing or  errant.  Icelandic  villa  ("a-going 
astray"),  villr  ("wandering").  "I  am 
4  B 


WILLET. 


1106     WILLIAM  OF  CLOUDESLEY. 


will  what  to  do"   (i.e.   "at    a    loss"). 
German,  irr-wisch. 

Willet  (John),  landlord  of  the  May- 
pole inn.  A  burly  man,  large-headed, 
with  a  flat  face,  betokening  profound 
obstinacy  and  slowness  of  apprehension, 
combined  with  a  strong  reliance  on  his 
own  merits.  John  Willet  was  one  of 
the  most  dogged  and  positive  fellows 
in  existence,  alwaj's  sure  that  he  was 
right,  and  that  every  one  who  differed 
from  him  was  wrong.  He  ultimately 
resigned  the  Maypole  to  his  son  Joe,  and 
retired  to  a  cottage  in  Chigwell,  with  a 
small  garden,  in  which  Joe  had  a  May- 
pole erected  for  the  delectation  of  his 
aged  father.  Here  at  dayfall  assembled 
his  old  chums,  to  smoke,  and  prose,  and 
doze,  and  drink  the  evenings  away  ;  and 
here  the  old  man  played  the  landlord, 
scoring  up  huge  debits  in  chalk  to  his 
heart's  delight.  He  lived  in  the  cottage 
a  sleepy  life  for  seven  years,  and  then 
slept  the  sleep  which  knows  no  waking. 

Joe  Willet,  son  of  the  landlord,  a 
broad-shouldered,  strapping  young  fellow 
of  20.  Being  bullied  and  brow-beaten 
by  his  father,  he  ran  away  ar.d  enlisted 
for  a  soldier,  lost  his  right  arm  in 
America,  and  was  dismissed  the  service. 
He  returned  to  England,  married  Dolly 
Varden,  and  became  landlord  of  the 
Maypole,  where  he  prospered  and  had 
a  large  family. — C.  Dickens,  Barnaby 
Evdge  (1841). 

William,  archbishop  of  Orange,  an 
ecclesiastic  who  besought  pope  Urban  on 
his  knees  to  permit  him  to  join  the 
crusaders,  and,  having  obtained  permis- 
sion, led  400  men  to  the  siege  of  Jerusa- 
lem.— Tasso,  Jerusalem  Delivered  (1575). 

William,  youngest  son  of  William 
Rufus.  He  was  the  leader  of  a  large 
army  of  British  bowmen  and  Irish  volun- 
teers in  the  crusading  army.  —  Tasso, 
Jerusalem  Delivered,  iii.  (1575). 

*^*  William  Rufus  was  never  married. 

William,  footman  to  Lovemore,  sweet 
upon  Muslin  the  lady's-maid.  He  is 
fond  of  cards,  and  is  a  below-stairs  imi- 
tation of  the  high-life  vices  of  the  latter 
half  of  the  eighteenth  century.  —  A 
Murphy,  The  Way  to  Keep  Him  (1760). 

William,  a  serving-lad  at  Amheim 
Castle. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geier stein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

William  (Lord),  master  of  Erlingford. 
His  elder  brother,  at  death,  committed 


to  his  charge  Edmund  the  rightful  heir, 
a  mere  child  ;  but  William  cast  the  child 
into  the  Severn,  and  seized  the  inherit- 
ance. One  anniversary,  the  Severn  over- 
flowed its  banks,  and  the  castle  was 
surrounded  ;  a  boat  came  by,  and  lord 
William  entered.  The  boatman  thought 
he  heard  the  voice  of  a  child — nay,  he 
felt  sure  he  saw  a  child  in  the  water,  and 
bade  lord  William  stretch  out  his  hand 
to  take  it  in.  Lord  William  seized  the 
child's  hand  ;  it  was  lifeless  and  clammy, 
heavy  and  inert.  It  pulled  the  boat 
under  water,  and  lord  William  was 
drowned,  but  no  one  heard  his  piercing 
cry  of  agony. — R.  Southey,  Lord  William 
(a  ballad,  1804). 

William  and  Margaret,  a  ballad 
by  Mallet.  William  promised  marriage 
to  Margaret,  deserted  her,  and  she  died 
"consumed  in  early  prime."  Her  ghost 
reproved  the  faithless  swain,  who  "quaked 
in  every  limb,"  and,  raving,  hied  him  to 
Margaret's  grave.    There 

Thrice  he  called  on  Margaret's  name. 

And  thrice  he  wept  full  sore ; 
Tlien  laid  his  cheek  to  her  cold  grave. 

And  word  spalie  never  more. 

William  I.  king  of  Prussia  and 
emperor  of  Germany,  called  Kaiser  Tar- 
tuffe  (1797-  ).  (See  Tartuffe,  p. 
977.) 

William  king  of  Scotland,  in- 
troduced by  sir  W.  Scott  in  The  Talisman 
(1825). 

William  of  Cloudesley  (3  syl.), 
a  north  country  outlaw,  associated  with 
Adam  Bell  and  Clym  of  the  Clough 
( Clement  of  the  Cliff) .  He  lived  in  Engle- 
wood  Forest,  near  Carlisle.  Adam  Bell 
and  Clym  of  the  Clough  were  single  men, 
but  William  had  a  wife  named  Alyce, 
and  "children  three"  living  at  Carlisle. 
The  three  outlaws  went  to  London  to  ask 
pardon  of  the  king,  and  the  king,  at  the 
queen's  intercession,  granted  it.  He  then 
took  them  to  a  field  to  see  them  shoot. 
William  first  cleft  in  two  a  hazel  wand 
at  a  distance  of  200  feet ;  after  this  he 
bound  his  eldest  son  to  a  stake,  put  an 
apple  on  his  head,  and,  at  a  distance  of 
"six  score  paces,"  cleft  the  apple  in  two 
without  touching  the  boy.  The  king  was 
so  delighted  that  he  made  William  "a 
gentleman  of  fe,"  made  his  son  a  royal 
butler,  the  queen  took  Alyce  for  her 
"  chief  gentlewoman,"  and  the  two  com- 
panions were  appointed  yeomen  of  the 
bed-chamber. — Percy,  Eeiiques  ("  Adam 
Bell,"  etc.),  I.  ii.  1. 


WILLIAM  OF  GOLDSBROUGH.      1107 


WILSON. 


"William  of  G-oldsbrough,  one  of 
the  companions  of  Robin  Hood,  mentioned 
in  Grafton's  Olde  and  Auncient  Pamphlet 
(sixteenth  century). 

"William  of  Norwicli  {Saint)  ^  a 
child  said  to  have  been  crucified  by  the 
Jews  in  1137.  (See  Hugh  of  Lincoln 
and  Werner.) 

Two  boys  of  tender  age,  those  saints  ensue, 
Of  Norwich  William  was,  of  Lincoln  Hugh, 
Whom  th'  unbelieving  Jews  (rebellious  that  abide). 
In  mockery  of  our  Clirist,  at  Easter  crucified. 

Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xxiv.  11622). 

W^illiain--with-the-Ijong-  Sword, 
the  earl  of  Salisbury.  He  was  the  natural 
brother  of  Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard 

Williams  (Caleb),  a  lad  in  the  ser- 
vice of  Falkland.  Falkland,  irritated  by 
cruelty  and  insult,  commits  a  murder, 
which  is  attributed  to  another.  Williams, 
by  accident,  obtains  a  clue  to  the  real 
facts  ;  and  Falkland,  knowing  it,  extorts 
from  him  an  oath  of  secrecy,  and  then 
tells  him  the  whole  story.  The  lad,  find- 
ing life  in  Falkland's  house  insupportable 
from  the  ceaseless  suspicion  to  which  he 
is  exposed,  makes  his  escape,  and  is  pur- 
sued by  Falkland  with  relentless  perse- 
cution. At  last  Williams  is  accused  by 
Falkland  of  robbery,  and  the  facts  of  the 
case  being  disclosed,  Falkland  dies  of 
shame  and  a  broken  spirit.  (See  Wil- 
FORD.)  —  W.  Godwin,  Caleb  Williams 
(1794). 

*^,*  The  novel  was  dramatized  by  G. 
Colman,  under  the  title  of  The  Iron  Chest 
(1796).  Caleb  Williams  is  called  "  Wil- 
ford,"  and  Falkland  is  "sir  Edward 
Mortimer." 

Williams  (Ned),  the  sweetheart  of 
Cicely  Jopson,  farmer,  near  Clifton. 

Farmer  Williams,  Ned's  father. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Waverley  (time,  George  II.). 

Willie,  clerk  to  Andrew  Skurliewhit- 
ter  the  scrivener. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes 
of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Willieson  (William),  a  brig-owner, 
one  of  the  Jacobite  conspirators  under  the 
laird  of  EUieslaw.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Black  Dwarf  (time,  Anne). 

Willie  wald  of  Geier  stein  ( Count), 
father  of  count  Arnold  of  Geierstein  alias 
Arnold  Biederman  (landamman  of  Unter- 
walden). — Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geier- 
stem  Ctime,  Edward  IV.). 

Will-o'-th.e-Flat,  one  of  the  hunts- 


men near  Charlie's  Hope  farm.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Gui/  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

Willoughby  (Lord),  of  queen  Eliza- 
beth's court.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Kenilworth 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Willy,  a  shepherd  to  whom  Thomalin 
tells  the  tale  of  his  battle  with  Cupid 
(eel.  iii.).  (See  Thomalin.)  In  eel. 
viii.  he  is  introduced  again,  contending 
with  Perigot  for  the  prize  of  poetry, 
Cuddy  being  chosen  umpire.  Cuddy  de- 
clares himself  quite  unable  to  decide  the 
contest,  for  both  deserve  the  prize. — 
Spenser,  The  Shepheardes  Calendar  (1579). 

Wilmot.  There  are  three  of  the  name 
in  Fatal  Curiosity  (1736),  by  George 
Lillo,  viz.,  old  Wilmot,  his  wife  Agnes, 
and  their  son  young  Wilmot  supposed  to 
have  perished  at  sea.  The  young  man, 
however,  is  not  drowned,  but  goes  to 
India,  makes  his  fortune,  and  returns, 
unknown  to  any  one  of  his  friends.  He 
goes  in  disguise  to  his  parents,  and 
deposits  with  them  a  casket.  Curiosity 
induces  Agnes  to  open  it,  and  when  she 
sees  that  it  contains  jewels,  she  and  her 
husband  resolve  to  murder  the  owner, 
and  appropriate  the  contents  of  the 
casket.  No  sooner  have  they  committed 
the  fatal  deed  than  they  discover  it  is 
their  own  son  whom  they  have  killed  ; 
Avhereupon  the  old  man  stabs  first  his 
wife  and  then  himself. 

The  liarrowing  details  of  this  tragedy  are  powerfully 
depicted  ;  and  the  agonies  of  old  Wilmot  constitute  one 
of  the  most  appalling  and  affiecting  incidents  in  the 
drama. — R.  Chambers,  English  Literature,  i.  69*2. 

Old  Wilmot's  character,  as  the  needy  man  who  had 
known  better  days,  exhibits  a  mind  naturally  good,  but 
prepared  for  acting  evil.— Sir  W.  Scott,  TUe  Drama. 

Wilmot  (Miss  Arabella),  a  clergyman's 
daughter,  beloved  by  George  Primrose, 
eldest  son  of  the  vicar  of  Wakefield, 
whom  ultimately  she  marries. — Gold- 
smith, Vicar  of  Wakefield  (1766). 

Wilmot  (Lord),  earl  of  Rochester,  of 
the  court  of  Charles  II.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Woodstock  (time.  Commonwealth). 

W"ilsa,  the  mulatto  girl  of  Dame 
Ursley  Suddlechop  the  barber's  wife. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time, 
James  I.). 

Wilson  (Alison),  the  old  housekeeper 
of  colonel  Silas  Morton  of  Milnwood. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles 
II.). 

Wilson  (Andrew),  smuggler;  the  com- 
rade of  Geordie  Robertson.  He  was 
hanged. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Heart  of  Mid- 
lothian  (time,  George  II.). 


WILSON. 


1108 


WINDMILLS. 


Wilson  (Bob),  groom  of  sir  William 
Ashton  the  lord  keeper  of  Scotland. — Sir 
W.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lammermoor  (time, 
William  III.). 

Wilson  {Christie) ^  a  character  in  the 
introduction  of  the  Black  Dwarfs  by  sir 
W.  Scott. 

Wilson  (John),  groom  of  Mr.  Godfrey- 
Bertram  laird  of  Ellangowan. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Guy  Mannering  (time,  George  II.). 

"Wilton  (Ralph  de),  the  accepted  suitor 
of  lady  Clare  daughter  of  the  earl  of 
Gloucester.  When  lord  Marmion  over- 
came lialph  de  Wilton  in  the  ordeal  of 
battle,  and  left  him  for  dead  on  the  field, 
lady  Clare  took  refuge  in  Whitbj'-  Con- 
vent. By  Marmion's  desire  she  was 
removed  from  the  convent  to  Tantallon 
Hall,  where  she  met  Ralph,  who  had 
been  cured  of  his  wounds.  Ralph,  being 
knighted  by  Douglas,  married  the  lady 
Clare.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Marmion  (1808). 

Wimble  (Will),  a  character  in  Addi- 
Bon's  Spectator^  simple,  good-natured, 
and  officious. 

***  Will  Wimble  in  the  flesh  was 
Thomas  Morecroft  of  Dublin  (*-1741). 

Wimbledon  (The  Philosopher  of), 
John  Home  Tooke,  who  lived  at  Wimble- 
don, near  London  (1736-1812). 

Wincbester,  in  Arthurian  romance, 
is  called  Camelot. 

It  ?wam  doTvn  the  stream  to  the  city  of  Camelot,  i.e. 
in  English,  Winchester.— Sir  T.  Malory,  UUtory  of  Frince 
Arthur,  i.  44  (1470). 

Winchester  (The  Imhop  of),  Lancelot 
Andrews.  The  name  is  not  given  in  the 
novel,  but  the  date  of  the  novel  is  1620, 
and  Dr.  Andrews  was  translated  from 
Ely  to  Winchester  in  Februarv,  1618- 
19  ;  and  died  in  1626.— Sir  W.  Scott, 
Fortunes  of  Nigel  (time,  James  I.). 

Wind  Sold.  At  one  time,  the  Fin- 
landers  and  Laplanders  drove  a  profitable 
trade  hy  the  sale  of  winds.  After  being 
paid,  they  knitted  three  magical  knots, 
and  told  the  buyer  that  when  he  untied 
the  first  he  would  have  a  good  gale ; 
when  the  second,  a  strong  wind ;  and 
when  the  third,  a  severe  tempest. — Olaus 
Magnus,  History  of  the  Goths^  etc.,  47 
(1658). 

King  Eric  of  Sweden  was  quite  a  po- 
tentate of  these  elements,  and  could 
change  them  at  pleasure  by  merely 
Bhiftin^  his  cap. 

Bessie  Millie,  of  Pomo'na,  in  the 
Orkney  Islands,  helped  to  eke  out  her 


living  (even  bo  late  as  1814)  by  selling 
favourable  winds  to  mariners,  for  the 
small  sum  of  sixpence  per  vessel. 

Winds  were  also  at  one  time  sold  at 
mont  St.  Michel,  in  Normandy,  by  nine 
druidesses,  who  likewise  sold  arrows  to 
charm  away  storms.  These  arrows  were 
to  be  shot  off  by  a  young  man  25  years 
of  age. 

*^*  Witches  generally  were  supposed 
to  sell  wind. 

'Oons!  I'll  marry  a  Lapland  witch  as  soon,  and  live 
upon  selling  contrary  winds  and  wrecked  vessels.— W. 
Congreve,  Love /or  Love,  iii.  (1695), 

In  Ireland  and  in  Denmark  both. 
Witches  for  gold  will  sell  a  man  a  wind. 
Which,  in  the  corner  of  a  napkin  wrapped, 
Shall  blow  him  safe  unto  what  coast  he  will. 

Summer,  Latt  Will  and  Test.  (1600). 

***  See  note  to  the  Pirate  "  Sale  of 
Winds  "  (Waverley  Novels,  xxiv.  136). 

Winds  (The),  according  to  Hesiod, 
were  the  sons  of  Astraeus  and  Aurora. 

You  nymphs,  the  winged  offspring  which  of  old. 
Aurora  to  divine  Astraeus  bore. 

Akenside,  Jlymrt,  to  the  A'aiadi  (1767). 

Winds  and  Tides.  Nicholas  of 
Lyn,  an  Oxford  scholar  and  friar,  was  a 
great  navigator.  He  "  took  the  height  of 
mountains  with  his  astrolobe,"  and  taught 
that  there  were  four  whirlpools  like  the 
Maelstrom  of  Norway — one  in  each  quarter 
of  the  globe,  from  which  the  four  winds 
issue,  and  which  are  the  cause  of  the 
tides. 

One  Nicholas  of  Lyn 

The  whirlpools  of  the  seas  did  come  to  understand,  ... 

For  such  immeasured  pools,  philosophers  agree, 

I'  the  four  parts  of  the  world  undoubtedly  there  be. 

From  which  they  have  supposed  nature  the  winds  doth 

raise. 
And  from  them  too  proceed,  the  flowing  of  the  seas. 
Drayton,  PolyolUon,  xix. 


Windmill  with  a  Weather- 
cock Atop  (Tl\e).  Goodwyn,  a  puritan 
divine  of  St.  Margaret's,  London,  was  so 
called  (1593-1651). 

Windmills.  Don  Quixote,  seeing 
some  thirty  or  forty  windmills,  insisted 
that  they  were  giants,  and,  running  a  tilt 
at  one  of  them,  thrust  his  spear  into  the 
sails ;  whereupon  the  sails  raised  both 
man  and  horse  into  the  air,  and  shivered 
the  knight's  lance  into  splinters.  When 
don  Quixote  was  thrown  to  the  ground, 
he  persisted  in  saying  that  his  enemy 
Freston  had  transformed  the  giants  into 
windmills  merely  to  rob  him  of  his 
honour,  but  notwithstanding,  the  wind- 
mills were  in  reality  giants  in  disguise. 
This  is  the  first  adventure  of  the  knight. 
— Cervantes,  Don  Quixote,  I.  i.  8  (1606). 

Windmills.  The  giant  Widenostrila 
lived    on    windmills.      (See    Widenos- 


WINDSOR. 


1109 


WINKLE. 


TRiLS.) — Rabelais,    Fantagniel,    iv.    17 
(1545). 

Windsor  (The  Rev.  Mr.),  a  friend  of 
Master  George  Heriot  the  king's  gold- 
Bmifch. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Fortunes  of  Nigel 
(time,  James  I.). 

Windsor  Beauties  {The)^  Anne 
Hj'de  duchess  of  York,  and  her  twelve 
ladies  in  the  court  of  Charles  II.,  painted 
by  sir  Peter  Lely  at  the  request  of  Anne 
Hyde,  Conspicuous  in  her  train  of 
Hebgs  was  Frances  Jennings,  eldest 
daughter  of  Richard  Jennings  of  Stand- 
ridge,  near  St.  Alban's. 

Windsor  Sentinel  {The)  who 
heard  St.  Paul's  clock  strike  thirteen,  was 
John  Hatfield,  who  died  at  his  house  in 
Glasshouse  Yard,  Aldersgate,  June  18, 
1770,  aged  102. 

"Windsor  of  Denmark  {The),  the 
castle  of  Cronborg,  in  Elsinore. 

Windy-Cap,  Eric  king  of  Sweden. 

[Tcld]  of  Brick's  cap  and  Elmo's  light. 

Sir  W.  Scott.  Ilokeby,  U.  11  (1813). 

Wine.  If  it  makes  one  stupid  it  is 
V)in  (Tdne ;  if  maudlin,  it  is  vin  de  cerf 
(from  the  notion  that  deer  weep) ;  if 
quarrelsome,  it  is  vin  de  lion;  if  talka- 
tive, it  is  vin  de  pie  ;  if  sick,  it  is  vin  de 
pore ;  if  crafty,  it  is  vin  de  renard ;  if 
rude,  it  is  vin  de  singe.  To  these  might 
be  added,  vin  de  chevre,  when  an  amorous 
eflPect  is  produced ;  vin  de  coucou,  if  it 
makes  one  egotistical  ;  and  urn  de  cra- 
paud,  when  its  effect  is  inspiring. 

Wine  (1814).  In  1858  a  sale  took 
place  in  Paris  of  the  effects  of  the  late 
duchesse  de  Raguse,  including  a  pipe  of 
Madeira.  This  wine  was  fished  up  in 
1814  from  the  carcase  of  a  ship  wrecked 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Scheldt  in  1778,  and 
had  lain  there  till  1814.  Louis  XVIII. 
bought  it,  but  part  of  it  was  presented  to 
the  French  consul,  and  thus  it  came  into 
the  cellar  of  the  due  de  Raguse.  At  the 
eale,  fort3--four  bottles  were  sold,  and 
the  late  baron  Rothschild  bought  them 
for  their  weight  in  gold. 

Wine  {Three-Men).  Very  bad  wine  is 
BO  called,  because  it  requires  one  man  to 
hold  the  drinker,  a  second  to  pour  the 
wine  down  his  throat,  and  the  third  man 
is  the  victim  himself. 

Abraham  Santa  Clara,  the  preaching 
friar,  calls  the  wine  of  Alsace  "three- 
men  wine." 

Wine-Mixer    {The    Most    Famous 


British),  Quintanona,  the  go-between  of 
Guinevere  and  sir  Launcelot.  From  an 
old  ballad,  it  seems  that  Quintanona  set 
sir  Launcelot  the  task  of  bringing  to  her 
"  the  bonnie  white-foot  deer,"  an  animal 
attended  by  seven  lions  and  a  lioness. 
This  deer  had  already  been  the  death  of 
many  champions.  It  was  in  reality  a 
prince  who  had  been  transformed  into  a 
deer  by  the  incantations  of  his  father. 

Wingate  {Master  Jasper),  the  steward 
at  Avenel  Castle.— Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Winged  Horse  (A),  the  standard 
and  emblem  of  ancient  Corinth,  in  con- 
sequence of  the  fountain  of  Pire'ne,  near 
that  city,  and  Peg'asus  the  winged 
horse  of  Apollo  and  the  Muses. 

Winged  Lion  {Tlie),  the  heraldic 
device  of  the  republic  of  Venice. 

They'll  plant  the  winged  llpn  in  these  halls. 
Robert  Browning,  The  Jteturn  af  the  Drute*,  r. 

Wingfield,  a  citizen  of  Perth,  whoso 
trade  was  feather-dressing. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Fair  Maid  of  Perth  (time,  Henry 
IV.). 

Wing  field  (Ambrose),  employed  at  Os- 
baldistone  Hall. 

Lancie  Wingfield,  one  of  the  men 
employed  at  Osbaldistone  Hall. — Sir  W, 
Scott,  Rob  Roy  (time,  George  I.). 

Wing-the-Wind  (Michael),  a  ser- 
vant at  Holyrood  Palace,  and  the  friend 
of  Adam  Woodcock.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Tlui 
Abbot  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Winij&*id  (-S'^.),  patron  saint  of 
virgins  ;  beheaded  by  Caradoc  for  refus- 
ing to  marry  him.  The  tears  she  shed 
became  the  fountain  called  "  St.  Wini- 
frid's  Well,"  the  waters  of  which  not 
only  cure  all  sorts  of  diseases,  but  are  so 
buoyant  that  nothing  sinks  to  the  bottom. 
St.  Winifrid's  blood  stained  the  gravel 
in  the  neighbourhood  red,  and  her  hair 
became  moss.  Drayton  has  given  this 
legend  in  verse  in  his  Polyolbion,  x.  (1612). 

Winkle  (Nathaniel),  M.P.C.,  a  young 
cockney  sportsman,  considered  by  his 
companions  to  be  a  dead  shot,  a  hunter, 
skater,  etc.  All  these  acquirements  are, 
however,  wholly  imaginary.  He  marries 
Arabella  Allen.— C.  Dickens,  T/ie  Pick- 
wick Papers  (1836). 

Winkle  (Rip  van),  a  Dutch  colonist  of 
New  York,  who  met  a  strange  man  in  a 
ravine  of  the  Kaatskill  Mountains.  Rip 
helped  the  stranger  to  carry  a  keg  to  a 


WINKLEBRED. 


1110 


WISDOM. 


wild  retreat  among  rocks,  where  he  saw 
a  host  of  strange  personages  playing 
skittles  in  mysterious  silence.  Rip  took 
the  first  opportunity  of  tasting  the  keg, 
fell  into  a  stupor,  and  slept  for  twenty 
years.  On  waking,  he  found  that  his 
wife  was  dead  and  buried,  his  daughter 
married,  his  village  remodelled,  and 
America  had  become  independent. — 
Washington  Irving,  Sketch-Book  (1820). 

The  tale  of  Epimenides,  of  Peter  Klaus, 
of  the  Sleeping  Beauty,  the  Seven 
Sleepers,  etc.,  are  somewhat  similar. 
(See  Sleeper,  p.  919.) 

"Winklebred  or  Winklebrand 
(Louis),  lieutenant  of  sir  Maurice  de 
Bracy  a  follower  of  prince  John. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time  Richard  I.). 

"Winnie  {Annie),  an  old  sibyl,  who 
makes  her  appearance  at  the  death  of 
Alice  Gray. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Bride  of  Lam- 
mermoor  (time,  William  III.). 

Winter,  the  head  servant  of  general 
Witherington  alias  Richard  Tresham. — 
Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's  Daughter 
(time,  George  II.). 

Winter.    (See  Seasons,  p.  884.) 

Winter  King  {The),  Frederick  V., 
the  rival  of  Ferdmand  II.  of  Germany. 
He  married  Elizabeth  daughter  of  James 
I.  of  England,  and  was  king  of  Bohemia 
for  just  one  winter,  the  end  of  1619  and 
the  beginning  of  1620  (1596-1632).  (See 
Snow  King,  p.  927.) 

Winter  Queen  {The),  Elizabeth, 
daughter  of  James  I.  of  England,  and 
wife  of  Frederick  V.  *'The  Winter  King." 
(See  Snow  Queen,  p.  927.) 

Winter's  Bird  {The),  the  wood- 
cock. 

How  nobler  to  the  winter  bird  to  say, 
*'  Poor  stranger,  welcome  from  thy  stormy  way  .  .  . 
The  food  and  shelter  of  my  valleys  share." 
Peter  Pindar  [Dr.  Wolcot],  Island  of  Innocence  (1809). 

Winter's  Tale  {The),  by  Shake- 
speare (1604).  Leontes  king  of  Sicily 
invites  his  friend  Polixenes  to  visit  him. 
During  this  visit  the  king  becomes 
jealous  of  him,  and  commands  Camillo 
to  poison  him  ;  but  Camillo  onh'  warns 
Polixenes  of  the  danger,  and  flees  with 
him  to  Bohemia.  When  Leontes  hears 
thereof,  his  rage  is  unbounded  ;  and  he 
casts  his  queen  Hermi'one  into  prison, 
where  she  gives  birth  to  a  daughter, 
which  Leontes  gave  direction  shouM 
be  placed  on  a  desert  shore  to  perish. 
In    the    mean   time,    he    is    told    that 


Hermiong,  the  queen,  is  dead.  The 
vessel  containing  the  infant  daughter 
being  storm-driven  to  Bohemia,  the  child 
is  left  there,  and  is  brought  up  by  a  shep- 
herd, who  calls  it  -Perdita.  One  day,  in 
a  hunt,  prince  Florizel  sees  Perdita' and 
falls  in  love  with  her ;  but  Polixengs,  his 
father,  tells  her  that  she  and  the  shepherd 
shall  be  put  to  death  if  she  encourages  the 
foolish  suit.  Florizel  and  Perdita  now  flee 
to  Sicily,  and  being  introduced  to  Leontes, 
it  is  soon  discovered  that  Perdita  is  his 
lost  daughter.  Polixenes  tracks  his  son 
to  Sicily,  and  being  told  of  the  discovery, 
gladly  consents  to  the  union  he  had 
before  forbidden.  Pauli'na  now  invites 
the  royal  party  to  inspect  a  statue  of 
Hermione  in  her  house,  and  the  statue 
turns  out  to  be  the  living  queen. 

The  plot  of  this  drama  is  borrowed 
from  the  tale  of  Pandosto  or  The  Triumph 
of  Time,  by  Robert  Greene  (1683). 

We  should  have  him  back 
Who  told  the  Winter's  Tale  to  do  it  for  us., 

Tennyson,  Prologue  of  The  Prikceis. 

Winter  blossom  {Mr.  Philip),  "  the 
man  of  taste,"  on  the  managing  com- 
mittee at  the  Spa.— Sir  W.  Scott,  St. 
Ronan's  Well  (time,  George  III.). 

Winter  sen  {The  count),  brother  of 
baron  Steinfort,  lord  of  the  place,  and 
greatly  beloved. 

2'he  countess  Wintersen,  wife  of  the 
above.  She  is  a  kind  friend  to  Mrs. 
Haller,  and  confidante  of  her  brother  the 
baron  Steinfort. — Benjamin  Thompson, 
The  Stranger  (1797). 

Winterton  {Adam),  the  garrulous 
old  steward  of  sir  Edward  Mortimer,  in 
whose  service  he  had  been  for  fortj'^-nine 
years.  He  was  fond  of  his  little  jokes, 
and  not  less  so  of  his  little  nips,  but  he 
loved  his  master  and  almost  idolized  him. 
— G.  Colman,  The  Iron  Chest  (1796). 

Win-the-Fight  {Master  Joachin)^ 
the  attorney  employed  by  major  Bridge- 
north  the  roundhead. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Peveril  of  the  Peak  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Wirral  {The),  the  long,  square-ended 
peninsula  between  the  Mersey  and  the 
Dee. 
Here  there  are  few  that  either  God  or  man  with  good 

heart  love. 

Sir  Gaioayne  and  the  Green  Knight, 

W"isdoni  {Honour  paid  to). 

Anachaksis  went  from  Scythia  io 
Athens  to  see  Solon. — Julian,  Le  Varia 
Historia,  v. 

Apollonios  Tyan^us  (Cappadocia) 
travelled  through  Scythia  and  into  India 


WISDOM  PERSECUTED. 


1111 


WISE  MEN. 


as  far  as  the  river  Phison  to  see  Hiarchus. 
— PhilostrStos,  Life  of  ApoUonios,  ii.  last 
chapter. 

Ben  Jonson,  in  1619,  travelled  on  foot 
from  London  to  Scotland  merely  to  see 
W.  Drummond,  the  Scotch  poet,  whose 
genius  he  admired. 

LiVY  went  from  the  confines  of  Spain 
to  Rome  to  hold  converse  with  the  learned 
men  of  that  city. — Pliny  the  Younger, 
Epistle,  iii.  2. 

Plato  travelled  from  Athens  to  Egypt 
to  see  the  wise  men  or  magi,  and  to  visit 
Archytas  of  Tarentum,  inventor  of  several 
automatons,  as  the  flying  pigeon,  and  of 
numerous  mechanical  instruments,  as  the 
screw  and  crane. 

Pythagoras  went  from  Italy  to  Egypt 
to  visit  the  vaticinators  of  Memphis. — 
Porphyrj',  Life  of  Pythagoras,  9  (Kuster's 
edition). 

SiiEBA  {The  queen  of)  went  from  "the 
uttermost  parts  of  the  earth  "  to  hear  and 
see  Solomon,  whose  wisdom  and  great- 
ness had  reached  her  ear. 

Wisdom  Persecuted. 

Anaxagouas  of  Clazomenae  held  opi- 
nions in  natural  science  so  far  in  advance 
of  his  age  that  he  was  accused  of  impietj^, 
cast  into  prison,  and  condemned  to  death. 
It  was  with  great  difficulty  that  Pericles 
got  the  sentence  commuted  to  fine  and 
banishment. 

AvERRois,  the  Arabian  philosopher,  was 
denounced  as  a  heretic,  and  degraded,  in 
the  twelfth  Christian  century  (died  1226). 

Bacon  (Friar)  was  excommunicated 
and  imprisoned  for  diabolical  knowledge, 
chiefly  on  account  of  his  cjiemical  re- 
searches (1214-1294). 

Bruno  (Giordano)  was  burnt  alive  for 
maintaining  that  matter  is  the  mother 
of  all  things  (1560-1600). 

Crosse  (Andrew),  electrician,  was 
shunned  as  a  profane  man,  because  he 
asserted  that  certain  minute  animals  of 
the  genus  Acarus  had  been  developed  by 
him  out  of  inorganic  elements  (1784- 
1855). 

Dee  (Dr.  John)  had  his  house  broken 
into  by  a  mob,  and  all  his  valuable 
library,  museum,  and  mathematical  in- 
struments destroyed,  because  he  was  so 
wise  that  "  he  must  have  been  allied  with 
the  devil "  (1527-1608). 

Feahgil.     (See  "  Virgilius.") 

Galileo  was  imprisoned  by  the  In- 
quisition for  daring  to  believe  that  the 
earth  moved  round  the  sun  and  not  the 
sun  round  the  earth.     In  order  to  get  his 


liberty,  he  was  obliged  to  "abjure  the 
heresy  ;  "  but  as  the  door  closed  he  mut- 
tered, E pur  simuove  ("But  it  does  move, 
though"),  1564-1642. 

Gerbert,  who  introduced  algebra  into 
Christendom,  was  accused  of  dealing  in 
the  black  arts,  and  was  shunned  as  a 
"  son  of  Belial." 

Grosted  or  Grosseteste  bishop  of 
Lincoln,  author  of  some  two  hundred 
works  was  accused  of  dealing  in  the  black 
arts,  and  the  pope  wrote  a  letter  to  Henry 
III.,  enjoining  him  to  disinter  the  bones  of 
the  too-wise  bishop,  as  they  polluted  the 
very  dust  of  God's  acre  (died  1253). 

Faust  (Dr.),  the  German  philosopher, 
was  accused  of  diabolism  for  his  wisdom 
so  far  in  advance  of  the  age. 

Peyrere  was  imprisoned  in  Brussels 
for  attempting  to  prove  that  man  existed 
before  Adam  (seventeenth  century). 

Protagoras,  the  philosopher,  was 
banished  from  Athens,  for  his  book  On 
the  Gods. 

Socrates  was  condemned  to  death  as 
an  atheist,  because  he  was  the  wisest  of 
men,  and  his  wisdom  was  not  in  accord- 
ance with  the  age. 

Virgilius  bishop  of  Saltzburg  was 
compelled  by  pope  Zachary  to  retract  his 
assertion  that  there  are  other  "  worlds  " 
besides  our  earth,  and  other  suns  and 
moons  besides  those  which  belong  to  our 
system  (died  784). 

Geologists  had  the  same  battle  to  fight, 
and  so  has  Colenso  bishop  of  Natal. 

Wise  (The). 

Albert  II.  duke  of  Austria,  "The  Lame 
and  Wise"  (1289,  1330-1358). 

Alfonso  X.  of  Leon  and  Castile  (1203, 
1252-1284). 

Charles  V.  of  France,  Le  Sage  (1337, 
1364-1380). 

Che-Tsou  of  China  (*,  1278-1295). 

Comte  de  las  Cases,  Le  Sage  (1766- 
1842). 

Frederick  elector  of  Saxony  (1463, 
1544-1554). 

James  I.,  "Solomon,"  of  England 
(1566, 1603-1625). 

John  V.  duke  of  Brittany,  "The  Good 
and  Wise  "  (1389,  1399-1442). 

Wise  Men  (The  Seven):  (1)  Solon 
of  Athens,  (2)  Chilo  of  Sparta,  (3)  Thales 
of  Miletos,  (4)  Bias  of  Priene,  (5)  Cleo- 
bulos  of  Lindos,  (6)  Pittiicos  of  Mitjdene, 
(7)  Periander  of  Corinth,  or,  according 
to  Plato,  Myson  of  Chenae.  All  flourished 
in  the  sixth  century  B.C. 

First  iSoLo.v,  who  made  tlie  Athenian  laws ; 
While  CuiLO,  in  Sparta,  wus  famed  for  bis  saw* ; 


WISE  MEN  OF  THE  EAST. 


1112 


WITCH  OF  EDMONTON. 


In  Miletos  did  Thales  astronomy  teach  ; 
Bias  used  iu  PrienS  hia  iiiuriilji  to  preach  ; 
Clkobuuw,  of  Lindoa,  \ra.s  handsome  ajid  wise; 
Mitylenfi  'gainst  thraldom  saw  PlTTACX)S  rise  ; 
Pkkiandsr  is  siud  to  have  gained,  thro'  his  court. 
The  tiUe  that  MvsoN,  the  Chenian,  ought. 

E.  C.  R 

One  of  Plutarch's  brochures  in  the 
Moralia  is  entitled,  "The  Banquet  of  the 
Seven  Wise  Men,"  in  which  Periander  is 
made  to  give  an  account  of  a  contest 
at  Chalcis  between  Homer  and  Hesiod. 
The  latter  won  the  prize,  and  caused  this 
inscription  to  be  engraved  on  the  tripod 
presented  to  him  : 

This  Hesiod  vows  to  the  Heliconian  nine. 
In  Chalcis  won  from  Homer  the  divine. 

"Wise  Men  of  the  East.  Klop- 
stock,  in  The  Messiah,  v.,  says  there 
were  six  "Wise  Men  of  the  East,"  who, 
guided  by  the  star,  brought  their  gifts  to 
Jesus,  "the  heavenly  babe,"  viz.,  Ha'dad, 
Sel'ima,  Zimri,  Mirja,  Be'led,  and 
Sun'ith.     (See  Cologne,  Three  kings 

OF.) 

Wisest  Man.  So  the  Delphic  oracle 
pronounced  Soc'rates  to  l>e.  Socrates 
modestly  made  answer,  'Twas  because 
he  alone  had  learnt  this  first  element  of 
truth,  that  he  knew  nothing. 

Not  those  seven  sages  might  him  parallel ; 
Nor  he  whom  Pytliian  maid  did  wliilome  tell 
To  be  the  wisest  man  that  then  on  eartii  did  ftwell. 
Phin.  Fietcljer,  Ttm  P^arplc  Jtland,  vL  (1633). 

"Wisheart  (The  Rev.  Dr.),  chaplain 
to  the  earl  of  Montrose. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Legend  of  Montrose  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Wishfort  (Ladi^),  widow  of  sir 
Jonathan  Wishfort ;  an  irritable,  im- 
patient, decayed  beauty,  who  painted 
and  enamelled  her  face  to  make  herself 
look  blooming,  and  was  afraid  to  frown 
lest  the  enamel  might  crack.  She  pre- 
tended to  be  CO}--,  and  assumed,  at  the  age 
of  60,  the  airs  of  a  girl  of  16.  A  trick 
was  played  upon  her  by  Edward  Mira- 
bell,  who  induced  his  lackey  Waitwell  to 
personate  sir  Rowland,  and  make  love 
to  her ;  but  the  deceit  was  discovered 
before  much  mischief  was  done.  Her 
pet  expression  was,  "As  I'm  a  person." — 
W.  Congreve,  The  Way  of  the  World 
(1700). 

WisMng-Cap  (The),  a  cap  given  to 
Fortunatus.  He  had  only  to  put  the  cap 
on  and  wish,  and  whatever  he  wished  he 
instantly  obtained. — Straparola,  Fortu- 
natus. 

"Wishin^-Rod  (Tlie),  a  rod  of  pure 
gold,  belongmg  to  the  Nibelungs.  Who- 
ever possessed  it  could  have  anything  he 
desired  to  have,  and  hold  the  whole  world 


in  subjection. — The  Nibelungen  Lied.  1160 
(1210). 

Wisliing-Sack  (The),  a  sack  given 
by  our  Lord  to  a  man  named  "Fourteen," 
because  he  was  as  strong  as  fourteen  men. 
Whatever  he  wished  to  have  he  had  only 
to  say,  "Artchila  murtchila!"  ("Come 
into  my  sack "),  and  it  came  in ;  or 
"Artchila  murtchila!"  ("Go  into  my 
sack  "),  and  it  went  in. 

*^*  This  is  a  Basque  legend.  In  Gas- 
coigne  it  is  called  "  Rame'e's  Sack  "  (Le 
Sac  de  la  Ramee).  "  Fourteen  "  is  some- 
times called  "  Twenty-four,"  sometimes 
a  Tartaro  or  Polypheme.  He  is  very 
similar  to  Christoph'eros. 

Wisp  of  Straw,  given  to  a  scold  aa 
a  rebuke. 

A  wisp  of  straw  were  worth  a  thousand  crowns. 
To  malce  this  shameless  callet  know  herself. 

Shaliesi)eare.  3  Uenry  VI.  act  ii.  so.  2  (1595). 

Wit— Simplicity.  It  was  said  of 
John  Gay  that  he  was 

In  wit  a  nmn,  simplicity  a  child. 

*^*  The  line  is  often  flung  at  Oliver 
Goldsmith,  to  whom,  indeed,  it  equally 
applies. 

Witch.  The  last  person  prosecuted 
before  the  lords  of  justiciary  (in  Scot- 
land) for  witchcraft  was  Elspeth  Rule. 
She  was  tried  May  3,  1709,  before  lord 
Anstruther,  and  condemned  to  be  burned 
on  the  cheek,  and  banished  from  Scotland 
for  life. — ^Amot,  History  of  Udinburgh, 
366,  367. 

Witch-Finder,  Matthew  Hopkins 
(seventeenth  century).  In  1645  he 
hanged  sixty  witches  in  his  own  county 
(Essex)  alone,  and  received  20s.  a  head 
for  every  witch  he  could  discover. 

Has  not  the  present  iwirlianient 

Mat  Hopkins  to  the  devil  sent, 

Fully  empowered  to  treat  about. 

Finding  revolted  witches  out  i 

And  has  not  lie  within  a  year 

Hanged  three  score  of  tliem  in  one  shire  ! 

S.  Butler,  Budibras.  ii.  3  (1664). 

Witch  of  Atlas,  the  title  and 
heroine  of  one  of  Shelley's  poems. 

Witch  of  Bal-v?«rer'y,  Margaret 
Aiken,  a  Scotchwoman  (sixteenth  cen- 
tury). 

Witch  of  Edmonton  (The),  called 
"Mother  Sawyer."  This  is  the  true 
traditional  witch ;  no  mystic  ha;.'',  no 
weird  sister,  but  only  a  poor,  deformed 
old  woman,  the  terror  of  villagers,  and 
amenable  to  justice. 

Why  should  the  envious  world 
Throw  all  their  scandalous  malice  upon  me  t 


WITCH'S  BLOOD. 


1113 


WOBBLEK. 


I  I'm  poor,  deformed,  and  ignorant. 
And.  like  a  bow,  buckled  and  bent  together 
By  some  more  strong  in  mischiefs  than  myself. 

The  Witch  of  Mdmonton  (by  Rowley,  Dekker, 
and  Ford,  1658). 

"W"iteh,'s  Blood.  Whoever  was  suc- 
cessful in  drawing  blood  from  a  witch, 
was  free  from  her  malignant  power. 
Hence  Talbot,  when  he  sees  La  Pucelle, 
exclaims,  "Blood  will  I  draw  from  thee; 
thou  art  a  witch ! " — Shakespeare,  1  Henry 
VI.  act  i.  Bc.  5  (1592). 

"Witherington  ( General)  a?ias  Richard 
Tresham,  who  first  appears  as  Mr.  Matthew 
Middlemas. 

Mrs.  Witherington,  wife  of  the  general, 
alias  Mrs.  Middlemas  (bom  Zelia  de 
Moncada).  She  appears  first  as  Mrs. 
Middlemas. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Surgeon's 
Daughter  (time,  George  II.). 

"Wititterly  {Mr.  Henry),  an  impor- 
tant gentleman,  38  years  of  age ;  of 
rather  plebeian  countenance,  and  with 
very  light  hair.  He  boasts  everlastingly 
of  his  grand  friends.  To  shake  hands 
with  a  lord  was  a  thing  to  talk  of,  but  to 
entertain  one  was  the  seventh  heaven  to 
his  heart. 

Mrs.  Wititterly  [Julia'],  wife  of  Mr. 
Wititterly,  of  CadOgan  Place,  Sloane 
Street,  London ;  a  faded  lady  living  in 
a  faded  house.  She  calls  her  page 
Alphonse  (2  syl.),  "  although  he  has  the 
face  and  figure  of  Bill."  Mrs.  Wititterly 
toadies  the  aristocracy,  and,  like  her 
husband,  boasts  of  her  grand  connec- 
tions and  friends. — C.  Dickens,  Nicholas 
Nioklehy  (1838).     (See  Tibbs,  p.  1004.) 

"Witi'za.    (See  Vitiza.) 

"Witling  of  Terror,  Bertrand  Ba- 
rbre ;  also  called  "The  Anacreon  of  the 
Guillotine"  (1755-1841). 

Wits.  "  Great  wits  are  sure  to  mad- 
ness near  allied." — Dryden. 

*^*  The  idea  is  found  in  Seneca  :  Nul- 
lum magnum  ingenium  absque  mixtura 
dementioB  est.  Festus  said  to  Paul, 
"Much  learning  doth  make  thee  mad" 
{Acts  xxvi.  24). 

Wits  {Your five).  Stephen  Hawes  ex- 
plains this  expression  in  his  poem  of 
Graunde  Amoure,  xxiv.,  from  which  we 
gather  that  the  five  wits  are :  Common 
wit,  imagination,  fantasy,  estimation, 
and  memory  (1515). 

Alas,  sir,  how  fell  you  besides  your  fire  wits? 
Shakespeare,  Twelfth  Mght,  act  iv.  sc.  2  (1602). 

Wittenbold,  a  Dutch  commandant, 


in  the  service  of   Charles  II.— Sir  W. 
Scott,  Old  Mortality  (time,  Charles  II.). 

Wittol  {Sir  Joseph),  an  ignorant, 
foolish  simpleton,  who  says  that  Bully 
Buff  "is  as  brave  a  fellow  as  Cannibal." 
— Congreve,  The  Old  Bachelor  (1G93). 

Witwould  {Sir  Wilful),  of  Shrop- 
shire, half-brother  of  Anthony  Witwould, 
and  nephew  of  lady  Wishfort.  A  mixture 
of  bashfulness  and  obstinacy,  but  when  in 
his  cups  as  loving  as  the  monster  in  the 
Tempest.  He  is  "a  superannuated 
old  bachelor,"  who  is  willing  to  marry 
Millamant ;  but  as  the  young  lady  prefers 
Edward  Mirabell,  he  is  equally  willing  to 
resign  her  to  him.  His  favourite  phrase 
is,  "Wilful  will  do  it." 

Anthony  Witwould,  half-brother  to  sir 
Wilful.  "'He  has  good  nature  and  does 
not  want  wit."  Having  a  good  memory, 
he  has  a  store  of  other  folks'  wit,  which 
he  brings  out  in  conversation  with  good 
eifect. — W.  Congreve,  The  Way  of  the 
World  (1700). 

Wives  as  they  Were  and  Maids 
as  they  Are,  a  comedy  by  Mrs.  Inch- 
bald  (1797).  Lady  Priory  is  the  type  of 
the  former,  and  Miss  Dorrillon  of  the 
latter.  Lady  Priory  is  discreet,  domestic, 
and  submissive  to  her  husband  ;  but  Miss 
Dorrillon  is  gay,  flighty,  and  fond  of 
pleasure.  Lady  Priory,  under  false  pre- 
tences, is  allured  from  home  by  a  Mr. 
Bronzely,  a  man  of  no  principle  and  a 
rake ;  but  her  quiet,  innocent  conduct  quite 
disarms  him,  and  he  takes  her  back  to  her 
husband,  ashamed  of  himself,  and  resolves 
to  amend.  Miss  Dorrillon  is  so  involved 
in  debt  that  she  is  arrested,  but  her  father 
from  the  Indies  pays  her  debts.  She  also 
repents,  and  becomes  the  wife  of  sir  George 
Evelj^n. 

Wives  of  Literary  Men.  The 
following  were  unhappy  in  their  wives  : — 
Addison,  Byron,  Dickens,  Dryden,  Albert 
Durer,  Hooker,  Ben  Jonson,  W.  Lilly 
(second  wife),  Milton,  Molifere,  More,  Sadi 
the  Persian  poet,  Scaliger,  Shakespeare, 
Shelley,  Socrates,  Wycherly,  etc.  The 
following  were  happy  in  their  choice  : — 
Thomas  Moore,  sir  W.  Scott,  Wordsworth, 
etc.  The  reader  can  add  to  the  list,  which 
will  serve  as  a  heading. 

Wizard  of  the  North,  sir  Walter 
Scott (1771-1832). 

Wobbler  {Mr.),  of  the  Circumlocu- 
tion Office.  When  Mr.  Clennam,  by  the 
direction  of  Mr.  Barnacle,  in  another  de- 
partment of  the  office,  called  on  this  g^rtle- 


WOEFUL  COUNTENANCE. 


.114 


WOLSEY. 


man,  he  was  telling  a  brother  clerk  about 
a  rat-hunt,  and  kept  Clennam  waiting  a 
considerable  time.  When  at  length  Mr. 
Wobbler  chose  to  attend,  he  politely  said, 
*'  Hallo,  there  !  What's  the  matter  ?  "  Mr. 
Clennam  briefly  stated  his  question ;  and 
Mr.  Wobbler  replied,  "Can't inform  you. 
Never  beard  of  it.  Nothing  at  all  to  do 
with  it.  Try  Mr.  Clive."  When  Clen- 
nam left,  Mr.  Wobbler  called  out,  "Mister ! 
Hallo,  there !  Shut  the  door  after  you. 
There's  a  devil  of  a  draught !  " — Charles 
Dickens,  Little  Dorrit,  x.  (1857). 

"Woeful  Countenance  (Knight  of 
tJie).  Don  Quixote  was  so  called  by 
Sancho  Panza,  but  after  his  adventure 
with  the  lions  he  called  hinitself  "The 
Knight  of  the  Lions." — Cervantes,  Don 
Quixote,  I.  iii.  5  ;  IL  i.  17  (1605-16). 

Wolf.  The  Neuri,  according  to 
Herod6tos,  had  the  power  of  assuming 
the  shape  of  wolves  once  a  year. 

One  of  the  family  of  Ant^us,  accord- 
ing to  Pliny,  was  chosen  annually,  by  lot, 
to  be  transformed  into  a  wolf,  in  which 
shape  he  continued  for  nine  years- 

Lyca'on,  king  of  Arcadia,  was  turned 
into  a  wolf  because  he  attempted  to  test 
the  divinity  of  Jupiter  by  serving  up  to 
him  a  "hash  of  human  flesh." — Ovid. 

Veret'icus,  king  of  Wales,  was  con- 
verted by  St.  Patrick  into  a  wolf. 

Wolf  (A)y  emblem  of  the  tribe  of  Ben- 
jamin. 

Benjamin  shall  ravin  as  a  wolf:  in  the  morning  he 
sliall  devour  the  prey,  and  at  night  be  shall  divide  the 
spoil.— &en.  xlix.  S57. 

Wolf.  The  last  wolf  in  Scotland  was 
killed  in  1680,  by  Cameron  of  Lochiel 
ILok.keel']. 

The  last  wolf  in  Ireland  was  killed  in 
Cork,  1710. 

Wolf.  The  she-wolf  is  made  by  Dante 
to  symbolize  avarice.  When  the  poet 
began  the  ascent  of  fame,  he  was  first  met 
by  a  panther  (pleasure),  then  by  a  lion 
(ambition),  then  by  a  she-wolf,  which 
tried  to  stop  his  further  progress. 

A  she-wolf,  .  .  .  who  in  her  leanness  seemed 
Full  of  all  wants,  .  .  .  with  such  fear 
Oer whelmed  me  .  .  .  tlmt  of  the  height  all  hope  I  lost 
Dantfi,  Inferno,  i.  (1300). 

Wolf  (To  cry),  to  give  a  false  alarm. 

Yow-WANG,  emperor  of  China,  was 
greatly  enamoured  of  a  courtezan  named 
Pao-tse,  whom  he  tried  by  sundry  ex- 
pedients to  make  laugh.  At  length  he 
hit  upon  the  following  plan  : — He  caused 
the  tocsins  to  be  rung,  the  drums  to  be 
beaten,  and  the  gignal-fires  tP  be- lighted, 


as  if  some  invader  was  at  the  gates.  Pao- 
tse  was  delighted,  and  laughed  immo- 
derately to  see  the  vassals  and  feudatory 
princes  pouring  into  the  city,  and  all  the 
people  in  consternation.  The  emperor, 
pleased  with  the  success  of  his  trick, 
amused  his  favourite  over  and  over  again 
by  repeating  it.  At  length  an  enemy 
really  did  come,  but  when  the  alarm  was 
given,  no  one  heeded  it,  and  the  emperor 
was  slain  (b.c.  770). 

Wolf  duke  of  Gascony,  one  of 

Charlemagne's  paladins.  He  was  the 
originator  of  the  plan  of  tying  wetted 
ropes  round  the  temples  of  his  prisoners 
to  make  their  eye- balls  start  from  their 
sockets.  It  was  he  also  who  had  men 
sewn  up  in  freshly  stripped  bulls'  hides, 
and  exposed  to  the  sun  till  the  hides,  in 
shrinking,  crushed  their  bones. — L'Epine, 
Croquemitaine,  iii. 

Wolf  of  France  (She-),  Isabella 
la  Belle,  wife  of  Edward  II,  She  mur- 
dered her  royal  husband  "  by  tearing  out 
his  bowels  with  her  own  hands." 

She-wolf  of  France,  with  unrelenting  fangs. 
That  tear'st  the  bowels  of  thy  mangled  mate. 

Gray.  The  Bard  (1757). 

Wolfs  Head.  An  outlaw  was  said 
to  carry  on  his  shoulders  a  "  wolf's  head," 
because  he  was  hunted  down  like  a  wolf, 
and  to  kill  him  was  deemed  as  meritorious 
as  killing  a  wolf. 

Item  foris  facit, "omnia  que  dacis  sunt,  quia  a  temport 
quo  utlagatus  est  Caput  gekit  Lupinum,  ita  ut  impune 
ab  omnibus  interfici  possit— Bracton,  ii.  35. 

Wolves.  The  Greeks  used  to  say 
that  "wolves  bring  forth  their  young 
only  twelve  days  in  the  year."  These  are 
the  twelve  days  occupied  in  conveying 
Leto  from  the  Hyperborgans  to  Delos. — • 
Aristotle,  Hist.  Animal.,  vii.  35. 

Wol'fort,  usurper  of  the  earldom  of 
Flanders. — Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  Jlie 
Beggars'  Bush  (1622). 

Wolfsbane,  a  herb  so  called,  because 
meat  saturated  with  its  juice  was  at  one 
time  supposed  to  be  a  poison  for  wolves. 

Wolsey  (Cardinal),  introduced  by 
Shakespeare  in  his  historic  play  of  Ilenru 
VIII.  (1601). 

West  Digges  [1720-1786]  is  the  nearest  resemblance  of 
"  Cardinal  Wolsey "  I  have  ever  seen  represented. — 
Davies,  Dramatic  MisceUanie*. 

Edmund  Kean  [1787-1833],  in  "Macbeth,"  "Hamlet." 
"  Wolsey,"  "  Coriolanus,"  etc.,  never  approached  within 
any  measurable  diststnce  of  the  learned,  philosoijhical, 
and  miyestic  Kemble  [1757-1823J.— ij/e  of  C.  M.  young. 

Wolsey.  "  Had  I  but  served  my  God," 
etc.    (See  Served  My  God.) 


WOMAN-BEATING. 


1115 


WOMEN,  ETC. 


Woman-Beating. 

The  man  that  lays  his  hand  upon  a  woman. 
Save  in  the  way  of  kindness,  is  a  wretch 
Whom  'twere  gross  flattery  to  name  a  coward. 

J.  Tobin.  The  noneymoon,  ii.  1  (1804). 

■Woman  changed  to  a  Man. 
Iphis,  daughter  of  Lygdus  and  Telethusa 
of  Crete.  The  story  is  that  the  father 
gave  orders  if  the  child  about  to  be  born 
proved  to  be  a  girl,  it  was  to  be  put  to 
death  ;  and  that  the  mother,  unwilling  to 
lose  her  infant,  brought  it  up  as  a  boy. 
In  due  time,  the  father  betrothed  his  child 
tolanthe,  and  the  mother,  in  terror,  prayed 
for  help,  when  Isis,  on  the  day  of  mar- 
riage, changed  Iphis  to  a  man. — Ovid, 
Metaph.,  ix.  12  ;  xiv.  699. 

C^:neus  ISe.micel  was  born  of  the 
female  sex,  but  Neptune  changed  her  into 
a  man.  vEneas,  however,  found  her  in  the 
infernal  regions  restored  to  her  original 
Bex. 

Tire'sias  was  converted  into  a  woman 
for  killing  a  female  snake  in  copulation, 
and  was  restored  to  his  original  sex  by 
killing  a  male  snake  in  the  same  act. 

D'EoN  DE  Beaumont  was  one  of  those 
epicene  creatures  that  no  one  knew  which 
Bex  he  belonged  to. 

Hermaphroditos  was  of  both  sexes. 

Woman  killed  ■with.  Kindness 
(A),  a  tragedy  by  Thos.  Heywood  (1600). 
The  "woman"  was  Mrs.  Frankford,  who 
was  unfaithful  to  her  marriage  vow.  Her 
husband  sent  her  to  live  on  one  of  his 
estates,  and  made  her  a  liberal  allowance ; 
she  died,  but  on  her  death-bed  her  husband 
came  to  see  her,  and  forgave  her. 

Woman     made     of    Flo-wrers. 

Gwydion  son  of  Don  "  formed  a  woman 
out  of  flowers,"  according  to  the  bard 
Taliesin.  Arianrod  had  said  that  Llew 
Llaw  Gyffes  (i.e.  "  The  Lion  with  the 
Steady  Hand  ")  should  never  have  a  wife 
of  the  human  race.  So  Math  and  Gwy- 
dion, two  enchanters, 

Took  blossoms  of  oak,  and  blos.soms  of  broom,  and 
blossoms  of  meadow-sweet,  and  produced  therefrom  a 
maiden,  the  fairest  and  most  graceful  ever  seen,  and  bap- 
tized her  Blodeuwedd,  and  she  became  his  bride.— T/ie 
Mabinogion  ("  Math,"  etc.,  twelfth  century). 

Woman  reconciled  to  her  Sex. 
Lady  Wortley  Montague  said,  '*  It  goes 
far  to  reconcile  me  to  being  a  woman, 
when  I  reflect  that  I  am  thus  in  no  danger 
of  ever  marrying  one." 

Woman  that  deliberates  (TJie). 

The  woman  that  deliberates  is  lost. 

Addison,  Cato,  iv.  1  (1713). 

Woman's  Wit  or  Love's  Dis- 
guises, a  drama  by  S.  Knowles  (1838). 


Hero  Sutton  loved  sir  Valentine  de  Grey, 
but  offended  him  by  walt/ing  with  lord 
Athunree.  To  win  him  back,  she  assumed 
the  disguise  of  a  quakeress,  called  herself 
Ruth,  and  pretended  to  be  Hero's  cousin. 
Sir  Valentine  fell  in  love  with  Ruth,  and 
then  found  out  that  Ruth  and  Hero  were 
one  and  the  same  person.  The  contem- 
poraneous plot  is  that  of  Helen  and  Wal- 
singham,  lovers.  Walsingham  thought 
Helen  had  played  the  wanton  with  lord 
Athunree,  and  he  abandoned  her.  Where- 
upon Helen  assumed  the  garb  of  a  j'oung 
man  named  Eustace,  became  friends  with 
Walsingham,  said  she  was  Helen's  brother ; 
but  in  the  brother  he  discovered  Helen 
herself,  and  learnt  that  he  was  wholly 
mistaken  by  appearances. 

Women  (The  Nine  Worthy)  :  (1) 
Minerva,  (2)  Semiramis,  (3)  Tomyris, 
(4)  Jael,  (5)  DebSrah,  (0)  Judith,  (7) 
Britomart,  (8)  Elizabeth  or  Isabella  ol! 
Aragon,  (9)  Johanna  of  Naples. 

By'r  lady,  maist  story-man,  I  am  well  afraid  thou  liast 
done  with  thy  talke.  I  h;id  rather  h.ave  hard  something 
sayd  of  gentle  and  nieoke  women,  for  it  is  euill  examplei 
to  let  them  understand  of  such  sturdye  mnnlye  women  ai 
those  have  been  which  erewhile  thou  hast  tolde  of.  They 
are  quicke  enow,  I  warrant  you,  noweadays,  to  take  hart- 
a-grace,  and  dare  make  warre  with  their  husbandes.  I 
would  not  vor  the  price  o'  my  coate,  that  Jone  my  wyfe 
had  herd  this  yeare ;  she  would  haue  carried  away  your 
tales  of  the  nine  wortliy  women  a  dele  zoner  than  our 
minister's  tales  aneut  Sarah,  Kebekah,  Ruth,  and  the 
ministering  women,  1  warrant  you. — Jolin  Feme,  /Wa- 
logue  on  Heraldry  ("  Columel's  reply  to  Xorquatus  "). 

*^*  *'  Hart-a-grace,"  a  hart  permitted 
by  royal  proclamation  to  run  free  and 
unharmed  for  ever,  because  it  has  been 
hunted  by  a  king  or  queen. 

Women  of  Abandoned  Morals. 

Barbara  of  Cilley,  second  wife  of  the 
emperor  Sigismund,  called  "  The  Messa- 
llna  of  Germany." 

Berry  (Madame  de),  wife  of  the  due  de 
Berry  (youngest  grandson  of  Louis 
XIV.). 

Catherine  II.  of  Russia,  called  "The 
Modern  Messalina"  (1729-1796). 

GiovANNA  or  Jean  of  Naples.  Her 
first  love  was  James  count  of  March,  who 
was  beheaded.  Her  second  was  Came- 
cioli,  whom  she  put  to  death.  Her  next 
was  Alfonso  of  Aragon.  Her  fourth  was 
Louis  d'Anjou,  who  died.  Her  fifth  was 
Rene',  the  brother  of  Louis. 

Isabelle  of  Bavaria,  wife  of  Charles 
VI.,  and  mistress  of  the  duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. 

Isabelle  of  France,  wife  of  Edward 
II.,  and  mistress  of  Mortimer. 

Julia,  daughter  of  the  emperor  Augus- 
tus. 


WONDER. 


1116 


WOODCOURT. 


Marozia,  the  daughter  of  Theodora, 
and  mother  of  pope  John  XI.  The  in- 
famous daughter  of  an  infamous  mother 
(ninth  century). 

Messali'na,  wife  of  Claudius  the 
Roman  emperor. 

"Wonder  (The),  a  comedy  by  Mrs. 
Centlivre ;  the  second  title  being  A 
Wo7nan  Keeps  a  Seci-et  (1714).  The 
woman  referred  to  is  Violante,  and  the 
secret  she  keeps  is  that  donna  Isabella, 
the  sister  of  don  Felix,  has  taken  refuge 
under  her  roof.  The  danger  she  under- 
goes in  keeping  the  secret  is  this:  Her 
lover,  Felix,  who  knows  that  colonel 
Briton  calls  at  the  house,  is  jealous,  and 
fancies  that  he  calls  to  see  Violante. 
The  reason  why  donna  Isabella  has  sought 
refuge  with  Violante  is  to  escape  a  mar- 
riage with  a  Dutch  gentleman  whom  she 
dislikes.  After  a  great  deal  of  trouble 
and  distress,  the  secret  is  unravelled,  and 
the  comedy  ends  with  a  double  marriage, 
that  of  Violante  with  don  Felix,  and  that 
of  Isabella  with  colonel  Briton. 

"Wonder  of  the  "World  {The). 

Gerbkrt,  a  man  of  prodigious  learn- 
ing. When  he  was  made  pope,  he  took 
the  name  of  Sylvester  II.  (930,  999-1003). 

Otto  III.  of  Germany,  a  pupil  of  Ger- 
bert.  What  he  did  deserving  to  be  called 
Mirahilia  Mundi  nobody  knows  (980, 
983-1002). 

Fredkrick  II.  of  Germany  (1194, 
1215-1250). 

"Wonders  of  "Wales  {Tlie  Seven): 
(1)  The  mountains  of  Snowdon,  (2) 
Overton  churchyard,  (3)  the  bells  of 
Gresford  Church,  (4)  Llangollen  bridge, 
(5)  Wrexham  steeple  (?  tower),  (6)  Pystyl 
Rhaiadr  waterfall,  (7)  St.  Winifrid's 
well. 

Wonders  of  the  "World  (The 
Seven). 

The  pyramids  first,  which  in  Egypt  were  laid ; 
Next  Babylon's  garden,  for  AmJ tis  made ; 
Then  il/auto/os's  fom6  of  affection  and  guilt; 
Fourth,  tlie  temple  of  Dian,  in  Ephesus  built ; 
The  colottot  of  Rhodes,  cast  in  brass,  to  the  sun ; 
Sixth.  Jupiter's  statue,  by  Phidias  done  ; 
Tlie  pharos  of  Hgypt  comes  last,  we  are  told. 
Or  the  palace  of  Cyrus,  cemented  with  gold. 

E.  C.  R 

"Wonderful  Doctor,  Roger  Bacon 
(1214-1292). 

Wood  {Babes  in  the),  a  baby  boy  and 
girl  left  by  a  gentleman  of  Norfolk  on 
his  death-bed  to  the  care  of  his  brother. 
The  boy  Avas  to  have  £300  a  year  on 
coming  of  age,  and  little  Jane  £500  as  a 


wedding  portion.  Tlie  uncle  promised  to 
take  care  of  the  children,  but  scarcely 
had  a  year  gone  by  when  he  hired  two 
ruffians  to  make  awa}^  with  them.  The 
hirelings  took  the  children  on  horseback 
to  Waj'land  Wood,  where  they  were  left 
to  die  of  cold  and  hunger.  The  children 
would  have  been  killed,  but  one  of  the 
fellows  relented,  expostulated  with  his 
companion,  and  finally  slew  him.  The 
survivor  compromised  with  his  conscience 
by  leaving  the  babes  alive  in  the  wood. 
Everything  went  ill  with  the  uncle  from 
that  hour :  his  children  died,  his  cattle 
died,  his  barns  were  set  on  fire,  and  he 
himself  died  in  jail. 

*^*  The  prettiest  version  of  this  story 
is  one  set  to  a  Welsh  tune ;  but  Percy  has 
a  version  in  his  Eeliques  of  Ancient  English 
Poetry. 

Wood  {The  Maria),  a  civic  pleasure- 
barge,  once  the  property  of  the  lord 
mayors.  It  was  built  in  1816  by  sir 
Matthew  Wood,  and  was  called  after  his 
eldest  daughter.  In  1859  it  was  sold  to 
alderman  Humphrey  for  £410. 

Wood  Street  (London)  is  so  called 
from  Thomas  Wood,  sheriif,  in  1491,  who 
dwelt  there. 

Wood'cock  {Adam),  falconer  of  the 
lady  Mary  at  Avenel  Castle.  In  the 
revels  he  takes  the  character  of  the  "'abbot 
of  Unreason."— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  Abbot 
(time,  Elizabeth). 

Woodcock  {Justice)  f  a  gouty,  rheii- 
matic,  crusty,  old  country  gentleman, 
who  invariably  differed  with  his  sister 
Deb'orah  in  everj'thing.  He  was  a  bit 
of  a  Lothario  in  his  young  days,  and  still 
retained  a  somewhat  licorous  tooth. 
Justice  Woodcock  had  one  child,  named 
Lucinda,  a  merry  girl,  full  of  frolic  and 
fun. 

Deborah  Woodcock,  sister  of  the  justice ; 
a  starch,  prudish  old  maid,  who  kept 
the  house  of  her  brother,  and  disagreed 
with  him  in  everything. — Isaac  Bicker- 
staff,  Love  in  a  Village  (1762). 

Woodcocks  live  on  Suction. 
These  birds  feed  chiefly  by  night,  and, 
like  ducks,  seem  to  live  on  suction,  but 
in  realitj'  they  feed  on  the  worms,  snails, 
slugs,  and  the  little  animals  which  swarm 
in  m.uddy  water. 

One  cannot  live,  like  woodcocks,  upon  suction. 

Byron,  J)on  Juan,  ii.  67  (1819). 

Woodcourt  {Allan),  a  medical  man, 
who  married   Esther    Summerson.    Hij 


WOODEN  GOSPELS. 


1117 


WOODMAN. 


mother  was  a  Welsh  woman,  apt  to  prose 
on  the  subject  of  Morgan-ap-Kerrig. — C. 
Dickens,  Bleak  House  (1852). 

"Wooden  Gospels  {The)^  card- 
tables. 

A(t«r  gupper  were  brought  in  the  wooden  gospels,  and 
the  books  of  the  four  kings  [card»\. — Kabeluis,  tiav' 
gantua,  i.  22  (1533). 

"Wooden  Horse  (The).  Virgil  tells 
us  that  Ulysses  had  a  monster  wooden 
horse  made  by  Epeos  after  the  death  of 
Hector,  and  gave  out  that  it  was  an  offer- 
ing to  the  gods  to  secure  a  prosperous 
voyage  back  to  Greece.  By  the  advice 
of  Sinon,  the  Trojans  dragged  the  horse 
into  Troy  for  a  palladium  ;  but  at  night 
the  Greciaif  soldiers  concealed  therein 
were  released  by  Sinon  from  their  con- 
cealment, slew  the  Trojan  guards,  opened 
the  city  gates,  and  set  fire  to  Troy.  Arc- 
tinos  of  Miletus,  in  his  poem  called  The 
I)estruction  of  Troy,  furnished  Virgil  with 
the  tale  of  "the  Wooden  Horse"  and 
*'  the  burning  of  Troy  "  (fl.  B.C.  776). 

A  remarkable  parallel  occurred  in  Sara- 
cenic history.  Arrestan,  in  Syria,  was 
taken  in  the  seventh  century  by  Abu 
Obeidah  by  a  similar  stratagem.  He 
obtained  leave  of  the  governor  to  deposit 
in  the  citadel  some  old  lumber  which 
impeded  his  march.  Twenty  lar^e  boxes 
filled  with  men  were  carried  into  the 
castle.  Abu  marched  off  ;  and  while  the 
Christians  were  returning  thanks  for 
the  departure  of  the  enemy,  the  soldiers 
removed  the  sliding  bottoms  of  the  boxes 
ai^d  made  their  way  out,  overpowered 
the  sentries,  surprised  the  great  church, 
opened  the  city  gates,  and  Abu,  entering 
with  his  army,  took  the  city  without 
further  opposition. — Ockley,  History  of 
the  Saracens,  i.  185  (1718). 

The  capture  of  Sark  affords  another 
parallel.  Sark  was  in  the  hands  of  the 
'  French.  A  Netherlander,  with  one  ship, 
asked  permission  to  bury  one  of  his  crew 
in  the  chapel.  The  French  consented, 
provided  the  crew  came  on  shore  wholly 
unarmed.  This  was  agreed  to,  but  the 
coffin  was  full  of  arms,  and  the  crew  soon 
equipped  themselves,  overpowered  the 
French,  and  took  the  island. — Percy, 
Anecdotes,  249. 

Bwoln  with  hate  and  ire,  their  huge  unwieldly  force 
Came  clustering  like  the  Greeks  out  of  tlie  wooden  horse. 
Drayton,  Polyolbion,  xii.  (1613). 

Wooden  Horse  {The),  Clavileno,  the 
wooden  horse  on  which  don  Quixote  and 
Sancho  Panza  got  astride  to  disenchant 
Antonomas'ia  and  her  husband,  who  were 
shut  up  in  the  tomb  of  queen  Maguncia 


of    Candaya. — Cervantes,   Don    Quixote. 
II.  iii.  4,  5  (1615). 

Another  wooden  horse  was  the  one  given 
by  an  Indian  to  the  shah  of  Persia  as  a 
New  Year's  gift.  It  had  two  pegs  ;  by 
turning  one,  it  rose  into  the  air,  and  by 
turning  the  other,  it  descended  wherever 
the  rider  wished.  Prince  Firouz  mounted 
the  horse,  and  it  carried  him  instan- 
taneously to  Bengal.  —  Arabian  Nights 
("  The  Enchanted  Horse  "). 

Reynard  saj's  that  king  Cram  part  made 
for  the  daughter  of  king  Marcadiges  a 
wooden  horse  which  would  go  a  hundred 
miles  an  hour.  His  son  Clamades  mounted 
it,  and  it  flew  out  of  the  window  of  the 
king's  hall,  to  the  terror  of  the  young 
prince. — Alkman,  Reynard  tlie  Fox  (1498). 
(See  Cambuscan,  p.  154.) 

"Wooden  Spoon.  The  last  of  the 
honour  men  in  the  mathematical  tripos  at 
the  examination  for  degrees  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Cambridge. — See  Dictionary  of 
Phrase  and  Fable, 

Sure  my  invention  must  be  down  at  zero, 
And  I  grown  one  of  many  "  wooden  spoons" 
Of  verse  (U«e  name  with  which  we  Cantabs  please 
To  dub  the  last  of  honours  in  degrees). 

Byron,  Don  Jxtan,  iii.  110  (1820). 

"Wooden  S^word  {He  wears  a).  Said 
of  a  person  who  rejects  an  offer  at  the 
early  part  of  the  day,  and  sells  the  article 
at  a  lower  price  later  on.  A  euphemism 
for  a  fool ;  the  fools  or  jesters  were  fur- 
nished with  wooden  swords. 

"Wooden  "Walls,  ships  made  of 
wood.  When  Xerxes  invaded  Greece, 
the  Greeks  sent  to  ask  the  Delphic  oracle 
for  advice,  and  received  the  following 
answer  (b.c.  480)  :— 

Pallus  hath  urged,  and  Ze'is,  the  sire  of  all. 
Hath  safety  promised  in  a  wooden  wall ; 
Seed-time  and  harvest,  sires  shall,  weeping,  tell 
How  tliousands  fought  at  Salamis  and  fell 

E.  C.  B. 

Wooden  Wedding,  the  fifth  an- 
niversary of  a  wedding.  It  used,  in 
Germany,  to  be  etiquette  to  present  gifts 
made  of  wood  to  the  lady  on  this  occa- 
sion. The  custom  is  not  wholly  aban- 
doned even  now. 

Woodman  {The),  an  opera  by  sir 
H.  Bate  Dudley  (1771).  Emily  was  the 
companion  of  Miss  Wilford,  and  made 
with  Miss  Wilford's  brother  *'a  mutual 
vow  of  inviolable  affection ; "  but  Wil- 
ford's uncle  and  guardian,  greatly  disap-^ 
proving  of  such  an  alliance,  sent  the* 
young  man  to  the  Continent,  and  dis- 
mis.sed  the  young  lady  from  his  service. 
Emily  went  to  live  with  Goodman  Fair- 


WOODSTAL. 


1118 


WORLD. 


lop,  the  woodman,  and  there  Wilford 
discovered  her  in  an  archer}--  match.  The 
engagement  was  renewed,  and  terminated 
in  marriage.  The  woodman's  daughter 
Dolly  married  Matthew  Medley,  the  fac- 
totum of  sir  Walter  Waring. 

"Woodstal  {Henry) ^  in  the  guard  of 
Richard  Coeur  de  Lion. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Woodstock,  a  novel  by  sir  W.  Scott 
(1826).  It  was  hastily  put  together,  but 
is  not  unworthy  of  the  name  it  bears. 

Woodville  {Hdrry),  the  treacherous 
friend  of  Penruddock,  who  ousted  him 
of  the  wife  to  whom  he  was  betrothed. 
He  was  wealthy,  but  reduced  himself  to 
destitution  by  gambling. 

Mrs.  Woodville  (whose  Christian  name 
was  Arabella),  wife  of  Harry  Woodville, 
but  previously  betrothed  to  Roderick  Pen- 
ruddock. When  reduced  to  destitution, 
Penruddock  restored  to  her  the  settlement 
whi'ch  her  husband  had  lost  in  play. 

Captain  Henry  Woodville,  son  of  the 
above ;  a  noble  soldier,  brave  and  high- 
minded,  in  love  with  Emily  Tempest, 
but,  in  the  ruined  condition  of  the  family, 
unable  to  marry  her.  Penruddock  makes 
over  to  him  all  the  deeds,  bonds,  and 
obligations  which  his  father  had  lost  in 
gambling. — Cumberland,  The  Wheel  of 
Fortune  (1779). 

Woodville  (Lord),  a  friend  of  general 
Brown.  It  was  lord  Woodville's  house 
that  was  haunted  by  the  "ladv  in  the 
Sacque."— Sir  W.  Scott,  The  fapestered 
Chamber  (time,  George  III.). 

Woollen.  It  was  Mrs.  Oldfield,  the 
actress,  who  revolted  at  the  idea  of  being 
shrouded  in  woollen.  She  insisted  on 
being  arrayed  in  chintz  trimmed  with 
Brussels  lace,  and  on  being  well  rouged 
to  hide  the  pallor  of  death.  Pope  calls 
her  "Narcissa." 

"  Odious  1    In  woollen  1    'Twould  a  saint  provoke  I " 
Were  the  last  words  that  poor  Narcissa  spoke. 
"  No,  let  a  charming  chintz  and  Brussels  lace 
Wrap  my  cold  limits  and  shade  my  lifeless  face ; 
One  would  not,  sure,  be  frightful  when  one's  dead  I 
And,  Betty,  give  this  cheelc  a  little  red." 

Pope,  Moral  Etsayg,  L  (1731). 

Wopsle  {Mr.),  parish  clerk.  He  had 
a  Roman  nose,  a  large,  shining,  bald  fore- 
head, and  a  deep  voice,  of  which  he  was 
very  proud.  "  If  the  Church  had  been 
thrown  open,"  i.e.  free  to  competition,  Mr. 
Wopsle  would  have  chosen  the  pulpit. 
As  it  was,  he  onlj''  punished  the  "Aniens  " 
and  gave  out  the  psalms  ;  but  his  face 
always  indicated  the  inward  thought  of 


"  Look  at  this  and  look  at  that,"  meaning 
the  gent  in  the  reading-desk.  He  turned 
actor  in  a  small  metropolitan  theatre. — C. 
Dickens,  Great  Expectations  (1860). 

Work  {Endless),  Penelope's  web  (p. 
747) ;  Vortigern's  Tower  (p.  1075) ;  wash- 
ing the  blackamoor  white  ;  etc. 

World  {The  End  of  the).  This  ought 
to  have  occurred,  according  to  cardinal 
Nicolas  de  Cusa,  in  1704.  He  demon- 
strates it  thus  :  The  Deluge  happened  in 
the  thirty-fourth  jubilee  of  fifty  years 
from  the  Creation  (a.m.  1700),  and  there- 
fore the  end  of  the  world  should  pro- 
perly occur  on  the  thirty-fourth  jubilee 
of  the  Christian  era,  or  a.d.*  1704.  The 
four  grace  years  are  added  to  compensate 
for  the  blunder  of  chronologists  respect- 
ing the  first  3'ear  of  grace. 

The  most  popular  dates  of  modem 
times  for  the  end  of  the  world,  or  what  is 
practically  the  same  thing,  the  Millen- 
nium, are  the  following  : — 1757,  Sweden- 
borg ;  1836,  Johann  Albrecht  Bengel, 
Erkldrte  Offenbarung ;  1843,  William 
Miller,  of  America ;  1866,  Dr.  John 
Cumming  ;  1881,  Mother  Shipton. 

It  was  very  generally  believed  in 
France,  Germany,  etc.,  that  the  end  of 
the  world  would  happen  in  the  thou- 
sandth year  after  Christ ;  and  therefore 
much  of  the  land  was  left  uncultivated, 
and  a  general  famine  ensued.  Luckily, 
it  was  not  agreed  whether  the  thousand 
years  should  date  from  the  birth  or  the 
death  of  Christ,  or  the  desolation  would 
have  been  much  greater.  Many  charters 
begin  with  these  words,  As  the  world  is 
now  draiviivj  to  its  close.  Kings  and 
nobles  gave  up  their  state :  Robert  of 
France,  son  of  Hugh  Capet,  entered  the 
monastery  of  St.  Denis ;  and  at  Limoges, 
princes,  nobles,  and  knights  proclaimed 
"  God's  Truce,"  and  solemnly  bound 
themselves  to  abstain  from  feuds,  to 
keep  the  peace  towards  each  other,  and 
to  help  the  oppressed.  —  Hallam,  The 
Middle  Ages  (1818). 

Another  hypothesis  is  this :  As  one 
day  with  God  equals  a  thousand  years 
{Psalm  xc.  4),  and  God  laboured  in  crea- 
tion six  days,  therefore  the  world  is  to 
labour  6000  years,  and  then  to  rest. 
According  to  this  theory,  the  end  of  the 
world  ought  to  occur  a.m.  6000,  or  a.d. 
1996  (supposing  the  world  to  have  been 
created  4004  years  before  the  birth  of 
Christ).  This  hypothesis,  which  is  widely 
accepted,  is  quite  safe  for  another  century 
at  least. 


WORLD  WITHOUT  A  SUN.        1119 


WORTHY. 


"World  vsrithout  a  Sun. 

And  say,  without  our  hopes,  without  our  fears. 
Without  the  home  that  pUglited  love  endears, 
Without  tlie  smile  from  pivrtial  beauty  won, 
Oh  1  what  were  injin  f— «  world  witliout  a  sun. 

Campbell,  Plecuuret  of  Hope,  il.  (1799). 

"Worldly  "Wiseman  {Mr.),  one 
who  tries  to  persuade  Christian  that  it  is 
very  bad  policy  to  continue  his  journey 
towards  the  Celestial  City. — Banyan, 
FiUjrim's  Progress,  i.  (1678). 

"Worm  {Man  is  a). 

The  learn'd  themselves  we  Book-womis  name , 

Tl>e  bloclihead  is  a  Slow-worm  ; 
Thy  nymph  whose  tail  is  all  on  flame 

Is  aptly  termed  a  Glow-worm  ; 
The  flatterer  an  Earwig  grows ; 

Thus  worms  suit  all  conditions  ;— 
Misers  are  Mu(  k-worms ;  Silk-worms  beaus ; 

And  Death-watches  physicians. 

Pope,  To  Mr.  John  Moore  (1733). 

"Worms  {Langiuxge  of).  Melampos 
the  prophet  was  acquainted  with  the  lan- 
guage of  worms,  and  when  thrown  into  a 
dungeon,  heard  the  worms  communicat- 
ing to  each  other  that  the  roof  overhead 
would  fall  in,  for  the  beams  were  eaten 
through.  He  imparted  this  intelligence 
to  his  jailers,  and  was  removed  to  another 
dungeon.  At  night  the  roof  did  fall,  and 
the  king,  amazed  at  this  foreknowledge, 
released  Melampos,  and  gave  him  the 
oxen  of  Iphiklos. 

"Worse  than  a  Crime.  Talley- 
rand said  of  the  murder  of  the  due 
d'Enghien  by  Napoleon  I.,  "  It  was 
worse  than  a  crime,  it  was  a  blunder." 

"Worthies  {The  Nine).  Three  Gen- 
tiles :  Hector,  Alexander,  Julius  Caesar ; 
three  Jews :  Joshua,  David,  Judas  Mac- 
cabaeus ;  three  Christians :  Arthur,  Char- 
lemagne, Godfrey  of  Bouillon. 

"Worthies  of  London  {The  Nim). 

1.  Sir  William  Walwouth,  fish- 
monger, who  stabbed  Wat  Tyler  the 
rebel.  For  this  service  king  Richard  II. 
gave  him  the  "  cap  of  maintenance  "  and 
a  "  dagger  "  for  the  arms  of  London  {lord 
mayor  1374,  1380). 

2.  Sir  Henry  Pritciiard  or  Picard, 
vintner,  who  feasted  Edward  III.,  the 
Black  Prince,  John  king  of  Austria,  the 
king  of  Cyprus,  and  David  of  Scotland, 

i  with  5000  guests,  in  1356,  the  year  of  his 
mayoralty. 

i  3.  Sir  William  Sevenoke,  grocer. 
"A  foundling,  found  under  seven  oaks." 
He  fought  with  the  dauphin,  and  built 
twenty  almshouses,  etc.  {lord  mayor 
1418). 

4.  Sir  Thomas  White,  merchant 
tailor,  who,  during  his  mayoralty  in  1553, 


kept  London  faithful  to  queen  Mary 
during  Wyatt's  rebellion.  Sir  Thomas 
White  was  the  son  of  a  poor  clothier,  and 
began  trade  as  a  tailor  with  £100.  He 
was  the  founder  of  St.  John's  College, 
Oxford,  on  the  spot  where  two  elms  grew 
from  one  root. 

5.  Sir  John  Bonham,  mercer,  com- 
mander of  the  army  which  overcame 
Solyman  the  Great,  who  knighted  him  on 
the  field  after  the  victory,  and  gave  him 
chains  of  gold,  etc. 

6.  Sir  Christopher  Croker,  vint- 
ner, the  first  to  enter  Bordeaux  when  it 
was  besieged.  Companion  of  the  Black 
Prince.     He  married  Doll  Stodie. 

7.  Sir  John  Hawkavood,  tailor, 
knighted  by  the  Black  Prince.  He  is 
immortalized  in  Italian  history  as  Gio- 
vanni Acuti  Cavaliero.    He  died  in  Padua. 

8.  Sir  Hugh  Caverley,  silk-weaver, 
famous  for  ridding  Poland  of  a  monstrous 
bear.     He  died  in  France. 

9.  Sir  Henuy  Maleverer,  grocer, 
generally  called  "Henry  of  Cornhiil,"  a 
crusader  in  the  reign  of  Henry  IV.,  and 
guardian  of  "Jacob's  Well." — R.  John- 
son, The  Nine  Worthies  of  London  (1592). 

"Worthington  {Lieutenant),  "  the 
poor  gentleman  ; "  a  disabled  officer  and 
a  widower,  very  poor,  "but  more  proud 
than  poor,  and  more  honest  than  proud." 
He  was  for  thirty  years  in  the  king's 
army,  but  was  discharged  on  half-pay, 
being  disabled  at  Gibraltar  by  a  shell 
which  crushed  his  arm.  His  wife  was 
shot  in  his  arms  when  his  daughter  was 
but  three  years  old.  The  lieutenant  put 
his  name  to  a  bill  for  £500 ;  but  his  friend 
dying  before  he  had  effected  his  insur- 
ance, Worthington  became  responsible 
for  the  entire  sum,  and  if  sir  Robert 
Bramble  had  not  most  generously  paid 
the  bill,  the  poor  lieutenant  would  have 
been  thrown  into  jail. 

Emily  Worthington,  the  lieutenant's 
daughter;  a  lovely,  artless,  affectionate 
girl,  with  sympathy  for  every  one,  and  a 
most  amiable  disposition.  Sir  Charles 
Cropland  tried  to  buy  her,  but  she  re- 
jected his  proposals  with  scorn,  and  fell 
in  love  with  Frederick  Bramble,  to  whom 
she  was  given  in  marriage. — G.  Colman, 
The  Poor  Gentleman  (1802). 

"Worthy,  in  love  with  Melinda,  who 
coquets  with  him  for  twelve  months,  and 
then  marries  him. — G.  Farquhar,  The 
Eecruiting  Officer  (1705). 

Worthy  {Ixyrd),  the  suitor  of  lady 
Reveller,  who  was  fond  of  play.    »She  be- 


WOXJVERMANS. 


1120 


WRONGHEAD. 


came  weary  of  gambling,  and  was  united 
in  marriage  to  lord  Worthy. — Mrs. 
Centlivre,  The  Basset  Table  (1706). 

"Wouvermans  {The English),  Abra- 
ham Cooper.  One  of  his  best  pieces  is 
"The  Battle  of  Bosworth  Field." 

Richard  Cooper  is  called  "The  British 
Poussin." 

"Wrangle  {Mr.  Caleb),  a  hen-pecked 
young  Imsband,  of  oily  tongue  and 
plausible  manners,  but  smarting  under 
the  nagging  tongue  and  wilful  ways  of 
his  fashionable  wife. 

Mrs.  Wratir-jle,  his  wife,  the  daughter 
of  sir  Miles  Mowbray.  Slie  was  for  ever 
snubbing  her  yovmg  husband,  wrangling 
with  him,  morning,  noon,  and  night,  and 
telling  him  most  provokingly  "  to  keep 
his  temper."  This  couple  lead  a  cat-and- 
dog  life :  he  was  sullen,  she  quick- 
tempered; he  jealous,  she  open  and 
incautious.— Cumberland,  First  Love 
(1796). 

Wratli's  Hole  {TJie),  Cornwall. 
Bolster,  a  gigantic  wrath,  wanted  St. 
Agnes  to  be  his  mistress.  She  told  him 
she  would  comply  when  he  filled  a  small 
hole,  which  she  pointed  out  to  him,  with 
his  blood.  The  wrath  agreed,  not  know- 
ing that  the  hole  opened  into  the  sea  ;  and 
thus  the  saint  cunningly  bled  the  wrath 
to  death,  and  then  pushed  him  over  the 
cliff.  The  hole  is  called  "  The  Wrath's 
Hole  "  to  this  day,  and  the  stones  about  it 
are  coloured  with  blood-red  streaks  all 
over. — Polwhele,  History  of  Cornwall^  i. 
176  (1813). 

"Wray  {Enoch),  "the  village  patri- 
arch," blind,  poor,  and  100  years  old ; 
but  reverenced  for  his  meekness,  resig- 
nation, wisdom,  pietv,  and  experience. — 
Crabbe,  The  Village  Patriarch  (1783). 

Wray  bum  {Eugene),  barrister-at- 
law ;  an  indolent,  idle,  moody,  whim- 
sical young  man,  who  loves  Lizzie 
Hexam.  After  he  is  nearly  killed  by 
Bradley  Headstone,  he  reforms,  and 
marries  Lizzie,  who  saved  his  life. — C. 
Dickens,  Our  Mutvxil  Friend  (1864). 

Wren  {Jenny),  whose  real  name  was 
Fanny  Cleaver,  a  dolls'  dressmaker,  and 
the  friend  of  Lizzie  Hexam,  who  at  one 
time  lodged  with  her.  Jenny  was  a  little, 
deformed  girl,  with  a  sharp,  shrewd  face, 
and  beautiful  golden  hair.  She  sup- 
ported herself  and  her  drunken  father, 
whom  she  reproved  as  a  mother  might 
reprove  a  child.  "  Oh,"  she  cried  to 
him,  pointing  her  little  finger,  "you  bad 


old  boy  !  Oh,  you  naughty,  wicked  crea- 
ture !     What  do  you  mean  by  it  ?  " — C. 
Dickens,  Our  Mutual  Friend  (1864). 
Write  about  it. 

To  thee  explain  a  thing  till  all  men  doubt  it. 
And  write  about  it,  goddess,  and  about  it. 
Pope,  The  Dunciad,  i.  (canie  in  after  ver.  177  in  the  first 
edition,  but  whs  omitted  in  subsequent  ones). 

Writing  on  the  Wall  {The),  a 
secret  but  mysterious  warning  of  coming 
danger.  The  reference  is  to  Belshazzar's 
feast  {Dan.  v.  5,  25-28). 

W^rong  {All  in  the),  a  comedy  by  A. 
Murphy  (1761).  The  principal  characters 
are  sir  John  and  lady  Restless,  sir  William 
Bellmont  and  his  son  George,  Beverley 
and  his  sister  Clarissa,  Blandford  and  his 
daughter  Belinda.  Sir  John  and  lady  Rest- 
less were  wrong  in  suspecting  each  other 
of  infidelity,  but  this  misunderstanding 
made  their  lives  wretched.  Beverley  was 
deeply  in  love .  with  Belinda,  and  was 
wrong  in  his  jealousy  of  her,  but  Belinda 
was  also  wrong  in  not  vindicating  herself. 
She  knew  that  she  was  innocent,  and  felt 
that  Beverley  ought  to  trust  her,  but  she 
gave  herself  and  him  needless  torment 
by  permitting  a  misconception  to  remain 
which  she  might  have  most  easily  re- 
moved. The  old  men  were  also  wrong:. 
Blandford  in  promising  his  daughter  in 
marriage  to  sir  William  Bellmont's  son, 
seeing  she  loved  Beverley ;  and  sirWilliam, 
in  accepting  the  promise,  seeing  his  son 
was  plighted  to  Clarissa.  A  still  further 
complication  of  wrong  occurs.  Sir  John 
wrongs  Beverley  in  believing  him  to  be 
intriguing  with  his  wife  ;  and  lady  Rest- 
less wrongs  Belinda  in  supposing  that 
she  coquets  with  her  husband  ;  both  were 
pure  mistakes,  all  were  in  the  wrong,  but 
all  in  the  end  were  set  right. 

Wronghead  {Sir  Francis),  of  Bum- 
per Hall,  and  M.P.  for  Guzzledown ;  a 
country  squire,  who  comes  to  town  for 
the  season  with  his  wife,  son,  and  eldest 
daughter.  Sir  Francis  attends  the  House, 
but  gives  his  vote  on  the  wrong  side  ; 
and  he  spends  his  money  on  the  hope  of 
obtaining  a  place  under  Government.  His 
wife  spends  about  £100  a  day  on  objects 
of  no  use.  His  son  is  on  the  point  of 
marrying  the  "cast  mistress"  of  a 
swindler,  and  bis  daughter  of  marrying 
a  forger ;  but  Manly  interferes  to  pre- 
vent these  fatal  steps,  and  sir  Francis 
returns  home  to  prevent  utter  ruin. 

Zady  Wronghead,  wife  of  sir  Francis ; 
a  country  dame,  who  comes  to  London, 
where  she  squanders  money  on  worthless 
objects,  and  expects  to  get  into  "society," 


WURZBURG. 


1121 


XAVIER  DE  BELSUNCE. 


Happily,  she  is  persuaded  by  Manly  to 
return  home  before  the  affairs  of  her  hus- 
band are  wholly  desperate. 

Squire  Richard  [^Wronghead],  eldest 
son  of  sir  Francis,  a  country  bumpkin. 

Miss  Jenny  [Wronghead^,  eldest 
daughter  of  sir  Francis  ;  a  silly  girl,  who 
thinks  it  would  be  a  fine  thing  to  be 
called  a  "countess,"  and  therefore  be- 
comes the  dupe  of  one  Basset,  a  swindler, 
who  calls  himself  a  "count." — Vanbrugh 
and  Gibber,  The  Provoked  Husband  (1726). 

"Wiirzburg  on  the  Stein,  Hochheim 
on  the  Main,  and  Bacharach  on  the  Rhine 
grow  the  three  best  wines  of  Germany. 
The  first  is  called  Steinwine,  the  second 
hock,  and  the  third  muscadine. 

"Wyat.  Henry  Wyat  was  imprisoned 
by  Richard  III.,  and  when  almost 
starved,  a  cat  appeared  at  tlie  window- 
grating,  and  dropped  a  dove  into  his 
hand.  This  occurred  day  after  day,  and 
Wyat  induced  the  warder  to  cook  for 
him  the  doves  thus  wonderfully  obtained. 

Elijah  the  Tishbite,  while  he  lay  hidden 
at  the  brook  Cherith,  was  fed  by  ravens, 
who  brought  "bread  and  flesh"  every 
morning  and  evening. — 1  Kings  xvii.  6. 

Wylie  {Andrew),  ex-clerk  of  bailie 
Nicol  Jarvie. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Rd)  Roy 
(time,  George  I.). 

"WyTiebgwrthucher,  the  shield 
of  king  Arthur.  —  The  Mahinogion 
("  Kilhwch  and  Olwen,"  twelfth  cen- 
tury). 

"Wynkyn  de  "Worde,  the  second 
printer  in  London  (from  1491-1534). 
The  first  was  Caxton  (from  1476-1491). 
Wynkyn  de  Worde  assisted  Caxton  in 
the  new  art  of  printing. 

"Wyo'ming,  in  Pennsylvania,  pur- 
chased by  an  American  company  from 
the  Delaware  Indians.  It  was  settled  by 
an  American  colony,  but  being  subject 
to  constant  attacks  from  the  savages,  the 
colony  armed  in  self-defence.  In  1778 
most  of  the  able-bodied  men  were  called 
to  join  the  army  of  Washington,  and  in 
the  summer  of  that  year  an  army  of 
British  and  Indian  allies,  led  by  colonel 
Butler,  attacked  the  settlement,  mas- 
sacred the  inhabitants,  and  burnt  their 
houses  to  the  ground. 

*^f*  Campbell  has  made  this  the  subject 
of  a  poem  entitled  Gertrude  of  Wyoming, 
■  but  he  miscalls  the  place  Wy'oming,  and 
makes  Brandt,  instead  of  Butler,  the 
leader  of  the  attack. 


On  Susquehana'g  side  fair  Wy'oming, 
.  .  .  once  the  loveliest  land  of  all 
That  see  the  Atlantic  wave  their  mom  restore. 
Campbell,  Gertrude  of  Wyondng,  i.  (1809). 

"WsnTill  {William  de),  a  steward  of 
the  field  at  the  tournament. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  Ivanhoe  (time,  Richard  I.). 


Xan'adu,  a  city  mentioned  by  Cole- 
ridge in  his  Kuhla  Khan.  The  idea  of 
this  poem  is  borrowed  from  the  Pilgrimage 
by  Purchas  (1613),  where  Xanadu  is 
called  "  Xaindu."  It  is  said  to  have 
occurred  to  Coleridge  in  a  dream,  but  the 
dream  was  that  of  memory  only. 

Xanthos,  the  horse  of  Achilles.  He 
spoke  with  a  human  voice,  like  Balaam's 
ass,  Adrastos's  horse  (Arion),  Fortunio's 
horse  (Comrade),  Mahomet's  "horse"  (Al 
Borak),  Saleh's  camel,  the  dog  of  the 
seven  sleepers  (Katmir),  the  black  pigeons 
of  Dodona  and  Ammon,  the  king  of 
serpents  (Temliha),  the  serpent  which 
was  cursed  for  tempting  Eve,  the  talk- 
ing bird  called  bulbul-hezar,  the  little 
green  bird  of  princess  Fairstar,  the  White 
Cat,  cum  quibusdam  aliis. 

The  mournful  Xanthus  (says  the  bard  of  old)  ; 

Of  Peleus'  warlike  son  tlie  fortune  told. 
Peter  Pindar  [Dr.  Wolcotj,  The  tousiad,  r.  (1809). 

Xantippe  (3  syl.),  wife  of  SocrStes ; 
proverbial  fora  scolding,  nagging,  peevish 
wife.  One  day,  after  storming  at  the 
philosopher,  she  emptied  a  vassel  of  dirty 
water  on  his  head,  whereupon  Socrates 
simply  remarked,  "Aye,  aye,  we  always 
look  for  rain  after  thunder." 

Xantip'pe  (3  syl.),  daughter  of  Cimo'nos. 
She  preserved  the  life  of  her  old  father  in 
prison  by  suckling  him.  The  guard  mar- 
velled that  the  old  man  held  out  so  long, 
and,  watching  for  the  solution,  discovered 
the  fact. 

Euphra'sia,  daughter  of  Evander,  pre- 
served her  aged  father  while  in  prison 
in  a  similar  manner.  (See  Gueciam 
Daughter.) 

Xavier  de  Belsunce  {H.  Frangois)^ 
immortalized  by  his  self-devotion  in  ad- 
ministering to  the  plague-stricken  at 
Marseilles  (1720-22). 

*^*  Other  similar  examples  are  Charles 
4  o 


XENOCRATES. 


1122 


YARROW. 


BoTTo'meo,  cardinal  and  archbishop  of 
Milan  (1538-1584).  St.  Roche,  who  died 
in  1327  fron\  the  plague  caught  by  him 
in  his  indefatigable  labours  in  minister- 
ing to  the  plague-stricken  at  Piacenza. 
Mompesson  was  equally  devoted  to  the 
people  of  Eyam.  Our  own  sir  John 
Lawrence,  lord  mayor  of  London,  is  less 
known,  but  ought  to  be  held  in  equal 
honour,  for  supporting  40,000  dismissed 
8en''ants  in  the  great  plague. 

Xenoc'rates  (4  syl.),  a  Greek  philo- 
Bopher.  ITie  courtezan  Lai's  made  a 
heavy  bet  that  she  would  allure  him  from 
his  "prudery;"  but  after  she  had  tried 
all  her  arts  on  him  without  success,  she 
exclaimed.  *'  I  thought  he  had  been  a 
living  man,  and  not  a  mere  stone." 

iKi  you  Uiink  I  am  Xenocrates,  or  like  the  sultan  with 
marble  legs?  There  you  leave  me  tdte-d-tMe  with  Mrs. 
Haller,  as  If  my  heart  were  a  mere  flint.— Beujamiu 
(Thompson,  The  Stranger,  iv.  2  17»7). 

Xerxes  denounced.  —  See  Plu- 
tarch, Life  of  IVicmistocles,  art,  "Sea- 
Fights  of  Artemisium  and  Salamis." 

Minerva  on  the  boiitiding  prow 
Of  Athens  stood,  ajid  witli  Uie  thunder's  voice 
l>enounced  lier  terrors  on  their  impious  heads  [tM 

Persiatu], 
And  shook  her  burning  segis.    Xerxes  saw. 
From  Heracle'um  on  the  mountain's  height, 
Tlironed  in  her  golden,  ciir,  ho  knew  the  sign 
CelestLal,  f^t  unrighteous  hope  forsiike 
His  faltering  heart,  and  turned  his  face  with  shame. 
AJtcnside,  Hymn  to  the  Naiadi  (1767). 

Xime'na,  daughter  of  count  de  Gor- 
mez.  The  count  was  slain  by  the  Cid  for 
insulting  his  father.  Four  times  Ximena 
demanded  vengeance  of  the  king  ;  but  the 
king,  perceiving  that  'Ci\(^.  Cid  was  in  love 
with  her,  delayed  vengeance,  and  ulti- 
mately she  married  him. 

Xit,  the  royal  dwarf  of  Edward  VI. 

Xury,  a  Moresco  boy,  serv^ant  to 
Robinson  Crusoe. — \)^^Ofi^  Adventures  of 
Robinson  Crusoe  (1719). 


Y. 

Y,  called  the  "  Samian  letter."  It 
•Wr'as  used  by  Pythagoras  of  Samos  as  a 
symbol  of  tho  path  of  virtue,  which  is 
one,  like  the  stem  of  the  letter,  but  once 
deviated  from,  the  further  the  two  lines 
are  carried  the  wider  the  divergence  be- 
comes. 


Ya'hoo,  one  of  the  human  brutes 
subject  to  the  Houyhnhnms  IWhin.hims} 
or  horses  possessed  of  human  intelligence. 
In  this  tale,  the  horses  and  men  change 
places  :  the  horses  are  the  chief  and  ruling 
race,  and  man  the  subject  one.— Swift, 
Gulliver's  Travels  (1726). 

Yajui  and  Majuj,the  Arabian  form 
of  Gog  and  Magog.  Gog  is  a  tribe  of 
Turks,  and  Magog  of  the  Gilan  (the  Geli 
or  Gelae  of  Ptolemy  and  Strabo).  Al 
Beidawi  says  they  Avere  man-eaters. 
Dhu'lkamein  made  a  rampart  of  red-hot 
metal  to  keep  out  their  incursions. 

He  said  to  tlie  workmen,  "Bring  me  iron  in  large 
pieces  till  it  fill  up  the  space  between  these  two  moun- 
t^iius  .  .  .  [then]  blow  with  your  bellows  till  it  make  the 
iron  red  hot"  And  he  said  further,  "Bring  me  molten 
brass  that  I  may  pour  upon  it."  When  this  wall  was 
finished,  Gog  and  Magog  could  not  scale  it,  neither  could 
they  dig  Uirough  it.— Al  Kor&n,  xviii. 

Yakutsk,  in  Siberia,  affords  an  exact 
parallel  to  the  story  about  Carthage. 
Dido,  having  purchased  in  Africa  as  much 
land  as  could  be  covered  with  a  bull's 
hide,  ordered  the  hide  to  be  cut  into  thin 
slips,  and  thus  enclosed  land  enough  to 
build  Byrsa  upon.  This  Byrsa  ("bull's 
hide  ")  was  the  citadel  of  Carthage,  round 
which  the  city  grew. 

So  with  Yakutsk.  The  strangers  bought 
as  much  land  as  they  could  encompass 
with  a  cow-hide,  but,  by  cutting  the  hide 
into  slips,  the}'-  encompassed  enough  land 
to  build  a  city  on. 

Yama,  a  Hindu  deity,  represented  by 
a  man  with  four  arms  riding  on  a  bull. 

Thy  great  birth,  0  horse,  is  to  be  glorified,  whether 
first  springing  from  the  firmament  or  from  the  water, 
inasmuch  as  thou  hast  neighed,  thou  hast  the  wings  of  tlio 
falcon,  thou  hast  the  limbs  of  tlie  deer.  Trita  harnessed 
the  horse  which  was  given  by  Yama ;  Indra  first  mounted 
him  ;  Gandharba  seized  his  reins.  Vasus,  you  fabricated 
the  horse  from  the  sun.  Thou,  O  horse,  art  Yama  ;  thou 
art  Aditya;  thou  art  Trita;  thou  art  Soma.— jT'Ae  Jiig 
Veda,  iL 

Ya'men,  lord  and  potentate  of  PandS- 
lon  {hell). — Hindu  Mythology. 

What  worse  tiian  this  hath  Yamen's  hell  in  store? 
Southey,  Curge  ofKehama,  ii.  (1808). 

Yar'ico,  a  young  Indian  maiden  with 
whom  Thomas  Inkle  fell  in  love.  After 
living  with  her  as  his  wife,  he  despicably 
sold  her  in  Barbadoes  as  a  slave. 

*^*  The  story  is  told  by  sir  Richard 
Steele  in  The  Spectator,  11 ;  and  has  been 
dramatized  by  George  Colman  under  the 
title  of  Inkle  and  Yarico  (1787). 

Yarrow  or  Achille'a  MUlefo'lium. 
Linnaeus  recommends  the  bruised  leaves 
of  common  yarrow  as  a  most  excellent 
vulnerary  and  powerful  styptic. 

IThe  hermit  gathers] 
The  yarrow,  wherewithall  he  stops  the  wound-made  gora. 
Drayton.  Polj/olbion,  xiiL  (1613). 


YARROW. 


1123 


YEW  IN   CHURCHYARDS. 


Yarrow  {The  Flower  of).  Mary  Scott 
was  so  called. 

Yathreb,  the  ancient  name  of 
Medina. 

When  a  party  of  them  said,  "  O  inhabitants  of  Yathreb, 
there  is  no  place  of  security  for  you  here,  wherefore  return 
home ;"  a  part  of  tlieiu  aslced  leave  of  the  prophet  to  depart. 
—Al  Kordn,  xxxWi. 

Yellow  Dwarf  {TJie),  a  malignant, 
ugly  imp,  who  claimed  the  princess  All- 
fair  as  his  bride ;  and  carried  her  off  to 
Steel  Castle  on  his  Spanish  cat,  the  very 
day  she  was  about  to  be  married  to  the 
beautiful  king  of  the  Gold-Mines.  The 
king  of  the  Gold-Mines  tried  to  rescue  her, 
and  was  armed  by  a  good  siren  with  a 
diamond  sword  of  magic  power,  by  which 
he  made  his  way  through  every  difficulty 
to  the  princess.  Delighted  at  seeing  his 
betrothed,  he  ran  to  embrace  her,  and 
dropped  his  sword.  Yellow  Dwarf, 
picking  it  up,  demanded  if  Gold-Mine 
would  resign  the  lady,  and  on  his  refusing 
to  do  so,  slew  him  with  the  magic  sword. 
The  princess,  rushing  forward  to  avert  the 
blow,  fell  dead  on  the  body  of  her  dying 
lover. 

Yellow  Dwarf  was  so  called  from  his  complexion,  and 
the  orange  tree  he  lived  in.  .  .  .  He  wore  wooden  shoes, 
a  coarse,  yellow  stuff  jacket,  and  had  no  hair  to  hide  his 
large  ears. — Conitesse  D'Aunoy,  Fairy  Taint  ("The 
Yellow  Dwarf,"  1682). 

Yellow  River  ( The) .  The  Tiber  was 
called  Flavus  TibSris^  because  the  water  is 
much  discoloured  with  yellow  sand. 

Vortidbus  rapidis  et  multa  flavus  arena. 

VirglL 
While  flows  the  Yellow  River. 

While  stands  the  Sacred  Hill, 
Tlie  proud  Ides  of  Quintiiis  \l5th  July] 
Shall  have  such  honour  still. 
Hacaulay,  Lays  ("  Battle  of  the  Lake  Regillus,"  1842). 

***  The  "Sacred  Hill"  {Mons  Sacer), 
so  called  because  it  was  held  sacred  by  the 
Roman  people,  who  retired  thither,  led  by 
Sicinius,  and  refused  to  return  home  till 
their  debts  were  remitted,  and  tribunes  of 
the  people  were  made  recognized  magis- 
trates of  Rome.  On  the  15th  July  was 
fought  the  battle  of  the  lake  Regillus, 
and  the  anniversary  was  kept  by  the 
Romans  as  a  fete  day. 

Yellow  River  of  China  is  so  called  from 
its  colour.  The  Chinese  have  a  proverb  : 
Such  and  such  a  thing  will  occur  when  the 
Yellow  Eioer  runs  clear,  i.e,  never. 

Yellow  "Water  ( The),  a  water  which 
possessed  this  peculiar  property  :  If  only 
a  few  drops  were  put  into  a  basin,  no 
matter  how  large,  it  would  produce  a 
complete  and  beautiful  fountain,  which 
would  always  fill  the  basin  and  never 
overflow  it. — Arabian  Nights. 


In  the  fairy  tale  of  C'/icry  and  Fairstar, 
by  the  comtesse  D'Aunoy,  "the  dancing 
water"  did  the  same  (1682). 

Much  of  Bacon's  life  was  passed  in  a  rlsionary  world 
.  .  .  amidst  buildings  more  sumptuous  tlian  the  p.ilace  of 
Aladdin,  and  fountains  more  wondertul  than  the  golden 
water  of  Parizade  l<i.».]. — Macaulay. 

Yellowley  {Mr.  Triptolemus),  the 
factor,  an  txperimental  agriculturist  of 
Stourburgh  or  Harfra. 

Mistress  Baby  or  Barbary  Yellowley, 
sister  and  housekeeper  of  Triptolemus. 

Old  Jasper  Yellowley,  father  of  Trip- 
tolemus and  Barbary. — Sir  W.  Scott,  The 
Firate  (time,  William  III.). 

Yellowness,  jealousy.  Nym  says 
(referring  to  Ford),  "  I  will  possess  him 
with  yellowness." — Shakespeare,  Merry 
Wives  of  Windsor,  act  i.  sc.  4  (1601). 

Ye'men,  Arabia  Felix. 

Beautiful  are  the  maids  that  glide 
On  summer  eves  through  Yemen's  dales. 
T.  Moore,  LcUla  Rookh  ("  The  Fire-Worsljippers,"  1817). 

Yenadiz'sse,  an  idler,  a  gambler; 
also  an  Indian  fop. 

With  my  nets  you  never  help  me ; 
At  the  door  my  nets  are  hanging. 
Go  and  wring  them,  yenadizze. 

Longfellow,  Biawatha,  vi.  (1855). 

Yendys  {Sydney),  the  nom  deplume  of 
Sydney  Dobell  (1824-        ). 

*^*  "Yendys"  is  merely  the  word 
Sydney  reversed. 

Yeru'ti,  son  of  Quiara  and  MonnSma. 
His  father  and  mother  were  of  the  Guarani 
race,  and  the  only  ones  who  escaped  a 
small-pox  plague  which  infested  that  part 
of  Paraguay.  Yeruti  was  born  after  his 
parents  migrated  to  the  Mondai  woods, 
but  his  father  was  killed  by  a  jaguar  just 
before  the  birth  of  Mooma  (his  sister). 
When  grown  to  youthful  age,  a  Jesuit 
pastor  induced  the  three  to  come  and  live 
at  St.  JoSchin,  where  was  a  primitive 
colony  of  some  2000  souls.  Here  the 
mother  soon  died  from  the  confinement 
of  city  life.  Mooma  followed  her  ere 
long  to  the  grave.  Yeruti  now  requested 
to  be  baptized,  and  no  sooner  was  the 
rite  over,  than  he  cried,  "Ye  are  come 
for  me  !  I  am  quite  ready  ! "  and  instantly 
expired.— Southey,  A  Tale  of  Faraguay 
(1814). 

Yew  in  Churchyards.    The  yew 

was  substituted  for  "  the  sacred  palm," 
because  palm  trees  are  not  of  English 
growth. 

But  for  encheson,  that  we  have  not  olyve  that  berith 
grained  leef,  algate  therefore  we  take  ewe  instead  of  palme 
and  olyve.— Uaxton,  IHrectory  for  Keeping  Fe*UiMl4 
tl483). 


YEZAD. 


1124 


YORKSHIRE  TRAGEDY. 


Yezad  or  Yezdam,  called  by  the 
Greeks  Oroma'zes  (4  syL),  the  principle 
of  k^ood  in  Persian  mythology,  opposed 
to  Ahriman  or  Arimannis  the  principle  of 
evil.  Yezad  created  twenty-four  good 
spirits,  and,  to  keep  them  from  the  power 
of  the  evil  one,  enclosed  them  in  an  egg  ; 
but  Ahriman  pierced  the  shell,  and  hence 
there  is  no  good  without  some  admixture 
of  evil. 

Yezd  (1  syl.),  chief  residence  of  the 
fire-worshippers.  Stephen  says  they  have 
kept  alive  the  sacred  fire  on  mount  Ater 
Quedah  ("mansion  of  fire")  for  above 
3000  years,  and  it  is  the  ambition  of  every 
true  fire-worshipper  to  die  within  the 
sacred  city. 

From  Yezd's  eternal  "  Mansion  of  the  Fire," 
Where  aged  saints  in  dreams  of  heaven  expire. 
T.  Moore,  laila  liookh  ("  The  Fire-Worshippers,"  1817). 

Ygeme  [^..gem'],  wife  of  Gorlo'is 
lord  of  Tintag'il  Castle,  in  Cornwall. 
King  Uther  tried  to  seduce  her,  but  Ygeme 
resented  the  insult ;  whereupon  Uther 
and  Gorlois  fought,  and  the  latter  was 
slain.  Uther  then  besieged  Tintagil 
Castle,  took  it,  and  compelled  Ygeme  "to 
become  his  wife.  Nine  months  after- 
wards, Uther  died,  and  on  the  same  day 
was  Arthur  born. 

Then  Uther,  in  his  wrath  and  heat,  besieged 
■  Ygeme  within  llntagil  .  .  .  and  entered  in  .  .  . 
Enforced  she  was  to  w  ed  liini  in  her  tears. 
And  with  a  sLuuueful  swiftness. 

Teunjson,  Corning  of  Arthur. 

Ygg'drasil',  the  great  ash  tree  which 
binds  together  heaven,  earth,  and  hell. 
Its  branches  extend  over  the  whole  earth, 
its  top  reaches  heaven,  and  its  roots  hell, 
llie  three  Nomas  or  Fates  sit  under  the 
tree,  spinning  the  events  of  man's  life. — 
Scandinavian  Mythology. 

By  tlie  Urdar  fount  dwelling, 

EKiy  by  day  from  tlie  rill. 
The  Nomas  bespriiilde 

The  ash  YggdrasiL 

Lord  Lytton.  Harold,  viii.  (1850). 

YgTieme.    (See  Ygkrne.) 

Yn'iol,  an  earl  of  decayed  fortune, 
father  of  Enid.  He  was  ousted  from  his 
earldom  by  his  nephew  Ed'vrn  (son  of 
Nudd),  called  "The  Sparrow-Hawk." 
When  Edym  was  overthrown  by  prince 
Geraint'  in  single  combat,  he  was  com- 
pelled to  restore  the  earldom  to  his  uncle. 
He  is  described  in  the  Mahinogion  as  "a 
hoary-headed  man,  clad  in  tattered  gar- 
ments."— Tennyson,  Idylls  of  the  King 
("Enid"). 

lie  says  to  Geraint :  "  I  lost  a  great  earldom  as  well  as  a 

ci:y   and  cnstle,    and   this  is  how  I  lost  them:   I  had 

nejihew,  .  .  .  and  when  he  came  to  his  strength  he 

led  of  me  hi^  property,  but  I  witliheld  it  from  biin. 


So  he  made  war  upon  me,  and  wrested  from  me  all  that 
I  possessed."— rAe  Mabinogion  ("Geraint,  the  Son  of 
Erbin,"  twelfth  century). 

Yoglan  (Zacharias),  the  old  Jew 
chemist,  in  London. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Kenilworth  (time,  Elizabeth). 

Yohak,  the  giant  guardian  of  the 
caves  of  Babylon.— Southey,  Thalaba  the 
Destroyer^  v.  (1797). 

Yor'ick,  the  king  of  Denmark's  jester; 
"a  fellow  of  infinite  jest  and  most  ex- 
cellent fancy."  —  Shakespeare,  Hamlet 
Prince  of  Denmark  (1596). 

Torick^  a  humorous  and  careless  parson, 
of  Danish  origin,  and  a  descendant  of 
Yorick  mentioned  in  Shakespeare's  Ham- 
let. — Sterne,  Tristram  Shandy  (1759). 

Yorick,  the  lively,  witty,  sensible,  and  heedless  parson, 
is  .  .  .  Sterne  himself.— Sir  W.  Scott. 

Yorick  (Mr.),  the  pseudonym  of  the 
Rev.  Laurence  Sterne,  attached  to  his 
Sentimental  Journey  through  France  and 
Italy  (1768). 

York,  according^  to  legendary  history, 
was  built  by  Ebrauc,  son  of  Gwendolen 
widow  of  king  Locrin.  Geoffrey  says  it 
was  founded  while  "  David  reigned  in 
Judaea,"  and  was  called  Caer-brauc. — • 
British  History,  ii.  7  (1142). 

York  {New),  United  States,  America, 
is  so  called  in  compliment  to  the  duke  of 
York,  afterwards  James  II.  It  had  been 
previously  called  "  New  Amsterdam  "  by 
the  Dutch  colonists,  but  when  in  1664  its 
governor,  Stuyvesant,  surrendered  to  the 
English,  its  name  was  changed. 

York  (Geoffrey  archbishop  of),  one  of 
the  high  justiciaries  of  England  in  the 
absence  of  Richard  Cceur  de  Lion. — Sir 
W.  Scott,   The  Talisman  (time,  Richard 

York  (James  duke  of),  introduced  by 
sir  W.  Scott  in  Woodstock  and  in  Feverii 
of  the  Feak. 

Yorke  (Oliver),  pseudonym  of  Francis 
Sylvester  Mahony,  editor  of  Fraser^s 
Magazine.  It  is  still  edited  under  the 
same  name. 

Yorkshire  Bite  (A),  a  specially 
'cute  piece  of  overreaching,  entrapping 
one  into  a  profitless  bargain.  The  monkey 
who  ate  the  oyster  and  returned  a  shell  to 
each  litigant  affords  a  good  example. 

Yorkshire  Tragedy  (The),  author 
unknown  (1604),  was  at  one  time  printed 
with  the  name  of  Shakespeare, 


TOUNG. 


1125 


Young.  "Whom  the  gods  love  die 
young." — Herodotos,  History.  (See  Notes 
and  Queries,  October  5,  1879.) 

*^*  Quoted  by  lord  Byron  in  reference 
to  Haidee. — Don  Juan,  iv.  12  (1820). 

Young  America.  J.  G.  Holland 
says:  "What  we  call  FouTig  America  is 
made  up  of  about  equal  parts  of  irre- 
verence, conceit,  and  that  popular  moral 
quality  familiarly  known  as  brass." 

Young  Chevalier  (I'he),  Charles 
Edward  Stuart,  grandson  of  James  II. 
He  was  the  second  pretender  (1720- 
1788). 

Young  England,  a  set  of  young 
aristocrats,  who  tried  to  revive  the  courtly 
manners  of  the  Chesterfield  school.  They 
wore  white  waistcoats,  patronized  the  pet 
poor,  looked  down  upon  shopkeepers,  and 
were  imitators  of  the  period  of  Louis  XIV. 
Disraeli  has  immortalized  their  ways  and 
manners. 

Young  Germany,  a  literary  school, 
headed  by  Heinrich  Heine  IHi.ny],  whose 
aim  was  to  liberate  politics,  religion,  and 
manners  from  the  old  conventional  tram- 
mels. 

Young  Ireland,  followers  of  Daniel 
O'Connell  in  politics,  but  wholly  opposed 
to  his  abstention  from  war  and  insur- 
rection in  vindication  of  "their  country's 
rights." 

Young  Italy,  certain  Italian  re- 
fugees, wlio  associated  themselves  with 
the  French  republican  party,  called  the 
Carbonnerie  Democratique.  The  societ)'' 
was  first  organized  at  Marseilles  by  Maz- 
zini,  and  its  chief  object  was  to  diffuse 
republican  principles. 

Young  Roseius,  William  Henry 
West  Betty.  When  only  12  years  old,  he 
made  £34,000  in  fifty-six  nights.  He 
appeared  in  1803,  and  very  wiselv  retired 
from  the  stage  in  1807  (1791-1874). 

Young-and-Handsome,  a  beauti- 
ful fairy,  who  fell  in  love  with  Alidorus 
"the  lovely  shepherd."  Mordicant,  an 
ugly  fairy,  also  loved  him,  and  confined 
him  in  a  dungeon.  Zephyrus  loved 
Young-and-Handsome,  but  when  he  found 
no  reciprocity,  he  asked  the  fairy  how  he 
could  best  please  her.  "  By  liberating  the 
lovely  shepherd,"  she  replied.  "  Fairies, 
you  know,  have  no  power  over  fairies,  but 
you,  being  a  god,  have  full  power  over 
the  whole  race."  Zephyrus  complied  with 
this  request,  and  restored  Alidorus  to  the 
Castle    of    Flowers,    when    Young-and- 


YSOLDE. 


Handsome  bestowed  on  him  perpetual 
youth,  and  married  him.  —  Comtesse 
D'Aunoy,  Fain/  Tales  ("Young-and- 
Handsome,"  1682). 

YouWarkee,  the  name  of  the  gawrey 
that  Peter  Wilkins  married.  She  in- 
troduced the  seaman  to  Nosmnbdsgrsutt, 
the  land  of  flying  men  and  women. — R. 
Tultock,  Peter  WiUmis  (1750). 

Ysaie  le  Triste  [E.say'  IS  Treesf], 
son  of  Tristram  and  Isold  (wife  of  king 
Mark  of  Cornwall).  The  adventures  of 
this  young  knight  form  the  subject  of  a 
French  romance  called  Isaie  le  Triste 
(1522). 

I  did  not  think  it  necessary  to  contemplate  the  exploits 
.  .  .  with  the  gravity  of  Isaie  le  Triste.— Diinlop. 

Ysolde  or  Ysonde  (2  syL),  sur- 
named  "The  Fair^ daughter  of  the  king 
of  Ireland.  When  sir  Tristram  was 
wounded  in  fighting  for  his  uncle  Mark, 
he  went  to  Ireland,  and  was  cured  by  the 
Fair  Ysolde.  On  his  return  to  Cornwall, 
he  gave  his  uncle  such  a  glowing  account 
of  the  young  princess  that  he  was  sent 
to  propose  offers  of  marriage,  and  to  con- 
duct the  lady  to  Cornwall.  The  brave 
young  knight  and  the  fair  damsel  fell  in 
love  with  each  other  on  their  voyage, 
and,  although  Ysolde  married  king  Mark, 
she  retained  to  the  end  her  love  for  sir 
Tristram.  King  Mark,  jealous  of  his 
nephew,  banished  him  from  Cornwall, 
and  he  went  to  Wales,  where  he  per- 
formed prodigies  of  valour.  In  time,  his 
uncle  invited  him  back  to  Cornwall,  but, 
the  guilty  intercourse  being  renewed,  he 
was  banished  a  second  time.  Sir  Tris- 
tram now  wandered  over  Spain,  Ermonie, 
and  Brittany,  winning  golden  opinions 
by  his  exploits.  In  Brittany,  he  married 
the  king's  daughter,  Ysolde  or  Ysonde  of 
the  WJute  Baiid,  but  neither  loved  her  nor 
lived  with  her.  The  rest  of  the  tale  is 
differently  told  by  different  authors. 
Some  say  he  returned  to  Cornwall,  re- 
newed his  love  with  Ysolde  the  Fair,  and 
was  treacherously  stabbed  by  his  uncle 
Mark.  Others  say  he  was  severely 
wounded  in  Brittanj-,  and  sent  for  his 
aunt,  but  died  before  her  arrival.  When 
Ysolde  the  Fair  heard  of  his  death,  she 
died  of  a  broken  heart,  and  king  Mark  • 
buried  them  both  in  one  grave,  overAvhich 
he  planted  a  rose  bush  and  a  vine. 

Ysolde  or  Ysonde  or  Ysolt  of  the 
White  Hand,  daughter  of  the  king  of 
Brittany.  Sir  Tristram  married  her  for 
her  name's  sake,  but  never  loved  her  nor 
lived  with  her,  because  he  loved  his  aunt 


YTENE. 


1126 


ZACHARIA. 


Ysolde  the  Fair  (the  young  wife  of  king 
Mark),  and  it  was  a  point  of  chivalry  for 
a  knight  to  love  only  one  woman,  whether 
widow,  wife,  or  maid. 

Ytene  \^E.tee'.'ne]^  New  Forest,  in 
Hani  psh  ire. 

So  when  two  boars  in  wild  Vtenfi  bred. 

Or  on  Westphalia's  fattening  chestnuts  fed. 

Gnash  their  sharp  tusks,  and  roused  with  equal  fire, 

Dispute  the  reign  of  some  luxurious  mire, 

111  the  black  fltXKl  they  wallow  o'er  and  o'er, 

Till  their  armed  jaws  distill  with  foam  and  gore. 

Gay,  THvia.  iii.  45  (1712). 

YuMd'thiton,  chief  of  the  Az'tecas, 
the  mightiest  in  battle  and  wisest  in 
council.  He  succeeded  Co'anocot'zin  (5 
syl.)  as  king  of  the  tribe,  and  led  the 
people  from  the  south  of  the  Missouri  to 
Mexico.— Southey,  Modoc  (1805). 

Yule  (1  syl.)^  Christmas-time. 

I  cravM  leave  no  longer,  but  till  Yewle. 

G.  Gascoigne,  The  Fruitei  of  Warre,  115  (died  1557). 

Ywaine  and  Ga"win.,  the  English 
version  of  *'  Owain  and  the  Lady  of  the 
Fountain."  The  English  version  was 
taken  from  the  French  of  Chrestien  de 
Troyes,  and  was  published  by  Ritson 
(twelfth  century).  The  Welsh  tale  is  in 
the  Mahinogion.  There  is  also  a  German 
version  by  Hartmann  von  der  Aue,  a 
minnesinger  (beginning  of  thirteenth 
century).  There  are  also  Bavarian  and 
Danish  versions. 

Yvetot  {Eve. toe],  a  town  in  Nor- 
mandy ;  the  lord  of  the  town  was  called 
le  roi  (T  Yvetot.  The  tale  is  that  Clotaire 
son  of  Clovis,  having  slain  the  lord  of 
Yvetot  before  the  high  altar  of  Soissons, 
made  atonement  to  the  heirs  by  con- 
ferring on  them  the  title  of  king.  In  the 
sixteenth  century  the  title  was  exchanged 
for  that  of  prince  souverain,  and  the 
whole  fiction  was  dropped  not  long  after. 
Beranger  has  a  poem  called  "Le  Roi 
d'  Yvetot,"  which  is  understood  to  be  a 
satirical  fling  at  the  great  Napoleon. 
The  following  is  the  first  stanza : 

II  (5tait  un  roi  Yvetot 

Peu  connu  dans  I'histoire; 
Se  levant  tard,  se  couchant  t6t. 

Dormant,  fort  blen  sans  gloire, 
Et  couronne  par  Jeanneton 
D'un  simple  bonnet  de  coton. 

Dit  on : 
Oh  1  oh  1  oh!  oh!    Ahlahlahlahl 
Quel  bon  peUt  roi  c'etait;  li  1  li !  li ! 

Beranger. 
A  king  there  was,  "  roi  d'Yvetot"  clept. 

But  little  known  in  story. 
Went  soon  to  ted,  till  next  day  slept, 

And  soundly  without  glory. 
His  royal  brow  in  cotton  cap. 
Would  Jannet,  when  he  took  his  nap,' 

Enwnip. 
Oh  !  oh  1  oh  !  oh  I    Ah  !  ah  !  ah  !  all  I 
A  famous  king  he ;  Lai  la !  lal  E.  C.  B. 


Zabarell,  a  learned  Italian  com- 
mentator on  works  connected  with  the 
Aristotelian  system  of  philosophy  (1533- 
1589). 

And  still  I  held  converse  with  Zabarell  .  .  . 
Stufft  noting-books ;  and  still  my  spaniel  slept. 
At  length  he  waked  and  yawned  ;  and  by  yon  s 
For  aught  I  know,  he  knew  as  much  as  I. 

Marston  (died  1634). 

Za.bidius,  the  name  in  Martial  for 
which  "Dr.  Fell"  was  substituted  by 
Tom  Brown,  when  set  by  the  dean  of 
Christ  Church  to  translate  the  lines : 

Non  amo  te,  ZabidI,  nee  possum  dicere  quare ; 
Hoc  tantum  possum  dicere,  non  amo  te. 
I  love  thee  not,  Zabidius— 

Yet  cannot  tell  thee  why ; 
But  this  I  may  most  tnily  say, 
I  love  thee  not,  not  I. 


E  C.  B. 


Imitated  thus : 


I  do  not  like  thee.  Dr.  Ftll— 
The  reason  why.  I  cannot  tell ; 
But  this  I  know,  and  know  full  well, 
I  do  not  like  thee.  Dr.  Fell. 
Tom  Brown  (author  of  DialogvM  of  the  Dead). 

Zabir  (Al).  So  the  Mohammedans 
call  mount  Sinai. 

When  Moses  came  at  our  appointed  time,  and  his  Lord 
spake  unto  him,  he  said,  *'0  Lord,  show  me  thy  glory, 
that  I  may  behold  thee;"  and  God  answered,  "Thou 
Shalt  in  no  wise  behold  me ;  but  look  towards  this 
mountiin  [Al  Zabir i,  and  if  it  stand  firm  in  its  place  then 
Shalt  thou  see  me."  But  when  the  Lord  appeared  with 
glory,  the  mount  was  reduced  to  dust.— ^  I  KorAn,  viL 

Zab'ulon,  a  Jew,  the  servant  of  Hip- 
polyta  a  rich  lady  wantonly  in  love 
with  Amoldo.  Arnoldo  is  contracted  to 
the  chaste  Zeno'cia,  who,  in  turn,  is 
basely  pursued  by  the  governor  count 
Clo'dio.  —  Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The 
Custom  of  the  Country  (1647). 

Zab'ulus,  same  as  Diabolus. 

Gay  sport  have  we  had  to-night  with  Zubulus. 

Lord  Lytton,  Harold,  viii.  (1850). 

Zaceoc'ia,  king  of  Mozambique,  who 
received  Vasco  da  Gama  and  his  crew 
with  great  hospitality,  believing  them  to  be 
Mohammedans;  but  when  he  ascertained 
that  they  were  Christians,  he  tried  to 
destroy  them. — Camoens,  Zusiad,  i.,  ii. 
(1569). 

Zacharia,  one  of  the  three  ana- 
baptists who  induced  John  of  Leyden  te 
join  the  revolt  of  Westphalia  and  Hol- 
land. On  the  arrival  of  the  emperor,  the 
anabaptists  betrayed  their  dupe,  but 
perished  with  him  in  the  flames  of  the 
burning  palace. — Meyerbeer,  Le  Fropheta 
(1849). 


ZADIG. 


1127 


ZANGA. 


Zadig,  the  hero  and  title  of  a  novel 
by  Voltaire.  Zadig  is  a  wealthy  young 
Babylonian,  and  the  object  of  the  novel 
is  to  show  that  the  events  of  life  are 
beyond  human  control. 

Zad'kiel  (3  syL),  angel  of  the  plauet 
Jupiter. — Jewish  Mythology. 

Zad'kiel,  the  pseudonym  of  lieutenant 
Kichard  James  Morrison,  author  of  Pro- 
phetic  Almanac^  Handbook  of  Astrology, 
etc. 

Zadoc,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  is  Bancroft  archbishop  of 
Canterbury. 

Zatloc  the  priest,  whom  shunning  power  and  place, 
His  lowly  mind  advanced  to  David's  grace. 

Pt.  i.  (1681). 

Zaide  (2  syl.),  a  young  slave,  who  pre- 
tends to  have  been  ill-treated  by  Adraste 
(2  syl.),  and  runs  to  don  Pedre  for  protec- 
tion. Don  Pedre  sends  her  into  the 
house,  while  he  expostulates  with  Adraste 
"for  his  brutality."  Now,  Adraste  is  in 
love  with  Isidore,  a  Greek  slave  kept  by 
don  Pedre,  and  when  Zaide  is  called  forth, 
Isidore  appears  dressed  in  Zaide's  clothes. 
"There,"  says  don  Pfedre,  "take  her 
home,  and  use  her  well."  "  I  Avill,"  says 
Adraste,  and  leads  off  Isidore. — Molibre, 
Le  Sicilien  ou  L' Amour  Feintre  (1667). 

Zaira,  the  mother  of  Eva  Wentworth. 
She  is  a  brilliant  Italian,  courted  by  de 
Courcy.  When  deceived  by  him,  she 
meditates  suicide,  but  forbears,  and  sees 
Eva  die  tran(}uil]y,  and  the  faithless  de 
Courcy  perish  of  remorse. — Rev.  C.  R. 
Maturin,  Women  (a  novel,  1822). 

Zakkum  or  Al  Zakklim,  the  tree  of 
death,  rooted  in  hell,  as  the  tree  of  life 
was  in  Eden.  It  is  called  in  the  Koran 
"  the  cursed  tree  "  (ch.  xvii.).  The  fruit 
is  extremely  bitter,  and  any  great  evil  or 
bitter  draught  is  figuratively  called  al 
Zakkum.  The  damned  eat  its  bitter 
fruits  and  drink  scalding  hot  water 
(ch.  xxxvii.). 

Tlie  unallayable  bitterness 
Of  Zaccoum's  fruit  accurst 
Soutbey,  Thalaba  the  DeUroyer,  vii.  16  (1797). 
Is  this  a  better  entertainment,  or  is  it  of  the  tree  al 
Zakkaml— ^i  Kor&n,  xxxvii. 

Zala,  a  peculiar  ceremony  of  saluta- 
tion amongst  the  Moors. 

Zambo,  the  issue  of  an  Indian  and  a 
negro 

Zambullo  {Don  CleopJias  Leandro 
Perez),  the  person  carried  through  the 
air   by  Asmodeus  to  the  steeple  of   St. 


Salvador,  and  shown,  in  a  moment  of 
time,  the  interior  of  everj'  private  dwell- 
ing around.— Lesage,  The  Devil  on  Two 
Sticks  (1707). 

Weaving  the  air  at  a  greater  rate  than  don  aeophas 
Leandro  Perez  Zambullo  and  his  familiar  — C  Dickens 
The  Old  Curiosity  Shop  (1840). 

Zam'harir'  (Al),  that  extreme  cold 
to  which  the  wicked  shall  be  exposed 
after  they  leave  the  flames  of  hell  or  have 
drunk  of  the  boiling  water  there. — Sale, 
A I  Koran,  vi.  (notes). 

Zam'ora,  youngest  of  the  three 
daughters  of  Balthazar.  She  is  in  love 
with  Rolando,  a  young  soldier,  who  fancies 
himself  a  woman-hater,  and  in  order  to 
win  him  she  dresses  in  boy's  clothes,  and 
becomes  his  page,  under  the  name  of 
Eugenio.  In  this  character,  Zamora  wins 
the  heart  of  the  3''oung  soldier  by  her 
fidelity,  tenderness,  and  affection.  When 
the  proper  moment  arrives,  she  assumes 
her  female  attire,  and  Rolando,  declaring 
she  is  no  woman  but  an  angel,  marries 
her. — J.  Tobin,  The  Honeymoon  (1804). 

Zamti,  the  Chinese  mandarin.  His 
wife  was  MandSne,  and  his  son  Hamet. 
The  emperor  of  China,  when  he  was  about 
to  be  put  to  death  by  Ti'murkan'  the 
Tartar,  committed  to  Zamti's  charge  his 
infant  son  Zami^himri,  and  Zamti  brought 
up  this  "orphan  of  China"  as  his  own 
son,  under  the  name  of  Etan.  Twenty 
years  afterwards,  Zamti  was  put  to  the 
rack  by  Timurkan,  and  died  soon  after- 
wards.—Murphy,  2Tie  Orphan  of  China 
(1761). 

Zanga,  the  revengeful  Moor,  the  ser- 
vant of  don  Alonzo.  The  Moor  hates 
Alonzo  for  two  reasons:  (1)  because  he 
killed  his  father,  and  (2)  because  he  struck 
him  on  the  cheek  ;  and  although  Alonzo 
has  used  every  endeavour  to  conciliate 
Zanga,  the  revengeful  Moor  nurses  his 
hate  and  keeps  it  warm.  The  revenge  he 
wreaks  is :  (1)  to  poison  the  friendship 
which  existed  between  Alonzo  and  don 
Carlos  by  acctisations  against  the  don, 
and  (2)  to  embitter  the  love  of  Alonzo  for 
Leonora  his  wife.  Alonzo,  out  of  jealousy, 
has  his  friend  killed,  and  Leonora  makes 
away  with  herself.  Having  thus  lost  his 
best*  beloved,  Zanga  tells  his  dupe  he  has 
been  imposed  upon,  and  Alonzo,  mad  with 
grief,  stabs  himself.  Zanga,  content  with 
the  mischief  he  has  done,  is  taken  away 
to  execution. — Edward  Young,  The  Re- 
venge (1721). 

%*  "  Zanga  "  was  th  e  great  character  of 
I   Henry  Mossop  (1729-1773).    It  was  also 


ZANONI. 


1128 


ZEAL. 


a  favourite  part  with  J.  Kemble  (1757- 
1823). 

Zano'ni,  hero  and  title  of  a  novel  by 
lord  Bulwer  Lytton.  Zanoni  is  supposed 
to  possess  the  power  of  communicating 
with  spirits,  prolonging  life,  and  pro- 
ducing gold,  silver,  and  precious  stones 
(1842). 

Zany  of  Debate.  George  Canning 
was  so  called  bj'  Charles  Lamb  in  a  sonnet 
printed  in  The  Champion  newspaper. 
Posterity  has  not  endorsed  the  judgment 
or  wit  of  this  ill-natured  satire  (1770- 
1827). 

Zaphimri,  the  "orphan  of  China," 
brought  up  by  Zamti,  under  the  name  of 
Etan. 

Ere  yet  the  foe  burst  in. 
"Zamti,"  said  he,  "  preserve  my  cradled  infant; 
Save  him  from  ruffians ;  train  iiis  youth  to  virtue  .  .  ." 
He  rould  no  more  ;  tlie  cruel  spoiler  seized  him. 
And  dragge<i  my  king,  from  yonder  altar  dragRed  him. 
Here  on  the  blood-stjiined  pavement ;  while  the  queen 
And  her  dear  fondlings,  in  one  mangled  heap, 
Died  in  each  others'  arms. 

Murphy,  The  Orphan  of  China,  iii.  1  (1761). 

Zaphna,  son  of  Alcanor  chief  of 
Mecca.  He  and  his  sister  Palmira,  being 
taken  captives  in  infancy,  were  brought 
up  by  Mahomet,  and  Zaphna,  not  knowing 
Palmira  was  his  sister,  fell  in  love  with 
her,  and  was  in  turn  beloved.  When 
Mahomet  laid  siege  to  Mecca,  he  em- 
ployed Zaphna  to  assassinate  Alcanor, 
and  when  he  had  committed  the  deed, 
discovered  that  it  was  his  own  father  he 
had  killed.  Zaphna  would  have  revenged 
the  deed  on  Mahomet,  but  died  of  poison. 
— James  Miller,  Mahomet  the  Jr/ipostor 
(1740). 

Zara,  an  African  queen,  widow  of 
Albuca'cim,  and  taken  captive  by  Manuel 
king  of  Grana'da,  who  fell  in  love  with 
her.  Zara,  however,  was  intensely  in  love 
with  Osmyn  (alias  prince  Alphonso  of 
Valentia),  also  a  captive.  Alphonso,  being 
privately  married  to  Alme'ria,  could  not 
return  her  love.  She  designs  to  liberate 
Osmyn ;  but,  seeing  a  dead  body  in  the 
prison,  fancies  it  to  be  that  of  Osmyn, 
and  kills  herself  by  poison. — W.  Congreve, 
The  Mourning  Bride  (1697). 

*^*  "  Zara"  was  one  of  the  great  cha- 
racters of  Mrs.  Siddons  (1755-1831). 

Zara  (in  French  Zaire) ^  the  heroine 
and  title  of  a  tragedy >y  Voltaire  (1783), 
adapted  for  the  English  stdge  by  Aaron 
Hill  (1736).  Zara  is  the  daughter  of 
Lusigaan  d'Outremer  king  of  Jerusalem 
and  brother  of  JSerestan.  Twenty  j'ears 
ago,    Lusignan    and    his    tM^o    children 


had  been  taken  captives.  Nerestan  was 
four  years  old  at  the  time  ;  and  Zara,  a 
mere  infant,  was  brought  up  in  the 
seraglio.  Osman  the  sultan  fell  in  love 
with  her,  and  promised  to  make  her  his 
sultana  ;  and  as  Zara  loved  him  for  him- 
self, her  hafipiness  seemed  complete. 
Nerestan,  having  been  sent  to  France  to 
obtain  ransoms,  returned  at  this  crisis, 
and  Osman  fancied  that  he  observed  a 
familiarity  between  Zara  and  Nerestan, 
which  roused  his  suspicions.  Several 
things  occurred  to  confirm  them,  and  at 
last  a  letter  Avas  intercepted,  appointing  a 
rendezvous  between  them  in  a  "  secret 
passage "  of  the  seraglio.  Osman  met 
Zara  in  the  passage,  and  stabbed  her  to 
the  heart.  Nerestan  was  soon  seized,  and 
being  brought  before  the  sultan,  told  him 
he  had  slain  his  sister,  and  the  sole  object 
of  his  interview  was  to  inform  her  of  her 
father's  death,  and  to  bring  her  his  dying 
blessing.  Osman  now  saw  his  error, 
commanded  all  the  Christian  captives  to 
be  set  at  liberty,  and  stabbed  himself. 

Zaramilla,  wife  of  Tinacrio  king  of 
Micomicon,  in  P^gypt.  He  was  told  that 
his  daughter  would  succeed  him,  that  she 
would  be  dethroned  by  the  giant  Panda- 
filando,  but  that  she  would  find  in  Spain 
the  gallant  knight  of  La  Mancha,  who 
would  redress  her  wrongs,  and  restore  her 
to  her  throne. — Cervantes,  Don  Quixote, 
I.  iv.  3  (1G05). 

Zaraph,  the  angel  who  loved  Nama. 
Ifc  was  Nama's  desire  to  love  intenselj' 
and  to  love  holily,  but  as  she  fixed  her 
love  on  an  angel  and  not  on  God,  she 
was  doomed  to  abide  on  earth  till  the  day 
of  consummation  ;  then  both  Nama  and 
Zaraph  will  be  received  into  the  realms 
of  everlasting  love. — T.  Moore,  Loves  of 
the  Angels  (1822). 

Zauberflote  {Die),  a  magic  flute, 
which  had  the  power  of  inspiring  love. 
When  bestowed  by  the  powers  of  dark- 
ness, the  love  it  inspired  was  sensual 
love ;  but  when  by  the  powers  of  light, 
it  became  subservient  to  the  very  highest 
and  holiest  purposes.  It  guided  Tami'no 
and  Pami'na  through  all  worldly  dangers 
to  the  knowledge  of  divine  truth  (or  the 
mysteries  of  Isis). — Mozart,  Die  Zauber- 
flote (1791). 

Zayde,  the  chief  character  in  a  French 
romance  by  Mde.  Lafayette  (seventeenth 
century). 

Zeal  (Arabella),  in  Shadwell's  comedy 
The  Fair  Quaker  of  Deal  (1617). 


ZEDEKIAH. 


1129 


ZENOCIA. 


This  comedy  was  altered  by  E.  Thomp- 
■on  in  1720. 

Zedekiah.,  one  of  general  Harrison's 
servants. — Sir  W.  Scott,  Woodstock  (time, 
Commonwealth). 

Ze'gris  and  the  Abencerra'ges 

[A' .ven.ce.rak' ,ke],  an  historical  romance, 
professing  to  be  history,  and  printed  at 
Alca'la  in  1604.  It  was  extremely  popu- 
lar, and  had  a  host  of  imitations. 

Zeid,  Mahomet's  freedman.  "  The 
prophet "  adopted  him  as  his  son,  and 
gave  him  Zeinab  (or  Zenobia)  for  a  wife  ; 
but  falling  in  love  with  her  himself,  Zeid 
gave  her  up  to  the  prophet.  She  was 
Mahomet's  cousin,  and  within  the  pro- 
hibited degrees,  according  to  the  Koran, 

Zeinab  or  Zenobia,  wife  of  Zeid 
Mahomet's  freedman  and  adopted  son. 
As  Mahomet  wished  to  have  her,  Zeid 
resigned  her  to  the  prophet.  Zeinab  was 
the  daughter  of  Amima,  Mahomet's  aunt. 

Zei'nah  (2  syL),  wife  of  Hodei'rah  (3 
syl.)  an  Arab. "  She  lost  her  husband  and 
all  her  children,  except  one,  a  boy  named 
Thal'aba.  Wear}'  of  life,  the  angel  of 
death  took  her,  while  Thalaba  was  yet  a 
youth. — Southev,  Thalaba  the  Destroyer 
(1797). 

Zeleu'cus  or  Zaleucus,  a  Locren- 
sian  lawgiver,  who  enacted  that  adulterers 
should  be  deprived  of  their  eyes.  His 
own  son  being  proved  guilty,  Zeleucus 
pulled  out  one  of  his  own  eyes,  and  one 
of  his  son's  eyes,  that  "  two  eyes  might 
be  paid  to  the  law." — Valerius  Maximus, 
De  Factis  Dictisque,  v.  6,  exl.  3. 

How  many  now  will  tread  Zeleucus'  steps  T 

G.  Gascoigne,  The  ateele  Olat  (died  1577). 

Zel'ica,  the  betrothed  of  Azim.  When 
it  was  rumoured  that  he  had  been  slain  in 
battle,  Zelica  j  oined  the  haram  of  the  Veiled 
Prophet  as  "  one  of  the  elect  of  paradise." 
Azim  returned  from  the  wars,  discovered 
her  retreat,  and  advised  her  to  flee  with 
him,  but  she  told  him  that  she  was  now  the 
prophet's  bride.  After  the  death  of  the 
prophet,  Zelica  assumed  his  veil,  and 
Azim,  thinking  the  veiled  figure  to  be 
the  prophet,  rushed  on  her  and  killed  her. 
— T.  Moore,  Lalla  Eookh  ("  The  Veiled 
Prophet,"  etc.,  1817). 

Zelis,  the  daughter  of  a  Persian  officer. 
She  was  engaged  to  a  man  in  the  middle 
age  of  life,  but  just  prior  to  the  wedding 
he  forsook  her  for  a  richer  bride.  The 
father  of  Zelis  challenged  him,  but  was 
killed.  Zelis  now  took  lodging  with  a 
courtezan,  and  went  with  her  to  Italy ; 
48 


but  when  she  discovered  the  evil  courses 
of  her  companion,  she  determined  to  be- 
come a  nun,  and  started  by  water  for 
Rome.  She  was  taken  captive  by  cor- 
sairs, and  sold  from  master  to  master, 
till  at  length  Hingpo  rescued  her,  and 
made  her  his  wife.— Goldsmith,  A  Citizen 
of  the  World  (1769). 

Zelma'ne  (3  syl.),  the  assumed 
name  of  Pyr'ocles  when  he  put  on  female 
attire. — Sir  Philip  Sidnej"^,  Arcadia  (1590). 

Sir  Pliilip  has  preserved  such  a  matchless  decorum  that 
PyroclSs'  manhood  suffers  no  stain  for  the  effeminacy  of 
Zelman^.— C.  Lamb. 

Zeln'co,  the  only  son  of  a  noble 
Sicilian  family,  accomplished  and  fasci- 
nating, but  spoilt  by  maternal  indulgence, 
and  at  length  rioting  in  dissipation.  In 
spite  of  his  gaiety  of  manner,  he  is  a 
standing  testimony  that  misery  accom- 
panies vice. — Dr.  John  Moore,  Zeluco  (a 
novel,  1786). 

Ze'mia,  one  of  the  four  who,  next  in 
authority  to  U'riel,  preside  over  our  earth. 
— Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  iii.  (1748). 

Zemzem,  a  fountain  at  Mecca.  The 
Mohammedans  say  it  is  the  very  spring 
T/hich  God  made  to  slake  the  thirst  of 
Ishmael,  when  Hagar  was  driven  into  the 
wilderness  by  Abraham.  A  bottle  of  this 
water  is  considered  a  very  valuable  pre- 
sent, even  by  princes. 

There  were  also  a  great  many  bottles  of  water  from  the 
fountain  of  Zemzem,  at  Mecca. — Arabian  Ai^Ats("Tho 
Purveyor's  Story  "). 

Zemzem,  a  well,  where  common 
believers  abide,  who  are  not  equal  to 
prophets  or  martyrs.  The  prophets  go 
direct  to  paradise,  and  the  latter  await 
the  resurrection  in  the  form  of  green 
birds. — Al  Koran. 

Zenel'ophon,  the  beggar-girl  who 
married  king  Cophet'ua  of  Africa.  She 
is  more  generally  called  Penel'ophon. — 
Shakespeare,  Love's  Labour's  Lost,  act  iv. 
sc.  1  (1694). 

Zenjebil,  a  stream  in  paradise,  flowing 
from  the  fountain  Salsabil.  The  word 
means  "  ginger." 

Their  attendants  [in  paratlUe]  shall  go  round  with 
vessels  of  silver,  .  .  .  and  there  shall  be  given  to  them  to 
drink  cups  of  wine  mixed  witli  the  water  of  Zenjebil.-»- 
Al  Kordn,  Ixxvi. 

Zenobia,  queen  of  Palmyra,  who 
claimed  the  title  of  "  Queen  of  the  East." 
She  was  defeated  by  Aurelian  and  taken 
prisoner  in  a.d.  273. 

Zeno'cia,  daughter  of  Chari'no,  and 
the  chaste  troth-plight  wife  of  Arnoldo. 
While  Arnoldo  is  wantonly  loved  by  the 


ZEPHALINDA. 


1130       ZEUXIS  AND  PARRHASIOS. 


rich  Hippol'j'ta,  Zenocia  is  dishonourably 
pursued  by  the  governor  count  Clo'dio.— 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher,  The  Custom  of 
the  Country  (1647). 

Zephalinda,  a  youngs  lady  who  has 
tasted  the  delights  of  a  London  season, 
taken  back  to  her  home  in  the  country, 
to  find  enjoyment  in  needlework,  dull 
Mints,  and  rooks. 

She  went  from  opera,  park,  assembly,  play. 

To  morning  walks,  and  prayers  three  hours  a  day  ; 

To  part  her  time  'twixt  readinjf  and  Bohea, 

To  muse,  and  spill  her  solitary  tea, 

O'er  her  cold  coffee  trifle  with  her  spoon, 

Count  the  slow  clock,  and  dine  ex.act  at  noon. 

Pope,  Mpistle  to  Miss  Blount  (1715). 

Zeph'oil,'a  cherub  who  detected  Satan 
squatting  in  the  garden,  and  brought  him 
before  Gabriel  the  archangel.  The  word 
means  "searcher  of  secrets."  Milton 
makes  him  "the  guardian  angel  of  para- 
dise." 

Ithuriel  and  Zephon,  with  winged  speed 
Search  thro'  this  garden,  leave  unsearched  no  nook ; 
But  ciiietly  wliere  those  two  fair  creatures  lodge, 
Now  laid  perhaps  asleep,  secure  of  harm. 

Milton,  Paradise  Lost,  iv.  788  (1665). 

Zephyr.    (See  Morgane,  p.  660.) 

Zerbinette  (3  syl.),  the  daughter  of 
Argante  (2  syl.),  stolen  from  her  parents 
by  gipsies  when  four  years  old,  and  brought 
up  by  them.  Le'andre,  the  son  of  seignior 
Ge'ronte,  fell  in  love  with  her,  and  mar- 
ried her  ;  but  the  gipsies  would  not  give 
her  up  without  being  paid  £1500.  Scapin 
wrung  this  money  from  Ge'ronte,  pretend- 
ing it  was  to  ransom  Le'andre,  who  had 
been  made  a  prisoner  by  some  Turks, 
who  intended  to  sell  him  in  Algiers  for  a 
slave  unless  his  ransom  was  brought 
within  two  hours.  The  old  man  gave 
Scapin  the  money  grudgingly,  and  Scapin 
passed  it  over  to  the  gipsies,  when  a 
bracelet  led  to  the  discovery  that  Zer- 
binette was  the  daughter  of  seignior 
Argante,  a  friend  of  Le'andre's  father, 
and  all  parties  were  delighted  at  the 
different  revelations. — Moliere,  LesFour- 
lierks  de  Scapin  (1671). 

*#*  In  the  English  version,  called  llie 
Cheats  of  Scapin,  by  Thomas  Otway, 
Zerbinette  is  called  "Lucia,"'  her  father 
Argante  is  called  "Thrifty,"  Le'andre  is 
Anglicized  into  "  Leander,"  Ge'ronte  be- 
comes "  Gripe,"  and  the  sum  of  money  is 
£200. 

Zerbi'no,  son  of  the  king  of  Scotland, 
and  intimate  friend  of  Orlando. — Ariosto, 
Orlando  Furioso  (1516). 

Zerli'na,  a  rustic  beauty,  about  to  be 
married  to  Masetto,  when  don  Giovanni 


allured  her  away  under  the  promise  of 
making  her  a  fine  lady. — Mozart,  Don 
Giovanni  (opera,  1787). 

Zerli'na^  in  Auber's  opera  of  Fra 
Diavolo  (1830). 

Zesbet,  daughter  of  the  sage  Oucha 
of  Jerusalem.  She  had  four  husbands  at 
the  same  time,  viz.,  Abdal  Motallab  (the 
sage),  Yaarab  (the  judge),  Abou'teleb  (a 
doctor  of  law),  and  Temimdari  (a  soldier). 
Zesbet  was  the  mother  of  the  prophet 
Mahomet.  Mahomet  appeared  to  her 
before  his  birth  in  the  form  of  a  venerable 
old  man,  and  said  to  her : 

"  You  have  found  fiivour  before  Allah.  Look  upon  me ; 
I  am  Mahomet,  the  great  friend  of  God,  he  who  is  to  en- 
liglUen  tlie  earth.  Thy  virtues,  Zesbet,  and  thy  beauty 
have  made  me  prefer  thee  to  all  the  daughters  of  Meecii. 
Thou  shall  for  the  future  be  named  Anunta  [sic]."  Then, 
turning  to  the  husbands,  he  said,  "You  have  seen  me; 
she  is  yours,  and  you  are  hers.  Labour,  then,  with  a  holy 
zeal  to  bring  me  into  the  world  to  enlighten  it.  All  men 
who  shall  follow  the  law  which  I  shall  preacli,  may  have 
four  wives ;  but  Zesbet  slialJ  be  the  only  woman  wlio 
shall  be  lawfully  the  wife  of  four  husbands  at  once.  It  is 
the  least  privilege  I  can  grant  the  woman  of  whom  I 
choose  to  be  born."— Conite  de  Cavlus,  Oriental  Tale* 
("  History  of  the  Birth  of  Mahomet,"  1743), 

(The  mother  of  Mahomet  is  generally 
called  Amina,  not  Aminta.) 

Zeus  (1  syl.)^  the  Grecian  J;4eiter. 
The  word  was  once  applied  to  the^ue 
firmament,  the  upper  sky,  the  arch  of 
light ;  but  in  Homeric  mythology,  Zeus  is 
king  of  gods  and  men  ;  the  conscious  em- 
bodiment of  the  central  authority  and 
administrative  intelligence  which  holds 
states  together  ;  the  supreme  ruler  ;  the 
sovereign  source  of  law  and  order ;  the 
fountain  of  justice,  and  final  arbiter  of 
disputes. 

Zeuxis  and  Parrhaslos.    In  a 

contest  of  skill,  Zeuxis  painted  some 
grapes  so  naturally  that  birds  pecked  at 
them.  Confident  of  success,  Zeuxis  said 
to  his  rival,  "Now  let  Parrhasios  draw 
aside  his  curtain,  and  show  us  his  pro- 
duction." "You  behold  it  already," 
replied  Parrhasios,  "and  have  mistaken 
it  for  real  drapery."  Whereupon,  the 
prize  was  awarded  to  him,  for  Zeuxis 
had  deceived  the  birds,  but  Parrhasios 
had  deceived  Zeuxis. 

Myro's  painting  of  a  cow  was  mis- 
taken by  a  herd  of  bulls  for  a  living 
animal ;  and  Apelles's  painting  of  the 
horse  Bucephalos  deceived  several  mares, 
who  ran  about  it  neighing. 

QuiNTiN  Matsys,  of  Antwerp,  fell  iu 
love  with  Lisa,  daughter  of  Johann  Man- 
dyn  ;  but  Mandyn  vowed  his  daughter 
should  marry  only  an  artist.  Matsys 
studied  painting,  and  brought  his  first 


ZILLAH. 


1131 


ZOHAK. 


picture  to  show  Lisa.  Mandyn  was  not 
at  home,  but  had  left  a  picture  of  his 
favourite  pupil  Frans  Floris,  represent- 
ing the  "fallen  angels,"  on  an  easel. 
Quintin  painted  a  bee  on  the  outstretched 
limb,  and  when  Mandyn  returned  he 
tried  to  brush  it  off,  whereupon  the  de- 
ception was  discovered.  The  old  man's 
heart  was  moved,  and  he  gave  Quintin 
his  daughter  in  marriage,  saying,  "You 
are  a  true  artist,  greater  than  Johann 
Mandyn."  This  painting  is  in  Antwerp 
Cathedral. 

Velasquez  painted  a  Spanish  admiral 
■0  true  to  life  that  king  Felipe  IV., 
entering  the  studio,  thought  the  painting 
was  the  admiral,  and  spoke  to  it  as  such, 
reproving  the  supposed  officer  for  being 
in  the  studio  wasting  his  time,  when  he 
ought  to  have  been  with  the  fleet. 

Zillali,  beloved  by  Hamuel  a  brutish 
sot.  Zillah  rejected  his  suit,  and  Hamuel 
vowed  vengeance.  Accordinglj',  he  gave 
out  that  Zillah  had  intercourse  with  the 
devil,  and  she  was  condemned  to  be 
burnt  alive.  God  averted  the  flames, 
which  consumed  Hamuel,  but  Zillah 
stood  unharmed,  and  the  stake  to  which 
she  was  bound  threw  forth  white  roses, 
"the  first  ever  seen  on  earth  since  para- 
dise was  lost." — Southey.  (See  Rose, 
p.  846,  col.  1,  last  art.) 

Zinnnerman  (Adam),  the  old 
burgher  of  Soleure,  one  of  the  Swiss 
deputies  to  Charles  "the  Bold"  of  Bur- 
gundy.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Anne  of  Geierstein 
(time,  Edward  IV.). 

Zim'ri,  one  of  the  six  Wise  Men  of 
the  East  led  by  the  guiding  star  to  Jesus. 

Zimri  taught  the  peo^ile,  but  they  treated  him  with 
contempt ;  yet,  when  dyniK,  he  prevailed  on  one  of  them, 
«nd  then  expired.— Klopstock,  The  Messiah,  v.  (1771). 

Zimri,  in  Dryden's  satire  of  Absalom 
and  Achitophel,  is  the  second  duke  of 
Buckingham.  As  Zimri  conspired  against 
Asa  king  of  Judah,  so  the  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham "  formed  parties  and  joined  fac- 
tions."— 1  Kings  xvi.  9. 

Some  of  the  chiefs  were  princes  in  the  land ; 
In  the  first  raiilc  of  tliese  did  Zimri  stand, — 
A  man  so  various  that  lie  seemed  to  be 
Not  one,  but  all  mankind's  e|>itom£ ; 
Stiff  in  opinion,  always  in  the  wrong, 
Was  everything  by  turns.  And  nothing  long. 

Pt.  i.  (1681). 

ZineTbi  (Mohammed),  king  of  Syria, 
tributary  to  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid ; 
of  very  humane  disposition.  —  Arabian 
^fights  ("Ganem,  the  Slave  of  Love"). 

Zineu'ra,  in  Boccaccio's  Decameron 
(day  11,  Nov.  9),  is  the  "  Imogen "  of 


Shakespeare's  Cymbeline.  She  assumed 
male  attire  with  the  name  of  Sicunmo 
da  Finale  (Imogen  assumed  male  attire 
and  the  name  Fidele) ;  Zineura's  husband 
was  Bernard  Lomellin,  and  the  villain 
was  Ambrose  (Imogen's  husband  was 
Posthfimus  Leonatus,  and  the  villain 
lachimo).  In  Shakespeare,  the  British 
king  Cymbeline  takes  the  place  assigned 
by  Boccaccio  to  the  sultan. 

Ziska  or  Zizka,  John  of  Trocznov, 
a  Bohemian  nobleman,  leader  of  the 
Hussites.  He  fought  under  Henry  V.  at 
Agincourt.  His  sister  had  been  seduced 
by  a  monk ;  and  whenever  he  heard  the 
shriek  of  a  catholic  at  the  stake,  he  called 
it  "his  sister's  bridal  song."  The  story 
goes  that  he  ordered  his  skin  at  death  to 
be  made  into  drum-heads  (1360-1424). 

*,^*  Some  say  that  John  of  Trocznov 
was  called  "  Ziska  "  because  he  was  "  one- 
eyed  ; "  but  that  is  a  mistake — Ziska  was  a 
family  name,  and  does  not  mean  "  one- 
eyed,"  either  in  the  Polish  or  Bohemian 
language. 

For  every  page  of  paper  shall  a  hide 
Of  yours  be  stretched  as  parcment  on  a  drum 
Like  Ziska's  skin,  to  beat  alarm  to  all 
Refractory  viissals. 

Eyron,  Werner,  L  (1822). 
But  be  it  as  it  is,  the  time  may  come 
His  name  [Napoleon'i\  shall  beat  th'  alarm  like  Ziska'l 
drum. 

Byron,  Age  of  Brorae,  It.  (1819). 

Zobeide  [Zo-bay'-del,  half-sister  of 
Amine.  She  had  two  sisters,  who  were 
turned  into  little  black  dogs  by  way  of 
punishment  for  casting  Zobeide  and  "  the 
prince"  from  the  petrified  city  into  the 
sea.  Zobeide  was  rescued  by  the  "fairy 
serpent,"  who  had  metamorphosed  the 
two  sisters,  and  Zobeide  was  enjoined  to 
give  the  two  dogs  a  hundred  lashes  every 
day.  Ultimately,  the  two  dogs  were  re- 
stored to  their  proper  forms,  and  married 
two  calenders,  "  sons  of  kings  ; "  Zobeide 
married  the  caliph  Haroun-al-Raschid ; 
and  Amine  was  restored  to  Amin,  the 
caliph's  son,  to  whom  she  was  already 
married. — Arabian  Nights  ("History  of 
Zobeide  "). 

While  the  caliph  was  absent  from 
Bagdad,  Zobeide  caused  his  favourite 
(named  Fetnab)  to  be  buried  alive,  for 
which  she  was  divorced. — Arabian  Nights 
("  Ganem,  the  Slave  of  Love  "). 

Zohak,  the  giant  who  keeps  the 
"mouth  of  hell."  He  was  the  fifth  of 
the  Pischdadian  dynasty,  and  was  a  lineal 
descendant  of  Shedad  king  of  Ad.  He 
murdered  his  predecessor,  and  invented 
both  flaying  men  alive  and  killing  them 


ZOHARA. 


1132 


ZULZUL. 


by  crucifixion.  The  devil  kissed  bim 
on  the  shoulders,  and  immediately  two 
serpents  grew  out  of  his  back  and  fed 
constantly  upon  him.  He  was  dethroned 
by  the  famous  blacksmith  of  Ispahan', 
and  appointed  by  the  devil  to  keep  hell- 
gate.— D'Herbelot,  Bibliotheque  Orientale 
(1697). 

Zohara,  the  queen  of  love,  and  mother 
of  mischief.  When  Harut  and  Mariit 
were  selected  by  the  host  of  heaven  to  be 
judges  on  earth,  they  judged  righteous 
judgment  till  Zohara,  in  the  shape  of  a 
lovely  woman,  appeared  before  them  with 
her  complaint.  They  then  both  fell  in 
love  with  her  and  tried  to  corrupt  her, 
but  she  flew  from  them  to  heaven ;  and 
the  two  angel-judges  were  for  ever  shut 
out. 

The  Persian  Magi  have  a  somewhat 
similar  tradition  of  these  two  angels,  but 
add  that  after  their  "fall,"  they  were 
s  uspended  by  the  feet,  head  downwards, 
in  the  territory  of  Babel. 

The  Jews  tell  us  that  Shamhozai,  "  the 
judge  of  all  the  earth,"  debauched  him- 
self with  women,  repented,  and  by  way 
of  penance  was  suspended  by  the  feet, 
head  downwards,  between  heaven  and 
earth. — Bereshit  rabbi  (in  Gen.  vi.  2). 

Zohauk,  the  Nubian  slave ;  a  dis- 
guise assumed  by  sir  Kenneth. — Sir  W. 
Scott,  The  Talisman  (time,  Richard  I.). 

Zoilos  (in  Latin  Zoilus),  a  gram- 
marian, witty,  shrewd,  and  spiteful.  He 
was  nicknamed  "Homer's  Scourge" 
(Hmnero-mastix),  because  he  assailed  the 
Iliad  and  Odyssey  with  merciless  severity. 
He  also  flew  at  Plato,  Isoc'rates,  and 
other  high  game. 

The  Sword  of  Zoilos,  the  pen  of  a  critic. 

Zoilus.  J.  Dennis,  the  critic  whose 
attack  on  Pope  produced  The  Dunciad, 
was  so  called  (1667-1733). 

Zoleikha  (3  syL),  Potiphar's  wife. 
— Sale,  Al  Koran,  xii.  (note). 

Zone.  Tennyson  refers  to  the  zone 
or  girdle  of  Ori'on  in  the  lines : 

Like  those  three  stars  of  the  airy  giant's  zone, 
That  glitter  burnislied  by  the  frosty  dark. 

The  Princess,  v.  (1830). 

ZopMel  [Zo.fel],  "of  cherubim  the 
swiftest  wing."  The  word  means  "  God's 
spy."  Zophiel  brings  word  to  the  heavenly 
host  that  the  rebel  crew  were  preparing  a 
eecond  and  fiercer  attack. 

Zophiel,  of  cherubim  the  swiftest  wing. 
Came  flying,  and  in  midair  aloud  tlius  cried  : 
•'Aim,  warriors,  arm  for  fight." 

Milton,  Paradise  lost,  vi.  535  (1665). 


Zorai'da  (3  syl.),  a  Moorish  lady, 
daughter  of  Agimora'to  the  richest  man 
in  Barbary.  On  being  baptized,  she 
had  received  the  name  of  Maria ;  and, 
eloping  with  a  Christian  captive,  came 
to  Andalusi'a.^Cervantes,  Do7i  Quixote^ 
I.  iv.  9-11  ("  The  Captive,"  1605). 

Zorphee  (2  syl.),  a  fairy  in  the 
romance  of  Amadis  de  Gaul  (thirteenth 
century). 

Zosimus,  the  patriarch  of  the  Greek 
Church.— Sir  W.  Scott,  Count  Robert  of 
Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Zounds,  a  corrupt  contraction  of 
"his  wounds,"  as  zooks  is  "his  hooks," 
and  z'death  "his  death."  Of  course,  by 
"his"  Jesus  Christ  is  meant.  "Odd 
splutter"  is  a  contraction  of  Gots  plut  und 
hur  nails  ("God's  blood  and  the  nails"). 
Sir  John  Perrot,  a  natural  son  of  Henry 
VIII.,  was  the  first  to  use  the  oath  of  y 
"God's  wounds,"  which  queen  Elizabeth 
adopted,  but  the  ladies  of  her  court 
minced  it  into  zounds  and  zouterkins. 

Zulal,  that  soft,  clear,  and  delicious 
water  which  the  happy  drink  in  para- 
dise. 

"Ravishing  beauty,  universal  mistress  of  hearts,"  r». 
pliad  I ;  "  thou  art  the  water  of  Zulal.  I  burn  with  the 
thirst  of  love,  and  must  die  if  you  reject  me."— Comto 
de  Caylus,  Orienhil  Tales  ("The  Rvsket,"  1743). 

Zuleika  \^Zu.lee' .kahl,  daughter  of 
Giaffer  [.^/a/'./r]  pacha  of  Aby'dos. 
Falling  in  love  with  Selim,  her  cousin, 
she  flees  with  him,  and  promises  to  be  his 
bride  ;  but  the  father  tracks  the  fugitives 
and  shoots  Selim,  whereupon  Zuleika 
dies  of  a  broken  heart. — Byron,  Bride  of 
Abydos  (1813). 

Never  was  a  faultless  character  more  delicately  or  mora 

Sstly  delineated  than  that  of  lord  Byron's  "Zuleika." 
er  piety,  her  intelligence,  her  strict  sense  of  duty,  and 
her  undeviating  love  of  truth  appear  to  have  been  origin- 
ally blended  in  her  mind,  rather  than  inculcatetl  by 
education.  She  is  always  natural,  always  attractive, 
always  affectionate ;  and  it  must  be  admitted  that  her 
affections  are  not  unworthily  bestowed.— George  Ellis. 

Zulichium  (The  enchanted  princess 
of),  in  the  story  told  by  Agelastes  the 
cynic,  to  count  Robert. — Sir  W.  Scott, 
Count  Robert  of  Paris  (time,  Rufus). 

Zulzul,  the  sage  whose  life  was  saved 
in  the  form  of  a  rat  by  Gedy  the  youngest 
of  the  four  sons  of  Corcud.  Zulzul  gave 
him,  in  gratitude,  two  poniards,  by  the 
help  of  which  he  could  climb  the  highest 
tree  or  most  inaccessible  castle. — Gueu- 
lette,  Chinese  Tales  ("Corcud  and  His 
Four  Sons,"  1723). 


APPENDICES, 


LIST  OF  ABBREVIATIONS. 


A. 

= 

Afterpiece. 

B. 

=: 

Burlesque 

B.C. 

= 

Burhsque  comedy. 

B.O. 

= 

Burlesque  opera. 

B.T. 

= 

Burlesque  tragedy. 

Bd. 

— 

Ballad. 

Bd.F. 

=r 

Ballad  farce. 

Bd.O. 

= 

Ballad  opera. 

Bl. 

^^ 

Ballet. 

Blta. 

— 

Burletta. 

C. 

=: 

Comedy. 

CD. 

=: 

Comic  drama. 

C.H. 

= 

Comedie  historique. 

CO. 

— 

Comic  opera. 

Cdta. 

= 

Comedietta  or  comedetta. 

Cl.G. 

^^ 

Classical  comedy. 

Cl.Cdta. 

— 

Classical  comedietta. 

Cl.D. 

^^ 

Classical  drama. 

CI. PI. 

= 

Classical  play. 

Cl.T. 

=: 

Classical  tragedy. 

Ct.E. 

= 

Court  entertainment. 

Ct.S. 

= 

Court  show. 

D. 

= 

Drama. 

D.E. 

== 

Dramatic  entertainment. 

D.H. 

= 

Drama  historique. 
Dramatic  novel. 

D.N. 

= 

D.Pc. 

= 

D)-amatic  piece. 

D.Pm. 

= 

Dramatic  poem. 

D.R. 

= 

Dramatic  romance. 

D.S. 

=r 

Dramatic  satire. 

Dom.lX 

=: 

Domestic  drama. 

E. 

= 

Entertainment. 

F. 

= 

Farce. 

F.C. 

= 

Farce  comedy. 

Fy.C 

z:z 

Fairy  comedy 

G.E.Mel.S.  = 

Grand  Eastern  melodramatic 

spectacle. 

G.O.R. 

= 

Grand  operatic  romance. 

B.C. 

= 

Historic  comedy. 

H.D. 

z:z. 

Historic  drama. 

H.Pl. 

cr 

Historic  play. 

H.R. 

;^ 

Historic  romance. 

H.T. 

= 

Historic  tragedy. 

He.Pl. 

= 

Heroic  play. 

Int. 

r= 

Interlude. 

I.D. 

3: 

Irish  drama. 

L.D. 

= 

Lyrical  drama. 

L.Pl. 

== 

Lyrical  play. 

M. 

= 

Masque. 

Mel. 

— 

Melodrama. 

Mel.O. 

= 

Melodramatic  opera. 

Mel.R. 

=5 

Melodramatic  romance. 

Mu.C. 

=S 

Musical  comedy. 

Mu.D. 

= 

Musical  drama. 

Mu.E. 

:s 

Musical  entertainment. 

Mu.F. 

:= 

Musical  farce. 

Mu.Pl. 

= 

Musical  play. 

Mu.Sp. 

= 

Musical  spectacle. 

Mu.Tr. 

= 

Musical  trifle. 

Mys. 

= 

Mystery. 

Myt.D. 

=s 

Mythological  drama. 

N.BUa. 

= 

.Nautical  burletta. 

N.CO. 

r= 

Nautical  comic  opera. 

N.C.Opta 

s: 

Nautical  comic  operetta 

N.D. 

— 

Nautical  drama. 

N.O. 

= 

Nautical  opera. 

N.Pl. 

= 

Nautical  play. 

0. 

= 

Opera. 

O.Bf. 

=: 

Opera  bouffe. 

O.Blta. 

= 

Operatic  burletta. 

O.C. 

= 

Opera  comique. 

O.D. 

t= 

erratic  drama. 

O.E. 

::z 

erratic  entertainment 

O.Ex. 

= 

(^ratic  extravaganza. 

O.F. 

= 

(jyeratic  farce. 

Op.C 

:= 

Operatic  comedy. 

Opta. 

= 

(^retta. 

Or. 

— 

Oratorio. 

P. 

;3 

Pastoral. 

P.O. 

= 

Pastoral  opera. 

PI. 

= 

Play. 

Pn. 

— 

Pantomime. 

Pn.Bl. 

= 

Pantomimic  ballet. 

Pr.C. 

r= 

Prize  comedy. 

Pr.r. 

= 

Prize  tragedy. 

Pt.C. 

= 

Petit  comedy. 

Pt.Pc. 

= 

Petit  piece. 

R.D. 

=r 

Jiomantic  drama. 

R.T. 

r= 

Romantic  tragedy. 

S.D. 

= 

Sacred  drama. 

S.T. 

= 

Sacred  tragedy. 

Sat.C. 

^ 

Satiric  comedy. 

Sat.D. 

;^ 

Satiric  drama. 

Sen.D. 

=r 

Sensational  drama. 

T. 

= 

Tragedy. 

T.C. 

^z 

Tragi-comedy. 

T.L. 

~ 

Tragedie  lyrique. 

T.O. 

c= 

Tragedi/'opera. 

V. 

— 

Vaudeville. 

* 

~ 

Unknown. 

Etc. 

= 

With  some  other  autJior  or 
authors. 

Kotwithstanding  the  length  of  this  list,  there  are  some  dramatic  pieces  very  difiScult  to  classify. 


APPENDIX  I. 

AUTHORS  AND  DATES  OF  DRAMAS  AND  OPERAS 


If  any  discrepancy  is  observed  between  the  dates  given  in  this  list  and  those  in  the  body  of  the 
book,  the  dates  here  given  are  to  be  preferred.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  date  of  fame 
plays  is  purely  conjectural,  and  can  be  assigned  only  approximately ;  and  in  not  a  few  instance* 
autfwrities  differ.    Great  labour  has  been  bestowed  on  this  list  to  make  it  trustworthy. 


Abdelazer  or  The  Moor's  Reyenge,  1670,  Mrs. 

Behn.    C. 
Abel,  18th  cent.,  Alfleri.    T.O. 
Abroad  and  at  Home,  1764-1817,  Holman.    CO. 
Absalon,  1590,  Peele.    T. 
Accomplices  {The),  about  1790,  Goethe.    C. 
Achille  in  Sciro,  1736,  Metastasio.    0.  (written  in 

eighteen  days ;  music  by  Leo). 
Acts  and  Galatea,  1683,  Campistron.    0.  (music 

byLulli). 
'Acis  ami  Galatea,  1735,  Handel.    0. 
.Adelaide  du  Guesclin,  1734,  Voltaire.    T. 
Adelgitlia,  1806,  Lewis.     PI. 
Adelmorn  or  The  Outlaw,  1801,  Lewis.   D. 
Adherbal,  1687,  Lagrange.    T. 
Adopted  Cbild,  *  Birch.    Mu.D. 
Adriano  in  .Siria,  1731,  Metastasio,     0.  (music 

by  Caldara). 
Adrienne  Lecouvreur,  1849,  MM.  Legouve  and 

Scribe.    C. 
.^sop,  1697,  Vanbrugh  (borrowed  from  Bour- 

sault's  Esope,  1696). 
Africaine  (/>'),  1865,  Meyerbeer.    0. 
Africans  (77t«),  1808,  Colman.      PI. 
After  Dark,  19th  cent.,  Boucicault. 
Agamemnon,  1566,  Studley.    T.  (Seneca's  play 

done  into  English). 
Agamemnon,  1738,  Thomson.    T. 
Agamemnon,  printed  1783.  Alfieri.    T. 
Agesilas,  1666,  Corneille.    T. 
Agis,  1758,  Home.    T. 
Agis  {Agide),  printed  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 
Agnes  de  Vere,  1834,  Buckstone. 
Agnese,  about  1820,  Paer.    0. 
Agreeable  Surprise,  1798,  O'Keefe.    C. 
Ah!   que   1' Amour  est  Agreablel    1862,  Dela- 

porte.    C. 
Aladdin,  1824,  Bi.shop.    0. 
Alarcos,  1839,  Disraeli.     T. 
Alarming  Sacrifice,  about  1849,  Buckstone.    F. 
Albumaziir,  1634,  B.  (a  comedy). 
Alcesie,  1 690,  Lagrange.    T. 
Alceste,  1769,  GlUck.    O.  (libretto  by  Calzabigi). 
Alchemist  {The),  1610,  Jonson.    C.  (altered  into 

Tlie  Tobacconist). 
Alcibiade,  1688,  Campistron.    T. 


Alcibiades,  1675,  Otway.    T. 

Alessandro  nell'  Indie,  1729,  Metastasio.     0. 

Alexander   and   Campaspe,   etc.,    1583,    Lyly. 

Myt.D. 
Alexander  the  Great  (second  title  of  The  Rival 

Queens),  1678,  Lee.    T. 
Alexandre,  1665,  Racine.    T. 
Alexina,  1866,  Knowles.     PI. 
Alfonso  King  of  Castile,  1801,  Lewis,    H.Pl. 
Alfred,  1724,  Arne  or  his  pupil  Burney.    0. 
Alfred,  1778,  Home.    H.Pl. 
Alfred  or  The  Roast  Beef  of  Old  England,  1740, 

J.  Thomson  and  Malloch.    M. 
AH  Baba,  1833,  Cherubini.    0. 
Aline  Reine  de  Golconde,  1767,  Sedaine.    0. 
All  Fools,  1605,  Chapman.    C. 
All  for  Fame,  1807,  Cherry.    C. 
All  for  Love  or  the  World  Well  Lost,  1673, 

Dryden.    T. 
All  for  Money,  1578,  Lupton.    T.C. 
All  in  the  Wrong,  1761,  Murphy.    C. 
All  is  Vanity  or  The  Cynic's  Defeat,  •  Alfred 

Thompson.    Cl.Cdta, 
All  the  World's  a  Stage,  *  Jackman.    F. 
All's  Well  thatEnar^ell,  1598.  Shakespeare.   C. 
Almansor.    (See  "  Conquest  of  Granada.")        • 
Almerla,  1698,  Handel.    0. 
Almeyda  Queen  of  Grenada,  1796,  Miss  Lee.  T. 
Alonzo,  1773,  Home.    T. 
Alphonsus  King  of  Arragon,  posthumous  1594. 

Greene.   C. 
Alsatia  (TVie  Squire  of),  1688,  Shadwoll.  C.  (often 

called  The  Gentleman  of  Alsatia). 
Alzire,  1736,  Voltaire.    T.  (done  into  English  by 

Hill,  Alzira,  1738). 
Amadis  de  Grece,  1704,  Lamotte.    0. 
Amant  Difficile  (L'),  18th  cent.,  Lamotte.    C. 
Amant  Jaloux  (//),  1778,  Gretry.     0. 
Amants  Magnifiques,  1670,  Moliere.    C. 
Amasis,  1677-1758,  Lagrange.     T. 
Ambassadrice,  1837,  Scrilw.    O.C. 
Ambitious  Stepmother  (The),  1698,  Rowe.    T. 
Ambitious  Vengeance,  18th  cent.,  Merry. 
Amelia,  1768,  Cumberland.    (This  is  The  Sum^ 

mer's  Tale  cut  down  into  an  afterpiece.) 
Amends  for  Ladies,  1618,  Field.    C. 


1136 


APPENDIX  I. 


American  Cousin  {Our'),  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor 

and  Sothern.    C. 
Americans  (The),  about  1770,  Arnold.    0.  (music 

by  Braham). 
Ami  de  la  Maison,  1772,  Marmontel.    0.  (music 

by  Gretry). 
Amoroso  King  of  Little  Britain,  1818,  Planche.  C. 
Amorous  Bigot,  1690,  Sliadwell.    C. 
Amorous  Warre,  1648,  Mayne.    C. 
Amour  (L')  et  I'Opinion,  1781-1857,  Brifaut.   C. 
Amour  Medecin,  1665,  Moliere.    C. 
Amours  de  Diable,  1852,  St.  Georges.    O.C. 
Amphitryon,  1668,  Moliere.    C. 
Amphitryon,  1690,  Dry  den.    C. 
Amphitryon,  1781,  Sedaine.     0.     (See  "Jack 

Juggler.") 
Amphitryon,  1782,  Andrieux.    C. 
Anacreon,  1766,  Sedaine.    CO. 
Anacreon,  1832,  Cherubini.    0. 
Anaximandre,  1782,  Andrieux.    C. 
Andrew  of  Hungary,  1839,  Landor.    T. 
Andrla,  before  1530,  Anon.    C.  (Terence's  play 

d  ine  into  English). 
Andromaque,  1667,  Racine.   T.  (See  "  The  Dis- 
tressed Mother.") 
Andromaque,  1683,  Oampistron.    T. 
Andronic,  1686,  Campistron.    T. 
Angelica.  1722,  Metastasio.    0.  (music  by  Por- 

poraY 
Anglais  a  Bordeaux  (/>'),  18th  cent.,  Favart.  O.C. 
Anglomane,  1752,  Saurin.    C. 
Animal  Magnetism,  1785,  Inchbald.    F. 
Anna  Bolena,  1830,  Donizetti.    0. 
Anna  Boleyn,  about  1680,  Banks.    T. 
Anne  Boleyn,  1821,  Milman.    T. 
Annette  et  Lubin,  18th  cent.,  Favart.    O.C. 
Ano  Despues  de  la  Boda,  1825,  Gil  y  Zarate. 
Antidote  (The),  posthumous  1805,  Alfieri.    C. 

(^on  mixed  governments). 
Antigone,  1633,  Rotrou.    Cl.D.  (imitated  from 

the  Antigone  of  Sophocles). 
Antigone,  1783,  Alfieri.     T. 
Antiochus  et  Cleopatre,  1717,  Deschamps.    T. 
Antipodes,  1638,  Brome.    C. 
Antonio  and  Mellida,  1602,  Marston.    T. 
Antonio  or  The  Soldier's  Return,  1801,  Godwin. T. 
Antonio's  Revenge,  1602,  Marston.    T. 
Antony,  1590,  lady  Pembroke.    T. 
Antony,  1831,  Dumas.    T. 
Antony  and  Cleopatra,  1608,  Shakespeare.    T. 

(See  "  Cleopatnu") 
Appearance  is  Against  Them,  *  Anon.     F. 
Appius  and  Virginia,  1574,  R.  B — .    T.C. 
Appius  and  Virginia,  1654,  Webster.    T.    (See 

"  Virginia.") 
Apprentice  (The),  1751  or  1756,  Murphy,    F. 
Arab  (The),  1783,  Cumberland.    T. 
Arden  of  Feversham,  1592,  Anon.    H.T.  (altered 

in  1739  by  Lillo). 
Argalus    and    Parthenia,    about    1620,    Glap- 

thome.    PI. 
Ariane,  1672,  T.  Comeille.    T. 
Aristodemus,   1825,  Monti.    T.  (rendered  into 

Fiench,  1854,  by  Duplissis). 
Aristomene^  1749,  Marmontel.    T. 
Armida,  1777,  Gltick.    0.  (libretto  by  Calzabigi> 
Arminius,  1684,  Campistron.     T. 
Arminius,  1798,  Murphy.    T. 
Armourer  (The),  1793,  Cumberland.     CO. 
Armourer  of  Nantes,  1863,  Balfe.     0. 
Arrah  na  Pogue,  19th  cent.,  Boucicault.     I.D. 


Arraignment  of  Paris,  1584,  Peelo.    Ct.S.  or  M. 

Artaserse,  before  1730,  Metastasio.    0. 

Artaxerxes,  1762,  Arne.    O 

ArUixerxes,  1831,  Dorn.    0. 

Artemire,  1720,  Voltaire.    T. 

Artifice,  1721,  Centlivre.    C 

As  You  Like  It,  1600,  Shakespeare.  C  (The 
quarry  of  this  play  was  Lodge's  novel  called 
liosalynde,  1590.) 

Asdrubal,  1647,  Jacob  Montfleury.    T. 

Assignation  (The),  1672,  Dryden.     C. 

Assignation  (The),  1807,  Miss  Lee.    C 

Assommoir  (/>'),  1878,  Zola.   D.   (See  " Drink.") 

At  Home,  1818,  C.  Mathews.    E. 

Athalia,  1733,  Handel.    Or. 

Athalia,  1844,  Mendelssohn.    0. 

Athalie,  1690,  Riicine.    T. 

Atheist's  Tragedy  ( The),  1 7th  cent..  Tourneur.  T. 

Athelwold,  1732,  Hill.     T. 

Athelvvold,  1842,  W.  Smith.    T. 

Athenais,  1677-1758,  Lagrange.    T. 

Athenian  Captive,  1838,  Talfourd.    Cl.Pl. 

Atonement  or  Branded  for  Life,  1863,  Muskerry. 
D.  ( Les  Miserables  of  Victor  Hugo  drama- 
tized). 

Attila,  1667,  Comeille.    T. 

Attila,  19th  cent.,  Verdi.    0. 

Attilio  Regolo,  1740,  Metastasio,    0. 

Atys,  1780,  Piccini.    0. 

Auchindrane.    (See  "  Ayrshire  Tragedy.") 

Auction  of  Pictures,  18th  cent.,  Foote.    F. 

Augusto  (V),  1665,  Amore.    T. 

Aureliano  in  Palmira,  1814,  Rossini.    O. 

Aurengzebe,  1675,  Dryden.    He.Pl. 

Author  (The),  1757,  Foote.    F. 

Avant,  Pendant,  et  Apres,  before  1822,  Scribe.  V. 

Avare  (IJ),  1667,  Moliere.    C. 

Avocat  Patclin  (/,'),  1706,  De  Brueys.  F.  (This 
was  a  reproduction  of  a  comedy  attributed  to 
Blanchet,  who  died  1519;  but  Bouillet  says 
it  was  more  ancient  still.) 

Ayrshire  Tragedy,  1830,  sir  W.  Scott.    T. 


Babes  in  the  Wood,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Bague  de  Therese,  1861,  Carmouche.    C. 
Bajazet,  1672,  Racine.    T. 
Balder's  Dijd,  1773,  Evald  or  Ewald.    D. 
Ball  (The),  before  1642,  Shirley.    C. 
Ballo  in  Maschera  (UnS,  1861,  Verdi.    0. 
Banishment  of  Cicero,  1761,  Cumberland.    D.Pm. 
Banker's  Daughter  (Tlie),  1879,  B.  Howard.    D. 
Bankrupt  (The),  18th  cent.,  Foote.    F. 
Barbarossa,  1755,  Brown.    T. 
Barbler  de  Seville  (/>e),  1775,  Beaumarchais.    C 
Barbiere  di  Siviglia,  1780,  Paisiello.    0. 
Barbiere  di  Siviglia,   1816,  Rossini.    0.  (sir  H. 

Bishop  altered  it). 
Bannecides  (I^s),  1778,  Laharpe.    T. 
Barnwell.    (See  "  George  Barnwell.") 
Barry  (i/de.  du\  1836,  Ancelot.     V. 
Bartholomew  Fayre,  1614,  Jonson.    C 
Bashful  Lover,  1636,  Massinger.    C 
Bashful  Man  (Tlie),  18th  cent.,  MoncriefF.   CD. 
Basil  (Count),  1798,  J.  Baillie.    T.  (the  passion 

of  "  love  "). 
Basset  Table,  1706,  Centlivre.    C. 
Bastien  et  Bastienne,  18th  cent.,  Favart.    O.C. 
Battaile  de  Danes,  1851,  Scribe  and  Legouvd.  C. 
Battle  of  Alcazar,  1594,  Peele.    T. 
Battle  of  Hastings,  1778,  Cumberland.     T. 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1187 


Battle  of  Hermann,  19th  cent.,  Kleist.    H.D. 
Battle  of  Hexham,  1789,  Colman.    C. 
Battle  of  Sedgmoor,  about  1675,  duke  of  Buck- 
ingham.   F. 
Bear-Hunters,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Beatrice  di  Tenda,  1833,  Bellini.    0. 
Beau's  Duel,  1703,  Centlivre.    C. 
Beauty,  1616,  Jonson.    C. 
Beaux'  Stratagem,  1707,  Farquhar.    C. 
Becket.    (See  "  Thomas  a  Becket.") 
Beggar   of   Betbnal  Green,  1834,  Knowles.    C. 

(See  "  Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,") 
Beggars'  Bush,  1622,  Fletcher  (Beaumont  died 

1616).    C. 
Beggar's  Opera,  1727,  Gay.    CO.  (music  by  Lin- 
ley.    Dr.  Pepusch  adapted  music  to  this 

opera). 
Belisaire,  1645,  Rotrou.    T, 
Belisarius,  1757-1823,  Kemble. 
Bellamere  Earl  of  Carlisle,  **    T, 
Belle  Arsene  (/>a),  1775,  Favart.    O.C.  (music 

by  Monsigny). 
Belle  He'lene  (/>a),  1865,  OfiFenbach.    O.C. 
Belle's  Stratagem  (The),  1780,  Mrs.  Cowley.    C. 
Bells  {The),  1874,  Erckmann-Chatrian,  adapted 

from  The  Polish  Jew  (q.v.). 
Belphegor,  1856,  C.  Webb  and  L.  Buckingham. 

D.  (translated  from  the  French  of  Dennery 

and  Fournier). 
Belshazzar,  1821,  Milman.    Cl.D. 
Benevolent  Tar  (T'/e),  *  Cross.     Mu.E. 
Benyowski,  1811,  Kotzebue.    (The  English  ver- 
sion is  called  Tfie  Virgin  of  the  Sun.) 
Berenice.    1670,    Racine.     T.    (the    hero    and 

heroine  meant  for  Louis  XI V".  and  Henrietta 

of  England). 
Bertram,    1816,    Maturin.    T.   (copyright  wa8 

£525). 
Bertrand  et  Raton,  1833,  Scribe.    C. 
Betsy,  1S79,  Burnard  (from  the  French). 
Better  Late  than  Never,  before  1814,  Andrews.  C. 
Beverley,  1748,  Saurin.    D. 
Bianca,  1817,  Ingemann.    T. 
Bianca,  1859,  Balfe.    O. 
BickerstaflF's  Burying,  1710,  Centlivre.    C. 
Bijou  Perdu,  1855,  Adam.     Pt.Pc.  (libretto  by 

Deforges). 
Billy  Taylor,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Birth,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    C. 
Birth  of  Merlin,  1662,  Rowley.    C. 
Biter  (r/ie).  1705,  Rowe.    C. 
Black   Domino,    1841,    an    English   version  of 

Scribe's  Ae  Domino  Noir,  1837.    O.C. 
Black-Eyed  Susan,  1822,  Jerrold.    N.D. 
Black   Horse  (r/te),   before  1620,  Fletcher.    PL 

(See  "  Palnemon  and  Arcyte.") 
Black  Prince,  1669,  lord  Orrery.     H.Pl. 
Blackness,  1616,  Jonson.    C. 
Blighted  Bfing  {A\  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Blind  Bargain,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 
Blind  Beggar  ol  Alexandria,  1598,  Chapman.    PI. 
Blind  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green,  1659,  Day.    C. 

(S<^  "  Beggar  of  Bethnal  Green.") 
Blind  Girl,  1801,  Morton.     C. 
Bloody  Brother,  1639,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  T. 
Blot  on  the  'Scutcheon,  1 9th  cent.,  R.  Browning.  T. 
Blue    Beard,    1797,  Sedaine.     CO.  (music   by 

Gretry).  .     ^ 

Blue  Beard,  1798,  Cclman.    Mu.Sp.  (music  by 

Kellv). 
Boadicea',  1753,  Glover.    T. 


Bohemian  Girl,  1844,  Balfe.  0.  (burlesqued  by 
H.  J.  Byron  in  The  Bohemian  Gyurl). 

Bohemians  or  Rogues  of  Paris,  1863,  Stirling.  D. 

Bohemienne,  1862,  St.  Georges.    O.C. 

Boite  d'Argent,  1858,  Dumas^ia.    C. 

Bold  Stroke  for  a  Husband,  1782,  Mrs.  Cow- 
ley. 0. 

Bold  Stroke  for  a  Wife,  1717,  Centlivre.    a 

Bombastes  Furioso,  1790,  Rhodes.    F. 

Bon  Fils,  1785,  Florian.    C 

Bon  Menage,  1782,  Florian.    C. 

Bon  Pere,  1783,  Florian.    C 

Bon  Ton,  1760,  Burgoyne.   C. 

Bon  Ton,  1776,  Garrick.  F.  (the  above  curtailed). 

Bondnjan  {The),  1623,  Massinger  and  Field.    T 

Bondman  {The),  1780,  Cumberland. 

Bondman  {Thef),  1808-1870,  Balfe.    0. 

Bonduca,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  T. 
(converted  by  Thomas  Sheridan  into  a 
spectacle). 

Bonne  Mere,  1784,  Florian,    C. 

Bothwell,  *  Ware.    D. 

Bourgeois  Gentilhomme,  1670,  Moliere.    C. 

Bourgeoises  a-la-Mode,  1654,  Dancourt.    C. 

Bourse  (La),  1856,  Ponsard.    F. 

Box  Lobby  Challenge  (  The),  1 794,  Cumberland.  C. 

Box  and  Cox,  1764-1838,  Morton.    F. 

Bradamante,  1580,  Gamier.    T. 

Braganza  (27te  Duke  of),  1785,  Jephson.    T. 

Bravo  (Jhe),  1833,  Buckstone.  Mel.  (Cooper's 
novel  dramatized). 

Breach  of  Promise,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    C. 

Bride  (TAe),  1808,  Korner.    PI. 

Bride  of  Messina,  1803,  Schiller.    T. 

Bride's  Tragedy  {The),  1822,  Beddoes.    T. 

Brides  of  Aragon  {The),  1823,  Beer.    T. 

Brier  Cliff,  1842,  George  Morris.    D. 

Brighton.    (See  "  Saratoga.") 

Britannicus.  1669,  Racine.    T. 

Broken  Heart,  1633,  Ford.    T. 

Brother  Sam,  19th  cent.,  Oxenford,  Sothera,  and 
Buckstone.    C 

Brother  and  Sister,  1633,  Ford.    T. 

Brothers  (The),  before  1642,  Shirley.    PL 

Brothers  {Th'i),  1752,  Young.    T. 

Brothers  {The),  1769,  Cumberland,    C. 

Brutus,  about  1690,  Miss  Bernard.    T. 

Brutus,  1730,  Voltaire.    T. 

Brutus  (Junius),  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 

Brutus  {Junius),  1828,  Andrieux.    T. 

Brutus  (Lucius  Junius),  1679,  Lee.    T. 

Brutus  {Lucius  Junius),  1784,  Buncombe.    T. 

Brutus  (Marcus),  1783,  Alfieri.    T.  • 

Brutus  and  Cassius,  1764-1811,  Chenier.  T. 
(See  "  Conspiracy  of  Brutus.") 

Brutus  or  The  Fall  of  Tarquin,  1820,  Payne.   T. 

Bubbles  of  the  Day,  1842,  Jerrold.    C. 

Buffoon  {Sir  Hercules),  1622-1681.  Lacy.    C. 

Bull.    (See  "John  Bull.") 

Bury  Fair,  1689,  Shadwell.    C 

Busiris,  1719,  Young.    T.  (copyright  was  £84). 

Bussy  d'Ambois,  1603,  Chapman.    T. 

Busy  Body  (The),  1708,  Centlivre.    C 

By  Royal  Command,  19th  cent.,  StirUng.    CO. 

Byron's  Conspiracy,  1604,  Chapman.    T. 

Cabal  and  Ix)ve,  1783.  Schiller.    T. 
Cadi  Dupe  {U),  1761,  Monsigny.    O.C. 
Cffilina  or  L'Enfant  du  Mystere,  1800.  Qullbert 
de  Pixerecourt.    Mel. 

4  D 


1138 


APPENDIX  I. 


Cain,  1822,  Byron.    Mys. 

Caio  Gracco,  I'T'iO,  Leo.    0.    (See  "  Gracchus.") 

Caiua  Gracchus,  1815,  Knowles.    H.T. 

Caius  Gracchus,  1825,  Mouti.    H.T.  (rendered 

into  French,  1854,  by  Duplissis). 
Caius  Marius,  1680,  Otway.     T. 
Calaudria  {1m,),  1490,  Bibbi.    C.  (the  first  Italian 

comedy). 
Calife  de  Bagdad,  1799,  Boieldieu.    O. 
Oalisto,  about  1679,  Crowue.    M. 
Oallisthene,  1780.  Piron.     T. 
Calypso,  1779,  Cumberland. 
Calypso,  1803,  Winter.    0.    (See  "  Gracchus."; 
Camaraderie  (La),  1837,  Scribe.    C. 
Cambises  {Kiug),  1573,  Preston.    C. 
Cambyses,  before  1724,  Settle.     T. 
Camraa,  1661,  T.  CA)rneilIe.    T. 
Camp  iTke),  1780,  Slieridan.    Mu.D. 
Campaign  or  Love  in  the  East,  1783,  Jephson.  0. 
Campaspe.    (See  "  Alexander  and  Campaspe," 

"Cupid  and  Campaspe.") 
Caprices  of  a  Lover  (The),  1769,  Goetho.    C. 
Captain  (Thtt),  1613,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  C. 
Captifs  (/>es),  1635,  Rotrou.    C.  (imitated  from 

tlie  Captivi  of  Plautus). 
Captive  (The),  1769,  Bickerstall. 
Caractacus,  1756,  Mason.    T. 
Caractacus,  1808,  Bishop.     Pu.Bl. 
Caravanne  (to),  1783,  Gretry.    0. 
Card  of  Fancy,  1601,  Greene.    C. 
Cardinal  (The),  1652,  Shirley. 
Careless  Husband  (The),  1704,  Gibber.    C. 
Careless  Shepherdess  ( The),  1656,  T.  G[offeJ.  T.C. 
Carlos  (^Don),  1676,  Otway.    T . 
Carlos  (Don),  1787,  Schiller.     T. 
Carmelite  (The),  1785,  Cumberland.    T. 
Carnival  of  Venice,  1781,  Tickell.    CO. 
Cassandre,  1677-1758,  Lagrange.    0. 
Cassius,  1677-1758,  Lagrange.    T. 
Caste,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    C. 
Castilian  (Tht),  1844,  Talfourd. 
CasAe  Spectre,  1797,  Lewis.     D.R. 
Castle  of  Andalusia,  1798,  O'Keefe.    CO. 
Castle  of  Sorento,  *  Heartwell.    Mu.Fl 
Castor  and  Pollux,  1770,  Bernard.    O. 
Catch  Him  Who  Can,  1808,  Hook. 
Caterino  Conara,  1844,  Donizetti.    0. 
Catherine  Grov,  1837,  Balfe.    0. 
Catherine  of  Heilbronn.  1776-1811,  Kleist.    C 
Catiline,  1822,  Croly.     T. 
Catiline's  Conspiracy,  1611,  Jonson.    T. 
Cato,  1713,  Addison.     T. 
Caton  d'Utique,   1715,  Dechamps.    0.  (music 

by  Vinci  and  by  Leo). 
Catone  in  Utica,,  1726,  Metastasio.    T.  (music 

by  Leo). 
Catspaw,  iibout  1850,  Jerrold. 
Ce  qui  Plait  aux  Femmes,  1860,  Ponsard.    C. 
Cecchina  (La),  1760,  Piccini.    0. 
Cenci,  1819,  Shelley.    T. 
Cenerentola  (La),  1817,  Rossini.    0. 
Chaine  (Une),  1841,  Scribe.    C. 
Chalet  (Le),   1834,  Adam.     O.C.  (libretto  by 

Scribe). 
Challenge  for  Beauty  (A),  about  1689,  Hoy- 
wood.    T.C. 
Chances  (The),  1620,  Fletcher  (Beaumont  died 
1616).     C.   (altered  first  by  the  duke  of 
Buckingham,  and  then  by  Garrick,  into  a 
farce). 
Cbangemeut  d'Uniforme,  1836,  Dennery.     D. 


Chanson  de  Fortunio,  1861,  Offenbach.    O.Bf, 
Chaperon  Rouge  (Le),  1818,  Boieldieu.    O. 
Chapter  of  Accidents  (The),  1780,  Miss  I>ee.    C. 
Charlatanisme  (Le),  before  1822,  Scribe.    Pt.Pc 
Charles  I.,  1750,  Havard.     H.D. 
Charles  I.,  1828,  E.  Cobham  Brewer.    H.T. 
Charles  L,  1830,  Miss  Mitford.     H.D. 
Charles  I.,  1853,  Gurney.    H.Pl.    (See  "  Crom- 
well.") 
Charles  L.  1878,  Wills.   H.Pl.    (This  is  the  play 

which  Irving  acted  in.) 
Charles   VI.,    1841,  Halevy.    0.  (libretto   by 

Delavigne). 
Charles  VII.,  1831,  Dumas.    H.D. 
Charles  IX.,  1789,  Chenier.    H.D. 
Charles  XII.,  1826,  Planche.     H.D. 
Charles  le  Temeraire,  1814,  Guilbert  de  PixerS* 

court.     D. 
Charlotte  Corday,  1850,  Ponsard.    T. 
Chasse  a  St.  Germain,  1860,  Deslandes.    D. 
Chatelet  (Mde.  du),  about  1834,  Ancelot.    V. 
Cheats    ot    Scapin,    1677,    Otway.      F.    (from 

Moliere's  Fourberies  de  Scapin,  1671.    C). 
Chercheuse  I'Esprit  (La),   18th  cent.,  Favart. 

O.C. 
Chevalier  a-la-Mode,  1652,  Dancourt.    C 
Chien  de  Montargis(Le),1814,  Guilbert  de  PixerS- 

court.    D. 
Chiens  du  Mont  St.  Bernard,  1838,  Antier.    T. 
Child  of  Nature,  1753-1821,  Inchbald.  D. 
Children  of  the  Wood.  1815,  Morton.    C. 
Choleric  Man,  1775,  Cumberland.    C. 
Chosroes,  1649,  Rotrou.    T. 
Christine,  1830,  Dumas.    H.Pl. 
Christine  a  Foritainebleau,  1829,  Soulie.  D.R. 
Christine  en  Suede,  1829,  Brault.    H.Pl. 
Christmas,  1616,  Jephson. 
Christophe  Colomb,  1815,  Guilbert  de  Pixera- 

court.    D. 
Chronicle  History  of  Leir  King  of  England,  1573, 

Anon.    H.Pl.    (This    was    the    quarry   of 

Shakespeare's  King  Lear.) 
Chrononhoionthologos,  1734,  Carey.    B.O. 
Cid  (Tfie),  1621,  Guilbelm  de  Castro.    T. 
Cid  (The),  1636,  Corneille.    T.  (an  adaptation  of 

the  above). 
Cinna,  1639,  Corneille.    D.H. 

la's  Conspiracy, 

right  was  £13). 
Cinthia's  Revels.    (See  "  Cynthia's  Revels.") 
Circassian's  Bride  (The),  1809,  Bishop.    0. 
Ciro  Riconosciuto,  1739,  Leo.    0. 
Citizen  (The),  1761.  Murphy.    F. 
Citizen  General  (The),  1793,  Goethe.     C. 
City  Madam  (The),  1659,  Massinger.    C. 
City  Match,  1639,  Mayne.    C. 
City  Politics,  1672,  Crowne.    C. 
City  Wit  (The),  about  1640,  Brome.    C. 
City  of  the  Plagtxe,  1816,  Wilson. 
Clandestine  Marriage,  1766,  Colman  the  Elder 
and  Garrick.  C.  (based  on  The  False  Concord^ 
by  Townley,  1760). 
Clari,  the  Maid  of  Milan,  1822,  Payne.    Mu.D. 

(music  by  Bishop). 
Clavijo,  1774,  Goetlie.     D. 
Clementina,  1774,  Kelly.    T. 
Clemenza  di  Tito,  1734,  Metastasio.    0.  (masio 

by  Leo). 
Clemenza  di  Tito,  1791,  Mozart.    O. 
Cleomenes,  1692,  Dryden. 
Cleone,  1740,  Dodsley.    T. 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1189 


Cleopatra,  1601,  Daniel.    T. 

Cleopatra,  1773,  acted  1775,  Alfieri.    T. 

Cleopatre,  1630,  Mairet.    T. 

Cleopatre,  1750,  Marmontel.    T. 

Cleopatre  Captive,  1550,  Jodelle,    T.    (Antony 

and  Cleopatra,  1608,  Shakespeare.    T.) 
Clitandre,  1632,  Corneille. 
Closerie  des  Genets  (La),  1846,  Soulie.    D. 
Clotilde,  1832,  Soulie.     T. 
Clytemnestra,  1823,  Beer.    T. 
Cockle.    (See  "Sir  John  Cockle  at  Court.") 
Cocu  Imaginaire,  1660,  Moliere.    C. 
Colinette  a  la  Cour,  18th  cent..  Gretry.    0. 
Colleen  Bawn,  1860,  Boucicault.    C. 
Columbus,  1798,  Morton.    H.Pl. 
Comedienne  (La\  1816,  Andricux.    C. 
Comediens  {Les),  1819,  Delavigne.    C. 
Comedy  of  Errors,  1593,  Shakespeare.    C.  (first 

mention  1598), 
Comical  Gallant,  1707,  Dennis.    C.   (This  is  TJie 

Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  by  Shakespeare, 

1596,  new  set.) 
Comical  Lovers  (ZAe),  1671-1757,  C.  Cibber,    C. 

(copyright  was  £10  15s.). 
Comical  Revenge,  1664,  Etherege.    C. 
Commissary  {The),  1765,  Foote.    F. 
Committee    (rA«),    1670,    Howard.     C.     (See 

"Honest  Thieves.") 
Common  Conditions,  1576,  *    C. 
Complaint  of  itosamond,  1562-1619,  Daniel.    T. 
Comte  d'Ory  (Le),  1828,  Scribe.    0. 
Comtesse  d'Escarbagnas,  1672,  Moliere.    C. 
Comus,  1634,  Milton.    M.  (music  by  Lawes). 
Comus,  1738,  Arne.    0. 
Confederacy  (?Vte),  1705,  Vanbrugh.    C. 
Confederates  (TAe),  about  1720,  Breval.    Sat.D. 
Conquest  of  Granada,  1670,  Dryden.     He.Pl. 
Conrad,  1772,  Magiiocavallo.    Pr.T. 
Conscience  or  The  Bridal  Night,  1823,  Haynes. 
Conscious  Lovers  {The),  1722,  Steele.    C. 
Conseiller  Rapporteur  {Le),  1841,  Delavigne.  C. 
Conspiracy  (The),  1612-1690,  H.  Killigrew.    T. 
Conspiracy  {The),  1789,  Jephson.    T. 
Conspiriicy  of  Brutus,  1691,  Antoni.    T.    (See 

"  Julius  Caesar.") 
Conspiracy  of  the  Pazzi,  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 
Constant  Couple  (TAe),  1700,  Farquhar.     C. 
Contes  de  la  Reine  de  Navarre  (/ves),  1850,  Scribe 

and  Legouve. 
Contested   Election   {The),   19th    cent.,    Tom 

Taylor. 
Contract  (TAe),  1780,  T.  Franklin.    C. 
Contrivances  {The),  17 15,  Carey.    Bd.O. 
Convivado  de  Iledra,  1626,  Tirso  de  Molino, 

whose  name  was  Tellez.     C.  (This  is  the 

original  of  all  the  Don  Juans.) 
Cophte  {The  Grand),  1792,  Goethe.    C. 
Coquette  {The),  before  1766,  Molloy.    C. 
Coquette  du  Village,  17 15,  Dufresny.    C. 
Coresus  et  Callirhoe,  1696,  Lafosse.    T. 
Coriolan,  1781,  Lahavpe.    T. 
Coriolanus,  1610,  Shakespeare.    T.    (See  "In- 
vader of  His  Country.") 
Coriolanus,  1747,  Thomson.    T. 
Cornelia,  1594,  Kyd.    T.  (from  Garnier's  tragedy 

Cornelie). 
Comelie,  1591,  Gamier.    T. 
Cornette  Jaune,  1864,  Carmouchc     C. 
Coronation  {The),  I7th  cent.,  either  J.  Fletcher 

or  Shirley.     C. 
Corsaire  {The),  1856,  Adam.    B. 


Corsican  Brothers,  1848,  Boucicault.    D. 
Cosa  Kara  {La),  1786,  Martini.    O.  (The  Eng- 
lish version  is  called  The  Siege  qf  Belgrade.) 
Cosi  Fan  Tutte,  1790,  Mozart.    0. 
Cosmo  de  Medici,  1827,  Home.    T. 
Count  Egmont,  1788,  Goethe.    T. 
Count  of  Narbonne,  1765,  Jephson.     T.  (Wal- 

pole's  Castle  of  Otranto  dramatized). 
Countess  of  Salisbury,  1767,  Hartsou.    T. 
Country  Attorney  {The),  1793,  Cumberland.    C. 
Country  Girl  {The),  I7th  cent..  Brewer.    C. 
Country  Girl   {The),  18th  cent.,  Garrick.     C. 

(altered  from  The  Country  Wife,  by  Wy- 

cherly). 
Country  House,  1715,  Vanbrugh.    F. 
Country    Wife,    1675,    Wycherly.      C.      (Sen 

"  The  Country  Girl.") 
Courageous  Turk,  1632,  Goff.    T. 
Courier  of  Lyons,  1852,  Stirling.    D. 
Couronne  de  Bluets,  1836,  Houssaye. 
Court  Beggar  (  r/ie),  about  1640,  Brome.    C. 
Courtley  Nice  {Sir),  1685,  Crowne.    C. 
Covivando  de  Piedro.    (See  "  Convivado,"  etc.) 
Coxcomb   {The),  posthumous  1647,  Beaumont 

and  Fletcher.    C. 
Cozeners  {The),  about  1760,  Foote.    F. 
Creation  {The).  1798,  Haydn.    Or. 
Creusa,  1754,  Whitehead.    T, 
Crispin  Gentilhomme,  1640-1685,  Ant.  J.  Mont- 

fleury.     C. 
Critic  {The),  1779,  Sheridan.    A.     ("Sir  Fn>t- 

ful  Plagiary"  is  meant  for  Cumberland.) 
Critique  (La),  1662,  Moliere,    C. 
Crociato  in  Egitto  (11),  1825,  Meyerbeer.    0. 
Cromwell,    1827,   Victor   Hugo.     H.Pl.     (See 

"Charles  I.") 
Cross  Purposes,  1842,  O'Brien.    F. 
Crown    Diamonds,    1842  (English   version   of 

Diamants  de  la  Couronne,  q.v.). 
Cruel  Gift,  1707,  Centlivre. 
Crutch  and  Toothpick,  1879,  Sims.    B. 
Cupid  and  Campaspe,  1583,  Lyly.    L.D. 
Cupid  and  Psyche,  19th  cent.,  Miiller.    L.D. 
Cupid's  Revenge,1615,Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  C. 
Cure  for  Romance,  1819,  Thomson.    C. 
Cure  for  the  Heartache,  1811,  Morton.    C. 
Cure  of  Saul,  1770,  Arnold.    0. 
Curfew  {The),  1770-1804,  Tobin.    PI. 
Custom    of  the   Country,    posthumous    1647, 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher.     T. 
Cutter  of  Coleman  Street,  1644,  Cowley.    C. 
Cymbeline,  1605,  Shakespeare.    T. 
Cymon,  1716-1779,  Garrick.    D.R. 
Cymon  and  Iphigenia,  1631-1701,  Dryden. 
Cynthia's  Revels,  1600,  Jonson. 
Cyrus  the  Great,  about  1695,  Banks.    T. 


Daddy  G'Dowd,  19th  cent.,  Boucicault.    I.D. 
Daisy  Farm  {The),  1871,  H.  J.  Bvron.    Dom.D. 
Dame    Blanche    (Aa),   1829,    Boieldieu.     O.C. 

(libretto  by  Scribe). 
Dame  Medecin  {La),  1640-1685,  Ant.  J.  Mont- 

fleury.   C. 
Dame  Voilee,  1838,  Balfe.    0. 
Dame  aux  Camelias,  1848,  Dumas  ^Z«.    C. 
Dames  Capitaines  {Les),  1857,  Reber.    0. 
Damoiselle  a  Marier  {La),  before  1822,  Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Damon  and  Pythias,  1566,  Fxiwardes.    T.    (See 

"  Ferrex  and  Porrex.") 


1140 


APPENDIX  I. 


Damon  and  Pythias,  1825,  Baiiim.    PI. 
Daranes,  1743,  Hill. 

Darius,  1603,  published  1607,  lord  Stirling,    T. 
Dark    Glen    of   Ballyfoill    {The),    19th    cent., 

Stirling.     I.D. 
Daughter  {The),  1836,  Knowies.     D. 
Daughter  of  St.  Mark,  1844,  Balfe.    0. 
Daughter  of  the  Isles,  1861,  Leslie.    O. 
David,  1724-1803,  Klopstock.     T. 
David,  1834,  Ncukomm.     Or. 
Days  of  Yore,  1796,  Cumberland.    C. 
De  Montfort,  1793,  Baillie.     T. 
De  Paris  a  Corbell,  etc.,  1854,  Demoliere.    C. 
I3eaf  and  Dumb,  1785,  Holcroft.    H.D. 
I>eath  Fetch,  1830,  Home.     D. 
Death  of  Adam,  1724-1803,  Klopstock.    T. 
Death  of  Marlowe,  1827,  Home.    T. 
Death  of  Nero,  1690,  Pechantre.    T. 
Death  of  Robert  Earl  of  Huntington,  in  two 

parts,   1601,  Heywwxl.     PI.    (See  "Robin 

Hood.")    (This  play  is  by  some  attributed 

to  Ant.  Munday  and  Chettle.) 
Debates  in  the  Police  Friend,  19th  cent.,Herz.  V. 
Deb  .rah,  1733,  Handel.    Or. 
Deformed  Transformed,  1821,  Byron.    D. 
Degel  (Le),  1864,  Sardou. 
Delinquent  {The),  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 
Demafoonte,  1719,  Metastasio.    0.  (music  by 

Leo). 
Demetrio,    1731,    Metastasio.      0.    (music    by 

Caldara). 
D'^mocrite,  1700,  Regnard.    C. 
Demophon,  1791,  Cherubini.     0. 
Dependant  {The),  1798,  Cumberland.    C. 
D'^^pit  Amoureux,  1654,  Moliere.    C. 
Der  Freischiitz,  1822,  Weber.    0.  (libretto  by 

Kind). 
Dervis  (Le),  1811,  Scribe.     0. 
Deserted  Daughter,  1785,  Holcroft.    C.  (altered 

into  The  Sienaid). 
Deserter  {The),  1770,  Dibdin.    Mu.D.  (from  Le 

Deserteur). 
Deserteur  {U\  1769,  Sedaine.    CO.  (music  by 

Monsigny). 
Destruction  of  Jerusalem,  1680,  Crowne.     T. 

(Milman    wrote  The   Fall   of  Jerusalem, 

1820.    Cl.T.) 
Deuce    is    in    Him  {ITie),   1763,  Colman    the 

Elder.    F. 
Deux  Amis  (I^s),  1770,  Beaumarchais.    D. 
Deux  Aveugles  {Us),  1855,  ORenbach.    O.Bf. 
Deux  Billets  {Us),  1779,  Florian.    C. 
Deux   Hommes  pour    un    Placard,   1860,  De- 

sarbres.    F. 
Deux  Journees,  1800,  Cherubini.    0. 
Deux  Jumeaux  de  Bergame,  1781,  Florian.    C. 
Deux  Papas  Tres-Bien,  1845,  Labiche.     C. 
Deux  Precepteurs  {Us),  before    1822,  Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Devil  an  Ass  {The),  1616,  Jonson.    C. 
Devil  of  a  Wife  {The),  17th  cent.,  Jevon. 
Devil  to  Pay  (TVf),  1731,  Coffey.    Bd.F. 
Devil  upon  Two  Sticks,  1768,  Foote.    F. 
Devil's  Charter,  1607,  Barnes.     T. 
Devil's  Law-Case,  1613,  Webster. 
Devin  du  Village  {Le),  1752,  words  and  musio 

by  Rousseau.    Opti. 
Diable  a  I'tcole,  1842,  Boulanger.    CO. 
Diable  a  Quatre  {Le),  1756,  Sedaine.    CO. 
Diamants  de  la  Couronne  {Les),  1841,  .Auber. 

0.    (See  "  Crown  Diamonds.") 


Diane  et  Endyniion,  1787,  Piccini.    0. 

Dido,  1734,  Reed.     T. 

Dido,  1783,  Marmontel.    0.  (music  by  Piccini). ' 

Dido  Queen  of  Carthage,  1594,  Marlowe  and 

Nash.    T. 
Dido  and  iEneas,  1657,  Purcell.    O. 
Didone    Abbandonata,    1724,    Metastasio.     O. 

(music  by  Sarro  and  by  Vinci). 
Die  Zauberflote.     (See  "  Ziiuberflote.") 
Dieu  et  la  Bayadere,  1830,  Scribe.    0. 
Dinorah,  1859,  Meyerbeer.    0. 
Dioclesian,  1690,  Purcell.     0. 
Diogenes  and    His  Lantern,   19th  cent.,  Tom 

Taylor. 
Dionysius,    1748,    MarmonteL     T.    {Denyt   le 

Tyrant). 
Diplomate  {Le),  1827,  Delavigne  and  Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Disappointment  {The),  1684,  Southeme.    C. 
Discarded  Son  {Tlie),  1854,  Godfrey.    C    (This 

is  an  English  version  of  Un  FUs  de  Famille; 

see  "  The  Queen's  Shilling.") 
Discontented  Colonel,  1638,  Suckling.    C 
Discovery  {The),  1763,  Mrs.  Sheridan.    C 
Distrait  (u),  1697,  Regnard.    C. 
Distressed    Mother    {The),   1712,  Philips.     T. 

(Racine's  tragedy  Jndromague  Anglicized). 
Divine  Olimpiade,  1719,  Metastasio.    0.  (music 

by  Leo). 
Divorce  (The),  posthumous  1805,  Alfieri.     C. 
Djengis  Khan  ou  La  Conquete  de  la  Chine,  1837, 

Anicet  Bourgeois.     T. 
Dr.  Last  in  His  Chariot,  1769,  Foote  and  Bicker- 
staff.    F.  (based  on  Le  Malade  Imaginaire, 

by  Moliere,  1673). 
Dr.  Magnus,  1864,  Cormon.    D. 
Dog  of  Montargip,  1815.    Mel.  (an  English  ver- 
sion of  the  Cliien  de  Montargis,  of  Guilbert 

de  Pixerecourt).    (There  is  another  French 

drama,  called  Le  Chien  d'Aubry,  on  the 

same  subject.) 
Doigts  de  Fee  {Les),  1858,  Scribe  and  Legouve. 

O.C 
Domino  Noir  (Ac),  1837,  Auber.     O.CXlibretto 

by  Scribe).     (See  "  Black  Domino.") 
Don  Caesar  de  Bogan,  19th  cent.,  Boucicault. 
Don  Carlos,  1676,  Otway.    T. 
Don  Carlos,  1787,  Schiller.    T. 
Don  Felix,   1714,  Centlivre.    C  (same  as  The 

Wonder). 
Don  Garcia,  1785,  Alfieri.    T. 
Don  Giovanni,  1787,  Mozart.    0.  (libretto  by 

L.  da  Ponte).      Sir  H.  Bishop  reciist  this 

opera.    (See  "Giovanni"  and  "Convivado.") 
Don  Juan,   1665,  Moliere.    C  (imitated  from 

the  Convitado,  q.v.). 
Don  Juan,  1665,  Gluck.    0. 
Don  Juan,  1673,   Thomas  Corneille.     C  (from 

the  Spanish  comedy  Convivado,  q.v.). 
Don  Juan,  1802,  Kalkbrenner.    0. 
Don  Juan  d'Autriche,  1835,  Delavigne.    C. 
Don  Pasquale,  1843,  Donizetti.    0. 
Don  Pedre,  1857,  Cormon.     D. 
Don  Podro,  1795,  Cumberland.    D. 
Don  Pedro  de  Portugal,  1828,  Gil  y  Zarate.    D. 
Don  Sebastian,  1690,  Dryden.    T. 
Don  Sebastiano,  1843,  Donizetti.    0.  (composed 

in  two  months). 
Donna  del  Lago  {Tji),  1821,  Rossini.    0. 
Doom  of  Devorgoil,  1829,  sir  W.  Scott.    PL. 
Double  Dealer  {I7ie),  1694,  Congreve.    C. 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1141 


Donble  Falsehood,  1721,  Theobald. 

Itouble  Gallant,  1707,  Gibber.  C.  (copyright  was 
£16  2s.  6<i.). 

Double  Marriage,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Double  Veuvage,  1701,  Dufresny.    C. 

Double  or  Quits.    (See  "  Quittc,"  etc.) 

Douglas,  1756,  Home.  T.  (based  on  the  tale  of 
(HI  Morice). 

Dragon  of  Wantley,  1715,  Carey.    B.O. 

Dragons  de  la  lieine,  1841,  Decourcelle.    C. 

Dragoons  (TAc),  1879,  Hersee.  (This  is  an  Eng- 
lish version  of  IJes  Dragons  de  Villars,  a 
comic  opera  by  Maillart.) 

Drama  of  Kxile,  1850,  E.  B.  Browning. 

Dramatist  (7'/ie),  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C, 

Drames  du  Cabaret,  1864,  Dumanoir.    D. 

Dream  at  Sea,  l>efore  1S38,  Buck5»tone.    Mel. 

Dreams,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    C. 

Drink,  1879,  C.  Read.  D.  (from  L'Assommoir,  by 
Mons.  Zola,  1878). 

Druid  or  The  Vision  of  Fingal,  1815,  Thomson. 

Drummer  (77ic),  1715,  Addison.    C. 

Duchess  de  la  Valliere,  1836,  Lytton.    T. 

Duchess  of  Guise,  1838,  Flotow.    0. 

Duchess  of  Malfy,  1623,  Webster.    T. 

Duenna  (TAe),  1775,  Sheridan.  Op.C.  (music 
by  Linley). 

Duke  of  Braganza,  1785,  Jephson.    T. 

Duke  of  Guise,  1682,  Dryden.    T. 

Duke  of  Lerma,  *  Robert  Howard. 

Duke  of  Millaine,  1623,  Massinger.  T.  (imita- 
tion of  Shakespeare's  Othello). 

Duke's  Mistress,  1638,  Shirley. 

Dumb  Knight,  1633,  Machin. 

Dumb  Lady,  1622-1681,  Lacy.    C. 

Dundreary  Married  and  Done  for  (Lord),  19th 
cent.,  H.  J.  Byron  and  Sothern.  C.  (See 
"  Lord  Dundreary.") 

Dupe  (The),  1765,  Mrs.  Sheridan.    C. 

Dupe.    (See  "  Who's  the  Dupe  i") 

Duplicity,  1781,  Holcroft.    C. 

Dutch  Courtesan  (2Vie),  1605,  Marston.    C. 


Earl  Godwin,  1796,  Anne  Yearsley.    T. 

Karl  of  Essex,  1678,  Th.  Corneille.    T.  (Estex). 

Earl  of  Essex,  1690,  Banks.    T. 

EsltI  of  Essex,  1745,  Jones.    T. 

Earl  of  Huntingdon.  (See  "Death  of  Robert .  .  .") 

Earl  of  Warwick,  1767,  Dr.  T.  Franklin.    T. 

(See  "  Warwick.") 
Earl  of  Westmoreland,  1765,  H.  Brooke.    T. 
13ast  Indian.  1800,  Lewis.    C 
Eastward   Hoe!    1605,  Jonson,  Chapman,  etc. 

Sat.D.  (to  ridicule  the  Scotch). 
Eccentric  Love,  1799,  Cumberland.    C. 
Ikho  et  Narcisse,  1778,  Glilck.    0. 
Eclair.    (See  "  L'Eclaire.") 
Ecole.    (See  "  L'  cole.") 
Ecossaise  (L'),   1764,    Voltaire.    C.  (in  which 

Freron  is  gibbeted). 
Edith,  before  1809,  Dounman.    T. 
Edward  L,  1593,  Peeje.     H.Pl. 
Edward  II.,  1592,  Marlowe.  H.T. (Shakespeare's 

Richard  II.  is  In  imitation  of  it,  ir.97.) 
Edward  IV.,  in  two  parts,  17  th  cent.,  Hey  wood. 

H.Pl. 
Edward  and  P^leonora,  1739,  Thomson.    T. 
Edward  the  Black  Prince,  1640,  Shirley.    H.T. 
Edwin,  1678-1755,  Jefferys.     T. 
Edwin  the  Fair,  1843,  Taylor.    H.D. 


E<lwy  and  Elgiva,  1795,  Mde.  D'Arblay.    T. 

Egmont  (Count),  1788,  Goethe.    T. 

Elavi,  1816,  Bishop.    0. 

Elder  Brother,  1637,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Elf  rid  or  The  Fair  Inconstant,  1710,  Hill. 

Elfrida,  1752,  Mason.    T. 

Elfrida,  1856,  Balfe.    0. 

El  Hyder,  *  Barrymore.    G.K.Mel.S. 

Elijah,  1846,  Mendelssohn.    Or. 

Elisa,  1794,  Cherubini.    0. 

Elisca,  18th  cent.,  Gretry.    0. 

Elixir  d' Amour  (U),  1845,  Donizetti.    0. 

Ellen  Wareham,  alx»ut  1834,  Buckstone.     D. 

(writaen  for  Mrs.  Yates). 
Elmcrick,  1739,  Lillo.    T. 
Elves  (The),  1835,  Heiberg.    Fy.C. 
Elvira,  1760,  Mallet.    T. 
Emilia  Galotti,  1772,  Lessing.    T. 
Emma,  19th  cent.,  Heiz.    D. 
p]mma  di  Resburgo,  1820,  Meyerbeer.    0. 
Kmperiques  (/-es),  1698,  De  Brueys.    C. 
Emperor  of  the  East,  1638,  Anon. 
Empress  of  Morocco,  1648-1724,  Settle.    T. 
En  avant  les  Chinois !  1858,  Labicbe.    C, 
Enchantress  (Tht),  19th  cent.,  Balfe.    0. 
Endimione,  1721,  Metastasio.    Mu.D. 
Endymion  and  the  Man  in  the  Moon,  1591, 

Lyly.    Myt.D. 
Enfant  du  Peuple  (Un),  1847,  Labronsse.    C. 
Ilnfants  d'Edouard  (Les),  1833,  Delavigne.  H.D. 
English  Fleet,  17:59-1802,  Arnold.    Mu.D. 
English   Gentleman  (The),  19th  cent.,  H.  J. 

Byron.    C. 
English  Merchant,  1767,  Colman.    C. 
English  Princess  or  Death  of  Richard  III.,  1712, 

Caryl.    T. 
English  Traveller  (7%«),  1633,  Heywood.     T.C. 
Englishman  in  Paris,  1753,  Foote.     F. 
Englishman  returned  from  Paris,  1757,  Foote.  F. 
Enrico  di  Borgogna,  1818,  Donizetti.    0. 
Enseiguement  Mutuel,  1846,  Nus.    C. 
Envies  de  Mde.  Godard,  1848,  Carmouche.    C. 
I^picharis  et  Neron,  1793,  Legouve.    T. 
Epicoene   or   The  Silent  Woman,   1609,    Jon- 
eon.  C. 
Epsom  Wells,  1673,  Shadwell.    C. 
Erigone,  1677-1758,  Lagrange.     T. 
Erik  VII.,  19th  cent.,  Boje.     T. 
Eriphyle,  1732,  Voltaire.    T. 
Ermina  or  The  Chaste  Lady,  1670,  Flecknoe.  D. 
Ernani,  1830,  Victor  Hugo.    R.T. 
Ernani,  1841,  Verdi.    0. 
Esclave  de  Camoens,  1843,  Flotow.    0. 
Esmeralda,    1833,  Victor  Hugo.      R.D.     (An 

English  version  by  H.  J.  Byron.) 
Esperidi  (Gli  Orti),  1722,  Metastasio.    0.  (music 

by  Porpora). 
Esprit  de  Contradiction,  1700,  Dufresny.    F. 
Essex.    (See  "  Earl  of  Essex.") 
Esther,  1689,  Raciue.    S.T. 
Esther,     1720,     Handel     (first     performance 

1732).    Or. 
Esule  di  (iranada,  1823,  Meyerbeer.    0. 
Eteocle,  1799,  Legouve.    T. 
Etoile  de    Nord   (//),    1854,    Meyerbeer.    0. 

(libretto by  Scribe). 
Etoile  de  Seville  (//),  19th  cent.,  Balfe.    0. 
Etourdis  (Les),  1788,  Andrioux.    C. 
Eugene  Aram,   1831,  W.  G.   Wills.    D.  (lord 

Lytion's  novel  dramatized). 
Eugenie,  1767,  Beaumarchais.    D. 


1142 


APPENDIX  I. 


Eugenie,  One  Drama  of  a  Trilogy,  1749-1832, 

Goethe.    T. 
Euphosine  et  Coradin,  1790,  Hoffmann.    O.C. 

(music  by  Mehul). 
PJuryanthe,  1825,  Weber.    0. 
Eurydice,  1731,  Mallet.     T. 
Evadne  or  The  Statue,  1819.  Shell  {The  Traitor, 

by  Shirley,  1631,  reset). 
Evasion    de    Marie    Stuart,  1822,  Guilbert  de 

Pixerecourt.    D. 
J  vening  Love,  1631-1701,  Dryden. 
Every  Man  in  His  Humour,  1596,  improved 

1598,    Jonson.     0.     (Garrick    reset    this 

comedy.) 
Every  Man  out  of  His  Humour,  1599,  Jonson    C. 
Every  One  has  His  Fault,  1791,  Inchbald.    C. 

(realized  £700). 
Exiles  of  Siberia,  1789,  Aude.    D. 
Extremes  or  Men  of  the  Day,  1859,  O'Eourke 

(i.e.  E.  Falconer). 
Ezio,  1728,  Metastasio.    0. 


Faoheux  (Les),  1661,  Mollere.    C. 

Fair  Maid  of  the  Inn,  posthumous  1647,  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher.    C. 

Fair  Penitent  {The),  1703,  Rowe.    T. 

Fair  Quaker  of  Deal,  1617,  Ch.  Shadwell.  C. 
(altered  by  Ed.  Thompson). 

Fair  Quarrel,  1617,  Middleton  and  Rowley.    C. 

Fair  Rosamond.    (See  "  Rosamond.") 

Faire  Maide  of  the  Exchange,  1615,  Heywood. 

Faithful  Friend,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Faithful  Shepherdess,  1610,  Fletcher.    P. 

FallofJerusalem,1820,Milman.  Cl.T.  (Crowne 
wrote,  in  1680,  The  Destruction  of  Jetu- 
salem.    T.) 

Fall  of  Portugal,  1808,  Dr.  Wolcot  (Peter  Pin- 
dar).   T. 

Fall  of  Robespierre,  1794,  Coleridge.    T. 

Fall  of  the  Giants,  1763,  GlQck.    0. 

False  Concord,  1760,  Townley.  C.  (See  "  Clan- 
destine Marriage.'") 

False  Delicacy,  1764,  Kelly.    C. 

False  Friend,  1672-1726,  Vanbrugh.    C. 

P'alse  Impressions,  1796,  Cumberland.     C. 

False  One,  1619,  Fletcher  (Beaumont  died 
1616).    T. 

Falstaff,  1838,  Balf\     0. 

Famine  Benoiton  (/^),  1865,  Sardou.    D. 

Famille  Poisson  (Im),  18th  cent.,  Poisson.    C. 

Famille  Renneville  {La),  1802,  Demoliere.    D. 

Famille  au  Temps  de  Luther  {Une),  1836,  Dela- 
vigne.    T. 

Famille  de  Lusigny  {Tm,),  1830,  Soulie.     D 

Family  Legend,  1810,  Baillie.    T. 

Famous  Victories  of  Henry  V.  {The),  1578, 
Anon.  H.Pl.  (This  was  the  quarry  of 
Shakespeare's  Henry  V.) 

Fanatico  per  la  Musica,  1799,  Mayer.     0. 

Fancies  Chaste  and  Noble,  1638,  Ford.    D. 

Fanisca,  1805,  Cherubini.    0. 

Farm-House  {The),  1757-1823,  Kemble.    F. 

Farmer  {The),  1788,  Shield.    0. 

Farmer's  Wife  (  The),  1780,  Dibdin,  junior.    CO. 

Fashionable  Levites,  1752-1820,  Macnally.    C. 

Fashionable  Lover  (TAe),  1772,  Cumberland.   C. 

Fata  Morgana,  1838,  Heiberg.     Fy.C. 

Fatal  Curiosity,  1736,  Lillo.    T. 

Fatal  Discovery,  1769,  Home.    T. 

Fatal  Dowry.  1632,  Massinger  and  Field.    T. 


Fatal  Extravagance,  1730,  Mitchell.    T.  (altered 

by  Hill,  in  1746). 
Fatal  Love,  1648-1724,  Settle.    T. 
Fatal    Marriage,  '1692,  Southerne.     T.     (See 

"  Isabella  or  The  Fatal  Marriage.") 
Fatal  Revenge,  1807,  Maturin.    T. 
Fatal  Vision,  1716,  Hill.    T. 
Father  Baptiste,  19th  cent.,  Stirling.    D. 
Father's  Vengeance,    1748-1825,  earl  of  Car- 
lisle.   T. 
Faucon  (7>€),  1772,  Sedaine.    O.C.  (music  by 

Monsigny). 
Faussaires  Anglaises  {Les),  1833,  Cormon.    D. 
Fausse  Magie  {La),  1775,  Marmontel.  0.  (music 

by  Gretry). 
Faust,  pt.  i.  1798,  ii.  1828,  Goethe.    T.  or  rather 
a  dramatic  poem.    (B.  Bernard  produced  an 
English  version.) 
Faust  e  Margherito,  1859,  Goimod.    0. 

Faustus  {Dr.),  1589,  Marlowe,    T. 

Favorita,  1843,  Donizetti.    0. 

Fazio,  1815,  Milman.    T. 

Fee  Urgele  {Im),  18th  cent.,  Favart.    O.C. 

Feinte  par  Amour  {La),  18th  cent.,  Dorat.    C. 

Felix,  1777,  Sedaine.  O.C.  (music  by  Mon- 
signy). 

Felix  {Don).    (See  "The  Wonder.") 

Felton  {John),  1852,  Stirling.    H.Pl. 

Female  Dramatist,  1782,  Colman.    Mu.F. 

Female  Officer,  1757-1823,  Kemble.    F. 

Femme  Jalouse  {Im),  1726,  Joly.    C. 

Femme  Juge  et  Partie  {Im),  1666,  Montfleury. 
C.  (reduced  to  three  acts  by  Leroy,  1821). 

Femme  a  Deux  Maris  {La),  1802,  Guilbert  de 
Pixerecourt.    V. 

Femmes  Savantes  (X«s),  1672,  Moliere.    C. 

Femmes  Soldats  {Les),  1809,  Dartois.    C. 

Femmes  Terribles  {Us),  1858,  Dumanoir.    D. 

Femmes  et  le  Merite  des  Femmes,  1824,  An- 
tler.   C. 

Femmes  et  le  Secret,  1843,  Deadde.    C. 

Fenelon  1793,  Chenier.  T.  (An  English  ver- 
sion by  Merry.) 

Fernande,  1868,  Sardou.  C.  (adapted  by  S. 
Edwards). 

Ferrex  and  Porrex,  1561-62,  Buckhurst.  T. 
(■called  Gorboduc  by  sir  P.  Sidney.  The 
first  three  acts  by  Norton,  the  last  two  by 
Sackville  lord  Buckhurst.  First  English 
tragedy).  (See  "  Damon  and  Pythias  "  and 
"  Ralph  Roister  Doister.") 

Festin  de  Pierre.    (See  "  Don  Juan.") 

Few  {The),  posthumous  1805,  Alfieri.  C.  (on 
the  subject  of  Oligarchies). 

Fidele  Berger  (Le),  1837,  Adam.    O.C. 

Fidelio,.  1791,  Beethoven.    0. 

Fiesco,  1783,  Schiller.    T. 

Fiesque,  1824,  Ancelot.  T.  (a  French  version 
of  the  above). 

Figaro.    (See  "  Marlage  de . . ."  and  "  Nozze . . .") 

Filippo  II.,  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 

Fille  de  Jephte,  1814,  Meyerbeer.  Or.  (See 
"  Jephte.") 

Fille  de  I'Exile  {La),  1819,  Guilbert  de  Pixere- 
court.   D. 

Fille  des  Bois,  1800,  Weber.    O. 

Fille  du  Cid  {Im),  1840,  Delavigne.    T. 

Fille  du  Diable,  1860,  Thiboust.  D.  (See  "  Fila 
du  Diable.'') 

Fille  du  Regiment,  1840,  Donizetti.    O.C. 

Fillea  de  Marbre  {Us),  1853,  Barriere.    D. 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1148 


Fils  Ingrats  ou  L'Ecole  des  Peres,  1Y28,  Piron.   C. 
Fils  Naturel,  1757,  Diderot.    C.    (See  "  Natural 

Son.") 
Fils  de  Famine  {Un\  1853,  Bayard  and  Bieville. 

C.    (See  "  The  Discarded  Son.") 
Fils  de  la  N  nit,  1857,  Sejour.    D. 
Fils  du  Diable,  1860,  Deadde.    D.    (See  "  Fille 

du  Diable.") 
Financier  et  le  Savetier  (Le\  19th  cent.,  Offen- 
bach.   O.Bf. 
Finestrina  (La),  posthumous  1805,  Alfieri.    C. 

(scene  laid  in  hell). 
Finta  Giardiniera  (La),  1774,  Mozart.    0. 
Fiole  de  Cagliostro  (La),  1835,  Brisebarre.    D. 
First  Floor  (The),  1756-1818,  Cobb.    F. 
First  Love,  1795,  Cumberland.    C. 
Fleurette,  1833,  Labrousse.    C. 
Flitch  of  Bacon,  1778,  Dudley.    Mu.F.  (music 

by  Shield). 
Flitting  Day  (TAe),  19th  cent.,  Herz,    D. 
Florinda,  1699,  Handel.    0. 
Flowers  of  the  Forest,  1847,  Buckstone.    E.D. 
Flying  Dutchman,  about  1830,  Fitzball.    Mel. 
Flying  Scud,  1863,  Boucicault.    D. 
Folies  Amoureuses,  1704,  Regnard.    C. 
Follies  of  a  Day  (Jhe),  1745-1809,  Holcroft.    C. 
Folly  as  it  Flies,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 
Fontainbleau,  1747-1833,  O'Keefe. 
Fool  of  Quality,  I7th  cent.,  Poisson.    C. 
Fool's  Revenge  (The),  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Fopling    Flutter   (Sir),    1676,    Etherege.     C. 

(second  title  of  The  Man  of  Mode). 
Forced  Marriage  (The),  1758,  Armstrong.    T. 
Forgery,  1832,  Buckstone.    Mel. 
Formosa,  19th  cent.,  Boucicault. 
Fortresse  du  Danube  (La),  1805,  Guilbert  de 

Pixerecourt.    Mel. 
Fortunate  Isles,  1626,  B.  Jonson.    M. 
Fortutiatns  (Old)  or  The  Wishing-Cap,  1600, 

Dekker.    C. 
Fortune's  Fool,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.     C. 
Fortune's  Frolic,  alx)ut  1800,  Allingham.    F. 
Fortunes  of  Nigel,  sir  W.  Scott's  novel  1822, 

dramatized  by  A.  Halliday. 
Foscari  (I  due),  19th  cent.,  Verdi.    0. 
Foscari  (Tlic),  1826,  Miss  Mitchell.    H.T. 
Foscari  (Tlie  Two),  1821,  Byron.    H.T. 
Foul  Play,  19th  cent.,  C.  Reade. 
Foundling  (T/<e),  1748,  E.  Moore.    C. 
Foundling  of  the  Forest,  *  Dimond.    PI. 
Four  P's  (Fainter,  Pardoner,  Foticary,  Pedlar), 

1530,  J.  Heywood.    Int. 
Four  Plays  in  One,  posthumous  1647,  Beaumont 

and  Fletcher.    C. 
Four  'Prentices  of  London,  1632,  Heywood.  H.Pl. 
Four  Sons  of  Aymon,  1843,  Balfe.    0. 
Fourberies  de  Scapin,  1671,  Moliere.    C.    (See 

•'  Cheats  of  Scapin.") 
Fox.    (See  "  Volpone.") 
Fra   Diavolo,  1830,    Auber.    O.C.  (libretto  by 

Scribe).    (Fra  Diavolo,  by  H.  J.  Byron.) 
Francis  I.,  1828,  F.  A.  Kemble.  H.Pl. 
Francois  I.  a  Madrid,  1826,  Brifaut.    T. 
Fredolpho,  1818,  Maturin. 
Freethinker  (The),  1774,  Lessing.    D. 
Freischtitz  (Der),  1822,  Weber.    0.  (libretto  by 

Kind). 
Friar  Bacon  and  Friar  Bungay,  1588,  Greene.   C. 

(first  acted  in  1591,  first  printed  1594). 
Fugitive  (The),  before  1803,  J.  Richardson.    C. 
or  Grief  a-la-Mode,  1701,  Steele.    C. 


Slingsby 
Specu- 


Gageure  Imprevuc  (La),  1772,  Sedaine.    C. 

Galant  Jardlnier,  1667,  Dancourt.    C. 

Gallanibea,  1592,  Lyly. 

Galotti.    (See  "  Emilia  Galotti,") 

Game  at  Chess,  1624,  Mlddleton.    PI. 

Game    of    Speculation,    19th    cent.1 
Lawrence  (i.e.  G.  H.  Lewes).   (See 
lation.") 

Gamester  (The),  1637,  Shirley.    T. 

Gamester  (The),  1709,  Centlivre.    T. 

Gamester  (The),  1753,  E.  Moore.    T. 

Gammer  Gurton's  Needle,  1551,  Mr.  S.  Master 
of  Arts  (said  to  be  bish(>p  Still ;  but  he  was 
under  nine  years  of  age  at  the  date  given. 
It  was  acted  in  1575,  when  Still  was  32. 
This  was  our  second  comedy).  (See  "  Rois- 
ter Doister  "  and  "  Mesogonus.") 

Garden  de  Ferme  (Le),  1861,  Brisebarre.    D. 

Gay  Deceivers,  1804,  Colman.    F. 

Gazza  Ladra  (La),  1817,  Rossini.    CO. 

Gemma  di  Vergi,  1835,  Donizetti.    0. 

Generous  Conqueror,  1702,  Higgons. 

Genevieve  di  Brabant,  19th  cent.,  Offenbach.  CO. 

Gentle  Shepherd,  1725,  Ramsay.  P.  (altered  in 
1786,  by  Tickell). 

Gentleman  Dancing-Master,  1673,  Wycherly.   C 

Gentleman  Usher,  1617,  Chapman.    0. 

Gentleman  of  Alsatia  (The),  1688,  Shadwell.  C. 
(sometimes  called  The  Squire  of  Alsatia), 

Genviere,  before  1822,  Scribe.    Pt.Pc. 

George  Barnwell,  1730,  Lillo.    T. 

George  Dandin,  1668,  Moliere.    C 

George-a-Green,  1587,  Greene.     C 

Geta,  1687,  Pechantre.    T. 

Gil  Bias,  1750,  E.  Moore.    C 

Giovanni  (Von),  1787,  Mozart.  0.  (libretto  by 
L.  da  Ponte).    (See  "  Don  Juan.") 

Giovanni  (Lkm),  1839,  Landor.  (See  "Don 
Giovanni.") 

Giovanni  in  London,  1687-1770,  Moncrieff.  O.Ex. 

Gipsy  Warning,  1838,  Benedict.    0. 

Giralda,  1850,  Adam.    O.C. 

Girl's  Romance  (A),  1879,  Boucicault.    D. 

Girls  (The),  1879,  H.  J.  Byron.    C 

Gisele,  1841,  Adam.    B. 

Giulio  Sabino,  1781,  Sarti.    0. 

Giulio  Sabino,  1784,  Cherubinl.  0.  (a  pupil  ol 
Sarti). 

Giuseppe,  1732,  Metastasis    0. 

Giustino,  1712,  Metastasio.    T.  (aged  14). 

Gladiateur,  1841,  Altenheim.    T. 

Glencoe,  1840,  Alford.    T. 

Gli  Orti  Esperidi.    (See  "  Orti  .  .  .") 

Going  to  the  Bad,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 

Gold-Mine  or  Miller  of  Grenoble,  1854,  Stir- 
ling.   D. 

Golden  Pippin,  1765,  O'Hara. 

Good-Natured  Man  (The),  1768,  Goldsmith.    C 

Good  Soldier  (rAe),  about  1680,  from  R.  Poisson. 

Good  for  Nothing,  1851,  Buckstone.    CD. 

Gorboduc.    (See  "  Ferrex  and  Porrex.") 

Gotham  Election,  1715,  Centlivre.    C 

Gotz  von  Berlichingen,  1773,  Goethe.  D.  (trans- 
lated by  sir  W.  Scott). 

Gracchus,  1792,  Chenier.  T.  (See  "  Caio  Gracco.") 

Gracchus  (C'aius),  1815,  Knowles.    H.T. 

Gracchus  (Qxius),  1825,  Monti.     H.T. 

Grand  Cophte.    (See  "  Cophte.") 

Grateful  Servant,  1635,  Shirley.    PI. 

Great  Casimir  (The),  1879,  Ixigh.  Mu.D.  (n 
by  Lecocq ;  from  the  French). 


1144 


APPENDIX  I. 


Great-Duke  of  Florence,  1630,  Massinger.    C. 

Grecian  Daughter,  1772.  Muri>hy,    T. 

Green  Bushes,  1845,  Buckstone.     D. 

Green  Domino,  1810,  Korner.    PI. 

Green's  Tu  Quoque,  HJth  cent.,  Cooke.    C. 

Gregory  VII.,  1832.  Home.    T. 

Grey  {Lady  Jam),  1715,  Howe.  T.  (copyright 
was  £75  5s.). 

Grey  (lAiiy  Jane).  1876,  Tennyson.    T. 

Grief  a-la-Mode,  1702,  Steele.    C. 

Griselda,  1774-1839,  Paer.     0. 

Grondeur  (Le),  1691,  i->e  Brueys.    C. 

Grotius,  1701-1819,  Kotzebue. 

Grotto  on  ihe  Stream  (The),  19th  cent.,  Stil- 
ling.   D. 

Guardian  {The),  1639,  Massinger.  C.  (altered  in 
1759,  by  Garrick). 

Guebres,  1762,  Voltaire.    T. 

Guglielmo  I'eU.    (See  "  Tell.") 

Gustave  III.,  1833,  Scribe,    0. 

Gustave  or  Le  Napolitain,  1825,  Anicet  Bour- 
geois.   D. 

Gustavus  Vasa,  1733,  Piron.     T. 

Gustavus  Vasa,  1739,  Brooke.    T. 

Gustavus  Vasa,  1797,  Kotzebue.    T. 

Guy  Mannering,  1816,  Terry.  Mu.Pl.  (music 
by  Bishop).  (This  is  a  dramatized  ver- 
sion of  sir  W.  Scott's  novel  so  called, 
1815.> 


Habit  de  Cour,  1818,  Antier.    D. 

Haine  d'Une  Femme  {La),  before  1822,  Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Half- Pay  Officer,  1706-1767,  Molloy.    C. 
Halidon  Hill,  1822,  sir  W.  Scott.    A  dramatic 

sketch,  in  three  acts. 
Hamlet  I'rince  of  Denmark,  1596,  Shakespeare. 

T.  (printed  1603). 
Handsome  Hernani,  1879,  H.  J.  Byron.    B. 
Happiest    Day  of  My  Life  {The),   19th  cent,, 

Buckstone -r 

afleltln  Patriot  {The),  1772,  Ewald.    D. 
Harold.  1875,  Tennyson.     H.Pi. 
Harry  Gavlove  {Sir),  1772,  Miss  Marshall.     C. 
Hartford  Bridge,  1754-1829,  Shield,     Mu.F. 
Haunted    Tower    {The),    1793,    Cobb.     Mu.D. 

(music  by  Storace'l 
Haydee,  1847,  Auber.  '  0. 
He  Would  if  He  Could,  1764,  Bickerstaff.    C. 
He's  Much  to  Blame,  1790,  Holcroft.    C. 
Heaven  and  Earth,  1819,  Byron.     Mys. 
Hcir-at-Law    {The),    1797,    Colman.    C.     (See 

"  Lord'B  Warmingpan.") 
Heir  of  Vironi,  1817,  Pocock.    Mu.D.  (music  by 

Whittaker). 
Heiress  {T%e),  1781,  Burgoyne.    C. 
Helen  and  Paris,  1768,  GlUck.    0.  (libretto  by 

Calzabigi). 
Helping  Hands,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Helvetius,  1802,  Andrieux.    C. 
Henri  III.,  1829,  Dumas.     H.D. 
Henri  IV„  1725,  B.  ckingham.     H,D, 
Henri  IV.,  1834,  Balfe.     0,  {Enrico  IV.). 
Henri  IV.  en  Famille,  1828,  Deforges.    D. 
Henrietta    the    Forsaken,    about    1835,    Buck- 
stone.    C. 
Henriette  Deschamps,  1863,  Carre.    D. 
Henry  II.,  1773,  a  drama  ptoduced  by  adding 

together  the  two  subjoined. 
Henry  II.  King  of  England,  with  the  death  of 


Nr. 


I  Rosamond,  1693,  ascribed  both  to  Ban«rofl 

and  to  Mountford.    H.  r. 
Henry  and  Rosamond,  1749,  Hawkins.     H.T. 

1  Henry  IV.,  1598,  Shakespeare.    H.PI.  (printed 

1598). 

2  Henrv  IV.,  1598,  Shakespeare.   H.PI.  (printed 

1600). 

Henry  V.,  1599,  Shakespeare.  H.PI.  (printed 
1600).  (This  play  was  suggested  by  that 
called  The  Famous  Victories  of  Henry  V.) 

Henry  V.,  1723,  Hill.    H.PI. 

1  Henry  VI.,  1592,  Shakespeare.    H.PI.  (alluded 

to  by  Nash,  in  Fierce  I'enniless,  1592). 

2  Henry  VI.,  1594,  Shakespeare.    H.PI. 

3  Henry  VI.,  1595,  Shakespeare.    H.PI. 
Henry  VIII.,  1601, Shakespeare.   H.PI.  (Knight, 

1613). 
Henry    VIII.,    1791,    Ch^nier.     D.H.  {Henri 

VIII.). 
Heraclides  {Les),  1752,  Marmontel.    T. 
Ilercule,   1643,  Rotrou.     Cl.T.   (imitated  from 

the  Hercules  Furens  of  Euripides). 
Hercules  Furens,  1561,  J.  Hey  wood.  T.  (Seneca's 

play  done  into  English). 
Hercules  Gitaeus,  1581,  Studley.    D.  (Seneca's 

play  done  into  English). 
Hernani.    (See  "  Emani "  and  "  Handsome  Her- 
nani.") 
Hero  and  Leander,  1637,  Marlowe.    T. 
Hero  and  Leander,  *  Jackmaii.    O.Blta. 
Herr  Burckhurd  and  His  Family,  1827,  Herz. 

Dom.D. 
Hertford  Bridge.     (See  "  Hartford  Bridge.") 
Hicronimo.    (See '*  Jeronimo.") 
High  Life  Above  Stairs,  1776,  Garrick.    F. 
High  Life  Below  Stairs,  1759,  Townley.    F. 
High-Mettled  Racer,  1771-1841,  Dibdin.  Mu.Tr. 
Highland  Fair,  1729,  Mitchell.    Bd.O. 
Highland  Reel,  1798,  OKeefe. 
Hints  for  Husbands,  1806,  Cumberland.    C. 
His  Last  Legs,  19th  cent.,  B.  Bernard. 
History  of  Madoc,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
History  of  Orlando  Furioso,  posthumous  1594, 

Greene.    C. 
Hit  or  Miss,  1782-1835,  Pocock.    C. 
H.M.S,  Pinafore,    (See  "  Pinafore.") 
Hottman,  1631,  Anon, 

Hog  hath  lost  His  Pearl  {The),  1613,  R,  Tailor.  C. 
Hollander  {The),  about  1620,  Glapthorne.    C. 
Holof ernes,  1554,  Anon.    T. 
Home,  19th  cent,,  Kolx;rtson.    C. 
Home  for  Home,  1879,  Lee.    V. 
Homme  a  Trois  Visages  (X,'),  1801,  Guilbert  de 

Pixerecourt,     V. 
Honest  Lawyer,  1616,  S,S,    C. 
Honest  Man's  Fortune,  posthumous  1647,  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher,    C. 
Honest  Thieves  {Tht),  1774-1826,  Knight.    F. 

{The  (Xmmittee,  C.,  reset). 
Honest  Whore  {The),  1635,  Dekker.    C. 
Honest  Yorkshireman,  1736,  Carey.    F. 
Honeyconibe  {Folly),  1760,  Cohnan.    D.N. 
Honeymoon  {The),  1804,  Tobin,    C.  (suggestfd 

by  Shakespeare's  comedy  The  Taming  of  the 

i^rew). 
Honneur  de  Mamere,  1837,  Boule. 
Honourable  Ambition,  1751,  Holberg.    0. 
Honourable      Delinquent,      1749-1811,    Jovel- 

lanos.    C. 
Hood.    (See  "  Robin  Hood.") 
H^oraces  {Les),  1639,  Corneille.    T. 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1146 


House   or    the  Home  (I7te),  19th  cent.,  Tom 

Taylor. 
Housekeeper  {The),  1835,  Jerrold.    C.   (a  story 

of  Jacobite  times). 
How  to  Grow  Rich,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 
Huguenots  (Ae«),  1«33,  Meyerbeer.    0.  (libretto 

by  Scribe). 
Hultre  et  les  Plaideurs  (/>€),  1769,  Sedaine.  O.C. 
Humourist  {The),  1671,  Shadwell.    0. 
Humourous     Lieutenant,     posthumous    1647, 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher.    C. 
Hunchback  {The),  1831,  Knowles.    C. 
Hurlo-Thrumbo,    1729,  S.    Johnson.     F.  (not 

Dr.  S.  Johnson). 
Huron  {Le),  1769,  Marmontel.    0.  (music  by 

Gretry). 
Husband    His   Own    Cuckold,    18th   cent.,   C. 

Drydei).    C. 
Husband  at  Sight,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Hussard  de  Feltlieim,  1827,  Dupenty. 
Hussites  {The),  1761-1819,  Kotzebue.    D. 
Hypocrite  (r/te),  1768,  BickerstafF.    C.   (This  is 

The  Nonjuror  modernized,  1706 ;  and    The 

Nonjuror  is  an  English  version  of  Moliere's 

Tartuffe,  1664.) 
Hyppolyte,  1733,  Rameau.    0. 
Hyppolytus,  1581,  Studley.    T.  (Seneca's  play 

done  into  English). 
Hyrden  af  Tolosa,  19th  cent.,  Ingemann. 
Hyren  the  Fair  Greek,  1584,  Peele. 


Idle  Business  or  Man  who  has  no  Time,  1750, 
Holberg.    C. 

Idomeneo,  1781,  Mozart.    0. 

If  I  had  a  Thousand  a  Year,  1764-1838,  Mor- 
ton.   C. 

Ifigenia  in  Aulide,  1788,  Cherubini.  0.  (See 
"  Iphigenia.") 

Ill  Beginning  has  a  Good  End  {An),  1613,  Ford.  C. 

Ill-  rreated  II  Trovatore,  1855,  H.  J.  Byron.    F. 

Illustrious  Stranger,  1772-1849,  Kenney.    C. 

Immanuel,  1853,  Leslie.    Or. 

Impertinent  {The),  1750,  Desmahis.    F. 

Important  de  Cour  (//),  1693,  De  Brueys.    C. 

Impostor  {The),  1789,  Cumberland.    C. 

Impromptu  de  Campagne  {L'),  l7th  cent.,  R. 
Poisson.    C. 

Impromptu  de  I'HStel  de  Conde,  1664,  Mont- 
fleury.  C.  (written  in  rivalry  of  Moliere's 
Impromptu  de  Vei  sailles). 

Impromptu  de  Versailles,  1663,  Moliere.    C. 

In  (.Quarantine,  *  Ware.    C. 

Inconstant  {The),  1702,  Farquhar.    C. 

Indian  Emperor,  1665,  Dryden.    He.Pl. 

Indian  Queen  (The),  1664,  Dryden  and  Howard. 
He.Pl. 

Indians  in  England  {The),  1761-1819,  Kotze- 
bue.   D. 

Indiscret  {L'),  1725,  Voltaire.    C. 

Ines  de  Castro,  1723,  Lamotte.    T. 

In^s  de  Cordoue,  1696,  Bernard.    T. 

Inez  de  Castro,  1590,  Ferreira.    T. 

Inflexible  Captive  {The),  1774,  H.  More.    T. 

Iiigranno  Infelice,  1812,  Rossini.     0. 

Inkle  and  Yarico,  1787,  Colman.     Mu.Pl. 

Ino  et  Melicerte,  1677-1758,  Lagrange.    T. 

Insatiate  Countess  {The),  1613,  Marston.    T. 

Insolvent  {Tfie),  1738,  Hill. 

Intrigue  and  Love,  1783,  Schiller.  T.  {KdbaXe 
und  Liebe), 


Intriguing  Chambermaid,  1733,  Fielding.     F. 
Invader    of    His   Country,   1709,  Dennis.    T. 

(This  is  Shakespeare's  Coriolanus  reset.) 
Invincibles  {The),  1820,  Morton.    C 
Ion,  1803.  Schlegel.    Cl.T. 
Ion,  1835,  Talfourd.    Cl.T. 
Ipermestra,  1744,   Metastasio.    0.  (written"  in 

nine  days). 
Iphigenia  in  Aulis,  1776,  Gliick.    0.  (libretto  by 

Calzabigi). 
Iphigenia  in  I'auris,  1779,  Gldck.    0.  (libretto 

by  Calzabigi). 
Iphigenia  in  Tauris,  1786,  Goethe.    Cl.D. 
Iphigenia  in  Tauris,  1792,  Piccini.    0. 
Iphigenie,  1637,  Rotrou.    Cl.D.  (imitated  from 

the  Iphigenia  of  Euripides). 
Iphigenie,  1674,  Racine.    Cl.D.  (in  imitation  of 

Euripides). 
Iphigenie  {Sacrifice  d'),  1861,  Dennery.    C1.D. 
Irato  {L'),  1807,  Mehul.    O.il. 
Irene,  1749,  Johnson.    T. 
Irish  Lion  {The),  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Irish  Widow  {The),  1757,  Garrick.    F. 
Irlandais    (L')    ou    L'Esprit    National,    1331, 

Antier. 
Iron  Age,  1532,  Heywood.    C. 
Iron  Chest,  1796,  Colman.    Mu.D.  (music  by 

Storace). 
Isaac  Comnenus,  1830,  H.  Taylor. 
Isabella  or  The  Fatal  Marriage,  1692,  Southeme. 

T.  (same  as  Fatal  Marriage). 
Isabelle  et  Gertrude,  18th  cent.,  Gretry.    0. 
Isabelle  or  Woman's  Life,  about  1836,  Buck- 
stone.   D. 
Island  Princess,  posthumous   1647,  Beaumont 

and  Fletcher. 
Isle  of  I'alms  {The),  1812,  Wilson. 
Israel  in  Egypt,  1738,  Handel.    Or. 
Issc,  1699,  Lamotte.    P.O. 
Issipile,  1732,  Metastasio.    0. 
Istamine,  1817,  Victor  Hugo.    Cl.T. 
Italiana  en  Algeri,  1813,  Rossini.    0. 
It's  Never  too  Late  to  Mend,  1878,  Reade.     C. 

(the  novel  so  called  dramatized). 


Jack  Drum's  Entertainment,  1601,  Anon.    C. 

Jack  Juggler,  about  1535,  Anon  (based  on  the 
Amphitruo  of  I'lautus).  (See  "Amphi- 
tryon.") 

Jaloux  (Le),  1708,  Dufresny.    C. 

Jaloux  Desabuse  (I^),  1700,  Campistron.    C. 

James  IV.,  posthumous  1594,  Ureene.    H.Pl. 

Jane  Grey  {Lady).    (See  "Grey.") 

Jane  Shore,  1713,  Rowe.  T.  (copyright  was 
£50  15s.). 

Jane  Shore,  19th  cent.,  W.  6.  Wills. 

Janet's  Pride,  19th  cent.,  Boucicault.    Sen.D. 

Janetta,  1840,  Auber.    0. 

Jardinier  (/.e),  1771,  Sedaine.    O.C. 

Jealous  Lovers  (T/ie),  before  1630,  Randolph.   C. 

Jealous  Wife  {The),  1761,  Colman  the  Elder.  G, 
(from  Fielding's  Ihm  Joni-s). 

Jean  Dacier,  1876,  I^mon.    T. 

Jean  de  Paris,  1812,  Boieldieu.    0. 

Jeannot  et  Colin,  1780,  Florian.    C. 

Jephte  {Fille  de),  *  Plessis  Mornay. 

Jepht"  {Fille  de),  1814,  Meyerbeer.    Or. 

Jephtha,  1546,  Christopherson.    T. 

Jephtha,  1554,  Buchanan.    T. 

Jephtha,  1751,  Handel.    Or. 


1146 


APPENDIX  I. 


Jeixmlmo.  1599,  Kyd.    T.   (See  "  Spanish  Tra- 

gedy.") 
Jeune  Henri,  1797,  Mehul,    O.C. 
Jeunesse  de  Luther,  1843,  Carre. 
Jeunesse  de  Richelieu  (/.a),  1833,  Ancelot.    V. 
Jew  {The\  1795,  Cumberland.    C. 
Jew  and  Doctor,  1771-1841,  Dibdin.    Mu.Tr. 
Jew  of  Malta  (TAc  Rich),  1586,  Marlowe.    T. 

f  Shakespeare's  Merchant  of  Venice  is  1598. 

The  two  plays  are  evidently  allied.) 
Jeweller  of  Amsterdam  (  r/te),  posthumous  1647, 

Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
Jewess  {Tat),  1835,  lialfe.    0. 
Joan  of  Arc,  1801,  Schiller.    T.  {Jungfrau  von 

Orleans). 
Joan  of  Arc,  1808-1870,  Balfe.    0. 
Joanna  Montfaucon,  1808,  Cumberland.    D.R. 
Jocasta,  1566,  Gascoigne  and  Kinwelmarsh.    T. 

(from  the  Fhoeninsm  of  Euripides ;  one  of 

our  earliest  dramas). 
John  {King),   1596,  Shakespeare.    H.T.   (first 

mentioned  1598).    (This  pLiy  was  suggested 

by  that  entitled  The  Troublesome  lieign  of 

King  John.)    (See  "  Kynge  Johan.") 
John  Bull,  1805,  Colman.    C. 
John  Cockle  at  Court  (^Sir),  1737,  Dodsley.    F. 
John  Felton,  1852,  Stirling.    H.Pl. 
John  Jones,  ]9th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
John  Oldcastle  (^Sir),  printed  1600,  Munday  and 

Drayton  (printed  in  1601,  with  the  name  of 

Shakespeare  on  the  title-page,  and  contained 

in  Po{)e's  edition  of  Shakespeare). 
John  Street,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
John  Woodvil,  1802,  Lamb.    T. 
John-a-Kent,  etc.,  1595,  Munday. 
John  of  Paris,  1782-1835,  Pocock.    C. 
John  of  Procida,  1840,  Knowles.    T. 
Joseph,  1816,  Mehul.    Or. 
Joshua,  1747,  Handel.    Or. 
Joueur  (/.e\  1696,  llegnard.    C. 
Journee  a  Versailles,  1814,  Duval. 
Journey    to    Loudon.     (See  "Provoked  Hus- 
band.") 
Juan.    (See  "  Don  Juan.") 
Judas  Maccabaius,  1746,  llandel.    Or. 
Judith,  1857,  Leslie.    Or. 
Judge  :Not  or  The  Scales  of  Justice,  19th  cent., 

Stirling.    D. 
Jugement  de  Midas,  1741-1813,  Gretry.    O. 
Jugglers  (r./e),  *  Ware.    D. 
Jugurtha,  16»9,  Pechantre.    T. 
Jugurtha,  1677-1758,  Lagrange.    T. 
Juif  Errant  (Le),  19th  cent.,  Halevy.   O.  (libretto 

by  Scribe). 
Juive    (La),  1835,  Halevy.     0.    (libretto    by 

Scribe). 
Julia  or  The  Italian  Lover,  1786,  Jephson.    T. 
Julian  and  Agnes,  1800,  Sotheby. 
Julius  Caesar,  1605,  earl  of  Stirling.    H.T. 
Julius  Cajsar,   1607,  Shakespeare.    H.T.    (See 

"  Conspiracy  of  Brutus.") 
Jimius    Brutus,    1828,    Andrieux.     T.     (See 

"  Brutus.") 
Jupiter,  1771,  Sheridan  and  Halhed.    Blta. 


Killing  no  Murder,  1811,  Hook. 
Kindheart's  Dream,  1592,  Chettle.    C. 
King  Arthur,  before  1695,  Purcell.    0. 
King  Kene's  Daughter,  19th  cent.,  Herz.    L.D. 
(&n  English  version  by  Martin). 


King  Sigurd,  19th  cent.*  Dv^.    T. 

King  and  No  King,  1619,  Fletcher.    T. 

King  and  the  Miller  of  Mansfield,  1737,  Dodsley. 

F.    (See  "  Sir  John  Cockle  at  Court.") 
King  of  the  Alps,  1832,  Buckstone  (adapted  from 

the  German). 
King's  Rival  (The),  19th  cent..  Tom  Taylor,  etc 
Kiolanthe,  1840,  Balfe.    0. 
Knight  of  Malta,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
Knight  of  the  Burning  Pestle,  1613,  Beaimiont 

and  Fletcher.    C. 
Knights  (The),  1754,  Foote.    F. 
Know  Your  Own  Mind,  1777,  Murphy.    C. 
Konig  Saul,  1839,  Gutzikow.    0.    (See  "  Saul.") 
Kynge  Johan,  1550,  *    T.    (See  "John.") 


Ladies'  Battle,  1851,  Robertson.     C.  (firom  the 

French  of  Scribe  and  Legouve,  1851). 
Ladle's  Trial  (A),  1638,  Ford.    D. 
Lady  Jane  Grey.    (See  "  Grey.") 
Lady  of  Lyons,  1838,  lord  Lyttou.    C. 
Lady  of  Pleasure  (The),  1594-1666,  Shirley.    (J 
Lady  of  the  Desert  (The),  1859,  Stirling.    D. 
Lady's  Frolic,  before  1774,  Love. 
Lady's    Last    Stroke  (The),   1703-1758,    Theo. 

Cibber.    C.  (copyright  was  £32  5s.). 
Lady's  Privilege,  about  1620,  Glapthorne.    C. 
Lame  Lover,  1770,  Foote.    F. 
Lancashire  Witches  (The),  1682,  Shadwell.    C. 
Laodamia,  1689,  Miss  Bernard.    T. 
Lara,  1864,  Cormon. 
Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  1 835,  Buckstone.   D.  (lord 

Lytton's  novel  dramatized). 
Last  Year,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Last  of  the  Family  (Ihe),  1795,  Cumberland.    C. 
Latude,  1834,  Guilbert  de  Pixerecourt. 
Laugh  When  You  Can,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.  C. 
Law  of  Java  (Tfie),  1822,  Colman.     Mu.D. 
Law  of  Lombardy  (The),  1779,  Jephson.    T.    , 
Laws  of  Candy,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  ; 
Leap  in  the  Dark  (ji),  1850,  Buckstone.   Dom.D. 
Leap- Year  or  The  Ladies'  Privilege,  19th  cent., 

Buckstone.     C. 
Lear  (King),   1605,  Shakespeare.    T.  (printed 

1608).    (This  play  was  suggested  by  one 

called  The  Chronicle  History  of  Leir  King 

of  England,  1578.) 
L'^clair,  before  1860,  Halevy.    O.C. 
L'ecoIc    des    Amants,    1718,    Joly.      C.    (See 

"  School  for  Lovers.") 
L'icole  des  Femmes,  1662,  Moliere.    C.    (See 

"  School  for  Wives.") 
L'ficolede  Jaloux,  1640-1685,  A.  J.Montfleury.  C. 
L'ECole  des  Maris,  1661,  Moliere.    C. 
L'Ecole    des    Vieillards,    1823,    Delavigne.    C. 

(See  "School.") 
Led  Astray,  1873,  Boucicault.    C. 
Legataire  Universel,  1708,  Regnard.    C. 
Legend  of  Florence,  1840,  Hunt.    D.R. 
L'Elisire  d'Amour,  1832,  Donizetti.    0. 
Lend  Me  Five  Shillings,  1764-1838,  Morton.    F. 
Leonard,  1863,  Brisebarre.    D. 
Les  20,000  Francs,  1832,  Boule.    D. 
Lesson  (A)  for  Ladies,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone, 
Lethe,  1743,  Garrick. 
L'Etourdi,  1653,  Moliere.    C. 
Liar  (The),  1762,  Foote.    F.    (See  "  Menteur.") 
Lihenine  (The),  1676,  Shadwell.    C. 
Liberty  Asserted,  1704,  ])ennis.    T. 
Life,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 


DRAMAS.  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1147 


^ife-Buoy  (2%e).  1566-1638,  Hosklns.    D. 
Light  Heart,  1574-1637,  Jonson. 
L'lle  du  Prince  Touton,  1854,  Dennery. 
l.ily  of  Killarney,  1862,  Benedict.    0. 
Lily  of  the  Desert  {Tlit),  1859,  Stirling.    R.D. 
Linda  di  Ctiamourni,  1842,  Donizetti.    0. 
Lingua  or  The  Five  Senses,  17th  cent.,  Brewer,  D. 
Lionel  and  Clarissa,  18th  cent.,  lUckerstafiF.    0. 

(music  by  Dibdin). 
Little  French  Lawyer,  posthumous  1647,  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher.    C. 
Little   led  Riding- Hood,  l»th  cent.,  Tom  Tay- 
lor. 
LocIe  and  Key,  1755-1834,  Hoare  (music   by 

Shield). 
Lodoiska,  1791,  Kemble.      Mu.D.  (music   by 

Storace). 
Lodoiska,  1800,  Mayer.    Mu.D. 
Lohengrin,  1848,  Wagner.    0. 
Lombardi,  1843,  Verdi.    0. 
London  Assurance,  1841,  Boucicault.    C. 
Long  Strike,  19th  cent.,  Boucicault.    D. 
Looking-Glass  for  London,  etc.,  1589,  Greene 

and  Lodge.    C. 
Lord  Dundreary  Married  and  Done  For,  19th 

cent.,  H.  J.  Byron  and  Sothern.    C. 
Lord  of   the  Manor,  before   1^33,  C.  Dibdin, 

junior.    CO.  (altered  from  Burgoyne,  1783 ; 

music  by  Jackson), 
Lord's    Warmingpan    (7%e),    1825   (same   as 

Colman's  Heir-at-Law). 
Lorenzo,  1755-1798,  Merry.    T. 
Lost  at  Sea,  19th  cent.,  Boucicault.    D, 
Louis  IX.,  1819,  Ancelot.    T. 
Louis  XL,  1832,  Delavigne.    H.D.    (An  English 

version  in  1846  by  Boucicault.) 
Louise  de  LigneroUes,  1838,  Legouve.    D. 
Love,  1840,  Knowles.    D. 
Love-Chase  (The),  1837,  Knowles.    C. 
Love  Laughs  at  Locksmiths,  1803,  Colman.    F. 
Love,  Law,  and  Physic,  1772-1849,  Kenney.    C. 
Love  Makes  a  Man,  1700,  Cibber.    C. 
Love-Riddelig   (chivalrous   love),    1816,  Inga- 

mann.    D. 
Love  Tricks,  1626,  Shirley.    C. 
Love  Triumphant,  1694,  Dryden.    C. 
Love  a-la-Mode,  1759,  Macklin.    F. 
Love  and  Police,  19th  cent.,  Herz.     V. 
Love  and  War,  1792,  Jephson.    F. 
Love  at  First  Sight,  1730-1805.  King.    C. 
Love  at  a  Venture,  1706,  Centlivre.    C. 
Love  for  Love,  1695,  Congreve.    C. 
Love  in  a  Bottle,  1698,  Farquhar,    C. 
Love  in  a  Camp,  1747-1833,  O'Keefe.    C. 
Love  in  a  Maze,  1844,  Boucicault.    C. 
Love  in  a  Tub,  1664,  Etherege.    C. 
Love  in  a  Village,  1763,  Bickerstaff.  O.F.  (music 

by  Arne). 
Love  in  a  Wood,  1672,  Wycherly.    C. 
Love  in  the  City,  1735-1787,  Bickerstaff.    C. 

(See  "  The  Romp.") 
Love  of  King  David,  etc.,  1536,  Peele.    S.D. 
Love's  Contrivances,  1703,  Centlivre.    C. 
Love's  Cure,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.    C. 
Love's  Disguises,  1838,  Knowles.    C, 
Love's  Dominion,  1668,  Flecknoe,    D.Pc, 
Love's  Labour's   Lost,  1594,  Shakespeare.    C. 

(printed  1598). 
■    Love's  Last  Shift,  1696,  Cibber.    C, 

Love's  Metamorphosis,  1553-1600,  Lyly.  Myt.D. 
Ix)V€'8  Mistress,  1631,  Heywood.    C. 


Love's  Pilgrimage,  posthumous  1647,  Beaumont 

and  Fletcher, 
Ix)ve'8  Riddle.  1618-1667,  A.  Cowley.    C. 
Love's  Sacrifice,  1633,  Ford. 
Love's  Stroke  of  Genius,  19th  cent.,  Herz.    V. 
Love's  Tricks  or  The  School  of  Compliments. 

1625,  Shirley.    C. 
Lovers'  Melancholy,  1628,  Ford. 
Lovers'  Progress,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
Lovers'  Quarrels,  1730-1805,  King.    Int.    (See 

"  Mistake.") 
Lovers'  Vows,  1800,  Inchbald.    PI.  (Kotzebne'a 
play,  1798,  Anglicized).    (By  this  play  Mrs. 
Inchbald  cleared  £150.) 
Lovesick  King  (T/te),  I7th  cent..  Brewer.    C. 
Loyal  Brother  (The),  1682,  Southeme.    T. 
Loyal  Subject,  1618,  Fletcher  (Beaumont  died 

1616), 
Lucia   di    Lammermoor,  1835,  Donizetti.     0. 

(composed  in  six  weeks). 
Lucidl  (/),  1539,  Angelo.    C. 
Lucio  Silla,  1773,  Mozart,    0. 
liUcius  Junius  Brutus,    (See  "  Brutus.") 
Lucretia  Borgia,  1831,  Victor  Hugo.    R.T. 
Lucrezia  di  Borgia,  1834,  Donizetti.    0. 
Luisa  Miller,  19th  cent.,  Verdi.    0. 
Luke  the  Labourer,  1828,  Buckstone.    Mel. 
Lust's  Dominion,  *  Marlowe  (died  1593).    T. 

(finished  by  Dekker). 
Ikying  Lover  (The),  1704,  Steele.    C. 
liying  Valet,  1740,  Garrick.    F. 


Ma  Tante  Aurore,  1802,  Boieldleu.    0. 
Macbeth,    1606,   Shakespeare.    T.   (music   by 

Lock,  1672). 
Macbeth,  19th  cent.,  Verdi.    0. 
Mad  Lover,    1617,  Fletcher   (Beaumont   died 

1G16). 
Mad  Ix)ver,  1637,  Massinger. 
Mad  World,  1608,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
Mad  World,  My  Masters  (A),  1608,  Middleton.  C. 
Madame  Diogeue,  etc.,  1854,  Desarbres.    C. 
Madame  Favart,  1878,  Offenbach.    CO. 
Madame  du  Barry,  1836,  Ancelot.    V. 
Madame  du  Chatelet,  about  1834,  Ancelot.    V. 
Maestro  di  Capella,  1797,  Dellamaria. 
Magician  no  Conjuror,  1755-1798,  Merry. 
Magicienne  (La),  19th  cent.,  Halevy.    0. 
Magnetic  Lady,  1632,  Jonson.    C 
Magnitique  (Le),  1672-1731,  Lamotte.    C. 
Mahomet,     1738,     Voltaire.     T.    (done    into 

English  by  Miller,  1740). 
Maid  Marian  (71ie),  1822,  Bishop.    0. 
Maid  in  the  Mill,  posthumous  1647,  Beaiunont 

and  Fletcher,  or  Rowley  and  Fletcher.    C. 
Maid  of  Artois,  1836,  Balfe.    0. 
Maid  of  Bath,  1771,  Foote.    F. 
Maid  of  Honour,  1637,  Massinger.    T.C. 
Maid  of  Honour,  1808-1870,  Balfe.    0. 
Maid  of  Mariendorpt,  1838,  Knowles.    D. 
Maid  of  Milan  (Clari,  the),  1822,  Payne.    Mu.D. 

(music  by  Bishop). 
Maid  of  Orleans,  1801,  Schiller.    T.   (See  '•  Joan 

of  Arc.") 
Maid  of  Saxony,  1842,  George  Morris.    0. 
Maid  of  the  Mill,  1765,  Bickerstaff.  O.F.  (music 

by  Arnold).    (See  '•  Maid  in  the  Mill.") 
Maid  of  the  Oaks  (The),  1779,  Burgoyne.    D.E. 
Maid's  Metamorphosis.    (See  "ilaydea  Metac 

morphosis.") 


1148 


APPENDIX  I. 


Maid's  Tragedy,  1610,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  T. 

(Waller  altered  the  fiith  act). 
Maids  and  Bachelors,  18th  cent.,  SkoflRngton.   C, 
Maids  as  1  hey  Are,  etc.,  1797,  Inclibald.    C. 
Maiden  Queen  (The),  1667,  Dryden.    H.Pl. 
Maire  du  Palais  (Ae),  1823,  Ancelot.    T. 
Maitreen  Droit  (Ac),  1760,  Monsigny.    O.C. 
Malade  [maginaire(/^),  1673,  Moliere.    C.    (See 

"Dr.  Last  in  His  Chariot.") 
Malati  and  Madhava,  8th  cent.,  Bhavabhouti. 

R.T.  (translated  by  Wilson  in  his  Indian 

Theatre). 
Male  Coquette,  1758,  Garrick,    F. 
Malecoritent  (^The),  before  1600,  Marston  and 

Webster.    C. 
Mamilia,  1593,  Greene. 
Man  Bewitched,  1710,  Centlivre.    C. 
Man  of  Honour  (The),  19th  cent.,  Boucicault.   C. 
Man  of  Mode,  1676,  Etherege.    C. 
Man  of  the  World,  1764,  Macklin.     C.    (Its  ori- 
ginal title  was  The  Freeborn  Scotchman.) 
Management,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 
Manfred,  1817,  Byron.    T. 
Manfredi,   1825,  Monti.     T,     (A    version   in 

French,  by  Duplissis,  1854.) 
Maniac  (Tht),  1810,  Bishop.  0. 
Manlius  Capitolinus,  1684,  Lafosse.  T.  (imitated 

from  Otway's  Venice  Preserved). 
Mautcau  (Le),  1826,  Andrieux.    C. 
Manuel,  1817,  Maturin,    T 
Maometto  Secundo,  1822,  Rossini.    0. 
Marechal  Ferrent  (Le),  18th  cent.,  Philidor.   O.C. 
Marechaux  de  I'Empire  (Les),  1856,  Anicet  Bour- 
geois.   D. 
Margaret  of  Anjou,  1727-1812,  Jemingham.  T. 
Margery  or  The  Dragoness,  1696-1743,  Carey.   F. 
Margherita  d'Aiyou,  1822,  Meyerbeer.    0.    (See 

"  Margaret  .  .  . ") 
Marguerite  d'Anjou,  1810,  Guilbert  de  Pixdre- 

court.     D. 
Mari  Impromptu,  1836,  Duval.    C. 
Mari  Retrouve,  1662,  Dancourt.    C. 
Mari  dans  du  Coton,  1862,  Thiboust. 
Mari  qui  Lance  sa  Femme,  1864,  Deslande  or 

Labiche.    C.  (it  is  attributed  to  both). 
Maria  I'adilla,  1838,  Ancelot.    T. 
Maria  Stuarda,  1785,  A Ifieri.    T.    (See  "Mary 

Stuart.") 
Mariage  Fait  ct  R^rapu,  1721,  Dufresny.    C. 
Mariage  Force,  1664,  Moliere.    C. 
Mariage  Infantin  (Le), before  1822, Scribe.  Pt.Pc. 
Mariage  d'Argent  (Le),  1827,  Scribe.    C. 
Mariage    de    Figaro,   1784,  Beaumarchais.     0. 

(See  "  Nozze  .  .  .") 
Mariage  de  Rien  (Ix),  1640-1685,  Ant.  J.  Mont- 

fleury.    C. 
Manages  Samnites  (ies),  1741  -1813,  Gretry.    0. 
Mariarane,  1623,  Hardy.    T, 
Mariamne,  1640,  P.  T.  L'Erraite.    T. 
Mariamne,  1 724,  Voltaire.     T. 
Marian,  1754-1829,  Shield.    O. 
Marianne,  1718,  Fenton.    T. 
Marie  de  Brabant,  1825,  Ancelot.     D.Pm. 
Marino  Faliero,  1819,  Byron.    T. 
Marino  Faliero,  1829,  Delavigne.    T. 
Marino  Faliero,  1835,  Doni/ettl.     0. 
Marion  Delorme,  1829,  Victor  Hugo.     R.D. 
Maritana  (a  mosaic,  by  Wallace,  of  liuy  Bias 

and  A'otre  Dame). 
Marius,  1791,  Arnault.     T. 
Marius  (Cams),  1680,  Otway.    T. 


Marius  and  Sylla,  1594,  Lodge.    H.PL 
Marmaduke    Maxwell    (Sir),    1827,    Cannings 

ham.    C. 
Marplot,  1711,  Centlivre.    C. 
Marquis  Caporal,  1864,  Sejour.    D. 
Marquis  d'Argencourt,  1857,  Dupenty.    D. 
Marquis  de  Kenilis,  1879,  Lomon. 
Marriage  a-la-Mode,  1674,  Dryden.    C. 
Married  Life,  1834,  Buckstone.     C. 
Married  Man  (The),  1789,  Inchbald.  C.  (realized 

£100). 
Martha,  1858,  Flotow.    0. 
Martyr  of  Antioch,  1821,  Milman.    T. 
Martyrs  (I^s),  1840,  Donizetti.    O.  (from  Cor- 

neille's  Folueucte). 
[Mary]  Queen  of  Scots,  about  1693,  Banks.    T. 
Mary  (Queen),  1877,  Tennyson.    T. 
Mary  Stuart,  1800,  Schiller.     T. 
Mary  Stuart,  1840,  Haynes.    T.    (See  "Maria 

Stuarda  "  and  "  Evasion  de  .   .  .") 
Mary  I'udor,  1833,  Victor  Hugo.    T. 
Masaniello,  1772-1849,  James  ICenney. 
Masaniello,  1814,  Ingemann.    T. 
Masaniello,  about  1820,  Carafa.    0. 
Masaniello,    1828,    Auber.     0.     (libretto   by 

Scribe).    (This  is  often  called  La  Muette  de 

Portici). 
Masks  and  Faces,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor,  etc. 
Masnadieri  (/),  19th  cent.,  Verdi.    0. 
Masque  (Tht),  1612,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.    C. 
Masque  de  Velours,  1860,  Delaporte.    D. 
Masque  of  Calisto,  1676,  Crowne.    M. 
Massacre  of  Paris,  1590.  Marlowe.    T. 
Massacre  de  Syrie,  1860,  Sejour. 
Match  at  Midnight,  1633,  Rowley.    C. 
Matilda,  1775,  l".  Franklin.     I". 
Matrimonio  Segreto  (II),  1793,  Cimarosa.    0. 
Matrimony  (see  above),  1794,  Kenney.    C. 
Maures    d'Espagne    (Les),    1804,  Guilbert    de 

Pixerecourt.     D. 
May  Queen,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Maydes  Metamorphosis,  1553-1600, Lyly.  Myt.D. 
Mayor  of  Garratt,  1763,  Foote.    F. 
Mayor  of  Queenborough  (The),  17th  cent.,  Mid- 

dleton.    C. 
Meadows  of  St.  Gervaise  (The),  *  Ware.    F.C. 

(translated  from  the  French). 
Measure    for  Measure,  1603,  Shakespeare.    C. 

(based  on  Promos  and  Cassandra,  1578,  by 

Whetstone  ;  acted  at  Whitehall,  1604). 
Medea,  1566,  Studley.    T.  (Seneca's  play  done 

into  English).  V 

Medea,  1761,  Glover.    T. 
Medea,  1795,  Cherubini.    0. 
Medea,  about  1820,  Mayer.    0. 
Medecin  Malgre  Lui,  1666,  Moliere.     C.    (See 

"Mock  Doctor.") 
Medecius  (I^s),  186.3,  Nus.    D. 
Medee,  1635,  Corneille.    T. 
Medee,  1695,  Longepierre.    T, 
Medee,  1853,  Legouve.    T. 
Medus,  1739,  Deschamps.    T. 
Meduse,  1677-1758,  Lagrange.     0. 
Melanie,  1770,  Laharpe.    T. 
Meleagre,  1677-1758,  Lagrange.    T. 
Melicerte,  1666,  Moliere.    C. 
Melite,  1629,  Corneille.    C. 
Melmoth,  1820,  Maturin.    T. 
Menage  en  Ville,  1864,  Barriere.    PI. 
Menechmes,  1637,  Rotrou.    C.   (imitated  from 

Plautus). 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1149 


Menechmes  (^>es),  1705,  Rcgnard.    C. 
Menteur,  1642,  Cornellle.    C.    (See  "  Liar.") 
Merchant  Pirate,  19tli  cent.,  Stirling.    D. 
Merchant  of  Bruges,  before  1830,  Kiimaird.    PI. 

(altered  from  Beaumont  and  Fletcher). 
Merchant  of  Venice,  1598,  Shakespeare.  D.  (See 

"  Jew  of  Malta.") 
Mere  Coupable  (.La),  1792,  Beaumarcbais.    D. 
Meridien,  1852,  Deslandes.    D. 
Merlin  in  Love,  1759,  Hill.    C. 
Merope,  1713,  Maffei.    T. 
Merope,  1738,  Voltaire.    T. 
Merope,  1749,  Jefferys   or   Hill   (ascribed   to 

both). 
Merope,  1783,  Alfleri.    T. 
Merope,  1859,  Matthew  Arnold. 
Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,  1596,  Shakespeare. 

C.  (printed    1602).    (See    "Comical   Gal- 
lant." ) 
Mery  Play  between  the  Pardoner  and  the  Frerc 

(A),  1533,  J.  Heywood.    C. 
Mesogonus,  1560,  Thomas  Rychardes.    C.  (only 

four  acts  extant). 
Messiah  {The),  1741,  Hand.L    Or.  (libretto  by 

Jennens). 
Metamorphosed  Gipsies,  1574-1637,  Jonson.   C. 
Metamorphoses  de  I'Amour,  19th  cent.,  Brohan. 

C.  (See  "  Love's  Metamorphoses.") 
Metromanie    ou    Le    Poete,    1738,    Piron.     C. 

(said  to  be  the  best  comedy  in  the  French 

language). 
Michaelmas  Term,  1607,  Middleton. 
Michel  et  Cristine,  before  1822,  Scribe.     Pt.Pc. 
Microcosmus,  ab.ut  1600,  Nabbes.    M. 
Midas,  1553-1600,  Lyly.     Myt.D. 
Midas,  1764,  O'Hara.     Blta. 
Midas  (Jugement  de),  1741-1813,  Gretry.    0. 
Midnight   Hour  {Tht),  1793,  Inchbald.     Pt.C. 

(realized  £130). 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  1592,  Shakespeare. 

Fy.C.  (printed  1600). 
Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  1843,  Mendelssohn. 
Milkmaid  {The),  1771-1841,  Dibdin.    Mu.D. 
Miller  and  His  Men,  1813,  Pocock.    Mel.  (music 

by  Bishop). 
Miller  of  MansHeld  {The),  1737,  Dodsley.    D.E. 

(The  second   part   is  Sir  John   Cockle  at 

Court.) 
Mines   de    Pologne    (Zcs),    1803,    Guilbert    de 

Pixerecourt. 
Minister  {The),  1797,  Lewis.    T.  (adapted  from 

Schiller). 
Minna  von  Barnhelm,  1767,  Lessing.    D. 
Minor  (r/ie),  1760,  Koote.    F. 
Mirandola,  1821,  Procter.     T.  (copyright  was 

£525). 
Mirra,  1783,  Alfieri. 
Misanthrope,  1666,  Moliere.    C. 
Misanthropy  and  Repentance,  1797,  Kotzebue. 

D.  (ciilled  in  English  The  Stravger). 
Miser  (77i*\  1672,  Shad  well.     (See  below.) 
Miser    {The),    1707-1754,   Fielding.     C,   (from 

L'Avare.  by  Moliere,  1667). 
Miserables  {Les),  1864,  Hugo,  junior.    D.  (his 

father's  novel,  1863,  dramatized). 
Misogonist  (TVte),  1780,  Lessing.  D. 
Misogonus,  1560,  printed  1577,  Rychardes.    C. 

(one  of  our  earliest  plays). 
Miss  Sarah  Samson,  1755,   Lessing  (music  by 

Mendelssohn  and  Nicolay). 
Miss  in  Her  Teens,  1747,  Garrick.    F. 


Mistake  {7%e),  1672-1726,  Vanbrugh.  C.  (altered 

by  King  into  Luvers'  Quarrels). 
Mithridate,   1673,  Racine.     T.  (imiUted  from 

Euripides). 
Mithridate,  1770,  Mozart.    0. 
Mithridates,  1674,  Lee.    T. 
Mock  Doctor  {The),  1733,  Fielding.    F.    (This  la 

Le  Medecin  Malgre  Lui  of  Moliere,  1666, 

converted  into  a  farce.) 
Modern  Antiques,  1747-1833,  O'Keefe.    C. 
Moeurs  de  Temps  {Les),  1750,  Saurin.    C. 
Mogul  Tale  (TAe),  *  Anon.    F. 
Moise  in  Egitto,  1818,  Rossini.    0. 
Mon  Gigot  et  Mon  Gendre,  1861,  Ander. 
Monastere  Abandonna,  1816,Guilbefit<te  Pixere- 
court. '^-- „ 
Money,  1840,  Lytton.    C. 
Mons.  Ragout,  about  1669,  Lacy.    C. 
Mons.  Thomas,  1619,  Fletcher  (Beaumont  died 

1616).    C. 
Mons.     Tonson,    1767,    Moncrieff    or    Taylor 

(attributed  to  both).    F. 
Mons.  D'Olive,  1557-1634,  Chapman.    C. 
Mons.  le  Due,  1879,  Val  Prinsep.    PI. 
Montiirgis.    (See  "  Chien.") 
Montezuma,  1772,  Sacchini.    0. 
Montfort  {De),  1798,  Baillie.    T.  (the  passion 

of  "hate"). 
Montrose,  1782-1835,  Pocock. 
More  Ways  than  One,  1785,  Mrs.  Cowley.    C. 
Mort  d'Abel,  1792,  Legouve.    T.  (imitated  from 

Gesser  and  Klopstock). 
Mort  de  Calas,  1791,  Chenier.    T. 
Mort  de  Henri  IV.,  1806,  Legouve.    T. 
Mother  Bombie,  1594,  Lyly.    Ct.E. 
Mother  Goose,  1771-1841,  Dibdin.    Pn. 
Mother  Pantom,  1771-1841,  Dibdin.    C. 
Mount  Sinai,  1831,  Neukonim.    Or. 
Mountaineers  {The),  1793,  Colmau.    C. 
Mourning  Bride,  1697,  Congreve.    T. 
Mousquetaires  {Les),  19th  cent.,  Halevy.    O.C. 
M.P.,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    C. 
Much  Ado  about  Nothing,  1600,  Shakespeare.  C. 
Muet  {Le),  1691,  D>-  Brueys.    C. 
Muette  de  Portici  {La).    (See  "  Masanicllo.") 
Muette  de  la  Foret,  1828,  Antitr. 
Muse  in  Livery,  1732,  Dodsley.    C. 
Muses  in  M-urning,  1749,  Hill.    C. 
Muses'   Looking-Glass  {The),   1605-1634,  Itau- 

dolph.    C. 
Mustapha,  1739,  Mallet.    PI. 
My  Nightgown  and  Slippers,  1799,  Colman.    C. 
My  Six)use  and  1,  1771-1841,  Dibdin.    O.F. 
Myrrha,  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 
Mysteres  d'Udolphe  {Us),  1798,  Guilbert   do 

Pixerecourt.     Mel. 
Mysterious  Huslxmd  ( The),  1783, Cumberland.  C. 
Mysterious  Mother,  1768,  Walpole.    T. 


Nabob  {The),  alwut  1779,  Foote.    F. 

Nabob  (  The),  1879,  Burnard  (an  English  Ter- 

sion  of  Les  Tiente  Millions  de  GladiaUurs, 

by  Ivjibiche  and  Gille). 
Nabucco,  1842,  Verdi.    O. 
Nabucodonosor,  19th  cent.,  Verdi.    0. 
Nancy,  1696-1743.  Carey. 
Nanine,  1749,  Voltaire.    C. 
Nariionne.    (See  "  Count  of  Narbonne.") 
Nathan  the  Siige,  1779,  Lessing.     D. 
Nations  (Les).  1851,  BanvUle.     0. 


1160 


APPENDIX  I. 


Native  Land,  1823,  Bishop.    0. 

Natural  Daughter  {The),  1792,  Goethe.    C. 

Natural  S<jn  XThe),  1786,  Cumberland.    C.    (See 

"  Fils  Natural.") 
Neck  or  Nothing,  1766,  Garrick  or  King.    F. 

(ascribed  to  both). 
Nell  Gwynne,  1832,  Jerrold.    C. 
Nero,  1675,  Lee.    T. 
Nerone,  1700,  Handel.    0. 
Nervous  Man,  19th  cent.,  B.  Bernard.    C. 
Never  too  Late,  1690,  Greene.    C. 
Never  too  Late  to  Mend  {It's),  1878,  Reade.    C. 
New  Inn  or  The  Light  Heart,  1630,  Jonson.    C. 
New  Peerage  {The),  1830,  Miss  Lee.    C. 
New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,  1625,  Massinger.  C. 
New  Wonder,   ii  AVoman  Never  Vext,  1532, 

Rowley.    C. 
Nice  Firm  {A),  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Nice  Valour,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.    C. 
Nicholas  Flam,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Nicomede,  1671,  J.  Dancer.    T.C.  (from  P.  Cor- 

neille). 
Niebelungen,  1850,  Wagner.    0. 
Night  Walker,  1640,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  C. 
Nine  Points  of  the  Law,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Ninette  a  la  Cour,  18  th  cent.,  Favart.    O.C. 
Ninus  II.,  1814,  Brifant.    T. 
No  Song  no  Supper,  1790,  Hoare.   Mu.E.  (music 

bv  Storace). 
No  Wit  like  Woman's,  1657,  Greene.    C. 
Noble  Gentleman,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
Nobleman   {The),  I7th  cent.,  Tourneur.     T.C. 

(The  manuscript  of  this  play  was  destroyed 

by  the  cook  of  Mr.  Warburton  the  Somerset 

herald.) 
Nobody  and  Somebody,  1606,  Trundell. 
Noces  de  Gamache,  1827,  Mendelssohn.    0. 
Nonjuror  (  The),  1706,  Cibber.   C.  (from  Moliere's 

Tartufe;  copyright  was  £105). 
Nonne  Sanglante,  1854,  Delavigne.     0.  (music 

by  Gounod). 
Norma,  1831,  Bellini.    0.  (libretto  by  Romani). 
Northern  Lass  {The),  1632,  Brome.    C. 
Northward  Hoe !  1607,  Dekker. 
Notso  Bad  as  we  Seem,  about  1851,  lord  Lytton.  C. 
Notaire  Obligeant,  1650,  Dancourt.    C. 
Note  of  Hand  or  Trip  to  Newmarket,  1777, 

Cumberland.    C. 
Notoriety,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 
Notre  Dame,  19ih  cent.,  Victor  Hugo.    D. 
Nouveau    Pourceaugnac,    before    1822,  Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Nouveau  Seigneur  du  Village,  1813,  Boieldieu.  O. 
Nozze    di    Figaro,    1786,    Mozart.      0.      (See 

"Mariage    de   Figaro.")     (Sir  H.   Bishop 

altered  this  opera.) 
Nuit  Blanche  (  Une),  19th  cent.,  OfiFenbach.  O.Bf. 
Nuit  de  Noel  (La),  1848,  Ileber.    0. 
Nuits  Terribles,  1821,  St.  Georges.    O.C. 


Oberon,  1616,  Jonson.    C. 

Oberon,  1824,  Weber.    0.  (libretto  by  Plauche). 

Oberto  di  Bonitazio,  1839,  Verdi.     0. 

C)ctavia,  1566,  Nucc.  T.  (Seneca's  play  done  into 

English). 
Octavia,    1783,  Alfieri.      T.     (See  "  Virtuous 

Octavia.") 
Octavius,  1761-1819,  Kotzebue.    H.D. 
Octoroon,  1861,  Boucicault.    D. 
Oden,  1756-1829,  Leopold.    T. 


Odette,  1832,  Deadde.     D. 

GEdipe,  1659,  Comeiile.    T. 

(Edipe,  1718,  Voltaire.    T. 

(Edipe,  1781,  Sacchini.    O. 

OCdipe  Roi,  1798,  Chenier.    T. 

(EAipc  a  Colone,  1796,  Chenier.    T. 

(Edipe  chez  Admeie,  1778,  Duels.    T. 

Qidipus,  1563,  Nevyle.  T.  (Seneca's  play  done 
into  English). 

OEdipus,  before  1690,  Dryden  and  Lee. 

Oinone,  1804,  Kalkbrenner.    0. 

(Euvres  du  Demon  (/>es),  1854,  Boule.    D. 

Old  Bachelor,  1693,  Congreve.    C. 

Old  Fortunatus.    (See  "  Fortunatus.") 

Old  Heads  and  Young  Hearts,  1843,  Bouci- 
cault.   C. 

Old  Law  (?7ie),  1599,  Middleton  and  Rowley.  C, 
(altered  by  Massinger). 

Old  Maid  {ITie),  1761,  Murphy.    F. 

Old  Maids,  1841,  Knowles.    C. 

Old  Martin's  Trials,  19th  cent., Stirling.    Dom.D. 

Old  Troop,  1672,  Lacy.    C. 

Old  Wives'  Tale,  1590,  Peele.  C.  (Milton's 
Comus  is  indebted  to  this  comedy.) 

Oldcastle  (Sir  John),  1600,  Munday  and  Dray- 
ton. T.  (one  of  the  "  spurious  plays  "  of 
Shakespeare). 

Olimpiade,  1719,  Leo.    0. 

Olive  {D').    (See  "  Mons.  D'Olive.") 

Olivia,  1878,  W.  G.  Wills.  C.  (a  dramatic 
version  of  Goldsmith's  Vicar  of  Wakejitld). 

Olympiade,  1761,  Piccini.    0. 

Olympic,  1800,  Kalkbrenner.    0. 

Olympie,  1820,  Brifaut,    0.  (music  by  Spontini). 

Oncle  Valet,  1798,  Dellamaria.    O.C. 

Ondine,  1816,  Hoifmann.    0. 

One  or  a  Monarchy,  posthumous  1805,  Alfieri. 
C.  (subject,  Darius  chosen  king  by  the 
neighing  of  his  horse). 

One  o'clock  or  The  Wood  Demon,  1811,  Lewis. 
G.O.R. 

One  Snowy  Night,  *  Ware.  C.  (translated  from 
the  French). 

Opera  Comique,  1799,  Dellamaria.    O.C. 

Orators  {The),  1762,  Foote.    F. 

Ordinary  {The),  1647,  Cartwright. 

Oreste,  1750,  Voltaire.     T. 

Create  et  Pylade,  1695,  Lagrange.    T. 

Orestes.  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 

Orfeo,  1483,  Poli/.iano.    (See  "  Orpheus.") 

Orfeo,  1764,  GlUck.     0.  (libretto  by  Calzabigi). 

Orientales  {Les),  1828,  V.  Hugo.    R.D. 

Originaux  {Les),  1693,  Laniotte. 

Orlandino,  1526,  Folengo.     B. 

Orlando  Furioso.  1594,  Greene.  (See  "  Bombastes 
Furioso.") 

Ormasdes,  1612-1690,  Henry  Killigrew. 

Oroonoko,  1696,  Southerne.  T.  (Mrs.  Behn's 
novel  dramatized). 

Orphan  (The),  1680,  Otway.    T. 

Orphan  of  China  {The),  1761,  Murphy.  T.  (Vol- 
taire's Oi-phelin  de  la  Chine). 

Orphan  of  the  Frozen  Sea,  1856,  Stirling.    N.D. 

Orphee,  1677-1758,  LtJgrange.    0. 

Orphelin  de  la  Chine  {L'),  1760,  Voltaire.    T. 

Orpheus  and  Eurydice,  1705,  Dennis.  T.  (See 
"  Orfeo.") 

Orpheus  and  Eurydice,  1730-1805,  King. 

Orti  Esperidi  {Gli),  1722,  Metastasio.  0.  (muBlo 
by  Purpora). 

Oscar  and  Malvina,  1754-1829,  Shield.    0. 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1161 


Otello.  1816,  Kossini.    0.  | 

Othello,  1602,  Shakespeare.    T. 

Othon,  1664,  Corneille.    T. 

Our  American  Cousin,  19th  cent.  ,ToraTay lor.  C. 

Our  Boys,  1875,  H  J.  Byron.    C. 

Our  Clerks,  lOtli  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 

Our  Mary  Anno,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 

Ours,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    C. 

Ours  et  la  Pacha  (Les),  before  1022,  Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Outtara-Hama-Tscheritra,     8th    cent.,    Bhava- 

bhouti.    Myt.D.  (translated  by  Wilson  in 

his  Indian  Theatre), 
Overland  Route.  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor.    C. 


Padlock  (T%e),  1768,  BickerstafF.    O.F. 
Page  (r/(e),  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 
Palace  of  Truth,  19th  cent.,  Gilbert.     Fy.C. 
Palajmon  and  Arcyte,  1566,  Edwardes.     D. 
Palestine,  1775-1847,  Crotch.    Or. 
Pallantusand  Eudora,  1611-1 685,  T.Killigrew.  T. 
Pamela,  before  1770,  Love.    G. 
Panel    (7%c),   1757-1823,    Kemblo.      (This    is 

BickerstafTs  comedy  of  'Tis  Well  'tis  no 

Worse  Tfset.) 
Panurge,  1785.  Gretry.    0. 
Papal  Tyranny,  1745,  Gibber.    T. 
Paracelsus,  1836,  R.  Browning.    1). 
Parasitaster,  1606,  Marston.    C. 
Paria  (U),  1821,  Delavigne.    T. 
Paria  (TAe),  1 826,  Beer.  T.  (the  above  in  English). 
Paris  et  Londres,  1827,  Dartois. 
Parisien  {U),  1838,  Delaporte. 
Parislna,  1833,  Donizetti.     0. 
Parliament  of  Love,  1625,  Massinger.    C. 
ParoUe  et  Izidura,  1703-1758,  Theo.  Gibber.     C. 

(copyright  was  £36  10s.). 
Parson's  Wedding,  1666,  Killigrew.    C 
Parted,  1799-1838,  Reeve.    C. 
Pasquale  {Don),  1843,  Donizetti.    0. 
Passions  (Flays  of  the),  1798-1812,  J    Baillie. 

C.  and  T. 
Past  Ten  o'clock,  1771-1841,  Dibdin. 
Pastorale  Comique,  1666,  Moliere. 
Patient  Grissil,  1603.  Chettle  and  Dekker.    C. 

(drawn  from  a  n'bvel  by  Boccaccio). 
Patrician's  Daughter,  19th  cent.,  W.  Marston.   T. 
Patron  (The),  1764,  Foote.    F. 
Pattie  and  Peggie,  1739,  T.  Gibber,    B.O. 
Paul,  1836,  Mendelssohn.    Or. 
Paul  Pry,  19th  cent.,  Poole.    F. 
Paul  and  Virginia,  1756-1818,  Cobb.    Mu.E. 
Paul  and  Virginia,  1768-1844,  Mazzhingi.     0. 
Paul  and  Virginia,  *  Favieres.    T. 
Pauline,  1841,  Labrousse.    G. 
Payable  on  Demand,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Pedre  (Don),  1857,  Cormon.    D. 
Pedro  de  Portugal  (IJon),  1828,  Gil  y  Zarate.   D. 
Peep    Behind   the  Curtain,   1767  (ascribed   to 

Garrick  and  to  King),    F. 
Pelayo,  18th  cent.,  Jovellanos.    T, 
Pelerin  Blanc  (Le),  1811,  Guilbert  de  Pixere- 

court. 
Pelopides,  1763,  Voltaire.    T. 
Penelope,    1785,    Marmontel.    0.    (music    by 

Piccini). 
Percy,  1777,  Hannah  More.    T. 
Pere  de  Famille,  1758,  Diderot.    G. 
Pericles  Prince  of  Tyre,  1609,  Shakespeare.    T. 
Perjured  Husband,  1700,  Centlivre.    C. 


Perkin  Warbeck,  1635,  Ford.    H.D. 

Perie  Noire,  1862,  Sardou. 

Perplexed  Couple  (r/t«),  1706-1767,  MoUoy.    a 

Perplexed  Lovers,  1712,  Centlivre.    G. 

Persian  Prince,  1682,  Southerne.    T. 

Pertharite,  1653,  Corneille.    T. 

Pewterer  (^The),  1747,  Holbery.    B.C. 

Phaidra  and  Hippolytus,  1680,  Smith  (realised 

£501). 
Pharamohd,  1736,  Cahusac.    T. 
Phedre,    1677,    Racine.     T.     (imitated  "from 

Euripides). 
Phedre  et  Hippolyte,  1677,  Pradon.    T.  (a  rival 

play). 
Philaster  or  Love  Lies  a-Bleeding,  1622,  Fletcher 

(Beaumont  died  1616).    T. 
Philip  IL,  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 
Philip  von  Artevelde,  1834,  H.  Taylor.    D.Pm. 
Philippe  II.,  1764-1811,  Clienier.    D. 
Philoctete,  1783,  Laharpe.    T. 
Philosophe  sans  leSa voir  (Ac),  1765,  Sedaine.  C. 
Philosopher's    Stone    (T/te),    19th    cent.,    Tom 

Taylor. 
Philtre  (Z,e),  1830,  Scribe.    0. 
Phoenix  {The),  1607,  Middleton. 
Phrenologist,  1835,  Coyne. 
Phrosine  et  Melidor,  1794,  Mehul.    O.C. 
Piccolino,     1875,    Guiraud.     0.    (libretto    by 

Sardou). 
Picture  {The),  1629,  Massinger. 
Pierce  Penniless  {Supplication  of),  1592,  Nask. 
Pierre  et  Catherine,  1829,  St.  Georges. 
Pierre  le  Grand,  1854,  Meyerbeer.    0. 
Pilgrim  {The),  1621,  Fletcher  (Beaumont  died 

1616).    (Altered  by  Vanbrugh  in  1699.) 
Pilot  {The),  19th  cent.,  Fitzball.    N.BIU. 
Pinafore  {H.M.S.).  1878,  Gilbert  and  Sullivan. 

N.G.Opta. 
Piperman's  Predicaments,  *  Ware.    F.  (trans- 
lated). 
Pippa  Passes,  19th  cent.,  R.  Browning. 
Pirata  {II),  1806-1835,  Bellini.    0. 
Pirates,  1763-1796,  Storace.     Mu.D. 
Pizarro,  1799,  Sheridan.    T.  (from  Kotzebue'8 

drama  The  Spaniard  in  Peru,  1797). 
Plaideurs   (Us),    1668,    Racine.    C.    (imitated 

from  the  Wasps  of  A  ristophanes). 
Plain  Dealer,  1677,  Wycherly.    C. 
Platonic  Love,  1707,  Centlivre.    G. 
Play,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    G. 
Plays  of  tbe  Passions,  1 798-1812,  J.  Baillie.    T. 

andC. 
Plot  and  Passion,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor,  etc. 
Plus  Beau  Jour  de  la  Vie  (Ac),  before  1822, 

Scribe.    Pt.Pc. 
Poetaster  {The),  1601,  Jonson.    Sat.G.  (in  which 

Dekker  is  satirized  as  "  Crisplnus  "). 
Poets  {The),  1774,  Alfieri.     F. 
Polidoro,  1788,  Bandettini. 
Polinice,  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 
Polish  Jew  {7%e),  *  Ware.    D.  (altered  into  The 

Bells,  1874). 
Polly  Honeycombe,  1760,  Golman.    D.N. 
Polyeucte,  16  to,  Corneille.     T. 
Polyxene,  1686,  Lafosse.    T. 
Pompee,  1592,  Gamier.     T. 
Pompee,  1641,  Corneille.    T. 
Pompey  the  Great,  1595,  Kyd.    T.  (borrowecl 

from  the  Pompee  of  Gamier). 
Poor  Gentleman,  1802,  Golman.    C. 
Poor  Jack,  19lh  cent.,  Buckstone. 


1152 


APPENDIX  I. 


Poor   Soldier,    1798,   O'Keefe.    0.   (music   by 

Shield). 
Pope  als  Metaphysiker,  1754,  Leasing  (music  by 

Mendflssolin). 
Popping  the  Question,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Popularite,  1838,  Delavigne.    C. 
Postilion  de  Loiijumeau  (/vc),  1836,  Adam.    O.C. 
Poulet  et  Poulette,  1878,  Herve.     B.O. 
Pourceaugnac  (i/<>n.t.),  1669,  Muliere.    C. 
Precieuses  Ridicules,  1659,  Moliere.    C. 
Premier  Jour  de  Honheur  (/.e),  1868,  Auber.    0. 
PrcBumptive  Evidence,  I9th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Pretty  Esmeralda  and  Captain  Phoebus  of  Ours, 

1879,  H.  J.  Byron.     B. 
Pride  shall  have  a  Fall,  1825,  Croly.    C. 
Priestess  (^T/w.),  1855,  Sargent. 
Prince  Dorus,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Prince  of  Homburg,  1776-1811,  Kleist.     D. 
Princesse  Aurelie  (/>),  1828,  Delavigne.     C. 
Princesse  d' Elide,  1664,  Moliere.    C. 
Princesse  de  Navarre,  1743,  Voltaire.     0. 
Prisoner  of  State,  1847,  Stirling.     D. 
Prisoner  of  War,  1  ^37,  Jerrold.    C. 
Prisonnier  (A>6),  1796,  Dellamaria.     O.C. 
Procureur  Arbitre  (/>e),  1 7th  cent.,  R.  Poisson.  C. 
Prodigal  Son  (Tke),  1739-1802,  Arnold.     0. 
Prometheus  Bound,  1850,  E.  Browning.    T. 
Prometheus  Unlwund,  1820,  Shelley.     Cl.D. 
Promos   and  Cassandra    1578,   Whetstone.    C. 

(This  is  the  quarry  of  Shakespeare's  Measure 

fur  Measuri.) 
Proneurs  (te.)  or  La  TartufFe  Litteraire,  18th 

cent.,    Dorat.       Sat.I).      (directed    against 

D'Alembertand  his  set). 
Proof,  1878,  Burnard.  (This  is  an  English  version 

of  Vne  Cause  Celcbre.) 
Prophete  (/>€),  1849,  Meyerbeer.    0.  (libretto  by 

Scribe). 
Prophetess  {The\  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
Proserpina,  1804,  Winter.     0. 
Proserpine,  1801,  Paisiello.    O. 
Protecteur  (/^),  1781-1857,  Brifaut.     C. 
Provoked  Husband,   1726,  Vanl>rugh.     C.  (left 

unfinished  by  Vanbrugh,  and  called  The 

Journey  to   Lonlon.    Cibber  finished  the 

play,  and  changed  the  name). 
Provoked  Wife,  1697,  Vanbrugh.    C. 
Provost  of  Bruges,  1836,  Knowlea.    T. 
Psyche,  1671,  Moliere.    C. 
Psyche,  1675.  Shadwell. 
Pulcherie.  1672,  Corneille. 
Puritan  (7%.e)  or  The  Widow  of  Watling  Street, 

1607,  * 
Puritani    (/),    1834,    BellinL     0.  (libretto  by 

I'epoli). 
Puritan's  Daughter,  1861,  Balfe.    0. 
Purse  f7%e)  or  The  Benevolent  Tar,  *  Cross. 

Mu'.E. 
Pygmalion,  1809,  Cherublnl.    0. 
Pygmalion  and  Galatea,  19th  cent.,  Gilbert.    D. 
Pyrame  et  Thisbe,  1632-1698,  Pradon.    T. 
Pyrame  et  Thi.sbe,  1677-1758,  I.Kagrange.    0. 
Pyrrhus  King  of  Egypt,  1695,  Hopkins.    T. 


Quaker  {The\  1777,  Dibdin.    CO. 
Quarantine  {The),  *  Ware.    C. 
Queen  Juta  of  Denmark,  19th  cent.,  Boje.    T. 
Queen  Mab,  1760,  Burney.    0. 
Queen  Mary  [of  England],  1877  Tennyson.    T. 
(See  "  Mary  Tudor.") 


Queen  of  Corinth,  1647,  Beaumont  and  Fletdier. 
Queen  of  Scots  {The),  about  1700,  Banks.    T. 
Queens,  1616,  Jonson. 
Queen's  Shilling  (r/te),  1879,  Godfrey.    C.  (an 

English   version  of   Un   FUs  de  Famille; 

see  also  "  The  Discarded  Son.") 
Qui  Femme  a.  Guerre  a,  about  1830,  Brohan.    C, 
Quitte  ou  Double,  about  1830,  Brohan.    C. 


Rabagas,  1872,  Sardou.    C. 

Rage,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 

Riigout.    (See  "  Mons.  Ragout.") 

Raising  the  Wind,  1772-1849,  Kenney.    F. 

Rake  and  His  Pupil  (r/te),  1834,  Buckstone.    C. 

Ralph  Roister  Doister,  1534,  Udal  (the  first 
Elnglish  comedy).  (See  "  Gammer  Gurton's 
Needle  "  and  "  Mesogonus.") 

Ram  Alley  or  Merry  Tricks,  1611,  Barry. 

Rambling  I^ady,  before  1726,  Southerne.    C. 

Rape  of  Lucrece  {The),  before  1565,  Heywood 
T.    (Si!e  "  Lucretia.") 

Re  Teodoro,  1785,  Paisiello.    0. 

Rebels  {The),  1749-1832,  Goethe.    C. 

Recess  {The),  1785,  Miss  Lee. 

Reconciliation  Normande,  1719,  Dufresny.    C. 

Reconciliation  or  The  Two  Brothers,  1797» 
Kotzebue.    D. 

Recruiting  Officer  {The),  1705,  Farquhar.    C. 

Recruiting  Sergeant  {Tlve),  1735-1787,  Bicker- 
staff.    Mu.E. 

Reculer  pour  Mieux  Sauter,  1854,  Dartois.    C. 

Red  Cross  Knight,  1794,  Holman. 

Regent  {U),  1831,  Ancelot.     V. 

Register  Office  (27te),  1723-1787,  Reed.    F. 

Regolo  {Attllio),  1740,  Metastasio.  0.  (See 
"Regulus.") 

Regular  Fix,  1764-1838,  Morton.    C. 

Regulus,  1632-1698,  Pradon.     T. 

Regulus,  17.34-1780,  C.  J.  Dorat.    T. 

Rehearsal  (  The),  1671,  duke  of  Buckingham.   C. 

Reinald,  19th  cent.,  Itigemann. 

Reirv"  de  Chypre  {La),  1799-1862,  Halevy.    0. 

Reine  de  Golconde.    (See  "  Aline,"  etc.) 

Reine  de  Saba,  1862,  Gounod.  0.  (libretto  by 
Curre). 

Relapse  {The),  1697,  Vanbrugh  (altered  by  She- 
ridan into  The  Trip  to  Scarborough,  1777). 

Remorse,  1797,  acted  1813,  Coleridge.    T. 

Rendezvous  Bourgeois  {Ixs),  1794,  Hoffmann. 
O.C.  (music  by  Mehul). 

Renegado  {The),  1624,  Massinger. 

Rent  Day,  1830,  Jerrold.  C.  (His  offer  of  the 
copyright  for  £5  wjis  refused.) 

Rescued,  1879,  Boucicault.    Sen.D. 

Retaliation,  1752-1820,  Macnally.    F. 

Retour  de  Nepoleon,  1841,  S^jour.     D. 

Retribution,  1850,  Bennett  and  Tom  Taylor.  H.P. 

Revenge,  1721,  Young.    T. 

Revenger's  Tragedy  {The),  l7th  cent.,  Tour- 
neur.    T. 

Revers  de  la  Medaille  {Ta),  1861,  Demoliere. 

Review  {The)  or  Wags  of  Windsor,  1798,  Col- 
man.     F. 

Rich  Jew  of  Malta,  1586,  Marlowe.    T. 

Rich  and  Poor,  1812,  Lewis.    CO. 

Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  1781,  Sedaine.  0.  (music 
by  Gretry). 

Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  1782,  Burgoyne.  H.R. 
(the  above  Anglicized). 

Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  1752-1820,  Macnally.    0. 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1158 


Richard  Coeur  de  Lion,  1863,  Benedict.     0. 
Richard  II.,  1597,  Shakespeare.    H.D.  (imitated 

from  Marlowe's  Edward  II.,  1592). 
Richard  III.,  1597,  Sliakesptare.    H.T. 
Richard  Duke  of  York,  1600,  * 
Richelieu,  1839,  lord  Lytton.     H.Pl. 
Richelieu  (/>a  Jeunesse  d<),  1833,  Ancelot.    V. 
Rienzi,  1828,  Miss  Mitford.     I'. 
Rlenzi,  1841,  Wagner.    0.  (libretto  by  Jack- 
son). 
Right    Woman,    posthumous   1647,  Beaumont 

and  Fletcher.    C. 
Rigoletto,  1852,  Verdi.    0.  (libretto  from  Victor 

Hugo). 
Rimini  (Francesca  di),  1819,  Pellico.     T.  (an 

episode  in  Dante's  Inferno). 
Rlnaldo,   1711,   Hill.    0.  (music    by  Handel ; 

this  was  the  first  piece  he  set  to  music). 
Riral  Candidates,  1775.  Dudley.    C. 
Rival  Ladles,  1663,  Dryden.    C. 
Rival  Modes,  1726,  Moore.    C. 
Rival  Queens,  1678,  Lee.    T.    (See  "  Alexander 

the  Great.") 
Rivals  {The),  1775,  Sheridan.    C, 
Rivals  (The),  1830,  Balfe.    0.  (/  Rivali). 
Road  to  Ruin,  1792,  Holcroft.    C. 
Roaring  Girl  (The),  1611,  Middleton.    C. 
Rob  Roy,  1832,  Flotow.    0. 
Rob  Roy  Mac  Gregor,  1782-1835,  Pocock.    O.D. 

(from  sir  W.  Scott's  novel). 
Robbers  (The),  1781,  Schiller.    T. 
Robbers  of  Calabria,  *  Lane.    D.  (adapted). 
Robert  le  Diable,  1831,  Meyerbeer.    0.  (libretto 

by  Scribe). 
Robin  Hood,  pt.  i.  1597,  Munday.    D. 
Robin  Hoo(1,  pt.  ii.  1598,  Chettle.     D. 
Robin  Hood,  1741,  Dr.  Arne  and  Burney.    0. 
Robin    Hood,    1787,    O'Keefe.    0.    (music    by 

vShleld). 
Robin  Hood,  1752-1820   Macnally.    CO.    (See 

"Death  of  Robert  Earl  of  Huntington.") 
Robin  des  Bois,  1824,  Weber.    0. 
Robinson    Crusoe,   1805,    Guilbert  de    Pixere- 

coutt.     V. 
Robinson  Crusoe,  1806,  Pocock  (the  above  in 

English). 
Rock  of  Rome,  1849,  Knowles.    H.Pl. 
Roderigo,  1706,  Handel.    0. 
Rodogune,  1646,  Corneille.    T. 
Rodolphe,  before  1822,  Scribe.    Pt.Po. 
Roef  Krage,  1770,  Ewald.     D. 
Rui  Faineant  (/^).  1830,  Ancelot.    T. 
Roi  d'Yvetot  {Le),  1842,  Adam.  O.C.  (suggested 

by  Beranger's  song). 
Roi  et  le  Fermler,  1762,  Sedaine.    O.C.  (music 

by  Monsigny). 
Roister  Doistor  (^Halph),  1534,  Udal.    C.    (This 

was  the  first  English  comedy.    For  the  first 

European  comedy,  see  "  Calandria.") 
Roland,  1778,  Piccini.    0. 
Koland  for  iin  Oliver,  1819,  Morton.  C. 
Rolla,  1798,  Kotzebue.    T. 
Rolla,  1799,  Lewis.    T.  (from  the  above). 
Rollo,  postbumous  1639,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 
Roman  Actor,  1626,  Massinger. 
Roman  Comlque  {U),  1861,  Ofifenbach.    O.Bf. 
Roman  Father,  1741,  Whitehead.    T. 
Roman  Revenge,  1753,  Hill. 
Roman  d'Une  Heure  or  La  FoUe  Gageure,  1«03, 

Hoffmann.    C. 
Romance  for  &n  Hour,  1771,  Kelly. 
49 


Rome  Sauvee,  1752,  Voltaire.     T. 

Romeo  and  Juliet,  1595,  Shakespeare.  T. 
(printed  1597). 

Romeo  et  Juliette,  1828,  Soulie.  T.  (Imitated 
from  the  above). 

llomildare  Constanza,  1819,  Meyerbeer.    0. 

Romp  ( Tlie),  *  Anon  CO.  (altered  from  Bicker- 
stafl^'s  J.ove  in  the  Ciiy). 

Rosalinda,  1762,  Lockman.    Mu.D. 

Rosamond,  1728,  Addisi^n.    0.  (music  by  Arne). 

Rosiimond  (/"ai)-),  1879,  Tennyson.    T. 

Rosamond  (TAc  Fair),  1812,  Korncr.  T.  (See 
"  Rosmonda.") 

Rose  Blanche  (Aa)  et  la  Rose  Rouge,  1809,  Guil- 
bert de  Plxer(5court.   D.  (See  "  Two  Ro.-es.") 

Rose  de  St.  Fleur  (La\  19th  cent.,  Offenbach. 
O.Bf. 

Rose  et  Colas,  1764,  Sedaine.    O.C. 

Rose  of  Arragon,  1842,  Knowles.    D. 

Rose  of  Castille,  1857,  Balfo.    O. 

Rosiere  de  Salency  (La),  1774,  Gretry.    0. 

Rosiere  et  Norrice,  1842,  Barriere.    D. 

Rosina,  1767,  Mrs.  Brooke.    0. 

Rosma,  1783,  Shield.    O. 

Rosmonda,  1525,  Rucelleri.    T. 

Rosmunda,  1783,  Aliieri.  T.  (based  on  Ban- 
dello's  novel). 

Rosmunda,  1840,  Gil  y  Zarate.  (See  •'  Henry  " 
and  "Complaint. ') 

Rosten  i  Oerken,  1815,  Ingemann. 

Rough  Diamond,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone.    Cdta. 

Rover  {The),  1680,  Mrs.  Behn.    C 

Roxana,  1772,  Magnocavallo.    T.  (a  prize  play). 

Royal  Command  {By).  19th  cent.,  Stirling.    CO. 

Royal  Convent,  17«s,  Rowe.    T. 

Royal  King  and  Loyal  Subject  {The),  1737,  Hey- 
wood.    T.C 

Royal  Martyr  (Tlie),  1669,  Diyden.    T. 

Royal  Shoplierdess,  1669,  Shadwell. 

Rubans  d'lvonne,  1850,  Thiboust. 

Rugantio,  1805,  Lewis.     Mel. 

Ruines  de  Babylone  (Les),  1810,  Guilbert  de 
Pixerocouit. 

Ruines  de  Vaudemont,  1845,  Boule. 

Rule  a  Wife  and  Have  a  Wife,  1640,  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher.    C  (altered  by  Garrick). 

Runaway  {Tlie),  1776,  Airs.  Cowley.    C. 

Rural  Felicity,  1834.  Buckstone. 

Ruy  Bias,  1840,  Victor  Hugo.  R.D.  (Fechter  pro- 
duced a  bad  English  vertiiion  about  1863.) 


Sabots  de  la  Marquis,  1854,  Boulanger.    O.C. 
Sacrifice  d'Iphigenie,  1861,   Denncry.    T.    (See 

"Iphigenie.") 
Sad  Shepiierd  (left  at  death  unfinished,  1637)u 

Jonson.    P. 
Sailor's  Daughter  (^Ae),  1800,  Cumberland.    C. 
St.  Genest,  1641,  Rotrou.    T. 
St.  Patrick's  Day.  1775.  Sheridan.    C. 
St.  Peter,  1866,  Benedict.    Or. 
Saint's  Tragedy,  1848,  Kingslcy.    T. 
Samor,  1818,  Milman. 
Samson,  1742,  Handel.    Or. 
Samson  Agonistes,  1671,  Milton.    C1.T. 
Sapho,  1850,  Gounod.    0. 
Sappho  and  I'haon,  1584,  Lyly.    Myt.D. 
Siiratoga,  19th  cent..  B.  Howard  (brought  oul  in 

London  under  the  title  of  Brighton), 
Sardanapalue,  1819,  Bynn.    T. 
Satanella,  1858,  Balte.    0. 

4  K 


1154 


APPENDIX  I. 


SaUro-mastix,  1602,  Dekker.    Sat.C.  (in  which 

Ben  Jonson  is  satirized  under  the  name  of 

"  Horace,  Junior  "). 
Saucy  Valets,  1730-1805,  King. 
Saul,  1738,  Handel.    Or. 
Saul,  1739,  Hill.    T. 
Saul,  1782,  Alfieri.    T. 
Saul,  1801,  Kalkbrenner.    Or. 
Saul  {Konig),  1839,  Gutzikow.    0. 
Sawney  the  Scot,  1622-1681,  Lacy.    C. 
Sciipegoat  {Tke\  *  Poole.    F. 
Scholar  {The\  1791-1868,  Lover.    C. 
Scholar  {The),  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
School,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    C. 
School  for  Arrogance,  1745-1809,  Holcroft.    C. 
School  for  Authors,  1770-1804.  Tobin.     C. 
School  for  Grown  Children,  1826,  Morton.    C. 
School  for  Grown  Gentlemen,  1827,  Morton.    C. 
School  for  Lovers,  1762,  Whitehead.    C.    (See 

"  L'ficole  des  Amants.") 
School  for  Scandal,  1777,  Sheridan.  C.  ("Charles" 

and  "  Joseph  Surface  "  are  copies  of  Fielding's 

"Tom  Jones"  and  "Bliflil.") 
School     for     Wives,    1774,    Kelly.     C.     (See 

"  L'jicole  des  Femmes.") 
School   of    Reform,    1817,    Morton.     C.     (See 

"  L'ficole.") 
Scipio  Africanus,  1729,  Beckingham.    T.  (from 

l^radon's  Scipion  V Africain). 
Scipion  1' Africain,  16.^.2-1698,  Prudon.    T. 
Scornful  Lady,  1611;,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher.  C. 
Scourge  of  Villanie,  1598,  Mar^ton. 
Scowerers  (TAe),  1691,  Shadwell.    C. 
Scythes,  1761.  Voltiiire.    T. 
Sea-Ciiptain  {The),  1839,  Lytton.    C. 
Sea- Voyage  {The),  posthumous  1647,  Beaumont 

and  Fletcher.    C. 
Search  after  Happiness,  1773,  H.  More,  P.   (Her 

first  production.    Aged  17.) 
Seasiiit-^  {The),  1800.  Haydn.     0. 
Sebastian.     (See  "  Don  tkbostlan.") 
Second  Maiaen's  'lYagedy,  before  1620,  Anon. 

T.  (ascribed  to  Chapman). 
Second  Thoughts,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 
Secret  (U),  1793,  Hoffmann.    O.C.  (music  by 

Mehul). 
Secrets  Worth  Knowing,  1798,  Morton.    C. 
Secretaire  et  le  Cuisinier  (Le),  before  1822,  Scribe. 

Pt.Pc. 
Sejanus,  1603,  Jonson.    T. 
Sejour  Militaire,  1813,  Auber.    0, 
Selindra,  1611-1685,  Thomas  Killigrew. 
Semele,  1698,  Congreve.    0, 
Semiramide,  1729,  Mctastasio.    0. 
Semiramide,  1819,  Meyerbeer.    0. 
Semiramide,  1823,  Rossini.    O. 
Semiramis,  1748,  Voltaire.    T. 
Serail,  1782,  Mozart.    O. 
Serious  Family,  *  Barnett. 
Serious  Family  {A),  about  1850,  Buckstone. 
Sertorius,  1662,  Corneille.    T. 
Servius  TuUius,  1826,  Bouzique.    T. 
Sesostris,  1667,  Amore.    T. 
Shaughraun,  19th  cent.,  BoucicauU.    D. 
She  Stoops  to  Conquer,  1773,  Goldsmith.    C. 
She  Would  and  She  Would  Not,  1703,  Cibber.  C. 
She  Would  if  She  Could,  1668,  Ktherege.    C. 
Shepherd  of  Tolosa,  1829,  Ingemann. 
Shepherd's  Artifice,  1757,  Dibdin. 
Shoem^-ier's  a  Gentleman  {A),  17th  cent,,  Row- 
ley.   C. 


Shore.    (See  "  Jane  Shore.") 

Si  j'etals  Roi,  1854,  Adam.     Pt.Pc. 

Sicilian  Vespers,  1772-1849,  Kenney. 

Sicilian    Vespers,    1819,    Delavigne.     T.    (See 

**  Vespers.") 
Sicilien  on  L' Amour  Peintre,  1667,  Mollere.    C. 
Siege  of  Aguileia,  1760,  Home. 
Siege  of  Belgrade,  1796,  Cobb.    CO.  (music  by 

Storace;    an    English  version  of  La  Coia 

Rara). 
Siege  of  Berwick,  1727-1812,  Jerningham.    T. 
Siege  of  Calais,  1762-1836,  Colman.     H.D. 
Siege  of  Damascus,  1720,  Hughes.    T. 
Siege  of  Grenada,  1671,  Dryden.     H.PL 
Siege  of  Ischia,  1778-1824,  Kemp.    0. 
Siege  of  Rhodes,  1656,  Davenant.    0. 
Siege  of  Rochelle,  1835,  Balfe.     0. 
Siege  of  Sinope,  1765,  Miss  Brooke. 
Siege  of  Urbin,  1611-1685,  Thomas  Killigrew. 
Silent  Woman  (The),  1609,  Jonson.    C. 
Silvia,  1731,  Lillo. 
Single,  about  1835,  Buckstone.    C. 
Sir  Courtley  Nice,  1685,  Crowne.    C. 
Sir  Fopliiig   Flutter,  1676,   Etherege.    C.  (the 

second  title  of  The  Man  of  Mode). 
Sir  George  Etherege's  Comical  Revenge,  164a- 

1689,  Mrs.  Behn.    C. 
Sir  Harry  Gaylove,  1772,  Miss  Marshall.    C. 
Sir  Harry  Wildair,  1701,  Farquhar.    C. 
Sir  Hercules  Buffoon,  1622-1681,  I>acy.    C. 
Sir  John  Cockle  at  Court,  1737,  Dodsley.    F. 
Sir  John  Oldcastle.    (See  "  Oldcastle.") 
Sir  Marmaduke  Maxwell,  1827,  Cuimingham.    C 
Sir  Salomon  or    The  Cautious  Coxcomb,  1715 

Caryl.    C. 
Sir    Thomas   Overbury'a   Life  and    Untimely 

Death,  1614,  Ford.    T. 
Sir  Thomas  Overbury,  1726,  Savage.  T.  (brought 

him  £200). 
Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  1720,  Sewell.    T. 
Sirene  (La),  1844,  Scribe.    O.C. 
Siroe  {It),  1728,  Metastasio.    O. 
Sisters  {The),  1769,  Mrs.  Lennox.    C. 
Slave  {The),  1816,  Bishop.    0. 
Slave  Life,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor,  etc. 
Sleeping  Beauty,  18th  cent.,  Skeffington.    Pn. 
Snake  in  the  Grass,  1759,  HilL    C.  (altered  by 

Buckstone,  19th  cent.). 
Society,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    C. 
Sofonisbe,  1718,  Leo.     0.  (See  "Sophonisba," 

etc.) 
Soiree  a  la  Bastille,  1845,  Decourcelle.    C. 
Soirde  d'Auteuil  {La),  1804,  Andrieux.    C. 
Soldier  {The),  1791-1868,  Lover. 
Soldier's  Daughter  {The),  1804,  Cherry.    C. 
Soldier's  Fortune,  1681,  Otway.    C. 
Soldier's  Return,  1805,  Hook.    C. 
Soliman  II.,  18th  cent.  Favart.    O.C. 
Solliciteur  {U),  before  1822,  Scribe.    Pt.Pc. 
Solomon,  1748,  Handel.     Or. 
Solomon,  1748,  Klopstock.    T, 
Somnambule  {La),  1819,  Delavigne.    D. 
Sonnambula,    1831,    Bellini.     0.    (Ubretto    by 

Scribe). 
Sophi  {2hf),  1641,  Denham.    T. 
Sophonisba,     1514,     Trissino.       T.   (the   first 

Italian  tragedy).    (See  "  Ferrex,"  etc.) 
Sophonisba  or  The  Wonder  of  Women,  1M6| 

Marston.    T.    (See  "  Sofonisbe.") 
Sophonisba,  1729,  Thomson.    T. 
Sophonisba,  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1156 


Bophonisbe,  1630,  Mairet.     T.  (imitated  from 

Trissino ;  the  first  French  tragedy), 
Sophonisbe,  17th  cent.,  Corneille.    T. 
Sophonisbe,  1677-1758,  Lagrange-Chancel.    T. 
Sorcerer  rrAc),  1876,  Gillwrt  and  Sullivan.  OpU. 
Sorciere  {Lu),  1863,  Bourgeois  and  Barbier. 
Sordella,  19th  cent.,  R.  Browning. 
Sosies,  1639,  ilotrou.    C. 
Sot  toiTJours  Sot,  1693,  De  Brueys. 
Spaniard   in  Peru  (TAe),  1797,  Kotzebue.     T. 

(The  English  version  is  called  Pizarro.) 
Spanish  Curate  {The),  1622,  Fletcher  (Beaumont 

died  1616).    C. 
Spanish  Dollars,  1807,  Cherry.     M.D. 
Spanish  Fryar  (The),  1680,  Dryden.    C. 
Spanish  Gipsy,  1653,  Middleton  and  Rowley.    C. 
Spanish  Tragedy  (The)  or  Jeronimo  Mad  Again, 
1605,  Kyd.    T.  (forming  pt.  ii.  to  Jeronimo). 
Spartacus,  1746,  Saurin.    T. 
Spartan  Dame  {The),  1719,  Southeme.    T. 
Speculation,  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 
Speed  the  Plough,  1798,  Morton.    C. 
Sprigs   of  Laurel,    1747-1833,    O'Keefe.    M.F. 

(music  by  Shield). 
Squeeze  to  the  Coronation,  1821,  Thomson. 
Squire   of   Alsatia   {The),  1688,  Shadwell.    C. 

(same  as  Gentlemau  of  Alsatia). 
Stage  Coach,  1704,  Farquhar.    C. 
Staple  of  News  {The),  Jonson.    C. 
Star  of  Seville,  1842,  Mrs.  Butler  (born  Kemble). 
State  Prisoner,  1847,  Stirling. 
State  of  Innocence,  1673,  Dryden.     D.Pm.  (a 
dramatic  version  of  Milton's  Paradise  Lost). 
Statira,  17th  cent.,  Pradon.    T. 
Stella,  1776,  Goethe.    D. 
Stella,  1843,  Anicet  Bourgeois.    D. 
Stepmother   {Tht),  1748-1825,  earl  of  Carlisle 

(Byron's  uncle).    T. 
Steward  {The).    (This  is  merely  The  Deserted 

Daughter,  of  Holcroft,  1785,  reset.) 
StUicon,  1660,  T.  Corneille.    T. 
Still  Waters  Run  Deep,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Tay- 
lor.   C. 
Stolen  heiress,  1703,  Centlivre.    C. 
Stolen  Kisses,  19th  cent.,  P.  Merritt.    C. 
Strafford,  1836,  R.  Browning.     H.T. 
Stranger  {The),  1797,  B.  Thompson.    D.  (from 
Misanthropy  and  Repentance,  by  Kotzebue). 
(Thompson's  version  was  greatly  altered 
in  1798  by  Sheridan.    It  is  the  latter  alone 
which  is  acted.) 
Straniera  {La),  1806-1835,  Bellini.    0. 
Stratonice,  1792,  Hoffmann.     O.C.  (music  by 

Meliul). 
Streets  of  London,  1862,  Boucicault.    D. 
Struensee,  1827,  Beer.    T. 
Such  Things  Are,  1786,  Inchbald.    PI.  (realized 

£410  12s.). 
Suite  du  Mentuer  {La),  1803,  Andrieux.    C. 
Sullen  Lovers,  1668,  Shadwell.    C. 
Sultan  {The),  1775,  Bickerstaff.    F. 
Summer's  Last  Will,  etc.,  1600,  Nash. 
Summer's  Tale,  1768,  Cumberland.    CO.  (music 
by  Bach,  Arne,  and  others.  It  was  cut  down 
by  Cumberland  into  Amelia,  an  afterpiece). 
Sun's  Darling  {The),  1624,  Ford.     M. 
Supplication    of   Pierce    Penniless,  etc.,   1592, 

Nash. 
Supplice  d'un  Homme,  1865,  Thiboust. 
Supposes,  1566,  Gascoigne.    C.  (from  Gli  Sup- 
jpositi,  of  Ariosto ;  one  of  our  earliest  dramas). 


Surfina,  1674,  Compille.    T. 

Surprise  {Agrteabh),  1798,  O'Keefe.    C. 

Surrender  of  Calais,  1791,  Colman.    C. 

Suspicious  Husband  (J7t«),  1747,  Hoadly.    C. 

Svend  Dyring's  House,  19th  cent.,  Herz.    R.D. 

Svend  Grathe,  19t.h  cent.,  Boje.    T. 

Sweethearts,  1874,  Gilbert.    C. 

Sweethearts  and  Wives,  1772-1849,  Kenney. 
Mu.C.  (music  by  Nathan). 

Sweetman,  the  Woman-Hater,  1640,  Anon.    C. 

Swindler  {The).  1764-1838.  Morton.    C. 

Sword  and  the  Hand,  1832,  Beer.    T. 

Sylvain,  1770,  Marmontel.  O.C.  (music  by 
Gretry). 

Sylvana,  1809,  Weber.  0.  (This  is  The  Wood- 
girl  altered.) 

Sylvester  Daggerwood,  1795,  Colman.    C. 

Sylvia,  1731,  Lillo. 


Tableau  Parlant  (Xe).  1769,  Gretry.    0. 

Tailors  {The),  *  Anon.    B.T. 

Tale  of  Mantua,  1830,  Knowles. 

Tale  of  Mystery,  1745-1809,  Holcroft.    Mel. 

Tale  of  a  Tub,  1618,  Jonson.    (His  last  comedy. 

Its  object  was  to  hold  up  Inigo  Jones  to 

ridicule.) 
Tamburlaine,    1585,    Marlowe.    T.    (See   "Ti- 

mour.") 
Tamerlan,  17th  cent.,  Pradon.    T. 
Tamerlan  et  Bajazet,  1806,  Bishop.    BL 
Tamerlane,  1703,  Rowe.    T. 
Tamerlane,  1722,  Leo.    0. 
Taming  of  the  Shrew,   1593,  Shakespeare.    C. 

(See  "  The  Honeymoon.") 
Tancred  and  Gismnnda,  1568,  by  Hatton  and  four 

other  members  of  the  Inner  Temple.    T. 

(based  on  an  Italian  novel). 
Tancred  and  Sigismunda,  1745,  Thomson.    T. 
Tancrede,  1760,  Voltaire.    T. 
Tancredi,  1813,  Rossini.    0. 
Tannhauser,  1845,  Wagner.    0. 
Tante   {La)    et    le    Neveu,    1781-1857,    Bri- 

faut.    C. 
Tarare,  1787,  Beaumarchais.    0. 
Tartuffe,  1664,  Moliere.    C.    (See  "The  Non- 
juror.") 
Tasso  {Ttrquato),  1790,  Goethe.    T. 
Tasso  Refriede,  1819,  Ingemann.    D. 
Taste,  1752,  Foote.    F. 
Taveme  des  £tudiants  {La),  1854,  Sardou. 
Tekeli,  1803,  Guilbert  de  Pixerecourt.     MeU 

(done  into  English  by  Hook). 
Tell  {Gvglielmo),  1829,  Rossini.    0.    (Sir  H. 

Bishop  altered  this  opera.) 
Tell  {Guillaume),  1766,  Lemiere.    T. 
Tell  {Guillaume),  1772,  Sedaine.    0. 
Tell  (  Wilhflm),  1804,  Schiller.    T. 
Tell  {William),  1840,  Knowles.    T. 
Tell  {WilliamX  19th  cent.,  Talfourd.    F. 
Temistocle,  1738,  Metastasio.    D. 
Tempest    {Tfie),    1609,    Shakespeare.    C.   (first 

mentioned  1611). 
Tempest  {The),  1668,  Dryden.    C.  (the  above 

altered). 
Temple  de  la  Gloire,  1744,  Voltaire.    0. 
Tender  Husband  {The),  1703,  Steele.    C. 
Tete  de  Mort  {La),  1827,  Guilbert  de  Pixer6« 

court.     V. 
Theagene  et  Chariclee,  1662,  Racine.    T. 
Thebaide  {La),  1664,  Racine.    T. 


1166 


APPENDIX  I. 


Thebais,  1581,  Newton.    T.  (Seneca's  play  done 

into  E.nglish). 
Themist/ocle.    (See  "  Temiatocle.") 
Tbeodo^uB    or    The    Force    of    Love,    1676, 

Lee.  T. 
Tberese,  the  Orphan  of  Geneva,  *  Kerr.  Mel.R. 

(adapted). 
Thesee,  1690,  Lafosse.    T. 
Theseua,  1715,  Handel.    0. 
Thierry  and  Theodoret,   1621,  Fletcher  (Beau- 
mont died  1616). 
Thieves  of  Paris,  1856,  Stirling.    D. 
Thimble  Rig  {The),  19th  cent.,  Buckstone.    F. 
Thirty  Years  of  a  Woman's  Life,  before  1834, 

Buckstone. 
Thomas.    (See  "  Mons.  Thomas.'/) 
Thomas  a  Becket,  1780,  Tennyson.    T. 
Thomas  and  Sally,  1696-1743,  Carey.    Mu.E. 
Three  BlacK  Spals  (T/te),  1864.  Stirling.     H.D. 
Three  Strangers  (The),  1835,  Miss  Lee.    C. 
Three  WeeKs  after  Marriage,  1776,  Murphy.    F. 
Tbyestes,  1560,  J.  Hey  wood  (Seneca's  play  done 

into  English). 
Thyostes,  about  1680,  Crowne.    T. 
T'bere,  1764-1811,  Chdnler.    T. 
Ticket-of-Leave  Man,  1863,  Tom  Taylor. 
Time  Works  Wonders,  1845,  Jcrrold.    C. 
Timocrate,  1656,  T.  Conieille.    T. 
Timocrate,  1723,  Leo.    0. 
Timoleon,  1783,  Alfieri.    T. 
Timoleon,  1794,  Chenier.    T. 
Timon  of  Athens,  1609,  Shakespeare.    T. 
Timon  of  Athens,  1778,  Cumberland.    T.  (the 

above  altered). 
Timon  the  Misanthrope,  1678,  Shadwell.    T. 
Timour  the  TarUr,   1812,  Lewis.    Mel.    (See 

"  Tamerlane.") 
Tipperary  I^egacy,  1847,  Coyne.    C. 
'Tis  Pity  She's  a  Whore,  1633,  Ford.    D. 
'TIS  Well  'tis  no  Wor.se,  1736-1787,  Bickerstaff. 

C.    (See  "  The  Panel.") 
Tito,  1791.  Mozart.     0. 
Titus    Andronicus,   1593,  (?)  Shakespeare.     T. 

(first  mentioned  1600). 
Titus  and  Berenice,  1«72,  Otway. 
To-Night,  Uncle,  1878,  H.  J.  Byron. 
To  Oblige  Benson,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
To  Parents  and  Guardians,   19th  cent.,  Tom 

Taylor. 
Tobacconist  (TAe),  before  1780,  Gentleman.    F. 

(This  is  merely  Jonson's  comedy,  The  Alche- 
mist, 1610,  altered  and  reduced.) 
Tom  Jones,  1740,  Reed.    CO. 
Tom  Thumb,  1730,  Fielding.    B.O.  (altered  in 

1778  by  O'Hara,  music  by  Dr.  Arne). 
Tom  Tyler,  1661  fsecoml  edition),  no  name. 
Tonson.    (See  "  Mons.  Tonson.") 
Tony  Lumpkin  in  Town,  1778,  O'Keefe. 
Too    Many   or  Democracy,  posthumous  1805, 

Alfieri.    C. 
Toreador  (Ae),  1849.  Adam.    O.C. 
Tour  de  Londres,  1855,  Nus.    D. 
Town  and  Country,  1807,  Morton.    C.  (brought 

him  in  £1000). 
Toy-Shop,  1729.  Dodsley.    D.S. 
Traitor  {The),  1031,  Shirley.  T.  (See  "Evadne.") 
Traviata  (Aa),  1856,  Verdu    0. 
1'rente  Millions  de  Gladiateurs  {Tjes),  19th  cent., 

Labiche  and  Gille.    (See  "  Nabob.") 
Tresor  (Le),  1803,  Andrieux.    C. 
Trial  by  Jury.  1875,  Gilbert  and  Sullivan.  Opta. 


Trick  upon  Trick,  1710,  HilL    C. 
Trinuzzia  {Im),  1540,  Angelo.    C. 
Triomphe  des  Arts  (Le),  1672-1731,  Lamotte.  0. 
Trip  to  Calais  {A),  1721-1777,  Foote.    F. 
Trip  to  Ki-ssengen  {A),  19th  cent.,  Tom  Tay- 
lor. 
Trip  to  Scarborough  {A),  1777,  Sheridan.    (This 

is  The  lielajise  of  Vanbrugh  altered.) 
Trip  to  Scotland  {A),  1780,  Whitehe;id,    F, 
Tristan  and  Isolde,  1865,  Wagner.    0. 
Troade  (Lo),  1632-1698,  Pradon.    T. 
Troas,  1559,  J.  Hey  wood.  T.  (Seneca's  play  dono 

into  English). 
Troilus  and    Cressida,    1602,    Shakespeare.     T. 

(printed  1609). 
Troilus  and  Cressida,  1679,  Dryden.    T.  (the 

above  altered). 
Trois  Cousins,  1664,  Dancourt.    C. 
Trois  Rivaux  (/>es),  1758,  Saurin.    C. 
Trois  Sultanes  {Les),  18th  cent.,  Favart.    C. 
Troja  Distrutta,  1663,  Andrea.    T. 
Troublesome  Reign  of  King  John,  1578,  Anon. 

H.Pl.  (the    quarry  of  Shakespeare's   King 

John). 
Trovatore  (//),  1853,  Verdi.    0.  (based  on  the 

drama  of  Gargia  Guttierez,  15th  cent.). 
True  Widow,  1679,  Shadwell.    C. 
Tu  Quoque,  1599,  Greene. 
Turcaret,  1708,  I^esage.    C. 
Turco  in  Italia,  1814,  Rossini.    0. 
Turk  and  No  Turk,  1785,  Colman.    Mu.C. 
Turkish  Mahomet,  1584,  Peele. 
Turnpike  Gate,  1774-1826,  Knight.    F, 
Twelfth  Night,  etc.,  1602,  Shakespeare.    C. 
Twin  Rivals,  1706,  Eafqubar.  ^ 
'Twixt  Axe  and  Crown,  1870,  Taylor.    H.Pl 
Two  Foscari  {The\  1821,  Byron.    (The  Foscari, 

1826,  Miss  Mitchell.) 
Two  Gentlemen  of  Verona,  1595,  Shakespeare. 

C.  (first  mentioned  1598). 

Two  Klingsbergs  {Jhe),  1761-1819,    Kotzebue. 

D.  (his  best  play,  but  not  yet  translated 
into  English). 

Two  IjOvcs  and  a  Life,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 

Two  Misers,  1767,  O'Hara. 

Two  Noble  Kinsmen,  posthumous  1634,  Beau- 
mont and  Fletcher. 

Two  Roses  {The),  1878,  Albery.  V.  (from  the 
French).    (See  "  Rose  Blanche,"  etc.) 

Two  Strings  to  your  Bow,  1792,  Jephson.    F. 

Two  to  One,  1784,  Colman.    C. 

Tyrannic  Love,  1631-1701,  Dryden. 


Ulysses,  1706,  Rowe.    Mjrt.D. 

Uncle,  19th  cent,,  H.  J.  Byron.    C. 

Uncle  John,  1833,  Buckstone. 

Uncle  Too  Many,  1828,  Thomson.    C. 

Under  the  Earth,  1868.    R.D.  {Hard  Times,  by 

Dickens,  dramatized). 
Underbarnet,  19th  cent.,  Ingemann. 
Une  Cause  Celebre.    (See  "  Proof.") 
Une  Chasse  a  St.  Germain,  1860,  Dtslandes.    D. 
Uue  Faute,  before  1822,  Scribe.    Pt.Pc. 
Unequal  Match  {An),  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Unfinished  Gentleman,  *  Selby. 
Unnatural  Combat,  1621,  Massinger. 
Up  All  Night,  1730-1805,  King.     Mu.D.  (musio 

by  Dr.  Arnold). 
Upholsterer  {The),  1758,  Murphy.    F. 
Used  Up,  1845,  Boucicault    C. 


DRAMAS,  OPERAS,  ETC. 


1157 


Vacancies  (^Les),  1659,  Dancourt.    C. 
Val  d'Aiidorre  (/^),  19th  cent.,  Haldvy.    O.C. 
"Valentine,  1820,  Guilbert  de  Pixei-ecourt. 
Valentinian,   I6l7,  Fletcher     (Beaumont    died 

1616).  T,  (altered  by  the  earl  of  Rochester). 
Valerie,  1822,  Scribe.    C. 
Valsei  (i.e.  Wallace)  or  the  Hero  of  Scotland, 

1772,  Perabo.    T.  (a  prize  play). 
Vampire    (/^),    1820,    Curmouche    (done   into 

l<;nglish  by  Boucicault). 
Vanderdecken,  1878,  *    A  poetic  drama  (based 

on  Jhe  Flying  Dutchman). 
Vautour  (^Mons.),  1805,  Duval. 
Vcnceslas,  1647,  Rotrou.     T. 
Vcndanges  de  Suresnes,  1657,  Dancourt.    C. 
Vendetta,  1846,  Stephens. 
Venice  Preserved,  1682,  Otway.    T.  (copyright 

was  £15^. 
Venitieune  (La),  1834,  Anicet  Bourgeois.    D. 
Venoni,  1809,  l^wis.    D. 
Venus  and  Adonis,  1703-1758,  Theo.  Gibber.    C. 

(copyright  was  £5  7s.). 
Vepres  Siciliennes  (/>€s),  1819,  Delavigne.    T. 
Verre  d'iiau  (Le),  1842,  Scribe.    C. 
Very  Woman  (A),  1631,  Masslnger. 
Vespers  of  Palermo,  1823,  Hemans.    T. 
Veuve  de  Malabar,  1799,  Kalkbrenner.    0. 
Vicar   of   Wakefield  {The).    (This  novel  was 

dramatized  in  1819;  turned  into  an  opera 

in   1823;   S.  Coyne    produced    a  dramatic 

version  in  1850,  in  conjunction  with  Tom 

Taylor;  and  W.  G.  Wills  in  1878,  under 

the  name  of  Olivia.) 
Victims,  19th  cent.,  Tom  Taylor. 
Victorine,  1831,  Buckstone. 
Videna,  1854,  Heraud.    T. 
Vie  de  Cafe,  1850,  Dupenty. 
Vieux  Chateau,  1799,  Dellamaria.    O. 
Vieux  Fat  (Le),  1810,  Andrieux.    0. 
Vieux  Gargon  (/-«),  before  1822,  Scribe.    Pt.Pc. 
Vieux  Peches  (^Les),  1833.  Dumanois.     D. 
Village  (7%€),  1806,  Cherry.    C. 
Village  Coquettes,  1835,  Hullah.    0. 
Village  Wedding,  before  1770,  Love.    P. 
Vindimiatrice  (U),  18th  cent.,  Gretry.    0. 
Vira-Rama-Tscheritra,  8th  cent.,  Bhavabhouti. 

Myt.D.  (translated  by  Wilson  in  his  Indian 

Theatre). 
Virgin  Martyr,  1622,  Massinger  and  Dekker,    T. 
Virgin  Unmasked  (The),  about  1740,  Fielding. 

Mu.F. 
Virgin  of  the  Sun  (7%e),l(Jl'?.  Bishop.    0.   (This 

is  Kotzebue's  Benyoua^ki.) 
Virginia,  1654,  Webster.    T. 
Virginia,  1760,  Miss  Brooke.     T. 
Virginia,  1783,  Alfieri.    T, 
Virginia,  1756-1 S29,  Leopold.    T. 
Virginie,  1683,  Campistron.    T. 
Virginie,  1786,  Laharpe.    T. 
Virginius,  1820,  Knowles.    T. 
Virtuoso  rne),  1676,  Shadwell.    C. 
Virtuous  Octavia,  1598,  Brandon,    H.PL 
Visite  a  Bedlam  (  CTn^),  before  1822,  Scribo.  Pt.Pc. 
Vologehe,  1744,  Leo.    0. 
Volpone  or  the  Fox,  1605,  Jonson.    C. 
Volunteers  {The),  1693,  Shadwell.    C. 
Vortigern  and  Rowena,  1796,  Ireland.    T. 
Votary  of  Wealth  {The),  1792,  Holman.    C. 


WagBofWindbor.    (See  "  Review.") 


Walking  Statue,  1710,  Hill. 

Wallace.    (See  "  Valsei.") 

Walknstein  {Albertus),  about  1620,filapthome. 
H.D. 

Wallenstein,  1799,  Schiller.  (An  English  ver- 
sion by  Coleridge,  1800.) 

Walloons  {The).  1782,  Cumberlanci. 

Walter  Raleigh  {Sir),  1720,  Sewell.    T. 

War,  19th  cent.,  Robertson.    C. 

War  to  the  Knife,  1865.  H.  J.  Byron. 

Warwick,  1763,  Laharpe.  T.  (In  1767  appeared 
the  English  version  by  Franklhi.) 

Wat  Tyler,  1794,  Southey. 

Waterman  {The),  1774,  Dibdin.    Bd.O. 

Way  of  the  World  {The),  1700,  Congreve.    C. 

Way  to  Get  Married  {The),  1796,  Morton.    C. 

Way  to  Keep  Him  {The),  1760,  Murphy.    C. 

Ways  and  Means,  1788,  Colman.    C. 

We  Fly  by  Night.  1806,  Column.    F. 

Weak  Points,  19th  ant.,  Buckstone. 

Weathercock  {Tlie),  about  1810,  Allingham. 

Wedding  Day,  1629,  Shirley.    C. 

Wed.iing  Day,  1790,  Inchbald.  F.  (rcaliied 
£200). 

Welcome  and  Farewell,  1837,  Harncas.    D. 

Wenceslaus.    (See  "  Venceslas.") 

Werner,  1821,  Byron.  T.  (based  oa  one  of  MiM 
Lee's  Canterbury  Tales), 

Werther,  1817,  Duval.    F. 

West  Indian,  1771,  Cumberland.    C. 

Westward  Hoe!  1607,  Dekker  and  Webster.   C 

What  Next  ?  1771-1841,  Dibdin.    F. 

What  You  Will,  1607,  Marston.  C.  {What  ToU 
Will  is  the  second  title  of  Shakespeare's 
comedy  of  Twelfth  Night.) 

Wheel  of  Fortune  {The),  1779,  Cumberland.    C. 

Which  is  the  Man  ?  1743-1809,  Mrs.  Cowicy.  C. 

White  Devil  {The),  1612,  Webster.     T. 

White  Lady  of  Berlin  Castle,  1875,  C.  Win- 
chester.   T. 

Who  Is  She  ?  19th  cent.,  Stirling.    Pt.C. 

Who  wants  a  Guinea?  1805,  Colman.    F. 

Who's  the  Dupe?  1743-1809,  Mrs.  Cow- 
ley.   F. 

Wicked  World  {The),  19th  cent,,  Gilbert.    Fy.C. 

Widow  {Tlie),  1653,  Beaumont  and  Fletcher. 

Widow  of  Delphi,  1780.  Cumberland.    0. 

Widow's  Tears  {A\  1557-1634,  Chapman.    C. 

Wile  {The),  1833,  Knowles,    1). 

Wife  for  a  Month,  1624,  Fletcher  (Beaumont  died 
1616),    T,C. 

Wife  Well  Managed,  1715,  Centlivre.    C. 

Wife's  Excuse,  before  1726,  Southerne.    C. 

Wives  as  They  Were,  etc..  1797,  Inchbald.    C. 

Wild  Gallant,  1663,  Dryden.    C. 

Wild-Goose  Chase,  1619,  Fletcher.  C.  (first  pub- 
lished 1652). 

Wild  Oats,  1798,  O'Keefe,    C. 

Wildair  {Sir  Harry),  1701,  Farquhar.    C. 

Wllhelm  Tell.    (S^e  '♦  Tell.") 

Will  {The),  1765-1841,  Reynolds.    C. 

Witming  a  Husband,  19th  cent.,  Buckstone. 

Winter's  Tale,  1604,  Shakespeare.  C.  (first 
mentioned  1611).  (The  source  of  this  play 
was  a  novel  called  Pandostoor  The  Triumph 
of  Time,  1588,  by  Robert  Greene.  See 
"  Zapolya,"y 

Wisdom  of  Dr.  Dodypoll,  1600,  Lyly.    C. 

Wit  at  Several  Weapons,  posthumous  1647, 
Beaumont  and  Fletcher.    C. 

Wit  in  a  Constable,  about  1620,  Glapthome.    0. 


1158 


APPENDIX  I. 


Wit  without  Money,  posthumous  1639,Beaumont 
and  Fletcher.    C. 

Wit's  Last  Stake,  1730-1805.  King.    C. 

Witch  (mc),  1604,  Middleton.  T.C.  (Shakespeare 
l>orrowed  his  wiiches  in  Macbeth  from  this 
play.) 

Witch  of  Edmonton,  1658,  Rowiey,  Tourneur, 
t'jc.    T.C. 

Wives.    (See  under  «  Wife.") 

Woman  Captain,  1680,  Shadwell.    C. 

Woman-Hater,  1607,  iJeaumonl  and  Fletcher.    C. 

Woman  in  Red,  1849,  Coyne. 

Woman  In  the  Moon,  1598,  Lyiy.    Myt.D. 

Woman  Killed  with  Kindness  (^t),  before  1603, 
third  edition  1617,  Heywood.    T.    • 

Woman's  Place,  posthumous  1647,  Beaumont  and 
Fletcher.    C. 

Woman's  Prize,  posthumous  1647,  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher.    C. 

Woman's  Wit,  1838,  Knowles.    C. 

Woman's  a  Weathercock,  1612,  Field.    C. 

Women,  Beware  of  Women,  17th  cent..  Middle- 
ton.     C.  (from  the  Italian). 

Women  Pleased,  posthumous  1647,  Beaumont 
and  Fletcher.    C. 

Wonder  ( J%^),  1714,  Centlivre.    C. 

Wonder  of  Women.  (See  "  Sophonisba,"  Mars- 
ton.) 

Wonderful  Year,  1603,  Dekker.    C. 

Wood  Demon  (The),  1811,  Lewis.     MeL 

Woodgirl  rrAe),  1800,  Weber.  0.  (See  "Syl- 
Tana.") 


Woodman  {Ttie),  1771,  Dudley.    CO. 

Woodvil.    (See  "  John  Woodvil.") 

Word  of  Nature  {The),  1797,  Cumberland.    C. 

Word  to  the  Wise,  1767,  Kelly.    C. 

AVorld  (3%«),  1772-1849,  Kenney.    C. 

Wounds  of  Civil  War,  1594,  Lodge.    H.PL 

Wreck  Ashore,  1830,  Buckstone.    MeL 


X.  Y.  Z.,  1810,  Colraan.    F- 


Yorkshire  Tragedy  {The),  1604,  Alton,  (at  ona 
time  printed  with  the  name  of  Shakespeare). 
Young  Admiral  (Jhe),  1633,  Shirley.    Pi. 


Zaire,  1733,  Voltaire.  T. 
Zaire,  1815.  Winter.  O. 
Zapolya,  1818,  Colerids;e.  T.  (founded  on   The 

Winter's  Tale,  by  Shakespeare). 
Zara,  17 '\  Hill.    T.  (an  Kuglish   version   ol 

Volw._  e's  Zaire). 
Zauberflote  {Die),  1791,  Mozart.    0. 
Zelinda,  1772,  Calini.    C.  (a  prize  play\ 
Zemire  et  Azor,  1771,  Marmontel.    0.  (music  by 

Gretry). 
Zenobia,  1758,  Piccini.    0. 
Zenobia,  1768,  Murphy.    T. 
Zobeide,  1772,  Craddock. 
Zoraide  di  Granata,  1822,  DonizettL    0. 
ZorinaVU,  1809,  Morton. 


(Altogetber.  2517.) 


APPENDIX  11. 

DATES  OF  POEMS,  NOVELS,  ETC.,  REFERRED  TO 
IN  THIS  BOOK. 

EXPLANATION  OF  CONTRACTIONS. 


Adr. 

= 

Adventure. 

Hy. 

= 

Hymn  or  hymns. 

Alex. 

:= 

Alexandrian   (12  or    13  syl. 

Iamb. 

=: 

Iambic  metre,  ^  - 

metre). 

Iron.Tr. 

=: 

Ironical  treatise. 

AUeg. 

= 

Allegory. 

Irr.m. 

= 

Irregular  metre. 

altrh. 

= 

Alternate  rhyme. 

Lg. 

:= 

Legtnd. 

Autobiog. 

= 

Autobiography. 

Mon. 

= 

Monody. 

b.v. 

=: 

Blank  verse. 

N.Ode. 

r= 

Naval  ode. 

Bal. 

= 

Ballad. 

Nov. 

r= 

Novel, 

Biog. 

= 

Biography. 

oc. 

= 

Octosyllabic  metre. 

Biog.Rom 

.  == 

Biographical  romance. 

ot.r. 

= 

Ottava  rima. 

dial. 

== 

Comic  ballad. 

p'.Pr. 

=: 

Poetry. 

Ch.Ode. 

:= 

Choral  ode. 

= 

Poetic  prose. 

CoLSat. 

:::^ 

Colloquial  satire. 

Past. 

=: 

Pastoral  or  pastorals. 
Pastoral  ballad. 

d.m. 

= 

Different  metres. 

Past.Bal 

= 

D.Pm. 

:= 

Didactic  poem  or  poetry. 

Pn. 

:= 

Pindaric  metre  or  ode. 

Des-Pm 

= 

Descriptive  poem. 

Pn.Ode. 

= 

Pindaric  ode. 

Dial. 

=1 

Dialogue. 

Po.Epis. 

= 

Politial  epistle. 

Dr.Pm. 

:= 

Dramatic  poem. 

Po.Rom 

= 

Political  romance. 

E.Sap. 

= 

English  sapphic. 

Po.Sat. 

= 

Political  satire. 

Eel. 

=: 

Eclogue. 

Po.Skt. 

= 

Political  skit. 

Eleg. 

=r 

Elegy. 

pr. 

=: 

Prose. 

Ent. 

== 

Entertainment. 

Pr.AUeg 

.= 

Prose  allegory. 

Ep. 

=r 

Epic  poem. 

Pr.Ep. 

:= 

Prose  epic. 

Es. 

r= 

Essay  or  essayt. 

rh. 

= 

Rhyme. 

H.C. 

:::: 

Heroi-comic. 

Rom. 

r= 

Romance. 

H.M. 

;^ 

Heroic  or  10  syl.  metre. 

Sat. 

= 

Satire. 

H.Hy. 

;- 

Heroic  hymn. 

Sp.m. 

:= 

Spenserian  metre. 

H.St. 

— 

Heroic  stanzas. 

St. 

== 

Stanzas  of  4  or  more  linet. 

Hex. 

z= 

Hexameter. 

ter.rh. 

= 

Ternary  rhyme. 

Hist. 

~ 

History. 

Topog. 

=: 

Topographical. 

Hist.NoT. 

=; 

Historic  novd. 

Troch. 

= 

T>  ochaic,  i.e.  -  v 

Hist.Rom 

= 

Historic  romance. 

T. 

= 

Verse  or  verses. 

ENGLISH  AND  AMERICAN. 
Addtson  {Joseph),  1672-1719. 
Campaign,  1705,    (The  Victory  of  Bleiiheim.) 

H.M.;  rh. 
Freeholder,  1715.     Es.;  pr. 
Guardian,  1713.    Es. ;  pr. 
Poems,  1719. 

Spectator,  1711-12,  1714.    Ea. ;  pr. 
Tatler,  1709-11.     Es. ;  pr. 

(For  dramatic  pieces,  see  Afpenwx  I.) 
Akenside  (Mark),  1721-1770. 
Naiads,  1767.    H.Hy. 

Odes,  1745.  ^    „„ 

Pleasures  of  Imagination,  1744  (3  bkg.).  H.M. ; 

b.v. 


Abbcthkot  (^Dr.  John),  1660-1735. 

History  of  John  Bull,  1712.    Po.Skt. ;  pr. 
Abmstrong  (Dr.  John),  1709-1779. 

Art    of    I'reserving    Health    {The),    1744 
(4  bks.).    D.Pm.;  H.M. ;  b.r. 

Bailet  (Philip  James),  1816- 

Age  (The),  1858.    Col.Sat. ;  p. 

Angel  World  (The),  1850 ;  p. 

Festus,  1839.    Dr.Pm. ;  d.m. 

Mystic  (TA*),  1855;  p. 
Barbour  (John),  1320-1395. 

Bruce  (rA«X  1375  (13,000  lines).  Scotch  Kp.;  oc. 
(Written  at  the  request  of  David  Bruce.) 
Bkattie  (James),  1735-1803. 

Minstrel,  pt.  i.  1773,  ii.  1774  (2  bks.).   Spju. 


1160 


APPENDIX  II. 


\ 


ECKFOKD  (^Williani),  1761-1844. 
Vathek,  1784.    Tale  ;  pr. 
BtACKMORK  (Sir  Richard),  1650-1729. 
Creation,  1712  (7  bks.).    H.M.;rh. 
Prince  Arthur,  1696  (6  bks.).    Ep. 
BlXIR  {Robert),  1699-1747. 

Grave  (The),  1743.     H.M.;  b.v. 
Browne  ( IFtW/am),  1590-1645. 
Britajinia's  Pastorals,  1613 (2  bks.  ea.  5  songs); 

d.m. 
Sheplierd's  Pipe,  1614  (7  Eel.). 
BoLWER.    (See  "  Lytton.") 
BuNYAN  (John),  1628-1688. 
Holy  War  {The),  1682.    AUeg. ;  pr. 
Pilgrim's  Progress,  pt.i.  1678,  ii.  1684.  AUeg.;  pr. 
Burnet    (Miss,    afterwards    Mde.    d'Arblay), 

1752-1840. 
Evelina,  1778.    Nov. 
Burns  {Robert),  1759-1796  (Scotch  lyric  poet). 
Auld  Lang  Syne,  179:5  (not  original). 
Cotter's  Saturday  Night,  1787.    Sp.m. 
Death  and  Dr.  Hornbook,  1787  ;  6  line  St. 
Duncan  Gray,  1792. 
For  a'  that  an'  a'  that,  1796 ;  8  line  St. ;  8s, 

alt.rh. 
Green  Grow  the  Rashes,  0,  1787 ;  4  Ime  St. ; 

8s  and  chorus. 
Hallowe'en,    1787 ;   8  line  St. ;  88  and   an 

Adonic;  alt.rh. 
Highland  Mary,  1792;  8  line  St. ;  8.7. 
Mary  Morrison,  1793;  8  line  St.;  8s,  alt.rh. 
Scots  wha  hae,  1793.    Sapphic, 
Tam  O'Shanter,  1791.    Iamb. ;  8s,  rh. 
To  Mary  in  Heaven,  1788 ;  4  line  St.;  Ss,  alt.rh. 
To  a  Mountain  Daisy,  1786. 
To  a  Mouse,  1785. 
Twa  Dogs  (Cajsar  and  Luath),   1787.    Dial. ; 

8s,  rh. 
Burton  {Rev.  Robert),  1576-1640. 
Anatomy  of  Melancholy,  1621.     Mosaic  of 

Quotations;  pr. 
Butler  {^amuel),  1612-1680. 
Elephant  in   the  Moon,   1654.    Sat.   on    the 
-     Royal  Society ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Hudibras,  pt.  i.  1663,  ii.  1664,  iii.  1678  (ea.  3 

cant.).    Sat.  on  the  puritans  ;  oc. 
Btron  {iMvd  George  Gordon),  1788-1824. 

Age  ot  Bronze,  1821.  (Napoleon.)    H.M.  ;  rh. 
Beppo,  1820.     A  Venetian  story  ;  Sp.m. 
Bride  of  Abydos,  1813.    Irr.m. 
Childe  Harold,  canto  1.  1809, 11. 1810,  iii.  1816, 

iv.  1817.    Des.Pm. ;  Sp.m. 
Corsair,  1814.    H.M. ;  rh. 
Don  Juan,  cantos  i.  ii.  1819,  iii.-v.  1820,  vi.-xvi. 

1824 ;  ter.rh. 
English  Bards  and  Scotch  Reviewers,  1809. 

Sat.;  H.M.;  rh. 
'9iaour,  1813.    Irr.m. ;  rh. 
Hebrew  Melodies,  1815  ;  d.m. 
Hours  of  Idleness,  1807 ;  d.m. 
Island,  1819  (4  cant.).    H.M. ;  rh. 
Lament  of  Tassn.  I«l7.    H.M. ;  rh. 
l^ra,  1814.  (Sequel  of  The  Corsair,)  H.M. ;  rb. 
Mazeppa,  1819 ;  oc. 
Parisina,  1816.    Irr.m. 
Prisoner  of  Chillon,  1816.    Irr.m. 
Prophecy  of  Dante,  1819  (3  cant.).    H.M. ;  rh. 
Siege  of  Corinth,  1816.    Irr.m. 
Vision  of  Judgment,  1820.  (George  III.)  Skit 

on  Soutbey's  poem  ;  ter.rh. 

(For  dramatic  pieces,  see  Affsndix  I.) 


Campbell  (Tlimnas),  1777-1844. 

Exile  of  Erin,  1801.     Ril. 

Gertrude  of  Wyoming,  1809  (3  pts.).    Sp.m. 

Hohenlinden,  1801.     K.Sap. 

Pilgrim  of  Glencoe,  1841. 

Pleasures  of  Hope,  1799  (2  pts.).   H.M. ;  rh. 

ReuUura  {i.e.  beautiful  star),  1817.    Ode. 

Theodoric,  1824.     H.M. ;  rh. 

Ye  Mariners  of  England,  1801.    N.Ode. 
Carlyle  {Uiomas),  1795- 

Frederick  the  Great,  vols.  i.  ii.  1858,  iii.  iv. 
1862.     Biog. ;  pr. 

French  Revolution,  1837.    Hist. ;  pr. 

Sartor  Kesartus,  1833.    Autobiog.  of  Teufels- 
droekh  of  Wcis&nichtwo,  i.e.  Mr.  Shoddy  ol 
Nowhere;  pr. 
Chaucer  {Geoffrey),  1328-1400. 

Assembly  of  Fowls  (694  v.). 

Book  of  the  Duchess  (1334  v.). 

Canterbury  Tales,  1388  (22  p. ;  2  pr.).  H.M.;  rh. 

Chaucer's  Dream  (2235  v.). 

Court  of  Love  (1442  v.). 

Flower  of  the  Leaf  (595  v.). 

House  of  Fame  (3  bks.) ;  oc. 

Parliament  of  Birds,  1358. 

Roraaunt  of  the  Rose,  about  1360  (from  the 
Jioman  de  la  Rose  of  Lorris  and  Meung)  ; 
7701  V. ;  oc. 

Treatise  on  the  Astrolable,  1391  (a  fragment); 
pr. 

Troylus  and  Cresseyde,  1369  (5  bks.).    Based 
on  the  Filostrato  of  Boccaccio. 
Churchill  (Charles),  "The  British  Juvenal," 
1731-1764. 

Apology  to  Critical  Reviewers,  1761.  Sat.; 
H.M.;  rh. 

Author  (The),  1763.    Sat. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 

Candidate  (27ie),  1764.    Sat.;  H.M. ;  rh. 

Duellist  (TAc),  1763.     Sat.;  H.M.;  rh. 

Epistle  to  Hogarth,  1764.    Sat. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 

Farewell  (The),  1762.    Sat. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 

Ghost  {l%e),  1762.  Sat.  (directed  agamat  Dr. 
Johnson);  H.M. ;  rh. 

Gotham,  1764  (3  bks.).    Sat. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 

Independence,  1764.    Sat.;  H.M.;  rh. 

Night(an  Epistle  to  Lloyd),1762.  Sat.;  H.M. ;rh. 

Prophecy  of  Famine,  1762.  Po.Squib. ;  H.M. ;  rh, 

Rosciad(2%e),  1761.    Sat.;  H.M.;  rh. 

Times  ( The),  1 764.    Sat. ;  H .  M . ;  rh . 
Coleridge  (Samuel  Taylor),  1772-1834. 

Ancient  Mariner,  1797  (7  pts.).    St. ;  8.6. 

Christabel.pt.  i.l797,ii.l800,published  1816;  oc. 

Fears  in  Solitude,  1798. 

France,  1797.    Ode. 

Friend  (7%e),  1812;  pr. 

Juvenile  Poems,  1794;  d.m. 

Love,  1797. 

Ode  to  the  Departing  Year.  1798.    Ch.Odfc 

Religious  Musings,  1796.    H.M. ;  b.v. 

Table  Talk,  posthumous  1835 ;  pr. 
Collins  (  Wilkie),  1824-       (novelB). 

After  Dark,  1856. 

Antonia,  1851. 

Basil,  1858. 

Dead  Secrets,  1858. 

Hide  and  Seek,  1853. 

No  Name,  1863. 

Woman  in  White,  1861. 
Etc.,  etc. 
Collins  (m-«iam),  1720-1754 

Odes,  1745-46. 


DATES  OF  POEMS  AND  NOVELS. 


1161 


Oriental  Eclogues,  1742.    H.M.;  rb. 

Pa98lonB(7'A«),  1746.     Pn.Ode. 
OoopEB  (Fenimore),  I789-I851  (uoTeUl). 

Afloat  aiul  Asboje,  1844. 

Borderers. 

Biavo  (The),  >831. 

Crater  (77i«)/ir  Vulcan's  Peak,  1847. 

Deerslayer  CTke),  1841. 

Destroyer  OTJie),  1841. 

Eve  EfTinghara. 

Headsman  of  Berne,  183J. 

Heatbcot^s. 

Heidenmauer,  1832. 

History  of  a  Pocket-handkerchief,  1843. 

Homeward  Bound. 

Jack  Tier,  1848  (Ked  Raver  recast). 

Last  of  the  Mohicans,  1826. 

Lionel  Lincoln,  1825. 

Miles  AVallingford,  1844. 

New  Myers,  1843. 

Notions  of  a  Travelling  Brother,  1828. 

Oak  Openings,  1848. 

Outward  pound. 

Pathfinder,  1840. 

Pilot,  1823. 

Pioneers,  1823. 

Prairie,  1826. 

Precaution,  1819. 

Red  Rover,  1826. 

Sea  Lions,  1849. 

Spy,  1822.    (The  War  of  Independence.) 

Two  Admirals  (The),  1842. 

Water  Witch,  1830. 

Ways  of  the  Hour,  1850. 

Wept  of  Wlshton  Wish  (The),  1827. 

Wing  and  Wing,  1842. 

Wyandotte,  1843. 
Etc.,  etc. 
Cotton  (l>r.  Nathaniel),  1707-1788. 

(8)  Visions  in  Verse,  1751 ;  oc. 
OowLET  (Abraham),  1618-1667. 

Carmina,  1662. 

DavideiA,  1635  (4  bks.).    £p.  (incomplete); 
H.M. ;  rh. 

Four  Ages  of  England,  1657. 

Mistress,  1647  (a  collection  of  love  verses). 

Pindaric  Odes,  1663. 

Poem  on  the  Civil  War,  1662. 

Poetic  Blossoms,  1633. 

Puritan  and  Papist,  1643. 

Tragical  History  of  Pyramus  and  Thisbe,  1628 
(aged  10). 
CowpRR  (William),  1731-1800. 

Boadicea,  1790.     Bal.;  St.;  78. 

Charity,  1782.    H.M. ;  rh. 

Conversation,  1782.    H.M.;rh. 

Expostulation,  1782.    H.M.;  rh. 

Homer  translated,  1791.    H.M. ;  b.T. 

Hope,  1782.    H.M.;  rh. 

John  Gilpin,  1782.    C.Bal. ;  St. ;  8.6. 

Miscellaneous  Poems,  1793;  djn. 

Olney  Hymns,  1779 ;  d.m. 

Progress  of  Error,  1782.    H.M. ;  rh. 

Retirement,  1782.    H.M.;  rh. 

'iable  Talk,  1782.    Dial.;  HM.;rh. 

Ta.sk  (The),  1785  (6  bks.).     H.M.  ;  b.T. 

Truth,  1782.    H.M. ;  rh. 
Ceabbk  (George),  1754-1832. 

Borough  (The\  1810  (24  letters).    H.M. ;  rh. 

Hallof  Ju8tice(7%<),  1807  (2 pis.).  Dial.; St. ;  88. 

Library  (JU),  1807.    HJl.}  rh. 


Newspaper  (The),  1785.    H.M. ;  rb. 
Parish  Register,  1807  (3  pta.).     H.M.;  rh. 
Sir  Eustace  Grey,  1807.    (Madhouse.)  Dl*L  t 

St.;  88. 
(21}  Tales,  1819  (based  on  facts).    H.M. ;  rh. 
(22)  Tales  of  the  Hall,  1819  (based  on' facts). 

H.M.;  rh. 
Village,  1807  (2  bks.).    H.M. ;  rh. 
CUNNINUHAH  {Johii),  1729-1773. 

Evening,  1766.  Lyric  ;  4  line  St. ;  88,  alt.rh. 
Morning,  1766.  Lyric;  4  line  St. ;  Ss,  alt.rh. 
Noon,  1766.    Lyric;  4  line  St. ;  88,  alt.rh. 

Daniel  (Samuel),  1562-1619. 
A   History  of  the  Civil  Wars  between    the 

Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster  (8  bks.)! 

8  line  St.;  H.M.;  rh. 
Defoe  (Darnri),  1661-1731. 
Apparitions  (Ilistory  of),  1727;  pr. 
Captain  Carleton,  1728.    Biog.Rom. ;  pr. 
Captain  Singleton,  1720.    Biog.Rom.;  pr. 
Colonel  Jack,  .     Biog.Rom. ;  pr. 

Dumb  Philosopher  (The),  1719;  pr. 
Duncan  Campbell,  1720.    Biog.Rom. ;  pr. 
Fortunate  Mistress  (The)  or  Rt>xana,  1724 ;  pr. 
History  of  the  Devil  (The  Political),  1726 ;  pr. 
Hymn  to  the  Pillory,  1703;  p. ;  oc. 
John  Sheppard,  1724.    Biog.Rom. ;  pr. 
Jonathan  Wild,  1725.    Biog.Rom. ;  pr. 
Jure  Divino,  1706. 

Moll  Flanders,  1721.    Biog.Rom. ;  pr. 
Plague  of  London,  1722.    Hist-Rom. ;  pr. 
Religious  Courtship,  1722. 
Robinson  Crusoe,  1719.    Tale  of  Adv. ;  pr. 
Shortest  Way  with  Dissenters,  1702.    (Against 

the  high-church  party,  for  which  be  was 

pilloried.)    Iron.Tr.;  pr. 
Speculum  Crape-gownorum,  1682. 
True-bom  Englishman,  1699.     (In  defence  of 

William  IIL)    Po.Sat.;  p.;  H.M.;  rh. 
Denhah  (Sir  John),  1615-1668. 

Cooper's  Hill,  1643.    H.M.;  rh. 
DiBDiN  (Charles),  1746-1814. 

Sea  Songs,  1790;  d.m. 
Dickens  (Charles),  1812-1870  (noTels). 
American  Notes,  1842. 
Bamaby  lludge,  1841, 
Battle  of  Life,  1846. 
Bleak  House,  1852. 
Chimes,  1844. 

Cricket  on  the  Hearth,  1846. 
David  Copperfield,  1849. 
Dr.  Marigold's  Prescription,  1866  (ChristmM 

number). 
Domjey  and  Son,  1846. 
(ireat  Expectations,  1860. 
Hard  Times,  1854. 

Haunted  House  (The),  1859  (Christmss  num- 
ber). 
Haunted  Man,  1848. 

Holly  Tree  Inn  (7%<),1856(Chri8tma8number). 
Little  Dorrlt,  1857. 
Martin  Chuzzlewit,  1843. 
Master  Humphrey's  Clock,  1840. 
Message  from  the  Sea  (A),  1860  (Christmas 

number). 
Mrs.    Llrriper's    Lodgings,    1863    (Christmas 

number). 
Mugby  Junction,  1866  (Christmas  number). 
Mystery  of  Edwin  Drood  (a  fragment),  187t. 
Nicholas  Nickleby,  1838. 


1162 


APPENDIX  II. 


No  Thoroughfare,  1867  (Christmas  number). 

Old  Curiosity  Shop,  1840. 

Oliver  Iwist,  1837. 

Our  Mutual  Friend,  1864. 

Pickwick  Papers,  1«.^6. 

Round  of  Stories  (.1;,  1852  (Christmas  num- 
ber). 

Sketches  by  Boz,  1835. 

Somebody's  Luggage,  1862  (Christmas  num- 
ber). 

St.  George  and  the  Dragon,  1866  (Christmas 
number). 

Tale  of  Two  Cities,  1859. 

Tenants  at  Will,  1864  (Christmas  number). 

Tom  Tiddler's  Ground,  1867  (Christmas 
number). 

Uncommercial  Traveller  (2%c). 
N.B.— The  Christmas  numtiers  are  only  in 

part  by  Dickens. 
DisKAELi  (/ieTyajftin),  loiti  Beaconsfield,  1805- 
(novels). 

Alroy  (  Wondrous  Tale  of). 

Cotiiiigsljy. 

Contarini  Fleming. 

Henrietta  Temple. 

Lothair,  1870. 

Revolutionary  Epic,  1834  ;  p. 

Rise  of  Iskauder. 

Sybil. 

Tancred. 

Venetia. 

Vivian  Grey,  1827. 

Young  Duke. 
(For  Alarcos,  see  Appkndix  I.) 
Dkattox  {MichMl),  1563-1631. 

Barons'  Wars  {The),  1595.  (I'he  ciyil  wars  of 
Fxiward  II.)  ;  8  line  St. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 

Battle  of  Agincoui-t,  1627  ;  8  line  St. ;  H.M. ; 
rh. 

England's  Heroic  Epistles,  1598  ;  p. 

Moses's  Birth  and  Miracles,  1593.   H.M. ;  alt.rh. 

Muse's  Elysium  (The),  1630 ;  p. 

Nymphidia  or  The  Court  of  Fairy,  1627; 
8  line  St. ;  8.7. 

Polyolbion,  songs  i.-x  1612,  xi.-xviii.  1613, 
xix.-x.\x.  1622  (30  songs).    Topog. ;  Alex. 

Shepherd's  Garland,  1593;  p. 
Drtden  (^John),  1631-1700. 

Absalom  and  Achitophel,  pt.  1.  1681,  li.  1682. 
(On  Monmouth's  rebellion.)  Po.Sat. ; 
H.M. ;  rh.     Pt.  ii.  chiefly  by  Tate. 

Alexander's  Feast,  1697.    Pn.Ode. 

Annus  Mirabilis,  1667.  (On  the  year  1666.)  St. ; 
H.M.;  alt.rh. 

Astrsea  Redux,  1660.  (On  tha  Restoration.) 
H.M. ;  alt.rh. 

Cromwell  (^Death  qf),  1658.  Eleg. ;  H.M. ; 
alt.rh. 

Fables,  begun  1698,  finished  \700  (7500  v.). 

Hind  and  the  Panther,  1687  (3  pts).  (In  de- 
fence of  the  Church  of  Rome.  The  "Hind  " 
is  the  Church  of  Rome,  the  "  Panther  "  the 
Church  of  England.)     Alleg. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 

Lord  Hastings  (i>ea(/i  of).  Eleg.;  H.M.;  rh. 
(This  was  his  first  poem.) 

MacFleckuoe,  1682.  Sat,  on  Shadwell ;  H.M. ; 
rh. 

Eeligio  Laici,  1682.  (The  faith  of  a  layman  of 
the  Anglican  Church.  Against  deists,  sec- 
tarians, and  dissenters.)  D.Pra. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 

8ong  for  iSt.  &cilia.  1687.    Ch.Ode. 


Virgil  translated,  begun  1694,  finished  1696. 
H.M. ;  rh. 

(For  the  28  dramatic  pieces,  see  Appekdix  I.) 
Dunbar  (  WYMiam),  1465-1530  (Scotch  poet). 

Golden  Targe  {The),  * 

Thrissil  and  the  Rose  {The),   1504.    (James 
IV.  was  the  "thistle,"  and  his  bride  Mar- 
garet the  "  rose  ") ;  7  line  St. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Dter  {Rev.  John),  1700-1758. 

Fleece  {The),  1758  (4  bks.).    H.M.;  b.v. 

Grongar  Hill,  1727.    Des.Pm. ;  oc. 

Ruins  of  Rome,  1740.    H.M. ;  b.T. 

Engrlish  Spy  (7%«),  1826,  C.  W.  Westmacott. 
*'  I'he  'I'urkish  Spy,"  by  John  Paul  Marana, 
1637-82. 

Falconer  {William),  1730-1769. 

Shipwreck,  1762  (3  cant.).    H.M.;  rh. 
Fielding  {Henry),  1707-1754  (novels). 

Amelia,       1751       (copyright     was      £1000). 
("Amelia"    is    sketched  from    Fielding's 
•wife,  and  "  Booth  "  is  Fielding  himself.) 
Jonathan  Wild,  1743. 

Joseph  Andrews,  1742.    (A  quiz  on  Richard- 
son's Pamela.) 
Journey  from  this  World  to  the  Next,  1735. 
Tom  Jones,  1749  (copyright  was  £600  +  100). 

(English  life  in  the  18th  cent.) 
True  Patriot,  1745. 

(For  dramatic  pieces,  see  Appekdix  I.) 
Fletcher  {Dr.  Giles),  1580-1623. 
Christ's  V  ictory  and  Triumphs  (4  poems),  1610 ; 
8  line  St. ;  10  syl.  and  an  Alex. 
Fletcher  {Phineas),  1584-1660. 
Purple  Island (r/t*),  1633(12cant.).  Alleg.Pm.; 
7   line   St.;    10  syl.  and  an  Alex.    (The 
"  Purple  Island  "  is  the  human  body.) 
Fosbroke  {Thomas  Dudley),  1770-1842. 
Encyclopa'dea  of  Antiquities,  1824;  pr. 
Foreign  Topography,  1828 ;  pr. 

Gall  {Richard),  177fr-1801  (Scotch  lyric  poet). 
Farewell  to  Ayrshire,  *  (erroneously  ascribed 

to  Burns) ;  8  line  St. ;  8.7,  alt.rh. 
My  only  Jo  and  Dearie  0,  *    8  line  St. ;  8«, 
alt.rh. 
Garth  {Sir  Samuel),  1657-1719. 

Dispensary  {The),  1699  (6  cant.).     H.M. ;  rh. 
Gat  {John),  1688-1732. 
(11)  Ballads,  1725;  d.m. 
Black-eyed  Susan,  1725.    Song;   6  line  St.; 

8.8.8.8.10.10. 
Dione,  *     Past,  tragedy ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
(14)  Epistles,  1709-22  ;  p. ;  d.m. 
Fables,  1726  (pt.  1.  50  ;  pt.  ii.  16)  ;  oc. 
Fan  {The),  1713  (3  bks.).    H.M. ;  rh. 
Rural  Sports,  1713  (2  cant.).   H.M.;  rh. 
Shepherd's  Week  (TAe),  1714  (6  Past.).  H.M.; 

rh. 
Trivia,  1712  (3  bks.).   H.M. ;  rh. 
(For  dramatic  pieces,  see  Appendix  I.) 
Geoffret  of  Monmouth,  ?  1082-1154. 

Historia  Britonum,  1142.    Lat.  pr. 
Gibbon  {Ed>mrd),  1737-1794. 

Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  1776- 

88.     Hist,;  pr. 

Glover  {Richard),  1712-1785. 

Admiral  Hosier's  Ghost,  1739.     Bal.;  Troch. 

St. ;  8.7.     (This  was  a  very  parallel  case  to 

that  of  sir  Richard  ttrenrille,  the  subject  of 


DATES  OF  POEMS  AND  NOVELS. 


1163 


Tennyson's  ballad  (p.  405).    The  incident 

is  given  p.  456,  q.v.) 
AthoiiJiis    (The),  *       (The    Continuation   of 

Leonidas)  ;  b.v. 
Leonidas,  1737  (12  bks.).    Ep. ;  b.r. 

(For  his  two  tragedies,  see  Afi'ekdix  I.) 
Godwin  {Francis),  1561-1633. 

Man  in  the  Moon,  posthumous  1638 ;  pr. 
Nuntius  Inanimatus  in  Utopia,  1629 ;  pr. 
Godwin  (  William),  1756-1836. 
Caleb  Williams,  1794.    Not. 
Golden  Ijeg-end  (We),  James  deVaragine, 

1230-1298.    (See  "  Longfellow.") 
Historia    Lombardina,    seu    Legenda   Sancta, 

usually  called  "  Legenda  Aurea,"  about  1292. 
Goldsmith  {Oliver),  1728-1774. 
Bee,  1759-60.    Es. ;  pr. 
Citizen  of  the  World,  1759  (123  letters) ;  pr. 
Deserted  Village,  1769     D.Pm.;   H.M.;    rh. 

(Griffin  gave  him  £105  for  the  copyright.) 
Double  Transformation  {The),  1765.    A  tale  in 

v.;  oc. 
Earth  and  Animated  Nature  {The),  1774;  pr. 
Edwin  and  Angelina.    (See  "  Hermit.") 
Elegy  on  a  Mad  Dog,  1765.    St. ;  8.6. 
(24)  Essays,  1765 ;  pr. 

Haunch  of  Venison  (4),  1765.  Po.Epis.;  Alex. 
Hermit  {The),  1765.    Bal.;  4  line  St. ;  8.6. 
Retaliation,  1774.     Poem;  11  syl.,  rh. 
Traveller  {Ths\  1765.    D.Pm. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Vicar  of  Wakefield,  1766.   Nov. 

(For  dramatic  pieces,  see  Appendix  I.) 
GowER  {John),  1327-1402. 
(50)  Balades,  1350  (in  French). 
Confes3ioAmftnti8,1393.  A  poet.  DlaLinEng.; 

oc    (Written  at  the  request  of  Richard  II.) 
Speculum  Meditantis,  1370  (in  French).     No 

known  copy  of  this  poem  exists. 
Vox  Clamantis,  1381  (in  Latin).    This  poem 

was  never  printed. 
Qrxx  {Thrnnas),  1716-1771. 
Bard,  1757.     Pn.Ode. 
Elegy  In  a  Country  Churchyard,  1749.    H.M. ; 

4  line  St. ;  alt.rh. 
Eton  College,  1747.  Ode;  10  line  St. ;  8.C. 
Progress  of  Poesy,  1757.    Pn.Ode. 

Hauburton  {Thomas  C),  1796-1865. 

English  in  America,  1851 ;  pr. 

Nature  and  Human  Nature,  1855 ;  pr. 

Old  Judge,  1849 ;  pr. 

Sam  Slick  or  The  Clockraaker  (7%<;),  1837 ;  pr. 
Hall  {Joseph),  "The  Christian  Seneca,"  1674- 
1656. 

Satires,  1597  (3  bks.).    H.M.;  rh. 
Ha  WES  {Stephen),  In  the  reiga  of  Henry  VII. 

Exemple  of  Vertu,  1530  ;  p. 

Passe-tyme  of   Plesure,   1506,  printed   1517. 
( The  History  of  Graunde  Amoure  and  La 
Belle  Pucell) ;  7  line  St. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Hkmans  {Mrs.),  1793-1835  (poetry ;  d.m.). 

Domestic  Affections,  1812. 

Forest  Sanctuary,  1826. 

Hymns  for  Childhood,  1834. 

Lays  of  Leisure  Hours,  1829. 

Records  of  Women,  1828. 

Sceptic  (The),  1821. 

Songs  or  the  Affections,  1830. 
Hbnby  the  Minstrel  {Blind  Harry),  1355- 
1446  (Scotch  poet). 

Willace,  1407  (11  bks.).    Ep.;  H.M.;  rh. 


Herbert  {George),  1593-1632. 
Priest  to  the  Temple  (2%«)  or  The  Country 

Parson,  1652 ;  pr. 
Temple  {'Hui)  or  Church,  1633 ;  p. ;  d.m. 
Hergrest  {The  Red  Book  of)  or  '  Mabinogion." 
12th  cent.   (Tales  of  the  early  British) ;  pr. 

Johnson  {Dr.  Samuel),  170»-178i. 

Idler,  1758.    Es. ;  pr. 

Life  of  Savage,  1744 ;  pr. 

lx)ndon,  1738.    Sat.;  H.M.;  rh. 

Rambler,  1750-52.    Es. ;  pr. 

Rasselas,  1759.    Tale ;  pr. 

Vanityof  Human  Wishes,  1749.  Sat. ;  JI.M. ;  rh, 
(For  Irene,  see  Appendix  I.) 
Johnson  {Richard),  ?  1560-?1627. 

Nine  Worthies  of  Ijondon,  1592 ;  pr. 

Seven  Champions,  1617 ;  pr. 

Keats  {J(fhn),  1796-1820  (poet). 
F^ndymion,  1817.     Rora.  in  v. ;  H.M.;  rb. 
Eve  of  St.  Agnes,  1820.    Sp.ra. 
Hyperion,  1820.    H.M. ;  b.v. 
Isabella,  1820. 
Lamia,  1820. 

Ode  to  the  Grecian  Urn,  1820. 
Ode  to  the  Nightingale,  1820;   10  liao  St.; 
H.M.  and  one  short  Hue. 

Langland  (  William),  about  1332-1400. 

Vision  of  Piers  Plowman,  1362.    Sat.  poem 
(Ang.-Sax.  alliterative  poetry). 
Longfellow  {Henry  WadsvMxrlh),  1807- 

Ballads,  etc.,  1841. 

Belfry  of  Bruges,  1846;  2  line  St.;  15  syL,  rh. 

Evangeline,  1847  (2  pts.).   Hex. 

Golden  Legend  {The),  1851.    Dr.Pm. 

Hiawatha,  1855  (22  staves).  An  Indian  Alleg. ; 
Troch.  ;  8  syl.,  not  rh.  (The  most  original 
production  of  the  cent.) 

Hyperion,  1840.     Rom.  in  pr. 

Kavanagh,  1849.  A  poetico-philosophical  tale. 

Miles  Standlsh,  1858.    Hex. 

Outre-mer,  1835.    (His  first  work);  pr. 

Poems  on  Slavery,  1842 ;  d.m. 

Seaside  {The)  and  the  Fireside,  1850. 

Spanish  Student  {The),  1843.    Dr.Pm.  3  acta. 

Tales  of  a  Wayside  Inn,  1863;  p. 

To  a  Child,  1848.    Irr.m. 

Voices  of  the  Night,  1841 ;  p. 
Ltttelton  {George,  lord),  1709-1773. 

Monody,  1747.    Pn.Ode. 

Progress  of  Love,  1727  (4  eel.).    H.M. ;  rh. 
Lttton  {Edward  Lytton  Bvlwer,  lord),  180S- 
1873. 

Arthur  {King),  1848.  Ep. ;  6  line  St. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 

Athens,  its  Kise  and  Fall,  1837 ;  pr. 

Caxtonia,  1863.    Nov. 

Caxtons,  1851.    A  domestic  Nor. 

Devereux,  1830.    Not. 

Disowned,  1829.   Nov. 

England  and  the  Engli.sh,  1833 ;  pr. 

Ernest  Maltravers,  1837.  Nov. 

Eiigeii.-  Aram,  1831.    Not. 

Eva,  1842.     A  poem. 

Falkland,  1827.    (His  first  Not.) 

Godolphin,  *    Nov. 

Harold,  1850.   Hist.Nov. 

Ismael,  1820.    An  Oriental  tale. 

Kenelm  Chillingly.  Nov. 


1164 


APPENDIX  II. 


Last  Days  of  Pompeii,  1835.   Hist.Nov. 

Last  of  the  Barons,  1849.    Hist.Nor. 

Leila  and  Calderon,  1838. 

Lucre  tia,  1849.     Nov. 

Miletus  (Lost  Tales  of). 

JHy  Nuvel,  1852.    Nov. 

New  Timon,  1846  ;  p. 

Night  and  Morning,  1837.    No>. 

C»'Neil  or  The  Rebel,  1826.     Tale  in  V. 

Parisians,  1873.     Nov. 

Paul  Clifford,  1830.     Nov. 

Pelh  im,  1823.    (His  second  Nov.) 

Pilgrims  of  the  KhiiiP,  1834.   Nov. 

Rlenzi,  1836.   Hist.Nov. 

St.  Stephen's,  1861.   A  poem. 

Sculpture,  1825. 

Strange  Story,  1861.   Nor. 

Weeds  and  Wildflowers,  1826 ;  d.m.  (His  first 

production.) 
What  Will  He  do  with  It  ?  1860.    Nov. 
Zanoni,  1842.    Nov. 

(For  dramatic  pieces,  see  ArPEXDix  L) 

Iffabmogrion  (Tfte)  or  the  "Red  Book  of 
Horgest,"  12th  cent.  (Tales  of  the  early 
British);  pr.  (Welsh). 

Macau  LAT(TAomas  Bal>ivgton  Macaulay,  lord), 

1800-1859. 

Armada  (The),  1832  (a  fragment).   Alex.;  rh. 

Ivry,  aSongof  the  Huguenots,  1824.  A.iex. ;  rh. 

(4)  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome,  1842*  p. 
Mackenzie  (^Uenry),  1745-1831.      * 

Man  of  Feeling,  1771.    Nov. 
Macphekson  (.James),  1738-1796. 

Poems  of  Ossian,  1760-63.    P.Pr. 
KEag-azines  and  Reviews. 

Academy,  1869. 

Athenasum,  1828. 

Belgravia,  1866. 

Blackwood,  1817. 

Cornhill,  1859. 

Edinburgh  Review,  1802. 

Gentleman's  Magazine,  1731. 

Notes  and  Queries,  1849. 

Quarterly  Review,  1809. 

Saturday  Review,  18.5.'>, 
Mallet  (David),  1700-1765. 

Eilwin  and  Emma,  1760.  Bal. ;  4  line  St. ;  8.6. 

William  and  Margaret,  1760.     Bal.;  4  line 
St.;  8.6. 
Malouy  (Sir  Tliomas),  1430-?  1496. 

Morte  d'Arihuror  History  of  Prince  Arthur 
1470.    Rom. 
Milton  (John),  1608-1674. 

Arcades,  1632.    Eut. ;  rh. 

Death  of  an  Infant,  1625  (Milton  was  17). 
H.M. ;  7  line  St.,  with  an  Alex.;  rh. 

L*  Allegro,  1645.     Troch. ;  7s,  rh. 

Lycidas,  1638.     Mon. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 

May  Morning,  1630.     Song;  10.8. 

Morning  of  Christ's  Nativity,  1629.  H.M. ; 
7  line  St.,  with  an  Ale.K. ;  rh.  It  is  followed 
by  "  The  Hymn  ;"  8  line  St. ;  6.10.8.10,  rh. 

Paradise  I^st,  1665  (12  bks.).   Ep. ;  H.M. ;  b.v. 

Paradise  Regained,  1671  (4  bks.).  Ep. ;  H.M. ; 
b.v. 

Penseroso  (11),  1645.    Iamb. ;  8s,  rh. 

Psiilms,  1623. 

Smectymnuus  (Apology  for),  1642.  (Against 
Episcopacy);  pr. 

Vacation  Exercise,  1627  (aged  19).    H.M. ;  rh. 


(For  Comus    and   Samson    Agonistes,  see 
Appendix  I.) 
MoNTGOMERT  (Jamcs),  1771-1854. 

Greenland,  1810  (5  cant.).    D.Pm. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Hymns,  1853;  d.m. 
Miscellaneous  Poems,  1803-20 ;  d.m. 
Pelican  Island,  1827.     D.Pm. ;  H.M. ;  b.v. 
Prison  Anm.sements,  1795,  1796 ;  d.m.  (He  was 

imprisoned  in  the  castle  of  York  for  publi.sh- 

ing  in  the  Iris,  of  which  he  was  editor, 

an  article  upon  the  taking  of  the  Bastille.) 
Songs  of  Zion,  1822  ;  d.m. 
Wanderer  of  Switzerland  {The),  1806  (6pts.); 

4  line  St.;  7s,  rh. 
West  Indies,  1809  (4  pts.).    (On  the  abolition 

oi  the  slave  trade.)    H.M. ;  rh. 
World  before  the  Flood,  1812  (10  cant.).   Ep.  ; 

H.M. ;  rh. 
Montgomery  (Robert),  1807-1855  (poetry). 
Death,  1828. 
Luther,  1843. 
Messiah,  1843. 

Omnipresence  of  the  Deity,  1828.    H.M. ;  rh. 
Siicred  Meditations,  1847. 
Satan,  1829. 

Vision  of  Heaven,  1828. 
Vision  of  Hell,  1828. 
Moore  (Tliomas),  1779-1852. 
Anacreon,  1800  (translations  from  the  Greek) 
Ballads  and  Songs,  from  1806;  d.m. 
Epicurean,  1827.     Nov. ;  pr. 
(6)  Fables  of  the  Holy  Alliance,  1822. 
Fudge  Family  in  Paris,  1818  (12  letters  in  v.), 
lri.>h  Melodies,  1807-14  (9  NosO  ;  d.m. 
lialla  Rookh,  1817  (4  tales).    Oriental  Rom.; 

pr.  and  v. ;  d.m. 
Lores  of  the  Angels,  1822  (3  stories  in  v.). 
National  Airs,  1823  (3  Nos.) ;  d.m. 
Odes,  1806,  etc. 

Rhymes  on  the  Road,  1819  (8  extracts). 
Sacred  Songs,  1824  (2  Nos.)  ;  d.m. 
Tom  Crib's  Memorial  to  Congress,  1818  (5 

Nos.);  p. 
Tom    I.,ittle,  1808.    Poems,  chiefly  amatory, 

published  under  this  pseudonym ;  d.m. 
Torch  of  l.,iberty,  1814  ;  4  Une  St. ;  8.9. 
Twopenny  Post-bag,  1813  (8  "intercepted" 

letters  versified). 
More  (Mrt.  Hannah),  1745-1833. 
Coelebs  in  Search  of  a  Wife,  1809.  Not. 
Sacred  Dramas,  1782.    H.M. ;  b.v. 
Search  after  Happiness,  1773.    Past,  drama. 

(For  acting  dramas,  see  Appendix  I.) 
More  (Sir  Thomas),  1480-1535. 
Utopia.  1516.     Po.Rom.;  pr. 
Morris  (George),  1802- 

Woodman,  Spare  that  Tree,  1853.    Song. 
Morris  (  William),  1834-        (poetry). 
Defence  of  Guenevere,  1858. 
Earthly  Paradise,  1868. 
Life  and  Death  of  Jason,  1367. 

Otwat  (Thomas),  1651-1685. 
Windsor,  1686.    H.M. ;  rh. 

Parnell  (Thomas),  1679-1718. 

Battle  of  the  Frogs  and  Mice,  1700  (3  bk8.)i 

Mock  Epic,  from  the  Greek.     H..M. ;  rh. 
Fairy  Tale  (A),  Edwin  and  Sir  Topaz,  1698. 

(In  the  ancient  Eng.  style)  ;  6  line  St. ;  8.6. 

(Probably    suggested  to  Burns     his   Turn 

O'Shanter.) 


DATES  OF  POEMS  AND  NOVELS. 


1166 


Hermit  (The),  1710.     (From  the    lUlmud.') 

H.M.;rh. 
Night-piece    on  Death ;   8s,  rh.    (Goldsmith 

preferred    this    poem     to    Gray's   famous 

Elegy,  which  it  probably  suggested.) 
Pkter  PiNDAit  (John  Wolcot),  1738-1819. 
Birthday  Ode,  1786.    (The  visit  of  George  III. 

to  Whitbread's  brewery.)    Irr.m. 
Bozzy  and  Piozzi,  1796.    A  town  Eel.  in  2  pts. ; 

Dial. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Lousiad.    An  H.C.  poem  in  5  cantos.    Canto  i. 

1786.    (A  lampoon  on  George  III.,  who  saw 

a  louse  in  his  green  peas  served  at  table, 

and  ordered  his  cooks  to  have  their  heads 

shaved  in  future.)     H.M. ;  rh. 
(15)   Lyric   Odes,  1782.     S^it.  on. the  Royal 

Academicians;  d.m. 
Ode  upon  Ode,  1785.   (The  collection  contains 

"The  King  (George  III.)  and  the  Apple 

Dumplings.")    Irr.m. 
Orson  and  Ellen,  1796.    A  legendary  tale  in 

5  cantos  ;  4  line  St. ;  8.6. 
Pilgrims  and  the  Peas  (The),  1782.  (One  of  the 

early  Lyric  Ode^.)    Irr.m. 
Piudariana  or  Peter  Pindar's  Portfolio,  1796. 
Kazor  Seller  (The),  1782.    (One  of  the  early 

Lyric  Odes.)    Irr.m. 
Tristia  or  the  Sorrows  of  Pindar,  1796.     St. ; 

H.M.;  alt.rh. 
Whitbread's  Brewery  visited  by  their  Majes- 
ties.   (See  "  Birthday  Ode.") 
Philips     (Ambrose),    1671-1749    (whig   poet), 

nicknamed  Namby-Famby  Philips. 
(6)  Pastorals  (called  by  Tickell  "  the  finest  in 

the  language  "),  1748.     H.M. ;  rh. 
Philips  (John),  1676-1708  (tory  poet). 
Blenheim,  1705.     H.M.;b.v. 
Cyder,  1706  (2  bks.).    Georgic;  H.M.;  b.r. 
Splendid  Shilling  (The),  1703.    (A  parody  on 

the  style  of  Milton.)    H.M. ;  b.v. 
POE  (Edgar),  1811-1849. 
Bells(2%e),about  1831.  (Word-painting.)Irr.m. 
Eureka,  1848.    A  prose  poem. 
Raven,  about  1831;    6    line  St.;  16.15,  and 

Adonic  of  7. 
POLLOK  (Robert),  1799-1827. 
Course  of  Time  (The),  1827  (10  bka.).     Ep. ; 

H.M. ;  b.v. 
Pope  (Alexander),  1688-1744. 
Bathos  or  The  Art  of  Sinking,  1727. 
Dunciad,  pts.  i.-iii.  1726,  pubL  1728,  iv.  1742. 

H.M. ;  rh. 
Elegy  on  an  Unfortimate  Lady,  1717.  H.M.;  rh. 
Eloisa  to  Abelard,  I7l7.    H.M. ;  rh. 
Epilogue  to  the  Satires,  1738.     H.M. ;  rh. 
Essay  on  Criticism,  1709.     D.Pm. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Essay  on  Man,  1733  (4  epist.).  D.Pm.;  H.M.;rh. 
Iliad,  i.-iv.  1715,  completed  1719  (begun  1713). 

H.M.;  rh. 
Messiah,  1711.    Sacred  Eel.;  H.M.;  rh. 
Miscellaneous  Poems,  1709 ;  d.m. 
Moral  Essays,  1731  (5  epist.).    H.M. ;  rh. 
Ode  on  St.  Cecilia's  Day,  1708.     Pn. 
Odyssey,  1725  (begun  1721).     H.M.;  rh. 
(4)  Pastorals,  1709.     H.M. ;  rh. 
Rape  of  the  Lock,  1712.   H.C.  poem  in  5  cantos. 

H.M.;  rh. 
Satires,  1734.    H.M.;    rh.    (Free  imitations 

of  the  satires  and  epistles  of  Horace.) 
Temple  of  Fame,  1711.    H.M. ;  rh. 
Windsor  Forest,  1704, 1713.    H.M. ;  rh. 


Pkior  (Matthevj),  1664-1721. 

A.lma.  1717  (3  cant.).    D.Pm. ;  Iamb. ;  8g,  rh. 

Carmen  Seculare,  1700.    Irr.m. 

City  Mouse  and  Country  .Mou«e,  1638.  (In 
ridicule  of  Dryden's  lllnd  and  Panther.) 

Solomon,  1718  (3  bks.).    H.M. ;  rh. 
PuLTOCK  (Robert),  ?  1724-?  1771. 

Peter  Wilkins,  1750.    Rom. ;  pr. 

QuARLES  (Francis),  1592-1644. 
Alphabet   of   Elegies  (The),   1625.     (On  Dr. 

Aylmer.) 
Emblems,  1635;  d.m. 
Enchiridion  of  Meditations,  1641.    Fs.  and 

Ap  horisms. 
Loyal  Convert,  1644. 
Song  of  Anarchus. 

Richard  of  Cirencester  (Richardus  Corinen- 
sis),  1320-1401  (historian). 

De  Situ  Britanniaa,  1355.     Lat.  pr. 

Historia  ab  Hengista  ad  Ann.  1348.    I.at.  pr. 
Richardson  (Samuel),  1689-1761  (novelist). 

Clarissa  Harlowe,  1748. 

Pamela,  1740. 

Sir  Charles  Grandison,  1753. 
RiDLET (James),?  1722-?1777  (pseudonym, sir C. 
Moreli). 

Tales  of  the  Genii,  1751 ;  pr. 
RiTSON  (Joseph),  1752-1803. 

Ancient  Songs,  etc.,  1790  ;  d.m. 

Robin  Hood  Ballads,  1795 ;  dan. 

Scottish  Songs,  1794 ;  d.m. 
Rochester  (John  Wilmot,  earl  of),  1647-1680. 

My  Dear  Mistress  has  a  Heart,  1668  ;  2  St. 
of  8  lines;  8.9.  (SpolTorth  selected  these 
words  for  a  glee,  4  voices.) 

Upon  Nothing,  *  3  line  St. ;  10.10.14,  triple  rh. 
Rogers  (Samuel),  1763-1855. 

Columbus,  1812  (12  cant.).    H.M.;  rh. 

Human  Life,  1819.    D.P.;  H.M.;  rh. 

lUly,  1823  (pt.  i.  22  subjects ;  pt.  ii.  24  sub- 
jects).    H.M. ;  b.v. 

Jivcqueline,  1814.    Iamb. ;  8s,  rh. 

Pleasures  of  Memory,  1792  (2  pts.).  D.Pm. ; 
H.M. ;  rh. 

Superstition,  and  other  Poems,  l78fr-1805 ;  d.m. 

Table  Talk,  posthumous  1856 ;  pr. 

Sactrville  (Jhamas),  earl  of  Dorset,  1536-1608. 
Mirrour  for  Magistraytes,  1557.  D.Pm. ;  1  Una 

St.;  H.M.;  rh. 

(For  Gorboduc,  see  Appendix  I.) 
Savage  (Richard),  1698-1743. 
Bastard  (Tfui),  1728.    H.M.;  rh. 
Wanderer (Tiie),  1729  (5  cant.).  D.Pm. ;  H.M.; 

rh. 
Scot  (Reginald),  1545-1599. 
Discoverie  of  Witchcraft,  1584;  pr.  (This  book 

was  burnt  by  the  common  hangman.    Sir 

W.  Scott  wrote  letters  on  demouology  and 

witchcraft.) 
Scott  (Sir  Walter),  1771-1832. 

Abbot,  1830  (time,  Elizabeth).    Nov. 

Anne  of  Geierstehi,  1829  (time,  Edward  IV.X 

Nov. 
Antiquary,  1816  (time,  George  III.).    Nov. 
Aunt  Margaret's  Mirror  (time,  William  111.). 

Tale. 
Battle  of  Sempach,  1818.    St.;  8.6. 
Betrothed,  1825  (time,  Henry  II.).    Not. 


1166 


APPENDIX  11. 


Black  Dwarf,  1816  (time,  Anne).    Nov. 
Border  Minstrelsy,  1805  (.Thomas  the  Rhymer, 

pts.),  etc. 
Bridal  of  Triermain,  1813  (3  cant.).   Rom.  in 

V. ;  8s,  rh. 
Bride  of  Lammermoor,  1819  (time,  William 

III.).  Nov. 
Castle  Dangerous,  1831  (time,  Henry  I.).  Nov. 
Count  Robert  of  Paris,  1831  (time,  Rufus).  Nov. 
Demonology  and  Witchcraft,  1830  (letters) ;  pr. 
FairMaidof  Perth,  1828  (time,  Henry  IV.).Nov. 
Fire  King  (The),  1801.  Bal. ;  Alex. ;  rh 
For  a'  tliat  an'  a'  that,  1814.     Song ;  8  line 

St. ;  8.7. 
Fortunes  of  Nigel,  1822  (time,  James  I.).  Nov. 
Frederick  and  Alice,  1801.    Bal. ;  St. ;  88, 
Guy  Mannering,  1815 (time,  George  JI.).  Nov. 
Harold  the  Dauntless,  1817  (6  cant.).    Rom. 

in  V. ;  8s,  rh. 
Heart  of  Midlothian,  1818  (time,  George  II.). 

Nov. 
Helvellyn,  1805.  Bal. ;  8  line  St. ;  Alex. ;  alt.rh. 
Highland  Widow,  1827  (time, George  11.).  Tale. 
History  of  Napoleon,  1827.    Hist. ;  pr. 
Hunting  Song,  1808  ;  8  line  St. ;  78. 
Ivanlioe,  1819  (time,  Richard  J.).    Nov. 
Kenilworth,  1821  (time,  Elizabeth).    Nov. 
Lady  of  the  Lake,  1809  (6  cant.).    Rom.  in 

V. ;  88,  rh, 
Ijaird's  Jock  (time,  Elizabeth).    Nov. 
Lay  of  the  Last  Minstrel,  1805  (6  cant.).  Rom. 

in  V. ;  88,  rh. 
Legend  of  Montrose,  1819  (time,  Charles  I.). 

Nov. 
Lord  of  the  Isles,  1815  (6  cant.).    Rom.  in 

v.;  88, rh. 
Marmion,  1808  (6  cant.).    Rom.  in  v. ;  8s,  rh. 
Monasiery,  1820  (time,  Elizabeth).    Nov. 
Noble  Moringer  (TAe),  1819.    Bal. ;  Alex. ;  rh. 
Old  Mortality,  1816  (time,  Charles  II.),    Nov. 
Peveril  of  the  Peak,  1823  (lime,  Charles  II.). 

Nov. 
Pirate,  1821  (time,  William  III.).    Nov. 
Quentin  Durward,  1823  (time,  Edward  IV.). 

Nov. 
Redgauntlet,  1824  (time,  Geoi^e  TIL).   Nov. 
Rob  Roy,  1817  (time,  George  I.).    Nov. 
Rokeby,  1813  (6 cant.).  Rom.  m  v.;  8s,  rh. 
St.Ronan's  Well,  1825  (time, George  111.).  Nov. 
Surgeon's  Daughter,  1827  (time,  George  II.). 

Nov. 
Tales  of  a  Grandfather,  1827.    Hist,  of  Scot- 
land (3  series) ;  pr. 
Talisman,  1825  (time,  Richard  I.).   Nov. 
Tapestered  Chambor  (time,  George  III.).  Tale. 
Two  Drovers,  1827  (time,  George  III.).    Tale. 
Vision  of  Don  Roderick,  1811.    Sp.m. 
Waverley,  1814  (time,  George  II.).    Nov. 
Wild  Huntsman  (The),  1796.    Bal. ;  St. ;  88, 

alt.rh. 
William  and  Helen,  1796.    Bal. ;  St. ;  8.6,  rh. 
Woodstock,  1826  (time,  Commonwealth).  Nov. 
Selden  (John),  1584-1654. 
Table  Talk,  posthumous  1689 ;  pr. 
Titles  of  Honour,  1614 ;  pr, 
Shakespeakk  (UiUiam),  1564-1616. 

Lover's  Complaint,  1609 ;  7  line  St, ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Passionate  Pilgrim,  1599  ;  14lineSt.;  H.M.;Th. 
Rape  of  Lucreco,  1594  ;  7  line  St. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
(154)  Sonnets,  1598. 
Venus  and  Adonis,  1593 ;  6  line  St. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 


Shelley  (Percy  Bysshe),  1792-1822. 
Adonais,  1821.  A  Mon.  on  Keats, 
Alastor   or   The    Spirit   of    Solitude,    181«. 

H,M.;  b,v. 
Arethusa,  1820.    Ode. 
Cloud  (The),  1820.    Ode. 
Epipsychidion,  1821. 
J  ulian  and  Maddalo,  1820.    "  A  Conversation." 

H.M. ;  rh. 
Ode  to  the  West  Wind. 
Queen  Mab,  1813  t^aged  18),  In  rhythm  not 

rhyme. 
Revolt  of  Islam,  1817'(12  cant.).    Sp.m. 
Rosalind  and  Helen.    Dial. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Skylark  (ifie),  1820.  Ode ;  5  line  St. ;  7.7.7.7.13. 
Witch  of- Atlas,  1820  (composed  in  three  days). 

(For  his  dramatic  pieces,  see  Appendix  I.) 
Shenstone  ( ITtHiam),  1714-1763. 
(•26)  Elegies,  1743-46. 
Jemmy  Dawson,  1745.    Bal. ;  88. 
Judgment    of    Hercules,    posthumous    1764. 

D.I'm.;  H.M.;  rh. 
Odes,  Songs,  and  Ballads,  1750-54 ;  d.m. 
Pastoral  Ballad,  1743(4  pts.)  ;  8  line  St.;  8s,  rh. 
Progress  of  Taste,  posthumous  1764  (4  pts.); 

88,  rh. 
Schoolmistress,  1758.    Sp.m. 
Written  at  an  Inn  at  Henley,  1741.  (In  praise 

of  inn  life) ;  4  line  St. ;  8s,  rh. 
Sidney  (Sir  Philip),  1554-1586. 

Arcadia,  1580,  published  1590-93.     An  heroic 

romance;  P.Pr. 
Astrophel  and  Stella  (a  collection  of  songs 

and  sonnets),  posthumous  1691;  d.m. 
Delence  of  Poesie,  1583,  published  1595 ;  pr. 
Smollett  (Tbbias),  1721-1771  (novels). 
Adventures  of  an  Atom,  1769. 
Ferdinand  Count  Fathom,  1763. 
Humphry  Clinker,  1770. 
Peregrine  Pickle,  1751. 
Roderick  Random,  1748. 
Sir  Launcelot  Greaves,  1760. 
SOMEKVILLE  (William),  1692-1742. 
Chase  (The),  1735.    H.M. ;  b.v. 
SocTHEY  (Robert),  1774-1843, 
All  for  Love  or  A  Sinner  Well  Saved,  1829 

(9  pts.)  ;  5  line  St. ;  8.6. 
Battle  of  Blenheim,^  1798.  Bal. ;  6  line  St. ;  8.«. 
Bishop  Bruno,  1798.     Bal. ;  4  line  St. ;  9s. 
Bishop  Hatto  (eaten  by  rats),  1799.    Bal. 
(4)  Botany  Bay  Eclogues,  1794.    H.M. ;  b.v. 
Cataract  of  Lodore,1820.(Word-painting.)  Irr.m. 
Curse  of  Kehama,  1809  (24  subdivisions).    A 

Rom.  in  rh. ;  Irr.m. 
Devil's  Walk  (The),  1830.    BaL 
Doctor  (The),  1834.   Nov. ;  pr, 
(9)  English  Eclogues,  1798-1803.    H.M.;  b.v. 
Holly  Tree  (The),  1798,    Ode;  6  line  St.;  8,4. 
InchcapeRock(r/ie),  1802.  Bal.;  4  1ineSt.  ;8a. 
Joan  of  Arc,  1795  (10  bks.).  Ep. ;  H.M. ;  b.v. 
Madoc,  1805  (pt.  i.  in  18  subdivisions;  pt.  ii. 

in  27  subdivisions).    Ep.  ;b.v. 
Mary,  the  Maid  of  the  Inn,  1796.    Bal. ;  6  Ime 

St.;  8.6. 
Metrical  I'ales,  1804 ;  d.m. 
Old  Woman  of  Berkeley,  1798.    Bal. ;  4  line 

St.;  8.6. 
Pig    (Defence  of  the),  1798.    "A  colloquial 

poem."    H.M. ;  b.v. 
Pilgrim  of  Compostella  (The),  1829  (4  pls.^  A 
Lg,  in  v. 


DATES  OF  POEMS  AND  NOVELS. 


1187 


Lo 


Roderick,  the  Last  of  the  Goths,  begun  1809, 

finished    1814    (24     subdivisions).     Ep. ; 

H.M. ;  b.T. 
St.  Patrick's  Purgatory,  1801.    Bal. ;  6  line  St. 
Tale  of  Paraguay,  1814  (4  cant.).   Sp.m. 
Thalaba  the  Destroyer,  1800  (12  bks.).  Dr.Pm. ; 

rhythm  not  rhyme. 
Vision  of  Judgment,  1822  (12  subdivisions). 

(The  apotheosis  of  George  111.)    Hex. 
Well  of  St.  Keyne  {The),  1798.    Bal.;  4  line 

St.;  11.7. 
(For  Wat  Ti/ler,  see  Appendix  I.) 
Spensek  (Edmund),  1553-1599. 

Astrophel,  1594.    A  Past,  Eleg. ;  6  line  St. ; 

H.M.;  rh. 
Colin  Clouts  Come  Home  Again,  1591  (?  1594). 

H.M. ;  alt.rh. 
Court  of  Cupid  (The),  *  (lost). 
Daphnaida,  1592  (7  fits).    An  Eleg.  in  1  line 

St. ;  H.M.,  with  an  Alex. 
Dreams,  1580  (lost). 
Dying  Pelic;in  (rAe),  1580  (lost). 
Epithalamium,   1595.    A  marriage  song;  18 

line  St. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Faery  Queen,  bks.  i.-iil.  1590,  iv.-vl.  1596  (6 

allegorical    romances,    partly    connected). 

Sp.m. 

'   Hymns,  1596  (Love,  Beauty,  Heavenly 

Mve,  Heavenly  Beauty). 
Legends,  *  (lost). 
Mother  Hubberd's  Tale,  1591.    H.M. ;  rh. 
Muiopotmos  or  The  Fate  of  the  Butterfly, 

1590.    55  8-line  St.;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Prothalamion,  1596.    Spousal  verses. 
Purgatory  of  Lovers,  *  (lost). 
Euins  of  Rome,  1690  (33  sonnets  of  Bellay 

translated). 
Ruins  of  Time,  1590 ;  97  St, ;  Sp.m, 
Shepheardes  Calendar,  1579  (12  Eel.) ;  d.m. 
Slomber,  1579  (lost). 
Sonnets,  1592-93  (lost). 
Tears  of  the  Muses,  1690 ;  6  line  St. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
Virgil's  Gnat,  about  1588.    (A  translation  of 

the   Culex);    8  line  St.;    H.M.,  with    an 

Alex.;  rh. 
Visions  of  the   World's   Vanity,  1590    (12 

sonnets). 

(His  nine  "  comedies  "  are  all  last.) 
Sterne  (Lawrence),  1713-1768. 
Sentimental  Journey,  1768;  pr.    (It  -was  in- 
tended to  be  jottings  in  a  journey  through 

France  and  Italy,   but  he   never  reached 

Italy.) 
Tristram  Shandy,  1759-67.   Nor. 
Stow  (John),  1525-1605. 
Annals  of  England,  1580 ;  pr. 
Summary  of  the  Chronicles  of  England,  1581 ;  pr. 
Survey  of  London,  1598 ;  pr. 
Stowe  (Mrs.  Beecher),  1814- 
Dred,  1856.   Nov. 
Minister's  Wooing,  1859.    Not. 
Pearl  of  Orr's  Island,  1862 ;  pr. 
Sunny  Memories,  etc.,  1854 ;  pr. 
Uncle  Tom's  Cabin,  1852.    Nov. 
Swift  (Jonathan),  1667-1745. 

Arguments  for  the  Abolition  of  Christianity, 

1708.  Sat. ;  pr. 
Battle  of  the  Books,  1704.  A  burlesque  Alleg. ; 

pr. 
Cadenus  and  Vanessa,  1713.    Iamb. ;  88,  rh. 
City  Shower  (Description  of  a),  1710.  H.M. ;  rh. 


Drapier's   Letters,    1724.     (Against   Wood'l 

halfpence  and  farthings)  ;  pr.    ' 
Gulliver's  Travels,  1727.    Tales;  pr. 
Polite  Conversation,  1738;  pr. 
Predictions,   1708  (a  jeu  d'espnt  under  tlio 

pseudonym  of  Isaac  Bickerstaff). 
(26)  Riddles,  1724;  p.;  8s, 
.  Stella  (2b),  1720-26  (Birthday  Ode  wch  year) 

Iamb,;  8s. 
Tale  of  a  Tub,  1704.    Sat  in  pr.  on  Calvin, 

Luther,  and  the  pope. 
Swinburne  (Algernon  C),  1837- 
Poems  and  Ballads,  1866  ;  d.m. 

Tales  of  the  G-enii,by  sir  Cbas.Morell  (th« 
pseudonym  of  Rev.  James  Ridley),  1764 ;  pr. 
Tannahill  (Bobert),  1774-1810  (Scotch  poet). 

Flower  of  Dumblane  (The),  1807.  Song;  8  line 
St. ;  Alex. ;  alt.rh. 
Tennyson  (Alfred),  1809- 

Charge  of  the  Light  Brigade,  1854.    St. ;  1b. 

Dying  Swan,  1830  (3  subdivisions) ;  dJll. 

Early  Poems ;  d.m. 

Enoch  Arden,  1864.    H.M. ;  b.T. 

Hero  and  Leander,  1830. 

(7)  Idylls  of  the  King,  1858-59.    H.M. ;  b.v. 

In  Memoriam,  1850  (131  subdivisions) ;  4  line 
St. ;  8s,  rh.  1,4,2.3, 

Lady  Clara  VeredeVere,  1833 ;  8  line  SL ;  88,  rb. 

Lilian,  1830. 

Locksley  Hall,  1833 ;  2  line  St. ;  168,  rh. 

Lotus-Eater,  1833.    H.M. ;  rh. 

Mariana,  1830  (2  pts.), 

Maud,  1855  (3  pts.) ;  d.m. 

Mermaid,  1830 ;  d.m. 

Miller's  Daughter,  1833 ;  8  line  St, ;  8a,  alt.rh. 

Oriana,  1830.    Bal. 

Princess  (^The\  1830  (7  pts.).   H.M. ;  b.T. 

Revenge  (The),  1878,     Naval  song. 

Siege  of  Lucknow,  1879. 

Wellington  (Death  of  the  Duke  of),  1852.  Oiie. 
(For  dramatic  pieces,  see  Appendix  I.) 
Thackeray  (miiiawi  Makepeace),  1811-1863. 

Adventuresof  Philip,  1861.  Not. 

Barry  Lyndon,  1853.    Nov. 

Book  of  Snobs,  1848;  pr. 

English  Humourists,  1853 ;  pr. 

Esmond,  1852,   Nov. 

Four  Georges,  1860.    Lectures ;  pr. 

Newcomes,  1855.    Nov. 

Pendennis,  1850.    Nov. 

Vanity  Fair,  1846-48.    Not. 

Virginians,  1859.   Nov. 
Thompson  (  William),  1738-1766. 

Sickness,  1746;  p. 
Thomson  (Alexander).  1762-1803. 

Paradise  of  Taste,  1790  (5  cant) ;  d.m. 
Thomson  (James),  1700-1748. 

Autumn,  1730.    Des.Pm.;  H.M.;  b.T. 

Britannia,  1734.    H.M. ;  b.v. 

Castle  of  Indolence,  1748  (2  cant.),   Sp.m. 

Liberty,  1735  (5  pts.).  H.M. ;  b.v.  (Thought 
by  Thomson  himself  to  be  his  best  poem.) 

Rule  Britannia,  1740.  Song;  Iamb.;  8s;  4  hne 
St.,  with  2  of  chorus  'I'ruch,  (Written  for 
the  masque  called  Alfred.) 

Seasons  (complete),  1730. 

Spring,  1728.    Des.Pm.;  H.M.;  b.T. 

Summer,  1727,    Des.Pm.;  H.M,;  b.T. 

Winter,  1726.    Des.Pm.;  H.M,;  b.v, 
(For  his  dramatic  pieces,  see  Appekdix  I ) 


1168 


APPENDIX  II. 


TiCKELL  (^Thomo^),  1686-1740. 

Colin  and  Lucy,  about  1720.    Bal. ;  8  line  St. ; 

lamb. ;  ».6.    (Gray  calls  it  "  the  prettiest  in 

the  world.") 
Elegy  on  Addison,   1719.     U.M.;   rh.     (Dr. 

Johnson  says, "  A  more  sublime  and  elegant 

funeral  pn^em  is  not  to  be  found.  .  .") 
Imitation  of  the  prophecy  of  Nereus,   1715. 

(On  the  Jacobite  outbreak.)     Iamb. ;  8s,  rh. 
Kensingtor.  harden,  about  1730.    A  Rom.  in 

v.;  II.M. ;   rh.    (He  also  translated  bk.  I. 

of  Homer's  Iliad,  which  many   prefer   to 

Pope's  version.) 
Tom  and  Jerry,  by  Pierce  Egan,  1821-22 ;  8s. 
Turkish.  Spy,  by  John  I'aul  Marana,  1637- 

82 ;  pr.    (See  "  English  Spy.") 
TussKK  (^Thomas),  1515-1580. 
Five  Hundred    Points  of  Good    Husbandry, 

1557  (57  chap.).   D.Pm. ;  d.m. 
Points 01  Housewifery,  about  1563.  D.I*m.;d.m. 

Valentine  and  Orson,  I5th  cent. ;  pr. 
Vaux  (Tliumas,  lord).  1510-1557. 
"  I  Loath  that  I  did  liOve,"  1550  ;  4  line  St. ; 
6.6.8.6,  all.rh.    (This  poem  is  very  interest- 
ing, because   the    Gravedigger  in  Hamlet 
quotes  it : 

A.  pickaxe  and  a  spade. 

And  eke  a  shrouding  sheet, 
A  house  of  clay  for  to  be  made 
For  such  a  guest  most  meet.) 

Wage  (^Robert),  about  1090-1183. 
Brut  d' Angleierre(Anglo-Norman  Rom.,  1 155). 

Hist.llom.  in  v. ;  88, 
Roman  de  Rou  (i.e.  Rollo),  1170  (2  pts.).  (The 

dukes  of  Normandy  to  1170);  pt.  i.  Alex. ; 

pt.  ii.  88. 
Waller  (Edmund:)^  1605-1687. 
Divine  Love,  1685  (6  cant.).   H.M.;  rh. 
Fear  of  God,  1636  (2  cant.).    H.M. ;  rh. 
Instructions  to  a  Painter,  1665.    H.M. ;  rh. 
Invasion    and    Defeat   of   the  Turks,    1683. 

H.M.;  rh. 
To  My  Lord  Protector,  1656.    Panegyric  ;    4 

Une  St. ;  H.M. ;  rh. 
To  the  King  (Charles  II.),  on  His  Restoration, 

1660.     H.M.;  rh. 
Welcome  to  the  Prince  of  Orange,  1677 ;  4  line 

St.;  8s,  alt.rh. 
Wauuen  {Samuel},  1807- 
Diary  of  a  Late  Physician,  1830 ;  pr. 
Lily  and  the  Bee,  1851. 
Now  and  Then,  *    Nov. 
Ten  Thousand  a  Year,  1839-41.    Nov. 
Warton  (^Thomas),  1728-1790. 
History  of  English   Poetry,  voL  1.  1774,  ii. 

1778,  iii.  1781;  pr. 
Triumph  of  Isis,  1749.    (A  poeik  reply  t> 

Mason.)    H.M.;  rh. 
Watts  (/sooc),  1674-1748. 
Divine  Songs,  1726  ;  d.m. 
Hora?  LyricaB,  1706;  d.m. 
Hymns.  1707  ;  d.m. 
Logic,  1725 ;  pr. 
Moral  Songs,  1730;  d.m. 
Palinode  (^),  1721 ;  8s,  rh. 
Psalms  of  David,  1719 ;  d.m. 
Webster  (Rev.  W.),  1827- 
Basque  Ijeg-nds,  1877  ;  pr. 
Bwque  Poetry,  1875. 


West  (Dr.  Gilbert),  1706-1756. 

Pindar's  Odes  translated,  1749.     Pn. 
WiLKiE  (William),  1721-1772  (Scotch  poet). 

Epigoniad,  1753.     (Called  the  Scotch  TliadA 
Ep.;  H.M.;  rh. 
Willis  {Nathaniel  P.),  1807-1867  (poet). 

Absalom,  1846. 

Hagar,  1846. 

Ix>per  (The),  1846. 
Wordsworth  (William),  1770-1850. 

Descriptive  Sketches  in  Verse,  1793.  H.M. ;  rh. 

Ecclesiastical  Sketches,  1822  (3pts.).  Sonnets. 

Evening  Walk,  1793.     H.M. ;  rh. 

Excursion,  i'814  (9  bks.).    D.Pm.;  II.M. ;  Kr. 

Goody  Blake  and  Harry  Gill,  1798.    Bal.;  8 
line  St.;  9.8. 

Idiot  Boy  (The),  1819  ;  5  line  St. ;  8.6. 

Lyrical  Ballads,  1798  ;  d.m. 

Memorials  of  a  Tour  in  Scotland,  1803,  1814 ; 
d.m. 

Memorials  of  a  Tour  on  the  Continent,  1820; 
d.m. 

Ode,  1803-6. 

Pet  Lamb  (The),  1793.     Past.Bal. ;  Alex. 

Peter  Bell,  1819  (3  pts.) ;  5  Une  St. ;  88. 

Prelude,  1850. 

Sonnets  to  Liberty,  1802-16. 

Waggoner  (Tfie),  1819  (4  cant.);  88. 

We  are  Seven,  1793.     Bal.  ;  8.7. 

While  Doe  of  Rhylstoiie,  1815  (7  cant.) ;  88. 
The  poems  of    Wordsworth  are  arranged 

thus : — 

1.  Poems  referring  to  the  period  of  Child- 

hood (15). 

2.  Juvenile  pieces  (4). 

3.  Poems  of  the  Imagination  (31). 

4.  Miscellaneous  Soiniets  (93). 

5.  Memorials  of  a  Tour  in  Scotland,  1803  (1 5). 

6.  „  „  „        „  1814(4). 

7.  Poems  on  the  Naming  of  Places  (6). 


8.  In.scriptions  (13), 

9.  Sonnets  to  Libert 
10.  Odes  (44), 


rty  (25). 


1 1 .  Memorials  of  a  Tour  on  the  Continent  (36). 

12.  Ecclesiastical  Sketches,  pt.  i.  (37),  ii.  (36), 

iii.  (33). 

13.  The  River  Duddon  Sonnets  (35). 

14.  Poems  of  Sentiment  and  Afifection  (35). 

15.  Poems  referring  to  the  period  of  Old  Age 

(5). 

16.  Epitaphs  and  Elegiac  Poems  (14). 

17.  The  Waggoner. 

18.  Peter  Bell. 

19.  The  White  Doe. 

20.  The  Excursion. 

Young  (Edward:),  1684- 1765. 
Centaur  not  Fabulous  {Tke),  1754;  pr. 
Death  of  Queen  Anne,  1714.   H.M. ;  rh. 
Epistle  to  Lord  Lansdowne,  1712.    H.M.;  rh. 
(2)  Epistles  to  Pope,  1730.   H.M. ;  rh. 
Force  of  Religion  or  Vanquished  Ix)ve,  1715. 

(On  the  execution  of  lady  Jane  Grey.)  H.M. ; 
rh. 
Imperium    Pelagl,  1729.    A   naval  lyric  (5 

strains)  ;  6  line  St. ;  8,10. 
Last  Day,  1713.    H.M.  ;  rh. 
Night  Thoughts,  1742-46 (9  nights).  H.M.;  b.Y. 
Resignation,  1761  (2  pts.) ;  4  Ime  St. ;  8.6. 
Universal  Passion  (The).    Sat.    (By  this  h« 

realized  above  £3000.) 


DATES  OF  POEMS  AND  NOVELS. 


FOREIGN. 

JEEsop,  Fables,  about  b.c.  570.   GreeJc  Ep. ;  Hex. 
^UADis  DK  Gaul,  b  gun  by  Vasco  de  Ijobeira, 

14th  cent. ;  finished  by  sundry  hands,  15th 

cent.     Old  French  pr. 
Arabian  Nigrhts,  first  published  in  Paris 

by  Antony  GalLin.l,  1704-17.    The  best  are 

Indian ;    the   sentimental    love    tales    are 

Persian;  the  witty,  comical  ones  are  Arabic. 

Arabic  pr.  tales. 
Akgonauts    (37ie),    by    Apolloniiis    Rhodius, 

about  B.C.  200  (4  bks).    Gietk  Ep.;  Hex. 

Translated    into   English  by  Fawkes  and 

Green,  1780;  and  in  English  verse  by  W. 

Preston  1803.    H.M. ;  rh. 

Chinesb  Talks,  by  Gueulette,  1723.  French  pr. 

Chrestien  de  Troyes,  the  Chevalier  au 
Lion,  Chevalier  de  I'Epee,  Sir  Lancelot  du 
Lac,  in  metrical  French  (before  1200). 

Chbonicles  of  Albericus  Trium  Fontium,  1243. 
Jxttin  pr. 

Cii>  ( '/he),  1 040-1 099.  The  Spanish  Chronicle  of 
Vie  Cid,  13th  cent.,  first  printed  in  1541,  and 
a  second  by  Medina  del  Campo,  in  1552. 
The  Spanish  Poem  of  the  Cid  dates  from 
1207,  and  102  ballads  on  the  Cid  in  Spanish 
were  published  in  1615.  Southey  published 
an  excellent  Knglish  Chronicle  in  1808. 
Lockhart  has  rendered  eight  of  them  into 
English  ballads;  and  George  Dennis  has 
strung  together,  in  prose  and  verse,  a  con- 
nected tale  of  the  great  Spanish  hero,  1845. 
(The  Cid,  in  Spanish  ntmance,  occupies  the 
same  position  as  Arthur  in  English  story, 
Charlemagne  in  French,  and  Theodorick  in 
German.) 

CoNTES  DE  Fees,  by  Claude  Perrault,  1697. 
French  pr.  fairy  tales. 

Creation  or  La  Premiere  Semaine,  by  Du 
Bartas,  about  1570.  French  Ep. ;  H.M. 
English  version  by  Joshua  Sylvester,  1605. 

Decameron,  by  Boccaccio,  1350.    Italian  pr. 

tales.    An  English  version  by  G.  Standfast, 

and  by  many  others. 
Diable  IJoiTEux  (Devil  on   Two  Sticks),  by 

Lesage,  1707.    French  pr.  tale. 
DiviNA  CoMKDiA,  by  Dante :  Inferno  1300,  Pur- 
gatory 1308,  Paradise  1311.    Italian  Ep. 

poems.    English  translations  by  Boyd,  1785 ; 

Gary,  1814,  b.v. ;  Wright,  1833,  triple  rh. ; 

Caley,  1851-55,  ter.rh. ;  Pollock,  1854,  b.v. ; 

etc. 
Don  Quixote,  by  Cervantes,  pt.  I.  1605,  II. 

1615.    Spanish  Nov.    English  versions  by 

Durfoy,  Jarvis,  Motteux,  Skelton,  Smollett 

1755,  Wihnot,  etc    All  in  pr. 

Fables,  by  Lafontalne,  1668.    French;  d.m. 
Fairy  Tales,  by  la  comtesse  D'Aunoy,  1682. 
French  pr. 

Gargantua,  by  Rabelais,  1533.    French  Nov. 

English  version  by  Urquhart  and  Motteux, 

1653. 
Gil  Blas,  by  Lesage,  bks.  i.-iii.  1715,  iv.-vi. 

1724.  vii.-xii.  1735.    French  Nov.    English 

version  by  Smollett ;  pr. 


Goblin  Stories,  by  the  brothers  Grimm,  1813, 

German  pr. 
Q-oethe,  1749-1832  (^German'). 
Achilliad  {The),  about  1800. 
Farbenlehre,  1810. 

Hermann  and  Dorothea,  1797.    Poem. 
Metamorphosis  of  Plants,  1790.    Es. 
Werther,  1774.    Rom. 

Wilhelm  Meist<'r,pt.  i.  1794-96,11.1821.   Rom. 
(For  dramatic  pieces,  see  Appendix  I.) 
QcLiSTAN  {Garden  of  Hoses),  by  Saadi,  13th 
cent.   Persian  p. 

Henriadr,    by    Voltaire,    1724   (10    chants). 

French  Ep. ;  rh. 
Hertoelot  (//),  Bibliotheque  Orientale,   aa 

Oriental  Miscellany,  1697.    French  pr. 
HrroPADESA,  an  epitome  of  the  Pancha  TUntra, 

6th  cent.  B.C.    Hind&. 
Homer,  Iliad  (24  bks.),  composed  in  the  prime 

of  his  life,  about  b.c,  962.    Greelc  Ep. ;  Hex. 
Odyssey  (24  bks.),  composed  in  maturer  age, 

about  B.C.  927.     Gret^k  Ep. ;  Hex. 
These  poems  were  first  reduced  to  writing  by 

Pisistratos  of  Athens,  B.C.  531.     English 

versions  by  Chapman,  Alex.,  Iliad  1603, 

Odyssey  1614;  Cowper,   H.M.,    b.v.,  1791; 

Pope,  H.M.,  Th.,Jliad  1719,  Odyssey  1725; 

lord  Derby,  Iliad  1864 ;  Worsley,  Odyssey, 

Sp.m.,  1861;  etc.,  etc. 

Jerusalem  Delivered,  by  Ta.s8o,  1575.  Italian 
Ep.  English  version  by  Hoole ;  H.M. ;  rb. ; 
1762. 

Xiokman,  Fables,  contemporary  with  David 
and  Solomon.    Arabian ;  d.m. 

LusiAD,  by  Camoens,  1572  (in  10  bks.).  Portu- 
guese  Ep.  English  versions  by  Fanshawe, 
1655 ;  and  by  Mickle,  H.M.,  rh.,  1775. 

'Messiah,  by  Klopstock,  bks.  i.-iil.  1748,  iv.-xv. 
1771.  GermanEp.  There  are  English  ver- 
sions both  in  pr  and  v. 

Metamorphoses,  about  a.d.  6,  Ovid  (in  15 
bks.).  Latin:  Hex.  English  version  by 
Dr.  Garth,  assisted  by  Dryden,  Congreve, 
Rowe,  and  several  others,  1716.  H.M. ;  rh. 

Moral  Tales,  by  Marmontel,  1761.  French  pr. 

Nibelungrn  Lied,  1210  (in  39  adventures). 
From  Snorro  Sturleson's  Edda.  Old  Ger- 
man Ep.  Transplanted  into  Germany  by 
the  minnesingers.  English  version  by 
Lettsom,  1850 ;  Alex. 

Oriental  Tales,  by  comte  de  Caylus,  1740. 
French  pr. 

Orlando  Furioso,  by  Ariosto,  1516.  Italian 
Kom. ;  p.  English  version  by  Harrington, 
1634;  an  abridged  version  by  Hoole,  H.M., 
rh.,  1783;  and  a  third  by  W.  S.  Rose,  1823 
(unabridged). 

Oklando  Innamorato,  by  Bojardo,  1495  {\n  3 
bks.,  unfinished).  Italian  Kom. ;  p.  '1  hreo 
more  books  were  added,  in  1531,  by  Agos- 
tini;  and  the  whole  was  remodelled  by 
Berni. 

Pancha  Tantba,  a  collection  of  Hindu  fables, 

6th  cent.  b.c.    Hindi. 
Pantagbuel,  by  Rabelais,  1545.    French  Nor. 

4  F 


1170 


APPENDIX  II. 


English  version  by  Urquhart  and  Motteux, 

1653. 
Paul  akd  ViRomiA,  by  St.  Pierre,  1788.  French 

tale;  pr. 
PhBRdrus,  Fables,  about  a.d.  25,  chiefly  from 

iEsop.    Latin  v. 
Pharsalta  (The),  by  Lucan,  about  a.d.  60  (in 

10  bks.).  Latin  Ep. ;  Hex.    English  version 

by  Rowe,  1729 ;  and  a  literal  translation  by 

Riley,  in  Bohn's  series. 
Pilpay,  Fables,  compiled  from  the  Pancha 

Totntra  and  other  sources,  4th  cent.  b.c. 

Indian. 
Pliny.  Natural  History,  about  a.d.  77.    Txitin 

fir.  English  version  by  Bostock  and  Riley, 
n  Bohn's  series. 
Plutarch,  Parallel  Lives,  about  a.d.  110-13. 
Greek  pr.  English  version  by  Langhorne, 
1771;  another  by  Dryden  and  othera,  re- 
edited  by  Clough.    All  in  pr. 

Rktnard  the  Fox,  1498.    German  pr. 

EoMANCE  OF  THE  RosR,  by  GuiUaumc  de  Lorris, 
13th  cent.  Continuation  by  Jean  de  Meung, 
14th  cent.  French  Rom. ;  p.  English 
poetic  version  by  Chaucer,  in  8  syL  v.,  about 
1360. 


Telemachus,  by  Fenelon,  1700  (in  24  bks.), 
French  pr.  Ep.  English  version  by  Dr. 
Hawkesworth,  1810;  pr. 

Thebaid,  by  Statins,  about  a.d.  86  (in  12  bk«.) 
iMtin  Ep. ;  Hex.  An  English  version  by 
Pope,  Stephens,  Lewis,  and  Howard. 
H.M.;  rh. 

Undine,  by  De  la  Motte  Fouque,  1813.  An  Eng- 
lish version  was  published  by  Routledge 
and  Sons,  in  18T5. 

Victor  Hugro,  1802-        (^French  poet  and 

novelist). 

Autumn  Leaves,  1832 ;  p. 

I^st  Days  of  a  Condemned  Criminal,  1829. 

Miserables  (/".««),  1862.    Nov. 

Notre  Dame  de  Paris,  1831.    Nov. 

Odes  and  Ballads,  vol.  i.  1822,  ii.  1826 ;  d.m. 

Oiientales  (/>«),  1828. 

Travailleurs  de  la  Mer,  1866. 
(For  dramatic  pieces,  see  Appendix  I.) 
Vireril,  iEneid  (in  12  bks.),  b.c.  27-20.  lAitin 
Ep. ;  Hex.  English  version  by  Dryden, 
H.M.,  rh.,  1697;  another  by  Conington, 
1866 ;  and  one  in  literal  pr.  by  DavidscHi,  in 
Bohn's  seriM^ 


14  DAY  USE 

RETUBN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


W^ 


%1 


^^^^ 


REaO  LD 


FEB  16  1962 


-.    230rt'l 


H^e^M^ 


iA/V  21  m3 


LD  21A-50m-8,'61 
(Cl795sl0)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


